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What technical term refers to documents/money held by a third party while agreement/conditions are fulfilled between two others?
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§ 668.1
Scope.
(a) This part establishes general rules that apply to an institution that participates in any student financial assistance program authorized by Title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended (Title IV, HEA program). To the extent that an institution contracts with a third-party servicer to administer any aspect of the institution's participation in any Title IV, HEA program, the applicable rules in this part also apply to that servicer. An institution's use of a third-party servicer does not alter the institution's responsibility for compliance with the rules in this part.
(b) As used in this part, an “institution” includes—
(1) An institution of higher education as defined in 34 CFR 600.4;
(2) A proprietary institution of higher education as defined in 34 CFR 600.5; and
(3) A postsecondary vocational institution as defined in 34 CFR 600.6.
(c) The Title IV, HEA programs include—
(1) The Federal Pell Grant Program (20 U.S.C. 1070a
et seq.
(2) The Academic Competitiveness Grant (ACG) Program (20 U.S.C. 1070a-1; 34 CFR part 691);
(3) The Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant (FSEOG) Program (20 U.S.C. 1070b
et seq.
; 34 CFR parts 673 and 676);
(4) The Leveraging Educational Assistance Partnership (LEAP) Program (20 U.S.C. 1070c
et seq.
(5) The Federal Stafford Loan Program (20 U.S.C. 1071
et seq.;
(6) The Federal PLUS Program (20 U.S.C. 1078-2; 34 CFR part 682);
(7) The Federal Consolidation Loan Program (20 U.S.C. 1078-3; 34 CFR part 682);
(8) The Federal Work-Study (FWS) Program (42 U.S.C. 2751
et seq.
; 34 CFR parts 673 and 675);
(9) The William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan (Direct Loan) Program (20 U.S.C. 1087a
et seq.
(10) The Federal Perkins Loan Program (20 U.S.C. 1087aa
et seq.;
34 CFR parts 673 and 674);
(11) The National Science and Mathematics Access to Retain Talent Grant (National SMART Grant) Program (20 U.S.C. 1070a-1; 34 CFR part 691); and
(12) The Teacher Education Assistance for College and Higher Education (TEACH) Grant program.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1070
et seq.
)
[52 FR 45724, Dec. 1, 1987, as amended at 56 FR 36696, July 31, 1991; 59 FR 22418, Apr. 29, 1994; 61 FR 60396, Nov. 27, 1996; 63 FR 40623, July 29, 1998; 65 FR 38729, June 22, 2000; 71 FR 38002, July 3, 2006; 73 35492, June 23, 2008]
§ 668.2
General definitions.
(a) The following definitions are contained in the regulations for Institutional Eligibility under the Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended, 34 CFR part 600:
Accredited
(b) The following definitions apply to all Title IV, HEA programs:
Academic Competitiveness Grant (ACG) Program:
A grant program authorized by Title IV-A-1 of the HEA under which grants are awarded during the first and second academic years of study to eligible financially needy undergraduate students who successfully complete rigorous secondary school programs of study.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1070a-1)
(1) The Federal Perkins Loan Program (34 CFR parts 673 and 674);
(2) The Federal Work-Study (FWS) Program (34 CFR parts 673 and 675); and
(3) The Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant (FSEOG) Program (34 CFR parts 673 and 676).
Defense loan:
A loan made before July 1, 1972, under Title II of the National Defense Education Act of 1958.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 421-429)
Any student who does not qualify as an independent student (see
Independent student
).
Designated department official:
An official of the Department of Education to whom the Secretary has delegated responsibilities indicated in this part.
Direct Loan Program loan:
A loan made under the William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan Program.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1087a
Enrolled:
The status of a student who—
(1) Has completed the registration requirements (except for the payment of tuition and fees) at the institution that he or she is attending; or
(2) Has been admitted into an educational program offered predominantly by correspondence and has submitted one lesson, completed by him or her after acceptance for enrollment and without the help of a representative of the institution.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1088)
Expected family contribution (EFC):
The amount, as determined under title IV, part F of the HEA, an applicant and his or her spouse and family are expected to contribute toward the applicant's cost of attendance.
Federal Consolidation Loan program:
The loan program authorized by Title IV-B, section 428C, of the HEA that encourages the making of loans to borrowers for the purpose of consolidating their repayment obligations, with respect to loans received by those borrowers, under the Federal Insured Student Loan (FISL) Program as defined in 34 CFR part 682, the Federal Stafford Loan, Federal PLUS (as in effect before October 17, 1986), Federal Consolidation Loan, Federal SLS, ALAS (as in effect before October 17, 1986), Federal Direct Student Loan, and Federal Perkins Loan programs, and under the Health Professions Student Loan (HPSL) Program authorized by subpart II of part C of Title VII of the Public Health Service Act, for Federal PLUS borrowers whose loans were made after October 17, 1986, and for Higher Education Assistance Loans (HEAL) authorized by subpart I of part A of Title VII of the Public Health Services Act.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1078-3)
Federal Direct PLUS Program:
A loan program authorized by title IV, Part D of the HEA that is one of the components of the Direct Loan Program. The Federal Direct PLUS Program provides loans to parents of dependent students attending schools that participate in the Direct Loan Program. The Federal Direct PLUS Program also provides loans to graduate or professional students attending schools that participate in the Direct Loan Program. The borrower is responsible for the interest that accrues during any period.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 10782 and 1087a
et seq.
)
Federal Direct Stafford/Ford Loan Program:
A loan program authorized by Title IV, Part D of the HEA that is one of the components of the Direct Loan Program. The Federal Direct Stafford/Ford Loan Program provides loans to undergraduate, graduate, and professional students attending schools that participate in the Direct Loan Program. The Secretary subsidizes the interest while the borrower is in an in-school, grace, or deferment period.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1071 and 1087a
et seq.
)
Federal Direct Unsubsidized Stafford/Ford Loan Program:
A loan program authorized by Title IV, Part D of the HEA that is one of the components of the Direct Loan Program. The Federal Direct Unsubsidized Stafford/Ford Loan Program provides loans to undergraduate, graduate, and professional students attending schools that participate in the Direct Loan Program. The borrower is responsible for the interest that accrues during any period.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1087a
)
Federal Pell Grant Program:
A grant program authorized by Title IV-A-1 of the HEA under which grants are awarded to help financially needy students meet the cost of their postsecondary education.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1070a)
Federal Perkins loan:
A loan made under Title IV-E of the HEA to cover
the cost of attendance for a period of enrollment beginning on or after July 1, 1987, to an individual who on July 1, 1987, had no outstanding balance of principal or interest owing on any loan previously made under Title IV-E of the HEA.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1087aa
)
Federal Perkins Loan program:
The student loan program authorized by Title IV-E of the HEA after October 16, 1986. Unless otherwise noted, as used in this part, the Federal Perkins Loan Program includes the National Direct Student Loan Program and the National Defense Student Loan Program.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1087aa-1087ii)
A loan made under the Federal PLUS Program.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1078-2)
Federal PLUS program:
The loan program authorized by Title IV-B, section 428B, of the HEA, that encourages the making of loans to parents of dependent undergraduate students. Before October 17, 1986, the PLUS Program also provided for making loans to graduate, professional, and independent undergraduate students. Before July 1, 1993, the PLUS Program also provided for making loans to parents of dependent graduate students. Beginning July 1, 2006, the PLUS Program provides for making loans to graduate and professional students.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1078-2)
A loan made under the Federal SLS Program.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1078-1)
A loan made under the Federal Stafford Loan Program.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1071
)
Federal Stafford Loan program:
The loan program authorized by Title IV-B (exclusive of sections 428A, 428B, and 428C) that encourages the making of subsidized Federal Stafford and unsubsidized Federal Stafford loans as defined in 34 CFR part 682 to undergraduate, graduate, and professional students.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1071
Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant (FSEOG) program:
The grant program authorized by Title IV-A-2 of the HEA.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1070b
)
Federal Supplemental Loans for Students (Federal SLS) Program:
The loan program authorized by Title IV-B, section 428A of the HEA, as in effect for periods of enrollment that began before July 1, 1994. The Federal SLS Program encourages the making of loans to graduate, professional, independent undergraduate, and certain dependent undergraduate students.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1078-1)
Federal Work Study (FWS) program:
The part-time employment program for students authorized by Title IV-C of the HEA.
(Authority: 42 U.S.C. 2751-2756b)
A loan made under the FFEL programs.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1071
)
Free application for Federal student aid (FAFSA):
The student aid application provided for under section 483 of the HEA, which is used to determine an applicant's eligibility for the title IV, HEA programs.
Full-time student:
An enrolled student who is carrying a full-time academic workload, as determined by the institution, under a standard applicable to all students enrolled in a particular educational program. The student's workload may include any combination of courses, work, research, or special studies that the institution considers sufficient to classify the student as a full-time student including for a term-based program, repeating any coursework previously taken in the program but not including either more than one repetition of a previously passed course, or any repetition of a previously passed course due to the student failing other coursework. However, for an undergraduate student, an institution's minimum standard must
equal or exceed one of the following minimum requirements:
(1) For a program that measures progress in credit hours and uses standard terms (semesters, trimesters, or quarters), 12 semester hours or 12 quarter hours per academic term.
(2) For a program that measures progress in credit hours and does not use terms, 24 semester hours or 36 quarter hours over the weeks of instructional time in the academic year, or the prorated equivalent if the program is less than one academic year.
(3) For a program that measures progress in credit hours and uses nonstandard terms (terms other than semesters, trimesters or quarters) the number of credits determined by—
(i) Dividing the number of weeks of instructional time in the term by the number of weeks of instructional time in the program's academic year; and
(ii) Multiplying the fraction determined under paragraph (3)(i) of this definition by the number of credit hours in the program's academic year.
(4) For a program that measures progress in clock hours, 24 clock hours per week.
(5) A series of courses or seminars that equals 12 semester hours or 12 quarter hours in a maximum of 18 weeks.
(6) The work portion of a cooperative education program in which the amount of work performed is equivalent to the academic workload of a full-time student.
(7) For correspondence coursework, a full-time courseload must be—
(i) Commensurate with the full-time definitions listed in paragraphs (1) through (6) of this definition; and
(ii) At least one-half of the coursework must be made up of non-correspondence coursework that meets one-half of the institution's requirement for full-time students.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1082 and 1088)
Graduate or professional student:
A student who—
(1) Is not receiving title IV aid as an undergraduate student for the same period of enrollment;
(2) Is enrolled in a program or course above the baccalaureate level or is enrolled in a program leading to a professional degree; and
(3) Has completed the equivalent of at least three years of full-time study either prior to entrance into the program or as part of the program itself.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1082 and 1088)
Half-time student:
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this definition, an enrolled student who is carrying a half-time academic workload, as determined by the institution, that amounts to at least half of the workload of the applicable minimum requirement outlined in the definition of a full-time student.
(2) A student enrolled solely in a program of study by correspondence who is carrying a workload of at least 12 hours of work per week, or is earning at least six credit hours per semester, trimester, or quarter. However, regardless of the work, no student enrolled solely in correspondence study is considered more than a half-time student.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1082 and 1088)
Independent student:
A student who qualifies as an independent student under section 480(d) of the HEA.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1087vv)
The designated department official authorized to begin an emergency action under 34 CFR 668.83.
Institutional student information record (ISIR):
An electronic record that the Secretary transmits to an institution that includes an applicant's—
(1) FAFSA information; and
Leveraging Educational Assistance Partnership (LEAP) Program:
The grant program authorized by Title IV-A-4 of the HEA.
National Defense Student Loan program:
The student loan program authorized by Title II of the National Defense Education Act of 1958.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 421-429)
National Direct Student Loan (NDSL) program:
The student loan program authorized by Title IV-E of the HEA between July 1, 1972, and October 16, 1986.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1087aa-1087ii)
National Early Intervention Scholarship and Partnership (NEISP) program:
The scholarship program authorized by Chapter 2 of subpart 1 of Title IV-A of the HEA.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1070a-21
)
National Science and Mathematics Access to Retain Talent Grant (National SMART Grant) Program:
A grant program authorized by Title IV-A-1 of the HEA under which grants are awarded during the third and fourth academic years of study to eligible financially needy undergraduate students pursuing eligible majors in the physical, life, or computer sciences, mathematics, technology, or engineering, or foreign languages determined to be critical to the national security of the United States.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1070a-1)
One-third of an academic year:
A period that is at least one-third of an academic year as determined by an institution. At a minimum, one-third of an academic year must be a period that begins on the first day of classes and ends on the last day of classes or examinations and is a minimum of 10 weeks of instructional time during which, for an undergraduate educational program, a full-time student is expected to complete at least 8 semester or trimester hours or 12 quarter hours in an educational program whose length is measured in credit hours or 300 clock hours in an educational program whose length is measured in clock hours. For an institution whose academic year has been reduced under § 668.3, one-third of an academic year is the pro-rated equivalent, as measured in weeks and credit or clock hours, of at least one-third of the institution's academic year.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1088)
Output document:
The Student Aid Report (SAR), Electronic Student Aid Report (ESAR), or other document or automated data generated by the Department of Education's central processing system or Multiple Data Entry processing system as the result of the processing of data provided in a Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA).
Parent:
A student's biological or adoptive mother or father or the student's stepparent, if the biological parent or adoptive mother or father has remarried at the time of application.
Participating institution:
An eligible institution that meets the standards for participation in Title IV, HEA programs in subpart B and has a current program participation agreement with the Secretary.
Professional degree:
A degree that signifies both completion of the academic requirements for beginning practice in a given profession and a level of professional skill beyond that normally required for a bachelor's degree. Professional licensure is also generally required. Examples of a professional degree include but are not limited to Pharmacy (Pharm.D.), Dentistry (D.D.S. or D.M.D.), Veterinary Medicine (D.V.M.), Chiropractic (D.C. or D.C.M.), Law (L.L.B. or J.D.), Medicine (M.D.), Optometry (O.D.), Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.), Podiatry (D.P.M., D.P., or Pod.D.), and Theology (M.Div., or M.H.L.).
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1082 and 1088)
Show-cause official:
The designated department official authorized to conduct a show-cause proceeding for an emergency action under 34 CFR 668.83.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1070c
)
Student aid report (SAR):
A report provided to an applicant by the Secretary showing his or her FAFSA information and the amount of his or her EFC.
Teacher Education Assistance for College and Higher Education (TEACH) Grant Program:
A grant program authorized by title IV of the HEA under which grants are awarded by an institution to students who are completing, or intend to complete, coursework to begin a career in teaching and who agree to serve for not less than four years as a full-time, highly-qualified teacher in a high-need field in a low-income school. If the recipient of a TEACH Grant does not complete four years of qualified teaching service within eight years of completing the course of study for which the TEACH Grant was received or otherwise fails to meet the requirements of 34 CFR 686.12, the amount of the TEACH Grant
converts into a Federal Direct Unsubsidized Loan.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1070g)
TEACH Grant:
A grant authorized under title IV-A-9 of the HEA and awarded to students in exchange for prospective teaching service.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1070g)
Third-party servicer:
(1) An individual or a State, or a private, profit or nonprofit organization that enters into a contract with an eligible institution to administer, through either manual or automated processing, any aspect of the institution's participation in any Title IV, HEA program. The Secretary considers administration of participation in a Title IV, HEA program to—
(i) Include performing any function required by any statutory provision of or applicable to Title IV of the HEA, any regulatory provision prescribed under that statutory authority, or any applicable special arrangement, agreement, or limitation entered into under the authority of statutes applicable to Title IV of the HEA, such as, but not restricted to—
(A) Processing student financial aid applications;
(B) Performing need analysis;
(C) Determining student eligibility and related activities;
(D) Certifying loan applications;
(E) Processing output documents for payment to students;
(F) Receiving, disbursing, or delivering Title IV, HEA program funds, excluding lock-box processing of loan payments and normal bank electronic fund transfers;
(G) Conducting activities required by the provisions governing student consumer information services in subpart D of this part;
(H) Preparing and certifying requests for advance or reimbursement funding;
(I) Loan servicing and collection;
(J) Preparing and submitting notices and applications required under 34 CFR part 600 and subpart B of this part; and
(K) Preparing a Fiscal Operations Report and Application to Participate (FISAP);
(ii) Exclude the following functions—
(A) Publishing ability-to-benefit tests;
(B) Performing functions as a Multiple Data Entry Processor (MDE);
(C) Financial and compliance auditing;
(D) Mailing of documents prepared by the institution;
(E) Warehousing of records; and
(F) Providing computer services or software; and
(iii) Notwithstanding the exclusions referred to in paragraph (1)(ii) of this definition, include any activity comprised of any function described in paragraph (1)(i) of this definition.
(2) For purposes of this definition, an employee of an institution is not a third-party servicer. The Secretary considers an individual to be an employee if the individual—
(i) Works on a full-time, part-time, or temporary basis;
(ii) Performs all duties on site at the institution under the supervision of the institution;
(iii) Is paid directly by the institution;
(iv) Is not employed by or associated with a third-party servicer; and
(v) Is not a third-party servicer for any other institution.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1088)
Three-quarter time student:
An enrolled student who is carrying a three-quarter-time academic workload, as determined by the institution, that amounts to at least three quarters of the work of the applicable minimum requirement outlined in the definition of a full-time student.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1082 and 1088)
Two-thirds of an academic year:
A period that is at least two-thirds of an academic year as determined by an institution. At a minimum, two-thirds of an academic year must be a period that begins on the first day of classes and ends on the last day of classes or examinations and is a minimum of 20 weeks of instructional time during which, for an undergraduate educational program, a full-time student is expected to complete at least 16 semester or trimester hours or 24 quarter hours in an educational program whose length is measured in credit hours or 600 clock hours in an educational program whose length is measured in
clock hours. For an institution whose academic year has been reduced under § 668.3, two-thirds of an academic year is the pro-rated equivalent, as measured in weeks and credit or clock hours, of at least two-thirds of the institution's academic year.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1088)
Undergraduate student:
(1) A student who is enrolled in an undergraduate course of study that usually does not exceed four years, or is enrolled in a longer program designed to lead to a degree at the baccalaureate level. For purposes of 34 CFR 690.6(c)(5) students who have completed a baccalaureate program of study and who are subsequently completing a State-required teacher certification program are treated as undergraduates.
(2) In addition to meeting the definition in paragraph (1) of this definition, a student is only considered an undergraduate for purposes of the Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant (FSEOG) Program, the Federal Pell Grant Program, the Academic Competitiveness Grant (ACG) Program, National Science and Mathematics Access to Retain Talent (SMART) Grant Program, and TEACH Grant program if the student has not yet earned a baccalaureate or professional degree. However, for purposes of 34 CFR 690.6(c)(5) and 686.3(a) students who have completed a baccalaureate program of study and who are subsequently completing a State-required teacher certification program are treated as undergraduates.
(3) For purposes of dual degree programs that allow individuals to complete a bachelor's degree and either a graduate or professional degree within the same program, a student is considered an undergraduate student for at least the first three years of that program.
(4) A student enrolled in a four to five year program designed to lead to an undergraduate degree. A student enrolled in a program of any other, longer length is considered an undergraduate student for only the first four years of that program.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1070g)
U.S. citizen or national:
(1) A citizen of the United States; or
(2) A person defined in the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(22), who, though not a citizen of the United States, owes permanent allegiance to the United States.
(Authority: 8 U.S.C. 1101)
Valid institutional student information record (valid ISIR):
An ISIR on which all the information reported on a student's FAFSA is accurate and complete as of the date the application is signed.
Valid student aid report (valid SAR):
A student aid report on which all of the information reported on a student's FAFSA is accurate and complete as of the date the application is signed.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1070
William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan (Direct Loan) Program:
The loan program authorized by Title IV, Part D of the HEA.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1087a
et seq.
)
[59 FR 22418, Apr. 29, 1994, as amended at 59 FR 61178, Nov. 29, 1994; 60 FR 61809, Dec. 1, 1995; 61 FR 60396, Nov. 27, 1996; 63 FR 40623, July 29, 1998; 64 FR 38729, June 22, 2000; 65 FR 65674, Nov. 1, 2000; 67 FR 67071, Nov. 1, 2002; 69 FR 12275, Mar. 16, 2004; 71 FR 38002, July 3, 2006; 71 FR 45692, Aug. 9, 2006; 71 FR 64397, 64418, Nov. 1, 2006; 72 FR 62024, Nov. 1, 2007; 73 FR 35492, June 23, 2008; 75 FR 66948, Oct. 29, 2010; 75 FR 67198, Nov. 1, 2010]
§ 668.3
(a)
General.
Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, an academic year for a program of study must include—
(1)(i) For a program offered in credit hours, a minimum of 30 weeks of instructional time; or
(ii) For a program offered in clock hours, a minimum of 26 weeks of instructional time; and
(2) For an undergraduate educational program, an amount of instructional time whereby a full-time student is expected to complete at least—
(i) Twenty-four semester or trimester credit hours or 36 quarter credit hours for a program measured in credit hours; or
(ii) 900 clock hours for a program measured in clock hours.
(b)
For purposes of paragraph (a) of this section—
(1) A week is a consecutive seven-day period;
(2) A week of instructional time is any week in which at least one day of regularly scheduled instruction or examinations occurs or, after the last scheduled day of classes for a term or payment period, at least one day of study for final examinations occurs; and
(3) Instructional time does not include any vacation periods, homework, or periods of orientation or counseling.
(c)
Reduction in the length of an academic year.
(1) Upon the written request of an institution, the Secretary may approve, for good cause, an academic year of 26 through 29 weeks of instructional time for educational programs offered by the institution if the institution offers a two-year program leading to an associate degree or a four-year program leading to a baccalaureate degree.
(2) An institution's written request must—
(i) Identify each educational program for which the institution requests a reduction, and the requested number of weeks of instructional time for that program;
(ii) Demonstrate good cause for the requested reductions; and
(iii) Include any other information that the Secretary may require to determine whether to grant the request.
(3)(i) The Secretary approves the request of an eligible institution for a reduction in the length of its academic year if the institution has demonstrated good cause for granting the request and the institution's accrediting agency and State licensing agency have approved the request.
(ii) If the Secretary approves the request, the approval terminates when the institution's program participation agreement expires. The institution may request an extension of that approval as part of the recertification process.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1845-0022)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1088)
[67 FR 67071, Nov. 1, 2002, as amended at 71 FR 45693, Aug. 9, 2006]
§ 668.4
Payment period.
(a)
Payment periods for an eligible program that measures progress in credit hours and uses standard terms or nonstandard terms that are substantially equal in length.
For a student enrolled in an eligible program that measures progress in credit hours and uses standard terms (semesters, trimesters, or quarters), or for a student enrolled in an eligible program that measures progress in credit hours and uses nonstandard terms that are substantially equal in length, the payment period is the academic term.
(b)
Payment periods for an eligible program that measures progress in credit hours and uses nonstandard terms that are not substantially equal in length.
For a student enrolled in an eligible program that measures progress in credit hours and uses nonstandard terms that are not substantially equal in length—
(1) For Pell Grant, ACG, National SMART Grant, FSEOG, Perkins Loan, and TEACH Grant program funds, the payment period is the academic term;
(2) For FFEL and Direct Loan program funds—
(i) For a student enrolled in an eligible program that is one academic year or less in length—
(A) The first payment period is the period of time in which the student successfully completes half of the number of credit hours in the program and half of the number of weeks of instructional time in the program; and
(B) The second payment period is the period of time in which the student successfully completes the program; and
(ii) For a student enrolled in an eligible program that is more than one academic year in length—
(A) For the first academic year and any subsequent full academic year—
(
1
) The first payment period is the period of time in which the student
successfully completes half of the number of credit hours in the academic year and half of the number of weeks of instructional time in the academic year; and
(
2
) The second payment period is the period of time in which the student successfully completes the academic year;
(B) For any remaining portion of an eligible program that is more than half an academic year but less than a full academic year in length—
(
1
) The first payment period is the period of time in which the student successfully completes half of the number of credit hours in the remaining portion of the program and half of the number of weeks of instructional time remaining in the program; and
(
2
) The second payment period is the period of time in which the student successfully completes the remainder of the program; and
(C) For any remaining portion of an eligible program that is not more than half an academic year, the payment period is the remainder of the program.
(c)
Payment periods for an eligible program that measures progress in credit hours and does not have academic terms or for a program that measures progress in clock hours.
(1) For a student enrolled in an eligible program that is one academic year or less in length—
(i) The first payment period is the period of time in which the student successfully completes half of the number of credit hours or clock hours, as applicable, in the program and half of the number of weeks of instructional time in the program; and
(ii) The second payment period is the period of time in which the student successfully completes the program or the remainder of the program.
(2) For a student enrolled in an eligible program that is more than one academic year in length—
(i) For the first academic year and any subsequent full academic year—
(A) The first payment period is the period of time in which the student successfully completes half of the number of credit hours or clock hours, as applicable, in the academic year and half of the number of weeks of instructional time in the academic year; and
(B) The second payment period is the period of time in which the student successfully completes the academic year;
(ii) For any remaining portion of an eligible program that is more than half an academic year but less than a full academic year in length—
(A) The first payment period is the period of time in which the student successfully completes half of the number of credit hours or clock hours, as applicable, in the remaining portion of the program and half of the number of weeks of instructional time remaining in the program; and
(B) The second payment period is the period of time in which the student successfully completes the remainder of the program; and
(iii) For any remaining portion of an eligible program that is not more than half an academic year, the payment period is the remainder of the program.
(3) For purposes of paragraphs (c)(1) and (c)(2) of this section, if an institution is unable to determine when a student has successfully completed half of the credit hours or clock hours in a program, academic year, or remainder of a program, the student is considered to begin the second payment period of the program, academic year, or remainder of a program at the later of the date, as determined by the institution, on which the student has successfully completed—
(i) Half of the academic coursework in the program, academic year, or remainder of the program; or
(ii) Half of the number of weeks of instructional time in the program, academic year, or remainder of the program.
(d)
Application of the cohort default rate exemption.
Notwithstanding paragraphs (a), (b), and (c) of this section, if 34 CFR 682.604(c)(10) or 34 CFR 685.301(b)(8) applies to an eligible program that measures progress in credit hours and uses nonstandard terms, an eligible program that measures progress in credit hours and does not have academic terms, or an eligible program that measures progress in clock hours, the payment period for purposes of FFEL and Direct Loan funds is the loan period for those portions of the program to which 34 CFR
682.604(c)(10) or 34 CFR 685.301(b)(8) applies.
(e)
Excused absences.
For purposes of this section, in determining whether a student successfully completes the clock hours in a payment period, an institution may include clock hours for which the student has an excused absence (i.e., an absence that a student does not have to make up) if—
(1) The institution has a written policy that permits excused absences; and
(2) The number of excused absences under the written policy for purposes of this paragraph (e) does not exceed the lesser of—
(i) The policy on excused absences of the institution's accrediting agency or, if the institution has more than one accrediting agency, the agency designated under 34 CFR 600.11(b);
(ii) The policy on excused absences of any State agency that licenses the institution or otherwise legally authorizes the institution to operate in the State; or
(iii) Ten percent of the clock hours in the payment period.
(f)
Re-entry within 180 days.
If a student withdraws from a program described in paragraph (c) of this section during a payment period and then reenters the same program within 180 days, the student remains in that same payment period when he or she returns and, subject to conditions established by the Secretary or by the FFEL lender or guaranty agency, is eligible to receive any title IV, HEA program funds for which he or she was eligible prior to withdrawal, including funds that were returned by the institution or student under the provisions of § 668.22.
(g)
Re-entry after 180 days or transfer.
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (g)(3) of this section, and subject to the conditions of paragraph (g)(2) of this section, an institution calculates new payment periods for the remainder of a student's program based on paragraph (c) of this section, for a student who withdraws from a program described in paragraph (c) of this section, and—
(i) Reenters that program after 180 days;
(ii) Transfers into another program at the same institution within any time period; or
(iii) Transfers into a program at another institution within any time period.
(2) For a student described in paragraph (g)(1) of this section—
(i) For the purpose of calculating payment periods only, the length of the program is the number of credit hours and the number of weeks of instructional time, or the number of clock hours and the number of weeks of instructional time, that the student has remaining in the program he or she enters or reenters; and
(ii) If the remaining hours and weeks constitute half of an academic year or less, the remaining hours constitute one payment period.
(3) Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (g)(1) of this section, an institution may consider a student who transfers into another program at the same institution to remain in the same payment period if—
(i) The student is continuously enrolled at the institution;
(ii) The coursework in the payment period the student is transferring out of is substantially similar to the coursework the student will be taking when he or she first transfers into the new program;
(iii) The payment periods are substantially equal in length in weeks of instructional time and credit hours or clock hours, as applicable;
(iv) There are little or no changes in institutional charges associated with the payment period to the student; and
(v) The credits from the payment period the student is transferring out of are accepted toward the new program.
(h)
For purposes of this section—
(1) Terms are
substantially equal in length
if no term in the program is more than two weeks of instructional time longer than any other term in that program; and
(2) A student
successfully completes
credit hours or clock hours if the institution considers the student to have passed the coursework associated with those hours.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1070
[72 FR 62025, Nov. 1, 2007, as amended at 73 FR 35492, June 23, 2008]
§ 668.5
Written arrangements to provide educational programs.
(a)
Written arrangements between eligible institutions.
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(2) of this section, if an eligible institution enters into a written arrangement with another eligible institution, or with a consortium of eligible institutions, under which the other eligible institution or consortium provides part of the educational program to students enrolled in the first institution, the Secretary considers that educational program to be an eligible program if the educational program offered by the institution that grants the degree or certificate otherwise satisfies the requirements of § 668.8.
(2) If the written arrangement is between two or more eligible institutions that are owned or controlled by the same individual, partnership, or corporation, the Secretary considers the educational program to be an eligible program if—
(i) The educational program offered by the institution that grants the degree or certificate otherwise satisfies the requirements of § 668.8; and
(ii) The institution that grants the degree or certificate provides more than 50 percent of the educational program.
(b)
Written arrangements for study-abroad.
Under a study abroad program, if an eligible institution enters into a written arrangement under which an institution in another country, or an organization acting on behalf of an institution in another country, provides part of the educational program of students enrolled in the eligible institution, the Secretary considers that educational program to be an eligible program if it otherwise satisfies the requirements of paragraphs (c)(1) through (c)(3) of this section.
(c)
Written arrangements between an eligible institution and an ineligible institution or organization.
If an eligible institution enters into a written arrangement with an institution or organization that is not an eligible institution under which the ineligible institution or organization provides part of the educational program of students enrolled in the eligible institution, the Secretary considers that educational program to be an eligible program if—
(1) The ineligible institution or organization has not—
(i) Had its eligibility to participate in the title IV, HEA programs terminated by the Secretary;
(ii) Voluntarily withdrawn from participation in the title IV, HEA programs under a termination, show-cause, suspension, or similar type proceeding initiated by the institution's State licensing agency, accrediting agency, guarantor, or by the Secretary;
(iii) Had its certification to participate in the title IV, HEA programs revoked by the Secretary;
(iv) Had its application for re-certification to participate in the title IV, HEA programs denied by the Secretary; or
(v) Had its application for certification to participate in the title IV, HEA programs denied by the Secretary;
(2) The educational program offered by the institution that grants the degree or certificate otherwise satisfies the requirements of § 668.8; and
(3)(i) The ineligible institution or organization provides 25 percent or less of the educational program; or
(ii)(A) The ineligible institution or organization provides more than 25 percent but less than 50 percent of the educational program;
(B) The eligible institution and the ineligible institution or organization are not owned or controlled by the same individual, partnership, or corporation; and
(C) The eligible institution's accrediting agency, or if the institution is a public postsecondary vocational educational institution, the State agency listed in the
Federal Register
in accordance with 34 CFR part 603, has specifically determined that the institution's arrangement meets the agency's standards for the contracting out of educational services.
(d)
Administration of title IV, HEA programs.
(1) If an institution enters into a written arrangement as described in paragraph (a), (b), or (c) of this section, except as provided in paragraph (d)(2) of this section, the institution at which the student is enrolled as a regular student must determine the student's eligibility for title IV, HEA program
funds, and must calculate and disburse those funds to that student.
(2) In the case of a written arrangement between eligible institutions, the institutions may agree in writing to have any eligible institution in the written arrangement make those calculations and disbursements, and the Secretary does not consider that institution to be a third-party servicer for that arrangement.
(3) The institution that calculates and disburses a student's title IV, HEA program assistance under paragraph (d)(1) or (d)(2) of this section must—
(i) Take into account all the hours in which the student enrolls at each institution that apply to the student's degree or certificate when determining the student's enrollment status and cost of attendance; and (ii) Maintain all records regarding the student's eligibility for and receipt of title IV, HEA program funds.
(e)
Information made available to students.
If an institution enters into a written arrangement described in paragraph (a), (b), or (c) of this section, the institution must provide the information described in § 668.43(a)(12) to enrolled and prospective students.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1094)
[65 FR 65674, Nov. 1, 2000, as amended at 75 FR 66948, Oct. 29, 2010; 75 FR 67198, Nov. 1, 2010]
§ 668.6
Reporting and disclosure requirements for programs that prepare students for gainful employment in a recognized occupation.
(a)
Reporting requirements.
(1) In accordance with procedures established by the Secretary an institution must report information that includes—
(i) For each student who enrolled in a program under § 668.8(c)(3) or (d) during an award year—
(A) Information needed to identify the student and the institution the student attended;
(B) If the student began attending a program during the award year, the name and the Classification of Instructional Program (CIP) code of that program; and
(C) If the student completed a program during the award year—
(
1
) The name and CIP code of that program, and the date the student completed the program;
(
2
) The amounts the student received from private education loans and the amount from institutional financing plans that the student owes the institution upon completing the program; and
(
3
) Whether the student matriculated to a higher credentialed program at the institution or if available, evidence that the student transferred to a higher credentialed program at another institution; and
(ii) For each program, by name and CIP code, offered by the institution under § 668.8(c)(3) or (d), the total number of students that are enrolled in the program at the end of each award year and identifying information for those students.
(2)(i) An institution must report the information required under paragraph (a)(1) of this section—
(A) No later than October 1, 2011 for information from the 2006-07 award year to the extent that the information is available;
(B) No later than October 1, 2011 for information from the 2007-08 through 2009-10 award years; and
(C) No earlier than September 30, but no later than the date established by the Secretary through a notice published in the
Federal Register,
for information from the most recently completed award year.
(ii) For any award year, if an institution is unable to provide all or some of the information required under paragraph (a)(1) of this section, the institution must provide an explanation of why the missing information is not available.
(b)
Disclosures.
(1) For each program offered by an institution under this section, the institution must provide prospective students with—
(i) The occupations (by names and SOC codes) that the program prepares students to enter, along with links to occupational profiles on O*NET or its successor site. If the number of occupations related to the program, as identified by entering the program's full six digit CIP code on the O*NET crosswalk at
http://online.onetcenter.org/crosswalk/
is more than ten, the institution may
provide Web links to a representative sample of the identified occupations (by name and SOC code) for which its graduates typically find employment within a few years after completing the program;
(ii) The on-time graduation rate for students completing the program, as provided under paragraph (c) of this section;
(iii) The tuition and fees it charges a student for completing the program within normal time as defined in § 668.41(a), the typical costs for books and supplies (unless those costs are included as part of tuition and fees), and the cost of room and board, if applicable. The institution may include information on other costs, such as transportation and living expenses, but it must provide a Web link, or access, to the program cost information the institutions makes available under § 668.43(a);
(iv) The placement rate for students completing the program, as determined under a methodology developed by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) when that rate is available. In the meantime, beginning on July 1, 2011, if the institution is required by its accrediting agency or State to calculate a placement rate on a program basis, it must disclose the rate under this section and identify the accrediting agency or State agency under whose requirements the rate was calculated. If the accrediting agency or State requires an institution to calculate a placement rate at the institutional level or other than a program basis, the institution must use the accrediting agency or State methodology to calculate a placement rate for the program and disclose that rate; and
(v) The median loan debt incurred by students who completed the program as provided by the Secretary, as well as any other information the Secretary provided to the institution about that program. The institution must identify separately the median loan debt from title IV, HEA program loans, and the median loan debt from private educational loans and institutional financing plans.
(2) For each program, the institution must—
(i) Include the information required under paragraph (b)(1) of this section in promotional materials it makes available to prospective students and post this information on its Web site;
(ii) Prominently provide the information required under paragraph (b)(1) of this section in a simple and meaningful manner on the home page of its program Web site, and provide a prominent and direct link on any other Web page containing general, academic, or admissions information about the program, to the single Web page that contains all the required information;
(iii) Display the information required under paragraph (b)(1) of this section on the institution's Web site in an open format that can be retrieved, downloaded, indexed, and searched by commonly used Web search applications. An open format is one that is platform-independent, is machine-readable, and is made available to the public without restrictions that would impede the reuse of that information; and
(iv) Use the disclosure form issued by the Secretary to provide the information in paragraph (b)(1), and other information, when that form is available.
(c)
On-time completion rate.
An institution calculates an on-time completion rate for each program subject to this section by—
(1) Determining the number of students who completed the program during the most recently completed award year;
(2) Determining the number of students in paragraph (c)(1) of this section who completed the program within normal time, as defined under § 668.41(a), regardless of whether the students transferred into the program or changed programs at the institution. For example, the normal time to complete an associate degree is two years and this timeframe applies to all students in the program. If a student transfers into the program, regardless of the number of credits the institution accepts from the student's attendance at the prior institution, those transfer credits have no bearing on the two-year timeframe. The student would still have two years to complete from the date he or she began attending the two-year program. To be counted as completing on time, a student who
changes programs at the institution and begins attending the two-year program must complete within the two-year timeframe beginning from the date the student began attending the prior program; and
(3) Dividing the number of students who completed the program within normal time, as determined under paragraph (c)(2) of this section, by the total number of students who completed the program, as determined under paragraph (c)(1) of this section, and multiplying the result by 100.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1845-NEW1)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C 1001(b), 1002(b) and (c))
[75 FR 66948, Oct. 29, 2010]
§ 668.7
Gainful employment in a recognized occupation.
(a)
(1)
Minimum standards.
A program is considered to provide training that leads to gainful employment in a recognized occupation if—
(i) As determined under paragraph (b) of this section, the program's annual loan repayment rate is at least 35 percent;
(ii) As determined under paragraph (c) of this section, the program's annual loan payment is less than or equal to—
(A) 30 percent of discretionary income (discretionary income threshold); or
(B) 12 percent of annual earnings (actual earnings threshold); or
(iii) The data needed to determine whether a program satisfies the minimum standards are not available to the Secretary.
(2)
For the purposes of this section—
(i)(A) A
program
refers to an educational program offered by an institution under § 668.8(c)(3) or (d) that is identified by a combination of the institution's six-digit OPEID number, the program's six-digit CIP code as assigned by an institution or determined by the Secretary, and credential level;
(B) The Secretary determines whether an institution accurately assigns a CIP code for a program based on the classifications and program codes established by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES); and
(C) The credential levels for identifying a program are undergraduate certificate, associate's degree, bachelor's degree, post-baccalaureate certificate, master's degree, doctoral degree, and first-professional degree;
(ii)
Debt measures
refers collectively to the loan repayment rate and debt-to-earnings ratios described in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section;
(iii) A
fiscal year
(FY) is the 12-month period starting October 1 and ending September 30 that is designated by the calendar year in which it ends; for example FY 2013 is from October 1, 2012 to September 30, 2013. That designation also represents the FY for which the Secretary calculates the debt measures;
(iv) A
is the period covering two consecutive FYs that occur on—
(A)(
1
) The third and fourth FYs (2YP) prior to the most recently completed FY for which the debt measures are calculated. For example, if the most recently completed FY is 2012, the 2YP is FYs 2008 and 2009; or
(
2
) For FYs 2012, 2013, and 2014, the first and second FYs (2YP-A) prior to the most recently completed FY for which the loan repayment rate is calculated under paragraph (b) of this section. For example, if the most recently completed FY is 2012, the 2YP-A is FYs 2010 and 2011; or
(B) For a program whose students are required to complete a medical or dental internship or residency, as identified by an institution, the sixth and seventh FYs (2YP-R) prior to the most recently completed FY for which the debt measures are calculated. For example, if the most recently completed FY is 2012, the 2YP-R is FYs 2005 and 2006. For this purpose, a required medical or dental internship or residency is a supervised training program that—
(
1
) Requires the student to hold a degree as a doctor of medicine or osteopathy, or a doctor of dental science;
(
2
) Leads to a degree or certificate awarded by an institution of higher education, a hospital, or a health care facility that offers post-graduate training; and
(
3
) Must be completed before the borrower may be licensed by the State and board certified for professional practice or service;
(v) A
four-year period
is the period covering four consecutive FYs that occur on—
(A) The third, fourth, fifth, and sixth FYs (4YP) prior to the most recently completed FY for which the debt measures are calculated. For example, if the most recently completed FY is 2017, the 4YP is FYs 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2014; or
(B) For a program whose students are required to complete a medical or dental internship or residency, as identified by an institution, the sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth FYs (4YP-R) prior to the most recently completed FY for which the debt measures are calculated. For example, if the most recently completed FY is 2017, the 4YP-R is FYs 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2011. For this purpose, a required medical or dental internship or residency is a supervised training program that—
(
1
) Requires the student to hold a degree as a doctor of medicine or osteopathy, or a doctor of dental science;
(
2
) Leads to a degree or certificate awarded by an institution of higher education, a hospital, or a health care facility that offers post-graduate training; and
(
3
) Must be completed before the borrower may be licensed by the State and board certified for professional practice or service; and
(vi)
Discretionary income
is the difference between the mean or median annual earnings and 150 percent of the most current Poverty Guideline for a single person in the continental U.S. The Poverty Guidelines are published annually by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and are available at
http://aspe.hhs.gov/poverty.
(b)
Loan repayment rate.
For the most recently completed FY, the Secretary calculates the loan repayment rate for a program using thefollowing ratio:
ER13JN11.022
(1)
Original Outstanding Principal Balance (OOPB).
(i) The OOPB is the amount of the outstanding balance, including capitalized interest, on FFEL or Direct Loans owed by students for attendance in the program on the date those loans first entered repayment.
(ii) The OOPB includes FFEL and Direct Loans that first entered repayment during the 2YP, the 2YP-A, the 2YP-R, the 4YP, or the 4YP-R. The OOPB does not include PLUS loans made to parent borrowers or TEACH Grant-related unsubsidized loans.
(iii) For consolidation loans, the OOPB is the OOPB of the FFEL and Direct Loans attributable to a borrower's attendance in the program.
(iv) For FYs 2012, 2013, and 2014, the Secretary calculates two loan repayment rates for a program, one with the 2YP and the other with the 2YP-A, so long as the 2YP-A represents more than 30 borrowers whose loans entered repayment. Provided that both loan repayment rates are calculated, the Secretary determines whether the program meets the minimum standard under paragraph (a)(1)(i) of this section by using the higher of the 2YP rate or the 2YP-A rate.
(2)
Loans Paid in Full (LPF).
(i) LPF are loans that have never been in default or, in the case of a Federal Consolidation Loan or a Direct Consolidation Loan, neither the consolidation loan nor the underlying loan or loans have ever been in default and that have been paid in full by a borrower. A loan that is paid through a Federal Consolidation loan, a Direct Consolidation loan, or under another refinancing process provided for under the HEA, is not counted as paid-in-full for this purpose until the consolidation loan or other financial instrument is paid in full by the borrower.
(ii) The OOPB of LPF in the numerator of the ratio is the total amount of OOPB for these loans.
(3)
Payments-Made Loans (PML).
(i) PML are loans that have never been in default or, in the case of a Federal Consolidation Loan or a Direct Consolidation Loan, neither the consolidation loan nor the underlying loan or loans have ever been in default, where—
(A)(
1
) Payments made by a borrower during the most recently completed FY reduce the outstanding balance of a loan, including the outstanding balance of a Federal Consolidation Loan or Direct Consolidation Loan, to an amount that is less than the outstanding balance of the loan at the beginning of that FY. The outstanding balance of a loan includes any unpaid accrued interest that has not been capitalized; or
(
2
) If the program is a post-baccalaureate certificate, master's degree, doctoral degree, or first-professional degree program, the total outstanding balance of a Federal or Direct Consolidation Loan at the end of the most recently completed FY is less than or equal to the total outstanding balance of the consolidation loan at the beginning of the FY. The outstanding balance of the consolidation loan includes any unpaid accrued interest that has not been capitalized;
(B) A borrower is in the process of qualifying for Public Service Loan Forgiveness under 34 CFR 685.219(c) and submits an employment certification to the Secretary that demonstrates the borrower is engaged in qualifying employment and the borrower made qualifying payments on the loan during the most recently completed FY; or
(C)(
) Except as provided under paragraph (b)(3)(i)(C)(
2
) of this section, a borrower in the income-based repayment plan (IBR), income contingent repayment plan (ICR), or any other repayment plan makes scheduled payments on the loan during the most recently completed FY for an amount that is equal to or less than the interest that accrues on the loan during the FY. The Secretary limits the dollar amount of these interest-only or negative amortization loans in the numerator of the ratio to no more than 3 percent of the total amount of OOPB in the denominator of the ratio, based on available data on a program's borrowers who are making scheduled payments under these repayment plans.
(
2
) Until the Secretary determines that there is sufficiently complete data on which of the program's borrowers have scheduled payments that are equal to or less than accruing interest, the Secretary will include in the numerator 3 percent of the OOPB in the denominator.
(
) Notwithstanding paragraph (b)(3)(i)(C)(
1
) of this section, with regard to applying the percent limitation on the dollar amount of the interest-only or negative amortization loans, the Secretary may adjust the limitation by publishing a notice in the
Federal Register.
The adjusted limitation may not be lower than the percent limitation specified in paragraph (b)(3)(i)(C)(
1
) of this section or higher than the estimated percentage of all outstanding Federal student loan dollars that are interest-only or negative amortization loans.
(ii) The OOPB of PML in the numerator of the ratio is the total amount of OOPB for the loans described in paragraph (b)(3)(i) of this section.
(4)
Exclusions.
For the most recently completed FY, the OOPB of the following loans is excluded from both the numerator and the denominator of the ratio:
(i) Loans that were in an in-school deferment status during any part of the FY.
(ii) Loans that were in a military-related deferment status during any part of the FY.
(iii) Loans that were discharged as a result of the death of the borrower under 34 CFR 682.402(b) or 34 CFR 685.212(a).
(iv) Loans that were assigned or transferred to the Secretary that are being considered for discharge as a result of the total and permanent disability of the borrower, or were discharged by the Secretary on that basis under 34 CFR 682.402(c) or 34 CFR 685.212(b).
(c)
For each FY, the Secretary calculates the debt-to-earnings ratios using the following formulas:
(i) Discretionary income rate = Annual loan payment/(Mean or Median
Annual Earnings −(1.5 × Poverty Guideline)).
(ii) Earnings rate = Annual loan payment/Mean or Median Annual Earnings.
(2)
The Secretary determines the annual loan payment for a program by—
(i) Calculating the median loan debt of the program by—
(A) For each student who completed the program during the 2YP, the 2YP-R, the 4YP, or the 4YP-R, determining the lesser of—
(
1
) The amount of loan debt the student incurred, as determined under paragraph (c)(4) of this section; or
(
2
) If tuition and fee information is provided by the institution, the total amount of tuition and fees the institution charged the student for enrollment in all programs at the institution; and
(B) Using the lower amount obtained under paragraph (c)(2)(i)(A) of this section for each student in the calculation of the median loan debt for the program; and
(ii) Using the median loan debt for the program and the current annual interest rate on Federal Direct Unsubsidized Loans to calculate the annual loan payment based on—
(A) A 10-year repayment schedule for a program that leads to an undergraduate or post-baccalaureate certificate or to an associate's degree;
(B) A 15-year repayment schedule for a program that leads to a bachelor's or master's degree; or
(C) A 20-year repayment schedule for a program that leads to a doctoral or first-professional degree.
(3)
Annual earnings.
The Secretary obtains from the Social Security Administration (SSA), or another Federal agency, the most currently available mean and median annual earnings of the students who completed the program during the 2YP, the 2YP-R, the 4YP, or the 4YP-R. The Secretary calculates the debt-to-earnings ratios using the higher of the mean or median annual earnings.
(4)
Loan debt.
In determining the loan debt for a student, the Secretary—
(i) Includes FFEL and Direct loans (except for parent PLUS or TEACH Grant-related loans) owed by the student for attendance in a program, and as reported under § 668.6(a)(1)(i)(C)(
2
), any private education loans or debt obligations arising from institutional financing plans;
(ii) Attributes all the loan debt incurred by the student for attendance in programs at the institution to the highest credentialed program subsequently completed by the student at the institution; and
(iii) Does not include any loan debt incurred by the student for attendance in programs at other institutions. However, the Secretary may include loan debt incurred by the student for attending other institutions if the institution and the other institutions are under common ownership or control, as determined by the Secretary in accordance with 34 CFR 600.31.
(5)
Exclusions.
For the FY the Secretary calculates the debt-to-earnings ratios for a program, a student in the applicable two- or four-year period that completed the program is excluded from the ratio calculations if the Secretary determines that—
(i) One or more of the student's loans were in a military-related deferment status at any time during the calendar year for which the Secretary obtains earnings information under paragraph (c)(3) of this section;
(ii) The student died;
(iii) One or more of the student's loans were assigned or transferred to the Secretary and are being considered for discharge as a result of the total and permanent disability of the student, or were discharged by the Secretary on that basis under 34 CFR 682.402(c) or 34 CFR 685.212(b); or
(iv) The student was enrolled in any other eligible program at the institution or at another institution during the calendar year for which the Secretary obtains earnings information under paragraph (c)(3) of this section.
(d)
Small numbers.
(1) The Secretary calculates the debt measures for a program with a small number of borrowers or completers by using the 4YP or the 4YP-R, as applicable, if—
(i) For the loan repayment rate, the corresponding 2YP or the 2YP-R represents 30 or fewer borrowers whose loans entered repayment after any of
those loans are excluded under paragraph (b)(4) of this section; or
(ii) For the debt-to-earnings ratios, the corresponding 2YP or the 2YP-R represents 30 or fewer students who completed the program after any of those students are excluded under paragraph (c)(5) of this section.
(2) In lieu of the minimum standards in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, the program satisfies the debt measures if—
(i)(A) The 4YP or the 4YP-R represents, after any exclusions under paragraph (b)(4) or (c)(5) of this section, 30 or fewer borrowers whose loans entered repayment or 30 or fewer students who completed the program; or
(B) SSA did not provide the mean and median earnings for the program as provided under paragraph (c)(3) of this section; or
(ii) The median loan debt calculated under paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section is zero.
(e)
Draft debt measures and data corrections.
For each FY beginning with FY 2012, the Secretary issues draft results of the debt measures for each program offered by an institution. As provided under this paragraph, the institution may correct the data used to calculate the draft results before the Secretary issues final debt measures under paragraph (f) of this section.
(1)
Pre-draft corrections process for the debt-to-earnings ratios.
(i) Before issuing the draft results of the debt-to-earnings ratios for a program, the Secretary provides to an institution a list of the students who will be included in the applicable two- or four-year period for calculating the ratios. No later than 30 days after the date the Secretary provides the list to the institution, in accordance with procedures established by the Secretary, the institution may—
(A) Provide evidence showing that a student should be included on or removed from the list; or
(B) Correct or update the identity information provided for a student on the list, such as name, social security number, or date of birth.
(ii) After the 30 day correction period, the institution may no longer challenge whether students should be included on the list or update the identity information of those students.
(iii) If the information provided by the institution under paragraph (e)(1)(i) of this section is accurate, the updated information is used to create a final list of students that the Secretary submits to SSA. The Secretary calculates the draft debt-to-earnings ratios based on the mean and median earnings provided by SSA for the students on the final list.
(iv) An institution may not challenge the accuracy of the mean or median annual earnings the Secretary obtained from SSA to calculate the draft debt-to-earnings ratios for the program.
(2)
Post-draft corrections process for the debt measures.
No later than 45 days after the Secretary issues the draft results of the debt-to-earnings ratios for a program and no later than 45 days after the Secretary issues the draft results of the loan repayment rate for a program, respectively, in accordance with procedures established by the Secretary, an institution—
(i) May challenge the accuracy of the loan data for a borrower that was used to calculate the draft loan repayment rate, or the median loan debt for the program that was used for the numerator of the draft debt-to-earnings ratios, by submitting evidence showing that the borrower loan data or the program median loan debt is inaccurate; and
(ii) May challenge the accuracy of the list of borrowers included in the applicable two- or four-year period used to calculate the draft loan repayment rate by—
(A) Submitting evidence showing that a borrower should be included on or removed from the list; or
(B) Correcting or updating the identity information provided for a borrower on the list, such as name, social security number, or date of birth.
(3)
(i)
Debt measures.
In general, if the information provided by an institution under paragraph (e)(2) of this section is accurate, the Secretary uses the corrected information to recalculate the debt measures for the program.
(ii)
Debt-to-earnings ratios.
For a failing program, if SSA is unable to include in its calculation of the mean
and median earnings for the program one or more students on the list finalized under paragraph (e)(1)(iii) of this section, the Secretary adjusts the median loan debt by removing the highest loan debt associated with the number of students SSA is unable to include in its calculation. For example, if SSA is unable to include three students in its calculation, the Secretary removes the loan debt for the same number of students on the list that had the highest loan debt. The Secretary recalculates the debt-to-earnings ratios for the program based on the adjusted median loan debt.
(f)
Final debt measures.
The Secretary notifies an institution of any draft results that are not challenged, or are recalculated or unsuccessfully challenged under paragraph (e) of this section. These results become the final debt measures for the program.
(g)
(1)
General.
An institution may demonstrate that a failing program, as defined under paragraph (h) of this section, would meet a debt-to-earnings standard by recalculating the debt-to-earnings ratios using the median loan debt for the program as determined under paragraph (c) of this section, and alternative earnings from: a State-sponsored data system; an institutional survey conducted in accordance with NCES standards; or, for FYs 2012, 2013, and 2014, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).
(2)
State data.
For final debt-to-earnings ratios calculated by the Secretary for FY 2012 and any subsequent FY, an institution may use State data to recalculate those ratios for a failing program only if the institution—
(i) Obtains earnings data from State-sponsored data systems for more than 50 percent of the students in the applicable two- or four-year period, or a comparable two- or four-year period, and that number of students is more than 30;
(ii) Uses the actual, State-derived mean or median earnings of the students in the applicable two- or four-year period under paragraph (g)(2)(i) of this section; and
(iii) Demonstrates that it accurately used the actual State-derived data to recalculate the ratios.
(3)
Survey data.
For final debt-to-earnings ratios calculated by the Secretary for FY 2012 and any subsequent FY, an institution may use survey data to recalculate those ratios for a failing program only if the institution—
(i) Uses reported earnings obtained from an institutional survey conducted of the students in the applicable two- or four-year period, or a comparable two- or four-year period, and the survey data is for more than 30 students. The institution may use the mean or median annual earnings derived from the survey data;
(ii) Submits a copy of the survey and certifies that it was conducted in accordance with the statistical standards and procedures established by NCES and available at
http://nces.ed.gov;
and
(iii) Submits an examination-level attestation by an independent public accountant or independent governmental auditor, as appropriate, that the survey was conducted in accordance with the specified NCES standards and procedures. The attestation must be conducted in accordance with the general, field work, and reporting standards for attestation engagements contained in the GAO's Government Auditing Standards, and with procedures for attestations contained in guides developed by and available from the Department of Education's Office of Inspector General.
(4)
BLS data.
For the final debt-to-earnings ratios calculated by the Secretary for FYs 2012, 2013, and 2014, an institution may use BLS earnings data to recalculate those ratios for a failing program only if the institution—
(i) Identifies and provides documentation of the occupation by SOC code, or combination of SOC codes, in which more than 50 percent of the students in the 2YP or 4YP were placed or found employment, and that number of students is more than 30. The institution may use placement records it maintains to satisfy accrediting agency or State requirements if those records indicate the occupation in which the student was placed. Otherwise, the institution must submit employment records or other documentation showing the SOC code or codes in which the students typically found employment;
(ii) Uses the most current BLS earnings data for the identified SOC code to calculate the debt-to-earnings ratio. If more than one SOC code is identified under paragraph (g)(4)(i) of this section, the institution must calculate the weighted average earnings of those SOC codes based on BLS employment data or institutional placement data. In either case, the institution must use BLS earnings at no higher than the 25th percentile; and
(iii) Submits, upon request, all the placement, employment, and other records maintained by the institution for the program under paragraph (g)(4)(i) of this section that the institution examined to determine whether those records identified the SOC codes for the students who were placed or found employment.
(5)
Alternative earnings process.
(i) In accordance with procedures established by the Secretary, the institution must—
(A) Notify the Secretary of its intent to use alternative earnings no later than 14 days after the date the institution is notified of its final debt measures under paragraph (f) of this section; and
(B) Submit all supporting documentation related to recalculating the debt-to-earnings ratios using alternative earnings no later than 60 days after the date the institution is notified of its final debt measures under paragraph (f) of this section.
(ii) Pending the Secretary's review of the institution's submission, the institution is not subject to the requirements arising from the program's failure to satisfy the debt measures, provided the submission was complete, timely, and accurate.
(iii)(A) If the Secretary denies the institution's submission, the Secretary notifies the institution of the reasons for the denial and the debt measures under paragraph (f) of this section become the final measures for the FY; or
(B) If the Secretary approves the institution's submission, the recalculated debt-to-earnings ratios become final for that FY.
(6)
Dissemination.
After the Secretary calculates the final debt measures, including the recalculated debt-to-earnings ratios under this section, and provides those debt measures to an institution—
(i) In accordance with § 668.6(b)(1)(v), the institution must disclose for each of its programs, the final loan repayment rate under paragraph (b) of this section, and final debt-to-earnings ratio under paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section; and
(ii) The Secretary may disseminate the final debt measures and information about, or related to, the debt measures to the public in any time, manner, and form, including publishing information that will allow the public to ascertain how well programs perform under the debt measures and other appropriate objective metrics.
(h)
Failing program.
Except for the small numbers provisions under paragraph (d) of this section, starting with the debt measures calculated for FY 2012, a program fails for a FY if its final debt measures do not meet any of the minimum standards in paragraph (a)(1)(i) or (ii) of this section.
(i)
Ineligible program.
Except as provided under paragraph (k) of this section, starting with the debt measures calculated for FY 2012, a failing program becomes ineligible if it does not meet any of the minimum standards in paragraph (a)(1) of this section for three out of the four most recent FYs. The Secretary notifies the institution that the program is ineligible on this basis, and the institution may no longer disburse title IV, HEA program funds to students enrolled in that program except as permitted using the procedures in § 668.26(d).
(j)
Debt warnings.
Whenever the Secretary notifies an institution under paragraph (h) of this section of a failing program, the institution must warn in a timely manner currently enrolled and prospective students of the consequences of that failure.
(1)
First year failure.
(i) For a failing program that does not meet the minimum standards in paragraph (a)(1) of this section for a single FY, the institution must provide to each enrolled and prospective student a warning prepared in plain language and presented in an easy to understand format that—
(A) Explains the debt measures and shows the amount by which the program did not meet the minimum standards; and
(B) Describes any actions the institution plans to take to improve the program's performance under the debt measures.
(ii) The warning must be delivered orally or in writing directly to the student in accordance with the procedures established by the institution. Delivering the debt warning directly to the student includes communicating with the student face-to-face or telephonically, communicating with the student along with other affected students as part of a group presentation, and sending the warning to the student's e-mail address.
(iii) If an institution opts to deliver the warning orally to a student, it must maintain documentation of how that information was provided, including any materials the institution used to deliver that warning and any documentation of the student's presence at the time of the warning.
(iv) An institution must continue to provide the debt warning until it is notified by the Secretary that the failing program now satisfies one of the minimum standards in paragraph (a)(1) of this section.
(2)
Second year failure.
(i) For a failing program that does not meet the minimum standards in paragraph (a)(1) of this section for two consecutive FYs or for two out of the three most recently completed FYs, the institution must provide the debt warning under paragraph (j)(1) of this section in writing in an easy to understand format and include in that warning—
(A) A plain language explanation of the actions the institution plans to take in response to the second failure. If the institution plans to discontinue the program, it must provide the timeline for doing so, and the options available to the student;
(B) A plain language explanation of the risks associated with enrolling or continuing in the program, including the potential consequences for, and options available to, the student if the program becomes ineligible for title IV, HEA program funds;
(C) A plain language explanation of the resources available, including
http://www.collegenavigator.gov,
that the student may use to research other educational options and compare program costs; and
(D) A clear and conspicuous statement that a student who enrolls or continues in the program should expect to have difficulty repaying his or her student loans.
(ii) An institution must continue to provide this warning to enrolled and prospective students until the program has met one of the minimum standards for two of the last three FYs.
(3)
Timely warnings.
An institution must provide the warnings described in this paragraph to—
(i) An enrolled student, as soon as administratively feasible but no later than 30 days after the date the Secretary notifies the institution that the program failed; and
(ii) A prospective student at the time the student first contacts the institution requesting information about the program. If the prospective student intends to use title IV, HEA program funds to attend the program—
(A) The institution may not enroll the student until three days after the debt warnings are first provided to the student under this paragraph; and
(B) If more than 30 days pass from the date the debt warnings are first provided to the student under this paragraph and the date the student seeks to enroll in the program, the institution must provide the debt warnings again and may not enroll the student until three days after the debt warnings are most recently provided to the student under this paragraph.
(4)
Web site and promotional materials.
For the second-year debt warning in paragraph (j)(2) of this section, an institution must prominently display the debt warning on the program home page of its Web site and include the debt warning in all promotional materials it makes available to prospective students. These debt warnings may be provided in conjunction with the disclosures required under § 668.6(b)(2).
(5)
Voluntarily discontinued failing program.
An institution that voluntarily discontinues a failing program under paragraph (l)(1) of this section, must
notify enrolled students at the same time that it provides the written notice to the Secretary that it relinquishes the program's title IV, HEA program eligibility.
(6)
Alternative language.
To the extent practicable, the institution must provide alternatives to English-language warnings for those students for whom English is not their first language.
(k)
Transition year.
For programs that become ineligible under paragraph (i) of this section based on final debt measures for FYs 2012, 2013, and 2014, the Secretary caps the number of those ineligible programs by—
(1) Sorting all programs by category of institution (public, private nonprofit, and proprietary) and then by loan repayment rate, from the lowest rate to the highest rate; and
(2) For each category of institution, beginning with the ineligible program with the lowest loan repayment rate, identifying the ineligible programs that account for a combined number of students who completed the programs during FY 2014 that do not exceed 5 percent of the total number of students who completed programs in that category. For example, the Secretary does not designate as ineligible a program, or two or more programs that have the same loan repayment rate, if the total number of students who completed that program or programs would exceed the 5 percent cap for an institutional category.
(l)
Restrictions for ineligible and voluntarily discontinued failing programs.
(1)
General.
An ineligible program, or a failing program that an institution voluntarily discontinues, remains ineligible until the institution reestablishes the eligibility of that program under the provisions in 34 CFR 600.20(d). For this purpose, an institution voluntarily discontinues a failing program on the date the institution provides written notice to the Secretary that it relinquishes the title IV, HEA program eligibility of that program.
(2)
(i)
Voluntarily discontinued failing programs.
An institution may not seek under 34 CFR 600.20(d) to reestablish the eligibility of a failing program that it voluntarily discontinued until—
(A) The end of the second FY following the FY the program was voluntarily discontinued if the institution voluntarily discontinued the program at any time after the program is determined to be a failing program, but no later than 90 days after the date the Secretary notified the institution that it must provide the second year debt warnings under paragraph (j)(2) of this section; or
(B) The end of the third FY following the FY the program was voluntarily discontinued if the institution voluntarily discontinued the program more than 90 days after the date the Secretary notified the institution that it must provide the second year debt warnings under paragraph (j)(2) of this section.
(ii)
Ineligible programs.
An institution may not seek under 34 CFR 600.20(d) to reestablish the eligibility of an ineligible program, or to establish the eligibility of a program that is substantially similar to the ineligible program, until the end of the third FY following the FY the program became ineligible. A program is substantially similar to the ineligible program if it has the same credential level and the same first four digits of the CIP code as that of the ineligible program.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1845-0109)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1001(b), 1002(b) and (c))
[76 FR 34448, June 13, 2011]
Effective Date Note:
At 76 FR 34448, June 13, 2011, § 668.7 was added, effective July 1, 2012.
§ 668.8
An eligible program is an educational program that—
(1) Is provided by a participating institution; and
(2) Satisfies the other relevant requirements contained in this section.
(b)
For purposes of this section—
(1) The Secretary considers the “equivalent of an associate degree” to be—
(i) An associate degree; or
(ii) The successful completion of at least a two-year program that is acceptable for full credit toward a bachelor's degree and qualifies a student for
admission into the third year of a bachelor's degree program;
(2) A week is a consecutive seven-day period; and
(3)(i) The Secretary considers that an institution provides one week of instructional time in an academic program during any week the institution provides at least one day of regularly scheduled instruction or examinations, or, after the last scheduled day of classes for a term or a payment period, at least one day of study for final examinations.
(ii) Instructional time does not include any vacation periods, homework, or periods of orientation or counseling.
(c)
An eligible program provided by an institution of higher education must—
(1) Lead to an associate, bachelor's, professional, or graduate degree;
(2) Be at least a two-academic-year program that is acceptable for full credit toward a bachelor's degree; or
(3) Be at least a one-academic-year training program that leads to a certificate, or other nondegree recognized credential, and prepares students for gainful employment in a recognized occupation.
(d)
Proprietary institution of higher education and postsecondary vocational institution.
An eligible program provided by a proprietary institution of higher education or postsecondary vocational institution—
(1)(i) Must require a minimum of 15 weeks of instruction, beginning on the first day of classes and ending on the last day of classes or examinations;
(ii) Must be at least 600 clock hours, 16 semester or trimester hours, or 24 quarter hours;
(iii) Must provide undergraduate training that prepares a student for gainful employment in a recognized occupation; and
(iv) May admit as regular students persons who have not completed the equivalent of an associate degree;
(2) Must—
(i) Require a minimum of 10 weeks of instruction, beginning on the first day of classes and ending on the last day of classes or examinations;
(ii) Be at least 300 clock hours, 8 semester or trimester hours, or 12 quarter hours;
(iii) Provide training that prepares a student for gainful employment in a recognized occupation as provided under § 668.6; and
(iv)(A) Be a graduate or professional program; or
(B) Admit as regular students only persons who have completed the equivalent of an associate degree;
(3) For purposes of the FFEL and Direct Loan programs only, must—
(i) Require a minimum of 10 weeks of instruction, beginning on the first day of classes and ending on the last day of classes or examinations;
(ii) Be at least 300 clock hours but less than 600 clock hours;
(iii) Provide undergraduate training that prepares a student for gainful employment in a recognized occupation as provided under § 668.6;
(iv) Admit as regular students some persons who have not completed the equivalent of an associate degree; and
(v) Satisfy the requirements of paragraph (e) of this section; or
(4) For purposes of a proprietary institution of higher education only, is a program leading to a baccalaureate degree in liberal arts, as defined in 34 CFR 600.5(e), that—
(i) Is provided by an institution that is accredited by a recognized regional accrediting agency or association, and has continuously held such accreditation since October 1, 2007, or earlier; and
(ii) The institution has provided continuously since January 1, 2009.
(e)
Qualitative factors.
(1) An educational program that satisfies the requirements of paragraphs (d)(3)(i) through (iv) of this section qualifies as an eligible program only if—
(i) The program has a substantiated completion rate of at least 70 percent, as calculated under paragraph (f) of this section;
(ii) The program has a substantiated placement rate of at least 70 percent, as calculated under paragraph (g) of this section;
(iii) The number of clock hours provided in the program does not exceed by more than 50 percent the minimum number of clock hours required for training in the recognized occupation for which the program prepares students, as established by the State in
which the program is offered, if the State has established such a requirement, or as established by any Federal agency; and
(iv) The program has been in existence for at least one year. The Secretary considers an educational program to have been in existence for at least one year only if an institution has been legally authorized to provide, and has continuously provided, the program during the 12 months (except for normal vacation periods and, at the discretion of the Secretary, periods when the institution closes due to a natural disaster that directly affects the institution or the institution's students) preceding the date on which the institution applied for eligibility for that program.
(2) An institution shall substantiate the calculation of its completion and placement rates by having the certified public accountant who prepares its audit report required under § 668.23 report on the institution's calculation based on performing an attestation engagement in accordance with the Statements on Standards for Attestation Engagements of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA).
(f)
Calculation of completion rate.
An institution shall calculate its completion rate for an educational program for any award year as follows:
(1) Determine the number of regular students who were enrolled in the program during the award year.
(2) Subtract from the number of students determined under paragraph (f)(1) of this section, the number of regular students who, during that award year, withdrew from, dropped out of, or were expelled from the program and were entitled to and actually received, in a timely manner a refund of 100 percent of their tuition and fees.
(3) Subtract from the total obtained under paragraph (f)(2) of this section the number of students who were enrolled in the program at the end of that award year.
(4) Determine the number of regular students who, during that award year, received within 150 percent of the published length of the educational program the degree, certificate, or other recognized educational credential awarded for successfully completing the program.
(5) Divide the number determined under paragraph (f)(4) of this section by the total obtained under paragraph (f)(3) of this section.
(g)
Calculation of placement rate.
(1) An institution shall calculate its placement rate for an educational program for any award year as follows:
(i) Determine the number of students who, during the award year, received the degree, certificate, or other recognized educational credential awarded for successfully completing the program.
(ii) Of the total obtained under paragraph (g)(1)(i) of this section, determine the number of students who, within 180 days of the day they received their degree, certificate, or other recognized educational credential, obtained gainful employment in the recognized occupation for which they were trained or in a related comparable recognized occupation and, on the date of this calculation, are employed, or have been employed, for at least 13 weeks following receipt of the credential from the institution.
(iii) Divide the number of students determined under paragraph (g)(1)(ii) of this section by the total obtained under paragraph (g)(1)(i) of this section.
(2) An institution shall document that each student described in paragraph (g)(1)(ii) of this section obtained gainful employment in the recognized occupation for which he or she was trained or in a related comparable recognized occupation. Examples of satisfactory documentation of a student's gainful employment include, but are not limited to—
(i) A written statement from the student's employer;
(ii) Signed copies of State or Federal income tax forms; and
(iii) Written evidence of payments of Social Security taxes.
(h)
Eligibility for Federal Pell Grant, ACG, National SMART Grant, TEACH Grant, and FSEOG Programs.
In addition to satisfying other relevant provisions of the section—
(1) An educational program qualifies as an eligible program for purposes of the Federal Pell Grant Program only if
the educational program is an undergraduate program or a postbaccalaureate teacher certificate or licensing program as described in 34 CFR 690.6(c);
(2) An educational program qualifies as an eligible program for purposes of the ACG, National SMART Grant, and FSEOG programs only if the educational program is an undergraduate program; and
(3) An educational program qualifies as an eligible program for purposes of the TEACH Grant program if it satisfies the requirements of the definition of TEACH Grant-eligible program in 34 CFR 686.2(d).
(i)
Flight training.
In addition to satisfying other relevant provisions of this section, for a program of flight training to be an eligible program, it must have a current valid certification from the Federal Aviation Administration.
(j)
English as a second language (ESL).
(1) In addition to satisfying the relevant provisions of this section, an educational program that consists solely of instruction in ESL qualifies as an eligible program if—
(i) The institution admits to the program only students who the institution determines need the ESL instruction to use already existing knowledge, training, or skills; and
(ii) The program leads to a degree, certificate, or other recognized educational credential.
(2) An institution shall document its determination that ESL instruction is necessary to enable each student enrolled in its ESL program to use already existing knowledge, training, or skills with regard to the students that it admits to its ESL program under paragraph (j)(1)(i) of this section.
(3) An ESL program that qualifies as an eligible program under this paragraph is eligible for purposes of the Federal Pell Grant Program only.
(k)
Undergraduate educational program in credit hours.
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (k)(2) of this section, if an institution offers an undergraduate educational program in credit hours, the institution must use the formula contained in paragraph (l) of this section to determine whether that program satisfies the requirements contained in paragraph (c)(3) or (d) of this section, and the number of credit hours in that educational program for purposes of the title IV, HEA programs, unless—
(i) The program is at least two academic years in length and provides an associate degree, a bachelor's degree, a professional degree, or an equivalent degree as determined by the Secretary; or
(ii) Each course within the program is acceptable for full credit toward that institution's associate degree, bachelor's degree, professional degree, or equivalent degree as determined by the Secretary provided that—
(A) The institution's degree requires at least two academic years of study; and
(B) The institution demonstrates that students enroll in, and graduate from, the degree program.
(2) A program is considered to be a clock-hour program for purposes of the title IV, HEA programs if—
(i) Except as provided in paragraph (k)(3) of this section, a program is required to measure student progress in clock hours when—
(A) Receiving Federal or State approval or licensure to offer the program; or
(B) Completing clock hours is a requirement for graduates to apply for licensure or the authorization to practice the occupation that the student is intending to pursue;
(ii) The credit hours awarded for the program are not in compliance with the definition of a credit hour in 34 CFR 600.2; or
(iii) The institution does not provide the clock hours that are the basis for the credit hours awarded for the program or each course in the program and, except as provided in § 668.4(e), requires attendance in the clock hours that are the basis for the credit hours awarded.
(3) The requirements of paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section do not apply to a program if there is a State or Federal approval or licensure requirement that a limited component of the program must include a practicum, internship, or clinical experience component of the program that must include a minimum number of clock hours.
(l)
Formula.
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (l)(2) of this section, for purposes of determining whether a program described in paragraph (k) of this section satisfies the requirements contained in paragraph (c)(3) or (d) of this section, and of determining the number of credit hours in that educational program with regard to the title IV, HEA programs—
(i) A semester hour must include at least 37.5 clock hours of instruction;
(ii) A trimester hour must include at least 37.5 clock hours of instruction; and
(iii) A quarter hour must include at least 25 clock hours of instruction.
(2) The institution's conversions to establish a minimum number of clock hours of instruction per credit may be less than those specified in paragraph (l)(1) of this section, if the institution's designated accrediting agency, or recognized State agency for the approval of public postsecondary vocational institutions, for participation in the title IV, HEA programs has not identified any deficiencies with the institution's policies and procedures, or their implementation, for determining the credit hours, as defined in 34 CFR 600.2, that the institution awards for programs and courses, in accordance with 34 CFR 602.24(f), or, if applicable, 34 CFR 603.24(c), so long as—
(i) The institution's student work outside of class combined with the clock-hours of instruction meet or exceed the numeric requirements in paragraph (l)(1) of this section; and
(ii)(A) A semester hour must include at least 30 clock hours of instruction;
(B) A trimester hour must include at least 30 clock hours of instruction; and
(C) A quarter hour must include at least 20 hours of instruction.
(m) An otherwise eligible program that is offered in whole or in part through telecommunications is eligible for title IV, HEA program purposes if the program is offered by an institution, other than a foreign institution, that has been evaluated and is accredited for its effective delivery of distance education programs by an accrediting agency or association that—
(1) Is recognized by the Secretary under subpart 2 of part H of the HEA; and
(2) Has accreditation of distance education within the scope of its recognition.
(n) For Title IV, HEA program purposes,
eligible program
includes a direct assessment program approved by the Secretary under § 668.10 and a comprehensive transition and postsecondary program approved by the Secretary under § 668.232.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1070a, 1070a-1, 1070b, 1070c-1, 1070c-2, 1070g, 1085, 1087aa-1087hh, 1088, 1091; 42 U.S.C. 2753)
[59 FR 22421, Apr. 29, 1994, as amended at 59 FR 34964, July 7, 1994; 59 FR 61179, Nov. 29, 1994; 60 FR 42408, Aug. 15, 1995; 63 FR 40623, July 29, 1998; 64 FR 58291, Oct. 28, 1999; 64 FR 59037, Nov. 1, 1999; 65 FR 65675, Nov. 1, 2000; 67 FR 67072, Nov. 1, 2002; 68 FR 19152, Apr. 18, 2003; 71 FR 38002, July 3, 2006; 71 FR 45693, Aug. 9, 2006; 73 FR 35492, June 23, 2008; 74 FR 55933, Oct. 29, 2009; 75 FR 66949, Oct. 29, 2010; 76 FR 20536, Apr. 13, 2011]
§ 668.9
Relationship between clock hours and semester, trimester, or quarter hours in calculating Title IV, HEA program assistance.
(a) In determining the amount of Title IV, HEA program assistance that a student who is enrolled in a program described in § 668.8(k) is eligible to receive, the institution shall apply the formula contained in § 668.8(l) to determine the number of semester, trimester, or quarter hours in that program, if the institution measures academic progress in that program in semester, trimester, or quarter hours.
(b) Notwithstanding paragraph (a) of this section, a public or private nonprofit hospital-based school of nursing that awards a diploma at the completion of the school's program of education is not required to apply the formula contained in § 668.8(l) to determine the number of semester, trimester, or quarter hours in that program for purposes of calculating Title IV, HEA program assistance.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1082, 1085, 1088, 1091, 1141)
[59 FR 61179, Nov. 29, 1994]
§ 668.10
52 FR 45727, Dec. 1, 1987, unless otherwise noted.
§ 668.11
Scope.
(a) This subpart establishes standards that an institution must meet in order to participate in any Title IV, HEA program.
(b) Noncompliance with these standards by an institution already participating in any Title IV, HEA program or with applicable standards in this subpart by a third-party servicer that contracts with the institution may subject the institution or servicer, or both, to proceedings under subpart G of this part. These proceedings may lead to any of the following actions:
(1) An emergency action.
(2) The imposition of a fine.
(3) The limitation, suspension, or termination of the participation of the institution in a Title IV, HEA program.
(4) The limitation, suspension, or termination of the eligibility of the servicer to contract with any institution to administer any aspect of the institution's participation in a Title IV, HEA program.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1094)
[59 FR 22423, Apr. 29, 1994]
§ 668.12
(a)
Requirements for certification.
(1) The Secretary certifies an institution to participate in the title IV, HEA programs if the institution qualifies as an eligible institution under 34 CFR part 600, meets the standards of this subpart and 34 CFR part 668, subpart L, and satisfies the requirements of paragraph (a)(2) of this section.
(2) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, if an institution wishes to participate for the first time in the title IV, HEA programs or has undergone a change in ownership that results in a change in control as described in 34 CFR 600.31, the institution must require the following individuals to complete title IV, HEA program training provided or approved by the Secretary no later than 12 months after the institution executes its program participation agreement under § 668.14:
(i) The individual the institution designates under § 668.16(b)(1) as its title IV, HEA program administrator.
(ii) The institution's chief administrator or a high level institutional official the chief administrator designates.
(3)(i) An institution may request the Secretary to waive the training requirement for any individual described in paragraph (a)(2) of this section.
(ii) When the Secretary receives a waiver request under paragraph (a)(3)(i) of this section, the Secretary may grant or deny the waiver, require another institutional official to take the training, or require alternative training.
(b)
Period of participation.
(1) If the Secretary certifies that an institution meets the standards of this subpart, the Secretary also specifies the period for which the institution may participate in a title IV, HEA program. An institution's period of participation expires no more than six years after the date that the Secretary certifies that the institution meets the standards of this subpart, except that—
(i) The period of participation for a private, for profit foreign institution expires three years after the date of the Secretary's certification; and
(ii) The Secretary may specify a shorter period.
(2) Provided that an institution has submitted an application for a renewal of certification that is materially complete at least 90 days prior to the expiration of its current period of participation, the institution's existing certification will be extended on a month to month basis following the expiration of the institution's period of participation until the end of the month in which the Secretary issues a decision on the application for recertification.
(c)
(1)(i) The Secretary may provisionally certify an institution if—
(A) The institution seeks initial participation in a Title IV, HEA program;
(B) The institution is an eligible institution that has undergone a change in ownership that results in a change
in control according to the provisions of 34 CFR part 600;
(C) The institution is a participating institution—
(
) That is applying for a certification that the institution meets the standards of this subpart;
(
2
) That the Secretary determines has jeopardized its ability to perform its financial responsibilities by not meeting the factors of financial responsibility under § 668.15 and subpart L of this part or the standards of administrative capability under § 668.16; and
(
3
) Whose participation has been limited or suspended under subpart G of this part, or voluntarily enters into provisional certification;
(D) The institution seeks a renewal of participation in a Title IV, HEA program after the expiration of a prior period of participation in that program; or
(E) The institution is a participating institution that was accredited or preaccredited by a nationally recognized accrediting agency on the day before the Secretary withdrew the Secretary's recognition of that agency according to the provisions contained in 34 CFR part 603.
(ii) A proprietary institution's certification automatically becomes provisional at the start of a fiscal year after it did not derive at least 10 percent of its revenue for its preceding fiscal year from sources other than Title IV, HEA program funds, as required under § 668.14(b)(16).
(2) If the Secretary provisionally certifies an institution, the Secretary also specifies the period for which the institution may participate in a Title IV, HEA program. Except as provided in paragraphs (c) (3) and (4) of this section, a provisionally certified institution's period of participation expires—
(i) Not later than the end of the first complete award year following the date on which the Secretary provisionally certified the institution under paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section;
(ii) Not later than the end of the third complete award year following the date on which the Secretary provisionally certified the institution under paragraphs (c)(1)(ii), (iii), (iv) or (e)(2) of this section; and
(iii) If the Secretary provisionally certified the institution under paragraph (c)(1)(v) of this section, not later than 18 months after the date that the Secretary withdrew recognition from the institutions nationally recognized accrediting agency.
(3) Notwithstanding the maximum periods of participation provided for in paragraph (c)(2) of this section, if the Secretary provisionally certifies an institution, the Secretary may specify a shorter period of participation for that institution.
(4) For the purposes of this section, “provisional certification” means that the Secretary certifies that an institution has demonstrated to the Secretary's satisfaction that the institution—
(i) Is capable of meeting the standards of this subpart within a specified period; and
(ii) Is able to meet the institution's responsibilities under its program participation agreement, including compliance with any additional conditions specified in the institution's program participation agreement that the Secretary requires the institution to meet in order for the institution to participate under provisional certification.
(d)
Revocation of provisional certification.
(1) If, before the expiration of a provisionally certified institution's period of participation in a Title IV, HEA program, the Secretary determines that the institution is unable to meet its responsibilities under its program participation agreement, the Secretary may revoke the institution's provisional certification for participation in that program.
(2)(i) If the Secretary revokes the provisional certification of an institution under paragraph (d)(1) of this section, the Secretary sends the institution a notice by certified mail, return receipt requested. The Secretary also may transmit the notice by other, more expeditious means, if practical.
(ii) The revocation takes effect on the date that the Secretary mails the notice to the institution.
(iii) The notice states the basis for the revocation, the consequences of the revocation to the institution, and that the institution may request the Secretary to reconsider the revocation.
The consequences of a revocation are described in § 668.26.
(3)(i) An institution may request reconsideration of a revocation under this section by submitting to the Secretary, within 20 days of the institution's receipt of the Secretary's notice, written evidence that the revocation is unwarranted. The institution must file the request with the Secretary by hand-delivery, mail, or facsimile transmission.
(ii) The filing date of the request is the date on which the request is—
(A) Hand-delivered;
(B) Mailed; or
(C) Sent by facsimile transmission.
(iii) Documents filed by facsimile transmission must be transmitted to the Secretary in accordance with instructions provided by the Secretary in the notice of revocation. An institution filing by facsimile transmission is responsible for confirming that a complete and legible copy of the document was received by the Secretary.
(iv) The Secretary discourages the use of facsimile transmission for documents longer than five pages.
(4)(i) The designated department official making the decision concerning an institution's request for reconsideration of a revocation is different from, and not subject to supervision by, the official who initiated the revocation of the institution's provisional certification. The deciding official promptly considers an institution's request for reconsideration of a revocation and notifies the institution, by certified mail, return receipt requested, of the final decision. The Secretary also may transmit the notice by other, more expeditious means, if practical.
(ii) If the Secretary determines that the revocation is warranted, the Secretary's notice informs the institution that the institution may apply for reinstatement of participation only after the later of the expiration of—
(A) Eighteen months after the effective date of the revocation; or
(B) A debarment or suspension of the institution under Executive Order (E.O.) 12549 (3 CFR, 1986 comp., p. 189) or the Federal Acquisition Regulations, 48 CFR part 9, subpart 9.4.
(iii) If the Secretary determines that the revocation of the institution's provisional certification is unwarranted, the Secretary's notice informs the institution that the institution's provisional certification is reinstated, effective on the date that the Secretary's original revocation notice was mailed, for a specified period of time.
(5)(i) The mailing date of a notice of revocation or a request for reconsideration of a revocation is the date evidenced on the original receipt of mailing from the U.S. Postal Service.
(ii) The date on which a request for reconsideration of a revocation is submitted is—
(A) If the request was sent by a delivery service other than the U.S. Postal Service, the date evidenced on the original receipt by that service; and
(B) If the request was sent by facsimile transmission, the date that the document is recorded as received by facsimile equipment that receives the transmission.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1845-0537)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1099c and E.O. 12549 (3 CFR, 1989 Comp., p. 189) and E.O. 12689 (3 CFR, 1989 Comp., p. 235))
[59 FR 22424, Apr. 29, 1994, as amended at 59 FR 34964, July 7, 1994; 60 FR 34431, June 30, 1995; 62 FR 62876, Nov. 25, 1997; 63 FR 40623, July 29, 1998; 64 FR 58617, Oct. 29, 1999; 65 FR 65675, Nov. 1, 2000; 74 FR 55934, Oct. 29, 2009; 75 FR 67198, Nov. 1, 2010]
§ 668.14
Program participation agreement.
(a)(1) An institution may participate in any Title IV, HEA program, other than the LEAP and NEISP programs, only if the institution enters into a written program participation agreement with the Secretary, on a form approved by the Secretary. A program participation agreement conditions the initial and continued participation of an eligible institution in any Title IV, HEA program upon compliance with the provisions of this part, the individual program regulations, and any additional conditions specified in the program participation agreement that the Secretary requires the institution to meet.
(2) An institution's program participation agreement applies to each branch campus and other location of
the institution that meets the applicable requirements of this part unless otherwise specified by the Secretary.
(b) By entering into a program participation agreement, an institution agrees that—
(1) It will comply with all statutory provisions of or applicable to Title IV of the HEA, all applicable regulatory provisions prescribed under that statutory authority, and all applicable special arrangements, agreements, and limitations entered into under the authority of statutes applicable to Title IV of the HEA, including the requirement that the institution will use funds it receives under any Title IV, HEA program and any interest or other earnings thereon, solely for the purposes specified in and in accordance with that program;
(2) As a fiduciary responsible for administering Federal funds, if the institution is permitted to request funds under a Title IV, HEA program advance payment method, the institution will time its requests for funds under the program to meet the institution's immediate Title IV, HEA program needs;
(3) It will not request from or charge any student a fee for processing or handling any application, form, or data required to determine a student's eligibility for, and amount of, Title IV, HEA program assistance;
(4) It will establish and maintain such administrative and fiscal procedures and records as may be necessary to ensure proper and efficient administration of funds received from the Secretary or from students under the Title IV, HEA programs, together with assurances that the institution will provide, upon request and in a timely manner, information relating to the administrative capability and financial responsibility of the institution to—
(i) The Secretary;
(ii) A guaranty agency, as defined in 34 CFR part 682, that guarantees loans made under the Federal Stafford Loan and Federal PLUS programs for attendance at the institution or any of the institution's branch campuses or other locations;
(iii) The nationally recognized accrediting agency that accredits or preaccredits the institution or any of the institution's branch campuses, other locations, or educational programs;
(iv) The State agency that legally authorizes the institution and any branch campus or other location of the institution to provide postsecondary education; and
(v) In the case of a public postsecondary vocational educational institution that is approved by a State agency recognized for the approval of public postsecondary vocational education, that State agency;
(5) It will comply with the provisions of § 668.15 relating to factors of financial responsibility;
(6) It will comply with the provisions of § 668.16 relating to standards of administrative capability;
(7) It will submit reports to the Secretary and, in the case of an institution participating in the Federal Stafford Loan, Federal PLUS, or the Federal Perkins Loan Program, to holders of loans made to the institution's students under that program at such times and containing such information as the Secretary may reasonably require to carry out the purpose of the Title IV, HEA programs;
(8) It will not provide any statement to any student or certification to any lender in the case of an FFEL Program loan, or origination record to the Secretary in the case of a Direct Loan Program loan that qualifies the student or parent for a loan or loans in excess of the amount that the student or parent is eligible to borrow in accordance with sections 425(a), 428(a)(2), 428(b)(1)(A) and (B), 428B, 428H, and 455(a) of the HEA;
(9) It will comply with the requirements of subpart D of this part concerning institutional and financial assistance information for students and prospective students;
(10) In the case of an institution that advertises job placement rates as a means of attracting students to enroll in the institution, it will make available to prospective students, at or before the time that those students apply for enrollment—
(i) The most recent available data concerning employment statistics, graduation statistics, and any other information necessary to substantiate
the truthfulness of the advertisements; and
(ii) Relevant State licensing requirements of the State in which the institution is located for any job for which an educational program offered by the institution is designed to prepare those prospective students;
(11) In the case of an institution participating in the FFEL program, the institution will inform all eligible borrowers, as defined in 34 CFR part 682, enrolled in the institution about the availability and eligibility of those borrowers for State grant assistance from the State in which the institution is located, and will inform borrowers from another State of the source of further information concerning State grant assistance from that State;
(12) It will provide the certifications described in paragraph (c) of this section;
(13) In the case of an institution whose students receive financial assistance pursuant to section 484(d) of the HEA, the institution will make available to those students a program proven successful in assisting students in obtaining the recognized equivalent of a high school diploma;
(14) It will not deny any form of Federal financial aid to any eligible student solely on the grounds that the student is participating in a program of study abroad approved for credit by the institution;
(15)(i) Except as provided under paragraph (b)(15)(ii) of this section, the institution will use a default management plan approved by the Secretary with regard to its administration of the FFEL or Direct Loan programs, or both for at least the first two years of its participation in those programs, if the institution—
(A) Is participating in the FFEL or Direct Loan programs for the first time; or
(B) Is an institution that has undergone a change of ownership that results in a change in control and is participating in the FFEL or Direct Loan programs.
(ii) The institution does not have to use an approved default management plan if—
(A) The institution, including its main campus and any branch campus, does not have a cohort default rate in excess of 10 percent; and
(B) The owner of the institution does not own and has not owned any other institution that had a cohort default rate in excess of 10 percent while that owner owned the institution.
(16) For a proprietary institution, the institution will derive at least 10 percent of its revenues for each fiscal year from sources other than Title IV, HEA program funds, as provided in § 668.28(a) and (b), or be subject to sanctions described in § 668.28(c);
(17) The Secretary, guaranty agencies and lenders as defined in 34 CFR part 682, nationally recognized accrediting agencies, the Secretary of Veterans Affairs, State agencies recognized under 34 CFR part 603 for the approval of public postsecondary vocational education, and State agencies that legally authorize institutions and branch campuses or other locations of institutions to provide postsecondary education, have the authority to share with each other any information pertaining to the institution's eligibility for or participation in the Title IV, HEA programs or any information on fraud and abuse;
(18) It will not knowingly—
(i) Employ in a capacity that involves the administration of the Title IV, HEA programs or the receipt of funds under those programs, an individual who has been convicted of, or has pled
nolo contendere
or guilty to, a crime involving the acquisition, use, or expenditure of Federal, State, or local government funds, or has been administratively or judicially determined to have committed fraud or any other material violation of law involving Federal, State, or local government funds;
(ii) Contract with an institution or third-party servicer that has been terminated under section 432 of the HEA for a reason involving the acquisition, use, or expenditure of Federal, State, or local government funds, or that has been administratively or judicially determined to have committed fraud or any other material violation of law involving Federal, State, or local government funds; or
(iii) Contract with or employ any individual, agency, or organization that
has been, or whose officers or employees have been—
(A) Convicted of, or pled
nolo contendere
or guilty to, a crime involving the acquisition, use, or expenditure of Federal, State, or local government funds; or
(B) Administratively or judicially determined to have committed fraud or any other material violation of law involving Federal, State, or local government funds;
(19) It will complete, in a timely manner and to the satisfaction of the Secretary, surveys conducted as a part of the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) or any other Federal collection effort, as designated by the Secretary, regarding data on postsecondary institutions;
(20) In the case of an institution that is co-educational and has an intercollegiate athletic program, it will comply with the provisions of § 668.48;
(21) It will not impose any penalty, including, but not limited to, the assessment of late fees, the denial of access to classes, libraries, or other institutional facilities, or the requirement that the student borrow additional funds for which interest or other charges are assessed, on any student because of the student's inability to meet his or her financial obligations to the institution as a result of the delayed disbursement of the proceeds of a Title IV, HEA program loan due to compliance with statutory and regulatory requirements of or applicable to the Title IV, HEA programs, or delays attributable to the institution;
(22)(i) It will not provide any commission, bonus, or other incentive payment based in any part, directly or indirectly, upon success in securing enrollments or the award of financial aid, to any person or entity who is engaged in any student recruitment or admission activity, or in making decisions regarding the award of title IV, HEA program funds.
(A) The restrictions in paragraph (b)(22) of this section do not apply to the recruitment of foreign students residing in foreign countries who are not eligible to receive Federal student assistance.
(B) For the purpose of paragraph (b)(22) of this section, an employee who receives multiple adjustments to compensation in a calendar year and is engaged in any student enrollment or admission activity or in making decisions regarding the award of title IV, HEA program funds is considered to have received such adjustments based upon success in securing enrollments or the award of financial aid if those adjustments create compensation that is based in any part, directly or indirectly, upon success in securing enrollments or the award of financial aid.
(ii) Notwithstanding paragraph (b)(22)(i) of this section, eligible institutions, organizations that are contractors to eligible institutions, and other entities may make—
(A) Merit-based adjustments to employee compensation provided that such adjustments are not based in any part, directly or indirectly, upon success in securing enrollments or the award of financial aid; and
(B) Profit-sharing payments so long as such payments are not provided to any person or entity engaged in student recruitment or admission activity or in making decisions regarding the award of title IV, HEA program funds.
(iii) As used in paragraph (b)(22) of this section,
(A)
Commission, bonus, or other incentive payment
means a sum of money or something of value, other than a fixed salary or wages, paid to or given to a person or an entity for services rendered.
(B)
Securing enrollments or the award of financial aid
means activities that a person or entity engages in at any point in time through completion of an educational program for the purpose of the admission or matriculation of students for any period of time or the award of financial aid to students.
(
1
) These activities include contact in any form with a prospective student, such as, but not limited to—contact through preadmission or advising activities, scheduling an appointment to visit the enrollment office or any other office of the institution, attendance at such an appointment, or involvement in a prospective student's signing of an enrollment agreement or financial aid application.
(
2
) These activities do not include making a payment to a third party for
the provision of student contact information for prospective students provided that such payment is not based on—
(
i
) Any additional conduct or action by the third party or the prospective students, such as participation in preadmission or advising activities, scheduling an appointment to visit the enrollment office or any other office of the institution or attendance at such an appointment, or the signing, or being involved in the signing, of a prospective student's enrollment agreement or financial aid application; or
(
ii
) The number of students (calculated at any point in time of an educational program) who apply for enrollment, are awarded financial aid, or are enrolled for any period of time, including through completion of an educational program.
(C)
Entity or person engaged in any student recruitment or admission activity or in making decisions about the award of financial aid
means—
(
1
) With respect to an entity engaged in any student recruitment or admission activity or in making decisions about the award of financial aid, any institution or organization that undertakes the recruiting or the admitting of students or that makes decisions about and awards title IV, HEA program funds; and
(
2
) With respect to a person engaged in any student recruitment or admission activity or in making decisions about the award of financial aid, any employee who undertakes recruiting or admitting of students or who makes decisions about and awards title IV, HEA program funds, and any higher level employee with responsibility for recruitment or admission of students, or making decisions about awarding title IV, HEA program funds.
(D)
Enrollment
means the admission or matriculation of a student into an eligible institution.
(23) It will meet the requirements established pursuant to part H of Title IV of the HEA by the Secretary and nationally recognized accrediting agencies;
(24) It will comply with the requirements of § 668.22;
(25) It is liable for all—
(i) Improperly spent or unspent funds received under the Title IV, HEA programs, including any funds administered by a third-party servicer; and
(ii) Returns of title IV, HEA program funds that the institution or its servicer may be required to make;
(26) If the stated objectives of an educational program of the institution are to prepare a student for gainful employment in a recognized occupation, the institution will—
(i) Demonstrate a reasonable relationship between the length of the program and entry level requirements for the recognized occupation for which the program prepares the student. The Secretary considers the relationship to be reasonable if the number of clock hours provided in the program does not exceed by more than 50 percent the minimum number of clock hours required for training in the recognized occupation for which the program prepares the student, as established by the State in which the program is offered, if the State has established such a requirement, or as established by any Federal agency; and
(ii) Establish the need for the training for the student to obtain employment in the recognized occupation for which the program prepares the student.
(27) In the case of an institution participating in a Title IV, HEA loan program, the institution—
(i) Will develop, publish, administer, and enforce a code of conduct with respect to loans made, insured or guaranteed under the Title IV, HEA loan programs in accordance with 34 CFR 601.21; and
(ii) Must inform its officers, employees, and agents with responsibilities with respect to loans made, insured or guaranteed under the Title IV, HEA loan programs annually of the provisions of the code required under paragraph (b)(27) of this section;
(28) For any year in which the institution has a preferred lender arrangement (as defined in 34 CFR 601.2(b)), it will at least annually compile, maintain, and make available for students attending the institution, and the families of such students, a list in print or other medium, of the specific lenders for loans made, insured, or guaranteed
under title IV of the HEA or private education loans that the institution recommends, promotes, or endorses in accordance with such preferred lender arrangement. In making such a list, the institution must comply with the requirements in 34 CFR 682.212(h) and 34 CFR 601.10;
(29)(i) It will, upon the request of an enrolled or admitted student who is an applicant for a private education loan (as defined in 34 CFR 601.2(b)), provide to the applicant the self-certification form required under 34 CFR 601.11(d) and the information required to complete the form, to the extent the institution possesses such information, including—
(A) The applicant's cost of attendance at the institution, as determined by the institution under part F of title IV of the HEA;
(B) The applicant's estimated financial assistance, including amounts of financial assistance used to replace the expected family contribution as determined by the institution in accordance with title IV, for students who have completed the Free Application for Federal Student Aid; and
(C) The difference between the amounts under paragraphs (b)(29)(i)(A) and (29)(i)(B) of this section, as applicable.
(ii) It will, upon the request of the applicant, discuss with the applicant the availability of Federal, State, and institutional student financial aid;
(30) The institution—
(i) Has developed and implemented written plans to effectively combat the unauthorized distribution of copyrighted material by users of the institution's network, without unduly interfering with educational and research use of the network, that include—
(A) The use of one or more technology-based deterrents;
(B) Mechanisms for educating and informing its community about appropriate versus inappropriate use of copyrighted material, including that described in § 668.43(a)(10);
(C) Procedures for handling unauthorized distribution of copyrighted material, including disciplinary procedures; and
(D) Procedures for periodically reviewing the effectiveness of the plans to combat the unauthorized distribution of copyrighted materials by users of the institution's network using relevant assessment criteria. No particular technology measures are favored or required for inclusion in an institution's plans, and each institution retains the authority to determine what its particular plans for compliance with paragraph (b)(30) of this section will be, including those that prohibit content monitoring; and
(ii) Will, in consultation with the chief technology officer or other designated officer of the institution—
(A) Periodically review the legal alternatives for downloading or otherwise acquiring copyrighted material;
(B) Make available the results of the review in paragraph (b)(30)(ii)(A) of this section to its students through a Web site or other means; and
(C) To the extent practicable, offer legal alternatives for downloading or otherwise acquiring copyrighted material, as determined by the institution; and
(31) The institution will submit a teach-out plan to its accrediting agency in compliance with 34 CFR 602.24(c), and the standards of the institution's accrediting agency upon the occurrence of any of the following events:
(i) The Secretary initiates the limitation, suspension, or termination of the participation of an institution in any Title IV, HEA program under 34 CFR 600.41 or subpart G of this part or initiates an emergency action under § 668.83.
(ii) The institution's accrediting agency acts to withdraw, terminate, or suspend the accreditation or preaccreditation of the institution.
(iii) The institution's State licensing or authorizing agency revokes the institution's license or legal authorization to provide an educational program.
(iv) The institution intends to close a location that provides 100 percent of at least one program.
(v) The institution otherwise intends to cease operations.
(c) In order to participate in any Title IV, HEA program (other than the
LEAP and NEISP programs), the institution must certify that it—
(1) Has in operation a drug abuse prevention program that the institution has determined to be accessible to any officer, employee, or student at the institution; and
(2)(i) Has established a campus security policy in accordance with section 485(f) of the HEA; and
(ii) Has complied with the disclosure requirements of § 668.47 as required by section 485(f) of the HEA.
(d)(1) The institution, if located in a State to which section 4(b) of the National Voter Registration Act (42 U.S.C. 1973gg-2(b)) does not apply, will make a good faith effort to distribute a mail voter registration form, requested and received from the State, to each student enrolled in a degree or certificate program and physically in attendance at the institution, and to make those forms widely available to students at the institution.
(2) The institution must request the forms from the State 120 days prior to the deadline for registering to vote within the State. If an institution has not received a sufficient quantity of forms to fulfill this section from the State within 60 days prior to the deadline for registering to vote in the State, the institution is not liable for not meeting the requirements of this section during that election year.
(3) This paragraph applies to elections as defined in section 301(1) of the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 (2 U.S.C. 431(1)), and includes the election for Governor or other chief executive within such State.
(e)(1) A program participation agreement becomes effective on the date that the Secretary signs the agreement.
(2) A new program participation agreement supersedes any prior program participation agreement between the Secretary and the institution.
(f)(1) Except as provided in paragraphs (g) and (h) of this section, the Secretary terminates a program participation agreement through the proceedings in subpart G of this part.
(2) An institution may terminate a program participation agreement.
(3) If the Secretary or the institution terminates a program participation agreement under paragraph (f) of this section, the Secretary establishes the termination date.
(g) An institution's program participation agreement automatically expires on the date that—
(1) The institution changes ownership that results in a change in control as determined by the Secretary under 34 CFR part 600; or
(2) The institution's participation ends under the provisions of § 668.26(a) (1), (2), (4), or (7).
(h) An institution's program participation agreement no longer applies to or covers a location of the institution as of the date on which that location ceases to be a part of the participating institution.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1845-0022)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1085, 1088, 1091, 1092, 1094, 1099a-3, 1099c, and 1141)
[59 FR 22425, Apr. 29, 1994, as amended at 59 FR 34964, July 7, 1994; 63 FR 40623, July 29, 1998; 64 FR 58617, Oct. 29, 1999; 64 FR 59038, Nov. 1, 1999; 65 FR 38729, June 22, 2000; 65 FR 65637, Nov. 1, 2000; 67 FR 67072, Nov. 1, 2002; 73 FR 35492, June 23, 2008; 74 FR 55648, Oct. 28, 2009; 74 FR 55934, Oct. 29, 2009; 76 FR 66950, Oct. 29, 2010; 76 FR 20536, Apr. 13, 2011]
§ 668.15
(a)
General.
To begin and to continue to participate in any Title IV, HEA program, an institution must demonstrate to the Secretary that the institution is financially responsible under the requirements established in this section.
(b)
General standards of financial responsibility.
In general, the Secretary considers an institution to be financially responsible only if it—
(1) Is providing the services described in its official publications and statements;
(2) Is providing the administrative resources necessary to comply with the requirements of this subpart;
(3) Is meeting all of its financial obligations, including but not limited to—
(i) Refunds that it is required to make; and
(ii) Repayments to the Secretary for liabilities and debts incurred in programs administered by the Secretary;
(4) Is current in its debt payments. The institution is not considered current in its debt payments if—
(i) The institution is in violation of any existing loan agreement at its fiscal year end, as disclosed in a note to its audited financial statement; or
(ii) the institution fails to make a payment in accordance with existing debt obligations for more than 120 days, and at least one creditor has filed suit to recover those funds;
(5) Except as provided in paragraph (d) of this section, in accordance with procedures established by the Secretary, submits to the Secretary an irrevocable letter of credit, acceptable and payable to the Secretary equal to 25 percent of the total dollar amount of Title IV, HEA program refunds paid by the institution in the previous fiscal year;
(6) Has not had, as part of the audit report for the institution's most recently completed fiscal year—
(i) A statement by the accountant expressing substantial doubt about the institution's ability to continue as a going concern; or
(ii) A disclaimed or adverse opinion by the accountant;
(7) For a for-profit institution—
(i)(A) Demonstrates at the end of its latest fiscal year, an acid test ratio of at least 1:1. For purposes of this section, the acid test ratio shall be calculated by adding cash and cash equivalents to current accounts receivable and dividing the sum by total current liabilities. The calculation of the acid test ratio shall exclude all unsecured or uncollateralized related party receivables;
(B) Has not had operating losses in either or both of its two latest fiscal years that in sum result in a decrease in tangible net worth in excess of 10 percent of the institution's tangible net worth at the beginning of the first year of the two-year period. The Secretary may calculate an operating loss for an institution by excluding from net income: extraordinary gains or losses; income or losses from discontinued operations; prior period adjustment; and, the cumulative effect of changes in accounting principle. For purposes of this section, the calculation of tangible net worth shall exclude all assets defined as intangible in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; and
(C) Had, for its latest fiscal year, a positive tangible net worth. In applying this standard, a positive tangible net worth occurs when the institution's tangible assets exceed its liabilities. The calculation of tangible net worth shall exclude all assets classified as intangible in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles; or
(ii) Demonstrates to the satisfaction of the Secretary that it has currently issued and outstanding debt obligations that are (without insurance, guarantee, or credit enhancement) listed at or above the second highest rating level of credit quality given by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization;
(8) For a nonprofit institution—
(i)(A) Prepares a classified statement of financial position in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles or provides the required information in notes to the audited financial statements;
(B) Demonstrates at the end of its latest fiscal year, an acid test ratio of at least 1:1. For purposes of this section, the acid test ratio shall be calculated by adding cash and cash equivalents to current accounts receivable and dividing the sum by total current liabilities. The calculation of the acid test ratio shall exclude all unsecured or uncollateralized related party receivables.
(C)(
1
) Has, at the end of its latest fiscal year, a positive unrestricted current fund balance or positive unrestricted net assets. In calculating the unrestricted current fund balance or the unrestricted net assets for an institution, the Secretary may include funds that are temporarily restricted in use by the institution's governing body that can be transferred to the current unrestricted fund or added to net unrestricted assets at the discretion of the governing body; or
(
2
) Has not had, an excess of current fund expenditures over current fund revenues over both of its 2 latest fiscal years that results in a decrease exceeding 10 percent in either the unrestricted current fund balance or the
unrestricted net assets at the beginning of the first year of the 2-year period. The Secretary may exclude from net changes in fund balances for the operating loss calculation: Extraordinary gains or losses; income or losses from discontinued operations; prior period adjustment; and the cumulative effect of changes in accounting principle. In calculating the institution's unrestricted current fund balance or the unrestricted net assets, the Secretary may include funds that are temporarily restricted in use by the institution's governing body that can be transferred to the current unrestricted fund or added to net unrestricted assets at the discretion of the governing body; or
(ii) Demonstrates to the satisfaction of the Secretary that it has currently issued and outstanding debt obligations which are (without insurance, guarantee, or credit enhancement) listed at or above the second highest rating level of credit quality given by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization.
(9) For a public institution—
(i) Has its liabilities backed by the full faith and credit of a State, or by an equivalent governmental entity;
(ii) Has a positive current unrestricted fund balance if reporting under the Single Audit Act;
(iii) Has a positive unrestricted current fund in the State's Higher Education Fund, as presented in the general purpose financial statements;
(iv) Submits to the Secretary, a statement from the State Auditor General that the institution has, during the past year, met all of its financial obligations, and that the institution continues to have sufficient resources to meet all of its financial obligations; or
(v) Demonstrates to the satisfaction of the Secretary that it has currently issued and outstanding debt obligations which are (without insurance, guarantee, or credit enhancement) listed at or above the second highest rating level of credit quality given by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization.
(c)
Past performance of an institution or persons affiliated with an institution.
An institution is not financially responsible if—
(1) A person who exercises substantial control over the institution or any member or members of the person's family alone or together—
(i)(A) Exercises or exercised substantial control over another institution or a third-party servicer that owes a liability for a violation of a Title IV, HEA program requirement; or
(B) Owes a liability for a violation of a Title IV, HEA program requirement; and
(ii) That person, family member, institution, or servicer does not demonstrate that the liability is being repaid in accordance with an agreement with the Secretary; or
(2) The institution has—
(i) Been limited, suspended, terminated, or entered into a settlement agreement to resolve a limitation, suspension, or termination action initiated by the Secretary or a guaranty agency (as defined in 34 CFR part 682) within the preceding five years;
(ii) Had—
(A) An audit finding, during its two most recent audits of its conduct of the Title IV, HEA programs, that resulted in the institution's being required to repay an amount greater than five percent of the funds that the institution received under the Title IV, HEA programs for any award year covered by the audit; or
(B) A program review finding, during its two most recent program reviews, of its conduct of the Title IV, HEA programs that resulted in the institution's being required to repay an amount greater than five percent of the funds that the institution received under the Title IV, HEA programs for any award year covered by the program review;
(iii) Been cited during the preceding five years for failure to submit acceptable audit reports required under this part or individual Title IV, HEA program regulations in a timely fashion; or
(iv) Failed to resolve satisfactorily any compliance problems identified in program review or audit reports based upon a final decision of the Secretary issued pursuant to subpart G or subpart H of this part.
(d)
Exceptions to the general standards of financial responsibility.
(1)(i) An institution is not required to meet the standard in paragraph (b)(5) of this section if the Secretary determines that the institution—
(A)(
1
) Is located in, and is legally authorized to operate within, a State that has a tuition recovery fund that is acceptable to the Secretary and ensures that the institution is able to pay all required refunds; and
(
2
) Contributes to that tuition recovery fund.
(B) Has its liabilities backed by the full faith and credit of the State, or by an equivalent governmental entity; or
(C) As determined under paragraph (g) of this section, demonstrates, to the satisfaction of the Secretary, that for each of the institution's two most recently completed fiscal years, it has made timely refunds to students in accordance with § 668.22(j), and that it has met or exceeded all of the financial responsibility standards in this section that were in effect for the corresponding periods during the two-year period.
(ii) In evaluating an application to approve a State tuition recovery fund to exempt its participating schools from the Federal cash reserve requirements, the Secretary will consider the extent to which the State tuition recovery fund:
(A) Provides refunds to both in-state and out-of-state students;
(B) Allocates all refunds in accordance with the order delineated in § 668.22(i); and
(C) Provides a reliable mechanism for the State to replenish the fund should any claims arise that deplete the funds assets.
(2) The Secretary considers an institution to be financially responsible, even if the institution is not otherwise financially responsible under paragraphs (b)(1) through (4) and (b)(6) through (9) of this section, if the institution—
(i) Submits to the Secretary an irrevocable letter of credit that is acceptable and payable to the Secretary equal to not less than one-half of the Title IV, HEA program funds received by the institution during the last complete award year for which figures are available; or
(ii) Establishes to the satisfaction of the Secretary, with the support of a financial statement submitted in accordance with paragraph (e) of this section, that the institution has sufficient resources to ensure against its precipitous closure, including the ability to meet all of its financial obligations (including refunds of institutional charges and repayments to the Secretary for liabilities and debts incurred in programs administered by the Secretary). The Secretary considers the institution to have sufficient resources to ensure against precipitous closure only if—
(A) The institution formerly demonstrated financial responsibility under the standards of financial responsibility in its preceding audited financial statement (or, if no prior audited financial statement was requested by the Secretary, demonstrates in conjunction with its current audit that it would have satisfied this requirement), and that its most recent audited financial statement indicates that—
(
) All taxes owed by the institution are current;
(
2
) The institution's net income, or a change in total net assets, before extraordinary items and discontinued operations, has not decreased by more than 10 percent from the prior fiscal year, unless the institution demonstrates that the decreased net income shown on the current financial statement is a result of downsizing pursuant to a management-approved business plan;
(
3
) Loans and other advances to related parties have not increased from the prior fiscal year unless such increases were secured and collateralized, and do not exceed 10 percent of the prior fiscal year's working capital of the institution;
(
4
) The equity of a for-profit institution, or the total net assets of a non-profit institution, have not decreased by more than 10 percent of the prior year's total equity;
(
5
) Compensation for owners or other related parties (including bonuses, fringe benefits, employee stock option allowances, 401k contributions, deferred compensation allowances) has
not increased from the prior year at a rate higher than for all other employees;
(
6
) The institution has not materially leveraged its assets or income by becoming a guarantor on any new loan or obligation on behalf of any related party;
(
7
) All obligations owed to the institution by related parties are current, and that the institution has demanded and is receiving payment of all funds owed from related parties that are payable upon demand. For purposes of this section, a person does not become a related party by attending an institution as a student;
(B) There have been no material findings in the institution's latest compliance audit of its administration of the Title IV HEA programs; and
(C) There are no pending administrative or legal actions being taken against the institution by the Secretary, any other Federal agency, the institution's nationally recognized accrediting agency, or any State entity.
(3) An institution is not required to meet the acid test ratio in paragraph (b)(7)(i)(A) or (b)(8)(i)(B) of this section if the institution is an institution that provides a 2-year or 4-year educational program for which the institution awards an associate or baccalaureate degree that demonstrates to the satisfaction of the Secretary that—
(i) There is no reasonable doubt as to its continued solvency and ability to deliver quality educational services;
(ii) It is current in its payment of all current liabilities, including student refunds, repayments to the Secretary, payroll, and payment of trade creditors and withholding taxes; and
(iii) It has substantial equity in institution-occupied facilities, the acquisition of which was the direct cause of its failure to meet the acid test ratio requirement.
(4) The Secretary may determine an institution to be financially responsible even if the institution is not otherwise financially responsible under paragraph (c)(1) of this section if—
(i) The institution notifies the Secretary, in accordance with 34 CFR 600.30, that the person referenced in paragraph (c)(1) of this section exercises substantial control over the institution; and
(ii)(A) The person repaid to the Secretary a portion of the applicable liability, and the portion repaid equals or exceeds the greater of—
(
1
) The total percentage of the ownership interest held in the institution or third-party servicer that owes the liability by that person or any member or members of that person's family, either alone or in combination with one another;
(
2
) The total percentage of the ownership interest held in the institution or servicer that owes the liability that the person or any member or members of the person's family, either alone or in combination with one another, represents or represented under a voting trust, power of attorney, proxy, or similar agreement; or
(
3
) Twenty-five percent, if the person or any member of the person's family is or was a member of the board of directors, chief executive officer, or other executive officer of the institution or servicer that owes the liability, or of an entity holding at least a 25 percent ownership interest in the institution that owes the liability;
(B) The applicable liability described in paragraph (c)(1) of this section is currently being repaid in accordance with a written agreement with the Secretary; or
(C) The institution demonstrates why—
(
1
) The person who exercises substantial control over the institution should nevertheless be considered to lack that control; or
(
2
) The person who exercises substantial control over the institution and each member of that person's family nevertheless does not or did not exercise substantial control over the institution or servicer that owes the liability.
(e) [Reserved]
Definitions and terms.
For the purposes of this section—
(1)(i) An “ownership interest” is a share of the legal or beneficial ownership or control of, or a right to share in the proceeds of the operation of, an institution, institution's parent corporation, a third-party servicer, or a third-party servicer's parent corporation.
(ii) The term “ownership interest” includes, but is not limited to—
(A) An interest as tenant in common, joint tenant, or tenant by the entireties;
(B) A partnership; and
(C) An interest in a trust.
(iii) The term “ownership interest” does not include any share of the ownership or control of, or any right to share in the proceeds of the operation of—
(A) A mutual fund that is regularly and publicly traded;
(B) An institutional investor; or
(C) A profit-sharing plan, provided that all employees are covered by the plan;
(2) The Secretary generally considers a person to exercise substantial control over an institution or third-party servicer, if the person—
(i) Directly or indirectly holds at least a 25 percent ownership interest in the institution or servicer;
(ii) Holds, together with other members of his or her family, at least a 25 percent ownership interest in the institution or servicer;
(iii) Represents, either alone or together with other persons, under a voting trust, power of attorney, proxy, or similar agreement one or more persons who hold, either individually or in combination with the other persons represented or the person representing them, at least a 25 percent ownership in the institution or servicer; or
(iv) Is a member of the board of directors, the chief executive officer, or other executive officer of—
(A) The institution or servicer; or
(B) An entity that holds at least a 25 percent ownership interest in the institution or servicer; and
(3) The Secretary considers a member of a person's family to be a parent, sibling, spouse, child, spouse's parent or sibling, or sibling's or child's spouse.
(g)
Two-year performance requirement.
(1) The Secretary considers an institution to have satisfied the requirements in paragraph (d)(1)(C) of this section if the independent certified public accountant, or government auditor who conducted the institution's compliance audits for the institution's two most recently completed fiscal years, or the Secretary or a State or guaranty agency that conducted a review of the institution covering those fiscal years—
(i)(A) For either of those fiscal years, did not find in the sample of student records audited or reviewed that the institution made late refunds to 5 percent or more of the students in that sample. For purposes of determining the percentage of late refunds under this paragraph, the auditor or reviewer must include in the sample only those title IV, HEA program recipients who received or should have received a refund under § 668.22; or
(B) The Secretary considers the institution to have satisfied the conditions in paragraph (g)(1)(i)(A) of this section if the auditor or reviewer finds in the sample of student records audited or reviewed that the institution made only one late refund to a student in that sample; and
(ii) For either of those fiscal years, did not note a material weakness or a reportable condition in the institution's report on internal controls that is related to refunds.
(2) If the Secretary or a State or guaranty agency finds during a review conducted of the institution that the institution no longer qualifies for an exemption under paragraph (d)(1)(C) of this section, the institution must—
(i) Submit to the Secretary the irrevocable letter of credit required in paragraph (b)(5) of this section no later than 30 days after the Secretary or State or guaranty agency notifies the institution of that finding; and
(ii) Notify the Secretary of the guaranty agency or State that conducted the review.
(3) If the auditor who conducted the institution's compliance audit finds that the institution no longer qualifies for an exemption under paragraph (d)(1)(C) of this section, the institution must submit to the Secretary the irrevocable letter of credit required in paragraph (b)(5) of this section no later than 30 days after the date the institution's compliance audit must be submitted to the Secretary.
(h)
The Secretary makes a determination of the financial responsibility for a foreign institution
on the basis of financial statements submitted under § 668.23(h).
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1840-0537)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1094 and 1099c and Section 4 of Pub. L. 95-452, 92 Stat. 1101-1109)
[59 FR 22428, Apr. 29, 1994, as amended at 59 FR 34964, July 7, 1994; 59 FR 61179, Nov. 29, 1994; 60 FR 34431, June 30, 1995; 60 FR 42408, Aug. 15, 1995; 61 FR 29901, June 12, 1996; 61 FR 60569, Nov. 29, 1996; 62 FR 27128, May 16, 1997; 71 FR 45694, Aug. 9, 2006; 75 FR 67198, Nov. 1, 2010]
§ 668.16
Standards of administrative capability.
To begin and to continue to participate in any Title IV, HEA program, an institution shall demonstrate to the Secretary that the institution is capable of adequately administering that program under each of the standards established in this section. The Secretary considers an institution to have that administrative capability if the institution—
(a) Administers the Title IV, HEA programs in accordance with all statutory provisions of or applicable to Title IV of the HEA, all applicable regulatory provisions prescribed under that statutory authority, and all applicable special arrangements, agreements, and limitations entered into under the authority of statutes applicable to Title IV of the HEA;
(b)(1) Designates a capable individual to be responsible for administering all the Title IV, HEA programs in which it participates and for coordinating those programs with the institution's other Federal and non-Federal programs of student financial assistance. The Secretary considers an individual to be “capable” under this paragraph if the individual is certified by the State in which the institution is located, if the State requires certification of financial aid administrators. The Secretary may consider other factors in determining whether an individual is capable, including, but not limited to, the individual's successful completion of Title IV, HEA program training provided or approved by the Secretary, and previous experience and documented success in administering the Title IV, HEA programs properly;
(2) Uses an adequate number of qualified persons to administer the Title IV, HEA programs in which the institution participates. The Secretary considers the following factors to determine whether an institution uses an adequate number of qualified persons—
(i) The number and types of programs in which the institution participates;
(ii) The number of applications evaluated;
(iii) The number of students who receive any student financial assistance at the institution and the amount of funds administered;
(iv) The financial aid delivery system used by the institution;
(v) The degree of office automation used by the institution in the administration of the Title IV, HEA programs;
(vi) The number and distribution of financial aid staff; and
(vii) The use of third-party servicers to aid in the administration of the Title IV, HEA programs;
(3) Communicates to the individual designated to be responsible for administering Title IV, HEA programs, all the information received by any institutional office that bears on a student's eligibility for Title IV, HEA program assistance; and
(4) Has written procedures for or written information indicating the responsibilities of the various offices with respect to the approval, disbursement, and delivery of Title IV, HEA program assistance and the preparation and submission of reports to the Secretary;
(c)(1) Administers Title IV, HEA programs with adequate checks and balances in its system of internal controls; and
(2) Divides the functions of authorizing payments and disbursing or delivering funds so that no office has responsibility for both functions with respect to any particular student aided under the programs. For example, the functions of authorizing payments and disbursing or delivering funds must be divided so that for any particular student aided under the programs, the two functions are carried out by at least two organizationally independent individuals who are not members of the same family, as defined in § 668.15, or
who do not together exercise substantial control, as defined in § 668.15, over the institution;
(d)(1) Establishes and maintains records required under this part and the individual Title IV, HEA program regulations; and
(2)(i) Reports annually to the Secretary on any reasonable reimbursements paid or provided by a private education lender or group of lenders as described under section 140(d) of the Truth in Lending Act (15 U.S.C. 1631(d)) to any employee who is employed in the financial aid office of the institution or who otherwise has responsibilities with respect to education loans, including responsibilities involving the selection of lenders, or other financial aid of the institution, including—
(A) The amount for each specific instance of reasonable expenses paid or provided;
(B) The name of the financial aid official, other employee, or agent to whom the expenses were paid or provided;
(C) The dates of the activity for which the expenses were paid or provided; and
(D) A brief description of the activity for which the expenses were paid or provided.
(ii) Expenses are considered to be reasonable if the expenses—
(A) Meet the standards of and are paid in accordance with a State government reimbursement policy applicable to the entity; or
(B) Meet the standards of and are paid in accordance with the applicable Federal cost principles for reimbursement, if no State policy that is applicable to the entity exists.
(iii) The policy must be consistently applied to an institution's employees reimbursed under this paragraph;
(e) For purposes of determining student eligibility for assistance under a title IV, HEA program, establishes, publishes, and applies reasonable standards for measuring whether an otherwise eligible student is maintaining satisfactory academic progress in his or her educational program. The Secretary considers an institution's standards to be reasonable if the standards are in accordance with the provisions specified in § 668.34.
(f) Develops and applies an adequate system to identify and resolve discrepancies in the information that the institution receives from different sources with respect to a student's application for financial aid under Title IV, HEA programs. In determining whether the institution's system is adequate, the Secretary considers whether the institution obtains and reviews—
(1) All student aid applications, need analysis documents, Statements of Educational Purpose, Statements of Registration Status, and eligibility notification documents presented by or on behalf of each applicant;
(2) Any documents, including any copies of State and Federal income tax returns, that are normally collected by the institution to verify information received from the student or other sources; and
(3) Any other information normally available to the institution regarding a student's citizenship, previous educational experience, documentation of the student's social security number, or other factors relating to the student's eligibility for funds under the Title IV, HEA programs;
(g) Refers to the Office of Inspector General of the Department of Education for investigation—
(1) After conducting the review of an application provided for under paragraph (f) of this section, any credible information indicating that an applicant for Title IV, HEA program assistance may have engaged in fraud or other criminal misconduct in connection with his or her application. The type of information that an institution must refer is that which is relevant to the eligibility of the applicant for Title IV, HEA program assistance, or the amount of the assistance. Examples of this type of information are—
(i) False claims of independent student status;
(ii) False claims of citizenship;
(iii) Use of false identities;
(iv) Forgery of signatures or certifications; and
(v) False statements of income; and
(2) Any credible information indicating that any employee, third-party
servicer, or other agent of the institution that acts in a capacity that involves the administration of the Title IV, HEA programs, or the receipt of funds under those programs, may have engaged in fraud, misrepresentation, conversion or breach of fiduciary responsibility, or other illegal conduct involving the Title IV, HEA programs. The type of information that an institution must refer is that which is relevant to the eligibility and funding of the institution and its students through the Title IV, HEA programs;
(h) Provides adequate financial aid counseling to eligible students who apply for Title IV, HEA program assistance. In determining whether an institution provides adequate counseling, the Secretary considers whether its counseling includes information regarding—
(1) The source and amount of each type of aid offered;
(2) The method by which aid is determined and disbursed, delivered, or applied to a student's account; and
(3) The rights and responsibilities of the student with respect to enrollment at the institution and receipt of financial aid. This information includes the institution's refund policy, the requirements for the treatment of title IV, HEA program funds when a student withdraws under § 668.22, its standards of satisfactory progress, and other conditions that may alter the student's aid package;
(i) Has provided all program and fiscal reports and financial statements required for compliance with the provisions of this part and the individual program regulations in a timely manner;
(j) Shows no evidence of significant problems that affect, as determined by the Secretary, the institution's ability to administer a Title IV, HEA program and that are identified in—
(1) Reviews of the institution conducted by the Secretary, the Department of Education's Office of Inspector General, nationally recognized accrediting agencies, guaranty agencies as defined in 34 CFR part 682, the State agency or official by whose authority the institution is legally authorized to provide postsecondary education, or any other law enforcement agency; or
(2) Any findings made in any criminal, civil, or administrative proceeding;
(k) Is not, and does not have any principal or affiliate of the institution (as those terms are defined in 34 CFR part 85) that is—
(1) Debarred or suspended under Executive Order (E.O.) 12549 (3 CFR, 1986 Comp., p. 189) or the Federal Acquisition Regulations (FAR), 48 CFR part 9, subpart 9.4; or
(2) Engaging in any activity that is a cause under 34 CFR 85.305 or 85.405 for debarment or suspension under E.O. 12549 (3 CFR, 1986 Comp., p. 189) or the FAR, 48 CFR part 9, subpart 9.4;
(l) For an institution that seeks initial participation in a Title IV, HEA program, does not have more than 33 percent of its undergraduate regular students withdraw from the institution during the institution's latest completed award year. The institution must count all regular students who are enrolled during the latest completed award year, except those students who, during that period—
(1) Withdrew from, dropped out of, or were expelled from the institution;
(2) Were entitled to and actually received in a timely manner, a refund of 100 percent of their tuition and fees;
(m)(1) Has a cohort default rate—
(i) That is less than 25 percent for each of the three most recent fiscal years during which rates have been issued, to the extent those rates are calculated under subpart M of this part;
(ii) On or after 2014, that is less than 30 percent for at least two of the three most recent fiscal years during which the Secretary has issued rates for the institution under subpart N of this part; and
(iii) As defined in 34 CFR 674.5, on loans made under the Federal Perkins Loan Program to students for attendance at that institution that does not exceed 15 percent.
(2)(i) However, if the Secretary determines that an institution's administrative capability is impaired solely because the institution fails to comply with paragraph (m)(1) of this section, and the institution is not subject to a loss of eligibility under §§ 668.187(a) or
668.206(a), the Secretary allows the institution to continue to participate in the Title IV, HEA programs. In such a case, the Secretary may provisionally certify the institution in accordance with § 668.13(c) except as provided in paragraphs (m)(2)(ii), (m)(2)(iii), (m)(2)(iv), and (m)(2)(v) of this section.
(ii) An institution that fails to meet the standard of administrative capability under paragraph (m)(1)(ii) based on two cohort default rates that are greater than or equal to 30 percent but less than or equal to 40 percent is not placed on provisional certification under paragraph (m)(2)(i) of this section—
(A) If it has timely filed a request for adjustment or appeal under §§ 668.209, 668.210, or 668.212 with respect to the second such rate, and the request for adjustment or appeal is either pending or succeeds in reducing the rate below 30 percent; or
(B) If it has timely filed an appeal under §§ 668.213 or 668.214 after receiving the second such rate, and the appeal is either pending or successful.
(iii) The institution may appeal the loss of full participation in a Title IV, HEA program under paragraph (m)(2)(i) of this section by submitting an erroneous data appeal in writing to the Secretary in accordance with and on the grounds specified in §§ 668.192 or 668.211 as applicable;
(iv) If you have 30 or fewer borrowers in the three most recent cohorts of borrowers used to calculate your cohort default rate under subpart N of this part, we not provisionally certify you solely based on cohort default rates;
(v) If a rate that would otherwise potentially subject you to provisional certification under paragraph (m)(1)(ii) and (m)(2)(i) of this section is calculated as an average rate, we will not provisionally certify you solely based on cohort default rates;
(n) Does not otherwise appear to lack the ability to administer the Title IV, HEA programs competently;
(o) Participates in the electronic processes that the Secretary—
(1) Provides at no substantial charge to the institution; and
(2) Identifies through a notice published in the
Federal Register
; and
(p) Develops and follows procedures to evaluate the validity of a student's high school completion if the institution or the Secretary has reason to believe that the high school diploma is not valid or was not obtained from an entity that provides secondary school education.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1845-0022)
(Authority:20 U.S.C. 1082, 1085, 1092, 1094, and 1099c)
[59 FR 22431, Apr. 29, 1994, as amended at 59 FR 34964, July 7, 1994; 59 FR 61180, Nov. 29, 1994; 60 FR 34431, June 30, 1995; 60 FR 42408, Aug. 15, 1995; 61 FR 60603, Nov. 29, 1996; 62 FR 27128, May 16, 1997; 63 FR 40624, July 29, 1998; 64 FR 59038, Nov. 1, 1999; 65 FR 65637, Nov. 1, 2000; 74 FR 55648, Oct. 28, 2009; 75 FR 66951, Oct. 29, 2010]
§ 668.17
(a)
General.
(1) An institution may not deny readmission to a person who is a member of, applies to be a member of, performs, has performed, applies to perform, or has an obligation to perform, service in the uniformed services on the basis of that membership, application for membership, performance of service, application for service, or obligation to perform service.
(2)(i) An institution must promptly readmit to the institution a person described in paragraph (a)(1) of this section with the same academic status as the student had when the student last attended the institution or was last admitted to the institution, but did not begin attendance because of that membership, application for membership, performance of service, application for service, or obligation to perform service.
(ii) “Promptly readmit” means that the institution must readmit the student into the next class or classes in the student's program beginning after the student provides notice of his or her intent to reenroll, unless the student requests a later date of readmission or unusual circumstances require the institution to admit the student at a later date.
(iii) To readmit a person with the “same academic status” means that the institution admits the student—
(A) To the same program to which he or she was last admitted by the institution or, if that exact program is no longer offered, the program that is most similar to that program, unless the student requests or agrees to admission to a different program;
(B) At the same enrollment status that the student last held at the institution, unless the student requests or agrees to admission at a different enrollment status;
(C) With the same number of credit hours or clock hours completed previously by the student, unless the student is readmitted to a different program to which the completed credit hours or clock hours are not transferable;
(D) With the same academic standing (e.g., with the same satisfactory academic progress status) the student previously had; and
(E)(
1
) If the student is readmitted to the same program, for the first academic year in which the student returns, assessing—
(
i
) The tuition and fee charges that the student was or would have been assessed for the academic year during which the student left the institution; or
(
ii
) Up to the amount of tuition and fee charges that other students in the program are assessed for that academic year, if veterans' education benefits, as defined in section 480(c) of the HEA, or other servicemember education benefits, will pay the amount in excess of the tuition and fee charges assessed for the academic year in which the student left the institution; or
(
2
) If the student is admitted to a different program, and for subsequent academic years for a student admitted to the same program, assessing no more than the tuition and fee charges that other students in the program are assessed for that academic year.
(iv)(A) If the institution determines that the student is not prepared to resume the program with the same academic status at the point where the student left off, or will not be able to complete the program, the institution must make reasonable efforts at no extra cost to the student to help the student become prepared or to enable the student to complete the program including, but not limited to, providing refresher courses at no extra cost to the student and allowing the student to retake a pretest at no extra cost to the student.
(B) The institution is not required to readmit the student on his or her return if—
(
1
) After reasonable efforts by the institution, the institution determines that the student is not prepared to resume the program at the point where he or she left off;
(
2
) After reasonable efforts by the institution, the institution determines that the student is unable to complete the program; or
(
3
) The institution determines that there are no reasonable efforts the institution can take to prepare the student to resume the program at the point where he or she left off or to enable the student to complete the program.
(C)(
) “Reasonable efforts” means actions that do not place an undue hardship on the institution.
(
2
) “Undue hardship” means an action requiring significant difficulty or expense when considered in light of the overall financial resources of the institution and the impact otherwise of such action on the operation of the institution.
(D) The institution carries the burden to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the student is not prepared to resume the program with the same academic status at the point where the student left off, or that the student will not be able to complete the program.
(3) This section applies to an institution that has continued in operation since the student ceased attending or was last admitted to the institution but did not begin attendance, notwithstanding any changes of ownership of the institution since the student ceased attendance.
(4) The requirements of this section supersede any State law (including any local law or ordinance), contract, agreement, policy, plan, practice, or other matter that reduces, limits, or eliminates in any manner any right or
benefit provided by this section for the period of enrollment during which the student resumes attendance, and continuing so long as the institution is unable to comply with such requirements through other means.
(b)
Service in the uniformed services.
For purposes of this section, service in the uniformed services means service, whether voluntary or involuntary, in the Armed Forces, including service by a member of the National Guard or Reserve, on active duty, active duty for training, or full-time National Guard duty under Federal authority, for a period of more than 30 consecutive days under a call or order to active duty of more than 30 consecutive days.
(c)
Readmission procedures.
(1) Any student whose absence from an institution is necessitated by reason of service in the uniformed services shall be entitled to readmission to the institution if—
(i) Except as provided in paragraph (d) of this section, the student (or an appropriate officer of the Armed Forces or official of the Department of Defense) gives advance oral or written notice of such service to an office designated by the institution, and provides such notice as far in advance as is reasonable under the circumstances;
(ii) The cumulative length of the absence and of all previous absences from that institution by reason of service in the uniformed services, including only the time the student spends actually performing service in the uniformed services, does not exceed five years; and
(iii) Except as provided in paragraph (f) of this section, the student gives oral or written notice of his or her intent to return to an office designated by the institution—
(A) For a student who completes a period of service in the uniformed services, not later than three years after the completion of the period of service; or
(B) For a student who is hospitalized for or convalescing from an illness or injury incurred in or aggravated during the performance of service in the uniformed services, not later than two years after the end of the period that is necessary for recovery from such illness or injury.
(2)(i) An institution must designate one or more offices at the institution that a student may contact to provide notification of service required by paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section and notification of intent to return required by paragraph (c)(1)(iii) of this section.
(ii) An institution may not require that the notice provided by the student under paragraph (c)(1)(i) or (c)(1)(iii) of this section follow any particular format.
(iii) The notice provided by the student under paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section—
(A) May not be subject to any rule for timeliness; timeliness must be determined by the facts in any particular case; and
(B) Does not need to indicate whether the student intends to return to the institution.
(iv) For purposes of paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section, an “appropriate officer” is a commissioned, warrant, or noncommissioned officer authorized to give such notice by the military service concerned.
(d)
Exceptions to advance notice.
(1) No notice is required under paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section if the giving of such notice is precluded by military necessity, such as—
(i) A mission, operation, exercise, or requirement that is classified; or
(ii) A pending or ongoing mission, operation, exercise, or requirement that may be compromised or otherwise adversely affected by public knowledge.
(2) Any student (or an appropriate officer of the Armed Forces or official of the Department of Defense) who did not give advance written or oral notice of service to the appropriate official at the institution in accordance with paragraph (c)(1) of this section may meet the notice requirement by submitting, at the time the student seeks readmission, an attestation to the institution that the student performed service in the uniformed services that necessitated the student's absence from the institution.
(e)
Cumulative length of absence.
For purposes of paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section, a student's cumulative length of absence from an institution does not include any service—
(1) That is required, beyond five years, to complete an initial period of obligated service;
(2) During which the student was unable to obtain orders releasing the student from a period of service in the uniformed services before the expiration of the five-year period and such inability was through no fault of the student; or
(3) Performed by a member of the Armed Forces (including the National Guard and Reserves) who is—
(i) Ordered to or retained on active duty under—
(A) 10 U.S.C. 688 (involuntary active duty by a military retiree);
(B) 10 U.S.C. 12301(a) (involuntary active duty in wartime);
(C) 10 U.S.C. 12301(g) (retention on active duty while in captive status);
(D) 10 U.S.C. 12302 (involuntary active duty during a national emergency for up to 24 months);
(E) 10 U.S.C. 12304 (involuntary active duty for an operational mission for up to 270 days);
(F) 10 U.S.C. 12305 (involuntary retention on active duty of a critical person during time of crisis or other specific conditions);
(G) 14 U.S.C. 331 (involuntary active duty by retired Coast Guard officer);
(H) 14 U.S.C. 332 (voluntary active duty by retired Coast Guard officer);
(I) 14 U.S.C. 359 (involuntary active duty by retired Coast Guard enlisted member);
(J) 14 U.S.C. 360 (voluntary active duty by retired Coast Guard enlisted member);
(K) 14 U.S.C. 367 (involuntary retention of Coast Guard enlisted member on active duty); or
(L) 14 U.S.C. 712 (involuntary active duty by Coast Guard Reserve member for natural or man-made disasters);
(ii) Ordered to or retained on active duty (other than for training) under any provision of law because of a war or national emergency declared by the President or the Congress, as determined by the Secretary concerned;
(iii) Ordered to active duty (other than for training) in support, as determined by the Secretary concerned, of an operational mission for which personnel have been ordered to active duty under section 12304 of title 10, United States Code;
(iv) Ordered to active duty in support, as determined by the Secretary concerned, of a critical mission or requirement of the Armed Forces (including the National Guard or Reserve); or
(v) Called into Federal service as a member of the National Guard under chapter 15 of title 10, United States Code, or section 12406 of title 10, United States Code (i.e., called to respond to an invasion, danger of invasion, rebellion, danger of rebellion, insurrection, or the inability of the President with regular forces to execute the laws of the United States).
(f)
Notification of intent to reenroll.
A student who fails to apply for readmission within the periods described in paragraph (c)(1)(iii) of this section does not automatically forfeit eligibility for readmission to the institution, but is subject to the institution's established leave of absence policy and general practices.
(g)
Documentation.
(1) A student who submits an application for readmission to an institution under paragraph (c)(1)(iii) of this section shall provide to the institution documentation to establish that—
(i) The student has not exceeded the service limitation in paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section; and
(ii) The student's eligibility for readmission has not been terminated due to an exception in paragraph (h) of this section.
(2)(i) Documents that satisfy the requirements of paragraph (g)(1) of this section include, but are not limited to, the following:
(A) DD (Department of Defense) 214 Certificate of Release or Discharge from Active Duty.
(B) Copy of duty orders prepared by the facility where the orders were fulfilled carrying an endorsement indicating completion of the described service.
(C) Letter from the commanding officer of a Personnel Support Activity or someone of comparable authority.
(D) Certificate of completion from military training school.
(E) Discharge certificate showing character of service.
(F) Copy of extracts from payroll documents showing periods of service.
(G) Letter from National Disaster Medical System (NDMS) Team Leader or Administrative Officer verifying dates and times of NDMS training or Federal activation.
(ii) The types of documents that are necessary to establish eligibility for readmission will vary from case to case. Not all of these documents are available or necessary in every instance to establish readmission eligibility.
(3) An institution may not delay or attempt to avoid a readmission of a student under this section by demanding documentation that does not exist, or is not readily available, at the time of readmission.
(h)
Termination of readmission eligibility.
A student's eligibility for readmission to an institution under this section by reason of such student's service in the uniformed services terminates upon the occurrence of any of the following events:
(1) A separation of such person from the Armed Forces (including the National Guard and Reserves) with a dishonorable or bad conduct discharge.
(2) A dismissal of a commissioned officer permitted under section 1161(a) of title 10, United States Code by sentence of a general court-martial; in commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial; or, in time of war, by order of the President.
(3) A dropping of a commissioned officer from the rolls pursuant to section 1161(b) of title 10, United States Code due to absence without authority for at least three months; separation by reason of a sentence to confinement adjudged by a court-martial; or, a sentence to confinement in a Federal or State penitentiary or correctional institution.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1845-NEW1)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1088,
[74 FR 55934, Oct. 29, 2009]
§ 668.19
Financial aid history.
(a) Before an institution may disburse title IV, HEA program funds to a student who previously attended another eligible institution, the institution must use information it obtains from the Secretary, through the National Student Loan Data System (NSLDS) or its successor system, to determine—
(1) Whether the student is in default on any title IV, HEA program loan;
(2) Whether the student owes an overpayment on any title IV, HEA program grant or Federal Perkins Loan;
(3) For the award year for which a Federal Pell Grant, an ACG, a National SMART Grant, or a TEACH Grant is requested, the student's Scheduled Federal Pell Grant, ACG, National SMART Grant, or a TEACH Grant Award and the amount of Federal Pell Grant, ACG, National SMART Grant, or a TEACH Grant funds disbursed to the student;
(4) The outstanding principal balance of loans made to the student under each of the title IV, HEA loan programs; and
(5) For the academic year for which title IV, HEA aid is requested, the amount of, and period of enrollment for, loans made to the student under each of the title IV, HEA loan programs.
(b)(1) If a student transfers from one institution to another institution during the same award year, the institution to which the student transfers must request from the Secretary, through NSLDS, updated information about that student so it can make the determinations required under paragraph (a) of this section; and
(2) The institution may not make a disbursement to that student for seven days following its request, unless it receives the information from NSLDS in response to its request or obtains that information directly by accessing NSLDS, and the information it receives allows it to make that disbursement.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1845-0537)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1070g, 1091, 1094)
[65 FR 65675, Nov. 1, 2000, as amended at 71 FR 38002, July 3, 2006; 73 FR 35492, June 23, 2008]
§ 668.20
Limitations on remedial coursework that is eligible for Title IV, HEA program assistance.
(a) A noncredit or reduced credit remedial course is a course of study designed to increase the ability of a student to pursue a course of study leading to a certificate or degree.
(1) A noncredit remedial course is one for which no credit is given toward a certificate or degree; and
(2) A reduced credit remedial course is one for which reduced credit is given toward a certificate or degree.
(b) Except as provided in paragraphs (c) and (d) of this section, in determining a student's enrollment status and cost of attendance, an institution shall include any noncredit or reduced credit remedial course in which the student is enrolled. The institution shall attribute the number of credit or clock hours to a noncredit or reduced credit remedial course by—
(1) Calculating the number of classroom and homework hours required for that course;
(2) Comparing those hours with the hours required for nonremedial courses in a similar subject; and
(3) Giving the remedial course the same number of credit or clock hours it gives the nonremedial course with the most comparable classroom and homework requirements.
(c) In determining a student's enrollment status under the Title IV, HEA programs or a student's cost of attendance under the campus-based, FFEL, and Direct Loan programs, an institution may not take into account any noncredit or reduced credit remedial course if—
(1) That course is part of a program of instruction leading to a high school diploma or the recognized equivalent of a high school diploma, even if the course is necessary to enable the student to complete a degree or certificate program;
(2) The educational level of instruction provided in the noncredit or reduced credit remedial course is below the level needed to pursue successfully the degree or certificate program offered by that institution after one year in that remedial course; or
(3) Except for a course in English as a second language, the educational level of instruction provided in that course is below the secondary level. For purposes of this section, the Secretary considers a course to be below the secondary level if any of the following entities determine that course to be below the secondary level:
(i) The State agency that legally authorized the institution to provide postsecondary education.
(ii) In the case of an accredited or preaccredited institution, the nationally recognized accrediting agency or association that accredits or preaccredits the institution.
(iii) In the case of a public postsecondary vocational institution that is approved by a State agency recognized for the approval of public postsecondary vocational education, the State agency recognized for the approval of public postsecondary vocational education that approves the institution.
(iv) The institution.
(d) Except as set forth in paragraph (f) of this section, an institution may not take into account more than one academic year's worth of noncredit or reduced credit remedial coursework in determining—
(1) A student's enrollment status under the title IV, HEA programs; and
(2) A student's cost of attendance under the campus-based, FFEL, and Direct Loan programs.
(e) One academic year's worth of noncredit or reduced credit remedial coursework is equivalent to—
(1) Thirty semester or 45 quarter hours; or
(2) Nine hundred clock hours.
(f) Courses in English as a second language do not count against the one-year academic limitation contained in paragraph (d) of this section.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1094)
[52 FR 45724, Dec. 1, 1987, as amended at 56 FR 36698, July 31, 1991; 58 FR 32202-32203, June 8, 1993; 63 FR 40624, July 29, 1998]
§ 668.21
Treatment of title IV grant and loan funds if the recipient does not begin attendance at the institution.
(a) If a student does not begin attendance in a payment period or period of enrollment—
(1) The institution must return all title IV, HEA program funds that were
credited to the student's account at the institution or disbursed directly to the student for that payment period or period of enrollment, for Federal Perkins Loan, FSEOG TEACH Grant, Federal Pell Grant, ACG, and National SMART Grant program funds; and
(2) For FFEL and Direct Loan funds—
(i)(A) The institution must return all FFEL and Direct Loan funds that were credited to the student's account at the institution for that payment period or period of enrollment; and
(B) The institution must return the amount of payments made directly by or on behalf of the student to the institution for that payment period or period of enrollment, up to the total amount of the loan funds disbursed;
(ii) For remaining amounts of FFEL or Direct Loan funds disbursed directly to the student for that payment period or period of enrollment, including funds that are disbursed directly to the student by the lender for a study-abroad program in accordance with § 682.207(b)(1)(v)(C)(
1
) or for a student enrolled in a foreign school in accordance with § 682.207(b)(1)(v)(D), the institution is not responsible for returning the funds, but must immediately notify the lender or the Secretary, as appropriate, when it becomes aware that the student will not or has not begun attendance so that the lender or Secretary will issue a final demand letter to the borrower in accordance with 34 CFR 682.412 or 34 CFR 685.211, as appropriate; and
(iii) Notwithstanding paragraph (a)(2)(ii) of this section, if an institution knew that a student would not begin attendance prior to disbursing FFEL or Direct Loan funds directly to the student for that payment period or period of enrollment (e.g., the student notified the institution that he or she would not attend, or the institution expelled the student), the institution must return those funds.
(b) The institution must return those funds for which it is responsible under paragraph (a) of this section to the respective title IV, HEA program as soon as possible, but no later than 30 days after the date that the institution becomes aware that the student will not or has not begun attendance.
(c) For purposes of this section, the Secretary considers that a student has not begun attendance in a payment period or period of enrollment if the institution is unable to document the student's attendance at any class during the payment period or period of enrollment.
(d) In accordance with procedures established by the Secretary or FFEL Program lender, an institution returns title IV, HEA funds timely if—
(1) The institution deposits or transfers the funds into the bank account it maintains under § 668.163 as soon as possible, but no later than 30 days after the date that the institution becomes aware that the student will not or has not begun attendance;
(2) The institution initiates an electronic funds transfer (EFT) as soon as possible, but no later than 30 days after the date that the institution becomes aware that the student will not or has not begun attendance;
(3) The institution initiates an electronic transaction, as soon as possible, but no later than 30 days after the date that the institution becomes aware that the student will not or has not begun attendance, that informs an FFEL lender to adjust the borrower's loan account for the amount returned; or
(4) The institution issues a check as soon as possible, but no later than 30 days after the date that the institution becomes aware that the student will not or has not begun attendance. An institution does not satisfy this requirement if—
(i) The institution's records show that the check was issued more than 30 days after the date that the institution becomes aware that the student will not or has not begun attendance; or
(ii) The date on the cancelled check shows that the bank used by the Secretary or FFEL Program lender endorsed that check more than 45 days after the date that the institution becomes aware that the student will not or has not begun attendance.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1070g, 1094)
[72 FR 62027, Nov. 1, 2007, as amended at 73 FR 35493, June 23, 2008]
§ 668.22
Treatment of title IV funds when a student withdraws.
(a)
General.
(1) When a recipient of title IV grant or loan assistance withdraws from an institution during a payment period or period of enrollment in which the recipient began attendance, the institution must determine the amount of title IV grant or loan assistance that the student earned as of the student's withdrawal date in accordance with paragraph (e) of this section.
(2)(i) Except as provided in paragraphs (a)(2)(ii) and (a)(2)(iii) of this section, a student is considered to have withdrawn from a payment period or period of enrollment if—
(A) In the case of a program that is measured in credit hours, the student does not complete all the days in the payment period or period of enrollment that the student was scheduled to complete;
(B) In the case of a program that is measured in clock hours, the student does not complete all of the clock hours and weeks of instructional time in the payment period or period of enrollment that the student was scheduled to complete; or
(C) For a student in a nonterm or nonstandard-term program, the student is not scheduled to begin another course within a payment period or period of enrollment for more than 45 calendar days after the end of the module the student ceased attending, unless the student is on an approved leave of absence, as defined in paragraph (d) of this section.
(ii)(A) Notwithstanding paragraph (a)(2)(i)(A) and (a)(2)(i)(B) of this section, for a payment period or period of enrollment in which courses in the program are offered in modules—
(
1
) A student is not considered to have withdrawn if the institution obtains written confirmation from the student at the time that would have been a withdrawal of the date that he or she will attend a module that begins later in the same payment period or period of enrollment; and
(
2
) For nonterm and nonstandard-term programs, that module begins no later than 45 calendar days after the end of the module the student ceased attending.
(B) If an institution has obtained the written confirmation of future attendance in accordance with paragraph (a)(2)(ii)(A) of this section—
(
1
) A student may change the date of return to a module that begins later in the same payment period or period of enrollment, provided that the student does so in writing prior to the return date that he or she had previously confirmed; and
(
2
) For nonterm and nonstandard-term programs, the later module that he or she will attend begins no later than 45 calendar days after the end of module the student ceased attending.
(C) If an institution obtains written confirmation of future attendance in accordance with paragraph (a)(2)(ii)(A) and, if applicable, (a)(2)(ii)(B) of this section, but the student does not return as scheduled—
(
1
) The student is considered to have withdrawn from the payment period or period of enrollment; and
(
2
) The student's withdrawal date and the total number of calendar days in the payment period or period of enrollment would be the withdrawal date and total number of calendar days that would have applied if the student had not provided written confirmation of a future date of attendance in accordance with paragraph (a)(2)(ii)(A) of this section.
(iii)(A) If a student withdraws from a term-based credit-hour program offered in modules during a payment period or period of enrollment and reenters the same program prior to the end of the period, subject to conditions established by the Secretary, the student is eligible to receive any title IV, HEA program funds for which he or she was eligible prior to withdrawal, including funds that were returned by the institution or student under the provisions of this section, provided the student's enrollment status continues to support the full amount of those funds.
(B) In accordance with § 668.4(f), if a student withdraws from a clock-hour or nonterm credit hour program during a payment period or period of enrollment and then reenters the same program within 180 calendar days, the student remains in that same period when he or she returns and, subject to conditions established by the Secretary, is
eligible to receive any title IV, HEA program funds for which he or she was eligible prior to withdrawal, including funds that were returned by the institution or student under the provisions of this section.
(3) For purposes of this section, “title IV grant or loan assistance” includes only assistance from the Federal Perkins Loan, Direct Loan, FFEL, Federal Pell Grant, Academic Competitiveness Grant, National SMART Grant, TEACH Grant, and FSEOG programs, not including the non-Federal share of FSEOG awards if an institution meets its FSEOG matching share by the individual recipient method or the aggregate method.
(4) If the total amount of title IV grant or loan assistance, or both, that the student earned as calculated under paragraph (e)(1) of this section is less than the amount of title IV grant or loan assistance that was disbursed to the student or on behalf of the student in the case of a PLUS loan, as of the date of the institution's determination that the student withdrew—
(i) The difference between these amounts must be returned to the title IV programs in accordance with paragraphs (g) and (h) of this section in the order specified in paragraph (i) of this section; and
(ii) No additional disbursements may be made to the student for the payment period or period of enrollment.
(5) If the total amount of title IV grant or loan assistance, or both, that the student earned as calculated under paragraph (e)(1) of this section is greater than the total amount of title IV grant or loan assistance, or both, that was disbursed to the student or on behalf of the student in the case of a PLUS loan, as of the date of the institution's determination that the student withdrew, the difference between these amounts must be treated as a post-withdrawal disbursement in accordance with paragraph (a)(6) of this section and § 668.164(g).
(6)(i) A post-withdrawal disbursement must be made from available grant funds before available loan funds.
(ii)(A) If outstanding charges exist on the student's account, the institution may credit the student's account up to the amount of outstanding charges with all or a portion of any—
(
) Grant funds that make up the post-withdrawal disbursement in accordance with § 668.164(d)(1) and (d)(2); and
(
2
) Loan funds that make up the post-withdrawal disbursement in accordance with § 668.164(d)(1), (d)(2), and (d)(3) only after obtaining confirmation from the student or parent in the case of a parent PLUS loan, that they still wish to have the loan funds disbursed in accordance with paragraph (a)(6)(iii) of this section.
(B)(
1
) The institution must disburse directly to a student any amount of a post-withdrawal disbursement of grant funds that is not credited to the student's account. The institution must make the disbursement as soon as possible, but no later than 45 days after the date of the institution's determination that the student withdrew, as defined in paragraph (l)(3) of this section.
(
2
) The institution must offer to disburse directly to a student, or parent in the case of a parent PLUS loan, any amount of a post-withdrawal disbursement of loan funds that is not credited to the student's account, in accordance with paragraph (a)(6)(iii) of this section.
(
3
) The institution must make a direct disbursement of any loan funds that make up the post-withdrawal disbursement only after obtaining the student's, or parent's in the case of a parent PLUS loan, confirmation that the student or parent still wishes to have the loan funds disbursed in accordance with paragraph (a)(6)(iii) of this section.
(iii)(A) The institution must provide within 30 days of the date of the institution's determination that the student withdrew, as defined in paragraph (l)(3) of this section, a written notification to the student, or parent in the case of parent PLUS loan, that—
(
1
) Requests confirmation of any post-withdrawal disbursement of loan funds that the institution wishes to credit to the student's account in accordance with paragraph (a)(6)(ii)(A)(
2
) of this section, identifying the type and amount of those loan funds and explaining that a student, or parent in the case of a parent PLUS loan, may
accept or decline some or all of those funds;
(
2
) Requests confirmation of any post-withdrawal disbursement of loan funds that the student, or parent in the case of a parent PLUS loan, can receive as a direct disbursement, identifying the type and amount of these title IV funds and explaining that the student, or parent in the case of a parent PLUS loan, may accept or decline some or all of those funds;
(
3
) Explains that a student, or parent in the case of a parent PLUS loan, who does not confirm that a post-withdrawal disbursement of loan funds may be credited to the student's account may not receive any of those loan funds as a direct disbursement unless the institution concurs;
(
4
) Explains the obligation of the student, or parent in the case of a parent PLUS loan, to repay any loan funds he or she chooses to have disbursed; and
(
5
) Advises the student, or parent in the case of a parent PLUS loan, that no post-withdrawal disbursement of loan funds will be made, unless the institution chooses to make a post-withdrawal disbursement based on a late response in accordance with paragraph (a)(6)(iii)(C) of this section, if the student or parent in the case of a parent PLUS loan, does not respond within 14 days of the date that the institution sent the notification, or a later deadline set by the institution.
(B) The deadline for a student, or parent in the case of a parent PLUS loan, to accept a post-withdrawal disbursement under paragraph (a)(6)(iii)(A) of this section must be the same for both a confirmation of a direct disbursement of the post-withdrawal disbursement of loan funds and a confirmation of a post-withdrawal disbursement of loan funds to be credited to the student's account.
(C) If the student, or parent in the case of a parent PLUS loan, submits a timely response that confirms that they wish to receive all or a portion of a direct disbursement of the post-withdrawal disbursement of loan funds, or confirms that a post-withdrawal disbursement of loan funds may be credited to the student's account, the institution must disburse the funds in the manner specified by the student, or parent in the case of a parent PLUS loan, as soon as possible, but no later than 180 days after the date of the institution's determination that the student withdrew, as defined in paragraph (l)(3) of this section.
(D) If a student, or parent in the case of a parent PLUS loan, submits a late response to the institution's notice requesting confirmation, the institution may make the post-withdrawal disbursement of loan funds as instructed by the student, or parent in the case of a parent PLUS loan (provided the institution disburses all the funds accepted by the student, or parent in the case of a parent PLUS loan), or decline to do so.
(E) If a student, or parent in the case of a parent PLUS loan, submits a late response to the institution and the institution does not choose to make the post-withdrawal disbursement of loan funds, the institution must inform the student, or parent in the case of a parent PLUS loan, in writing of the outcome of the post-withdrawal disbursement request.
(F) If the student, or parent in the case of a parent PLUS loan, does not respond to the institution's notice, no portion of the post-withdrawal disbursement of loan funds that the institution wishes to credit to the student's account, nor any portion of loan funds that would be disbursed directly to the student, or parent in the case of a parent PLUS loan, may be disbursed.
(iv) An institution must document in the student's file the result of any notification made in accordance with paragraph (a)(6)(iii) of this section of the student's right to cancel all or a portion of loan funds or of the student's right to accept or decline loan funds, and the final determination made concerning the disbursement.
(b)
Withdrawal date for a student who withdraws from an institution that is required to take attendance.
(1) For purposes of this section, for a student who ceases attendance at an institution that is required to take attendance, including a student who does not return from an approved leave of absence, as defined in paragraph (d) of this section, or a student who takes a leave of absence that does not meet the requirements of paragraph (d) of this section,
the student's withdrawal date is the last date of academic attendance as determined by the institution from its attendance records.
(2) An institution must document a student's withdrawal date determined in accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of this section and maintain the documentation as of the date of the institution's determination that the student withdrew, as defined in paragraph (l)(3) of this section.
(3)(i) An institution is required to take attendance if—
(A) An outside entity (such as the institution's accrediting agency or a State agency) has a requirement that the institution take attendance;
(B) The institution itself has a requirement that its instructors take attendance; or
(C) The institution or an outside entity has a requirement that can only be met by taking attendance or a comparable process, including, but not limited to, requiring that students in a program demonstrate attendance in the classes of that program, or a portion of that program.
(ii) If, in accordance with paragraph (b)(3)(i) of this section, an institution is required to take attendance or requires that attendance be taken for only some students, the institution must use its attendance records to determine a withdrawal date in accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of this section for those students.
(iii)(A) If, in accordance with paragraph (b)(3)(i) of this section, an institution is required to take attendance, or requires that attendance be taken, for a limited period, the institution must use its attendance records to determine a withdrawal date in accordance with paragraph (b)(3)(i) of this section for that limited period.
(B) A student in attendance the last time attendance is required to be taken during the limited period identified in paragraph (b)(3)(iii)(A) of this section who subsequently stops attending during the payment period will be treated as a student for whom the institution was not required to take attendance.
(iv) If an institution is required to take attendance or requires that attendance be taken, on only one specified day to meet a census reporting requirement, the institution is not considered to take attendance.
(c)
Withdrawal date for a student who withdraws from an institution that is not required to take attendance.
(1) For purposes of this section, for a student who ceases attendance at an institution that is not required to take attendance, the student's withdrawal date is—
(i) The date, as determined by the institution, that the student began the withdrawal process prescribed by the institution;
(ii) The date, as determined by the institution, that the student otherwise provided official notification to the institution, in writing or orally, of his or her intent to withdraw;
(iii) If the student ceases attendance without providing official notification to the institution of his or her withdrawal in accordance with paragraph (c)(1)(i) or (c)(1)(ii) of this section, the mid-point of the payment period (or period of enrollment, if applicable);
(iv) If the institution determines that a student did not begin the institution's withdrawal process or otherwise provide official notification (including notice from an individual acting on the student's behalf) to the institution of his or her intent to withdraw because of illness, accident, grievous personal loss, or other such circumstances beyond the student's control, the date that the institution determines is related to that circumstance;
(v) If a student does not return from an approved leave of absence as defined in paragraph (d) of this section, the date that the institution determines the student began the leave of absence; or
(vi) If a student takes a leave of absence that does not meet the requirements of paragraph (d) of this section, the date that the student began the leave of absence.
(2)(i)(A) An institution may allow a student to rescind his or her official notification to withdraw under paragraph (c)(1)(i) or (ii) of this section by filing a written statement that he or she is continuing to participate in academically-related activities and intends to complete the payment period or period of enrollment.
(B) If the student subsequently ceases to attend the institution prior to the end of the payment period or period of enrollment, the student's rescission is negated and the withdrawal date is the student's original date under paragraph (c)(1)(i) or (ii) of this section, unless a later date is determined under paragraph (c)(3) of this section.
(ii) If a student both begins the withdrawal process prescribed by the institution and otherwise provides official notification of his or her intent to withdraw in accordance with paragraphs (c)(1)(i) and (c)(1)(ii) of this section respectively, the student's withdrawal date is the earlier date unless a later date is determined under paragraph (c)(3) of this section.
(3) Notwithstanding paragraphs (c)(1) and (2) of this section, an institution that is not required to take attendance may use as the student's withdrawal date a student's last date of attendance at an academically-related activity provided that the institution documents that the activity is academically related and documents the student's attendance at the activity.
(4) An institution must document a student's withdrawal date determined in accordance with paragraphs (c)(1), (2), and (3) of this section and maintain the documentation as of the date of the institution's determination that the student withdrew, as defined in paragraph (l)(3) of this section.
(5)(i) “Official notification to the institution” is a notice of intent to withdraw that a student provides to an office designated by the institution.
(ii) An institution must designate one or more offices at the institution that a student may readily contact to provide official notification of withdrawal.
(d)
Approved leave of absence.
(1) For purposes of this section (and, for a title IV, HEA program loan borrower, for purposes of terminating the student's in-school status), an institution does not have to treat a leave of absence as a withdrawal if it is an approved leave of absence. A leave of absence is an approved leave of absence if—
(i) The institution has a formal policy regarding leaves of absence;
(ii) The student followed the institution's policy in requesting the leave of absence;
(iii) The institution determines that there is a reasonable expectation that the student will return to the school;
(iv) The institution approved the student's request in accordance with the institution's policy;
(v) The leave of absence does not involve additional charges by the institution;
(vi) The number of days in the approved leave of absence, when added to the number of days in all other approved leaves of absence, does not exceed 180 days in any 12-month period;
(vii) Except for a clock hour or nonterm credit hour program, upon the student's return from the leave of absence, the student is permitted to complete the coursework he or she began prior to the leave of absence; and
(viii) If the student is a title IV, HEA program loan recipient, the institution explains to the student, prior to granting the leave of absence, the effects that the student's failure to return from a leave of absence may have on the student's loan repayment terms, including the exhaustion of some or all of the student's grace period.
(2) If a student does not resume attendance at the institution at or before the end of a leave of absence that meets the requirements of this section, the institution must treat the student as a withdrawal in accordance with the requirements of this section.
(3) For purposes of this paragraph—
(i) The number of days in a leave of absence is counted beginning with the first day of the student's initial leave of absence in a 12-month period.
(ii) A “12-month period” begins on the first day of the student's initial leave of absence.
(iii) An institution's leave of absence policy is a “formal policy” if the policy—
(A) Is in writing and publicized to students; and
(B) Requires students to provide a written, signed, and dated request, that includes the reason for the request, for a leave of absence prior to the leave of absence. However, if unforeseen circumstances prevent a student from providing a prior written request, the
institution may grant the student's request for a leave of absence, if the institution documents its decision and collects the written request at a later date.
(e)
Calculation of the amount of title IV assistance earned by the student
—(1)
General.
The amount of title IV grant or loan assistance that is earned by the student is calculated by—
(i) Determining the percentage of title IV grant or loan assistance that has been earned by the student, as described in paragraph (e)(2) of this section; and
(ii) Applying this percentage to the total amount of title IV grant or loan assistance that was disbursed (and that could have been disbursed, as defined in paragraph (l)(1) of this section) to the student, or on the student's behalf, for the payment period or period of enrollment as of the student's withdrawal date.
(2)
Percentage earned.
The percentage of title IV grant or loan assistance that has been earned by the student is—
(i) Equal to the percentage of the payment period or period of enrollment that the student completed (as determined in accordance with paragraph (f) of this section) as of the student's withdrawal date, if this date occurs on or before—
(A) Completion of 60 percent of the payment period or period of enrollment for a program that is measured in credit hours; or
(B) Sixty percent of the clock hours scheduled to be completed for the payment period or period of enrollment for a program that is measured in clock hours; or
(ii) 100 percent, if the student's withdrawal date occurs after—
(A) Completion of 60 percent of the payment period or period of enrollment for a program that is measured in credit hours; or
(B) Sixty percent of the clock hours scheduled to be completed for the payment period or period of enrollment for a program measured in clock hours.
(3)
Percentage unearned.
The percentage of title IV grant or loan assistance that has not been earned by the student is calculated by determining the complement of the percentage of title IV grant or loan assistance earned by the student as described in paragraph (e)(2) of this section.
(4)
Total amount of unearned title IV assistance to be returned.
The unearned amount of title IV assistance to be returned is calculated by subtracting the amount of title IV assistance earned by the student as calculated under paragraph (e)(1) of this section from the amount of title IV aid that was disbursed to the student as of the date of the institution's determination that the student withdrew.
(5)
Use of payment period or period of enrollment.
(i) The treatment of title IV grant or loan funds if a student withdraws must be determined on a payment period basis for a student who attended a standard term-based (semester, trimester, or quarter) educational program.
(ii)(A) The treatment of title IV grant or loan funds if a student withdraws may be determined on either a payment period basis or a period of enrollment basis for a student who attended a non-term based educational program or a nonstandard term-based educational program.
(B) An institution must consistently use either a payment period or period of enrollment for all purposes of this section for each of the following categories of students who withdraw from the same non-term based or nonstandard term-based educational program:
(
1
) Students who have attended an educational program at the institution from the beginning of the payment period or period of enrollment.
(
) Students who re-enter the institution during a payment period or period of enrollment.
(
3
) Students who transfer into the institution during a payment period or period of enrollment.
(iii) For a program that measures progress in credit hours and uses nonstandard terms that are not substantially equal in length, if the institution uses the payment period to determine the treatment of title IV grant or loan funds for a category of students found in paragraph (e)(5)(ii)(B) of this section, the institution must—
(A)(
1
) For students in the category who are disbursed or could have been disbursed aid using both the payment
period definition in § 668.4(b)(1) and the payment period definition in § 668.4(b)(2), use the payment period during which the student withdrew that ends later; and
(
2
) If in the payment period that ends later there are funds that have been or could have been disbursed from overlapping payment periods, the institution must include in the return calculation any funds that can be attributed to the payment period that ends later; and
(B) For students in the category who are disbursed or could have been disbursed aid using only the payment period definition in § 668.4(b)(1) or the payment period definition in § 668.4(b)(2), use the payment period definition for which title IV, HEA program funds were disbursed for a student's calculation under this section.
(f)
Percentage of payment period or period of enrollment completed.
(1) For purposes of paragraph (e)(2)(i) of this section, the percentage of the payment period or period of enrollment completed is determined—
(i) In the case of a program that is measured in credit hours, by dividing the total number of calendar days in the payment period or period of enrollment into the number of calendar days completed in that period as of the student's withdrawal date; and
(ii)(A) In the case of a program that is measured in clock hours, by dividing the total number of clock hours in the payment period or period of enrollment into the number of clock hours scheduled to be completed as of the student's withdrawal date.
(B) The scheduled clock hours used must be those established by the institution prior to the student's beginning class date for the payment period or period of enrollment and must be consistent with the published materials describing the institution's programs, unless the schedule was modified prior to the student's withdrawal.
(C) The schedule must have been established in accordance with requirements of the accrediting agency and the State licensing agency, if such standards exist.
(2)(i) The total number of calendar days in a payment period or period of enrollment includes all days within the period that the student was scheduled to complete, except that scheduled breaks of at least five consecutive days are excluded from the total number of calendar days in a payment period or period of enrollment and the number of calendar days completed in that period.
(ii) The total number of calendar days in a payment period or period of enrollment does not include—
(A) Days in which the student was on an approved leave of absence; or
(B) For a payment period or period of enrollment in which any courses in the program are offered in modules, any scheduled breaks of at least five consecutive days when the student is not scheduled to attend a module or other course offered during that period of time.
(g)
Return of unearned aid, responsibility of the institution.
(1) The institution must return, in the order specified in paragraph (i) of this section, the lesser of—
(i) The total amount of unearned title IV assistance to be returned as calculated under paragraph (e)(4) of this section; or
(ii) An amount equal to the total institutional charges incurred by the student for the payment period or period of enrollment multiplied by the percentage of title IV grant or loan assistance that has not been earned by the student, as described in paragraph (e)(3) of this section.
(2) For purposes of this section, “institutional charges” are tuition, fees, room and board (if the student contracts with the institution for the room and board) and other educationally-related expenses assessed by the institution.
(3) If, for a non-term program an institution chooses to calculate the treatment of title IV assistance on a payment period basis, but the institution charges for a period that is longer than the payment period, “total institutional charges incurred by the student for the payment period” is the greater of—
(i) The prorated amount of institutional charges for the longer period; or
(ii) The amount of title IV assistance retained for institutional charges as of the student's withdrawal date.
(h)
Return of unearned aid, responsibility of the student.
(1) After the institution has allocated the unearned funds for which it is responsible in accordance with paragraph (g) of this section, the student must return assistance for which the student is responsible in the order specified in paragraph (i) of this section.
(2) The amount of assistance that the student is responsible for returning is calculated by subtracting the amount of unearned aid that the institution is required to return under paragraph (g) of this section from the total amount of unearned title IV assistance to be returned under paragraph (e)(4) of this section.
(3) The student (or parent in the case of funds due to a parent PLUS Loan) must return or repay, as appropriate, the amount determined under paragraph (h)(1) of this section to—
(i) Any title IV loan program in accordance with the terms of the loan; and
(ii) Any title IV grant program as an overpayment of the grant; however, a student is not required to return the following—
(A) The portion of a grant overpayment amount that is equal to or less than 50 percent of the total grant assistance that was disbursed (and that could have been disbursed, as defined in paragraph (l)(1) of this section) to the student for the payment period or period of enrollment.
(B) With respect to any grant program, a grant overpayment amount, as determined after application of paragraph (h)(3)(ii)(A) of this section, of 50 dollars or less that is not a remaining balance.
(4)(i) A student who owes an overpayment under this section remains eligible for title IV, HEA program funds through and beyond the earlier of 45 days from the date the institution sends a notification to the student of the overpayment, or 45 days from the date the institution was required to notify the student of the overpayment if, during those 45 days the student—
(A) Repays the overpayment in full to the institution;
(B) Enters into a repayment agreement with the institution in accordance with repayment arrangements satisfactory to the institution; or
(C) Signs a repayment agreement with the Secretary, which will include terms that permit a student to repay the overpayment while maintaining his or her eligibility for title IV, HEA program funds.
(ii) Within 30 days of the date of the institution's determination that the student withdrew, an institution must send a notice to any student who owes a title IV, HEA grant overpayment as a result of the student's withdrawal from the institution in order to recover the overpayment in accordance with paragraph (h)(4)(i) of this section.
(iii) If an institution chooses to enter into a repayment agreement in accordance with paragraph (h)(4)(i)(B) of this section with a student who owes an overpayment of title IV, HEA grant funds, it must—
(A) Provide the student with terms that permit the student to repay the overpayment while maintaining his or her eligibility for title IV, HEA program funds; and
(B) Require repayment of the full amount of the overpayment within two years of the date of the institution's determination that the student withdrew.
(iv) An institution must refer to the Secretary, in accordance with procedures required by the Secretary, an overpayment of title IV, HEA grant funds owed by a student as a result of the student's withdrawal from the institution if—
(A) The student does not repay the overpayment in full to the institution, or enter a repayment agreement with the institution or the Secretary in accordance with paragraph (h)(4)(i) of this section within the earlier of 45 days from the date the institution sends a notification to the student of the overpayment, or 45 days from the date the institution was required to notify the student of the overpayment;
(B) At any time the student fails to meet the terms of the repayment agreement with the institution entered into in accordance with paragraph (h)(4)(i)(B) of this section; or
(C) The student chooses to enter into a repayment agreement with the Secretary.
(v) A student who owes an overpayment is ineligible for title IV, HEA program funds—
(A) If the student does not meet the requirements in paragraph (h)(4)(i) of this section, on the day following the 45-day period in that paragraph; or
(B) As of the date the student fails to meet the terms of the repayment agreement with the institution or the Secretary entered into in accordance with paragraph (h)(4)(i) of this section.
(vi) A student who is ineligible under paragaraph (h)(4)(v) of this section regains eligibility if the student and the Secretary enter into a repayment agreement.
(5) The Secretary may waive grant overpayment amounts that students are required to return under this section if the withdrawals on which the returns are based are withdrawals by students—
(i) Who were residing in, employed in, or attending an institution of higher education that is located in an area in which the President has declared that a major disaster exists, in accordance with section 401 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5170);
(ii) Whose attendance was interrupted because of the impact of the disaster on the student or institution; and
(iii) Whose withdrawal occurred within the award year during which the designation occurred or during the next succeeding award year.
(i)
Order of return of title IV funds
—(1)
Loans.
Unearned funds returned by the institution or the student, as appropriate, in accordance with paragraph (g) or (h) of this section respectively, must be credited to outstanding balances on title IV loans made to the student or on behalf of the student for the payment period or period of enrollment for which a return of funds is required. Those funds must be credited to outstanding balances for the payment period or period of enrollment for which a return of funds is required in the following order:
(i) Unsubsidized Federal Stafford loans.
(ii) Subsidized Federal Stafford loans.
(iii) Unsubsidized Federal Direct Stafford loans.
(iv) Subsidized Federal Direct Stafford loans.
(v) Federal Perkins loans.
(vi) Federal PLUS loans received on behalf of the student.
(vii) Federal Direct PLUS received on behalf of the student.
(2)
Remaining funds.
If unearned funds remain to be returned after repayment of all outstanding loan amounts, the remaining excess must be credited to any amount awarded for the payment period or period of enrollment for which a return of funds is required in the following order:
(i) Federal Pell Grants.
(j)
Timeframe for the return of title IV funds.
(1) An institution must return the amount of title IV funds for which it is responsible under paragraph (g) of this section as soon as possible but no later than 45 days after the date of the institution's determination that the student withdrew as defined in paragraph (l)(3) of this section. The timeframe for returning funds is further described in § 668.173(b).
(2) For an institution that is not required to take attendance, an institution must determine the withdrawal date for a student who withdraws without providing notification to the institution no later than 30 days after the end of the earlier of the—
(i) Payment period or period of enrollment, as appropriate, in accordance with paragraph (e)(5) of this section;
(ii) Academic year in which the student withdrew; or
(iii) Educational program from which the student withdrew.
(k)
Consumer information.
An institution must provide students with information about the requirements of this section in accordance with § 668.43.
(l)
Definitions.
For purposes of this section—
(1) Title IV grant or loan funds that “could have been disbursed” are determined in accordance with the late disbursement provisions in § 668.164(g).
(2) A “period of enrollment” is the academic period established by the institution for which institutional
charges are generally assessed (i.e. length of the student's program or academic year).
(3) The “date of the institution's determination that the student withdrew” for an institution that is not required to take attendance is—
(i) For a student who provides notification to the institution of his or her withdrawal, the student's withdrawal date as determined under paragraph (c) of this section or the date of notification of withdrawal, whichever is later;
(ii) For a student who did not provide notification of his of her withdrawal to the institution, the date that the institution becomes aware that the student ceased attendance;
(iii) For a student who does not return from an approved leave of absence, the earlier of the date of the end of the leave of absence or the date the student notifies the institution that he or she will not be returning to the institution; or
(iv) For a student whose rescission is negated under paragraph (c)(2)(i)(B) of this section, the date the institution becomes aware that the student did not, or will not, complete the payment period or period of enrollment.
(v) For a student who takes a leave of absence that is not approved in accordance with paragraph (d) of this section, the date that the student begins the leave of absence.
(4) A “recipient of title IV grant or loan assistance” is a student for whom the requirements of § 668.164(g)(2) have been met.
(5) Terms are “substantially equal in length” if no term in the program is more than two weeks of instructional time longer than any other term in that program.
(6) A program is “offered in modules” if a course or courses in the program do not span the entire length of the payment period or period of enrollment.
(7)(i) “Academic attendance” and “attendance at an academically-related activity”—
(A) Include, but are not limited to—
(
1
) Physically attending a class where there is an opportunity for direct interaction between the instructor and students;
(
) Participating in the institution's meal plan;
(
) Logging into an online class without active participation; or
(
4
) Participating in academic counseling or advisement.
(ii) A determination of “academic attendance” or “attendance at an academically-related activity” must be made by the institution; a student's certification of attendance that is not supported by institutional documentation is not acceptable.
(8) A program is a nonstandard-term program if the program is a term-based program that does not qualify under 34 CFR 690.63(a)(1) or (a)(2) to calculate Federal Pell Grant payments under 34 CFR 690.63(b) or (c).
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1845-0022)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1070g, 1091b)
[64 FR 59038, Nov. 1, 1999, as amended at 67 FR 67073, Nov. 1, 2002; 71 FR 45694, Aug. 9, 2006; 71 FR 64397, Nov. 1, 2006; 72 FR 62027, Nov. 1, 2007; 73 FR 35493, June 23, 2008; 75 FR 66951, Oct. 29, 2010]
§ 668.23
Compliance audits and audited financial statements.
(a)
—(1)
Independent auditor.
For purposes of this section, the term “independent auditor” refers to an independent certified public accountant or a government auditor. To conduct an audit under this section, a government auditor must meet the Government Auditing Standards qualification and independence standards, including standards related to organizational independence.
(2)
Institutions.
An institution that participates in any title IV, HEA program must at least annually have an
independent auditor conduct a compliance audit of its administration of that program and an audit of the institution's general purpose financial statements.
(3)
Third-party servicers.
Except as provided under this part or 34 CFR part 682, with regard to complying with the provisions under this section a third-party servicer must follow the procedures contained in the audit guides developed by and available from the Department of Education's Office of Inspector General. A third-party servicer is defined under § 668.2 and 34 CFR 682.200.
(4)
Submission deadline.
Except as provided by the Single Audit Act, Chapter 75 of title 31, United States Code, an institution must submit annually to the Secretary its compliance audit and its audited financial statements no later than six months after the last day of the institution's fiscal year.
(5)
Audit submission requirements.
In general, the Secretary considers the compliance audit and audited financial statement submission requirements of this section to be satisfied by an audit conducted in accordance with the Office of Management and Budget Circular A-133, Audits of States, Local Governments, and Non-Profit Organizations, or the audit guides developed by and available from the Department of Education's Inspector General, whichever is applicable to the entity, and provided that the Federal student aid functions performed by that entity are covered in the submission. (Both OMB circulars are available by calling OMB's Publication Office at (202) 395-7332, or they can be obtained in electronic form on the OMB Home Page (
http://www.whitehouse.gov
(b)
Compliance audits for institutions.
(1) An institution's compliance audit must cover, on a fiscal year basis, all title IV, HEA program transactions, and must cover all of those transactions that have occurred since the period covered by the institution's last compliance audit.
(2) The compliance audit required under this section must be conducted in accordance with—
(i) The general standards and the standards for compliance audits contained in the U.S. General Accounting Office's (GAO's) Government Auditing Standards. (This publication is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402); and
(ii) Procedures for audits contained in audit guides developed by, and available from, the Department of Education's Office of Inspector General.
(3) The Secretary may require an institution to provide a copy of its compliance audit report to guaranty agencies or eligible lenders under the FFEL programs, State agencies, the Secretary of Veterans Affairs, or nationally recognized accrediting agencies.
(c)
Compliance audits for third-party servicers.
(1) A third-party servicer that administers title IV, HEA programs for institutions does not have to have a compliance audit performed if—
(i) The servicer contracts with only one institution; and
(ii) The audit of that institution's administration of the title IV, HEA programs involves every aspect of the servicer's administration of that program for that institution.
(2) A third-party servicer that contracts with more than one participating institution may submit a compliance audit report that covers the servicer's administration of the title IV, HEA programs for all institutions with which the servicer contracts.
(3) A third-party servicer must submit annually to the Secretary its compliance audit no later than six months after the last day of the servicer's fiscal year.
(4) The Secretary may require a third-party servicer to provide a copy of its compliance audit report to guaranty agencies or eligible lenders under the FFEL programs, State agencies, the Secretary of Veterans Affairs, or nationally recognized accrediting agencies.
(d)
—(1)
General.
To enable the Secretary to make a determination of financial responsibility, an institution must, to the extent requested by the Secretary, submit to the Secretary a set of financial statements for its latest complete fiscal year, as well as any other documentation the Secretary deems necessary to make that determination. Financial statements submitted to the
Secretary must be prepared on an accrual basis in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and audited by an independent auditor in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards, issued by the Comptroller General of the United States and other guidance contained in the Office of Management and Budget Circular A-133, Audits of States, Local Governments, and Non-Profit Organizations; or in audit guides developed by, and available from, the Department of Education's Office of Inspector General, whichever is applicable. As part of these financial statements, the institution must include a detailed description of related entities based on the definition of a related entity as set forth in the Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) 57. The disclosure requirements under this provision extend beyond those of SFAS 57 to include all related parties and a level of detail that would enable to Secretary to readily identify the related party. Such information may include, but is not limited to, the name, location and a description of the related entity including the nature and amount of any transactions between the related party and the institution, financial or otherwise, regardless of when they occurred.
(2)
Submission of additional financial statements.
To the extent requested by the Secretary in determining whether an institution is financially responsible, the Secretary may also require the submission of audited consolidated financial statements, audited full consolidating financial statements, audited combined financial statements or the audited financial statements of one or more related parties that have the ability, either individually or collectively, to significantly influence or control the institution, as determined by the Secretary.
(3)
Disclosure of Title IV, HEA program revenue.
A proprietary institution must disclose in a footnote to its financial statement audit the percentage of its revenues derived from the Title IV, HEA program funds that the institution received during the fiscal year covered by that audit. The revenue percentage must be calculated in accordance with § 668.28. The institution must also report in the footnote the dollar amount of the numerator and denominator of its 90/10 ratio as well as the individual revenue amounts identified in section 2 of appendix C to subpart B of part 668.
(4)
Audited financial statements for third-party servicers.
A third-party servicer that enters into a contract with a lender or guaranty agency to administer any aspect of the lender's or guaranty agency's programs, as provided under 34 CFR part 682, must submit annually an audited financial statement. This financial statement must be prepared on an accrual basis in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and audited by an independent auditor in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards and other guidance contained in audit guides issued by the Department of Education's Office of Inspector General.
(e)
Access to records.
(1) An institution or a third-party servicer that has a compliance or financial statement audit conducted under this section must—
(i) Give the Secretary and the Inspector General access to records or other documents necessary to review that audit, including the right to obtain copies of those records or documents; and
(ii) Require an individual or firm conducting the audit to give the Secretary and the Inspector General access to records, audit work papers, or other documents necessary to review that audit, including the right to obtain copies of those records, work papers, or documents.
(2) An institution must give the Secretary and the Inspector General access to records or other documents necessary to review a third-party servicer's compliance or financial statement audit, including the right to obtain copies of those records or documents.
(f)
Determination of liabilities.
(1) Based on the audit finding and the institution's or third-party servicer's response, the Secretary determines the amount of liability, if any, owed by the institution or servicer and instructs the institution or servicer as to the manner of repayment.
(2) If the Secretary determines that a third-party servicer owes a liability for its administration of an institution's title IV, HEA programs, the servicer must notify each institution under whose contract the servicer owes a liability of that determination. The servicer must also notify every institution that contracts with the servicer for the same service that the Secretary determined that a liability was owed.
(g)
Repayments.
(1) An institution or third-party servicer that must repay funds under the procedures in this section shall repay those funds at the direction of the Secretary within 45 days of the date of the Secretary's notification, unless—
(i) The institution or servicer files an appeal under the procedures established in subpart H of this part; or
(ii) The Secretary permits a longer repayment period.
(2) Notwithstanding paragraphs (f) and (g)(1) of this section—
(i) If an institution or third-party servicer has posted surety or has provided a third-party guarantee and the Secretary questions expenditures or compliance with applicable requirements and identifies liabilities, then the Secretary may determine that deferring recourse to the surety or guarantee is not appropriate because—
(A) The need to provide relief to students or borrowers affected by the act or omission giving rise to the liability outweighs the importance of deferring collection action until completion of available appeal proceedings; or
(B) The terms of the surety or guarantee do not provide complete assurance that recourse to that protection will be fully available through the completion of available appeal proceedings; or
(ii) The Secretary may use administrative offset pursuant to 34 CFR part 30 to collect the funds owed under the procedures of this section.
(3) If, under the proceedings in subpart H, liabilities asserted in the Secretary's notification, under paragraph (e)(1) of this section, to the institution or third-party servicer are upheld, the institution or third-party servicer must repay those funds at the direction of the Secretary within 30 days of the final decision under subpart H of this part unless—
(i) The Secretary permits a longer repayment period; or
(ii) The Secretary determines that earlier collection action is appropriate pursuant to paragraph (g)(2) of this section.
(4) An institution is held responsible for any liability owed by the institution's third-party servicer for a violation incurred in servicing any aspect of that institution's participation in the title IV, HEA programs and remains responsible for that amount until that amount is repaid in full.
(h)
Audit submission requirements for foreign institutions.
(1)
Audited financial statements.
(i) The Secretary waives for that fiscal year the submission of audited financial statements if the institution is a foreign public or nonprofit institution that received less than $500,000 in U.S. title IV program funds during its most recently completed fiscal year, unless that foreign public or nonprofit institution is in its initial provisional period of participation, and received title IV program funds during that fiscal year, in which case the institution must submit, in English, audited financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles of the institution's home country.
(ii) Except as provided in paragraph (h)(1)(iii) of this section, a foreign institution that received $500,000 or more in U.S. title IV program funds during its most recently completed fiscal year must submit, in English, for each most recently completed fiscal year in which it received title IV program funds, audited financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles of the institution's home country along with corresponding audited financial statements that meet the requirements of paragraph (d) of this section.
(iii) In lieu of making the submission required by paragraph (h)(1)(ii) of this section, a public or private nonprofit institution that received—
(A) $500,000 or more in U.S. title IV program funds, but less than $3,000,000 in U.S. title IV program funds during its most recently completed fiscal year, may submit for that year, in
English, audited financial statements prepared in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles of the institution's home country, and is not required to submit the corresponding audited financial statements that meet the requirements of paragraph (d) of this section;
(B) At least $3,000,000, but less than $10,000,000 in U.S. title IV, program funds during its most recently completed fiscal year, must submit in English, for each most recently completed fiscal year, audited financial statements prepared in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles of the institution's home country along with corresponding audited financial statements that meet the requirements of paragraph (d) of this section, except that an institution that continues to receive at least $3,000,000 but less than $10,000,000, in U.S. title IV funds during its most recently completed fiscal year may omit the audited financial statements that meet the requirements of paragraph (d) of this section for up to two consecutive years following the submission of audited financial statements that meet the requirements of paragraph (d) of this section.
(2)
Compliance audits.
A foreign institution's compliance audit must cover, on a fiscal year basis, all title IV, HEA program transactions, and must cover all of those transactions that have occurred since the period covered by the institution's last compliance audit. A compliance audit that is due under this paragraph must be submitted no later than six months after the last day of the institution's fiscal year, and must meet the following requirements:
(i) If the foreign institution received $500,000 or more in U.S. dollars in title IV, HEA program funds during its most recently completed fiscal year, it must submit a standard compliance audit for that prior fiscal year that is performed in accordance with audit guides developed by, and available from, the Department of Education's Office of Inspector General, together with an alternative compliance audit or audits prepared in accordance with paragraph (h)(2)(ii) of this section for any preceding fiscal year or years in which the foreign institution received less than $500,000 in U.S. dollars in title IV, HEA program funds and for which a compliance audit has not already been submitted;
(ii) If the foreign institution received less than $500,000 U.S. in title IV, HEA program funds for its most recently completed fiscal year, it must submit an alternative compliance audit for that prior fiscal year that is performed in accordance with audit guides developed by, and available from, the Department of Education's Office of Inspector General, except as noted in paragraph (h)(2)(iii) of this section.
(iii) If so notified by the Secretary, a foreign institution may submit an alternative compliance audit performed in accordance with audit guides developed by, and available from, the Department of Education's Office of Inspector General, that covers a period not to exceed three of the institution's consecutive fiscal years if such audit is submitted either no later than six months after the last day of the most recent fiscal year, or contemporaneously with a standard compliance audit timely submitted under paragraph (h)(2)(i) or (h)(3)(ii) of this section for the most recently completed fiscal year, and if the following conditions are met:
(A) The institution received less than $500,000 in title IV, HEA program funds for its most recently completed fiscal year.
(B) The institution has timely submitted acceptable compliance audits for two consecutive fiscal years, and following such submission, has no history of late submission since then.
(C) The institution is fully certified.
(3)(i)
Exceptions.
Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraphs (h)(1)(i) and (h)(1)(iii) of this section, the Secretary may issue a letter to a foreign institution that identifies problems with its financial condition or financial reporting and requires the submission of audited financial statements in the manner specified by the Secretary.
(ii) Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraphs (h)(2)(ii) and (h)(2)(iii) of this section, the Secretary may issue to a foreign institution a letter that
identifies problems with its administrative capability or compliance reporting that may require the compliance audit to be performed at a higher level of engagement, and may require the compliance audit to be submitted annually.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1840-0697)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1088, 1094, 1099c, 1141, and section 4 of Pub. L. 95-452, 92 Stat. 1101-1109)
[61 FR 60569, Nov. 29, 1996, as amended at 62 FR 27128, May 16, 1997; 62 FR 62876, Nov. 25, 1997; 74 FR 55936, Oct. 29, 2009; 75 FR 67198, Nov. 1, 2010]
§ 668.24
(a)
Program records.
An institution shall establish and maintain, on a current basis, any application for title IV, HEA program funds and program records that document—
(1) Its eligibility to participate in the title IV, HEA programs;
(2) The eligibility of its educational programs for title IV, HEA program funds;
(3) Its administration of the title IV, HEA programs in accordance with all applicable requirements;
(4) Its financial responsibility, as specified in this part;
(5) Information included in any application for title IV, HEA program funds; and
(6) Its disbursement and delivery of title IV, HEA program funds.
(b)
Fiscal records.
(1) An institution shall account for the receipt and expenditure of title IV, HEA program funds in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
(2) An institution shall establish and maintain on a current basis—
(i) Financial records that reflect each HEA, title IV program transaction; and
(ii) General ledger control accounts and related subsidiary accounts that identify each title IV, HEA program transaction and separate those transactions from all other institutional financial activity.
(c)
Required records.
(1) The records that an institution must maintain in order to comply with the provisions of this section include but are not limited to—
(i) The Student Aid Report (SAR) or Institutional Student Information Record (ISIR) used to determine eligibility for title IV, HEA program funds;
(ii) Application data submitted to the Secretary, lender, or guaranty agency by the institution on behalf of the student or parent;
(iii) Documentation of each student's or parent borrower's eligibility for title IV, HEA program funds;
(iv) Documentation relating to each student's or parent borrower's receipt of title IV, HEA program funds, including but not limited to documentation of—
(A) The amount of the grant, loan, or FWS award; its payment period; its loan period, if appropriate; and the calculations used to determine the amount of the grant, loan, or FWS award;
(B) The date and amount of each disbursement or delivery of grant or loan funds, and the date and amount of each payment of FWS wages;
(C) The amount, date, and basis of the institution's calculation of any refunds or overpayments due to or on behalf of the student, or the treatment of title IV, HEA program funds when a student withdraws; and
(D) The payment of any overpayment or the return of any title IV, HEA program funds to the title IV, HEA program fund, a lender, or the Secretary, as appropriate;
(v) Documentation of and information collected at any initial or exit loan counseling required by applicable program regulations;
(vi) Reports and forms used by the institution in its participation in a title IV, HEA program, and any records needed to verify data that appear in those reports and forms; and
(vii) Documentation supporting the institution's calculations of its completion or graduation rates under §§ 668.46 and 668.49.
(2) In addition to the records required under this part—
(i) Participants in the Federal Perkins Loan Program shall follow procedures established in 34 CFR 674.19 for documentation of repayment history for that program;
(ii) Participants in the FWS Program shall follow procedures established in
34 CFR 675.19 for documentation of work, earnings, and payroll transactions for that program; and
(iii) Participants in the FFEL Program shall follow procedures established in 34 CFR 682.610 for documentation of additional loan record requirements for that program.
(d)
General.
(1) An institution shall maintain required records in a systematically organized manner.
(2) An institution shall make its records readily available for review by the Secretary or the Secretary's authorized representative at an institutional location designated by the Secretary or the Secretary's authorized representative.
(3) An institution may keep required records in hard copy or in microform, computer file, optical disk, CD-ROM, or other media formats, provided that—
(i) Except for the records described in paragraph (d)(3)(ii) of this section, all record information must be retrievable in a coherent hard copy format or in other media formats acceptable to the Secretary;
(ii) An institution shall maintain the Student Aid Report (SAR) or Institutional Student Information Record (ISIR) used to determine eligibility for title IV, HEA program funds in the format in which it was received by the institution, except that the SAR may be maintained in an imaged media format;
(iii) Any imaged media format used to maintain required records must be capable of reproducing an accurate, legible, and complete copy of the original document, and, when printed, this copy must be approximately the same size as the original document;
(iv) Any document that contains a signature, seal, certification, or any other image or mark required to validate the authenticity of its information must be maintained in its original hard copy or in an imaged media format; and
(v) Participants in the Federal Perkins Loan Program shall follow procedures established in 34 CFR 674.19 for maintaining the original promissory notes and repayment schedules for that program.
(4) If an institution closes, stops providing educational programs, is terminated or suspended from the title IV, HEA programs, or undergoes a change of ownership that results in a change of control as described in 34 CFR 600.31, it shall provide for—
(i) The retention of required records; and
(ii) Access to those records, for inspection and copying, by the Secretary or the Secretary's authorized representative, and, for a school participating in the FFEL Program, the appropriate guaranty agency.
(e)
Record retention.
Unless otherwise directed by the Secretary—
(1) An institution shall keep records relating to its administration of the Federal Perkins Loan, FWS, FSEOG, Federal Pell Grant, ACG, National SMART Grant, or TEACH Grant Program for three years after the end of the award year for which the aid was awarded and disbursed under those programs, provided that an institution shall keep—
(i) The Fiscal Operations Report and Application to Participate in the Federal Perkins Loan, FSEOG, and FWS Programs (FISAP), and any records necessary to support the data contained in the FISAP, including “income grid information,” for three years after the end of the award year in which the FISAP is submitted; and
(ii) Repayment records for a Federal Perkins loan, including records relating to cancellation and deferment requests, in accordance with the provisions of 34 CFR 674.19;
(2)(i) An institution shall keep records relating to a student or parent borrower's eligibility and participation in the FFEL or Direct Loan Program for three years after the end of the award year in which the student last attended the institution; and
(ii) An institution shall keep all other records relating to its participation in the FFEL or Direct Loan Program, including records of any other reports or forms, for three years after the end of the award year in which the records are submitted; and
(3) An institution shall keep all records involved in any loan, claim, or expenditure questioned by a title IV, HEA program audit, program review,
investigation, or other review until the later of—
(i) The resolution of that questioned loan, claim, or expenditure; or
(ii) The end of the retention period applicable to the record.
(f)
Examination of records.
(1) An institution that participates in any title IV, HEA program and the institution's third-party servicer, if any, shall cooperate with an independent auditor, the Secretary, the Department of Education's Inspector General, the Comptroller General of the United States, or their authorized representatives, a guaranty agency in whose program the institution participates, and the institution's accrediting agency, in the conduct of audits, investigations, program reviews, or other reviews authorized by law.
(2) The institution and servicer must cooperate by—
(i) Providing timely access, for examination and copying, to requested records, including but not limited to computerized records and records reflecting transactions with any financial institution with which the institution or servicer deposits or has deposited any title IV, HEA program funds, and to any pertinent books, documents, papers, or computer programs; and
(ii) Providing reasonable access to personnel associated with the institution's or servicer's administration of the title IV, HEA programs for the purpose of obtaining relevant information.
(3) The Secretary considers that an institution or servicer has failed to provide reasonable access to personnel under paragraph (f)(2)(ii) of this section if the institution or servicer—
(i) Refuses to allow those personnel to supply all relevant information;
(ii) Permits interviews with those personnel only if the institution's or servicer's management is present; or
(iii) Permits interviews with those personnel only if the interviews are tape recorded by the institution or servicer.
(4) Upon request of the Secretary, or a lender or guaranty agency in the case of a borrower under the FFEL Program, an institution or servicer promptly shall provide the requester with any information the institution or servicer has respecting the last known address, full name, telephone number, enrollment information, employer, and employer address of a recipient of title IV funds who attends or attended the institution.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1840-0697)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1070a, 1070a-1, 1070b, 1070g, 1078, 1078-1, 1078-2, 1078-3, 1082, 1087, 1087a,
et seq.
, 1087cc, 1087hh, 1088, 1094, 1099c, 1141, 1232f; 42 U.S.C. 2753; section 4 of Pub. L. 95-452, 92 Stat. 1101-1109)
[61 FR 60491, Nov. 27, 1996, as amended at 62 FR 27128, May 16, 1997; 64 FR 59042, Nov. 1, 1999; 71 FR 38002, July 3, 2006; 73 FR 35493, June 23, 2008]
§ 668.25
Contracts between an institution and a third-party servicer.
(a) An institution may enter into a written contract with a third-party servicer for the administration of any aspect of the institution's participation in any Title IV, HEA program only to the extent that the servicer's eligibility to contract with the institution has not been limited, suspended, or terminated under the proceedings of subpart G of this part.
(b) Subject to the provisions of paragraph (d) of this section, a third-party servicer is eligible to enter into a written contract with an institution for the administration of any aspect of the institution's participation in any Title IV, HEA program only to the extent that the servicer's eligibility to contract with the institution has not been limited, suspended, or terminated under the proceedings of subpart G of this part.
(c) In a contract with an institution, a third-party servicer shall agree to—
(1) Comply with all statutory provisions of or applicable to Title IV of the HEA, all regulatory provisions prescribed under that statutory authority, and all special arrangements, agreements, limitations, suspensions, and terminations entered into under the authority of statutes applicable to Title IV of the HEA, including the requirement to use any funds that the servicer administers under any Title IV, HEA program and any interest or other earnings thereon solely for the purposes specified in and in accordance with that program;
(2) Refer to the Office of Inspector General of the Department of Education for investigation any information indicating there is reasonable cause to believe that the institution might have engaged in fraud or other criminal misconduct in connection with the institution's administration of any Title IV, HEA program or an applicant for Title IV, HEA program assistance might have engaged in fraud or other criminal misconduct in connection with his or her application. Examples of the type of information that must be referred are—
(i) False claims by the institution for Title IV, HEA program assistance;
(ii) False claims of independent student status;
(iii) False claims of citizenship;
(iv) Use of false identities;
(v) Forgery of signatures or certifications;
(vi) False statements of income; and
(vii) Payment of any commission, bonus, or other incentive payment based in any part, directly or indirectly, upon success in securing enrollments or the award of financial aid to any person or entity engaged in any student recruitment or admission activity or in making decisions regarding the award of title IV, HEA program funds.
(3) Be jointly and severally liable with the institution to the Secretary for any violation by the servicer of any statutory provision of or applicable to Title IV of the HEA, any regulatory provision prescribed under that statutory authority, and any applicable special arrangement, agreement, or limitation entered into under the authority of statutes applicable to Title IV of the HEA;
(4) In the case of a third-party servicer that disburses funds (including funds received under the Title IV, HEA programs) or delivers Federal Stafford Loan Program proceeds to a student—
(i) Confirm the eligibility of the student before making that disbursement or delivering those proceeds. This confirmation must include, but is not limited to, any applicable information contained in the records required under § 668.24; and
(ii) Calculate and return any unearned title IV, HEA program funds to the title IV, HEA program accounts and the student's lender, as appropriate, in accordance with the provisions of §§ 668.21 and 668.22, and applicable program regulations; and
(5) If the servicer or institution terminates the contract, or if the servicer stops providing services for the administration of a Title IV, HEA program, goes out of business, or files a petition under the Bankruptcy Code, return to the institution all—
(i) Records in the servicer's possession pertaining to the institution's participation in the program or programs for which services are no longer provided; and
(ii) Funds, including Title IV, HEA program funds, received from or on behalf of the institution or the institution's students, for the purposes of the program or programs for which services are no longer provided.
(d) A third-party servicer may not enter into a written contract with an institution for the administration of any aspect of the institution's participation in any Title IV, HEA program, if—
(1)(i) The servicer has been limited, suspended, or terminated by the Secretary within the preceding five years;
(ii) The servicer has had, during the servicer's two most recent audits of the servicer's administration of the Title IV, HEA programs, an audit finding that resulted in the servicer's being required to repay an amount greater than five percent of the funds that the servicer administered under the Title IV, HEA programs for any award year; or
(iii) The servicer has been cited during the preceding five years for failure to submit audit reports required under Title IV of the HEA in a timely fashion; and
(2)(i) In the case of a third-party servicer that has been subjected to a termination action by the Secretary, either the servicer, or one or more persons or entities that the Secretary determines (under the provisions of § 668.15) exercise substantial control over the servicer, or both, have not submitted to the Secretary financial guarantees in an amount determined by the Secretary to be sufficient to satisfy the servicer's potential liabilities
arising from the servicer's administration of the Title IV, HEA programs; and
(ii) One or more persons or entities that the Secretary determines (under the provisions of § 668.15) exercise substantial control over the servicer have not agreed to be jointly or severally liable for any liabilities arising from the servicer's administration of the Title IV, HEA programs and civil and criminal monetary penalties authorized under Title IV of the HEA.
(e)(1)(i) An institution that participates in a Title IV, HEA program shall notify the Secretary within 10 days of the date that—
(A) The institution enters into a new contract or significantly modifies an existing contract with a third-party servicer to administer any aspect of that program;
(B) The institution or a third-party servicer terminates a contract for the servicer to administer any aspect of that program; or
(C) A third-party servicer that administers any aspect of the institution's participation in that program stops providing services for the administration of that program, goes out of business, or files a petition under the Bankruptcy Code.
(ii) The institution's notification must include the name and address of the servicer.
(2) An institution that contracts with a third-party servicer to administer any aspect of the institution's participation in a Title IV, HEA program shall provide to the Secretary, upon request, a copy of the contract, including any modifications, and provide information pertaining to the contract or to the servicer's administration of the institution's participation in any Title IV, HEA program.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1840-0537)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1094)
[59 FR 22441, Apr. 29, 1994, as amended at 59 FR 34964, July 7, 1994; 61 FR 60492, Nov. 27, 1996; 63 FR 40624, July 29, 1998; 64 FR 59042, Nov. 1, 1999; 75 FR 66952, Oct. 29, 2010]
§ 668.26
End of an institution's participation in the Title IV, HEA programs.
(a) An institution's participation in a Title IV, HEA program ends on the date that—
(1) The institution closes or stops providing educational programs for a reason other than a normal vacation period or a natural disaster that directly affects the institution or the institution's students;
(2) The institution loses its institutional eligibility under 34 CFR part 600;
(3) The institution's participation is terminated under the proceedings in subpart G of this part;
(4) The institution's period of participation, as specified under § 668.13, expires, or the institution's provisional certification is revoked under § 668.13;
(5) The institution's program participation agreement is terminated or expires under § 668.14;
(6) The institution's participation ends under subpart M of this part; or
(7) The Secretary receives a notice from the appropriate State postsecondary review entity designated under 34 CFR part 667 that the institution's participation should be withdrawn.
(b) If an institution's participation in a Title IV, HEA program ends, the institution shall—
(1) Immediately notify the Secretary of that fact;
(2) Submit to the Secretary within 45 days after the date that the participation ends—
(i) All financial, performance, and other reports required by appropriate Title IV, HEA program regulations; and
(ii) A letter of engagement for an independent audit of all funds that the institution received under that program, the report of which shall be submitted to the Secretary within 45 days after the date of the engagement letter;
(3) Inform the Secretary of the arrangements that the institution has made for the proper retention and storage for a minimum of three years of all records concerning the administration of that program;
(4) If the institution's participation in the Federal Perkins Loan Program ended, inform the Secretary of how the
institution will provide for the collection of any outstanding loans made under that program;
(5) If the institution's participation in the LEAP Program ended—
(i) Inform immediately the State in which the institution is located of that fact; and
(ii) Notwithstanding paragraphs (c) through (e) of this section, follow the instructions of that State concerning the end of that participation;
(6) If the institution's participation in all the Title IV, HEA programs ended, inform the Secretary of how the institution will provide for the collection of any outstanding loans made under the National Defense/Direct Student Loan programs; and
(7) Continue to comply with the requirements of § 668.22 for the treatment of title IV, HEA program funds when a student withdraws.
(c) If an institution closes or stops providing educational programs for a reason other than a normal vacation period or a natural disaster that directly affects the institution or the institution's students, the institution shall—
(1) Return to the Secretary, or otherwise dispose of under instructions from the Secretary, any unexpended funds that the institution has received under the Title IV, HEA programs for attendance at the institution, less the institution's administrative allowance, if applicable; and
(2) Return to the appropriate lenders any Federal Stafford Loan program proceeds that the institution has received but not delivered to, or credited to the accounts of, students attending the institution.
(d)(1) An institution may use funds that it has received under the Federal Pell Grant, ACG, National SMART Grant, or TEACH Grant Program or a campus-based program or request additional funds from the Secretary, under conditions specified by the Secretary, if the institution does not possess sufficient funds, to satisfy any unpaid commitment made to a student under that Title IV, HEA program only if—
(i) The institution's participation in that Title IV, HEA program ends during a payment period;
(ii) The institution continues to provide, from the date that the participation ends until the scheduled completion date of that payment period, educational programs to otherwise eligible students enrolled in the formerly eligible programs of the institution;
(iii) The commitment was made prior to the end of the participation; and
(iv) The commitment was made for attendance during that payment period or a previously completed payment period.
(2) An institution may credit to a student's account or deliver to the student the proceeds of a disbursement of a Federal Family Education Loan Programs loan to satisfy any unpaid commitment made to the student under the Federal Family Education Loan Programs Loan Program only if—
(i) The institution's participation in that Title IV, HEA program ends during a period of enrollment;
(ii) The institution continues to provide, from the date that the participation ends until the scheduled completion date of that period of enrollment, educational programs to otherwise eligible students enrolled in the formerly eligible programs of the institution;
(iii) The loan was made for attendance during that period of enrollment.
(iv) The proceeds of the first disbursement of the loan were delivered to the student or credited to the student's account prior to the end of the participation.
(3) An institution may use funds that it has received under the Direct Loan Program or request additional funds from the Secretary, under conditions specified by the Secretary, if the institution does not possess sufficient funds, to credit to a student's account or disburse to the student the proceeds of a Direct Loan Program loan only if—
(i) The institution's participation in the Direct Loan Program ends during a period of enrollment;
(ii) The institution continues to provide, from the date that the participation ends until the scheduled completion date of that period of enrollment, educational programs to otherwise eligible students enrolled in the formerly eligible programs of the institution;
(iii) The loan was made for attendance during that period of enrollment; and
(iv) The proceeds of the first disbursement of the loan were delivered to the student or credited to the student's account prior to the end of the participation.
(e) For the purposes of this section—
(1) A commitment under the Federal Pell Grant, ACG, National SMART Grant, and TEACH Grant programs occurs when a student is enrolled and attending the institution and has submitted a valid Student Aid Report to the institution or when an institution has received a valid institutional student information report; and
(2) A commitment under the campus-based programs occurs when a student is enrolled and attending the institution and has received a notice from the institution of the amount that he or she can expect to receive and how and when that amount will be paid.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1840-0537)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1070g, 1094, 1099a-3)
[59 FR 22442, Apr. 29, 1994, as amended at 59 FR 34964, July 7, 1994; 61 FR 60492, Nov. 27, 1996; 63 FR 40624, July 29, 1998; 64 FR 59042, Nov. 1, 1999; 65 FR 38729, June 22, 2000; 65 FR 65637, Nov. 1, 2000; 69 FR 12276, Mar. 16, 2004; 71 FR 38002, July 3, 2006; 73 FR 35493, June 23, 2008]
§ 668.27
Waiver of annual audit submission requirement.
(a)
General.
(1) At the request of an institution, the Secretary may waive the annual audit submission requirement for the period of time contained in paragraph (b) of this section if the institution satisfies the requirements contained in paragraph (c) of this section and posts a letter of credit in the amount determined in paragraph (d) of this section.
(2) An institution requesting a waiver must submit an application to the Secretary at such time and in such manner as the Secretary prescribes.
(3) The first fiscal year for which an institution may request a waiver is the fiscal year in which it submits its waiver request to the Secretary.
(b)
Waiver period.
(1) If the Secretary grants the waiver, the institution need not submit its compliance or audited financial statement until six months after—
(i) The end of the third fiscal year following the fiscal year for which the institution last submitted a compliance audit and audited financial statement; or
(ii) The end of the second fiscal year following the fiscal year for which the institution last submitted compliance and financial statement audits if the award year in which the institution will apply for recertification is part of the third fiscal year.
(2) The Secretary does not grant a waiver if the award year in which the institution will apply for recertification is part of the second fiscal year following the fiscal year for which the institution last submitted compliance and financial statement audits.
(3) When an institution must submit its next compliance and financial statement audits under paragraph (b)(1) of this section—
(i) The institution must submit a compliance audit that covers the institution's administration of the title IV, HEA programs for the period for each fiscal year for which an audit did not have to be submitted as a result of the waiver, and an audited financial statement for its last fiscal year; and
(ii) The auditor who conducts the audit must audit the institution's annual determinations for the period subject to the waiver that it satisfied the 90/10 rule in § 600.5 and the other conditions of institutional eligibility in § 600.7 and § 668.8(e)(2), and disclose the results of the audit of the 90/10 rule for each year in accordance with § 668.23(d)(4).
(c)
Criteria for granting the waiver.
The Secretary grants a waiver to an institution if the institution—
(1) Is not a foreign institution;
(2) Did not disburse $200,000 or more of title IV, HEA program funds during each of the two completed award years preceding the institution's waiver request;
(3) Agrees to keep records relating to each award year in the unaudited period for two years after the end of the record retention period in § 668.24(e) for that award year;
(4) Has participated in the title IV, HEA programs under the same ownership for at least three award years preceding the institution's waiver request;
(5) Is financially responsible under § 668.171, and does not rely on the alternative standards of § 668.175 to participate in the title IV, HEA programs;
(6) Is not on the reimbursement or cash monitoring system of payment;
(7) Has not been the subject of a limitation, suspension, fine, or termination proceeding, or emergency action initiated by the Department or a guarantee agency in the three years preceding the institution's waiver request;
(8) Has submitted its compliance audits and audited financial statements for the previous two fiscal years in accordance with and subject to § 668.23, and no individual audit disclosed liabilities in excess of $10,000; and
(9) Submits a letter of credit in the amount determined in paragraph (d) of this section, which must remain in effect until the Secretary has resolved the audit covering the award years subject to the waiver.
(d)
Letter of credit amount.
For purposes of this section, the letter of credit amount equals 10 percent of the amount of title IV, HEA program funds the institution disbursed to or on behalf of its students during the award year preceding the institution's waiver request.
(e)
(1) The Secretary rescinds the waiver if the institution—
(i) Disburses $200,000 or more of title IV, HEA program funds for an award year;
(ii) Undergoes a change in ownership that results in a change of control; or
(iii) Becomes the subject of an emergency action or a limitation, suspension, fine, or termination action initiated by the Department or a guarantee agency.
(2) If the Secretary rescinds a waiver, the rescission is effective on the last day of the fiscal year in which the rescission takes place.
(f)
Renewal.
An institution may request a renewal of its waiver when it submits its audits under paragraph (b) of this section. The Secretary grants the waiver if the audits and other information available to the Secretary show that the institution continues to satisfy the criteria for receiving that waiver.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1094)
[64 FR 58618, Oct. 29, 1999]
§ 668.28
—(1)
Calculating the revenue percentage.
A proprietary institution meets the requirement in § 668.14(b)(16) that at least 10 percent of its revenue is derived from sources other than Title IV, HEA program funds by using the formula in appendix C of this subpart to calculate its revenue percentage for its latest complete fiscal year.
(2)
Cash basis accounting.
Except for institutional loans made to students under paragraph (a)(5)(i) of this section, the institution must use the cash basis of accounting in calculating its revenue percentage.
(3)
Revenue generated from programs and activities.
The institution must consider as revenue only those funds it generates from—
(i) Tuition, fees, and other institutional charges for students enrolled in eligible programs as defined in § 668.8;
(ii) Activities conducted by the institution that are necessary for the education and training of its students provided those activities are—
(A) Conducted on campus or at a facility under the institution's control;
(B) Performed under the supervision of a member of the institution's faculty; and
(C) Required to be performed by all students in a specific educational program at the institution; and
(iii) Funds paid by a student, or on behalf of a student by a party other than the institution, for an education or training program that is not eligible under § 668.8 if the program—
(A) Is approved or licensed by the appropriate State agency;
(B) Is accredited by an accrediting agency recognized by the Secretary under 34 CFR part 602;
(C) Provides an industry-recognized credential or certification, or prepares students to take an examination for an industry-recognized credential or certification issued by an independent third party;
(D) Provides training needed for students to maintain State licensing requirements; or
(E) Provides training needed for students to meet additional licensing requirements for specialized training for practitioners that already meet the general licensing requirements in that field.
(4)
Application of funds.
The institution must presume that any Title IV, HEA program funds it disburses, or delivers, to or on behalf of a student will be used to pay the student's tuition, fees, or institutional charges, regardless of whether the institution credits the funds to the student's account or pays the funds directly to the student, except to the extent that the student's tuition, fees, or other charges are satisfied by—
(i) Grant funds provided by non-Federal public agencies or private sources independent of the institution;
(ii) Funds provided under a contractual arrangement with a Federal, State, or local government agency for the purpose of providing job training to low-income individuals who need that training;
(iii) Funds used by a student from a savings plan for educational expenses established by or on behalf of the student if the saving plan qualifies for special tax treatment under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986; or
(iv) Institutional scholarships that meet the requirements in paragraph (a)(5)(iv) of this section.
(5)
Revenue generated from institutional aid.
The institution must include the following institutional aid as revenue:
(i) For loans made to students and credited in full to the students' accounts at the institution on or after July 1, 2008 and prior to July 1, 2012, include as revenue the net present value of the loans made to students during the fiscal year, as calculated under paragraph (b) of this section, if the loans—
(A) Are bona fide as evidenced by standalone repayment agreements between the students and the institution that are enforceable promissory notes;
(B) Are issued at intervals related to the institution's enrollment periods;
(C) Are subject to regular loan repayments and collections by the institution; and
(D) Are separate from the enrollment contracts signed by the students.
(ii) For loans made to students before July 1, 2008, include as revenue only the amount of payments made on those loans that the institution received during the fiscal year.
(iii) For loans made to students on or after July 1, 2012, include as revenue only the amount of payments made on those loans that the institution received during the fiscal year.
(iv) For scholarships provided by the institution in the form of monetary aid or tuition discount and based on the academic achievement or financial need of its students, include as revenue the amount disbursed to students during the fiscal year. The scholarships must be disbursed from an established restricted account and only to the extent that the funds in that account represent designated funds from an outside source or income earned on those funds.
(6)
Revenue generated from loan funds in excess of loan limits prior to the Ensuring Continued Access to Student Loans Act of 2008 (ECASLA).
For each student who receives an unsubsidized loan under the FFEL or Direct Loan programs on or after July 1, 2008 and prior to July 1, 2011, the amount of the loan disbursement for a payment period that exceeds the disbursement for which the student would have been eligible for that payment period under the loan limit in effect on the day prior to enactment of the ECASLA is included and deemed to be revenue from a source other than Title IV, HEA program funds but only to the extent that the excess amount pays for tuition, fees, or institutional charges remaining on the student's account after other Title IV, HEA program funds are applied.
(7)
Funds excluded from revenues.
For the fiscal year, the institution does not include—
(i) The amount of Federal Work Study (FWS) wages paid directly to the student. However, if the institution credits the student's account with FWS funds, those funds are included as revenue;
(ii) The amount of funds received by the institution from a State under the LEAP, SLEAP, or GAP programs;
(iii) The amount of institutional funds used to match Title IV, HEA program funds;
(iv) The amount of Title IV, HEA program funds refunded or returned under § 668.22. If any funds from the loan disbursement used in the return calculation under § 668.22 were counted as non-title IV revenue under paragraph (a)(6) of this section, the amount of Title IV, HEA program funds refunded or returned under § 668.22 is considered to consist of pre-ECASLA loan amounts and loan amounts in excess of the loan limits prior to ECASLA in the same proportion to the loan disbursement; or
(v) The amount the student is charged for books, supplies, and equipment unless the institution includes that amount as tuition, fees, or other institutional charges.
(b)
Net present value (NPV).
(1) As illustrated in appendix C of this subpart, an institution calculates the NPV of the loans it made under paragraph (a)(5)(i) of this section by—
(i) Using the formula, NPV = sum of the discounted cash flows
R
” is the net cash flow at time or period
t
; and
(ii) Applying the NPV formula to the loans made during the fiscal year by—
(A) If the loans have substantially the same repayment period, using that repayment period for the range of values of variable “
t
”; or
(B) Grouping the loans by repayment period and using the repayment period for each group for the range of values of variable “t”; and
(C) For each group of loans, as applicable, multiplying the total annual payments due on the loans by the institution's loan collection rate (
e.g.
, the total amount of payments collected divided by the total amount of payments due). The resulting amount is used for variable “R” in each period “t”, for each group of loans that a NPV is calculated.
(2) Instead of performing the calculations in paragraph (b)(1) of this section, using 50 percent of the total amount of loans that the institution made during the fiscal year as the NPV. However, if the institution chooses to use this 50 percent calculation, the institution may not sell any of these loans until they have been in repayment for at least two years.
(c)
Sanctions.
If an institution does not derive at least 10 percent of its revenue from sources other than Title IV, HEA program funds—
(1) For two consecutive fiscal years, it loses its eligibility to participate in the Title IV, HEA programs for at least two fiscal years. To regain eligibility, the institution must demonstrate that it complied with the State licensure and accreditation requirements under 34 CFR 600.5(a)(4) and (a)(6), and the financial responsibility requirements under subpart L of this part, for a minimum of two fiscal years after the fiscal year it became ineligible; or
(2) For any fiscal year, it becomes provisionally certified under § 668.13(c)(1)(ii) for the two fiscal years after the fiscal year it failed to satisfy the revenue requirement. However, the institution's provisional certification terminates on—
(i) The expiration date of the institution's program participation agreement that was in effect on the date the Secretary determined the institution failed this requirement; or
(ii) The date the institution loses its eligibility to participate under paragraph (c)(1) of this section; and
(3) It must notify the Secretary no later than 45 days after the end of its fiscal year that it failed to meet this requirement.
(Approved by Office of Management and Budget under control number 1845-NEW2)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1085, 1088, 1091, 1092, 1094, 1099a-3, 1099c, 1141)
[74 FR 55937, Oct. 29, 2009]
Pt. 668, Subpt. B, App. A
Appendix A to Subpart B of Part 668—Standards for Audit of Governmental Organizations, Programs, Activities, and Functions (GAO)
Part III Chapter 3—Independence
(a) The Third general standard for governmental auditing is: In matters relating to the audit work, the audit organization and the individual auditors shall maintain an independent attitude.
(b) This standard places upon the auditor and the audit organization the responsibility for maintaining sufficient independence so that their opinions, conclusions, judgments, and recommendations will be impartial. If the auditor is not sufficiently independent to produce unbiased opinions, conclusions, and judgments, he should state in a prominent place in the audit report his relationship with the organization or officials being audited.
1
1
If the auditor is not fully independent because he or she is an employee of the audited entity, it will be adequate disclosure to so indicate. If the auditor is a practicing certified public accountant, his or her conduct should be governed by the AICPA “Statements on Auditing Procedure.”
(c) The auditor should consider not only whether his or her own attitude and beliefs permit him or her to be independent but also whether there is anything about his or her situation which would lead others to question his or her independence. Both situations deserve consideration since it is important not only that the auditor be, in fact, independent and impartial but also that other persons will consider him or her so.
(d) There are three general classes of impairments that the auditor needs to consider; these are personal, external, and organizational impairments. If one or more of these are of such significance as to affect the auditor's ability to perform his or her work and report its results impartially, he or she should decline to perform the audit or indicate in the report that he or she was not fully independent.
Personal Impairments
There are some circumstances in which an auditor cannot be impartial because of his or her views or his or her personal situation. These circumstances might include:
1. Relationships of an official, professional, and/or personal nature that might cause the auditor to limit the extent or character of the inquiry, to limit disclosure, or to weaken his or her findings in any way.
2. Preconceived ideas about the objectives or quality of a particular operation or personal likes or dislikes of individuals, groups, or objectives of a particular program.
3. Previous involvement in a decisionmaking or management capacity in the operations of the governmental entity or program being audited.
4. Biases and prejudices, including those induced by political or social convictions, which result from employment in or loyalty to a particular group, entity, or level of government.
5. Actual or potential restrictive influence when the auditor performs preaudit work and subsequently performs a post audit.
6. Financial interest, direct or indirect, in an organization or facility which is benefiting from the audited programs.
External Impairments
External factors can restrict the audit or impinge on the auditor's ability to form independent and objective opinions and conclusions. For example, under the following conditions either the audit itself could be adversely affected or the auditor would not have complete freedom to make an independent judgment.
2
2
Some of these situations may constitute justifiable limitations on the scope of the work. In such cases the limitation should be identified in the auditor's report.
1. Interference or other influence that improperly or imprudently eliminates, restricts, or modifies the scope or character of the audit.
2. Interference with the selection or application of audit procedures of the selection of activities to be examined.
3. Denial of access to such sources of information as books, records, and supporting documents or denial or opportunity to obtain explanations by officials and employees of the governmental organization, program, or activity under audit.
4. Interference in the assignment of personnel to the audit task.
5. Retaliatory restrictions placed on funds or other resources dedicated to the audit operation.
6. Activity to overrule or significantly influence the auditors judgment as to the appropriate content of the audit report.
7. Influences that place the auditor's continued employment in jeopardy for reasons other than competency or the need for audit services.
8. Unreasonable restriction on the time allowed to competently complete an audit assignment.
Organizational Impairments
(a) The auditor's independence can be affected by his or her place within the organizational structure of governments. Auditors
employed by Federal, State, or local government units may be subject to policy direction from superiors who are involved either directly or indirectly in the government management process. To achieve maximum independence such auditors and the audit organization itself not only should report to the highest practicable echelon within their government but should be organizationally located outside the line-management function of the entity under audit.
(b) These auditors should also be sufficiently removed from political pressures to ensure that they can conduct their auditing objectively and can report their conclusions completely without fear of censure. Whenever feasible they should be under a system which will place decisions on compensation, training, job tenure, and advancement on a merit basis.
(c) When independent public accountants or other independent professionals are engaged to perform work that includes inquiries into compliance with applicable laws and regulations, efficiency and economy of operations, or achievement of program results, they should be engaged by someone other than the officials responsible for the direction of the effort being audited. This practice removes the pressure that may result if the auditor must criticize the performance of those by whom he or she was engaged. To remove this obstacle to independence, governments should arrange to have auditors engaged by officials not directly involved in operations to be audited.
[51 FR 41921, Nov. 19, 1986. Redesignated at 65 FR 65650, Nov. 1, 2000]
Pt. 668, Subpt. B, App. B
Appendix B to Subpart B of Part 668—Appendix I, Standards for Audit of Governmental Organizations, Programs, Activities, and Functions (GAO)
Qualifications of Independent Auditors Engaged by Governmental Organizations
(a) When outside auditors are engaged for assignments requiring the expression of an opinion on financial reports of governmental organizations, only fully qualified public accountants should be employed. The type of qualifications, as stated by the Comptroller General, deemed necessary for financial audits of governmental organizations and programs is quoted below:
“Such audits shall be conducted * * * by independent certified public accountants or by independent licensed public accountants, licensed on or before December 31, 1970, who are certified or licensed by a regulatory authority of a State or other political subdivision of the United States: Except that independent public accountants licensed to practice by such regulatory authority after December 31, 1970, and persons who although not so certified or licensed, meet, in the opinion of the Secretary, standards of education and experience representative of the highest prescribed by the licensing authorities of the several States which provide for the continuing licensing of public accountants and which are prescribed by the Secretary in appropriate regulations may perform such audits until December 31, 1975; Provided, That if the Secretary deems it necessary in the public interest, he may prescribe by regulations higher standard than those required for the practice of public accountancy by the regulatory authorities of the States.”
1
1
Letter (B-148144, September 15, 1970) from the Comptroller General to the heads of Federal departments and agencies. The reference to “Secretary” means the head of the department or agency.
(b) The standards for examination and evaluation require consideration of applicable laws and regulations in the auditor's examination. The standards for reporting require a statement in the auditor's report regarding any significant instances of noncompliance disclosed by his or her examination and evaluation work. What is to be included in this statement requires judgment. Significant instances of noncompliance, even those not resulting in legal liability to the audited entity, should be included. Minor procedural noncompliance need not be disclosed.
(c) Although the reporting standard is generally on an exception basis—that only noncompliance need be reported—it should be recognized that governmental entities often want positive statements regarding whether or not the auditor's tests disclosed instances of noncompliance. This is particularly true in grant programs where authorizing agencies frequently want assurance in the auditor's report that this matter has been considered. For such audits, auditors should obtain an understanding with the authorizing agency as to the extent to which such positive comments on compliance are desired. When coordinated audits are involved, the audit program should specify the extent of comments that the auditor is to make regarding compliance.
(d) When noncompliance is reported, the auditor should place the findings in proper perspective. The extent of instances of noncompliance should be related to the number of cases examined to provide the reader with a basis for judging the prevalence of noncompliance.
[45 FR 86856, Dec. 31, 1980. Redesignated at 65 FR 65650, Nov. 1, 2000]
Pt. 668, Subpt. B, App. C
Appendix C to Subpart B of Part 668—90/10 Revenue Calculation
ER29OC09.006
60 FR 61810, Dec. 1, 1995, unless otherwise noted.
§ 668.31
Scope.
This subpart contains rules by which a student establishes eligibility for assistance under the title IV, HEA programs. In order to qualify as an eligible student, a student must meet all applicable requirements in this subpart.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1091)
§ 668.32
Student eligibility—general.
A student is eligible to receive Title IV, HEA program assistance if the student either meets all of the requirements in paragraphs (a) through (m) of this section or meets the requirement in paragraph (n) of this section as follows:
(a)(1) (i) Is a regular student enrolled, or accepted for enrollment, in an eligible program at an eligible institution;
(ii) For purposes of the FFEL and Direct Loan programs, is enrolled for no longer than one twelve-month period in
a course of study necessary for enrollment in an eligible program; or
(iii) For purposes of the Federal Perkins Loan, FWS, FFEL, and Direct Loan programs, is enrolled or accepted for enrollment as at least a half-time student at an eligible institution in a program necessary for a professional credential or certification from a State that is required for employment as a teacher in an elementary or secondary school in that State; and
(2) For purposes of the ACG, National SMART Grant, FFEL, and Direct Loan programs, is at least a half-time student.
(b) Is not enrolled in either an elementary or secondary school.
(c)(1) For purposes of the ACG, National SMART Grant, and FSEOG programs, does not have a baccalaureate or first professional degree;
(2) For purposes of the Federal Pell Grant Program—
(i)(A) Does not have a baccalaureate or first professional degree; or
(B) Is enrolled in a postbaccalaureate teacher certificate or licensing program as described in 34 CFR 690.6(c); and
(ii) Is not incarcerated in a Federal or State penal institution;
(3) For purposes of the Federal Perkins Loan, FFEL, and Direct Loan programs, is not incarcerated; and
(4) For the purposes of the TEACH Grant program—
(i) For an undergraduate student other than a student enrolled in a post-baccalaureate program, has not completed the requirements for a first baccalaureate degree; or
(ii) For the purposes of a student in a first post-baccalaureate program, has not completed the requirements for a post-baccalaureate program as described in 34 CFR 686.2(d).
(d) Satisfies the citizenship and residency requirements contained in § 668.33 and subpart I of this part.
(e)(1) Has a high school diploma or its recognized equivalent;
(2) Has obtained a passing score specified by the Secretary on an independently administered test in accordance with subpart J of this part;
(3) Is enrolled in an eligible institution that participates in a State “process” approved by the Secretary under subpart J of this part;
(4) Was home-schooled, and either—
(i) Obtained a secondary school completion credential for home school (other than a high school diploma or its recognized equivalent) provided for under State law; or
(ii) If State law does not require a home-schooled student to obtain the credential described in paragraph (e)(4)(i) of this section, has completed a secondary school education in a home school setting that qualifies as an exemption from compulsory attendance requirements under State law; or
(5) Has been determined by the institution to have the ability to benefit from the education or training offered by the institution based on the satisfactory completion of 6 semester hours, 6 trimester hours, 6 quarter hours, or 225 clock hours that are applicable toward a degree or certificate offered by the institution.
(f) Maintains satisfactory academic progress in his or her course of study according to the institution's published standards of satisfactory academic progress that meet the requirements of § 668.34.
(g) Except as provided in § 668.35—
(1) Is not in default, and certifies that he or she is not in default, on a loan made under any title IV, HEA loan program;
(2) Has not obtained loan amounts that exceed annual or aggregate loan limits made under any title IV, HEA loan program;
(3) Does not have property subject to a judgment lien for a debt owed to the United States; and
(4) Is not liable for a grant or Federal Perkins loan overpayment. A student receives a grant or Federal Perkins loan overpayment if the student received grant or Federal Perkins loan payments that exceeded the amount he or she was eligible to receive; or if the student withdraws, that exceeded the amount he or she was entitled to receive for non-institutional charges.
(h) Files a Statement of Educational Purpose in accordance with the instructions of the Secretary.
(i) Has a correct social security number as determined under § 668.36, except that this requirement does not apply to
students who are residents of the Federated States of Micronesia, Republic of the Marshall Islands, or the Republic of Palau.
(j) Satisfies the Selective Service registration requirements contained in § 668.37, and, if applicable, satisfies the requirements of § 668.38 and § 668.39 involving enrollment in telecommunication and correspondence courses and a study abroad program, respectively.
(k) Satisfies the program specific requirements contained in—
(1) 34 CFR 674.9 for the Federal Perkins Loan program;
(2) 34 CFR 675.9 for the FWS program;
(3) 34 CFR 676.9 for the FSEOG program;
(4) 34 CFR 682.201 for the FFEL programs;
(5) 34 CFR 685.200 for the William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan programs;
(6) 34 CFR 690.75 for the Federal Pell Grant program;
(7) 34 CFR 691.75 for the ACG and National SMART Grant programs;
(8) 34 CFR 692.40 for the LEAP program; and
(9) 34 CFR 686.11 for the TEACH Grant program.
(l) Is not ineligible under § 668.40.
(m) In the case of a student who has been convicted of, or has pled nolo contendere or guilty to, a crime involving fraud in obtaining title IV, HEA program assistance, has completed the repayment of such assistance to:
(1) The Secretary; or
(2) The holder, in the case of a title IV, HEA program loan.
(n) Is enrolled in a comprehensive transition and postsecondary program under subpart O of this part and meets the student eligibility criteria in that subpart.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1070g, 1091; 28 U.S.C. 3201(e))
[60 FR 61810, Dec. 1, 1995, as amended at 63 FR 40624, July 29, 1998; 64 FR 57358, Oct. 22, 1999; 64 FR 58291, Oct. 28, 1999; 67 FR 67073, Nov. 1, 2002; 71 FR 38002, July 3, 2006; 71 FR 45696, Aug. 9, 2006; 73 FR 35493, June 23, 2008; 74 FR 20221, May 1, 2009; 74 FR 55942, Oct. 29, 2009; 75 FR 66952, Oct. 29, 2010]
§ 668.33
Citizenship and residency requirements.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, to be eligible to receive title IV, HEA program assistance, a student must—
(1) Be a citizen or national of the United States; or
(2) Provide evidence from the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service that he or she—
(i) Is a permanent resident of the United States; or
(ii) Is in the United States for other than a temporary purpose with the intention of becoming a citizen or permanent resident;
(b)(1) A citizen of the Federated States of Micronesia, Republic of the Marshall Islands, or the Republic of Palau is eligible to receive funds under the FWS, FSEOG, and Federal Pell Grant programs if the student attends an eligible institution in a State, or a public or nonprofit private eligible institution of higher education in those jurisdictions.
(2) A student who satisfies the requirements of paragraph (a) of this section is eligible to receive funds under the FWS, FSEOG, and Federal Pell Grant programs if the student attends a public or nonprofit private eligible institution of higher education in the Federated States of Micronesia, Republic of the Marshall Islands, or the Republic of Palau.
(c)(1) If a student asserts that he or she is a citizen of the United States on the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA), the Secretary attempts to confirm that assertion under a data match with the Social Security Administration. If the Social Security Administration confirms the student's citizenship, the Secretary reports that confirmation to the institution and the student.
(2) If the Social Security Administration does not confirm the student's citizenship assertion under the data match with the Secretary, the student can establish U.S. citizenship by submitting documentary evidence of that status to the institution. Before denying title IV, HEA assistance to a student for failing to establish citizenship, an institution must give a student at
least 30 days notice to produce evidence of U.S. citizenship.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1091, 5 U.S.C. 552a)
[52 FR 45727, Dec. 1, 1987, as amended at 71 FR 38002, July 3, 2006; 74 FR 20221, May 1, 2009]
§ 668.34
(a)
Satisfactory academic progress policy.
An institution must establish a reasonable satisfactory academic progress policy for determining whether an otherwise eligible student is making satisfactory academic progress in his or her educational program and may receive assistance under the title IV, HEA programs. The Secretary considers the institution's policy to be reasonable if—
(1) The policy is at least as strict as the policy the institution applies to a student who is not receiving assistance under the title IV, HEA programs;
(2) The policy provides for consistent application of standards to all students within categories of students,
e.g.,
full-time, part-time, undergraduate, and graduate students, and educational programs established by the institution;
(3) The policy provides that a student's academic progress is evaluated—
(i) At the end of each payment period if the educational program is either one academic year in length or shorter than an academic year; or
(ii) For all other educational programs, at the end of each payment period or at least annually to correspond with the end of a payment period;
(4)(i) The policy specifies the grade point average (GPA) that a student must achieve at each evaluation, or if a GPA is not an appropriate qualitative measure, a comparable assessment measured against a norm; and
(ii) If a student is enrolled in an educational program of more than two academic years, the policy specifies that at the end of the second academic year, the student must have a GPA of at least a “C” or its equivalent, or have academic standing consistent with the institution's requirements for graduation;
(5)(i) The policy specifies the pace at which a student must progress through his or her educational program to ensure that the student will complete the program within the maximum timeframe, as defined in paragraph (b) of this section, and provides for measurement of the student's progress at each evaluation; and
(ii) An institution calculates the pace at which the student is progressing by dividing the cumulative number of hours the student has successfully completed by the cumulative number of hours the student has attempted. In making this calculation, the institution is not required to include remedial courses;
(6) The policy describes how a student's GPA and pace of completion are affected by course incompletes, withdrawals, or repetitions, or transfers of credit from other institutions. Credit hours from another institution that are accepted toward the student's educational program must count as both attempted and completed hours;
(7) Except as provided in paragraphs (c) and (d) of this section, the policy provides that, at the time of each evaluation, a student who has not achieved the required GPA, or who is not successfully completing his or her educational program at the required pace, is no longer eligible to receive assistance under the title IV, HEA programs;
(8) If the institution places students on financial aid warning, or on financial aid probation, as defined in paragraph (b) of this section, the policy describes these statuses and that—
(i) A student on financial aid warning may continue to receive assistance under the title IV, HEA programs for one payment period despite a determination that the student is not making satisfactory academic progress. Financial aid warning status may be assigned without an appeal or other action by the student; and
(ii) A student on financial aid probation may receive title IV, HEA program funds for one payment period. While a student is on financial aid probation, the institution may require the student to fulfill specific terms and conditions such as taking a reduced course load or enrolling in specific courses. At the end of one payment period on financial aid probation, the student must meet the institution's satisfactory academic progress standards or
meet the requirements of the academic plan developed by the institution and the student to qualify for further title IV, HEA program funds;
(9) If the institution permits a student to appeal a determination by the institution that he or she is not making satisfactory academic progress, the policy describes—
(i) How the student may reestablish his or her eligibility to receive assistance under the title IV, HEA programs;
(ii) The basis on which a student may file an appeal: The death of a relative, an injury or illness of the student, or other special circumstances; and
(iii) Information the student must submit regarding why the student failed to make satisfactory academic progress, and what has changed in the student's situation that will allow the student to demonstrate satisfactory academic progress at the next evaluation;
(10) If the institution does not permit a student to appeal a determination by the institution that he or she is not making satisfactory academic progress, the policy must describe how the student may reestablish his or her eligibility to receive assistance under the title IV, HEA programs; and
(11) The policy provides for notification to students of the results of an evaluation that impacts the student's eligibility for title IV, HEA program funds.
(b)
The following definitions apply to the terms used in this section:
Appeal.
Appeal means a process by which a student who is not meeting the institution's satisfactory academic progress standards petitions the institution for reconsideration of the student's eligibility for title IV, HEA program assistance.
Financial aid probation.
Financial aid probation means a status assigned by an institution to a student who fails to make satisfactory academic progress and who has appealed and has had eligibility for aid reinstated.
Financial aid warning.
Financial aid warning means a status assigned to a student who fails to make satisfactory academic progress at an institution that evaluates academic progress at the end of each payment period.
Maximum timeframe.
Maximum timeframe means—
(1) For an undergraduate program measured in credit hours, a period that is no longer than 150 percent of the published length of the educational program, as measured in credit hours;
(2) For an undergraduate program measured in clock hours, a period that is no longer than 150 percent of the published length of the educational program, as measured by the cumulative number of clock hours the student is required to complete and expressed in calendar time; and
(3) For a graduate program, a period defined by the institution that is based on the length of the educational program.
(c)
Institutions that evaluate satisfactory academic progress at the end of each payment period.
(1) An institution that evaluates satisfactory academic progress at the end of each payment period and determines that a student is not making progress under its policy may nevertheless disburse title IV, HEA program funds to the student under the provisions of paragraph (c)(2), (c)(3), or (c)(4) of this section.
(2) For the payment period following the payment period in which the student did not make satisfactory academic progress, the institution may—
(i) Place the student on financial aid warning, and disburse title IV, HEA program funds to the student; or
(ii) Place a student directly on financial aid probation, following the procedures outlined in paragraph (d)(2) of this section and disburse title IV, HEA program funds to the student.
(3) For the payment period following a payment period during which a student was on financial aid warning, the institution may place the student on financial aid probation, and disburse title IV, HEA program funds to the student if—
(i) The institution evaluates the student's progress and determines that student did not make satisfactory academic progress during the payment period the student was on financial aid warning;
(ii) The student appeals the determination; and
(iii)(A) The institution determines that the student should be able to meet
the institution's satisfactory academic progress standards by the end of the subsequent payment period; or
(B) The institution develops an academic plan for the student that, if followed, will ensure that the student is able to meet the institution's satisfactory academic progress standards by a specific point in time.
(4) A student on financial aid probation for a payment period may not receive title IV, HEA program funds for the subsequent payment period unless the student makes satisfactory academic progress or the institution determines that the student met the requirements specified by the institution in the academic plan for the student.
(d)
Institutions that evaluate satisfactory academic progress annually or less frequently than at the end of each payment period.
(1) An institution that evaluates satisfactory academic progress annually or less frequently than at the end of each payment period and determines that a student is not making progress under its policy may nevertheless disburse title IV, HEA program funds to the student under the provisions of paragraph (d)(2) or (d)(3) of this section.
(2) The institution may place the student on financial aid probation and may disburse title IV, HEA program funds to the student for the subsequent payment period if—
(i) The institution evaluates the student and determines that the student is not making satisfactory academic progress;
(ii) The student appeals the determination; and
(iii)(A) The institution determines that the student should be able to be make satisfactory academic progress during the subsequent payment period and meet the institution's satisfactory academic progress standards at the end of that payment period; or
(B) The institution develops an academic plan for the student that, if followed, will ensure that the student is able to meet the institution's satisfactory academic progress standards by a specific point in time.
(3) A student on financial aid probation for a payment period may not receive title IV, HEA program funds for the subsequent payment period unless the student makes satisfactory academic progress or the institution determines that the student met the requirements specified by the institution in the academic plan for the student.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1091(d))
[75 FR 66953, Oct. 29, 2010]
§ 668.35
Student debts under the HEA and to the U.S.
(a) A student who is in default on a loan made under a title IV, HEA loan program may nevertheless be eligible to receive title IV, HEA program assistance if the student—
(1) Repays the loan in full; or
(2) Except as limited by paragraph (c) of this section—
(i) Makes arrangements, that are satisfactory to the holder of the loan and in accordance with the individual title IV, HEA loan program regulations, to repay the loan balance; and
(ii) Makes at least six consecutive monthly payments under those arrangements.
(b) A student who is subject to a judgment for failure to repay a loan made under a title IV, HEA loan program may nevertheless be eligible to receive title IV, HEA program assistance if the student—
(1) Repays the debt in full; or
(2) Except as limited by paragraph (c) of this section—
(i) Makes repayment arrangements that are satisfactory to the holder of the debt; and
(ii) Makes at least six consecutive, voluntary monthly payments under those arrangements. Voluntary payments are those payments made directly by the borrower, and do not include payments obtained by Federal offset, garnishment, or income or asset execution.
(c) A student who reestablishes eligibility under either paragraph (a)(2) of this section or paragraph (b)(2) of this section may not reestablish eligibility again under either of those paragraphs.
(d) A student who is not in default on a loan made under a title IV, HEA loan program, but has inadvertently obtained loan funds under a title IV, HEA
loan program in an amount that exceeds the annual or aggregate loan limits under that program, may nevertheless be eligible to receive title IV, HEA program assistance if the student—
(1) Repays in full the excess loan amount; or
(2) Makes arrangements, satisfactory to the holder of the loan, to repay that excess loan amount.
(e) Except as provided in 34 CFR 668.22(h), a student who receives an overpayment under the Federal Perkins Loan Program, or under a title IV, HEA grant program, may nevertheless be eligible to receive title IV, HEA program assistance if—
(1) The student pays the overpayment in full;
(2) The student makes arrangements satisfactory to the holder of the overpayment debt to pay the overpayment;
(3) The overpayment amount is less than $25 and is neither a remaining balance nor a result of the application of the overaward threshold in 34 CFR 673.5(d); or
(4) The overpayment is an amount that a student is not required to return under the requirements of § 668.22(h)(3)(ii)(B).
(f) A student who has property subject to a judgement lien for a debt owed to the United States may nevertheless be eligible to receive title IV, HEA program assistance if the student-
(1) Pays the debt in full; or
(2) Makes arrangements, satisfactory to the United States, to pay the debt.
(g) (1) A student is not liable for a Federal Pell Grant overpayment received in an award year if the institution can eliminate that overpayment by adjusting subsequent Federal Pell Grant payments in that same award year.
(2) A student is not liable for an ACG overpayment received in an award year if—
(i) The institution can eliminate that overpayment by adjusting subsequent title IV, HEA program (other than Federal Pell Grant, ACG, or National SMART Grant) payments in that same award year; or
(ii) The institution cannot eliminate the overpayment under paragraph (g)(2)(i) of this section but can eliminate that overpayment by adjusting subsequent ACG payments in that same award year.
(3) A student is not liable for a National SMART Grant overpayment received in an award year if—
(i) The institution can eliminate that overpayment by adjusting subsequent title IV, HEA program (other than Federal Pell Grant, ACG, or National SMART Grant) payments in that same award year; or
(ii) The institution cannot eliminate the overpayment under paragraph (g)(3)(i) of this section but can eliminate that overpayment by adjusting subsequent National SMART Grant payments in that same award year.
(4) A student is not liable for a TEACH Grant overpayment received in an award year if—
(i) The institution can eliminate that overpayment by adjusting subsequent title IV, HEA program (other than Federal Pell Grant, ACG, National SMART Grant, or TEACH Grant) payments in that same award year; or
(ii) The institution cannot eliminate the overpayment under paragraph (g)(4)(i) of this section but can eliminate that overpayment by adjusting subsequent TEACH Grant payments in that same award year.
(5) A student is not liable for a FSEOG or LEAP overpayment or Federal Perkins loan overpayment received in an award year if the institution can eliminate that overpayment by adjusting subsequent title IV, HEA program (other than Federal Pell Grant) payments in that same award year.
(h) A student who otherwise is in default on a loan made under a title IV, HEA loan program, or who otherwise owes an overpayment on a title IV, HEA program grant or Federal Perkins loan, is not considered to be in default or owe an overpayment if the student—
(1) Obtains a judicial determination that the debt has been discharged or is dischargeable in bankruptcy; or
(2) Demonstrates to the satisfaction of the holder of the debt that—
(i) When the student filed the petition for bankruptcy relief, the loan, or demand for the payment of the overpayment, had been outstanding for the period required under 11 U.S.C.
523(a)(8)(A), exclusive of applicable suspensions of the repayment period for either debt of the kind defined in 34 CFR 682.402(m); and
(ii) The debt otherwise qualifies for discharge under applicable bankruptcy law; and
(i) In the case of a student who has been convicted of, or has pled nolo contendere or guilty to a crime involving fraud in obtaining title IV, HEA program assistance, has completed the repayment of such assistance to:
(1) The Secretary; or
(2) The holder, in the case of a title IV, HEA program loan.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1070g, 1091; 11 U.S.C. 523, 525)
[60 FR 61810, Dec. 1, 1995, as amended at 65 FR 38729, June 22, 2000; 67 FR 67073, Nov. 1, 2002; 71 FR 38003, July 3, 2006; 71 FR 45696, Aug. 9, 2006; 71 FR 64397, Nov. 1, 2006; 73 FR 35493, June 23, 2008]
§ 668.36
Social security number.
(a)(1) Except for residents of the Federated States of Micronesia, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, and the Republic of Palau, the Secretary attempts to confirm the social security number a student provides on the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) under a data match with the Social Security Administration. If the Social Security Administration confirms that number, the Secretary notifies the institution and the student of that confirmation.
(2) If the student's verified social security number is the same number as the one he or she provided on the FAFSA, and the institution has no reason to believe that the verified social security number is inaccurate, the institution may consider the number to be accurate.
(3) If the Social Security Administration does not verify the student's social security number on the FAFSA, or the institution has reason to believe that the verified social security number is inaccurate, the student can provide evidence to the institution, such as the student's social security card, indicating the accuracy of the student's social security number. An institution must give a student at least 30 days, or until the end of the award year, whichever is later, to produce that evidence.
(4) An institution may not deny, reduce, delay, or terminate a student's eligibility for assistance under the title IV, HEA programs because verification of that student's social security number is pending.
(b)(1) An institution may not disburse any title IV, HEA program funds to a student until the institution is satisfied that the student's reported social security number is accurate.
(2) The institution shall ensure that the Secretary is notified of the student's accurate social security number if the student demonstrates the accuracy of a social security number that is not the number the student included on the FAFSA.
(c) If the Secretary determines that the social security number provided to an institution by a student is incorrect, and that student has not provided evidence under paragraph (a)(3) of this section indicating the accuracy of the social security number, and a loan has been guaranteed for the student under the FFEL program, the institution shall notify and instruct the lender and guaranty agency making and guaranteeing the loan, respectively, to cease further disbursements of the loan, until the Secretary or the institution determines that the social security number provided by the student is correct, but the guaranty may not be voided or otherwise nullified before the date that the lender and the guaranty agency receive the notice.
(d) Nothing in this section permits the Secretary to take any compliance, disallowance, penalty or other regulatory action against—
(1) Any institution of higher education with respect to any error in a social security number, unless the error was the result of fraud on the part of the institution; or
(2) Any student with respect to any error in a social security number, unless the error was the result of fraud on the part of the student.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1091)
§ 668.37
Selective Service registration.
(a)(1) To be eligible to receive title IV, HEA program funds, a male student who is subject to registration with the
Selective Service must register with the Selective Service.
(2) A male student does not have to register with the Selective Service if the student—
(i) Is below the age of 18, or was born before January 1, 1960;
(ii) Is enrolled in an officer procurement program the curriculum of which has been approved by the Secretary of Defense at the following institutions:
(A) The Citadel, Charleston, South Carolina;
(B) North Georgia College, Dahlonega, Georgia;
(C) Norwich University, Northfield, Vermont; or
(D) Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, Virginia; or
(iii) Is a commissioned officer of the Public Health Service or a member of the Reserve of the Public Health Service who is on active duty as provided in section 6(a)(2) of the Military Selective Service Act.
(b)(1) When the Secretary processes a male student's FAFSA, the Secretary determines whether the student is registered with the Selective Service under a data match with the Selective Service.
(2) Under the data match, Selective Service reports to the Secretary whether its records indicate that the student is registered, and the Secretary reports the results of the data match to the student and the institution the student is attending.
(c)(1) If the Selective Service does not confirm through the data match, that the student is registered, the student can establish that he—
(i) Is registered;
(ii) Is not, or was not required to be, registered;
(iii) Has registered since the submission of the FAFSA; or
(iv) Meets the conditions of paragraph (d) of this section.
(2) An institution must give a student at least 30 days, or until the end of the award year, whichever is later, to provide evidence to establish the condition described in paragraph (c)(1) of this section.
(d) An institution may determine that a student, who was required to, but did not register with the Selective Service, is not ineligible to receive title IV, HEA assistance for that reason, if the student can demonstrate by submitting clear and unambiguous evidence to the institution that—
(1) He was unable to present himself for registration for reasons beyond his control such as hospitalization, incarceration, or institutionalization; or
(2) He is over 26 and when he was between 18 and 26 and required to register—
(i) He did not knowingly and willfully fail to register with the Selective Service; or
(ii) He served as a member of one of the U.S. Armed Forces on active duty and received a DD Form 214, “Certificate of Release or Discharge from Active Duty,” showing military service with other than the reserve forces and National Guard.
(e) For purposes of paragraph (d)(2)(i) of this section, an institution may consider that a student did not knowingly and willfully fail to register with the Selective Service only if—
(1) The student submits to the institution an advisory opinion from the Selective Service System that does not dispute the student's claim that he did not knowingly and willfully fail to register; and
(2) The institution does not have uncontroverted evidence that the student knowingly and willfully failed to register.
(f)(1) A student who is required to register with the Selective Service and has been denied title IV, HEA program assistance because he has not proven to the institution that he has registered with Selective Service may seek a hearing from the Secretary by filing a request in writing with the Secretary. The student must submit with that request—
(i) A statement that he is in compliance with registration requirements;
(ii) A concise statement of the reasons why he has not been able to prove that he is in compliance with those requirements; and
(iii) Copies of all material that he has already supplied to the institution to verify his compliance.
(2) The Secretary provides an opportunity for a hearing to a student who—
(i) Asserts that he is in compliance with registration requirements; and
(ii) Files a written request for a hearing in accordance with paragraph (f)(1) of this section within the award year for which he was denied title IV, HEA program assistance or within 30 days following the end of the payment period, whichever is later.
(3) An official designated by the Secretary shall conduct any hearing held under paragraph (f)(2) of this section. The sole purpose of this hearing is the determination of compliance with registration requirements. At this hearing, the student retains the burden of proving compliance, by credible evidence, with the requirements of the Military Selective Service Act. The designated official shall not consider challenges based on constitutional or other grounds to the requirements that a student state and verify, if required, compliance with registration requirements, or to those registration requirements themselves.
(g) Any determination of compliance made under this section is final unless reopened by the Secretary and revised on the basis of additional evidence.
(h) Any determination of compliance made under this section is binding only for purposes of determining eligibility for title IV, HEA program assistance.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1091 and 50 App. 462)
[60 FR 61812, Dec. 1. 1995, as amended at 61 FR 3776, Feb. 1, 1996]
§ 668.38
Enrollment in telecommunications and correspondence courses.
(a) If a student is enrolled in correspondence courses, the student is eligible to receive title IV, HEA program assistance only if the correspondence courses are part of a program that leads to an associate, bachelor's, or graduate degree.
(b)(1) For purposes of this section, a student enrolled in a telecommunications course at an institution of higher education is not enrolled in a correspondence course.
(2) For purposes of paragraph (b)(1) of this section, an institution of higher education is one that is not an institute or school described in section 3(3)(C) of the Carl D. Perkins Vocational and Applied Technology Act of 1995.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1091)
[60 FR 61810, Dec. 1, 1995, as amended at 64 FR 57358, Oct. 22, 1999; 71 FR 45696, Aug. 9, 2006]
§ 668.39
Study abroad programs.
A student enrolled in a program of study abroad is eligible to receive title IV, HEA program assistance if—
(a) The student remains enrolled as a regular student in an eligible program at an eligible institution during his or her program of study abroad; and
(b) The eligible institution approves the program of study abroad for academic credit. However, the study abroad program need not be required as part of the student's eligible degree program.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1091(o))
§ 668.40
Conviction for possession or sale of illegal drugs.
(a)(1) A student is ineligible to receive title IV, HEA program funds, for the period described in paragraph (b) of this section, if the student has been convicted of an offense under any Federal or State law involving the possession or sale of illegal drugs for conduct that occurred during a period of enrollment for which the student was receiving title IV, HEA program funds. However, the student may regain eligibility before that time period expires under the conditions described in paragraph (c) of this section.
(2) For purposes of this section, a conviction means only a conviction that is on a student's record. A conviction that was reversed, set aside, or removed from the student's record is not relevant for purposes of this section, nor is a determination or adjudication arising out of a juvenile proceeding.
(3) For purposes of this section, an illegal drug is a controlled substance as defined by section 102(6) of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 801(6)), and does not include alcohol or tobacco.
(b)(1)
Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, if a student has been convicted—
(i) Only one time for possession of illegal drugs, the student is ineligible to
receive title IV, HEA program funds for one year after the date of conviction;
(ii) Two times for possession of illegal drugs, the student is ineligible to receive title IV, HEA program funds for two years after the date of the second conviction; or
(iii) Three or more times for possession of illegal drugs, the student is ineligible to receive title IV, HEA program funds for an indefinite period after the date of the third conviction.
(2)
Sale.
Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, if a student has been convicted—
(i) Only one time for sale of illegal drugs, the student is ineligible to receive title IV, HEA program funds for two years after the date of conviction; or
(ii) Two or more times for sale of illegal drugs, the student is ineligible to receive Title IV, HEA program funds for an indefinite period after the date of the second conviction.
(c) If a student successfully completes a drug rehabilitation program described in paragraph (d) of this section after the student's most recent drug conviction, the student regains eligibility on the date the student successfully completes the program.
(d) A drug rehabilitation program referred to in paragraph (c) of this section is one which—
(1) Includes at least two unannounced drug tests; and
(2)(i) Has received or is qualified to receive funds directly or indirectly under a Federal, State, or local government program;
(ii) Is administered or recognized by a Federal, State, or local government agency or court;
(iii) Has received or is qualified to receive payment directly or indirectly from a Federally- or State-licensed insurance company; or
(iv) Is administered or recognized by a Federally- or State-licensed hospital, health clinic or medical doctor.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1091(r))
51 FR 43323, Dec. 1, 1986, unless otherwise noted.
§ 668.41
Reporting and disclosure of information.
(a)
The following definitions apply to this subpart:
Athletically related student aid
means any scholarship, grant, or other form of financial assistance, offered by an institution, the terms of which require the recipient to participate in a program of intercollegiate athletics at the institution. Other student aid, of which a student-athlete simply happens to be the recipient, is not athletically related student aid.
Certificate or degree-seeking student
means a student enrolled in a course of credit who is recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or certificate.
First-time undergraduate student
means an entering undergraduate who has never attended any institution of higher education. It includes a student enrolled in the fall term who attended a postsecondary institution for the first time in the prior summer term, and a student who entered with advanced standing (college credit earned before graduation from high school).
Normal time
is the amount of time necessary for a student to complete all requirements for a degree or certificate according to the institution's catalog. This is typically four years for a bachelor's degree in a standard term-based institution, two years for an associate degree in a standard term-based institution, and the various scheduled times for certificate programs.
Notice
means a notification of the availability of information an institution is required by this subpart to disclose, provided to an individual on a one-to-one basis through an appropriate mailing or publication, including direct mailing through the U.S. Postal Service, campus mail, or electronic mail. Posting on an Internet website or an Intranet website does not constitute a notice.
Official fall reporting date
means that date (in the fall) on which an institution must report fall enrollment data
to either the State, its board of trustees or governing board, or some other external governing body.
On-campus student housing facility:
A dormitory or other residential facility for students that is located on an institution's campus, as defined in § 668.46(a).
Prospective employee
means an individual who has contacted an eligible institution for the purpose of requesting information concerning employment with that institution.
Prospective student
means an individual who has contacted an eligible institution requesting information concerning admission to that institution.
Undergraduate students,
for purposes of §§ 668.45 and 668.48 only, means students enrolled in a bachelor's degree program, an associate degree program, or a vocational or technical program below the baccalaureate.
(b)
Disclosure through Internet or Intranet websites.
Subject to paragraphs (c)(2), (e)(2) through (4), or (g)(1)(ii) of this section, as appropriate, an institution may satisfy any requirement to disclose information under paragraph (d), (e), or (g) of this section for—
(1) Enrolled students or current employees by posting the information on an Internet website or an Intranet website that is reasonably accessible to the individuals to whom the information must be disclosed; and
(2) Prospective students or prospective employees by posting the information on an Internet website.
(c)
Notice to enrolled students.
(1) An institution annually must distribute to all enrolled students a notice of the availability of the information required to be disclosed pursuant to paragraphs (d), (e), and (g) of this section, and pursuant to 34 CFR 99.7 (§ 99.7 sets forth the notification requirements of the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974). The notice must list and briefly describe the information and tell the student how to obtain the information.
(2) An institution that discloses information to enrolled students as required under paragraph (d), (e), or (g) of this section by posting the information on an Internet website or an Intranet website must include in the notice described in paragraph (c)(1) of this section—
(i) The exact electronic address at which the information is posted; and
(ii) A statement that the institution will provide a paper copy of the information on request.
(d)
General disclosures for enrolled or prospective students.
An institution must make available to any enrolled student or prospective student through appropriate publications, mailings or electronic media, information concerning—
(1) Financial assistance available to students enrolled in the institution (pursuant to § 668.42).
(2) The institution (pursuant to § 668.43).
(3) The institution's retention rate as reported to the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS). In the case of a request from a prospective student, the information must be made available prior to the student's enrolling or entering into any financial obligation with the institution.
(4) The institution's completion or graduation rate and, if applicable, its transfer-out rate (pursuant to § 668.45). In the case of a request from a prospective student, the information must be made available prior to the student's enrolling or entering into any financial obligation with the institution.
(5) The placement of, and types of employment obtained by, graduates of the institution's degree or certificate programs.
(i) The information provided in compliance with this paragraph may be gathered from—
(A) The institution's placement rate for any program, if it calculates such a rate;
(B) State data systems;
(C) Alumni or student satisfaction surveys; or
(D) Other relevant sources.
(ii) The institution must identify the source of the information provided in compliance with this paragraph, as well as any time frames and methodology associated with it.
(iii) The institution must disclose any placement rates it calculates.
(6) The types of graduate and professional education in which graduates of
the institution's four-year degree programs enroll.
(i) The information provided in compliance with this paragraph may be gathered from—
(A) State data systems;
(B) Alumni or student satisfaction surveys; or
(C) Other relevant sources.
(ii) The institution must identify the source of the information provided in compliance with this paragraph, as well as any time frames and methodology associated with it.
(e)
Annual security report and annual fire safety report
— (1)
Enrolled students and current employees—annual security report and annual fire safety report.
By October 1 of each year, an institution must distribute to all enrolled students and current employees its annual security report described in § 668.46(b), and, if the institution maintains an on-campus student housing facility, its annual fire safety report described in § 668.49(b), through appropriate publications and mailings, including—
(i) Direct mailing to each individual through the U.S. Postal Service, campus mail, or electronic mail;
(ii) A publication or publications provided directly to each individual; or
(iii) Posting on an Internet Web site or an Intranet Web site, subject to paragraph (e)(2) and (3) of this section.
(2)
Enrolled students—annual security report and annual fire safety report.
If an institution chooses to distribute either its annual security report or annual fire safety report to enrolled students by posting the disclosure or disclosures on an Internet Web site or an Intranet Web site, the institution must comply with the requirements of paragraph (c)(2) of this section.
(3)
Current employees—annual security report and annual fire safety report.
If an institution chooses to distribute either its annual security report or annual fire safety report to current employees by posting the disclosure or disclosures on an Internet Web site or an Intranet Web site, the institution must, by October 1 of each year, distribute to all current employees a notice that includes a statement of the report's availability, the exact electronic address at which the report is posted, a brief description of the report's contents, and a statement that the institution will provide a paper copy of the report upon request.
(4)
Prospective students and prospective employees—annual security report and annual fire safety report.
For each of the reports, the institution must provide a notice to prospective students and prospective employees that includes a statement of the report's availability, a description of its contents, and an opportunity to request a copy. An institution must provide its annual security report and annual fire safety report, upon request, to a prospective student or prospective employee. If the institution chooses to provide either its annual security report or annual fire safety report to prospective students and prospective employees by posting the disclosure on an Internet Web site, the notice described in this paragraph must include the exact electronic address at which the report is posted, a brief description of the report, and a statement that the institution will provide a paper copy of the report upon request.
(5)
Submission to the Secretary—annual security report and annual fire safety report.
Each year, by the date and in a form specified by the Secretary, an institution must submit the statistics required by §§ 668.46(c) and 668.49(c) to the Secretary.
(6)
Publication of the annual fire safety report.
An institution may publish its annual fire safety report concurrently with its annual security report only if the title of the report clearly states that the report contains both the annual security report and the annual fire safety report. If an institution chooses to publish the annual fire safety report separately from the annual security report, it must include information in each of the two reports about how to directly access the other report.
(f)
Prospective student-athletes and their parents, high school coach and guidance counselor—report on completion or graduation rates for student-athletes.
(1)(i) Except under the circumstances described in paragraph (f)(1)(ii) of this section, when an institution offers a prospective student-athlete athletically related student aid, it must provide to the prospective student-athlete,
and his or her parents, high school coach, and guidance counselor, the report produced pursuant to § 668.48(a).
(ii) An institution's responsibility under paragraph (f)(1)(i) of this section with reference to a prospective student athlete's high school coach and guidance counselor is satisfied if—
(A) The institution is a member of a national collegiate athletic association;
(B) The association compiles data on behalf of its member institutions, which data the Secretary determines are substantially comparable to those required by § 668.48(a); and
(C) The association distributes the compilation to all secondary schools in the United States.
(2) By July 1 of each year, an institution must submit to the Secretary the report produced pursuant to § 668.48.
(g)
Enrolled students, prospective students, and the public—report on athletic program participation rates and financial support data.
(1)(i) An institution of higher education subject to § 668.47 must, not later than October 15 of each year, make available to enrolled students, prospective students, and the public, the report produced pursuant to § 668.47(c). The institution must make the report easily accessible to students, prospective students, and the public and must provide the report promptly to anyone who requests it.
(ii) The institution must provide notice to all enrolled students, pursuant to paragraph (c)(1) of this section, and prospective students of their right to request the report described in paragraph (g)(1) of this section. If the institution chooses to make the report available by posting the disclosure on an Internet website or an Intranet website, it must provide in the notice the exact electronic address at which the report is posted, a brief description of the report, and a statement that the institution will provide a paper copy of the report on request. For prospective students, the institution may not use an Intranet website for this purpose.
(2) An institution must submit the report described in paragraph (g)(1)(i) of this section to the Secretary within 15 days of making it available to students, prospective students, and the public.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1845-0004)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1092)
[64 FR 59066, Nov. 1, 1999, as amended at 74 FR 55942, Oct. 29, 2009]
§ 668.42
Financial assistance information.
(a)(1) Information on financial assistance that the institution must publish and make readily available to current and prospective students under this subpart includes, but is not limited to, a description of all the Federal, State, local, private and institutional student financial assistance programs available to students who enroll at that institution.
(2) These programs include both need-based and non-need-based programs.
(3) The institution may describe its own financial assistance programs by listing them in general categories.
(4) The institution must describe the terms and conditions of the loans students receive under the Federal Family Education Loan Program, the William D. Ford Federal Direct Student Loan Program, and the Federal Perkins Loan Program.
(b) For each program referred to in paragraph (a) of this section, the information provided by the institution must describe—
(1) The procedures and forms by which students apply for assistance;
(2) The student eligibility requirements;
(3) The criteria for selecting recipients from the group of eligible applicants; and
(4) The criteria for determining the amount of a student's award.
(c) The institution must describe the rights and responsibilities of students receiving financial assistance and, specifically, assistance under the title IV, HEA programs. This description must include specific information regarding—
(1) Criteria for continued student eligibility under each program;
(2)(i) Standards which the student must maintain in order to be considered to be making satisfactory progress
in his or her course of study for the purpose of receiving financial assistance; and
(ii) Criteria by which the student who has failed to maintain satisfactory progress may re-establish his or her eligibility for financial assistance;
(3) The method by which financial assistance disbursements will be made to the students and the frequency of those disbursements;
(4) The terms of any loan received by a student as part of the student's financial assistance package, a sample loan repayment schedule for sample loans and the necessity for repaying loans;
(5) The general conditions and terms applicable to any employment provided to a student as part of the student's financial assistance package; and
(6) The exit counseling information the institution provides and collects as required by 34 CFR 674.42 for borrowers under the Federal Perkins Loan Program, by 34 CFR 685.304 for borrowers under the William D. Ford Federal Direct Student Loan Program, and by 34 CFR 682.604 for borrowers under the Federal Stafford Loan Program.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1845-0022)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1092)
[51 FR 43323, Dec. 1, 1986. Redesignated and amended at 64 FR 59067, Nov. 1, 1999; 74 FR 55649, Oct. 29, 2009]
§ 668.43
Institutional information.
(a) Institutional information that the institution must make readily available to enrolled and prospective students under this subpart includes, but is not limited to—
(1) The cost of attending the institution, including—
(i) Tuition and fees charged to full-time and part-time students;
(ii) Estimates of costs for necessary books and supplies;
(iii) Estimates of typical charges for room and board;
(iv) Estimates of transportation costs for students; and
(v) Any additional cost of a program in which a student is enrolled or expresses a specific interest;
(2) Any refund policy with which the institution is required to comply for the return of unearned tuition and fees or other refundable portions of costs paid to the institution;
(3) The requirements and procedures for officially withdrawing from the institution;
(4) A summary of the requirements under § 668.22 for the return of title IV grant or loan assistance;
(5) The academic program of the institution, including—
(i) The current degree programs and other educational and training programs;
(ii) The instructional, laboratory, and other physical facilities which relate to the academic program;
(iii) The institution's faculty and other instructional personnel; and
(iv) Any plans by the institution for improving the academic program of the institution, upon a determination by the institution that such a plan exists;
(6) The names of associations, agencies or governmental bodies that accredit, approve, or license the institution and its programs and the procedures by which documents describing that activity may be reviewed under paragraph (b) of this section;
(7) A description of the services and facilities available to students with disabilities, including students with intellectual disabilities as defined in subpart O of this part;
(8) The titles of persons designated under § 668.44 and information regarding how and where those persons may be contacted;
(9) A statement that a student's enrollment in a program of study abroad approved for credit by the home institution may be considered enrollment at the home institution for the purpose of applying for assistance under the title IV, HEA programs;
(10) Institutional policies and sanctions related to copyright infringement, including—
(i) A statement that explicitly informs its students that unauthorized distribution of copyrighted material, including unauthorized peer-to-peer file sharing, may subject the students to civil and criminal liabilities;
(ii) A summary of the penalties for violation of Federal copyright laws;
(iii) A description of the institution's policies with respect to unauthorized
peer-to-peer file sharing, including disciplinary actions that are taken against students who engage in illegal downloading or unauthorized distribution of copyrighted materials using the institution's information technology system; and
(11) A description of the transfer of credit policies established by the institution which must include a statement of the institution's current transfer of credit policies that includes, at a minimum—
(i) Any established criteria the institution uses regarding the transfer of credit earned at another institution; and
(ii) A list of institutions with which the institution has established an articulation agreement; and
(12) A description of written arrangements the institution has entered into in accordance with § 668.5, including, but not limited to, information on—
(i) The portion of the educational program that the institution that grants the degree or certificate is not providing;
(ii) The name and location of the other institutions or organizations that are providing the portion of the educational program that the institution that grants the degree or certificate is not providing;
(iii) The method of delivery of the portion of the educational program that the institution that grants the degree or certificate is not providing; and
(iv) Estimated additional costs students may incur as the result of enrolling in an educational program that is provided, in part, under the written arrangement.
(b) The institution must make available for review to any enrolled or prospective student upon request, a copy of the documents describing the institution's accreditation and its State, Federal, or tribal approval or licensing. The institution must also provide its students or prospective students with contact information for filing complaints with its accreditor and with its State approval or licensing entity and any other relevant State official or agency that would appropriately handle a student's complaint.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1845-0022)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1092)
[64 FR 59068, Nov. 1, 1999, as amended at 74 FR 55943, Oct. 29, 2009; 75 FR 66954, Oct. 29, 2010]
§ 668.44
Availability of employees for information dissemination purposes.
(a)
Availability.
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section each institution shall designate an employee or group of employees who shall be available on a full-time basis to assist enrolled or prospective students in obtaining the information specified in §§ 668.42, 668.43, 668.45 and 668.46.
(2) If the institution designates one person, that person shall be available, upon reasonable notice, to any enrolled or prospective student throughout the normal administrative working hours of that institution.
(3) If more than one person is designated, their combined work schedules must be arranged so that at least one of them is available, upon reasonable notice, throughout the normal administrative working hours of that institution.
(b)
Waiver.
(1) the Secretary may waive the requirement that the employee or group of employees designated under paragraph (a) of this section be available on a full-time basis if the institution's total enrollment, or the portion of the enrollment participating in the title IV, HEA programs, is too small to necessitate an employee or group of employees being available on a full-time basis.
(2) In determining whether an institution's total enrollment or the number of title IV, HEA program recipients is too small, the Secretary considers whether there will be an insufficient demand for information dissemination services among its enrolled or prospective students to necessitate the full-time availability of an employee or group of employees.
(3) To receive a waiver, the institution shall apply to the Secretary at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Secretary.
(c) The granting of a waiver under paragraph (b) of this section does not exempt an institution from designating a specific employee or group of employees to carry out on a part-time basis the information dissemination requirements.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1092)
[51 FR 43323, Dec. 1, 1986. Redesignated at 64 FR 59067, Nov. 1, 1999, as amended at 69 FR 12276, Mar. 16, 2004]
§ 668.45
Information on completion or graduation rates.
(a)(1) An institution annually must prepare the completion or graduation rate of its certificate- or degree-seeking, first-time, full-time undergraduate students, as provided in paragraph (b) of this section.
(2) An institution that determines that its mission includes providing substantial preparation for students to enroll in another eligible institution must prepare the transfer-out rate of its certificate- or degree-seeking, first-time, full-time undergraduate students, as provided in paragraph (c) of this section.
(3)(i) An institution that offers a predominant number of its programs based on semesters, trimesters, or quarters must base its completion or graduation rate, retention rate, and, if applicable, transfer-out rate calculations, on the cohort of certificate- or degree-seeking, first-time, full-time undergraduate students who enter the institution during the fall term of each year.
(ii) An institution not covered by the provisions of paragraph (a)(3)(i) of this section must base its completion or graduation rate, retention rate, and, if applicable, transfer-out rate calculations, on the cohort of certificate- or degree-seeking, first-time, full-time undergraduate students who enter the institution between September 1 of one year and August 31 of the following year.
(4)(i) An institution covered by the provisions of paragraph (a)(3)(i) of this section must count as an entering student a first-time undergraduate student who is enrolled as of October 15, the end of the institution's drop-add period, or another official reporting date as defined in § 668.41(a).
(ii) An institution covered by paragraph (a)(3)(ii) of this section must count as an entering student a first-time undergraduate student who is enrolled for at least—
(A) 15 days, in a program of up to, and including, one year in length; or
(B) 30 days, in a program of greater than one year in length.
(5) An institution must make available its completion or graduation rate and, if applicable, transfer-out rate, no later than the July 1 immediately following the 12-month period ending August 31 during which 150 percent of the normal time for completion or graduation has elapsed for all of the students in the group on which the institution bases its completion or graduation rate and, if applicable, transfer-out rate calculations.
(6)(i) Completion or graduation rate information must be disaggregated by gender, by each major racial and ethnic subgroup (as defined in IPEDS), by recipients of a Federal Pell Grant, by recipients of a Federal Family Education Loan or a Federal Direct Loan (other than an Unsubsidized Stafford Loan made under the Federal Family Education Loan Program or a Federal Direct Unsubsidized Stafford Loan) who did not receive a Federal Pell Grant, and by recipients of neither a Federal Pell Grant nor a Federal Family Education Loan or a Federal Direct Loan (other than an Unsubsidized Stafford Loan made under the Federal Family Education Loan Program or a Federal Direct Unsubsidized Loan) if the number of students in such group or with such status is sufficient to yield statistically reliable information and reporting will not reveal personally identifiable information about an individual student. If such number is not sufficient for such purpose,
i.e.,
is too small to be meaningful, then the institution shall note that the institution enrolled too few of such students to so disclose or report with confidence and confidentiality.
(ii) With respect to the requirement in paragraph (a)(6)(i) of this section to disaggregate the completion or graduation rate information by the receipt or nonreceipt of Federal student aid, students shall be considered to have received the aid in question only if they
received such aid for the period specified in paragraph (a)(3) of this section.
(iii) The requirement in paragraph (a)(6)(i) of this section shall not apply to two-year, degree-granting institutions of higher education until academic year 2011-2012.
(b) In calculating the completion or graduation rate under paragraph (a)(1) of this section, an institution must count as completed or graduated—
(1) Students who have completed or graduated by the end of the 12-month period ending August 31 during which 150 percent of the normal time for completion or graduation from their program has lapsed; and
(2) Students who have completed a program described in § 668.8(b)(1)(ii), or an equivalent program, by the end of the 12-month period ending August 31 during which 150 percent of normal time for completion from that program has lapsed.
(c) In calculating the transfer-out rate under paragraph (a)(2) of this section, an institution must count as transfers-out students who by the end of the 12-month period ending August 31 during which 150 percent of the normal time for completion or graduation from the program in which they were enrolled has lapsed, have not completed or graduated but have subsequently enrolled in any program of an eligible institution for which its program provided substantial preparation.
(d) For the purpose of calculating a completion or graduation rate and a transfer-out rate, an institution may—
(1) Exclude students who—
(i) Have left school to serve in the Armed Forces;
(ii) Have left school to serve on official church missions;
(iii) Have left school to serve with a foreign aid service of the Federal Government, such as the Peace Corps;
(iv) Are totally and permanently disabled; or
(v) Are deceased.
(2) In cases where the students described in paragraphs (d)(1)(i) through (iii) of this section represent 20 percent or more of the certificate- or degree-seeking, full-time, undergraduate students at the institution, recalculate the completion or graduation rates of those students by adding to the 150 percent time-frame they normally have to complete or graduate, as described in paragraph (b) of this section, the time period the students were not enrolled due to their service in the Armed Forces, on official church missions, or with a recognized foreign aid service of the Federal Government.
(e)(1) The Secretary grants a waiver of the requirements of this section dealing with completion and graduation rate data to any institution that is a member of an athletic association or conference that has voluntarily published completion or graduation rate data, or has agreed to publish data, that the Secretary determines are substantially comparable to the data required by this section.
(2) An institution that receives a waiver of the requirements of this section must still comply with the requirements of § 668.41(d)(3) and (f).
(3) An institution, or athletic association or conference applying on behalf of an institution, that seeks a waiver under paragraph (e)(1) of this section must submit a written application to the Secretary that explains why it believes the data the athletic association or conference publishes are accurate and substantially comparable to the information required by this section.
(f) In addition to calculating the completion or graduation rate required by paragraph (a)(1) of this section, an institution may, but is not required to—
(1) Calculate a completion or graduation rate for students who transfer into the institution;
(2) Calculate a completion or graduation rate for students described in paragraphs (d)(1)(i) through (iv) of this section; and
(3) Calculate a transfer-out rate as specified in paragraph (c) of this section, if the institution determines that its mission does not include providing substantial preparation for its students to enroll in another eligible institution.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1845-0004)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1092)
[74 FR 55944, Oct. 29, 2009]
§ 668.46
Institutional security policies and crime statistics.
(a)
Monday through Friday, excluding any day when the institution is closed.
Campus:
(1) Any building or property owned or controlled by an institution within the same reasonably contiguous geographic area and used by the institution in direct support of, or in a manner related to, the institution's educational purposes, including residence halls; and
(2) Any building or property that is within or reasonably contiguous to the area identified in paragraph (1) of this definition, that is owned by the institution but controlled by another person, is frequently used by students, and supports institutional purposes (such as a food or other retail vendor).
Campus security authority:
(1) A campus police department or a campus security department of an institution.
(2) Any individual or individuals who have responsibility for campus security but who do not constitute a campus police department or a campus security department under paragraph (1) of this definition, such as an individual who is responsible for monitoring entrance into institutional property.
(3) Any individual or organization specified in an institution's statement of campus security policy as an individual or organization to which students and employees should report criminal offenses.
(4) An official of an institution who has significant responsibility for student and campus activities, including, but not limited to, student housing, student discipline, and campus judicial proceedings. If such an official is a pastoral or professional counselor as defined below, the official is not considered a campus security authority when acting as a pastoral or professional counselor.
Noncampus building or property:
(1) Any building or property owned or controlled by a student organization that is officially recognized by the institution; or
(2) Any building or property owned or controlled by an institution that is used in direct support of, or in relation to, the institution's educational purposes, is frequently used by students, and is not within the same reasonably contiguous geographic area of the institution.
Pastoral counselor:
A person who is associated with a religious order or denomination, is recognized by that religious order or denomination as someone who provides confidential counseling, and is functioning within the scope of that recognition as a pastoral counselor.
Professional counselor:
A person whose official responsibilities include providing mental health counseling to members of the institution's community and who is functioning within the scope of his or her license or certification.
Public property:
All public property, including thoroughfares, streets, sidewalks, and parking facilities, that is within the campus, or immediately adjacent to and accessible from the campus.
Referred for campus disciplinary action:
The referral of any person to any campus official who initiates a disciplinary action of which a record is kept and which may result in the imposition of a sanction.
Test:
Regularly scheduled drills, exercises, and appropriate follow-through activities, designed for assessment and evaluation of emergency plans and capabilities.
(b)
Annual security report.
An institution must prepare an annual security report that contains, at a minimum, the following information:
(1) The crime statistics described in paragraph (c) of this section.
(2) A statement of current campus policies regarding procedures for students and others to report criminal actions or other emergencies occurring on campus. This statement must include the institution's policies concerning its response to these reports, including—
(i) Policies for making timely warning reports to members of the campus community regarding the occurrence of crimes described in paragraph (c)(1) of this section;
(ii) Policies for preparing the annual disclosure of crime statistics; and
(iii) A list of the titles of each person or organization to whom students and employees should report the criminal offenses described in paragraph (c)(1) of this section for the purpose of making timely warning reports and the annual statistical disclosure. This statement must also disclose whether the institution has any policies or procedures that allow victims or witnesses to report crimes on a voluntary, confidential basis for inclusion in the annual disclosure of crime statistics, and, if so, a description of those policies and procedures.
(3) A statement of current policies concerning security of and access to campus facilities, including campus residences, and security considerations used in the maintenance of campus facilities.
(4) A statement of current policies concerning campus law enforcement that—
(i) Addresses the enforcement authority of security personnel, including their relationship with State and local police agencies and whether those security personnel have the authority to arrest individuals;
(ii) Encourages accurate and prompt reporting of all crimes to the campus police and the appropriate police agencies; and
(iii) Describes procedures, if any, that encourage pastoral counselors and professional counselors, if and when they deem it appropriate, to inform the persons they are counseling of any procedures to report crimes on a voluntary, confidential basis for inclusion in the annual disclosure of crime statistics.
(5) A description of the type and frequency of programs designed to inform students and employees about campus security procedures and practices and to encourage students and employees to be responsible for their own security and the security of others.
(6) A description of programs designed to inform students and employees about the prevention of crimes.
(7) A statement of policy concerning the monitoring and recording through local police agencies of criminal activity in which students engaged at off-campus locations of student organizations officially recognized by the institution, including student organizations with off-campus housing facilities.
(8) A statement of policy regarding the possession, use, and sale of alcoholic beverages and enforcement of State underage drinking laws.
(9) A statement of policy regarding the possession, use, and sale of illegal drugs and enforcement of Federal and State drug laws.
(10) A description of any drug or alcohol-abuse education programs, as required under section 120(a) through (d) of the HEA. For the purpose of meeting this requirement, an institution may cross-reference the materials the institution uses to comply with section 120(a) through (d) of the HEA.
(11) A statement of policy regarding the institution's campus sexual assault programs to prevent sex offenses, and procedures to follow when a sex offense occurs. The statement must include—
(i) A description of educational programs to promote the awareness of rape, acquaintance rape, and other forcible and nonforcible sex offenses;
(ii) Procedures students should follow if a sex offense occurs, including procedures concerning who should be contacted, the importance of preserving evidence for the proof of a criminal offense, and to whom the alleged offense should be reported;
(iii) Information on a student's option to notify appropriate law enforcement authorities, including on-campus and local police, and a statement that institutional personnel will assist the student in notifying these authorities, if the student requests the assistance of these personnel;
(iv) Notification to students of existing on- and off-campus counseling, mental health, or other student services for victims of sex offenses;
(v) Notification to students that the institution will change a victim's academic and living situations after an alleged sex offense and of the options for those changes, if those changes are requested by the victim and are reasonably available;
(vi) Procedures for campus disciplinary action in cases of an alleged sex offense, including a clear statement that—
(A) The accuser and the accused are entitled to the same opportunities to
have others present during a disciplinary proceeding; and
(B) Both the accuser and the accused must be informed of the outcome of any institutional disciplinary proceeding brought alleging a sex offense. Compliance with this paragraph does not constitute a violation of the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (20 U.S.C. 1232g). For the purpose of this paragraph, the outcome of a disciplinary proceeding means only the institution's final determination with respect to the alleged sex offense and any sanction that is imposed against the accused; and
(vii) Sanctions the institution may impose following a final determination of an institutional disciplinary proceeding regarding rape, acquaintance rape, or other forcible or nonforcible sex offenses.
(12) Beginning with the annual security report distributed by October 1, 2003, a statement advising the campus community where law enforcement agency information provided by a State under section 170101(j) of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 (42 U.S.C. 14071(j)), concerning registered sex offenders may be obtained, such as the law enforcement office of the institution, a local law enforcement agency with jurisdiction for the campus, or a computer network address.
(13) Beginning with the annual security report distributed by October 1, 2010, a statement of policy regarding emergency response and evacuation procedures, as described in paragraph (g) of this section.
(14) Beginning with the annual security report distributed by October 1, 2010, a statement of policy regarding missing student notification procedures, as described in paragraph (h) of this section.
(c)
—(1)
Crimes that must be reported.
An institution must report statistics for the three most recent calendar years concerning the occurrence on campus, in or on noncampus buildings or property, and on public property of the following that are reported to local police agencies or to a campus security authority:
(i) Criminal homicide:
(A) Murder and nonnegligent manslaughter.
(B) Negligent manslaughter.
(vii) Arson.
(viii) (A) Arrests for liquor law violations, drug law violations, and illegal weapons possession.
(B) Persons not included in paragraph (c)(1)(viii)(A) of this section, who were referred for campus disciplinary action for liquor law violations, drug law violations, and illegal weapons possession.
(2)
Recording crimes.
An institution must record a crime statistic in its annual security report for the calendar year in which the crime was reported to a campus security authority.
(3)
Reported crimes if a hate crime.
An institution must report, by category of prejudice, the following crimes reported to local police agencies or to a campus security authority that manifest evidence that the victim was intentionally selected because of the victim's actual or perceived race, gender, religion, sexual orientation, ethnicity, or disability:
(i) Any crime it reports pursuant to paragraph (c)(1)(i) through (vii) of this section.
(ii) The crimes of larceny-theft, simple assault, intimidation, and destruction/damage/vandalism of property.
(iii) Any other crime involving bodily injury.
(4)
Crimes by location.
The institution must provide a geographic breakdown of the statistics reported under paragraphs (c)(1) and (3) of this section according to the following categories:
(i) On campus.
(ii) Of the crimes in paragraph (c)(4)(i) of this section, the number of crimes that took place in dormitories or other residential facilities for students on campus.
(iii) In or on a noncampus building or property.
(iv) On public property.
Identification of the victim or the accused.
The statistics required under
paragraphs (c)(1) and (3) of this section may not include the identification of the victim or the person accused of committing the crime.
(6)
Pastoral and professional counselor.
An institution is not required to report statistics under paragraphs (c)(1) and (3) of this section for crimes reported to a pastoral or professional counselor.
(7)
UCR definitions.
An institution must compile the crime statistics required under paragraphs (c)(1) and (3) of this section using the definitions of crimes provided in appendix A to this subpart and the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Hate Crime Data Collection Guidelines and Training Guide for Hate Crime Data Collection. For further guidance concerning the application of definitions and classification of crimes, an institution must use either the UCR Reporting Handbook or the UCR Reporting Handbook: NIBRS EDITION, except that in determining how to report crimes committed in a multiple-offense situation an institution must use the UCR Reporting Handbook. Copies of the UCR publications referenced in this paragraph are available from: FBI, Communications Unit, 1000 Custer Hollow Road, Clarksburg, WV 26306 (telephone: 304-625-2823).
(8)
Use of a map.
In complying with the statistical reporting requirements under paragraphs (c)(1) and (3) of this section, an institution may provide a map to current and prospective students and employees that depicts its campus, noncampus buildings or property, and public property areas if the map accurately depicts its campus, noncampus buildings or property, and public property areas.
(9)
Statistics from police agencies.
In complying with the statistical reporting requirements under paragraphs (c)(1) through (4) of this section, an institution must make a reasonable, good faith effort to obtain the required statistics and may rely on the information supplied by a local or State police agency. If the institution makes such a reasonable, good faith effort, it is not responsible for the failure of the local or State police agency to supply the required statistics.
(d)
An institution must comply with the requirements of this section for each separate campus.
(e)
Timely warning and emergency notification.
(1) An institution must, in a manner that is timely and will aid in the prevention of similar crimes, report to the campus community on crimes that are—
(i) Described in paragraph (c)(1) and (3) of this section;
(ii) Reported to campus security authorities as identified under the institution's statement of current campus policies pursuant to paragraph (b)(2) of this section or local police agencies; and
(iii) Considered by the institution to represent a threat to students and employees.
(2) An institution is not required to provide a timely warning with respect to crimes reported to a pastoral or professional counselor.
(3) If there is an immediate threat to the health or safety of students or employees occurring on campus, as described in paragraph (g)(1) of this section, an institution must follow its emergency notification procedures. An institution that follows its emergency notification procedures is not required to issue a timely warning based on the same circumstances; however, the institution must provide adequate follow-up information to the community as needed.
(f)
Crime log.
(1) An institution that maintains a campus police or a campus security department must maintain a written, easily understood daily crime log that records, by the date the crime was reported, any crime that occurred on campus, on a noncampus building or property, on public property, or within the patrol jurisdiction of the campus police or the campus security department and is reported to the campus police or the campus security department. This log must include—
(i) The nature, date, time, and general location of each crime; and
(ii) The disposition of the complaint, if known.
(2) The institution must make an entry or an addition to an entry to the log within two business days, as defined under paragraph (a) of this section, of the report of the information
to the campus police or the campus security department, unless that disclosure is prohibited by law or would jeopardize the confidentiality of the victim.
(3)(i) An institution may withhold information required under paragraphs (f)(1) and (2) of this section if there is clear and convincing evidence that the release of the information would—
(A) Jeopardize an ongoing criminal investigation or the safety of an individual;
(B) Cause a suspect to flee or evade detection; or
(C) Result in the destruction of evidence.
(ii) The institution must disclose any information withheld under paragraph (f)(3)(i) of this section once the adverse effect described in that paragraph is no longer likely to occur.
(4) An institution may withhold under paragraphs (f)(2) and (3) of this section only that information that would cause the adverse effects described in those paragraphs.
(5) The institution must make the crime log for the most recent 60-day period open to public inspection during normal business hours. The institution must make any portion of the log older than 60 days available within two business days of a request for public inspection.
(g)
Emergency response and evacuation procedures.
An institution must include a statement of policy regarding its emergency response and evacuation procedures in the annual security report. This statement must include—
(1) The procedures the institution will use to immediately notify the campus community upon the confirmation of a significant emergency or dangerous situation involving an immediate threat to the health or safety of students or employees occurring on the campus;
(2) A description of the process the institution will use to—
(i) Confirm that there is a significant emergency or dangerous situation as described in paragraph (g)(1) of this section;
(ii) Determine the appropriate segment or segments of the campus community to receive a notification;
(iii) Determine the content of the notification; and
(iv) Initiate the notification system.
(3) A statement that the institution will, without delay, and taking into account the safety of the community, determine the content of the notification and initiate the notification system, unless issuing a notification will, in the professional judgment of responsible authorities, compromise efforts to assist a victim or to contain, respond to, or otherwise mitigate the emergency;
(4) A list of the titles of the person or persons or organization or organizations responsible for carrying out the actions described in paragraph (g)(2) of this section;
(5) The institution's procedures for disseminating emergency information to the larger community; and
(6) The institution's procedures to test the emergency response and evacuation procedures on at least an annual basis, including—
(i) Tests that may be announced or unannounced;
(ii) Publicizing its emergency response and evacuation procedures in conjunction with at least one test per calendar year; and
(iii) Documenting, for each test, a description of the exercise, the date, time, and whether it was announced or unannounced.
(h)
Missing student notification policies and procedures.
(1) An institution that provides any on-campus student housing facility must include a statement of policy regarding missing student notification procedures for students who reside in on-campus student housing facilities in its annual security report. This statement must—
(i) Indicate a list of titles of the persons or organizations to which students, employees, or other individuals should report that a student has been missing for 24 hours;
(ii) Require that any missing student report must be referred immediately to the institution's police or campus security department, or, in the absence of an institutional police or campus security department, to the local law enforcement agency that has jurisdiction in the area;
(iii) Contain an option for each student to identify a contact person or persons whom the institution shall notify within 24 hours of the determination that the student is missing, if the student has been determined missing by the institutional police or campus security department, or the local law enforcement agency;
(iv) Advise students that their contact information will be registered confidentially, that this information will be accessible only to authorized campus officials, and that it may not be disclosed, except to law enforcement personnel in furtherance of a missing person investigation;
(v) Advise students that if they are under 18 years of age and not emancipated, the institution must notify a custodial parent or guardian within 24 hours of the determination that the student is missing, in addition to notifying any additional contact person designated by the student; and
(vi) Advise students that, the institution will notify the local law enforcement agency within 24 hours of the determination that the student is missing, unless the local law enforcement agency was the entity that made the determination that the student is missing.
(2) The procedures that the institution must follow when a student who resides in an on-campus student housing facility is determined to have been missing for 24 hours include—
(i) If the student has designated a contact person, notifying that contact person within 24 hours that the student is missing;
(ii) If the student is under 18 years of age and is not emancipated, notifying the student's custodial parent or guardian and any other designated contact person within 24 hours that the student is missing; and
(iii) Regardless of whether the student has identified a contact person, is above the age of 18, or is an emancipated minor, informing the local law enforcement agency that has jurisdiction in the area within 24 hours that the student is missing.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1845-0022)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1092)
[64 FR 59069, Nov. 1, 1999, as amended at 65 FR 65637, Nov. 1, 2000; 67 FR 66520, Oct. 31, 2002; 74 FR 55945, Oct. 29, 2009]
§ 668.47
Report on athletic program participation rates and financial support data.
(a)
This section applies to a co-educational institution of higher education that—
(1) Participates in any title IV, HEA program; and
(2) Has an intercollegiate athletic program.
(b)
The following definitions apply for purposes of this section only.
(1)
—(i)
Expenses
means expenses attributable to intercollegiate athletic activities. This includes appearance guarantees and options, athletically related student aid, contract services, equipment, fundraising activities, operating expenses, promotional activities, recruiting expenses, salaries and benefits, supplies, travel, and any other expenses attributable to intercollegiate athletic activities.
(ii)
Operating expenses
means all expenses an institution incurs attributable to home, away, and neutral-site intercollegiate athletic contests (commonly known as “game-day expenses”), for—
(A) Lodging, meals, transportation, uniforms, and equipment for coaches, team members, support staff (including, but not limited to team managers and trainers), and others; and
(B) Officials.
(iii)
Recruiting expenses
means all expenses an institution incurs attributable to recruiting activities. This includes, but is not limited to, expenses for lodging, meals, telephone use, and transportation (including vehicles used for recruiting purposes) for both recruits and personnel engaged in recruiting, any other expenses for official and unofficial visits, and all other expenses related to recruiting.
(2)
means all wages and bonuses an institution pays
a coach as compensation attributable to coaching.
(3)(i)
means students who, as of the day of a varsity team's first scheduled contest—
(A) Are listed by the institution on the varsity team's roster;
(B) Receive athletically related student aid; or
(C) Practice with the varsity team and receive coaching from one or more varsity coaches.
(ii) Any student who satisfies one or more of the criteria in paragraphs (b)(3)(i)(A) through (C) of this section is a participant, including a student on a team the institution designates or defines as junior varsity, freshman, or novice, or a student withheld from competition to preserve eligibility (
i.e
., a redshirt), or for academic, medical, or other reasons.
(4)
Reporting year
means a consecutive twelve-month period of time designated by the institution for the purposes of this section.
(5)
Revenues
means revenues attributable to intercollegiate athletic activities. This includes revenues from appearance guarantees and options, an athletic conference, tournament or bowl games, concessions, contributions from alumni and others, institutional support, program advertising and sales, radio and television, royalties, signage and other sponsorships, sports camps, State or other government support, student activity fees, ticket and luxury box sales, and any other revenues attributable to intercollegiate athletic activities.
(6)
means students who are consistently designated as such by the institution.
(7)
Varsity team
means a team that—
(i) Is designated or defined by its institution or an athletic association as a varsity team; or
(ii) Primarily competes against other teams that are designated or defined by their institutions or athletic associations as varsity teams.
(c)
Report.
An institution described in paragraph (a) of this section must annually, for the preceding reporting year, prepare a report that contains the following information:
(1) The number of male and the number of female full-time undergraduate students that attended the institution.
(2) A listing of the varsity teams that competed in intercollegiate athletic competition and for each team the following data:
(i) The total number of participants as of the day of its first scheduled contest of the reporting year, the number of participants who also participated on another varsity team, and the number of other varsity teams on which they participated.
(ii) Total operating expenses attributable to the team, except that an institution may report combined operating expenses for closely related teams, such as track and field or swimming and diving. Those combinations must be reported separately for men's and women's teams.
(iii) In addition to the data required by paragraph (c)(2)(ii) of this section, an institution may report operating expenses attributable to the team on a per-participant basis.
(iv)(A) Whether the head coach was male or female, was assigned to the team on a full-time or part-time basis, and, if assigned on a part-time basis, whether the head coach was a full-time or part-time employee of the institution.
(B) The institution must consider graduate assistants and volunteers who served as head coaches to be head coaches for the purposes of this report.
(v)(A) The number of assistant coaches who were male and the number of assistant coaches who were female, and, within each category, the number who were assigned to the team on a full-time or part-time basis, and, of those assigned on a part-time basis, the number who were full-time and part-time employees of the institution.
(B) The institution must consider graduate assistants and volunteers who served as assistant coaches to be assistant coaches for purposes of this report.
(3) The unduplicated head count of the individuals who were listed under paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section as a participant on at least one varsity team, by gender.
(4)(i) Revenues derived by the institution according to the following categories (Revenues not attributable to a particular sport or sports must be included only in the total revenues attributable to intercollegiate athletic activities, and, if appropriate, revenues attributable to men's sports combined or women's sports combined. Those revenues include, but are not limited to, alumni contributions to the athletic department not targeted to a particular sport or sports, investment interest income, and student activity fees.):
(A) Total revenues attributable to its intercollegiate athletic activities.
(B) Revenues attributable to all men's sports combined.
(C) Revenues attributable to all women's sports combined.
(D) Revenues attributable to football.
(E) Revenues attributable to men's basketball.
(F) Revenues attributable to women's basketball.
(G) Revenues attributable to all men's sports except football and basketball, combined.
(H) Revenues attributable to all women's sports except basketball, combined.
(ii) In addition to the data required by paragraph (c)(4)(i) of this section, an institution may report revenues attributable to the remainder of the teams, by team.
(5) Expenses incurred by the institution, according to the following categories (Expenses not attributable to a particular sport, such as general and administrative overhead, must be included only in the total expenses attributable to intercollegiate athletic activities.):
(i) Total expenses attributable to intercollegiate athletic activities.
(ii) Expenses attributable to football.
(iii) Expenses attributable to men's basketball.
(iv) Expenses attributable to women's basketball.
(v) Expenses attributable to all men's sports except football and basketball, combined.
(vi) Expenses attributable to all women's sports except basketball, combined.
(6) The total amount of money spent on athletically related student aid, including the value of waivers of educational expenses, aggregately for men's teams, and aggregately for women's teams.
(7) The ratio of athletically related student aid awarded male athletes to athletically related student aid awarded female athletes.
(8) The total amount of recruiting expenses incurred, aggregately for all men's teams, and aggregately for all women's teams.
(9)(i) The average annual institutional salary of the non-volunteer head coaches of all men's teams, across all offered sports, and the average annual institutional salary of the non-volunteer head coaches of all women's teams, across all offered sports, on a per person and a per full-time equivalent position basis. These data must include the number of persons and full-time equivalent positions used to calculate each average.
(ii) If a head coach has responsibilities for more than one team and the institution does not allocate that coach's salary by team, the institution must divide the salary by the number of teams for which the coach has responsibility and allocate the salary among the teams on a basis consistent with the coach's responsibilities for the different teams.
(10)(i) The average annual institutional salary of the non-volunteer assistant coaches of men's teams, across all offered sports, and the average annual institutional salary of the non-volunteer assistant coaches of women's teams, across all offered sports, on a per person and a full-time equivalent position basis. These data must include the number of persons and full-time equivalent positions used to calculate each average.
(ii) If an assistant coach had responsibilities for more than one team and the institution does not allocate that coach's salary by team, the institution must divide the salary by the number of teams for which the coach has responsibility and allocate the salary among the teams on a basis consistent
with the coach's responsibilities for the different teams.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1845-0010)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1092)
[64 FR 59071, Nov. 1, 1999]
§ 668.48
Report on completion or graduation rates for student-athletes.
(a)(1) Annually, by July 1, an institution that is attended by students receiving athletically-related student aid must produce a report containing the following information:
(i) The number of students, categorized by race and gender, who attended that institution during the year prior to the submission of the report.
(ii) The number of students described in paragraph (a)(1)(i) of this section who received athletically-related student aid, categorized by race and gender within each sport.
(iii) The completion or graduation rate and if applicable, transfer-out rate of all the entering, certificate- or degree-seeking, full-time, undergraduate students described in § 668.45(a)(1), categorized by race and gender.
(iv) The completion or graduation rate and if applicable, transfer-out rate of the entering students described in § 668.45(a)(1) who received athletically-related student aid, categorized by race and gender within each sport.
(v) The average completion or graduation rate and if applicable, transfer-out rate for the four most recent completing or graduating classes of entering students described in § 668.45(a)(1), (3), and (4) categorized by race and gender. If an institution has completion or graduation rates and, if applicable, transfer-out rates for fewer than four of those classes, it must disclose the average rate of those classes for which it has rates.
(vi) The average completion or graduation rate and if applicable, transfer-out rate of the four most recent completing or graduating classes of entering students described in § 668.45 (a)(1) who received athletically-related student aid, categorized by race and gender within each sport. If an institution has completion or graduation rates and if applicable, transfer-out rates for fewer than four of those classes, it must disclose the average rate of those classes for which it has rates.
(2) For purposes of this section,
sport
(iv) Cross-country and track combined; and
(v) All other sports combined.
(3) If a category of students identified in paragraph (a)(1)(iv) above contains five or fewer students, the institution need not disclose information on that category of students.
(b) The provisions of § 668.45 (a), (b), (c), and (d) apply for purposes of calculating the completion or graduation rates and, if applicable, transfer-out rates required under paragraphs (a)(1)(iii) through (vi) of this section.
(c) Each institution of higher education described in paragraph (a) of this section may also provide to students and the Secretary supplemental information containing—
(1) The graduation or completion rate of the students who transferred into the institution; and
(2) The number of students who transferred out of the institution.
(d) The provisions of § 668.45(e) apply for purposes of this section.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1845-0004)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1092)
[60 FR 61788, Dec. 1, 1995. Redesignated and amended at 64 FR 59067, 59072, Nov. 1, 1999; 69 FR 12276, Mar. 16, 2004]
§ 668.49
Institutional fire safety policies and fire statistics.
(a)
Additional definitions that apply to this section.
Cause of fire:
The factor or factors that give rise to a fire. The causal factor may be, but is not limited to, the result of an intentional or unintentional action, mechanical failure, or act of nature.
Fire:
Any instance of open flame or other burning in a place not intended to contain the burning or in an uncontrolled manner.
Fire drill:
A supervised practice of a mandatory evacuation of a building for a fire.
Fire-related injury:
Any instance in which a person is injured as a result of
a fire, including an injury sustained from a natural or accidental cause, while involved in fire control, attempting rescue, or escaping from the dangers of the fire. The term “person” may include students, employees, visitors, firefighters, or any other individuals.
Fire-related death:
Any instance in which a person—
(1) Is killed as a result of a fire, including death resulting from a natural or accidental cause while involved in fire control, attempting rescue, or escaping from the dangers of a fire; or
(2) Dies within one year of injuries sustained as a result of the fire.
Fire safety system:
Any mechanism or system related to the detection of a fire, the warning resulting from a fire, or the control of a fire. This may include sprinkler systems or other fire extinguishing systems, fire detection devices, stand-alone smoke alarms, devices that alert one to the presence of a fire, such as horns, bells, or strobe lights; smoke-control and reduction mechanisms; and fire doors and walls that reduce the spread of a fire.
Value of property damage:
The estimated value of the loss of the structure and contents, in terms of the cost of replacement in like kind and quantity. This estimate should include contents damaged by fire, and related damages caused by smoke, water, and overhaul; however, it does not include indirect loss, such as business interruption.
(b)
Annual fire safety report.
Beginning by October 1, 2010, an institution that maintains any on-campus student housing facility must prepare an annual fire safety report that contains, at a minimum, the following information:
(1) The fire statistics described in paragraph (c) of this section.
(2) A description of each on-campus student housing facility fire safety system.
(3) The number of fire drills held during the previous calendar year.
(4) The institution's policies or rules on portable electrical appliances, smoking, and open flames in a student housing facility.
(5) The institution's procedures for student housing evacuation in the case of a fire.
(6) The policies regarding fire safety education and training programs provided to the students and employees. In these policies, the institution must describe the procedures that students and employees should follow in the case of a fire.
(7) For purposes of including a fire in the statistics in the annual fire safety report, a list of the titles of each person or organization to which students and employees should report that a fire occurred.
(8) Plans for future improvements in fire safety, if determined necessary by the institution.
(c)
Fire statistics.
(1) An institution must report statistics for each on-campus student housing facility, for the three most recent calendar years for which data are available, concerning—
(i) The number of fires and the cause of each fire;
(ii) The number of persons who received fire-related injuries that resulted in treatment at a medical facility, including at an on-campus health center;
(iii) The number of deaths related to a fire; and
(iv) The value of property damage caused by a fire.
(2) An institution is required to submit a copy of the fire statistics in paragraph (c)(1) of this section to the Secretary on an annual basis.
(d)
Fire log.
(1) An institution that maintains on-campus student housing facilities must maintain a written, easily understood fire log that records, by the date that the fire was reported, any fire that occurred in an on-campus student housing facility. This log must include the nature, date, time, and general location of each fire.
(2) An institution must make an entry or an addition to an entry to the log within two business days, as defined under § 668.46(a), of the receipt of the information.
(3) An institution must make the fire log for the most recent 60-day period open to public inspection during normal business hours. The institution must make any portion of the log older than 60 days available within two business days of a request for public inspection.
(4) An institution must make an annual report to the campus community on the fires recorded in the fire log. This requirement may be satisfied by the annual fire safety report described in paragraph (b) of this section.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1845-NEW3)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1092)
[74 FR 55946, Oct. 29, 2009]
Pt. 668, Subpt. D, App. A
Appendix A to Subpart D of Part 668—Crime Definitions in Accordance With the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Uniform Crime Reporting Program
The following definitions are to be used for reporting the crimes listed in § 668.46, in accordance with the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Uniform Crime Reporting Program. The definitions for
murder; robbery;
motor vehicle theft; weapons: carrying, possessing, etc.;
law violations; drug abuse violations;
and
are excerpted from the Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook. The definitions of
forcible rape
and
nonforcible sex offenses
are excerpted from the National Incident-Based Reporting System Edition of the Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook. The definitions of
larceny-theft (except motor vehicle theft), simple assault,
intimidation,
are excerpted from the Hate Crime Data Collection Guidelines of the Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook.
Crime Definitions From the Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook
Arson
Any willful or malicious burning or attempt to burn, with or without intent to defraud, a dwelling house, public building, motor vehicle or aircraft, personal property of another, etc.
Criminal Homicide—Manslaughter by Negligence
The killing of another person through gross negligence.
Criminal Homicide—Murder and Nonnegligent Manslaughter
The willful (nonnegligent) killing of one human being by another.
Robbery
The taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force or threat of force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear.
Aggravated Assault
An unlawful attack by one person upon another for the purpose of inflicting severe or aggravated bodily injury. This type of assault usually is accompanied by the use of a weapon or by means likely to produce death or great bodily harm. (It is not necessary that injury result from an aggravated assault when a gun, knife, or other weapon is used which could and probably would result in serious personal injury if the crime were successfully completed.)
Burglary
The unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or a theft. For reporting purposes this definition includes: unlawful entry with intent to commit a larceny or felony; breaking and entering with intent to commit a larceny; housebreaking; safecracking; and all attempts to commit any of the aforementioned.
Motor Vehicle Theft
The theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle. (Classify as motor vehicle theft all cases where automobiles are taken by persons not having lawful access even though the vehicles are later abandoned—including joyriding.)
Weapons: Carrying, Possessing, Etc.
The violation of laws or ordinances prohibiting the manufacture, sale, purchase, transportation, possession, concealment, or use of firearms, cutting instruments, explosives, incendiary devices, or other deadly weapons.
Drug Abuse Violations
The violation of laws prohibiting the production, distribution, and/or use of certain controlled substances and the equipment or devices utilized in their preparation and/or use. The unlawful cultivation, manufacture, distribution, sale, purchase, use, possession, transportation, or importation of any controlled drug or narcotic substance. Arrests for violations of state and local laws, specifically those relating to the unlawful possession, sale, use, growing, manufacturing, and making of narcotic drugs.
Liquor Law Violations
The violation of state or local laws or ordinances prohibiting the manufacture, sale, purchase, transportation, possession, or use of alcoholic beverages, not including driving under the influence and drunkenness.
Sex Offenses Definitions From the National Incident-Based Reporting System Edition of the Uniform Crime Reporting Program
Sex Offenses—Forcible
Any sexual act directed against another person, forcibly and/or against that person's will; or not forcibly or against the person's will where the victim is incapable of giving consent.
A.
Forcible Rape
—The carnal knowledge of a person, forcibly and/or against that person's will; or not forcibly or against the person's will where the victim is incapable of giving consent because of his/her temporary or permanent mental or physical incapacity (or because of his/her youth).
B.
Forcible Sodomy
—Oral or anal sexual intercourse with another person, forcibly and/or against that person's will; or not forcibly against the person's will where the victim is incapable of giving consent because of his/her youth or because of his/her temporary or permanent mental or physical incapacity.
C.
Sexual Assault With An Object
—The use of an object or instrument to unlawfully penetrate, however slightly, the genital or anal opening of the body of another person, forcibly and/or against that person's will; or not forcibly or against the person's will where the victim is incapable of giving consent because of his/her youth or because of his/her temporary or permanent mental or physical incapacity.
D.
Forcible Fondling
—The touching of the private body parts of another person for the purpose of sexual gratification, forcibly and/or against that person's will; or, not forcibly or against the person's will where the victim is incapable of giving consent because of his/her youth or because of his/her temporary or permanent mental incapacity.
Sex Offenses—Nonforcible
A.
Incest
—Nonforcible sexual intercourse between persons who are related to each other within the degrees wherein marriage is prohibited by law.
B.
56 FR 61337, Dec. 2, 1991, unless otherwise noted.
§ 668.51
(a)
Scope and purpose.
The regulations in this subpart govern the verification by institutions of information submitted by applicants for student financial assistance in connection with the calculation of their expected family contributions (EFC) for the Federal Pell Grant, ACG, National SMART Grant, campus-based, Federal Stafford Loan, Federal Direct Stafford/Ford Loan programs.
(b)
Applicant responsibility.
If the Secretary or the institution requests documents or information from an applicant under this subpart, the applicant shall provide the specified documents or information.
(c)
The Secretary exempts from the provisions of this subpart institutions participating in the
Federal Stafford Loan Program that are not located in a State.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1094)
[56 FR 61337, Dec. 2, 1991, as amended at 59 FR 22067, Apr. 28, 1994; 59 FR 61207, Nov. 29, 1994; 63 FR 40625, July 29, 1998; 71 FR 64418, Nov. 1, 2006]
§ 668.52
The following definitions apply to this subpart:
Base year
means the calendar year preceding the first calendar year of an award year.
Edits
means a set of pre-established factors for identifying—
(a) Student aid applications that may contain incorrect, missing, illogical, or inconsistent information; and
(b) Randomly selected student aid applications.
Institutional student information record
as defined in 34 CFR 690.2 and 691.2 for purposes of the Federal Pell Grant, ACG, National SMART Grant, Federal Perkins Loan, FWS, FSEOG, Federal Stafford Loan, and William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan programs.
Student aid application
means an application approved by the Secretary and submitted by a person to have his or her EFC determined under the Federal Pell Grant, ACG, National SMART Grant, Federal Perkins Loan, FWS, FSEOG, Federal Stafford Loan, or William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan programs.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1094)
[56 FR 61337, Dec. 2, 1991, as amended at 59 FR 22067, Apr. 28, 1994; 59 FR 61206, 61207, Nov. 29, 1994; 69 FR 12276, Mar. 16, 2004; 71 FR 64418, Nov. 1, 2006]
§ 668.53
Policies and procedures.
(a) An institution shall establish and use written policies and procedures for verifying information contained in a student aid application in accordance with the provisions of this subpart. These policies and procedures must include—
(1) The time period within which an applicant shall provide the documentation;
(2) The consequences of an applicant's failure to provide required documentation within the specified time period;
(3) The method by which the institution notifies an applicant of the results of verification if, as a result of verification, the applicant's EFC changes and results in a change in the applicant's award or loan;
(4) The procedures the institution requires an applicant to follow to correct application information determined to be in error; and
(5) The procedures for making referrals under § 668.16.
(b) The institution's procedures must provide that it shall furnish, in a timely manner, to each applicant selected for verification a clear explanation of—
(1) The documentation needed to satisfy the verification requirements; and
(2) The applicant's responsibilities with respect to the verification of application information, including the deadlines for completing any actions required under this subpart and the consequences of failing to complete any required action.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under Control Number 1840-0570)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1094)
[56 FR 61337, Dec. 2, 1991, as amended at 59 FR 61206, Nov. 29, 1994]
§ 668.54
Selection of applications for verification.
(a)
General requirements.
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, an institution shall require an applicant to verify application information as specified in this paragraph.
(2)(i) An institution shall require each applicant whose application is selected for verification on the basis of edits specified by the Secretary, to verify all of the applicable items specified in § 668.56, except that no institution is required to verify the applications of more than 30 percent of its total number of applicants for assistance under the Federal Pell Grant, ACG, National SMART Grant, Federal Direct Stafford/Ford Loan, campus-based, and Federal Stafford Loan programs in an award year.
(ii) An institution may only include those applicants selected for verification by the Secretary in its calculation of 30 percent of total applicants.
(3) If an institution has reason to believe that any information on an application used to calculate an EFC is inaccurate, it shall require the applicant to verify the information that it has reason to believe is inaccurate.
(4) If an applicant is selected to verify the information on his or her application under paragraph (a)(2) of this section, the institution shall require the applicant to verify the information as specified in § 668.56 on each additional application he or she submits for that award year, except for information already verified under a previous application submitted for the applicable award year.
(5) An institution or the Secretary may require an applicant to verify any data elements that the institution or the Secretary specifies.
(b)
Exclusions from verification.
(1) An institution need not verify an application submitted for an award year if the applicant dies during the award year.
(2) Unless the institution has reason to believe that the information reported by the applicant is incorrect, it need not verify applications of the following applicants:
(i) An applicant who is—
(A) A legal resident of and, in the case of a dependent student, whose parents are also legal residents of, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, or American Samoa; or
(B) A citizen of and, in the case of a dependent student, whose parents are also citizens of, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, or the Republic of Palau.
(ii) An applicant who is incarcerated at the time at which verification would occur.
(iii) An applicant who is a dependent student, whose parents are residing in a country other than the United States and cannot be contacted by normal means of communication.
(iv) An applicant who is an immigrant and who arrived in the United States during either calendar year of the award year.
(v) An applicant whose parents' address is unknown and cannot be obtained by the applicant.
(vi) An applicant who is a dependent student, both of whose parents are deceased or are physically or mentally incapacitated.
(vii) An applicant who does not receive assistance for reasons other than his or her failure to verify the information on the application.
(viii) An applicant who transfers to the institution, had previously completed the verification process at the institution from which he or she transferred, and applies for assistance on the same application used at the previous institution, if the current institution obtains a letter from the previous institution stating that it has verified the applicant's information, the transaction number of the verified application, and, if relevant, the provision used in § 668.59 for not recalculating the applicant's EFC.
(3) An institution need not require an applicant to document a spouse's information or provide a spouse's signature if—
(i) The spouse is deceased;
(ii) The spouse is mentally or physically incapacitated;
(iii) The spouse is residing in a country other than the United States and cannot be contacted by normal means of communication; or
(iv) The spouse cannot be located because his or her address is unknown and cannot be obtained by the applicant.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under Control Number 1840-0570)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1091, 1094)
[56 FR 61337, Dec. 2, 1991, as amended at 59 FR 22067, Apr. 28, 1994; 59 FR 61206, Nov. 29, 1994; 63 FR 40625, July 29, 1998; 71 FR 64418, Nov. 1, 2006]
§ 668.55
Updating information.
(a)(1) Unless the provisions of paragraph (a)(2) or (a)(3) of this section apply, an applicant is required to update—
(i) The number of family members in the applicant's household and the number of those household members attending postsecondary educational institutions, in accordance with provisions of paragraph (b) of this section; and
(ii) His or her dependency status in accordance with the provisions of paragraph (d) of this section.
(2) An institution need not require an applicant to verify the information contained in his or her application for assistance in an award year if—
(i) The applicant previously submitted an application for assistance for that award year;
(ii) The applicant updated and verified the information contained in that application; and
(iii) No change in the information to be updated has taken place since the last update.
(3) If, as a result of a change in the applicant's marital status, the number of family members in the applicant's household, the number of those household members attending postsecondary education institutions, or the applicant's dependency status changes, the applicant shall not update those factors or that status.
(b) If the number of family members in the applicant's household or the number of those household members attending postsecondary educational institutions changes for a reason other than a change in the applicant's marital status, an applicant who is selected for verification shall update the information contained in his or her application regarding those factors so that the information is correct as of the day the applicant verifies the information.
(c) If an applicant has received Federal Pell Grant, ACG, National SMART Grant, campus-based, Federal Stafford Loan, or Federal Direct Stafford/Ford Loan program assistance for an award year, and the applicant subsequently submits another application for assistance under any of those programs for that award year, and the applicant is required to update household size and number attending postsecondary educational institutions on the subsequent application, the institution—
(1) Is required to take that newly updated information into account when awarding for that award year further Federal Pell Grant, ACG, National SMART Grant, or campus-based, assistance or certifying a Federal Stafford Loan application, or originating a Direct Subsidized Loan; and
(2) Is not required to adjust the Federal Pell Grant, ACG, National SMART Grant, or campus-based assistance previously awarded to the applicant for that award year, or any previously certified Federal Stafford Loan application or previously originated Direct Subsidized Loan for that award year, to reflect the newly updated information unless the applicant would otherwise receive an overaward.
(d)(1) Except as provided in paragraphs (a)(3) and (d)(2) of this section, if an applicant's dependency status changes after the applicant applies to have his or her EFC calculated for an award year, the applicant must file a new application for that award year reflecting the applicant's new dependency status regardless of whether the applicant is selected for verification.
(2) If the institution has previously certified a Federal Stafford Loan application for an applicant, the applicant shall not update his or her dependency status on the Federal Stafford Loan application. If the institution has previously originated a Direct Subsidized Loan for a borrower, the school shall not update the borrower's dependence status on the loan origination record.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under Control Number 1840-0570)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1094)
[56 FR 61337, Dec. 2, 1991, as amended at 59 FR 22067, 22068, Apr. 28, 1994; 59 FR 61206, 61207, Nov. 29, 1994; 63 FR 40625, July 29, 1998; 69 FR 12276, Mar. 16, 2004; 71 FR 64418, Nov. 1, 2006]
§ 668.56
Items to be verified.
(a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b), (c), (d), and (e) of this section, an institution shall require an applicant selected for verification under § 668.54(a)(2) or (3) to submit acceptable documentation described in § 668.57 that will verify or update the following information used to determine the applicant's EFC:
(1) Adjusted gross income (AGI) for the base year if base year data was used in determining eligibility, or income earned from work, for a non-tax filer.
(2) U.S. income tax paid for the base year if base year data was used in determining eligibility.
(3)(i) For an applicant who is a dependent student, the aggregate number of family members in the household or households of the applicant's parents if—
(A) The applicant's parent is single, divorced, separated or widowed and the aggregate number of family members is greater than two; or
(B) The applicant's parents are married to each other and not separated and the aggregate number of family members is greater than three.
(ii) For an applicant who is an independent student, the number of family members in the household of the applicant if—
(A) The applicant is single, divorced, separated, or widowed and the number of family members is greater than one; or
(B) The applicant is married and not separated and the number of family members is greater than two.
(4) The number of family members in the household who are enrolled as at least half-time students in postsecondary educational institutions if that number is greater than one.
(5) The following untaxed income and benefits for the base year if base year data was used in determining eligibility—
(i) Social Security benefits if the institution has reason to believe that those benefits were received and were not reported or were incorrectly reported;
(ii) Child support if the institution has reason to believe that child support was received;
(iii) U.S. income tax deduction for a payment made to an individual retirement account (IRA) or Keogh account;
(iv) Interest on tax-free bond;
(v) Foreign income excluded from U.S. income taxation if the institution has reason to believe that foreign income was received;
(vi) The earned income credit taken on the applicant's tax return; and
(vii) All other untaxed income subject to U.S. income tax reporting requirements in the base year which is included on the tax return form, excluding information contained on schedules appended to such forms.
(b) If an applicant selected for verification submits an SAR or output document to the institution or the institution receives the applicant's ISIR, within 90 days of the date the applicant signed his or her application, or if an applicant is selected for verification under § 668.54(a)(2), the institution need not require the applicant to verify—
(1) The number of family members in the household; or
(2) The number of family members in the household, who are enrolled as at least half-time students in postsecondary educational institutions.
(c) If the number of family members in the household or the amount of child support reported by an applicant selected for verification is the same as that verified by the institution in the previous award year, the institution need not require the applicant to verify that information.
(d) If the family members who are enrolled as at least half-time students in postsecondary educational institutions are enrolled at the same institution as the applicant, and the institution verifies their enrollment status from its own records, the institution need not require the applicant to verify that information.
(e) If the applicant or the applicant's spouse or, in the case of a dependent student, the applicant's parents receive untaxed income or benefits from a Federal, State, or local government agency determining their eligibility for that income or those benefits by means of a financial needs test, the institution need not require the untaxed income and benefits to be verified.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under Control Number 1840-0570)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1094, 1095)
[56 FR 61337, Dec. 2, 1991, as amended at 57 FR 39089, Aug. 27, 1992; 59 FR 22067, Apr. 28, 1994; 59 FR 61206, Nov. 29, 1994]
§ 668.57
(a)
Adjusted Gross Income (AGI), income earned from work, and U.S. income tax paid.
(1) Except as provided in paragraphs (a)(2), (a)(3), and (a)(4) of this section, an institution shall require an applicant selected for verification to verify AGI and U.S. income tax paid by submitting to it, if relevant—
(i) A copy of the income tax return of the applicant, his or her spouse, and
his or her parents. The copy of the return must be signed by the filer of the return or by one of the filers of a joint return;
(ii) For a dependent student, a copy of each Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Form W-2 received by the parent whose income is being taken into account if—
(A) The parents filed a joint return; and
(B) The parents are divorced or separated or one of the parents has died; and
(iii) For an independent student, a copy of each IRS Form W-2 he or she received if the independent student—
(A) Filed a joint return; and
(B) Is a widow or widower, or is divorced or separated.
(2) If an individual who filed a U.S. tax return and who is required by paragraph (a)(1) of this section to provide a copy of his or her tax return does not have a copy of that return, the institution may require that individual to submit, in lieu of a copy of the tax return, a copy of an IRS form which lists tax account information.
(3) An institution shall accept, in lieu of an income tax return or an IRS listing of tax account information of an individual whose income was used in calculating the EFC of an applicant, the documentation set forth in paragraph (a)(4) of this section if the individual for the base year—
(i) Has not filed and is not required to file an income tax return;
(ii) Is required to file a U.S. tax return and has been granted a filing extension by the IRS; or
(iii) Has requested a copy of the tax return or a Listing of Tax Account Information, and the IRS or a government of a U.S. territory or commonwealth or a foreign central government cannot locate the return or provide a Listing of Tax Account Information.
(4) An institution shall accept—
(i) For an individual described in paragraph (a)(3)(i) of this section, a statement signed by that individual certifying that he or she has not filed nor is required to file an income tax return for the base year and certifying for that year that individual's—
(A) Sources of income earned from work as stated on the application; and
(B) Amounts of income from each source;
(ii) For an individual described in paragraph (a)(3)(ii) of this section—
(A) A copy of the IRS Form 4868, “Application for Automatic Extension of Time to File U.S. Individual Income Tax Return,” that the individual filed with the IRS for the base year, or a copy of the IRS's approval of an extension beyond the automatic four-month extension if the individual requested an additional extension of the filing time; and
(B) A copy of each IRS Form W-2 that the individual received for the base year, or for a self-employed individual, a statement signed by the individual certifying the amount of adjusted gross income for the base year; and
(iii) For an individual described in paragraph (a)(3)(iii) of this section—
(A) A copy of each IRS Form W-2 that the individual received for the base year; or
(B) For an individual who is self-employed or has filed an income tax return with a government of a U. S. territory or commonwealth, or a foreign central government, a statement signed by the individual certifying the amount of adjusted gross income for the base year.
(5) An institution shall require an individual described in paragraph (a)(3)(ii) of this section to provide to it a copy of his or her completed income tax return when filed. When an institution receives the copy of the return, it may re-verify the adjusted gross income and taxes paid by the applicant and his or her spouse or parents.
(6) If an individual who is required to submit an IRS Form W-2 under this paragraph is unable to obtain one in a timely manner, the institution may permit that individual to set forth, in a statement signed by the individual, the amount of income earned from work, the source of that income, and the reason that the IRS Form W-2 is not available in a timely manner.
(7) For the purpose of this section, an institution may accept in lieu of a copy of an income tax return signed by the filer of the return or one of the filers of
a joint return, a copy of the filer's return that has been signed by the preparer of the return or stamped with the name and address of the preparer of the return.
(b)
Number of family members in household.
An institution shall require an applicant selected for verification to verify the number of family members in the household by submitting to it a statement signed by the applicant and one of the applicant's parents if the applicant is a dependent student, or the applicant if the applicant is an independent student, listing the name and age of each family member in the household and the relationship of that household member to the applicant.
(c)
Number of family household members enrolled in postsecondary institutions.
(1) Except as provided in § 668.56(b), (c), (d), and (e), an institution shall require an applicant selected for verification to verify annually information included on the application regarding the number of household members in the applicant's family enrolled on at least a half-time basis in postsecondary institutions. The institution shall require the applicant to verify the information by submitting a statement signed by the applicant and one of the applicant's parents, if the applicant is a dependent student, or by the applicant if the applicant is an independent student, listing—
(i) The name of each family member who is or will be attending a postsecondary educational institution as at least a half-time student in the award year;
(ii) The age of each student; and
(iii) The name of the institution attended by each student.
(2) If the institution has reason to believe that the information included on the application regarding the number of family household members enrolled in postsecondary institutions is inaccurate, the institution shall require—
(i) The statement required in paragraph (c)(1) of this section from the individuals described in paragraph (c)(1) of this section; and
(ii) A statement from each institution named by the applicant in response to the requirement of paragraph (c)(1)(iii) of this section that the household member in question is or will be attending the institution on at least a half-time basis, unless the institution the student is attending determines that such a statement is not available because the household member in question has not yet registered at the institution he or she plans to attend or the institution has information itself that the student will be attending the same school as the applicant.
(d)
Untaxed income and benefits.
An institution shall require an applicant selected for verification to verify—
(1) Untaxed income and benefits described in § 668.56(a)(5)(iii), (iv), (v), (vi), and (vii) by submitting to it—
(i) A copy of the U.S. income tax return signed by the filer or one of the filers if a joint return, if collected under paragraph (a) of this section, or the IRS listing of tax account information if collected by the institution to verify adjusted gross income; or
(ii) If no tax return was filed or is required to be filed, a statement signed by the relevant individuals certifying that no tax return was filed or is required to be filed and providing the sources and amount of untaxed income and benefits specified in § 668.56(a)(5) (iii), (iv), (v), and (vi);
(2) Social Security benefits if the institution has reason to believe that those benefits were received and were not reported, or that the applicant has incorrectly reported Social Security benefits received by the applicant, the applicant's parents, or any other children of the applicant's parents who are members of the applicant's household, in the case of a dependent student, or by the applicant, the applicant's spouse, or the applicant's children in the case of an independent student. The applicant shall verify Social Security benefits by submitting a document from the Social Security Administration showing the amount of benefits received in the appropriate calendar year for the appropriate individuals listed above or, at the institution's option, a statement signed by both the applicant and the applicant's parent, in the case of a dependent student, or by the applicant, in the case of an independent student, certifying that the amount listed on the applicant's aid application is correct; and
(3) Child support received by submitting to it—
(i) A statement signed by the applicant and one of the applicant's parents in the case of a dependent student, or by the applicant in the case of an independent student, certifying the amount of child support received; and
(ii) If the institution has reason to believe that the information provided is inaccurate, the applicant must verify the amount of child support received by providing a document such as—
(A) a copy of the separation agreement or divorce decree showing the amount of child support to be provided;
(B) A statement from the parent providing the child support showing the amount provided; or
(C) Copies of the child support checks or money order receipts.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under Control Number 1840-0570)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1094)
[56 FR 61337, Dec. 2, 1991, as amended at 57 FR 39089, Aug. 27, 1992; 59 FR 22067, Apr. 28, 1994; 59 FR 61206, Nov. 29, 1994; 60 FR 34432, June 30, 1995]
§ 668.58
Interim disbursements.
(a)(1) If an institution has reason to believe that the information included on the application is inaccurate, until the applicant verifies or corrects the information included on his or her application, the institution may not—
(i) Disburse any Federal Pell Grant, ACG, National SMART Grant, or campus-based program funds to the applicant;
(ii) Employ the applicant in its Federal Work-Study Program;
(iii) Certify the applicant's Federal Stafford Loan application or process Federal Stafford Loan proceeds for any previously certified Federal Stafford Loan application; or
(2) If an institution does not have reason to believe that the information included on an application is inaccurate prior to verification, the institution—
(i) May withhold payment of Federal Pell Grant, ACG, National SMART Grant, or campus-based funds; or
(ii)(A) May make one disbursement of any combination of Federal Pell Grant, ACG, National SMART Grant, Federal Perkins Loan, or FSEOG funds for the applicant's first payment period; and
(B) May employ or allow an employer to employ an eligible student under the Federal Work-Study Program for the first 60 consecutive days after the student's enrollment in that award year; and
(iii)(A) May withhold certification of the applicant's Federal Stafford Loan application or origination of the applicant's Direct Subsidized Loan; or
(B) May certify the Federal Stafford Loan application or originate the Direct Subsidized Loan provided that the institution does not deliver Federal Stafford Loan proceeds or disburse Direct Subsidized Loan proceeds.
(b) If an institution chooses to make disbursement under paragraph (a)(2)(ii) (A) or (B) of this section, it is liable for any overpayment discovered as a result of the verification process to the extent that the overpayment is not recovered from the student.
(c) An institution may not withhold any Federal Stafford Loan or Direct Loan proceeds from a student under paragraph (a)(2) of this section for more than 45 days. If the applicant does not complete the verification process within the 45 day period, the institution shall return the proceeds to the lender.
(d)(1) If the institution receives Federal Stafford Loan or Direct Loan proceeds in an amount which exceeds the student's need for the loan based upon the verified information and the excess funds can be eliminated by reducing subsequent disbursements for the applicable loan period, the institution shall process the proceeds and advise the lender to reduce the subsequent disbursements.
(2) If the institution receives Federal Stafford Loan or Direct Loan proceeds in an amount which exceed the student's need for the loan based upon the verified information and the excess funds cannot be eliminated in subsequent disbursements for the applicable
loan period, the institution shall return the excess proceeds to the lender.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1094)
[56 FR 61337, Dec. 2, 1991, as amended at 57 FR 39089, Aug. 27, 1992; 59 FR 22067, 22068, Apr. 28, 1994; 59 FR 61207, Nov. 29, 1994; 63 FR 40625, July 29, 1998; 71 FR 64418, Nov. 1, 2006]
§ 668.59
Consequences of a change in application information.
(a) For the Federal Pell Grant, ACG, and National SMART Grant programs—
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(2) of this section, if the information on an application changes as a result of the verification process, the institution shall require the applicant to resubmit his or her application information to the Secretary for corrections if—
(i) The institution recalculates the applicant's EFC, determines that the applicant's EFC changes, and determines that the change in the EFC changes the applicant's Federal Pell Grant, ACG, or National SMART Grant award; or
(ii) The institution does not recalculate the applicant's EFC.
(2) An institution need not require an applicant to resubmit his or her application information to the Secretary, recalculate an applicant's EFC, or adjust an applicant's Federal Pell Grant, ACG, or National SMART Grant award if, as a result of the verification process, the institution finds—
(i) No errors in nondollar items used to calculate the applicant's EFC;
(ii) No dollar amount in excess of $400 as calculated by the net difference between the corrected sum of Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) plus untaxed income minus U.S. taxes paid and the uncorrected sum of Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) plus untaxed income minus U.S. taxes paid. If no Federal Income Tax Return was filed, income earned from work may be used in lieu of Adjusted Gross Income (AGI).
(b) For the Federal Pell Grant, ACG, and National SMART Grant programs—
(1) If an institution does not recalculate an applicant's EFC under the provisions of paragraph (a)(2) of this section, the institution shall calculate and disburse the applicant's Federal Pell Grant, ACG, or National SMART Grant award on the basis of the applicant's original EFC.
(2)(i) Except as provided under paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section, if an institution recalculates an applicant's EFC because of a change in application information resulting from the verification process, the institution shall—
(A) Require the applicant to resubmit his or her application to the Secretary;
(B) Recalculate the applicant's Federal Pell Grant, ACG, or National SMART Grant award on the basis of the EFC on the corrected SAR or ISIR; and
(C) Disburse any additional funds under that award only if the applicant provides the institution with the corrected SAR or ISIR and only to the extent that additional funds are payable based on the recalculation.
(ii) If an institution recalculates an applicant's EFC because of a change in application information resulting from the verification process and determines that the change in the EFC increases the applicant's award, the institution—
(A) May disburse the applicant's Federal Pell, ACG, or National SMART Grant Grant award on the basis of the original EFC without requiring the applicant to resubmit his or her application information to the Secretary; and
(B) Except as provided in § 668.60(b), shall disburse any additional funds under the increased award reflecting the new EFC if the institution receives the corrected SAR or ISIR.
(c) For the campus-based, and Federal Stafford Loan or Federal Direct Stafford/Ford Direct Loan programs—
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (c)(2) of this section, if the information on an application changes as a result of the verification process, the institution shall—
(i) Recalculate the applicant's EFC; and
(ii) Adjust the applicant's financial aid package for the campus-based, and Federal Stafford Loan or Federal Direct Stafford/Ford Direct Loan programs to reflect the new EFC if the new EFC results in an overaward of campus-based funds or decreases the applicant's recommended loan amount.
(2) An institution need not recalculate an applicant's EFC or adjust his
or her aid package if, as a result of the verification process, the institution finds—
(i) No errors in nondollar items used to calculate the applicant's EFC;
(ii) No dollar amount in excess of $400 as calculated by the net difference between the corrected sum of Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) plus untaxed income minus U.S. taxes paid and the uncorrected sum of Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) plus untaxed income minus U.S. taxes paid. If no Federal Income Tax Return was filed, income earned from work may be used in lieu of Adjusted Gross Income (AGI).
(d)(1) If the institution selects an applicant for verification for an award year who previously received a Direct Subsidized Loan for that award year, and as a result of verification the loan amount is reduced, the institution shall comply with the procedures specified in § 668.61(b)(2).
(2) If the institution selects an applicant for verification for an award year who previously received a loan under the Federal Stafford Loan Program for that award year, and as a result of verification the loan amount is reduced, the institution shall comply with the procedures for notifying the borrower and lender specified in § 668.61(b) and § 682.604(h).
(e) If the applicant has received funds based on information which may be incorrect and the institution has made a reasonable effort to resolve the alleged discrepancy, but cannot do so, the institution shall forward the applicant's name, social security number, and other relevant information to the Secretary.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under Control Number 1840-0570)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1094)
[56 FR 61337, Dec. 2, 1991, as amended at 59 FR 22067, 22068, Apr. 28, 1994; 59 FR 61206, 61207, Nov. 29, 1994; 60 FR 34432, June 30, 1995; 63 FR 40625, July 29, 1998; 71 FR 64418, Nov. 1, 2006]
§ 668.60
Deadlines for submitting documentation and the consequences of failing to provide documentation.
(a) An institution shall require an applicant selected for verification to submit to it, within the period of time it or the Secretary specifies, the documents set forth in § 668.57 that are requested by the institution or the Secretary.
(b) For purposes of the campus-based, Federal Stafford Loan, Federal Direct Stafford/Ford Loan programs—
(1) If an applicant fails to provide the requested documentation within a reasonable time period established by the institution or by the Secretary—
(i) The institution may not—
(A) Disburse any additional Federal Perkins Loan, FSEOG or funds to the applicant;
(B) Continue to employ or allow an employer to employ the applicant under FWS;
(C) Certify the applicant's Federal Stafford Loan application or originate the applicant's Direct Subsidized Loan; or
(D) Process Federal Stafford Loan or Direct Subsidized Loan Direct Loan proceeds for the applicant;
(ii) The institution shall return to the lender, or to the Secretary, in the case of a Direct Subsidized Loan, any Federal Stafford Loan or Direct Subsidized Loan proceeds that otherwise would be payable to the applicant; and
(iii) The applicant shall repay to the institution any Federal Perkins Loan, FSEOG, or payments received for that award year;
(2) If the applicant provides the requested documentation after the time period established by the institution, the institution may, at its option, award aid to the applicant notwithstanding paragraph (b)(1)(i) of this section; and
(3) An institution may not withhold any Federal Stafford Loan proceeds from an applicant under paragraph (b)(1)(i)(D) of this section for more than 45 days. If the applicant does not complete verification within the 45-day period, the institution shall return the Federal Stafford Loan proceeds to the lender.
(c) For purposes of the Federal Pell Grant, ACG, and National SMART Grant programs—
(1) An applicant may submit a verified SAR to the institution or the institution may receive a verified ISIR after the applicable deadline specified in 34 CFR 690.61 and 691.61 but within an established additional time period
set by the Secretary through publication of a notice in the
Federal Register.
If the institution receives a verified SAR or ISIR during the established additional time period, and the EFC on the two SARs or ISIRs are different, payment must be based on the higher of the two EFCs.
(2) If the applicant does not provide to the institution the requested documentation and, if necessary, a verified SAR or the institution does not receive a verified ISIR, within the additional time period referenced in paragraph (c)(1) of this section, the applicant—
(i) Forfeits the Federal Pell Grant, ACG, or National SMART Grant for the award year; and
(ii) Shall return any Federal Pell Grant, ACG, or National SMART Grant payments previously received for that award year to the Secretary.
(d) The Secretary may determine not to process any subsequent application for Federal Pell Grant, ACG, or National SMART Grant program assistance, and an institution, if directed by the Secretary, may not process any subsequent application for campus-based, Federal Direct Stafford/Ford Loan, or Federal Stafford Loan program assistance of an applicant who has been requested to provide documentation until the applicant provides the documentation or the Secretary decides that there is no longer a need for the documentation.
(e) If an applicant selected for verification for an award year dies before the deadline for completing the verification process without completing that process, and the deadline is in the subsequent award year, the institution may not—
(1) Make any further disbursements on behalf of that applicant;
(2) Certify that applicant's Federal Stafford Loan application, originate that applicant's Direct Subsidized Loan, or process that applicant's Federal Stafford Loan or Direct Subsidized Loan proceeds; or
(3) Consider any funds it disbursed to that applicant under § 668.58(a)(2) as an overpayment.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1094)
[56 FR 61337, Dec. 2, 1991, as amended at 59 FR 22068, Apr. 28, 1994; 59 FR 61207, Nov. 29, 1994; 63 FR 40625, July 29, 1998; 71 FR 64419, Nov. 1, 2006]
§ 668.61
Recovery of funds.
(a) If an institution discovers, as a result of the verification process, that an applicant received under § 668.58(a)(2)(ii)(A) more financial aid than the applicant was eligible to receive, the institution shall eliminate the overpayment by—
(1) Adjusting subsequent financial aid payments in the award year in which the overpayment occurred; or
(2) Reimbursing the appropriate program account by—
(i) Requiring the applicant to return the overpayment to the institution if the institution cannot correct the overpayment under paragraph (a)(1) of this section; or
(ii) Making restitution from its own funds, by the earlier of the following dates, if the applicant does not return the overpayment:
(A) Sixty days after the applicant's last day of attendance.
(B) The last day of the award year in which the institution disbursed Federal Pell Grant, ACG, National SMART Grant, Federal Perkins Loan, or FSEOG funds to the applicant.
(b)(1) If the institution determines as a result of the verification process that an applicant received Stafford Loan or proceeds for an award year in excess of the student's financial need for the loan, the institution shall withhold and promptly return to the lender or escrow agent any disbursement not yet delivered to the student that exceeds the amount of assistance for which the student is eligible, taking into account other financial aid received by the student. However, instead of returning the entire undelivered disbursement, the school may choose to return promptly to the lender only the portion of the disbursement for which the student is ineligible. In either case, the institution shall provide the lender with a written statement describing the reason for the returned loan funds.
(2) If the institution determines as a result of the verification process that a student received Direct Subsidized Loan proceeds for an award year in excess of the student's need for the loan, the institution shall reduce or cancel one or more subsequent disbursements to eliminate the amount in excess of the student's need.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1840-0570)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1094)
[56 FR 61337, Dec. 2, 1991, as amended at 57 FR 39089, Aug. 27, 1992; 59 FR 22068, Apr. 28, 1994; 59 FR 23095, May 4, 1994; 59 FR 61207, Nov. 29, 1994; 63 FR 40626, July 29, 1998; 71 FR 64419, Nov. 1, 2006]
Pt. 668, Subpt. E, Nt.
Effective Date Note:
At 75 FR 66954, Oct. 29, 2010, subpart E to part 668 was revised, effective July 1, 2012. For the convenience of the user, the revised text is set forth as follows:
Subpart E—Verification and Updating of Student Aid Application Information
§ 668.51
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§ 668.1
Scope.
(a) This part establishes general rules that apply to an institution that participates in any student financial assistance program authorized by Title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended (Title IV, HEA program). To the extent that an institution contracts with a third-party servicer to administer any aspect of the institution's participation in any Title IV, HEA program, the applicable rules in this part also apply to that servicer. An institution's use of a third-party servicer does not alter the institution's responsibility for compliance with the rules in this part.
(b) As used in this part, an “institution” includes—
(1) An institution of higher education as defined in 34 CFR 600.4;
(2) A proprietary institution of higher education as defined in 34 CFR 600.5; and
(3) A postsecondary vocational institution as defined in 34 CFR 600.6.
(c) The Title IV, HEA programs include—
(1) The Federal Pell Grant Program (20 U.S.C. 1070a
et seq.
(2) The Academic Competitiveness Grant (ACG) Program (20 U.S.C. 1070a-1; 34 CFR part 691);
(3) The Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant (FSEOG) Program (20 U.S.C. 1070b
et seq.
; 34 CFR parts 673 and 676);
(4) The Leveraging Educational Assistance Partnership (LEAP) Program (20 U.S.C. 1070c
et seq.
(5) The Federal Stafford Loan Program (20 U.S.C. 1071
et seq.;
(6) The Federal PLUS Program (20 U.S.C. 1078-2; 34 CFR part 682);
(7) The Federal Consolidation Loan Program (20 U.S.C. 1078-3; 34 CFR part 682);
(8) The Federal Work-Study (FWS) Program (42 U.S.C. 2751
et seq.
; 34 CFR parts 673 and 675);
(9) The William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan (Direct Loan) Program (20 U.S.C. 1087a
et seq.
(10) The Federal Perkins Loan Program (20 U.S.C. 1087aa
et seq.;
34 CFR parts 673 and 674);
(11) The National Science and Mathematics Access to Retain Talent Grant (National SMART Grant) Program (20 U.S.C. 1070a-1; 34 CFR part 691); and
(12) The Teacher Education Assistance for College and Higher Education (TEACH) Grant program.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1070
et seq.
)
[52 FR 45724, Dec. 1, 1987, as amended at 56 FR 36696, July 31, 1991; 59 FR 22418, Apr. 29, 1994; 61 FR 60396, Nov. 27, 1996; 63 FR 40623, July 29, 1998; 65 FR 38729, June 22, 2000; 71 FR 38002, July 3, 2006; 73 35492, June 23, 2008]
§ 668.2
General definitions.
(a) The following definitions are contained in the regulations for Institutional Eligibility under the Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended, 34 CFR part 600:
Accredited
(b) The following definitions apply to all Title IV, HEA programs:
Academic Competitiveness Grant (ACG) Program:
A grant program authorized by Title IV-A-1 of the HEA under which grants are awarded during the first and second academic years of study to eligible financially needy undergraduate students who successfully complete rigorous secondary school programs of study.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1070a-1)
(1) The Federal Perkins Loan Program (34 CFR parts 673 and 674);
(2) The Federal Work-Study (FWS) Program (34 CFR parts 673 and 675); and
(3) The Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant (FSEOG) Program (34 CFR parts 673 and 676).
Defense loan:
A loan made before July 1, 1972, under Title II of the National Defense Education Act of 1958.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 421-429)
Any student who does not qualify as an independent student (see
Independent student
).
Designated department official:
An official of the Department of Education to whom the Secretary has delegated responsibilities indicated in this part.
Direct Loan Program loan:
A loan made under the William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan Program.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1087a
Enrolled:
The status of a student who—
(1) Has completed the registration requirements (except for the payment of tuition and fees) at the institution that he or she is attending; or
(2) Has been admitted into an educational program offered predominantly by correspondence and has submitted one lesson, completed by him or her after acceptance for enrollment and without the help of a representative of the institution.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1088)
Expected family contribution (EFC):
The amount, as determined under title IV, part F of the HEA, an applicant and his or her spouse and family are expected to contribute toward the applicant's cost of attendance.
Federal Consolidation Loan program:
The loan program authorized by Title IV-B, section 428C, of the HEA that encourages the making of loans to borrowers for the purpose of consolidating their repayment obligations, with respect to loans received by those borrowers, under the Federal Insured Student Loan (FISL) Program as defined in 34 CFR part 682, the Federal Stafford Loan, Federal PLUS (as in effect before October 17, 1986), Federal Consolidation Loan, Federal SLS, ALAS (as in effect before October 17, 1986), Federal Direct Student Loan, and Federal Perkins Loan programs, and under the Health Professions Student Loan (HPSL) Program authorized by subpart II of part C of Title VII of the Public Health Service Act, for Federal PLUS borrowers whose loans were made after October 17, 1986, and for Higher Education Assistance Loans (HEAL) authorized by subpart I of part A of Title VII of the Public Health Services Act.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1078-3)
Federal Direct PLUS Program:
A loan program authorized by title IV, Part D of the HEA that is one of the components of the Direct Loan Program. The Federal Direct PLUS Program provides loans to parents of dependent students attending schools that participate in the Direct Loan Program. The Federal Direct PLUS Program also provides loans to graduate or professional students attending schools that participate in the Direct Loan Program. The borrower is responsible for the interest that accrues during any period.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 10782 and 1087a
et seq.
)
Federal Direct Stafford/Ford Loan Program:
A loan program authorized by Title IV, Part D of the HEA that is one of the components of the Direct Loan Program. The Federal Direct Stafford/Ford Loan Program provides loans to undergraduate, graduate, and professional students attending schools that participate in the Direct Loan Program. The Secretary subsidizes the interest while the borrower is in an in-school, grace, or deferment period.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1071 and 1087a
et seq.
)
Federal Direct Unsubsidized Stafford/Ford Loan Program:
A loan program authorized by Title IV, Part D of the HEA that is one of the components of the Direct Loan Program. The Federal Direct Unsubsidized Stafford/Ford Loan Program provides loans to undergraduate, graduate, and professional students attending schools that participate in the Direct Loan Program. The borrower is responsible for the interest that accrues during any period.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1087a
)
Federal Pell Grant Program:
A grant program authorized by Title IV-A-1 of the HEA under which grants are awarded to help financially needy students meet the cost of their postsecondary education.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1070a)
Federal Perkins loan:
A loan made under Title IV-E of the HEA to cover
the cost of attendance for a period of enrollment beginning on or after July 1, 1987, to an individual who on July 1, 1987, had no outstanding balance of principal or interest owing on any loan previously made under Title IV-E of the HEA.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1087aa
)
Federal Perkins Loan program:
The student loan program authorized by Title IV-E of the HEA after October 16, 1986. Unless otherwise noted, as used in this part, the Federal Perkins Loan Program includes the National Direct Student Loan Program and the National Defense Student Loan Program.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1087aa-1087ii)
A loan made under the Federal PLUS Program.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1078-2)
Federal PLUS program:
The loan program authorized by Title IV-B, section 428B, of the HEA, that encourages the making of loans to parents of dependent undergraduate students. Before October 17, 1986, the PLUS Program also provided for making loans to graduate, professional, and independent undergraduate students. Before July 1, 1993, the PLUS Program also provided for making loans to parents of dependent graduate students. Beginning July 1, 2006, the PLUS Program provides for making loans to graduate and professional students.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1078-2)
A loan made under the Federal SLS Program.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1078-1)
A loan made under the Federal Stafford Loan Program.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1071
)
Federal Stafford Loan program:
The loan program authorized by Title IV-B (exclusive of sections 428A, 428B, and 428C) that encourages the making of subsidized Federal Stafford and unsubsidized Federal Stafford loans as defined in 34 CFR part 682 to undergraduate, graduate, and professional students.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1071
Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant (FSEOG) program:
The grant program authorized by Title IV-A-2 of the HEA.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1070b
)
Federal Supplemental Loans for Students (Federal SLS) Program:
The loan program authorized by Title IV-B, section 428A of the HEA, as in effect for periods of enrollment that began before July 1, 1994. The Federal SLS Program encourages the making of loans to graduate, professional, independent undergraduate, and certain dependent undergraduate students.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1078-1)
Federal Work Study (FWS) program:
The part-time employment program for students authorized by Title IV-C of the HEA.
(Authority: 42 U.S.C. 2751-2756b)
A loan made under the FFEL programs.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1071
)
Free application for Federal student aid (FAFSA):
The student aid application provided for under section 483 of the HEA, which is used to determine an applicant's eligibility for the title IV, HEA programs.
Full-time student:
An enrolled student who is carrying a full-time academic workload, as determined by the institution, under a standard applicable to all students enrolled in a particular educational program. The student's workload may include any combination of courses, work, research, or special studies that the institution considers sufficient to classify the student as a full-time student including for a term-based program, repeating any coursework previously taken in the program but not including either more than one repetition of a previously passed course, or any repetition of a previously passed course due to the student failing other coursework. However, for an undergraduate student, an institution's minimum standard must
equal or exceed one of the following minimum requirements:
(1) For a program that measures progress in credit hours and uses standard terms (semesters, trimesters, or quarters), 12 semester hours or 12 quarter hours per academic term.
(2) For a program that measures progress in credit hours and does not use terms, 24 semester hours or 36 quarter hours over the weeks of instructional time in the academic year, or the prorated equivalent if the program is less than one academic year.
(3) For a program that measures progress in credit hours and uses nonstandard terms (terms other than semesters, trimesters or quarters) the number of credits determined by—
(i) Dividing the number of weeks of instructional time in the term by the number of weeks of instructional time in the program's academic year; and
(ii) Multiplying the fraction determined under paragraph (3)(i) of this definition by the number of credit hours in the program's academic year.
(4) For a program that measures progress in clock hours, 24 clock hours per week.
(5) A series of courses or seminars that equals 12 semester hours or 12 quarter hours in a maximum of 18 weeks.
(6) The work portion of a cooperative education program in which the amount of work performed is equivalent to the academic workload of a full-time student.
(7) For correspondence coursework, a full-time courseload must be—
(i) Commensurate with the full-time definitions listed in paragraphs (1) through (6) of this definition; and
(ii) At least one-half of the coursework must be made up of non-correspondence coursework that meets one-half of the institution's requirement for full-time students.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1082 and 1088)
Graduate or professional student:
A student who—
(1) Is not receiving title IV aid as an undergraduate student for the same period of enrollment;
(2) Is enrolled in a program or course above the baccalaureate level or is enrolled in a program leading to a professional degree; and
(3) Has completed the equivalent of at least three years of full-time study either prior to entrance into the program or as part of the program itself.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1082 and 1088)
Half-time student:
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this definition, an enrolled student who is carrying a half-time academic workload, as determined by the institution, that amounts to at least half of the workload of the applicable minimum requirement outlined in the definition of a full-time student.
(2) A student enrolled solely in a program of study by correspondence who is carrying a workload of at least 12 hours of work per week, or is earning at least six credit hours per semester, trimester, or quarter. However, regardless of the work, no student enrolled solely in correspondence study is considered more than a half-time student.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1082 and 1088)
Independent student:
A student who qualifies as an independent student under section 480(d) of the HEA.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1087vv)
The designated department official authorized to begin an emergency action under 34 CFR 668.83.
Institutional student information record (ISIR):
An electronic record that the Secretary transmits to an institution that includes an applicant's—
(1) FAFSA information; and
Leveraging Educational Assistance Partnership (LEAP) Program:
The grant program authorized by Title IV-A-4 of the HEA.
National Defense Student Loan program:
The student loan program authorized by Title II of the National Defense Education Act of 1958.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 421-429)
National Direct Student Loan (NDSL) program:
The student loan program authorized by Title IV-E of the HEA between July 1, 1972, and October 16, 1986.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1087aa-1087ii)
National Early Intervention Scholarship and Partnership (NEISP) program:
The scholarship program authorized by Chapter 2 of subpart 1 of Title IV-A of the HEA.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1070a-21
)
National Science and Mathematics Access to Retain Talent Grant (National SMART Grant) Program:
A grant program authorized by Title IV-A-1 of the HEA under which grants are awarded during the third and fourth academic years of study to eligible financially needy undergraduate students pursuing eligible majors in the physical, life, or computer sciences, mathematics, technology, or engineering, or foreign languages determined to be critical to the national security of the United States.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1070a-1)
One-third of an academic year:
A period that is at least one-third of an academic year as determined by an institution. At a minimum, one-third of an academic year must be a period that begins on the first day of classes and ends on the last day of classes or examinations and is a minimum of 10 weeks of instructional time during which, for an undergraduate educational program, a full-time student is expected to complete at least 8 semester or trimester hours or 12 quarter hours in an educational program whose length is measured in credit hours or 300 clock hours in an educational program whose length is measured in clock hours. For an institution whose academic year has been reduced under § 668.3, one-third of an academic year is the pro-rated equivalent, as measured in weeks and credit or clock hours, of at least one-third of the institution's academic year.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1088)
Output document:
The Student Aid Report (SAR), Electronic Student Aid Report (ESAR), or other document or automated data generated by the Department of Education's central processing system or Multiple Data Entry processing system as the result of the processing of data provided in a Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA).
Parent:
A student's biological or adoptive mother or father or the student's stepparent, if the biological parent or adoptive mother or father has remarried at the time of application.
Participating institution:
An eligible institution that meets the standards for participation in Title IV, HEA programs in subpart B and has a current program participation agreement with the Secretary.
Professional degree:
A degree that signifies both completion of the academic requirements for beginning practice in a given profession and a level of professional skill beyond that normally required for a bachelor's degree. Professional licensure is also generally required. Examples of a professional degree include but are not limited to Pharmacy (Pharm.D.), Dentistry (D.D.S. or D.M.D.), Veterinary Medicine (D.V.M.), Chiropractic (D.C. or D.C.M.), Law (L.L.B. or J.D.), Medicine (M.D.), Optometry (O.D.), Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.), Podiatry (D.P.M., D.P., or Pod.D.), and Theology (M.Div., or M.H.L.).
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1082 and 1088)
Show-cause official:
The designated department official authorized to conduct a show-cause proceeding for an emergency action under 34 CFR 668.83.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1070c
)
Student aid report (SAR):
A report provided to an applicant by the Secretary showing his or her FAFSA information and the amount of his or her EFC.
Teacher Education Assistance for College and Higher Education (TEACH) Grant Program:
A grant program authorized by title IV of the HEA under which grants are awarded by an institution to students who are completing, or intend to complete, coursework to begin a career in teaching and who agree to serve for not less than four years as a full-time, highly-qualified teacher in a high-need field in a low-income school. If the recipient of a TEACH Grant does not complete four years of qualified teaching service within eight years of completing the course of study for which the TEACH Grant was received or otherwise fails to meet the requirements of 34 CFR 686.12, the amount of the TEACH Grant
converts into a Federal Direct Unsubsidized Loan.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1070g)
TEACH Grant:
A grant authorized under title IV-A-9 of the HEA and awarded to students in exchange for prospective teaching service.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1070g)
Third-party servicer:
(1) An individual or a State, or a private, profit or nonprofit organization that enters into a contract with an eligible institution to administer, through either manual or automated processing, any aspect of the institution's participation in any Title IV, HEA program. The Secretary considers administration of participation in a Title IV, HEA program to—
(i) Include performing any function required by any statutory provision of or applicable to Title IV of the HEA, any regulatory provision prescribed under that statutory authority, or any applicable special arrangement, agreement, or limitation entered into under the authority of statutes applicable to Title IV of the HEA, such as, but not restricted to—
(A) Processing student financial aid applications;
(B) Performing need analysis;
(C) Determining student eligibility and related activities;
(D) Certifying loan applications;
(E) Processing output documents for payment to students;
(F) Receiving, disbursing, or delivering Title IV, HEA program funds, excluding lock-box processing of loan payments and normal bank electronic fund transfers;
(G) Conducting activities required by the provisions governing student consumer information services in subpart D of this part;
(H) Preparing and certifying requests for advance or reimbursement funding;
(I) Loan servicing and collection;
(J) Preparing and submitting notices and applications required under 34 CFR part 600 and subpart B of this part; and
(K) Preparing a Fiscal Operations Report and Application to Participate (FISAP);
(ii) Exclude the following functions—
(A) Publishing ability-to-benefit tests;
(B) Performing functions as a Multiple Data Entry Processor (MDE);
(C) Financial and compliance auditing;
(D) Mailing of documents prepared by the institution;
(E) Warehousing of records; and
(F) Providing computer services or software; and
(iii) Notwithstanding the exclusions referred to in paragraph (1)(ii) of this definition, include any activity comprised of any function described in paragraph (1)(i) of this definition.
(2) For purposes of this definition, an employee of an institution is not a third-party servicer. The Secretary considers an individual to be an employee if the individual—
(i) Works on a full-time, part-time, or temporary basis;
(ii) Performs all duties on site at the institution under the supervision of the institution;
(iii) Is paid directly by the institution;
(iv) Is not employed by or associated with a third-party servicer; and
(v) Is not a third-party servicer for any other institution.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1088)
Three-quarter time student:
An enrolled student who is carrying a three-quarter-time academic workload, as determined by the institution, that amounts to at least three quarters of the work of the applicable minimum requirement outlined in the definition of a full-time student.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1082 and 1088)
Two-thirds of an academic year:
A period that is at least two-thirds of an academic year as determined by an institution. At a minimum, two-thirds of an academic year must be a period that begins on the first day of classes and ends on the last day of classes or examinations and is a minimum of 20 weeks of instructional time during which, for an undergraduate educational program, a full-time student is expected to complete at least 16 semester or trimester hours or 24 quarter hours in an educational program whose length is measured in credit hours or 600 clock hours in an educational program whose length is measured in
clock hours. For an institution whose academic year has been reduced under § 668.3, two-thirds of an academic year is the pro-rated equivalent, as measured in weeks and credit or clock hours, of at least two-thirds of the institution's academic year.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1088)
Undergraduate student:
(1) A student who is enrolled in an undergraduate course of study that usually does not exceed four years, or is enrolled in a longer program designed to lead to a degree at the baccalaureate level. For purposes of 34 CFR 690.6(c)(5) students who have completed a baccalaureate program of study and who are subsequently completing a State-required teacher certification program are treated as undergraduates.
(2) In addition to meeting the definition in paragraph (1) of this definition, a student is only considered an undergraduate for purposes of the Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant (FSEOG) Program, the Federal Pell Grant Program, the Academic Competitiveness Grant (ACG) Program, National Science and Mathematics Access to Retain Talent (SMART) Grant Program, and TEACH Grant program if the student has not yet earned a baccalaureate or professional degree. However, for purposes of 34 CFR 690.6(c)(5) and 686.3(a) students who have completed a baccalaureate program of study and who are subsequently completing a State-required teacher certification program are treated as undergraduates.
(3) For purposes of dual degree programs that allow individuals to complete a bachelor's degree and either a graduate or professional degree within the same program, a student is considered an undergraduate student for at least the first three years of that program.
(4) A student enrolled in a four to five year program designed to lead to an undergraduate degree. A student enrolled in a program of any other, longer length is considered an undergraduate student for only the first four years of that program.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1070g)
U.S. citizen or national:
(1) A citizen of the United States; or
(2) A person defined in the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(22), who, though not a citizen of the United States, owes permanent allegiance to the United States.
(Authority: 8 U.S.C. 1101)
Valid institutional student information record (valid ISIR):
An ISIR on which all the information reported on a student's FAFSA is accurate and complete as of the date the application is signed.
Valid student aid report (valid SAR):
A student aid report on which all of the information reported on a student's FAFSA is accurate and complete as of the date the application is signed.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1070
William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan (Direct Loan) Program:
The loan program authorized by Title IV, Part D of the HEA.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1087a
et seq.
)
[59 FR 22418, Apr. 29, 1994, as amended at 59 FR 61178, Nov. 29, 1994; 60 FR 61809, Dec. 1, 1995; 61 FR 60396, Nov. 27, 1996; 63 FR 40623, July 29, 1998; 64 FR 38729, June 22, 2000; 65 FR 65674, Nov. 1, 2000; 67 FR 67071, Nov. 1, 2002; 69 FR 12275, Mar. 16, 2004; 71 FR 38002, July 3, 2006; 71 FR 45692, Aug. 9, 2006; 71 FR 64397, 64418, Nov. 1, 2006; 72 FR 62024, Nov. 1, 2007; 73 FR 35492, June 23, 2008; 75 FR 66948, Oct. 29, 2010; 75 FR 67198, Nov. 1, 2010]
§ 668.3
(a)
General.
Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, an academic year for a program of study must include—
(1)(i) For a program offered in credit hours, a minimum of 30 weeks of instructional time; or
(ii) For a program offered in clock hours, a minimum of 26 weeks of instructional time; and
(2) For an undergraduate educational program, an amount of instructional time whereby a full-time student is expected to complete at least—
(i) Twenty-four semester or trimester credit hours or 36 quarter credit hours for a program measured in credit hours; or
(ii) 900 clock hours for a program measured in clock hours.
(b)
For purposes of paragraph (a) of this section—
(1) A week is a consecutive seven-day period;
(2) A week of instructional time is any week in which at least one day of regularly scheduled instruction or examinations occurs or, after the last scheduled day of classes for a term or payment period, at least one day of study for final examinations occurs; and
(3) Instructional time does not include any vacation periods, homework, or periods of orientation or counseling.
(c)
Reduction in the length of an academic year.
(1) Upon the written request of an institution, the Secretary may approve, for good cause, an academic year of 26 through 29 weeks of instructional time for educational programs offered by the institution if the institution offers a two-year program leading to an associate degree or a four-year program leading to a baccalaureate degree.
(2) An institution's written request must—
(i) Identify each educational program for which the institution requests a reduction, and the requested number of weeks of instructional time for that program;
(ii) Demonstrate good cause for the requested reductions; and
(iii) Include any other information that the Secretary may require to determine whether to grant the request.
(3)(i) The Secretary approves the request of an eligible institution for a reduction in the length of its academic year if the institution has demonstrated good cause for granting the request and the institution's accrediting agency and State licensing agency have approved the request.
(ii) If the Secretary approves the request, the approval terminates when the institution's program participation agreement expires. The institution may request an extension of that approval as part of the recertification process.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1845-0022)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1088)
[67 FR 67071, Nov. 1, 2002, as amended at 71 FR 45693, Aug. 9, 2006]
§ 668.4
Payment period.
(a)
Payment periods for an eligible program that measures progress in credit hours and uses standard terms or nonstandard terms that are substantially equal in length.
For a student enrolled in an eligible program that measures progress in credit hours and uses standard terms (semesters, trimesters, or quarters), or for a student enrolled in an eligible program that measures progress in credit hours and uses nonstandard terms that are substantially equal in length, the payment period is the academic term.
(b)
Payment periods for an eligible program that measures progress in credit hours and uses nonstandard terms that are not substantially equal in length.
For a student enrolled in an eligible program that measures progress in credit hours and uses nonstandard terms that are not substantially equal in length—
(1) For Pell Grant, ACG, National SMART Grant, FSEOG, Perkins Loan, and TEACH Grant program funds, the payment period is the academic term;
(2) For FFEL and Direct Loan program funds—
(i) For a student enrolled in an eligible program that is one academic year or less in length—
(A) The first payment period is the period of time in which the student successfully completes half of the number of credit hours in the program and half of the number of weeks of instructional time in the program; and
(B) The second payment period is the period of time in which the student successfully completes the program; and
(ii) For a student enrolled in an eligible program that is more than one academic year in length—
(A) For the first academic year and any subsequent full academic year—
(
1
) The first payment period is the period of time in which the student
successfully completes half of the number of credit hours in the academic year and half of the number of weeks of instructional time in the academic year; and
(
2
) The second payment period is the period of time in which the student successfully completes the academic year;
(B) For any remaining portion of an eligible program that is more than half an academic year but less than a full academic year in length—
(
1
) The first payment period is the period of time in which the student successfully completes half of the number of credit hours in the remaining portion of the program and half of the number of weeks of instructional time remaining in the program; and
(
2
) The second payment period is the period of time in which the student successfully completes the remainder of the program; and
(C) For any remaining portion of an eligible program that is not more than half an academic year, the payment period is the remainder of the program.
(c)
Payment periods for an eligible program that measures progress in credit hours and does not have academic terms or for a program that measures progress in clock hours.
(1) For a student enrolled in an eligible program that is one academic year or less in length—
(i) The first payment period is the period of time in which the student successfully completes half of the number of credit hours or clock hours, as applicable, in the program and half of the number of weeks of instructional time in the program; and
(ii) The second payment period is the period of time in which the student successfully completes the program or the remainder of the program.
(2) For a student enrolled in an eligible program that is more than one academic year in length—
(i) For the first academic year and any subsequent full academic year—
(A) The first payment period is the period of time in which the student successfully completes half of the number of credit hours or clock hours, as applicable, in the academic year and half of the number of weeks of instructional time in the academic year; and
(B) The second payment period is the period of time in which the student successfully completes the academic year;
(ii) For any remaining portion of an eligible program that is more than half an academic year but less than a full academic year in length—
(A) The first payment period is the period of time in which the student successfully completes half of the number of credit hours or clock hours, as applicable, in the remaining portion of the program and half of the number of weeks of instructional time remaining in the program; and
(B) The second payment period is the period of time in which the student successfully completes the remainder of the program; and
(iii) For any remaining portion of an eligible program that is not more than half an academic year, the payment period is the remainder of the program.
(3) For purposes of paragraphs (c)(1) and (c)(2) of this section, if an institution is unable to determine when a student has successfully completed half of the credit hours or clock hours in a program, academic year, or remainder of a program, the student is considered to begin the second payment period of the program, academic year, or remainder of a program at the later of the date, as determined by the institution, on which the student has successfully completed—
(i) Half of the academic coursework in the program, academic year, or remainder of the program; or
(ii) Half of the number of weeks of instructional time in the program, academic year, or remainder of the program.
(d)
Application of the cohort default rate exemption.
Notwithstanding paragraphs (a), (b), and (c) of this section, if 34 CFR 682.604(c)(10) or 34 CFR 685.301(b)(8) applies to an eligible program that measures progress in credit hours and uses nonstandard terms, an eligible program that measures progress in credit hours and does not have academic terms, or an eligible program that measures progress in clock hours, the payment period for purposes of FFEL and Direct Loan funds is the loan period for those portions of the program to which 34 CFR
682.604(c)(10) or 34 CFR 685.301(b)(8) applies.
(e)
Excused absences.
For purposes of this section, in determining whether a student successfully completes the clock hours in a payment period, an institution may include clock hours for which the student has an excused absence (i.e., an absence that a student does not have to make up) if—
(1) The institution has a written policy that permits excused absences; and
(2) The number of excused absences under the written policy for purposes of this paragraph (e) does not exceed the lesser of—
(i) The policy on excused absences of the institution's accrediting agency or, if the institution has more than one accrediting agency, the agency designated under 34 CFR 600.11(b);
(ii) The policy on excused absences of any State agency that licenses the institution or otherwise legally authorizes the institution to operate in the State; or
(iii) Ten percent of the clock hours in the payment period.
(f)
Re-entry within 180 days.
If a student withdraws from a program described in paragraph (c) of this section during a payment period and then reenters the same program within 180 days, the student remains in that same payment period when he or she returns and, subject to conditions established by the Secretary or by the FFEL lender or guaranty agency, is eligible to receive any title IV, HEA program funds for which he or she was eligible prior to withdrawal, including funds that were returned by the institution or student under the provisions of § 668.22.
(g)
Re-entry after 180 days or transfer.
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (g)(3) of this section, and subject to the conditions of paragraph (g)(2) of this section, an institution calculates new payment periods for the remainder of a student's program based on paragraph (c) of this section, for a student who withdraws from a program described in paragraph (c) of this section, and—
(i) Reenters that program after 180 days;
(ii) Transfers into another program at the same institution within any time period; or
(iii) Transfers into a program at another institution within any time period.
(2) For a student described in paragraph (g)(1) of this section—
(i) For the purpose of calculating payment periods only, the length of the program is the number of credit hours and the number of weeks of instructional time, or the number of clock hours and the number of weeks of instructional time, that the student has remaining in the program he or she enters or reenters; and
(ii) If the remaining hours and weeks constitute half of an academic year or less, the remaining hours constitute one payment period.
(3) Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (g)(1) of this section, an institution may consider a student who transfers into another program at the same institution to remain in the same payment period if—
(i) The student is continuously enrolled at the institution;
(ii) The coursework in the payment period the student is transferring out of is substantially similar to the coursework the student will be taking when he or she first transfers into the new program;
(iii) The payment periods are substantially equal in length in weeks of instructional time and credit hours or clock hours, as applicable;
(iv) There are little or no changes in institutional charges associated with the payment period to the student; and
(v) The credits from the payment period the student is transferring out of are accepted toward the new program.
(h)
For purposes of this section—
(1) Terms are
substantially equal in length
if no term in the program is more than two weeks of instructional time longer than any other term in that program; and
(2) A student
successfully completes
credit hours or clock hours if the institution considers the student to have passed the coursework associated with those hours.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1070
[72 FR 62025, Nov. 1, 2007, as amended at 73 FR 35492, June 23, 2008]
§ 668.5
Written arrangements to provide educational programs.
(a)
Written arrangements between eligible institutions.
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(2) of this section, if an eligible institution enters into a written arrangement with another eligible institution, or with a consortium of eligible institutions, under which the other eligible institution or consortium provides part of the educational program to students enrolled in the first institution, the Secretary considers that educational program to be an eligible program if the educational program offered by the institution that grants the degree or certificate otherwise satisfies the requirements of § 668.8.
(2) If the written arrangement is between two or more eligible institutions that are owned or controlled by the same individual, partnership, or corporation, the Secretary considers the educational program to be an eligible program if—
(i) The educational program offered by the institution that grants the degree or certificate otherwise satisfies the requirements of § 668.8; and
(ii) The institution that grants the degree or certificate provides more than 50 percent of the educational program.
(b)
Written arrangements for study-abroad.
Under a study abroad program, if an eligible institution enters into a written arrangement under which an institution in another country, or an organization acting on behalf of an institution in another country, provides part of the educational program of students enrolled in the eligible institution, the Secretary considers that educational program to be an eligible program if it otherwise satisfies the requirements of paragraphs (c)(1) through (c)(3) of this section.
(c)
Written arrangements between an eligible institution and an ineligible institution or organization.
If an eligible institution enters into a written arrangement with an institution or organization that is not an eligible institution under which the ineligible institution or organization provides part of the educational program of students enrolled in the eligible institution, the Secretary considers that educational program to be an eligible program if—
(1) The ineligible institution or organization has not—
(i) Had its eligibility to participate in the title IV, HEA programs terminated by the Secretary;
(ii) Voluntarily withdrawn from participation in the title IV, HEA programs under a termination, show-cause, suspension, or similar type proceeding initiated by the institution's State licensing agency, accrediting agency, guarantor, or by the Secretary;
(iii) Had its certification to participate in the title IV, HEA programs revoked by the Secretary;
(iv) Had its application for re-certification to participate in the title IV, HEA programs denied by the Secretary; or
(v) Had its application for certification to participate in the title IV, HEA programs denied by the Secretary;
(2) The educational program offered by the institution that grants the degree or certificate otherwise satisfies the requirements of § 668.8; and
(3)(i) The ineligible institution or organization provides 25 percent or less of the educational program; or
(ii)(A) The ineligible institution or organization provides more than 25 percent but less than 50 percent of the educational program;
(B) The eligible institution and the ineligible institution or organization are not owned or controlled by the same individual, partnership, or corporation; and
(C) The eligible institution's accrediting agency, or if the institution is a public postsecondary vocational educational institution, the State agency listed in the
Federal Register
in accordance with 34 CFR part 603, has specifically determined that the institution's arrangement meets the agency's standards for the contracting out of educational services.
(d)
Administration of title IV, HEA programs.
(1) If an institution enters into a written arrangement as described in paragraph (a), (b), or (c) of this section, except as provided in paragraph (d)(2) of this section, the institution at which the student is enrolled as a regular student must determine the student's eligibility for title IV, HEA program
funds, and must calculate and disburse those funds to that student.
(2) In the case of a written arrangement between eligible institutions, the institutions may agree in writing to have any eligible institution in the written arrangement make those calculations and disbursements, and the Secretary does not consider that institution to be a third-party servicer for that arrangement.
(3) The institution that calculates and disburses a student's title IV, HEA program assistance under paragraph (d)(1) or (d)(2) of this section must—
(i) Take into account all the hours in which the student enrolls at each institution that apply to the student's degree or certificate when determining the student's enrollment status and cost of attendance; and (ii) Maintain all records regarding the student's eligibility for and receipt of title IV, HEA program funds.
(e)
Information made available to students.
If an institution enters into a written arrangement described in paragraph (a), (b), or (c) of this section, the institution must provide the information described in § 668.43(a)(12) to enrolled and prospective students.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1094)
[65 FR 65674, Nov. 1, 2000, as amended at 75 FR 66948, Oct. 29, 2010; 75 FR 67198, Nov. 1, 2010]
§ 668.6
Reporting and disclosure requirements for programs that prepare students for gainful employment in a recognized occupation.
(a)
Reporting requirements.
(1) In accordance with procedures established by the Secretary an institution must report information that includes—
(i) For each student who enrolled in a program under § 668.8(c)(3) or (d) during an award year—
(A) Information needed to identify the student and the institution the student attended;
(B) If the student began attending a program during the award year, the name and the Classification of Instructional Program (CIP) code of that program; and
(C) If the student completed a program during the award year—
(
1
) The name and CIP code of that program, and the date the student completed the program;
(
2
) The amounts the student received from private education loans and the amount from institutional financing plans that the student owes the institution upon completing the program; and
(
3
) Whether the student matriculated to a higher credentialed program at the institution or if available, evidence that the student transferred to a higher credentialed program at another institution; and
(ii) For each program, by name and CIP code, offered by the institution under § 668.8(c)(3) or (d), the total number of students that are enrolled in the program at the end of each award year and identifying information for those students.
(2)(i) An institution must report the information required under paragraph (a)(1) of this section—
(A) No later than October 1, 2011 for information from the 2006-07 award year to the extent that the information is available;
(B) No later than October 1, 2011 for information from the 2007-08 through 2009-10 award years; and
(C) No earlier than September 30, but no later than the date established by the Secretary through a notice published in the
Federal Register,
for information from the most recently completed award year.
(ii) For any award year, if an institution is unable to provide all or some of the information required under paragraph (a)(1) of this section, the institution must provide an explanation of why the missing information is not available.
(b)
Disclosures.
(1) For each program offered by an institution under this section, the institution must provide prospective students with—
(i) The occupations (by names and SOC codes) that the program prepares students to enter, along with links to occupational profiles on O*NET or its successor site. If the number of occupations related to the program, as identified by entering the program's full six digit CIP code on the O*NET crosswalk at
http://online.onetcenter.org/crosswalk/
is more than ten, the institution may
provide Web links to a representative sample of the identified occupations (by name and SOC code) for which its graduates typically find employment within a few years after completing the program;
(ii) The on-time graduation rate for students completing the program, as provided under paragraph (c) of this section;
(iii) The tuition and fees it charges a student for completing the program within normal time as defined in § 668.41(a), the typical costs for books and supplies (unless those costs are included as part of tuition and fees), and the cost of room and board, if applicable. The institution may include information on other costs, such as transportation and living expenses, but it must provide a Web link, or access, to the program cost information the institutions makes available under § 668.43(a);
(iv) The placement rate for students completing the program, as determined under a methodology developed by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) when that rate is available. In the meantime, beginning on July 1, 2011, if the institution is required by its accrediting agency or State to calculate a placement rate on a program basis, it must disclose the rate under this section and identify the accrediting agency or State agency under whose requirements the rate was calculated. If the accrediting agency or State requires an institution to calculate a placement rate at the institutional level or other than a program basis, the institution must use the accrediting agency or State methodology to calculate a placement rate for the program and disclose that rate; and
(v) The median loan debt incurred by students who completed the program as provided by the Secretary, as well as any other information the Secretary provided to the institution about that program. The institution must identify separately the median loan debt from title IV, HEA program loans, and the median loan debt from private educational loans and institutional financing plans.
(2) For each program, the institution must—
(i) Include the information required under paragraph (b)(1) of this section in promotional materials it makes available to prospective students and post this information on its Web site;
(ii) Prominently provide the information required under paragraph (b)(1) of this section in a simple and meaningful manner on the home page of its program Web site, and provide a prominent and direct link on any other Web page containing general, academic, or admissions information about the program, to the single Web page that contains all the required information;
(iii) Display the information required under paragraph (b)(1) of this section on the institution's Web site in an open format that can be retrieved, downloaded, indexed, and searched by commonly used Web search applications. An open format is one that is platform-independent, is machine-readable, and is made available to the public without restrictions that would impede the reuse of that information; and
(iv) Use the disclosure form issued by the Secretary to provide the information in paragraph (b)(1), and other information, when that form is available.
(c)
On-time completion rate.
An institution calculates an on-time completion rate for each program subject to this section by—
(1) Determining the number of students who completed the program during the most recently completed award year;
(2) Determining the number of students in paragraph (c)(1) of this section who completed the program within normal time, as defined under § 668.41(a), regardless of whether the students transferred into the program or changed programs at the institution. For example, the normal time to complete an associate degree is two years and this timeframe applies to all students in the program. If a student transfers into the program, regardless of the number of credits the institution accepts from the student's attendance at the prior institution, those transfer credits have no bearing on the two-year timeframe. The student would still have two years to complete from the date he or she began attending the two-year program. To be counted as completing on time, a student who
changes programs at the institution and begins attending the two-year program must complete within the two-year timeframe beginning from the date the student began attending the prior program; and
(3) Dividing the number of students who completed the program within normal time, as determined under paragraph (c)(2) of this section, by the total number of students who completed the program, as determined under paragraph (c)(1) of this section, and multiplying the result by 100.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1845-NEW1)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C 1001(b), 1002(b) and (c))
[75 FR 66948, Oct. 29, 2010]
§ 668.7
Gainful employment in a recognized occupation.
(a)
(1)
Minimum standards.
A program is considered to provide training that leads to gainful employment in a recognized occupation if—
(i) As determined under paragraph (b) of this section, the program's annual loan repayment rate is at least 35 percent;
(ii) As determined under paragraph (c) of this section, the program's annual loan payment is less than or equal to—
(A) 30 percent of discretionary income (discretionary income threshold); or
(B) 12 percent of annual earnings (actual earnings threshold); or
(iii) The data needed to determine whether a program satisfies the minimum standards are not available to the Secretary.
(2)
For the purposes of this section—
(i)(A) A
program
refers to an educational program offered by an institution under § 668.8(c)(3) or (d) that is identified by a combination of the institution's six-digit OPEID number, the program's six-digit CIP code as assigned by an institution or determined by the Secretary, and credential level;
(B) The Secretary determines whether an institution accurately assigns a CIP code for a program based on the classifications and program codes established by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES); and
(C) The credential levels for identifying a program are undergraduate certificate, associate's degree, bachelor's degree, post-baccalaureate certificate, master's degree, doctoral degree, and first-professional degree;
(ii)
Debt measures
refers collectively to the loan repayment rate and debt-to-earnings ratios described in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section;
(iii) A
fiscal year
(FY) is the 12-month period starting October 1 and ending September 30 that is designated by the calendar year in which it ends; for example FY 2013 is from October 1, 2012 to September 30, 2013. That designation also represents the FY for which the Secretary calculates the debt measures;
(iv) A
is the period covering two consecutive FYs that occur on—
(A)(
1
) The third and fourth FYs (2YP) prior to the most recently completed FY for which the debt measures are calculated. For example, if the most recently completed FY is 2012, the 2YP is FYs 2008 and 2009; or
(
2
) For FYs 2012, 2013, and 2014, the first and second FYs (2YP-A) prior to the most recently completed FY for which the loan repayment rate is calculated under paragraph (b) of this section. For example, if the most recently completed FY is 2012, the 2YP-A is FYs 2010 and 2011; or
(B) For a program whose students are required to complete a medical or dental internship or residency, as identified by an institution, the sixth and seventh FYs (2YP-R) prior to the most recently completed FY for which the debt measures are calculated. For example, if the most recently completed FY is 2012, the 2YP-R is FYs 2005 and 2006. For this purpose, a required medical or dental internship or residency is a supervised training program that—
(
1
) Requires the student to hold a degree as a doctor of medicine or osteopathy, or a doctor of dental science;
(
2
) Leads to a degree or certificate awarded by an institution of higher education, a hospital, or a health care facility that offers post-graduate training; and
(
3
) Must be completed before the borrower may be licensed by the State and board certified for professional practice or service;
(v) A
four-year period
is the period covering four consecutive FYs that occur on—
(A) The third, fourth, fifth, and sixth FYs (4YP) prior to the most recently completed FY for which the debt measures are calculated. For example, if the most recently completed FY is 2017, the 4YP is FYs 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2014; or
(B) For a program whose students are required to complete a medical or dental internship or residency, as identified by an institution, the sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth FYs (4YP-R) prior to the most recently completed FY for which the debt measures are calculated. For example, if the most recently completed FY is 2017, the 4YP-R is FYs 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2011. For this purpose, a required medical or dental internship or residency is a supervised training program that—
(
1
) Requires the student to hold a degree as a doctor of medicine or osteopathy, or a doctor of dental science;
(
2
) Leads to a degree or certificate awarded by an institution of higher education, a hospital, or a health care facility that offers post-graduate training; and
(
3
) Must be completed before the borrower may be licensed by the State and board certified for professional practice or service; and
(vi)
Discretionary income
is the difference between the mean or median annual earnings and 150 percent of the most current Poverty Guideline for a single person in the continental U.S. The Poverty Guidelines are published annually by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and are available at
http://aspe.hhs.gov/poverty.
(b)
Loan repayment rate.
For the most recently completed FY, the Secretary calculates the loan repayment rate for a program using thefollowing ratio:
ER13JN11.022
(1)
Original Outstanding Principal Balance (OOPB).
(i) The OOPB is the amount of the outstanding balance, including capitalized interest, on FFEL or Direct Loans owed by students for attendance in the program on the date those loans first entered repayment.
(ii) The OOPB includes FFEL and Direct Loans that first entered repayment during the 2YP, the 2YP-A, the 2YP-R, the 4YP, or the 4YP-R. The OOPB does not include PLUS loans made to parent borrowers or TEACH Grant-related unsubsidized loans.
(iii) For consolidation loans, the OOPB is the OOPB of the FFEL and Direct Loans attributable to a borrower's attendance in the program.
(iv) For FYs 2012, 2013, and 2014, the Secretary calculates two loan repayment rates for a program, one with the 2YP and the other with the 2YP-A, so long as the 2YP-A represents more than 30 borrowers whose loans entered repayment. Provided that both loan repayment rates are calculated, the Secretary determines whether the program meets the minimum standard under paragraph (a)(1)(i) of this section by using the higher of the 2YP rate or the 2YP-A rate.
(2)
Loans Paid in Full (LPF).
(i) LPF are loans that have never been in default or, in the case of a Federal Consolidation Loan or a Direct Consolidation Loan, neither the consolidation loan nor the underlying loan or loans have ever been in default and that have been paid in full by a borrower. A loan that is paid through a Federal Consolidation loan, a Direct Consolidation loan, or under another refinancing process provided for under the HEA, is not counted as paid-in-full for this purpose until the consolidation loan or other financial instrument is paid in full by the borrower.
(ii) The OOPB of LPF in the numerator of the ratio is the total amount of OOPB for these loans.
(3)
Payments-Made Loans (PML).
(i) PML are loans that have never been in default or, in the case of a Federal Consolidation Loan or a Direct Consolidation Loan, neither the consolidation loan nor the underlying loan or loans have ever been in default, where—
(A)(
1
) Payments made by a borrower during the most recently completed FY reduce the outstanding balance of a loan, including the outstanding balance of a Federal Consolidation Loan or Direct Consolidation Loan, to an amount that is less than the outstanding balance of the loan at the beginning of that FY. The outstanding balance of a loan includes any unpaid accrued interest that has not been capitalized; or
(
2
) If the program is a post-baccalaureate certificate, master's degree, doctoral degree, or first-professional degree program, the total outstanding balance of a Federal or Direct Consolidation Loan at the end of the most recently completed FY is less than or equal to the total outstanding balance of the consolidation loan at the beginning of the FY. The outstanding balance of the consolidation loan includes any unpaid accrued interest that has not been capitalized;
(B) A borrower is in the process of qualifying for Public Service Loan Forgiveness under 34 CFR 685.219(c) and submits an employment certification to the Secretary that demonstrates the borrower is engaged in qualifying employment and the borrower made qualifying payments on the loan during the most recently completed FY; or
(C)(
) Except as provided under paragraph (b)(3)(i)(C)(
2
) of this section, a borrower in the income-based repayment plan (IBR), income contingent repayment plan (ICR), or any other repayment plan makes scheduled payments on the loan during the most recently completed FY for an amount that is equal to or less than the interest that accrues on the loan during the FY. The Secretary limits the dollar amount of these interest-only or negative amortization loans in the numerator of the ratio to no more than 3 percent of the total amount of OOPB in the denominator of the ratio, based on available data on a program's borrowers who are making scheduled payments under these repayment plans.
(
2
) Until the Secretary determines that there is sufficiently complete data on which of the program's borrowers have scheduled payments that are equal to or less than accruing interest, the Secretary will include in the numerator 3 percent of the OOPB in the denominator.
(
) Notwithstanding paragraph (b)(3)(i)(C)(
1
) of this section, with regard to applying the percent limitation on the dollar amount of the interest-only or negative amortization loans, the Secretary may adjust the limitation by publishing a notice in the
Federal Register.
The adjusted limitation may not be lower than the percent limitation specified in paragraph (b)(3)(i)(C)(
1
) of this section or higher than the estimated percentage of all outstanding Federal student loan dollars that are interest-only or negative amortization loans.
(ii) The OOPB of PML in the numerator of the ratio is the total amount of OOPB for the loans described in paragraph (b)(3)(i) of this section.
(4)
Exclusions.
For the most recently completed FY, the OOPB of the following loans is excluded from both the numerator and the denominator of the ratio:
(i) Loans that were in an in-school deferment status during any part of the FY.
(ii) Loans that were in a military-related deferment status during any part of the FY.
(iii) Loans that were discharged as a result of the death of the borrower under 34 CFR 682.402(b) or 34 CFR 685.212(a).
(iv) Loans that were assigned or transferred to the Secretary that are being considered for discharge as a result of the total and permanent disability of the borrower, or were discharged by the Secretary on that basis under 34 CFR 682.402(c) or 34 CFR 685.212(b).
(c)
For each FY, the Secretary calculates the debt-to-earnings ratios using the following formulas:
(i) Discretionary income rate = Annual loan payment/(Mean or Median
Annual Earnings −(1.5 × Poverty Guideline)).
(ii) Earnings rate = Annual loan payment/Mean or Median Annual Earnings.
(2)
The Secretary determines the annual loan payment for a program by—
(i) Calculating the median loan debt of the program by—
(A) For each student who completed the program during the 2YP, the 2YP-R, the 4YP, or the 4YP-R, determining the lesser of—
(
1
) The amount of loan debt the student incurred, as determined under paragraph (c)(4) of this section; or
(
2
) If tuition and fee information is provided by the institution, the total amount of tuition and fees the institution charged the student for enrollment in all programs at the institution; and
(B) Using the lower amount obtained under paragraph (c)(2)(i)(A) of this section for each student in the calculation of the median loan debt for the program; and
(ii) Using the median loan debt for the program and the current annual interest rate on Federal Direct Unsubsidized Loans to calculate the annual loan payment based on—
(A) A 10-year repayment schedule for a program that leads to an undergraduate or post-baccalaureate certificate or to an associate's degree;
(B) A 15-year repayment schedule for a program that leads to a bachelor's or master's degree; or
(C) A 20-year repayment schedule for a program that leads to a doctoral or first-professional degree.
(3)
Annual earnings.
The Secretary obtains from the Social Security Administration (SSA), or another Federal agency, the most currently available mean and median annual earnings of the students who completed the program during the 2YP, the 2YP-R, the 4YP, or the 4YP-R. The Secretary calculates the debt-to-earnings ratios using the higher of the mean or median annual earnings.
(4)
Loan debt.
In determining the loan debt for a student, the Secretary—
(i) Includes FFEL and Direct loans (except for parent PLUS or TEACH Grant-related loans) owed by the student for attendance in a program, and as reported under § 668.6(a)(1)(i)(C)(
2
), any private education loans or debt obligations arising from institutional financing plans;
(ii) Attributes all the loan debt incurred by the student for attendance in programs at the institution to the highest credentialed program subsequently completed by the student at the institution; and
(iii) Does not include any loan debt incurred by the student for attendance in programs at other institutions. However, the Secretary may include loan debt incurred by the student for attending other institutions if the institution and the other institutions are under common ownership or control, as determined by the Secretary in accordance with 34 CFR 600.31.
(5)
Exclusions.
For the FY the Secretary calculates the debt-to-earnings ratios for a program, a student in the applicable two- or four-year period that completed the program is excluded from the ratio calculations if the Secretary determines that—
(i) One or more of the student's loans were in a military-related deferment status at any time during the calendar year for which the Secretary obtains earnings information under paragraph (c)(3) of this section;
(ii) The student died;
(iii) One or more of the student's loans were assigned or transferred to the Secretary and are being considered for discharge as a result of the total and permanent disability of the student, or were discharged by the Secretary on that basis under 34 CFR 682.402(c) or 34 CFR 685.212(b); or
(iv) The student was enrolled in any other eligible program at the institution or at another institution during the calendar year for which the Secretary obtains earnings information under paragraph (c)(3) of this section.
(d)
Small numbers.
(1) The Secretary calculates the debt measures for a program with a small number of borrowers or completers by using the 4YP or the 4YP-R, as applicable, if—
(i) For the loan repayment rate, the corresponding 2YP or the 2YP-R represents 30 or fewer borrowers whose loans entered repayment after any of
those loans are excluded under paragraph (b)(4) of this section; or
(ii) For the debt-to-earnings ratios, the corresponding 2YP or the 2YP-R represents 30 or fewer students who completed the program after any of those students are excluded under paragraph (c)(5) of this section.
(2) In lieu of the minimum standards in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, the program satisfies the debt measures if—
(i)(A) The 4YP or the 4YP-R represents, after any exclusions under paragraph (b)(4) or (c)(5) of this section, 30 or fewer borrowers whose loans entered repayment or 30 or fewer students who completed the program; or
(B) SSA did not provide the mean and median earnings for the program as provided under paragraph (c)(3) of this section; or
(ii) The median loan debt calculated under paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section is zero.
(e)
Draft debt measures and data corrections.
For each FY beginning with FY 2012, the Secretary issues draft results of the debt measures for each program offered by an institution. As provided under this paragraph, the institution may correct the data used to calculate the draft results before the Secretary issues final debt measures under paragraph (f) of this section.
(1)
Pre-draft corrections process for the debt-to-earnings ratios.
(i) Before issuing the draft results of the debt-to-earnings ratios for a program, the Secretary provides to an institution a list of the students who will be included in the applicable two- or four-year period for calculating the ratios. No later than 30 days after the date the Secretary provides the list to the institution, in accordance with procedures established by the Secretary, the institution may—
(A) Provide evidence showing that a student should be included on or removed from the list; or
(B) Correct or update the identity information provided for a student on the list, such as name, social security number, or date of birth.
(ii) After the 30 day correction period, the institution may no longer challenge whether students should be included on the list or update the identity information of those students.
(iii) If the information provided by the institution under paragraph (e)(1)(i) of this section is accurate, the updated information is used to create a final list of students that the Secretary submits to SSA. The Secretary calculates the draft debt-to-earnings ratios based on the mean and median earnings provided by SSA for the students on the final list.
(iv) An institution may not challenge the accuracy of the mean or median annual earnings the Secretary obtained from SSA to calculate the draft debt-to-earnings ratios for the program.
(2)
Post-draft corrections process for the debt measures.
No later than 45 days after the Secretary issues the draft results of the debt-to-earnings ratios for a program and no later than 45 days after the Secretary issues the draft results of the loan repayment rate for a program, respectively, in accordance with procedures established by the Secretary, an institution—
(i) May challenge the accuracy of the loan data for a borrower that was used to calculate the draft loan repayment rate, or the median loan debt for the program that was used for the numerator of the draft debt-to-earnings ratios, by submitting evidence showing that the borrower loan data or the program median loan debt is inaccurate; and
(ii) May challenge the accuracy of the list of borrowers included in the applicable two- or four-year period used to calculate the draft loan repayment rate by—
(A) Submitting evidence showing that a borrower should be included on or removed from the list; or
(B) Correcting or updating the identity information provided for a borrower on the list, such as name, social security number, or date of birth.
(3)
(i)
Debt measures.
In general, if the information provided by an institution under paragraph (e)(2) of this section is accurate, the Secretary uses the corrected information to recalculate the debt measures for the program.
(ii)
Debt-to-earnings ratios.
For a failing program, if SSA is unable to include in its calculation of the mean
and median earnings for the program one or more students on the list finalized under paragraph (e)(1)(iii) of this section, the Secretary adjusts the median loan debt by removing the highest loan debt associated with the number of students SSA is unable to include in its calculation. For example, if SSA is unable to include three students in its calculation, the Secretary removes the loan debt for the same number of students on the list that had the highest loan debt. The Secretary recalculates the debt-to-earnings ratios for the program based on the adjusted median loan debt.
(f)
Final debt measures.
The Secretary notifies an institution of any draft results that are not challenged, or are recalculated or unsuccessfully challenged under paragraph (e) of this section. These results become the final debt measures for the program.
(g)
(1)
General.
An institution may demonstrate that a failing program, as defined under paragraph (h) of this section, would meet a debt-to-earnings standard by recalculating the debt-to-earnings ratios using the median loan debt for the program as determined under paragraph (c) of this section, and alternative earnings from: a State-sponsored data system; an institutional survey conducted in accordance with NCES standards; or, for FYs 2012, 2013, and 2014, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).
(2)
State data.
For final debt-to-earnings ratios calculated by the Secretary for FY 2012 and any subsequent FY, an institution may use State data to recalculate those ratios for a failing program only if the institution—
(i) Obtains earnings data from State-sponsored data systems for more than 50 percent of the students in the applicable two- or four-year period, or a comparable two- or four-year period, and that number of students is more than 30;
(ii) Uses the actual, State-derived mean or median earnings of the students in the applicable two- or four-year period under paragraph (g)(2)(i) of this section; and
(iii) Demonstrates that it accurately used the actual State-derived data to recalculate the ratios.
(3)
Survey data.
For final debt-to-earnings ratios calculated by the Secretary for FY 2012 and any subsequent FY, an institution may use survey data to recalculate those ratios for a failing program only if the institution—
(i) Uses reported earnings obtained from an institutional survey conducted of the students in the applicable two- or four-year period, or a comparable two- or four-year period, and the survey data is for more than 30 students. The institution may use the mean or median annual earnings derived from the survey data;
(ii) Submits a copy of the survey and certifies that it was conducted in accordance with the statistical standards and procedures established by NCES and available at
http://nces.ed.gov;
and
(iii) Submits an examination-level attestation by an independent public accountant or independent governmental auditor, as appropriate, that the survey was conducted in accordance with the specified NCES standards and procedures. The attestation must be conducted in accordance with the general, field work, and reporting standards for attestation engagements contained in the GAO's Government Auditing Standards, and with procedures for attestations contained in guides developed by and available from the Department of Education's Office of Inspector General.
(4)
BLS data.
For the final debt-to-earnings ratios calculated by the Secretary for FYs 2012, 2013, and 2014, an institution may use BLS earnings data to recalculate those ratios for a failing program only if the institution—
(i) Identifies and provides documentation of the occupation by SOC code, or combination of SOC codes, in which more than 50 percent of the students in the 2YP or 4YP were placed or found employment, and that number of students is more than 30. The institution may use placement records it maintains to satisfy accrediting agency or State requirements if those records indicate the occupation in which the student was placed. Otherwise, the institution must submit employment records or other documentation showing the SOC code or codes in which the students typically found employment;
(ii) Uses the most current BLS earnings data for the identified SOC code to calculate the debt-to-earnings ratio. If more than one SOC code is identified under paragraph (g)(4)(i) of this section, the institution must calculate the weighted average earnings of those SOC codes based on BLS employment data or institutional placement data. In either case, the institution must use BLS earnings at no higher than the 25th percentile; and
(iii) Submits, upon request, all the placement, employment, and other records maintained by the institution for the program under paragraph (g)(4)(i) of this section that the institution examined to determine whether those records identified the SOC codes for the students who were placed or found employment.
(5)
Alternative earnings process.
(i) In accordance with procedures established by the Secretary, the institution must—
(A) Notify the Secretary of its intent to use alternative earnings no later than 14 days after the date the institution is notified of its final debt measures under paragraph (f) of this section; and
(B) Submit all supporting documentation related to recalculating the debt-to-earnings ratios using alternative earnings no later than 60 days after the date the institution is notified of its final debt measures under paragraph (f) of this section.
(ii) Pending the Secretary's review of the institution's submission, the institution is not subject to the requirements arising from the program's failure to satisfy the debt measures, provided the submission was complete, timely, and accurate.
(iii)(A) If the Secretary denies the institution's submission, the Secretary notifies the institution of the reasons for the denial and the debt measures under paragraph (f) of this section become the final measures for the FY; or
(B) If the Secretary approves the institution's submission, the recalculated debt-to-earnings ratios become final for that FY.
(6)
Dissemination.
After the Secretary calculates the final debt measures, including the recalculated debt-to-earnings ratios under this section, and provides those debt measures to an institution—
(i) In accordance with § 668.6(b)(1)(v), the institution must disclose for each of its programs, the final loan repayment rate under paragraph (b) of this section, and final debt-to-earnings ratio under paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section; and
(ii) The Secretary may disseminate the final debt measures and information about, or related to, the debt measures to the public in any time, manner, and form, including publishing information that will allow the public to ascertain how well programs perform under the debt measures and other appropriate objective metrics.
(h)
Failing program.
Except for the small numbers provisions under paragraph (d) of this section, starting with the debt measures calculated for FY 2012, a program fails for a FY if its final debt measures do not meet any of the minimum standards in paragraph (a)(1)(i) or (ii) of this section.
(i)
Ineligible program.
Except as provided under paragraph (k) of this section, starting with the debt measures calculated for FY 2012, a failing program becomes ineligible if it does not meet any of the minimum standards in paragraph (a)(1) of this section for three out of the four most recent FYs. The Secretary notifies the institution that the program is ineligible on this basis, and the institution may no longer disburse title IV, HEA program funds to students enrolled in that program except as permitted using the procedures in § 668.26(d).
(j)
Debt warnings.
Whenever the Secretary notifies an institution under paragraph (h) of this section of a failing program, the institution must warn in a timely manner currently enrolled and prospective students of the consequences of that failure.
(1)
First year failure.
(i) For a failing program that does not meet the minimum standards in paragraph (a)(1) of this section for a single FY, the institution must provide to each enrolled and prospective student a warning prepared in plain language and presented in an easy to understand format that—
(A) Explains the debt measures and shows the amount by which the program did not meet the minimum standards; and
(B) Describes any actions the institution plans to take to improve the program's performance under the debt measures.
(ii) The warning must be delivered orally or in writing directly to the student in accordance with the procedures established by the institution. Delivering the debt warning directly to the student includes communicating with the student face-to-face or telephonically, communicating with the student along with other affected students as part of a group presentation, and sending the warning to the student's e-mail address.
(iii) If an institution opts to deliver the warning orally to a student, it must maintain documentation of how that information was provided, including any materials the institution used to deliver that warning and any documentation of the student's presence at the time of the warning.
(iv) An institution must continue to provide the debt warning until it is notified by the Secretary that the failing program now satisfies one of the minimum standards in paragraph (a)(1) of this section.
(2)
Second year failure.
(i) For a failing program that does not meet the minimum standards in paragraph (a)(1) of this section for two consecutive FYs or for two out of the three most recently completed FYs, the institution must provide the debt warning under paragraph (j)(1) of this section in writing in an easy to understand format and include in that warning—
(A) A plain language explanation of the actions the institution plans to take in response to the second failure. If the institution plans to discontinue the program, it must provide the timeline for doing so, and the options available to the student;
(B) A plain language explanation of the risks associated with enrolling or continuing in the program, including the potential consequences for, and options available to, the student if the program becomes ineligible for title IV, HEA program funds;
(C) A plain language explanation of the resources available, including
http://www.collegenavigator.gov,
that the student may use to research other educational options and compare program costs; and
(D) A clear and conspicuous statement that a student who enrolls or continues in the program should expect to have difficulty repaying his or her student loans.
(ii) An institution must continue to provide this warning to enrolled and prospective students until the program has met one of the minimum standards for two of the last three FYs.
(3)
Timely warnings.
An institution must provide the warnings described in this paragraph to—
(i) An enrolled student, as soon as administratively feasible but no later than 30 days after the date the Secretary notifies the institution that the program failed; and
(ii) A prospective student at the time the student first contacts the institution requesting information about the program. If the prospective student intends to use title IV, HEA program funds to attend the program—
(A) The institution may not enroll the student until three days after the debt warnings are first provided to the student under this paragraph; and
(B) If more than 30 days pass from the date the debt warnings are first provided to the student under this paragraph and the date the student seeks to enroll in the program, the institution must provide the debt warnings again and may not enroll the student until three days after the debt warnings are most recently provided to the student under this paragraph.
(4)
Web site and promotional materials.
For the second-year debt warning in paragraph (j)(2) of this section, an institution must prominently display the debt warning on the program home page of its Web site and include the debt warning in all promotional materials it makes available to prospective students. These debt warnings may be provided in conjunction with the disclosures required under § 668.6(b)(2).
(5)
Voluntarily discontinued failing program.
An institution that voluntarily discontinues a failing program under paragraph (l)(1) of this section, must
notify enrolled students at the same time that it provides the written notice to the Secretary that it relinquishes the program's title IV, HEA program eligibility.
(6)
Alternative language.
To the extent practicable, the institution must provide alternatives to English-language warnings for those students for whom English is not their first language.
(k)
Transition year.
For programs that become ineligible under paragraph (i) of this section based on final debt measures for FYs 2012, 2013, and 2014, the Secretary caps the number of those ineligible programs by—
(1) Sorting all programs by category of institution (public, private nonprofit, and proprietary) and then by loan repayment rate, from the lowest rate to the highest rate; and
(2) For each category of institution, beginning with the ineligible program with the lowest loan repayment rate, identifying the ineligible programs that account for a combined number of students who completed the programs during FY 2014 that do not exceed 5 percent of the total number of students who completed programs in that category. For example, the Secretary does not designate as ineligible a program, or two or more programs that have the same loan repayment rate, if the total number of students who completed that program or programs would exceed the 5 percent cap for an institutional category.
(l)
Restrictions for ineligible and voluntarily discontinued failing programs.
(1)
General.
An ineligible program, or a failing program that an institution voluntarily discontinues, remains ineligible until the institution reestablishes the eligibility of that program under the provisions in 34 CFR 600.20(d). For this purpose, an institution voluntarily discontinues a failing program on the date the institution provides written notice to the Secretary that it relinquishes the title IV, HEA program eligibility of that program.
(2)
(i)
Voluntarily discontinued failing programs.
An institution may not seek under 34 CFR 600.20(d) to reestablish the eligibility of a failing program that it voluntarily discontinued until—
(A) The end of the second FY following the FY the program was voluntarily discontinued if the institution voluntarily discontinued the program at any time after the program is determined to be a failing program, but no later than 90 days after the date the Secretary notified the institution that it must provide the second year debt warnings under paragraph (j)(2) of this section; or
(B) The end of the third FY following the FY the program was voluntarily discontinued if the institution voluntarily discontinued the program more than 90 days after the date the Secretary notified the institution that it must provide the second year debt warnings under paragraph (j)(2) of this section.
(ii)
Ineligible programs.
An institution may not seek under 34 CFR 600.20(d) to reestablish the eligibility of an ineligible program, or to establish the eligibility of a program that is substantially similar to the ineligible program, until the end of the third FY following the FY the program became ineligible. A program is substantially similar to the ineligible program if it has the same credential level and the same first four digits of the CIP code as that of the ineligible program.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1845-0109)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1001(b), 1002(b) and (c))
[76 FR 34448, June 13, 2011]
Effective Date Note:
At 76 FR 34448, June 13, 2011, § 668.7 was added, effective July 1, 2012.
§ 668.8
An eligible program is an educational program that—
(1) Is provided by a participating institution; and
(2) Satisfies the other relevant requirements contained in this section.
(b)
For purposes of this section—
(1) The Secretary considers the “equivalent of an associate degree” to be—
(i) An associate degree; or
(ii) The successful completion of at least a two-year program that is acceptable for full credit toward a bachelor's degree and qualifies a student for
admission into the third year of a bachelor's degree program;
(2) A week is a consecutive seven-day period; and
(3)(i) The Secretary considers that an institution provides one week of instructional time in an academic program during any week the institution provides at least one day of regularly scheduled instruction or examinations, or, after the last scheduled day of classes for a term or a payment period, at least one day of study for final examinations.
(ii) Instructional time does not include any vacation periods, homework, or periods of orientation or counseling.
(c)
An eligible program provided by an institution of higher education must—
(1) Lead to an associate, bachelor's, professional, or graduate degree;
(2) Be at least a two-academic-year program that is acceptable for full credit toward a bachelor's degree; or
(3) Be at least a one-academic-year training program that leads to a certificate, or other nondegree recognized credential, and prepares students for gainful employment in a recognized occupation.
(d)
Proprietary institution of higher education and postsecondary vocational institution.
An eligible program provided by a proprietary institution of higher education or postsecondary vocational institution—
(1)(i) Must require a minimum of 15 weeks of instruction, beginning on the first day of classes and ending on the last day of classes or examinations;
(ii) Must be at least 600 clock hours, 16 semester or trimester hours, or 24 quarter hours;
(iii) Must provide undergraduate training that prepares a student for gainful employment in a recognized occupation; and
(iv) May admit as regular students persons who have not completed the equivalent of an associate degree;
(2) Must—
(i) Require a minimum of 10 weeks of instruction, beginning on the first day of classes and ending on the last day of classes or examinations;
(ii) Be at least 300 clock hours, 8 semester or trimester hours, or 12 quarter hours;
(iii) Provide training that prepares a student for gainful employment in a recognized occupation as provided under § 668.6; and
(iv)(A) Be a graduate or professional program; or
(B) Admit as regular students only persons who have completed the equivalent of an associate degree;
(3) For purposes of the FFEL and Direct Loan programs only, must—
(i) Require a minimum of 10 weeks of instruction, beginning on the first day of classes and ending on the last day of classes or examinations;
(ii) Be at least 300 clock hours but less than 600 clock hours;
(iii) Provide undergraduate training that prepares a student for gainful employment in a recognized occupation as provided under § 668.6;
(iv) Admit as regular students some persons who have not completed the equivalent of an associate degree; and
(v) Satisfy the requirements of paragraph (e) of this section; or
(4) For purposes of a proprietary institution of higher education only, is a program leading to a baccalaureate degree in liberal arts, as defined in 34 CFR 600.5(e), that—
(i) Is provided by an institution that is accredited by a recognized regional accrediting agency or association, and has continuously held such accreditation since October 1, 2007, or earlier; and
(ii) The institution has provided continuously since January 1, 2009.
(e)
Qualitative factors.
(1) An educational program that satisfies the requirements of paragraphs (d)(3)(i) through (iv) of this section qualifies as an eligible program only if—
(i) The program has a substantiated completion rate of at least 70 percent, as calculated under paragraph (f) of this section;
(ii) The program has a substantiated placement rate of at least 70 percent, as calculated under paragraph (g) of this section;
(iii) The number of clock hours provided in the program does not exceed by more than 50 percent the minimum number of clock hours required for training in the recognized occupation for which the program prepares students, as established by the State in
which the program is offered, if the State has established such a requirement, or as established by any Federal agency; and
(iv) The program has been in existence for at least one year. The Secretary considers an educational program to have been in existence for at least one year only if an institution has been legally authorized to provide, and has continuously provided, the program during the 12 months (except for normal vacation periods and, at the discretion of the Secretary, periods when the institution closes due to a natural disaster that directly affects the institution or the institution's students) preceding the date on which the institution applied for eligibility for that program.
(2) An institution shall substantiate the calculation of its completion and placement rates by having the certified public accountant who prepares its audit report required under § 668.23 report on the institution's calculation based on performing an attestation engagement in accordance with the Statements on Standards for Attestation Engagements of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA).
(f)
Calculation of completion rate.
An institution shall calculate its completion rate for an educational program for any award year as follows:
(1) Determine the number of regular students who were enrolled in the program during the award year.
(2) Subtract from the number of students determined under paragraph (f)(1) of this section, the number of regular students who, during that award year, withdrew from, dropped out of, or were expelled from the program and were entitled to and actually received, in a timely manner a refund of 100 percent of their tuition and fees.
(3) Subtract from the total obtained under paragraph (f)(2) of this section the number of students who were enrolled in the program at the end of that award year.
(4) Determine the number of regular students who, during that award year, received within 150 percent of the published length of the educational program the degree, certificate, or other recognized educational credential awarded for successfully completing the program.
(5) Divide the number determined under paragraph (f)(4) of this section by the total obtained under paragraph (f)(3) of this section.
(g)
Calculation of placement rate.
(1) An institution shall calculate its placement rate for an educational program for any award year as follows:
(i) Determine the number of students who, during the award year, received the degree, certificate, or other recognized educational credential awarded for successfully completing the program.
(ii) Of the total obtained under paragraph (g)(1)(i) of this section, determine the number of students who, within 180 days of the day they received their degree, certificate, or other recognized educational credential, obtained gainful employment in the recognized occupation for which they were trained or in a related comparable recognized occupation and, on the date of this calculation, are employed, or have been employed, for at least 13 weeks following receipt of the credential from the institution.
(iii) Divide the number of students determined under paragraph (g)(1)(ii) of this section by the total obtained under paragraph (g)(1)(i) of this section.
(2) An institution shall document that each student described in paragraph (g)(1)(ii) of this section obtained gainful employment in the recognized occupation for which he or she was trained or in a related comparable recognized occupation. Examples of satisfactory documentation of a student's gainful employment include, but are not limited to—
(i) A written statement from the student's employer;
(ii) Signed copies of State or Federal income tax forms; and
(iii) Written evidence of payments of Social Security taxes.
(h)
Eligibility for Federal Pell Grant, ACG, National SMART Grant, TEACH Grant, and FSEOG Programs.
In addition to satisfying other relevant provisions of the section—
(1) An educational program qualifies as an eligible program for purposes of the Federal Pell Grant Program only if
the educational program is an undergraduate program or a postbaccalaureate teacher certificate or licensing program as described in 34 CFR 690.6(c);
(2) An educational program qualifies as an eligible program for purposes of the ACG, National SMART Grant, and FSEOG programs only if the educational program is an undergraduate program; and
(3) An educational program qualifies as an eligible program for purposes of the TEACH Grant program if it satisfies the requirements of the definition of TEACH Grant-eligible program in 34 CFR 686.2(d).
(i)
Flight training.
In addition to satisfying other relevant provisions of this section, for a program of flight training to be an eligible program, it must have a current valid certification from the Federal Aviation Administration.
(j)
English as a second language (ESL).
(1) In addition to satisfying the relevant provisions of this section, an educational program that consists solely of instruction in ESL qualifies as an eligible program if—
(i) The institution admits to the program only students who the institution determines need the ESL instruction to use already existing knowledge, training, or skills; and
(ii) The program leads to a degree, certificate, or other recognized educational credential.
(2) An institution shall document its determination that ESL instruction is necessary to enable each student enrolled in its ESL program to use already existing knowledge, training, or skills with regard to the students that it admits to its ESL program under paragraph (j)(1)(i) of this section.
(3) An ESL program that qualifies as an eligible program under this paragraph is eligible for purposes of the Federal Pell Grant Program only.
(k)
Undergraduate educational program in credit hours.
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (k)(2) of this section, if an institution offers an undergraduate educational program in credit hours, the institution must use the formula contained in paragraph (l) of this section to determine whether that program satisfies the requirements contained in paragraph (c)(3) or (d) of this section, and the number of credit hours in that educational program for purposes of the title IV, HEA programs, unless—
(i) The program is at least two academic years in length and provides an associate degree, a bachelor's degree, a professional degree, or an equivalent degree as determined by the Secretary; or
(ii) Each course within the program is acceptable for full credit toward that institution's associate degree, bachelor's degree, professional degree, or equivalent degree as determined by the Secretary provided that—
(A) The institution's degree requires at least two academic years of study; and
(B) The institution demonstrates that students enroll in, and graduate from, the degree program.
(2) A program is considered to be a clock-hour program for purposes of the title IV, HEA programs if—
(i) Except as provided in paragraph (k)(3) of this section, a program is required to measure student progress in clock hours when—
(A) Receiving Federal or State approval or licensure to offer the program; or
(B) Completing clock hours is a requirement for graduates to apply for licensure or the authorization to practice the occupation that the student is intending to pursue;
(ii) The credit hours awarded for the program are not in compliance with the definition of a credit hour in 34 CFR 600.2; or
(iii) The institution does not provide the clock hours that are the basis for the credit hours awarded for the program or each course in the program and, except as provided in § 668.4(e), requires attendance in the clock hours that are the basis for the credit hours awarded.
(3) The requirements of paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section do not apply to a program if there is a State or Federal approval or licensure requirement that a limited component of the program must include a practicum, internship, or clinical experience component of the program that must include a minimum number of clock hours.
(l)
Formula.
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (l)(2) of this section, for purposes of determining whether a program described in paragraph (k) of this section satisfies the requirements contained in paragraph (c)(3) or (d) of this section, and of determining the number of credit hours in that educational program with regard to the title IV, HEA programs—
(i) A semester hour must include at least 37.5 clock hours of instruction;
(ii) A trimester hour must include at least 37.5 clock hours of instruction; and
(iii) A quarter hour must include at least 25 clock hours of instruction.
(2) The institution's conversions to establish a minimum number of clock hours of instruction per credit may be less than those specified in paragraph (l)(1) of this section, if the institution's designated accrediting agency, or recognized State agency for the approval of public postsecondary vocational institutions, for participation in the title IV, HEA programs has not identified any deficiencies with the institution's policies and procedures, or their implementation, for determining the credit hours, as defined in 34 CFR 600.2, that the institution awards for programs and courses, in accordance with 34 CFR 602.24(f), or, if applicable, 34 CFR 603.24(c), so long as—
(i) The institution's student work outside of class combined with the clock-hours of instruction meet or exceed the numeric requirements in paragraph (l)(1) of this section; and
(ii)(A) A semester hour must include at least 30 clock hours of instruction;
(B) A trimester hour must include at least 30 clock hours of instruction; and
(C) A quarter hour must include at least 20 hours of instruction.
(m) An otherwise eligible program that is offered in whole or in part through telecommunications is eligible for title IV, HEA program purposes if the program is offered by an institution, other than a foreign institution, that has been evaluated and is accredited for its effective delivery of distance education programs by an accrediting agency or association that—
(1) Is recognized by the Secretary under subpart 2 of part H of the HEA; and
(2) Has accreditation of distance education within the scope of its recognition.
(n) For Title IV, HEA program purposes,
eligible program
includes a direct assessment program approved by the Secretary under § 668.10 and a comprehensive transition and postsecondary program approved by the Secretary under § 668.232.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1070a, 1070a-1, 1070b, 1070c-1, 1070c-2, 1070g, 1085, 1087aa-1087hh, 1088, 1091; 42 U.S.C. 2753)
[59 FR 22421, Apr. 29, 1994, as amended at 59 FR 34964, July 7, 1994; 59 FR 61179, Nov. 29, 1994; 60 FR 42408, Aug. 15, 1995; 63 FR 40623, July 29, 1998; 64 FR 58291, Oct. 28, 1999; 64 FR 59037, Nov. 1, 1999; 65 FR 65675, Nov. 1, 2000; 67 FR 67072, Nov. 1, 2002; 68 FR 19152, Apr. 18, 2003; 71 FR 38002, July 3, 2006; 71 FR 45693, Aug. 9, 2006; 73 FR 35492, June 23, 2008; 74 FR 55933, Oct. 29, 2009; 75 FR 66949, Oct. 29, 2010; 76 FR 20536, Apr. 13, 2011]
§ 668.9
Relationship between clock hours and semester, trimester, or quarter hours in calculating Title IV, HEA program assistance.
(a) In determining the amount of Title IV, HEA program assistance that a student who is enrolled in a program described in § 668.8(k) is eligible to receive, the institution shall apply the formula contained in § 668.8(l) to determine the number of semester, trimester, or quarter hours in that program, if the institution measures academic progress in that program in semester, trimester, or quarter hours.
(b) Notwithstanding paragraph (a) of this section, a public or private nonprofit hospital-based school of nursing that awards a diploma at the completion of the school's program of education is not required to apply the formula contained in § 668.8(l) to determine the number of semester, trimester, or quarter hours in that program for purposes of calculating Title IV, HEA program assistance.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1082, 1085, 1088, 1091, 1141)
[59 FR 61179, Nov. 29, 1994]
§ 668.10
52 FR 45727, Dec. 1, 1987, unless otherwise noted.
§ 668.11
Scope.
(a) This subpart establishes standards that an institution must meet in order to participate in any Title IV, HEA program.
(b) Noncompliance with these standards by an institution already participating in any Title IV, HEA program or with applicable standards in this subpart by a third-party servicer that contracts with the institution may subject the institution or servicer, or both, to proceedings under subpart G of this part. These proceedings may lead to any of the following actions:
(1) An emergency action.
(2) The imposition of a fine.
(3) The limitation, suspension, or termination of the participation of the institution in a Title IV, HEA program.
(4) The limitation, suspension, or termination of the eligibility of the servicer to contract with any institution to administer any aspect of the institution's participation in a Title IV, HEA program.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1094)
[59 FR 22423, Apr. 29, 1994]
§ 668.12
(a)
Requirements for certification.
(1) The Secretary certifies an institution to participate in the title IV, HEA programs if the institution qualifies as an eligible institution under 34 CFR part 600, meets the standards of this subpart and 34 CFR part 668, subpart L, and satisfies the requirements of paragraph (a)(2) of this section.
(2) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, if an institution wishes to participate for the first time in the title IV, HEA programs or has undergone a change in ownership that results in a change in control as described in 34 CFR 600.31, the institution must require the following individuals to complete title IV, HEA program training provided or approved by the Secretary no later than 12 months after the institution executes its program participation agreement under § 668.14:
(i) The individual the institution designates under § 668.16(b)(1) as its title IV, HEA program administrator.
(ii) The institution's chief administrator or a high level institutional official the chief administrator designates.
(3)(i) An institution may request the Secretary to waive the training requirement for any individual described in paragraph (a)(2) of this section.
(ii) When the Secretary receives a waiver request under paragraph (a)(3)(i) of this section, the Secretary may grant or deny the waiver, require another institutional official to take the training, or require alternative training.
(b)
Period of participation.
(1) If the Secretary certifies that an institution meets the standards of this subpart, the Secretary also specifies the period for which the institution may participate in a title IV, HEA program. An institution's period of participation expires no more than six years after the date that the Secretary certifies that the institution meets the standards of this subpart, except that—
(i) The period of participation for a private, for profit foreign institution expires three years after the date of the Secretary's certification; and
(ii) The Secretary may specify a shorter period.
(2) Provided that an institution has submitted an application for a renewal of certification that is materially complete at least 90 days prior to the expiration of its current period of participation, the institution's existing certification will be extended on a month to month basis following the expiration of the institution's period of participation until the end of the month in which the Secretary issues a decision on the application for recertification.
(c)
(1)(i) The Secretary may provisionally certify an institution if—
(A) The institution seeks initial participation in a Title IV, HEA program;
(B) The institution is an eligible institution that has undergone a change in ownership that results in a change
in control according to the provisions of 34 CFR part 600;
(C) The institution is a participating institution—
(
) That is applying for a certification that the institution meets the standards of this subpart;
(
2
) That the Secretary determines has jeopardized its ability to perform its financial responsibilities by not meeting the factors of financial responsibility under § 668.15 and subpart L of this part or the standards of administrative capability under § 668.16; and
(
3
) Whose participation has been limited or suspended under subpart G of this part, or voluntarily enters into provisional certification;
(D) The institution seeks a renewal of participation in a Title IV, HEA program after the expiration of a prior period of participation in that program; or
(E) The institution is a participating institution that was accredited or preaccredited by a nationally recognized accrediting agency on the day before the Secretary withdrew the Secretary's recognition of that agency according to the provisions contained in 34 CFR part 603.
(ii) A proprietary institution's certification automatically becomes provisional at the start of a fiscal year after it did not derive at least 10 percent of its revenue for its preceding fiscal year from sources other than Title IV, HEA program funds, as required under § 668.14(b)(16).
(2) If the Secretary provisionally certifies an institution, the Secretary also specifies the period for which the institution may participate in a Title IV, HEA program. Except as provided in paragraphs (c) (3) and (4) of this section, a provisionally certified institution's period of participation expires—
(i) Not later than the end of the first complete award year following the date on which the Secretary provisionally certified the institution under paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section;
(ii) Not later than the end of the third complete award year following the date on which the Secretary provisionally certified the institution under paragraphs (c)(1)(ii), (iii), (iv) or (e)(2) of this section; and
(iii) If the Secretary provisionally certified the institution under paragraph (c)(1)(v) of this section, not later than 18 months after the date that the Secretary withdrew recognition from the institutions nationally recognized accrediting agency.
(3) Notwithstanding the maximum periods of participation provided for in paragraph (c)(2) of this section, if the Secretary provisionally certifies an institution, the Secretary may specify a shorter period of participation for that institution.
(4) For the purposes of this section, “provisional certification” means that the Secretary certifies that an institution has demonstrated to the Secretary's satisfaction that the institution—
(i) Is capable of meeting the standards of this subpart within a specified period; and
(ii) Is able to meet the institution's responsibilities under its program participation agreement, including compliance with any additional conditions specified in the institution's program participation agreement that the Secretary requires the institution to meet in order for the institution to participate under provisional certification.
(d)
Revocation of provisional certification.
(1) If, before the expiration of a provisionally certified institution's period of participation in a Title IV, HEA program, the Secretary determines that the institution is unable to meet its responsibilities under its program participation agreement, the Secretary may revoke the institution's provisional certification for participation in that program.
(2)(i) If the Secretary revokes the provisional certification of an institution under paragraph (d)(1) of this section, the Secretary sends the institution a notice by certified mail, return receipt requested. The Secretary also may transmit the notice by other, more expeditious means, if practical.
(ii) The revocation takes effect on the date that the Secretary mails the notice to the institution.
(iii) The notice states the basis for the revocation, the consequences of the revocation to the institution, and that the institution may request the Secretary to reconsider the revocation.
The consequences of a revocation are described in § 668.26.
(3)(i) An institution may request reconsideration of a revocation under this section by submitting to the Secretary, within 20 days of the institution's receipt of the Secretary's notice, written evidence that the revocation is unwarranted. The institution must file the request with the Secretary by hand-delivery, mail, or facsimile transmission.
(ii) The filing date of the request is the date on which the request is—
(A) Hand-delivered;
(B) Mailed; or
(C) Sent by facsimile transmission.
(iii) Documents filed by facsimile transmission must be transmitted to the Secretary in accordance with instructions provided by the Secretary in the notice of revocation. An institution filing by facsimile transmission is responsible for confirming that a complete and legible copy of the document was received by the Secretary.
(iv) The Secretary discourages the use of facsimile transmission for documents longer than five pages.
(4)(i) The designated department official making the decision concerning an institution's request for reconsideration of a revocation is different from, and not subject to supervision by, the official who initiated the revocation of the institution's provisional certification. The deciding official promptly considers an institution's request for reconsideration of a revocation and notifies the institution, by certified mail, return receipt requested, of the final decision. The Secretary also may transmit the notice by other, more expeditious means, if practical.
(ii) If the Secretary determines that the revocation is warranted, the Secretary's notice informs the institution that the institution may apply for reinstatement of participation only after the later of the expiration of—
(A) Eighteen months after the effective date of the revocation; or
(B) A debarment or suspension of the institution under Executive Order (E.O.) 12549 (3 CFR, 1986 comp., p. 189) or the Federal Acquisition Regulations, 48 CFR part 9, subpart 9.4.
(iii) If the Secretary determines that the revocation of the institution's provisional certification is unwarranted, the Secretary's notice informs the institution that the institution's provisional certification is reinstated, effective on the date that the Secretary's original revocation notice was mailed, for a specified period of time.
(5)(i) The mailing date of a notice of revocation or a request for reconsideration of a revocation is the date evidenced on the original receipt of mailing from the U.S. Postal Service.
(ii) The date on which a request for reconsideration of a revocation is submitted is—
(A) If the request was sent by a delivery service other than the U.S. Postal Service, the date evidenced on the original receipt by that service; and
(B) If the request was sent by facsimile transmission, the date that the document is recorded as received by facsimile equipment that receives the transmission.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1845-0537)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1099c and E.O. 12549 (3 CFR, 1989 Comp., p. 189) and E.O. 12689 (3 CFR, 1989 Comp., p. 235))
[59 FR 22424, Apr. 29, 1994, as amended at 59 FR 34964, July 7, 1994; 60 FR 34431, June 30, 1995; 62 FR 62876, Nov. 25, 1997; 63 FR 40623, July 29, 1998; 64 FR 58617, Oct. 29, 1999; 65 FR 65675, Nov. 1, 2000; 74 FR 55934, Oct. 29, 2009; 75 FR 67198, Nov. 1, 2010]
§ 668.14
Program participation agreement.
(a)(1) An institution may participate in any Title IV, HEA program, other than the LEAP and NEISP programs, only if the institution enters into a written program participation agreement with the Secretary, on a form approved by the Secretary. A program participation agreement conditions the initial and continued participation of an eligible institution in any Title IV, HEA program upon compliance with the provisions of this part, the individual program regulations, and any additional conditions specified in the program participation agreement that the Secretary requires the institution to meet.
(2) An institution's program participation agreement applies to each branch campus and other location of
the institution that meets the applicable requirements of this part unless otherwise specified by the Secretary.
(b) By entering into a program participation agreement, an institution agrees that—
(1) It will comply with all statutory provisions of or applicable to Title IV of the HEA, all applicable regulatory provisions prescribed under that statutory authority, and all applicable special arrangements, agreements, and limitations entered into under the authority of statutes applicable to Title IV of the HEA, including the requirement that the institution will use funds it receives under any Title IV, HEA program and any interest or other earnings thereon, solely for the purposes specified in and in accordance with that program;
(2) As a fiduciary responsible for administering Federal funds, if the institution is permitted to request funds under a Title IV, HEA program advance payment method, the institution will time its requests for funds under the program to meet the institution's immediate Title IV, HEA program needs;
(3) It will not request from or charge any student a fee for processing or handling any application, form, or data required to determine a student's eligibility for, and amount of, Title IV, HEA program assistance;
(4) It will establish and maintain such administrative and fiscal procedures and records as may be necessary to ensure proper and efficient administration of funds received from the Secretary or from students under the Title IV, HEA programs, together with assurances that the institution will provide, upon request and in a timely manner, information relating to the administrative capability and financial responsibility of the institution to—
(i) The Secretary;
(ii) A guaranty agency, as defined in 34 CFR part 682, that guarantees loans made under the Federal Stafford Loan and Federal PLUS programs for attendance at the institution or any of the institution's branch campuses or other locations;
(iii) The nationally recognized accrediting agency that accredits or preaccredits the institution or any of the institution's branch campuses, other locations, or educational programs;
(iv) The State agency that legally authorizes the institution and any branch campus or other location of the institution to provide postsecondary education; and
(v) In the case of a public postsecondary vocational educational institution that is approved by a State agency recognized for the approval of public postsecondary vocational education, that State agency;
(5) It will comply with the provisions of § 668.15 relating to factors of financial responsibility;
(6) It will comply with the provisions of § 668.16 relating to standards of administrative capability;
(7) It will submit reports to the Secretary and, in the case of an institution participating in the Federal Stafford Loan, Federal PLUS, or the Federal Perkins Loan Program, to holders of loans made to the institution's students under that program at such times and containing such information as the Secretary may reasonably require to carry out the purpose of the Title IV, HEA programs;
(8) It will not provide any statement to any student or certification to any lender in the case of an FFEL Program loan, or origination record to the Secretary in the case of a Direct Loan Program loan that qualifies the student or parent for a loan or loans in excess of the amount that the student or parent is eligible to borrow in accordance with sections 425(a), 428(a)(2), 428(b)(1)(A) and (B), 428B, 428H, and 455(a) of the HEA;
(9) It will comply with the requirements of subpart D of this part concerning institutional and financial assistance information for students and prospective students;
(10) In the case of an institution that advertises job placement rates as a means of attracting students to enroll in the institution, it will make available to prospective students, at or before the time that those students apply for enrollment—
(i) The most recent available data concerning employment statistics, graduation statistics, and any other information necessary to substantiate
the truthfulness of the advertisements; and
(ii) Relevant State licensing requirements of the State in which the institution is located for any job for which an educational program offered by the institution is designed to prepare those prospective students;
(11) In the case of an institution participating in the FFEL program, the institution will inform all eligible borrowers, as defined in 34 CFR part 682, enrolled in the institution about the availability and eligibility of those borrowers for State grant assistance from the State in which the institution is located, and will inform borrowers from another State of the source of further information concerning State grant assistance from that State;
(12) It will provide the certifications described in paragraph (c) of this section;
(13) In the case of an institution whose students receive financial assistance pursuant to section 484(d) of the HEA, the institution will make available to those students a program proven successful in assisting students in obtaining the recognized equivalent of a high school diploma;
(14) It will not deny any form of Federal financial aid to any eligible student solely on the grounds that the student is participating in a program of study abroad approved for credit by the institution;
(15)(i) Except as provided under paragraph (b)(15)(ii) of this section, the institution will use a default management plan approved by the Secretary with regard to its administration of the FFEL or Direct Loan programs, or both for at least the first two years of its participation in those programs, if the institution—
(A) Is participating in the FFEL or Direct Loan programs for the first time; or
(B) Is an institution that has undergone a change of ownership that results in a change in control and is participating in the FFEL or Direct Loan programs.
(ii) The institution does not have to use an approved default management plan if—
(A) The institution, including its main campus and any branch campus, does not have a cohort default rate in excess of 10 percent; and
(B) The owner of the institution does not own and has not owned any other institution that had a cohort default rate in excess of 10 percent while that owner owned the institution.
(16) For a proprietary institution, the institution will derive at least 10 percent of its revenues for each fiscal year from sources other than Title IV, HEA program funds, as provided in § 668.28(a) and (b), or be subject to sanctions described in § 668.28(c);
(17) The Secretary, guaranty agencies and lenders as defined in 34 CFR part 682, nationally recognized accrediting agencies, the Secretary of Veterans Affairs, State agencies recognized under 34 CFR part 603 for the approval of public postsecondary vocational education, and State agencies that legally authorize institutions and branch campuses or other locations of institutions to provide postsecondary education, have the authority to share with each other any information pertaining to the institution's eligibility for or participation in the Title IV, HEA programs or any information on fraud and abuse;
(18) It will not knowingly—
(i) Employ in a capacity that involves the administration of the Title IV, HEA programs or the receipt of funds under those programs, an individual who has been convicted of, or has pled
nolo contendere
or guilty to, a crime involving the acquisition, use, or expenditure of Federal, State, or local government funds, or has been administratively or judicially determined to have committed fraud or any other material violation of law involving Federal, State, or local government funds;
(ii) Contract with an institution or third-party servicer that has been terminated under section 432 of the HEA for a reason involving the acquisition, use, or expenditure of Federal, State, or local government funds, or that has been administratively or judicially determined to have committed fraud or any other material violation of law involving Federal, State, or local government funds; or
(iii) Contract with or employ any individual, agency, or organization that
has been, or whose officers or employees have been—
(A) Convicted of, or pled
nolo contendere
or guilty to, a crime involving the acquisition, use, or expenditure of Federal, State, or local government funds; or
(B) Administratively or judicially determined to have committed fraud or any other material violation of law involving Federal, State, or local government funds;
(19) It will complete, in a timely manner and to the satisfaction of the Secretary, surveys conducted as a part of the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) or any other Federal collection effort, as designated by the Secretary, regarding data on postsecondary institutions;
(20) In the case of an institution that is co-educational and has an intercollegiate athletic program, it will comply with the provisions of § 668.48;
(21) It will not impose any penalty, including, but not limited to, the assessment of late fees, the denial of access to classes, libraries, or other institutional facilities, or the requirement that the student borrow additional funds for which interest or other charges are assessed, on any student because of the student's inability to meet his or her financial obligations to the institution as a result of the delayed disbursement of the proceeds of a Title IV, HEA program loan due to compliance with statutory and regulatory requirements of or applicable to the Title IV, HEA programs, or delays attributable to the institution;
(22)(i) It will not provide any commission, bonus, or other incentive payment based in any part, directly or indirectly, upon success in securing enrollments or the award of financial aid, to any person or entity who is engaged in any student recruitment or admission activity, or in making decisions regarding the award of title IV, HEA program funds.
(A) The restrictions in paragraph (b)(22) of this section do not apply to the recruitment of foreign students residing in foreign countries who are not eligible to receive Federal student assistance.
(B) For the purpose of paragraph (b)(22) of this section, an employee who receives multiple adjustments to compensation in a calendar year and is engaged in any student enrollment or admission activity or in making decisions regarding the award of title IV, HEA program funds is considered to have received such adjustments based upon success in securing enrollments or the award of financial aid if those adjustments create compensation that is based in any part, directly or indirectly, upon success in securing enrollments or the award of financial aid.
(ii) Notwithstanding paragraph (b)(22)(i) of this section, eligible institutions, organizations that are contractors to eligible institutions, and other entities may make—
(A) Merit-based adjustments to employee compensation provided that such adjustments are not based in any part, directly or indirectly, upon success in securing enrollments or the award of financial aid; and
(B) Profit-sharing payments so long as such payments are not provided to any person or entity engaged in student recruitment or admission activity or in making decisions regarding the award of title IV, HEA program funds.
(iii) As used in paragraph (b)(22) of this section,
(A)
Commission, bonus, or other incentive payment
means a sum of money or something of value, other than a fixed salary or wages, paid to or given to a person or an entity for services rendered.
(B)
Securing enrollments or the award of financial aid
means activities that a person or entity engages in at any point in time through completion of an educational program for the purpose of the admission or matriculation of students for any period of time or the award of financial aid to students.
(
1
) These activities include contact in any form with a prospective student, such as, but not limited to—contact through preadmission or advising activities, scheduling an appointment to visit the enrollment office or any other office of the institution, attendance at such an appointment, or involvement in a prospective student's signing of an enrollment agreement or financial aid application.
(
2
) These activities do not include making a payment to a third party for
the provision of student contact information for prospective students provided that such payment is not based on—
(
i
) Any additional conduct or action by the third party or the prospective students, such as participation in preadmission or advising activities, scheduling an appointment to visit the enrollment office or any other office of the institution or attendance at such an appointment, or the signing, or being involved in the signing, of a prospective student's enrollment agreement or financial aid application; or
(
ii
) The number of students (calculated at any point in time of an educational program) who apply for enrollment, are awarded financial aid, or are enrolled for any period of time, including through completion of an educational program.
(C)
Entity or person engaged in any student recruitment or admission activity or in making decisions about the award of financial aid
means—
(
1
) With respect to an entity engaged in any student recruitment or admission activity or in making decisions about the award of financial aid, any institution or organization that undertakes the recruiting or the admitting of students or that makes decisions about and awards title IV, HEA program funds; and
(
2
) With respect to a person engaged in any student recruitment or admission activity or in making decisions about the award of financial aid, any employee who undertakes recruiting or admitting of students or who makes decisions about and awards title IV, HEA program funds, and any higher level employee with responsibility for recruitment or admission of students, or making decisions about awarding title IV, HEA program funds.
(D)
Enrollment
means the admission or matriculation of a student into an eligible institution.
(23) It will meet the requirements established pursuant to part H of Title IV of the HEA by the Secretary and nationally recognized accrediting agencies;
(24) It will comply with the requirements of § 668.22;
(25) It is liable for all—
(i) Improperly spent or unspent funds received under the Title IV, HEA programs, including any funds administered by a third-party servicer; and
(ii) Returns of title IV, HEA program funds that the institution or its servicer may be required to make;
(26) If the stated objectives of an educational program of the institution are to prepare a student for gainful employment in a recognized occupation, the institution will—
(i) Demonstrate a reasonable relationship between the length of the program and entry level requirements for the recognized occupation for which the program prepares the student. The Secretary considers the relationship to be reasonable if the number of clock hours provided in the program does not exceed by more than 50 percent the minimum number of clock hours required for training in the recognized occupation for which the program prepares the student, as established by the State in which the program is offered, if the State has established such a requirement, or as established by any Federal agency; and
(ii) Establish the need for the training for the student to obtain employment in the recognized occupation for which the program prepares the student.
(27) In the case of an institution participating in a Title IV, HEA loan program, the institution—
(i) Will develop, publish, administer, and enforce a code of conduct with respect to loans made, insured or guaranteed under the Title IV, HEA loan programs in accordance with 34 CFR 601.21; and
(ii) Must inform its officers, employees, and agents with responsibilities with respect to loans made, insured or guaranteed under the Title IV, HEA loan programs annually of the provisions of the code required under paragraph (b)(27) of this section;
(28) For any year in which the institution has a preferred lender arrangement (as defined in 34 CFR 601.2(b)), it will at least annually compile, maintain, and make available for students attending the institution, and the families of such students, a list in print or other medium, of the specific lenders for loans made, insured, or guaranteed
under title IV of the HEA or private education loans that the institution recommends, promotes, or endorses in accordance with such preferred lender arrangement. In making such a list, the institution must comply with the requirements in 34 CFR 682.212(h) and 34 CFR 601.10;
(29)(i) It will, upon the request of an enrolled or admitted student who is an applicant for a private education loan (as defined in 34 CFR 601.2(b)), provide to the applicant the self-certification form required under 34 CFR 601.11(d) and the information required to complete the form, to the extent the institution possesses such information, including—
(A) The applicant's cost of attendance at the institution, as determined by the institution under part F of title IV of the HEA;
(B) The applicant's estimated financial assistance, including amounts of financial assistance used to replace the expected family contribution as determined by the institution in accordance with title IV, for students who have completed the Free Application for Federal Student Aid; and
(C) The difference between the amounts under paragraphs (b)(29)(i)(A) and (29)(i)(B) of this section, as applicable.
(ii) It will, upon the request of the applicant, discuss with the applicant the availability of Federal, State, and institutional student financial aid;
(30) The institution—
(i) Has developed and implemented written plans to effectively combat the unauthorized distribution of copyrighted material by users of the institution's network, without unduly interfering with educational and research use of the network, that include—
(A) The use of one or more technology-based deterrents;
(B) Mechanisms for educating and informing its community about appropriate versus inappropriate use of copyrighted material, including that described in § 668.43(a)(10);
(C) Procedures for handling unauthorized distribution of copyrighted material, including disciplinary procedures; and
(D) Procedures for periodically reviewing the effectiveness of the plans to combat the unauthorized distribution of copyrighted materials by users of the institution's network using relevant assessment criteria. No particular technology measures are favored or required for inclusion in an institution's plans, and each institution retains the authority to determine what its particular plans for compliance with paragraph (b)(30) of this section will be, including those that prohibit content monitoring; and
(ii) Will, in consultation with the chief technology officer or other designated officer of the institution—
(A) Periodically review the legal alternatives for downloading or otherwise acquiring copyrighted material;
(B) Make available the results of the review in paragraph (b)(30)(ii)(A) of this section to its students through a Web site or other means; and
(C) To the extent practicable, offer legal alternatives for downloading or otherwise acquiring copyrighted material, as determined by the institution; and
(31) The institution will submit a teach-out plan to its accrediting agency in compliance with 34 CFR 602.24(c), and the standards of the institution's accrediting agency upon the occurrence of any of the following events:
(i) The Secretary initiates the limitation, suspension, or termination of the participation of an institution in any Title IV, HEA program under 34 CFR 600.41 or subpart G of this part or initiates an emergency action under § 668.83.
(ii) The institution's accrediting agency acts to withdraw, terminate, or suspend the accreditation or preaccreditation of the institution.
(iii) The institution's State licensing or authorizing agency revokes the institution's license or legal authorization to provide an educational program.
(iv) The institution intends to close a location that provides 100 percent of at least one program.
(v) The institution otherwise intends to cease operations.
(c) In order to participate in any Title IV, HEA program (other than the
LEAP and NEISP programs), the institution must certify that it—
(1) Has in operation a drug abuse prevention program that the institution has determined to be accessible to any officer, employee, or student at the institution; and
(2)(i) Has established a campus security policy in accordance with section 485(f) of the HEA; and
(ii) Has complied with the disclosure requirements of § 668.47 as required by section 485(f) of the HEA.
(d)(1) The institution, if located in a State to which section 4(b) of the National Voter Registration Act (42 U.S.C. 1973gg-2(b)) does not apply, will make a good faith effort to distribute a mail voter registration form, requested and received from the State, to each student enrolled in a degree or certificate program and physically in attendance at the institution, and to make those forms widely available to students at the institution.
(2) The institution must request the forms from the State 120 days prior to the deadline for registering to vote within the State. If an institution has not received a sufficient quantity of forms to fulfill this section from the State within 60 days prior to the deadline for registering to vote in the State, the institution is not liable for not meeting the requirements of this section during that election year.
(3) This paragraph applies to elections as defined in section 301(1) of the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 (2 U.S.C. 431(1)), and includes the election for Governor or other chief executive within such State.
(e)(1) A program participation agreement becomes effective on the date that the Secretary signs the agreement.
(2) A new program participation agreement supersedes any prior program participation agreement between the Secretary and the institution.
(f)(1) Except as provided in paragraphs (g) and (h) of this section, the Secretary terminates a program participation agreement through the proceedings in subpart G of this part.
(2) An institution may terminate a program participation agreement.
(3) If the Secretary or the institution terminates a program participation agreement under paragraph (f) of this section, the Secretary establishes the termination date.
(g) An institution's program participation agreement automatically expires on the date that—
(1) The institution changes ownership that results in a change in control as determined by the Secretary under 34 CFR part 600; or
(2) The institution's participation ends under the provisions of § 668.26(a) (1), (2), (4), or (7).
(h) An institution's program participation agreement no longer applies to or covers a location of the institution as of the date on which that location ceases to be a part of the participating institution.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1845-0022)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1085, 1088, 1091, 1092, 1094, 1099a-3, 1099c, and 1141)
[59 FR 22425, Apr. 29, 1994, as amended at 59 FR 34964, July 7, 1994; 63 FR 40623, July 29, 1998; 64 FR 58617, Oct. 29, 1999; 64 FR 59038, Nov. 1, 1999; 65 FR 38729, June 22, 2000; 65 FR 65637, Nov. 1, 2000; 67 FR 67072, Nov. 1, 2002; 73 FR 35492, June 23, 2008; 74 FR 55648, Oct. 28, 2009; 74 FR 55934, Oct. 29, 2009; 76 FR 66950, Oct. 29, 2010; 76 FR 20536, Apr. 13, 2011]
§ 668.15
(a)
General.
To begin and to continue to participate in any Title IV, HEA program, an institution must demonstrate to the Secretary that the institution is financially responsible under the requirements established in this section.
(b)
General standards of financial responsibility.
In general, the Secretary considers an institution to be financially responsible only if it—
(1) Is providing the services described in its official publications and statements;
(2) Is providing the administrative resources necessary to comply with the requirements of this subpart;
(3) Is meeting all of its financial obligations, including but not limited to—
(i) Refunds that it is required to make; and
(ii) Repayments to the Secretary for liabilities and debts incurred in programs administered by the Secretary;
(4) Is current in its debt payments. The institution is not considered current in its debt payments if—
(i) The institution is in violation of any existing loan agreement at its fiscal year end, as disclosed in a note to its audited financial statement; or
(ii) the institution fails to make a payment in accordance with existing debt obligations for more than 120 days, and at least one creditor has filed suit to recover those funds;
(5) Except as provided in paragraph (d) of this section, in accordance with procedures established by the Secretary, submits to the Secretary an irrevocable letter of credit, acceptable and payable to the Secretary equal to 25 percent of the total dollar amount of Title IV, HEA program refunds paid by the institution in the previous fiscal year;
(6) Has not had, as part of the audit report for the institution's most recently completed fiscal year—
(i) A statement by the accountant expressing substantial doubt about the institution's ability to continue as a going concern; or
(ii) A disclaimed or adverse opinion by the accountant;
(7) For a for-profit institution—
(i)(A) Demonstrates at the end of its latest fiscal year, an acid test ratio of at least 1:1. For purposes of this section, the acid test ratio shall be calculated by adding cash and cash equivalents to current accounts receivable and dividing the sum by total current liabilities. The calculation of the acid test ratio shall exclude all unsecured or uncollateralized related party receivables;
(B) Has not had operating losses in either or both of its two latest fiscal years that in sum result in a decrease in tangible net worth in excess of 10 percent of the institution's tangible net worth at the beginning of the first year of the two-year period. The Secretary may calculate an operating loss for an institution by excluding from net income: extraordinary gains or losses; income or losses from discontinued operations; prior period adjustment; and, the cumulative effect of changes in accounting principle. For purposes of this section, the calculation of tangible net worth shall exclude all assets defined as intangible in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; and
(C) Had, for its latest fiscal year, a positive tangible net worth. In applying this standard, a positive tangible net worth occurs when the institution's tangible assets exceed its liabilities. The calculation of tangible net worth shall exclude all assets classified as intangible in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles; or
(ii) Demonstrates to the satisfaction of the Secretary that it has currently issued and outstanding debt obligations that are (without insurance, guarantee, or credit enhancement) listed at or above the second highest rating level of credit quality given by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization;
(8) For a nonprofit institution—
(i)(A) Prepares a classified statement of financial position in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles or provides the required information in notes to the audited financial statements;
(B) Demonstrates at the end of its latest fiscal year, an acid test ratio of at least 1:1. For purposes of this section, the acid test ratio shall be calculated by adding cash and cash equivalents to current accounts receivable and dividing the sum by total current liabilities. The calculation of the acid test ratio shall exclude all unsecured or uncollateralized related party receivables.
(C)(
1
) Has, at the end of its latest fiscal year, a positive unrestricted current fund balance or positive unrestricted net assets. In calculating the unrestricted current fund balance or the unrestricted net assets for an institution, the Secretary may include funds that are temporarily restricted in use by the institution's governing body that can be transferred to the current unrestricted fund or added to net unrestricted assets at the discretion of the governing body; or
(
2
) Has not had, an excess of current fund expenditures over current fund revenues over both of its 2 latest fiscal years that results in a decrease exceeding 10 percent in either the unrestricted current fund balance or the
unrestricted net assets at the beginning of the first year of the 2-year period. The Secretary may exclude from net changes in fund balances for the operating loss calculation: Extraordinary gains or losses; income or losses from discontinued operations; prior period adjustment; and the cumulative effect of changes in accounting principle. In calculating the institution's unrestricted current fund balance or the unrestricted net assets, the Secretary may include funds that are temporarily restricted in use by the institution's governing body that can be transferred to the current unrestricted fund or added to net unrestricted assets at the discretion of the governing body; or
(ii) Demonstrates to the satisfaction of the Secretary that it has currently issued and outstanding debt obligations which are (without insurance, guarantee, or credit enhancement) listed at or above the second highest rating level of credit quality given by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization.
(9) For a public institution—
(i) Has its liabilities backed by the full faith and credit of a State, or by an equivalent governmental entity;
(ii) Has a positive current unrestricted fund balance if reporting under the Single Audit Act;
(iii) Has a positive unrestricted current fund in the State's Higher Education Fund, as presented in the general purpose financial statements;
(iv) Submits to the Secretary, a statement from the State Auditor General that the institution has, during the past year, met all of its financial obligations, and that the institution continues to have sufficient resources to meet all of its financial obligations; or
(v) Demonstrates to the satisfaction of the Secretary that it has currently issued and outstanding debt obligations which are (without insurance, guarantee, or credit enhancement) listed at or above the second highest rating level of credit quality given by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization.
(c)
Past performance of an institution or persons affiliated with an institution.
An institution is not financially responsible if—
(1) A person who exercises substantial control over the institution or any member or members of the person's family alone or together—
(i)(A) Exercises or exercised substantial control over another institution or a third-party servicer that owes a liability for a violation of a Title IV, HEA program requirement; or
(B) Owes a liability for a violation of a Title IV, HEA program requirement; and
(ii) That person, family member, institution, or servicer does not demonstrate that the liability is being repaid in accordance with an agreement with the Secretary; or
(2) The institution has—
(i) Been limited, suspended, terminated, or entered into a settlement agreement to resolve a limitation, suspension, or termination action initiated by the Secretary or a guaranty agency (as defined in 34 CFR part 682) within the preceding five years;
(ii) Had—
(A) An audit finding, during its two most recent audits of its conduct of the Title IV, HEA programs, that resulted in the institution's being required to repay an amount greater than five percent of the funds that the institution received under the Title IV, HEA programs for any award year covered by the audit; or
(B) A program review finding, during its two most recent program reviews, of its conduct of the Title IV, HEA programs that resulted in the institution's being required to repay an amount greater than five percent of the funds that the institution received under the Title IV, HEA programs for any award year covered by the program review;
(iii) Been cited during the preceding five years for failure to submit acceptable audit reports required under this part or individual Title IV, HEA program regulations in a timely fashion; or
(iv) Failed to resolve satisfactorily any compliance problems identified in program review or audit reports based upon a final decision of the Secretary issued pursuant to subpart G or subpart H of this part.
(d)
Exceptions to the general standards of financial responsibility.
(1)(i) An institution is not required to meet the standard in paragraph (b)(5) of this section if the Secretary determines that the institution—
(A)(
1
) Is located in, and is legally authorized to operate within, a State that has a tuition recovery fund that is acceptable to the Secretary and ensures that the institution is able to pay all required refunds; and
(
2
) Contributes to that tuition recovery fund.
(B) Has its liabilities backed by the full faith and credit of the State, or by an equivalent governmental entity; or
(C) As determined under paragraph (g) of this section, demonstrates, to the satisfaction of the Secretary, that for each of the institution's two most recently completed fiscal years, it has made timely refunds to students in accordance with § 668.22(j), and that it has met or exceeded all of the financial responsibility standards in this section that were in effect for the corresponding periods during the two-year period.
(ii) In evaluating an application to approve a State tuition recovery fund to exempt its participating schools from the Federal cash reserve requirements, the Secretary will consider the extent to which the State tuition recovery fund:
(A) Provides refunds to both in-state and out-of-state students;
(B) Allocates all refunds in accordance with the order delineated in § 668.22(i); and
(C) Provides a reliable mechanism for the State to replenish the fund should any claims arise that deplete the funds assets.
(2) The Secretary considers an institution to be financially responsible, even if the institution is not otherwise financially responsible under paragraphs (b)(1) through (4) and (b)(6) through (9) of this section, if the institution—
(i) Submits to the Secretary an irrevocable letter of credit that is acceptable and payable to the Secretary equal to not less than one-half of the Title IV, HEA program funds received by the institution during the last complete award year for which figures are available; or
(ii) Establishes to the satisfaction of the Secretary, with the support of a financial statement submitted in accordance with paragraph (e) of this section, that the institution has sufficient resources to ensure against its precipitous closure, including the ability to meet all of its financial obligations (including refunds of institutional charges and repayments to the Secretary for liabilities and debts incurred in programs administered by the Secretary). The Secretary considers the institution to have sufficient resources to ensure against precipitous closure only if—
(A) The institution formerly demonstrated financial responsibility under the standards of financial responsibility in its preceding audited financial statement (or, if no prior audited financial statement was requested by the Secretary, demonstrates in conjunction with its current audit that it would have satisfied this requirement), and that its most recent audited financial statement indicates that—
(
) All taxes owed by the institution are current;
(
2
) The institution's net income, or a change in total net assets, before extraordinary items and discontinued operations, has not decreased by more than 10 percent from the prior fiscal year, unless the institution demonstrates that the decreased net income shown on the current financial statement is a result of downsizing pursuant to a management-approved business plan;
(
3
) Loans and other advances to related parties have not increased from the prior fiscal year unless such increases were secured and collateralized, and do not exceed 10 percent of the prior fiscal year's working capital of the institution;
(
4
) The equity of a for-profit institution, or the total net assets of a non-profit institution, have not decreased by more than 10 percent of the prior year's total equity;
(
5
) Compensation for owners or other related parties (including bonuses, fringe benefits, employee stock option allowances, 401k contributions, deferred compensation allowances) has
not increased from the prior year at a rate higher than for all other employees;
(
6
) The institution has not materially leveraged its assets or income by becoming a guarantor on any new loan or obligation on behalf of any related party;
(
7
) All obligations owed to the institution by related parties are current, and that the institution has demanded and is receiving payment of all funds owed from related parties that are payable upon demand. For purposes of this section, a person does not become a related party by attending an institution as a student;
(B) There have been no material findings in the institution's latest compliance audit of its administration of the Title IV HEA programs; and
(C) There are no pending administrative or legal actions being taken against the institution by the Secretary, any other Federal agency, the institution's nationally recognized accrediting agency, or any State entity.
(3) An institution is not required to meet the acid test ratio in paragraph (b)(7)(i)(A) or (b)(8)(i)(B) of this section if the institution is an institution that provides a 2-year or 4-year educational program for which the institution awards an associate or baccalaureate degree that demonstrates to the satisfaction of the Secretary that—
(i) There is no reasonable doubt as to its continued solvency and ability to deliver quality educational services;
(ii) It is current in its payment of all current liabilities, including student refunds, repayments to the Secretary, payroll, and payment of trade creditors and withholding taxes; and
(iii) It has substantial equity in institution-occupied facilities, the acquisition of which was the direct cause of its failure to meet the acid test ratio requirement.
(4) The Secretary may determine an institution to be financially responsible even if the institution is not otherwise financially responsible under paragraph (c)(1) of this section if—
(i) The institution notifies the Secretary, in accordance with 34 CFR 600.30, that the person referenced in paragraph (c)(1) of this section exercises substantial control over the institution; and
(ii)(A) The person repaid to the Secretary a portion of the applicable liability, and the portion repaid equals or exceeds the greater of—
(
1
) The total percentage of the ownership interest held in the institution or third-party servicer that owes the liability by that person or any member or members of that person's family, either alone or in combination with one another;
(
2
) The total percentage of the ownership interest held in the institution or servicer that owes the liability that the person or any member or members of the person's family, either alone or in combination with one another, represents or represented under a voting trust, power of attorney, proxy, or similar agreement; or
(
3
) Twenty-five percent, if the person or any member of the person's family is or was a member of the board of directors, chief executive officer, or other executive officer of the institution or servicer that owes the liability, or of an entity holding at least a 25 percent ownership interest in the institution that owes the liability;
(B) The applicable liability described in paragraph (c)(1) of this section is currently being repaid in accordance with a written agreement with the Secretary; or
(C) The institution demonstrates why—
(
1
) The person who exercises substantial control over the institution should nevertheless be considered to lack that control; or
(
2
) The person who exercises substantial control over the institution and each member of that person's family nevertheless does not or did not exercise substantial control over the institution or servicer that owes the liability.
(e) [Reserved]
Definitions and terms.
For the purposes of this section—
(1)(i) An “ownership interest” is a share of the legal or beneficial ownership or control of, or a right to share in the proceeds of the operation of, an institution, institution's parent corporation, a third-party servicer, or a third-party servicer's parent corporation.
(ii) The term “ownership interest” includes, but is not limited to—
(A) An interest as tenant in common, joint tenant, or tenant by the entireties;
(B) A partnership; and
(C) An interest in a trust.
(iii) The term “ownership interest” does not include any share of the ownership or control of, or any right to share in the proceeds of the operation of—
(A) A mutual fund that is regularly and publicly traded;
(B) An institutional investor; or
(C) A profit-sharing plan, provided that all employees are covered by the plan;
(2) The Secretary generally considers a person to exercise substantial control over an institution or third-party servicer, if the person—
(i) Directly or indirectly holds at least a 25 percent ownership interest in the institution or servicer;
(ii) Holds, together with other members of his or her family, at least a 25 percent ownership interest in the institution or servicer;
(iii) Represents, either alone or together with other persons, under a voting trust, power of attorney, proxy, or similar agreement one or more persons who hold, either individually or in combination with the other persons represented or the person representing them, at least a 25 percent ownership in the institution or servicer; or
(iv) Is a member of the board of directors, the chief executive officer, or other executive officer of—
(A) The institution or servicer; or
(B) An entity that holds at least a 25 percent ownership interest in the institution or servicer; and
(3) The Secretary considers a member of a person's family to be a parent, sibling, spouse, child, spouse's parent or sibling, or sibling's or child's spouse.
(g)
Two-year performance requirement.
(1) The Secretary considers an institution to have satisfied the requirements in paragraph (d)(1)(C) of this section if the independent certified public accountant, or government auditor who conducted the institution's compliance audits for the institution's two most recently completed fiscal years, or the Secretary or a State or guaranty agency that conducted a review of the institution covering those fiscal years—
(i)(A) For either of those fiscal years, did not find in the sample of student records audited or reviewed that the institution made late refunds to 5 percent or more of the students in that sample. For purposes of determining the percentage of late refunds under this paragraph, the auditor or reviewer must include in the sample only those title IV, HEA program recipients who received or should have received a refund under § 668.22; or
(B) The Secretary considers the institution to have satisfied the conditions in paragraph (g)(1)(i)(A) of this section if the auditor or reviewer finds in the sample of student records audited or reviewed that the institution made only one late refund to a student in that sample; and
(ii) For either of those fiscal years, did not note a material weakness or a reportable condition in the institution's report on internal controls that is related to refunds.
(2) If the Secretary or a State or guaranty agency finds during a review conducted of the institution that the institution no longer qualifies for an exemption under paragraph (d)(1)(C) of this section, the institution must—
(i) Submit to the Secretary the irrevocable letter of credit required in paragraph (b)(5) of this section no later than 30 days after the Secretary or State or guaranty agency notifies the institution of that finding; and
(ii) Notify the Secretary of the guaranty agency or State that conducted the review.
(3) If the auditor who conducted the institution's compliance audit finds that the institution no longer qualifies for an exemption under paragraph (d)(1)(C) of this section, the institution must submit to the Secretary the irrevocable letter of credit required in paragraph (b)(5) of this section no later than 30 days after the date the institution's compliance audit must be submitted to the Secretary.
(h)
The Secretary makes a determination of the financial responsibility for a foreign institution
on the basis of financial statements submitted under § 668.23(h).
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1840-0537)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1094 and 1099c and Section 4 of Pub. L. 95-452, 92 Stat. 1101-1109)
[59 FR 22428, Apr. 29, 1994, as amended at 59 FR 34964, July 7, 1994; 59 FR 61179, Nov. 29, 1994; 60 FR 34431, June 30, 1995; 60 FR 42408, Aug. 15, 1995; 61 FR 29901, June 12, 1996; 61 FR 60569, Nov. 29, 1996; 62 FR 27128, May 16, 1997; 71 FR 45694, Aug. 9, 2006; 75 FR 67198, Nov. 1, 2010]
§ 668.16
Standards of administrative capability.
To begin and to continue to participate in any Title IV, HEA program, an institution shall demonstrate to the Secretary that the institution is capable of adequately administering that program under each of the standards established in this section. The Secretary considers an institution to have that administrative capability if the institution—
(a) Administers the Title IV, HEA programs in accordance with all statutory provisions of or applicable to Title IV of the HEA, all applicable regulatory provisions prescribed under that statutory authority, and all applicable special arrangements, agreements, and limitations entered into under the authority of statutes applicable to Title IV of the HEA;
(b)(1) Designates a capable individual to be responsible for administering all the Title IV, HEA programs in which it participates and for coordinating those programs with the institution's other Federal and non-Federal programs of student financial assistance. The Secretary considers an individual to be “capable” under this paragraph if the individual is certified by the State in which the institution is located, if the State requires certification of financial aid administrators. The Secretary may consider other factors in determining whether an individual is capable, including, but not limited to, the individual's successful completion of Title IV, HEA program training provided or approved by the Secretary, and previous experience and documented success in administering the Title IV, HEA programs properly;
(2) Uses an adequate number of qualified persons to administer the Title IV, HEA programs in which the institution participates. The Secretary considers the following factors to determine whether an institution uses an adequate number of qualified persons—
(i) The number and types of programs in which the institution participates;
(ii) The number of applications evaluated;
(iii) The number of students who receive any student financial assistance at the institution and the amount of funds administered;
(iv) The financial aid delivery system used by the institution;
(v) The degree of office automation used by the institution in the administration of the Title IV, HEA programs;
(vi) The number and distribution of financial aid staff; and
(vii) The use of third-party servicers to aid in the administration of the Title IV, HEA programs;
(3) Communicates to the individual designated to be responsible for administering Title IV, HEA programs, all the information received by any institutional office that bears on a student's eligibility for Title IV, HEA program assistance; and
(4) Has written procedures for or written information indicating the responsibilities of the various offices with respect to the approval, disbursement, and delivery of Title IV, HEA program assistance and the preparation and submission of reports to the Secretary;
(c)(1) Administers Title IV, HEA programs with adequate checks and balances in its system of internal controls; and
(2) Divides the functions of authorizing payments and disbursing or delivering funds so that no office has responsibility for both functions with respect to any particular student aided under the programs. For example, the functions of authorizing payments and disbursing or delivering funds must be divided so that for any particular student aided under the programs, the two functions are carried out by at least two organizationally independent individuals who are not members of the same family, as defined in § 668.15, or
who do not together exercise substantial control, as defined in § 668.15, over the institution;
(d)(1) Establishes and maintains records required under this part and the individual Title IV, HEA program regulations; and
(2)(i) Reports annually to the Secretary on any reasonable reimbursements paid or provided by a private education lender or group of lenders as described under section 140(d) of the Truth in Lending Act (15 U.S.C. 1631(d)) to any employee who is employed in the financial aid office of the institution or who otherwise has responsibilities with respect to education loans, including responsibilities involving the selection of lenders, or other financial aid of the institution, including—
(A) The amount for each specific instance of reasonable expenses paid or provided;
(B) The name of the financial aid official, other employee, or agent to whom the expenses were paid or provided;
(C) The dates of the activity for which the expenses were paid or provided; and
(D) A brief description of the activity for which the expenses were paid or provided.
(ii) Expenses are considered to be reasonable if the expenses—
(A) Meet the standards of and are paid in accordance with a State government reimbursement policy applicable to the entity; or
(B) Meet the standards of and are paid in accordance with the applicable Federal cost principles for reimbursement, if no State policy that is applicable to the entity exists.
(iii) The policy must be consistently applied to an institution's employees reimbursed under this paragraph;
(e) For purposes of determining student eligibility for assistance under a title IV, HEA program, establishes, publishes, and applies reasonable standards for measuring whether an otherwise eligible student is maintaining satisfactory academic progress in his or her educational program. The Secretary considers an institution's standards to be reasonable if the standards are in accordance with the provisions specified in § 668.34.
(f) Develops and applies an adequate system to identify and resolve discrepancies in the information that the institution receives from different sources with respect to a student's application for financial aid under Title IV, HEA programs. In determining whether the institution's system is adequate, the Secretary considers whether the institution obtains and reviews—
(1) All student aid applications, need analysis documents, Statements of Educational Purpose, Statements of Registration Status, and eligibility notification documents presented by or on behalf of each applicant;
(2) Any documents, including any copies of State and Federal income tax returns, that are normally collected by the institution to verify information received from the student or other sources; and
(3) Any other information normally available to the institution regarding a student's citizenship, previous educational experience, documentation of the student's social security number, or other factors relating to the student's eligibility for funds under the Title IV, HEA programs;
(g) Refers to the Office of Inspector General of the Department of Education for investigation—
(1) After conducting the review of an application provided for under paragraph (f) of this section, any credible information indicating that an applicant for Title IV, HEA program assistance may have engaged in fraud or other criminal misconduct in connection with his or her application. The type of information that an institution must refer is that which is relevant to the eligibility of the applicant for Title IV, HEA program assistance, or the amount of the assistance. Examples of this type of information are—
(i) False claims of independent student status;
(ii) False claims of citizenship;
(iii) Use of false identities;
(iv) Forgery of signatures or certifications; and
(v) False statements of income; and
(2) Any credible information indicating that any employee, third-party
servicer, or other agent of the institution that acts in a capacity that involves the administration of the Title IV, HEA programs, or the receipt of funds under those programs, may have engaged in fraud, misrepresentation, conversion or breach of fiduciary responsibility, or other illegal conduct involving the Title IV, HEA programs. The type of information that an institution must refer is that which is relevant to the eligibility and funding of the institution and its students through the Title IV, HEA programs;
(h) Provides adequate financial aid counseling to eligible students who apply for Title IV, HEA program assistance. In determining whether an institution provides adequate counseling, the Secretary considers whether its counseling includes information regarding—
(1) The source and amount of each type of aid offered;
(2) The method by which aid is determined and disbursed, delivered, or applied to a student's account; and
(3) The rights and responsibilities of the student with respect to enrollment at the institution and receipt of financial aid. This information includes the institution's refund policy, the requirements for the treatment of title IV, HEA program funds when a student withdraws under § 668.22, its standards of satisfactory progress, and other conditions that may alter the student's aid package;
(i) Has provided all program and fiscal reports and financial statements required for compliance with the provisions of this part and the individual program regulations in a timely manner;
(j) Shows no evidence of significant problems that affect, as determined by the Secretary, the institution's ability to administer a Title IV, HEA program and that are identified in—
(1) Reviews of the institution conducted by the Secretary, the Department of Education's Office of Inspector General, nationally recognized accrediting agencies, guaranty agencies as defined in 34 CFR part 682, the State agency or official by whose authority the institution is legally authorized to provide postsecondary education, or any other law enforcement agency; or
(2) Any findings made in any criminal, civil, or administrative proceeding;
(k) Is not, and does not have any principal or affiliate of the institution (as those terms are defined in 34 CFR part 85) that is—
(1) Debarred or suspended under Executive Order (E.O.) 12549 (3 CFR, 1986 Comp., p. 189) or the Federal Acquisition Regulations (FAR), 48 CFR part 9, subpart 9.4; or
(2) Engaging in any activity that is a cause under 34 CFR 85.305 or 85.405 for debarment or suspension under E.O. 12549 (3 CFR, 1986 Comp., p. 189) or the FAR, 48 CFR part 9, subpart 9.4;
(l) For an institution that seeks initial participation in a Title IV, HEA program, does not have more than 33 percent of its undergraduate regular students withdraw from the institution during the institution's latest completed award year. The institution must count all regular students who are enrolled during the latest completed award year, except those students who, during that period—
(1) Withdrew from, dropped out of, or were expelled from the institution;
(2) Were entitled to and actually received in a timely manner, a refund of 100 percent of their tuition and fees;
(m)(1) Has a cohort default rate—
(i) That is less than 25 percent for each of the three most recent fiscal years during which rates have been issued, to the extent those rates are calculated under subpart M of this part;
(ii) On or after 2014, that is less than 30 percent for at least two of the three most recent fiscal years during which the Secretary has issued rates for the institution under subpart N of this part; and
(iii) As defined in 34 CFR 674.5, on loans made under the Federal Perkins Loan Program to students for attendance at that institution that does not exceed 15 percent.
(2)(i) However, if the Secretary determines that an institution's administrative capability is impaired solely because the institution fails to comply with paragraph (m)(1) of this section, and the institution is not subject to a loss of eligibility under §§ 668.187(a) or
668.206(a), the Secretary allows the institution to continue to participate in the Title IV, HEA programs. In such a case, the Secretary may provisionally certify the institution in accordance with § 668.13(c) except as provided in paragraphs (m)(2)(ii), (m)(2)(iii), (m)(2)(iv), and (m)(2)(v) of this section.
(ii) An institution that fails to meet the standard of administrative capability under paragraph (m)(1)(ii) based on two cohort default rates that are greater than or equal to 30 percent but less than or equal to 40 percent is not placed on provisional certification under paragraph (m)(2)(i) of this section—
(A) If it has timely filed a request for adjustment or appeal under §§ 668.209, 668.210, or 668.212 with respect to the second such rate, and the request for adjustment or appeal is either pending or succeeds in reducing the rate below 30 percent; or
(B) If it has timely filed an appeal under §§ 668.213 or 668.214 after receiving the second such rate, and the appeal is either pending or successful.
(iii) The institution may appeal the loss of full participation in a Title IV, HEA program under paragraph (m)(2)(i) of this section by submitting an erroneous data appeal in writing to the Secretary in accordance with and on the grounds specified in §§ 668.192 or 668.211 as applicable;
(iv) If you have 30 or fewer borrowers in the three most recent cohorts of borrowers used to calculate your cohort default rate under subpart N of this part, we not provisionally certify you solely based on cohort default rates;
(v) If a rate that would otherwise potentially subject you to provisional certification under paragraph (m)(1)(ii) and (m)(2)(i) of this section is calculated as an average rate, we will not provisionally certify you solely based on cohort default rates;
(n) Does not otherwise appear to lack the ability to administer the Title IV, HEA programs competently;
(o) Participates in the electronic processes that the Secretary—
(1) Provides at no substantial charge to the institution; and
(2) Identifies through a notice published in the
Federal Register
; and
(p) Develops and follows procedures to evaluate the validity of a student's high school completion if the institution or the Secretary has reason to believe that the high school diploma is not valid or was not obtained from an entity that provides secondary school education.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1845-0022)
(Authority:20 U.S.C. 1082, 1085, 1092, 1094, and 1099c)
[59 FR 22431, Apr. 29, 1994, as amended at 59 FR 34964, July 7, 1994; 59 FR 61180, Nov. 29, 1994; 60 FR 34431, June 30, 1995; 60 FR 42408, Aug. 15, 1995; 61 FR 60603, Nov. 29, 1996; 62 FR 27128, May 16, 1997; 63 FR 40624, July 29, 1998; 64 FR 59038, Nov. 1, 1999; 65 FR 65637, Nov. 1, 2000; 74 FR 55648, Oct. 28, 2009; 75 FR 66951, Oct. 29, 2010]
§ 668.17
(a)
General.
(1) An institution may not deny readmission to a person who is a member of, applies to be a member of, performs, has performed, applies to perform, or has an obligation to perform, service in the uniformed services on the basis of that membership, application for membership, performance of service, application for service, or obligation to perform service.
(2)(i) An institution must promptly readmit to the institution a person described in paragraph (a)(1) of this section with the same academic status as the student had when the student last attended the institution or was last admitted to the institution, but did not begin attendance because of that membership, application for membership, performance of service, application for service, or obligation to perform service.
(ii) “Promptly readmit” means that the institution must readmit the student into the next class or classes in the student's program beginning after the student provides notice of his or her intent to reenroll, unless the student requests a later date of readmission or unusual circumstances require the institution to admit the student at a later date.
(iii) To readmit a person with the “same academic status” means that the institution admits the student—
(A) To the same program to which he or she was last admitted by the institution or, if that exact program is no longer offered, the program that is most similar to that program, unless the student requests or agrees to admission to a different program;
(B) At the same enrollment status that the student last held at the institution, unless the student requests or agrees to admission at a different enrollment status;
(C) With the same number of credit hours or clock hours completed previously by the student, unless the student is readmitted to a different program to which the completed credit hours or clock hours are not transferable;
(D) With the same academic standing (e.g., with the same satisfactory academic progress status) the student previously had; and
(E)(
1
) If the student is readmitted to the same program, for the first academic year in which the student returns, assessing—
(
i
) The tuition and fee charges that the student was or would have been assessed for the academic year during which the student left the institution; or
(
ii
) Up to the amount of tuition and fee charges that other students in the program are assessed for that academic year, if veterans' education benefits, as defined in section 480(c) of the HEA, or other servicemember education benefits, will pay the amount in excess of the tuition and fee charges assessed for the academic year in which the student left the institution; or
(
2
) If the student is admitted to a different program, and for subsequent academic years for a student admitted to the same program, assessing no more than the tuition and fee charges that other students in the program are assessed for that academic year.
(iv)(A) If the institution determines that the student is not prepared to resume the program with the same academic status at the point where the student left off, or will not be able to complete the program, the institution must make reasonable efforts at no extra cost to the student to help the student become prepared or to enable the student to complete the program including, but not limited to, providing refresher courses at no extra cost to the student and allowing the student to retake a pretest at no extra cost to the student.
(B) The institution is not required to readmit the student on his or her return if—
(
1
) After reasonable efforts by the institution, the institution determines that the student is not prepared to resume the program at the point where he or she left off;
(
2
) After reasonable efforts by the institution, the institution determines that the student is unable to complete the program; or
(
3
) The institution determines that there are no reasonable efforts the institution can take to prepare the student to resume the program at the point where he or she left off or to enable the student to complete the program.
(C)(
) “Reasonable efforts” means actions that do not place an undue hardship on the institution.
(
2
) “Undue hardship” means an action requiring significant difficulty or expense when considered in light of the overall financial resources of the institution and the impact otherwise of such action on the operation of the institution.
(D) The institution carries the burden to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the student is not prepared to resume the program with the same academic status at the point where the student left off, or that the student will not be able to complete the program.
(3) This section applies to an institution that has continued in operation since the student ceased attending or was last admitted to the institution but did not begin attendance, notwithstanding any changes of ownership of the institution since the student ceased attendance.
(4) The requirements of this section supersede any State law (including any local law or ordinance), contract, agreement, policy, plan, practice, or other matter that reduces, limits, or eliminates in any manner any right or
benefit provided by this section for the period of enrollment during which the student resumes attendance, and continuing so long as the institution is unable to comply with such requirements through other means.
(b)
Service in the uniformed services.
For purposes of this section, service in the uniformed services means service, whether voluntary or involuntary, in the Armed Forces, including service by a member of the National Guard or Reserve, on active duty, active duty for training, or full-time National Guard duty under Federal authority, for a period of more than 30 consecutive days under a call or order to active duty of more than 30 consecutive days.
(c)
Readmission procedures.
(1) Any student whose absence from an institution is necessitated by reason of service in the uniformed services shall be entitled to readmission to the institution if—
(i) Except as provided in paragraph (d) of this section, the student (or an appropriate officer of the Armed Forces or official of the Department of Defense) gives advance oral or written notice of such service to an office designated by the institution, and provides such notice as far in advance as is reasonable under the circumstances;
(ii) The cumulative length of the absence and of all previous absences from that institution by reason of service in the uniformed services, including only the time the student spends actually performing service in the uniformed services, does not exceed five years; and
(iii) Except as provided in paragraph (f) of this section, the student gives oral or written notice of his or her intent to return to an office designated by the institution—
(A) For a student who completes a period of service in the uniformed services, not later than three years after the completion of the period of service; or
(B) For a student who is hospitalized for or convalescing from an illness or injury incurred in or aggravated during the performance of service in the uniformed services, not later than two years after the end of the period that is necessary for recovery from such illness or injury.
(2)(i) An institution must designate one or more offices at the institution that a student may contact to provide notification of service required by paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section and notification of intent to return required by paragraph (c)(1)(iii) of this section.
(ii) An institution may not require that the notice provided by the student under paragraph (c)(1)(i) or (c)(1)(iii) of this section follow any particular format.
(iii) The notice provided by the student under paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section—
(A) May not be subject to any rule for timeliness; timeliness must be determined by the facts in any particular case; and
(B) Does not need to indicate whether the student intends to return to the institution.
(iv) For purposes of paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section, an “appropriate officer” is a commissioned, warrant, or noncommissioned officer authorized to give such notice by the military service concerned.
(d)
Exceptions to advance notice.
(1) No notice is required under paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section if the giving of such notice is precluded by military necessity, such as—
(i) A mission, operation, exercise, or requirement that is classified; or
(ii) A pending or ongoing mission, operation, exercise, or requirement that may be compromised or otherwise adversely affected by public knowledge.
(2) Any student (or an appropriate officer of the Armed Forces or official of the Department of Defense) who did not give advance written or oral notice of service to the appropriate official at the institution in accordance with paragraph (c)(1) of this section may meet the notice requirement by submitting, at the time the student seeks readmission, an attestation to the institution that the student performed service in the uniformed services that necessitated the student's absence from the institution.
(e)
Cumulative length of absence.
For purposes of paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section, a student's cumulative length of absence from an institution does not include any service—
(1) That is required, beyond five years, to complete an initial period of obligated service;
(2) During which the student was unable to obtain orders releasing the student from a period of service in the uniformed services before the expiration of the five-year period and such inability was through no fault of the student; or
(3) Performed by a member of the Armed Forces (including the National Guard and Reserves) who is—
(i) Ordered to or retained on active duty under—
(A) 10 U.S.C. 688 (involuntary active duty by a military retiree);
(B) 10 U.S.C. 12301(a) (involuntary active duty in wartime);
(C) 10 U.S.C. 12301(g) (retention on active duty while in captive status);
(D) 10 U.S.C. 12302 (involuntary active duty during a national emergency for up to 24 months);
(E) 10 U.S.C. 12304 (involuntary active duty for an operational mission for up to 270 days);
(F) 10 U.S.C. 12305 (involuntary retention on active duty of a critical person during time of crisis or other specific conditions);
(G) 14 U.S.C. 331 (involuntary active duty by retired Coast Guard officer);
(H) 14 U.S.C. 332 (voluntary active duty by retired Coast Guard officer);
(I) 14 U.S.C. 359 (involuntary active duty by retired Coast Guard enlisted member);
(J) 14 U.S.C. 360 (voluntary active duty by retired Coast Guard enlisted member);
(K) 14 U.S.C. 367 (involuntary retention of Coast Guard enlisted member on active duty); or
(L) 14 U.S.C. 712 (involuntary active duty by Coast Guard Reserve member for natural or man-made disasters);
(ii) Ordered to or retained on active duty (other than for training) under any provision of law because of a war or national emergency declared by the President or the Congress, as determined by the Secretary concerned;
(iii) Ordered to active duty (other than for training) in support, as determined by the Secretary concerned, of an operational mission for which personnel have been ordered to active duty under section 12304 of title 10, United States Code;
(iv) Ordered to active duty in support, as determined by the Secretary concerned, of a critical mission or requirement of the Armed Forces (including the National Guard or Reserve); or
(v) Called into Federal service as a member of the National Guard under chapter 15 of title 10, United States Code, or section 12406 of title 10, United States Code (i.e., called to respond to an invasion, danger of invasion, rebellion, danger of rebellion, insurrection, or the inability of the President with regular forces to execute the laws of the United States).
(f)
Notification of intent to reenroll.
A student who fails to apply for readmission within the periods described in paragraph (c)(1)(iii) of this section does not automatically forfeit eligibility for readmission to the institution, but is subject to the institution's established leave of absence policy and general practices.
(g)
Documentation.
(1) A student who submits an application for readmission to an institution under paragraph (c)(1)(iii) of this section shall provide to the institution documentation to establish that—
(i) The student has not exceeded the service limitation in paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section; and
(ii) The student's eligibility for readmission has not been terminated due to an exception in paragraph (h) of this section.
(2)(i) Documents that satisfy the requirements of paragraph (g)(1) of this section include, but are not limited to, the following:
(A) DD (Department of Defense) 214 Certificate of Release or Discharge from Active Duty.
(B) Copy of duty orders prepared by the facility where the orders were fulfilled carrying an endorsement indicating completion of the described service.
(C) Letter from the commanding officer of a Personnel Support Activity or someone of comparable authority.
(D) Certificate of completion from military training school.
(E) Discharge certificate showing character of service.
(F) Copy of extracts from payroll documents showing periods of service.
(G) Letter from National Disaster Medical System (NDMS) Team Leader or Administrative Officer verifying dates and times of NDMS training or Federal activation.
(ii) The types of documents that are necessary to establish eligibility for readmission will vary from case to case. Not all of these documents are available or necessary in every instance to establish readmission eligibility.
(3) An institution may not delay or attempt to avoid a readmission of a student under this section by demanding documentation that does not exist, or is not readily available, at the time of readmission.
(h)
Termination of readmission eligibility.
A student's eligibility for readmission to an institution under this section by reason of such student's service in the uniformed services terminates upon the occurrence of any of the following events:
(1) A separation of such person from the Armed Forces (including the National Guard and Reserves) with a dishonorable or bad conduct discharge.
(2) A dismissal of a commissioned officer permitted under section 1161(a) of title 10, United States Code by sentence of a general court-martial; in commutation of a sentence of a general court-martial; or, in time of war, by order of the President.
(3) A dropping of a commissioned officer from the rolls pursuant to section 1161(b) of title 10, United States Code due to absence without authority for at least three months; separation by reason of a sentence to confinement adjudged by a court-martial; or, a sentence to confinement in a Federal or State penitentiary or correctional institution.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1845-NEW1)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1088,
[74 FR 55934, Oct. 29, 2009]
§ 668.19
Financial aid history.
(a) Before an institution may disburse title IV, HEA program funds to a student who previously attended another eligible institution, the institution must use information it obtains from the Secretary, through the National Student Loan Data System (NSLDS) or its successor system, to determine—
(1) Whether the student is in default on any title IV, HEA program loan;
(2) Whether the student owes an overpayment on any title IV, HEA program grant or Federal Perkins Loan;
(3) For the award year for which a Federal Pell Grant, an ACG, a National SMART Grant, or a TEACH Grant is requested, the student's Scheduled Federal Pell Grant, ACG, National SMART Grant, or a TEACH Grant Award and the amount of Federal Pell Grant, ACG, National SMART Grant, or a TEACH Grant funds disbursed to the student;
(4) The outstanding principal balance of loans made to the student under each of the title IV, HEA loan programs; and
(5) For the academic year for which title IV, HEA aid is requested, the amount of, and period of enrollment for, loans made to the student under each of the title IV, HEA loan programs.
(b)(1) If a student transfers from one institution to another institution during the same award year, the institution to which the student transfers must request from the Secretary, through NSLDS, updated information about that student so it can make the determinations required under paragraph (a) of this section; and
(2) The institution may not make a disbursement to that student for seven days following its request, unless it receives the information from NSLDS in response to its request or obtains that information directly by accessing NSLDS, and the information it receives allows it to make that disbursement.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1845-0537)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1070g, 1091, 1094)
[65 FR 65675, Nov. 1, 2000, as amended at 71 FR 38002, July 3, 2006; 73 FR 35492, June 23, 2008]
§ 668.20
Limitations on remedial coursework that is eligible for Title IV, HEA program assistance.
(a) A noncredit or reduced credit remedial course is a course of study designed to increase the ability of a student to pursue a course of study leading to a certificate or degree.
(1) A noncredit remedial course is one for which no credit is given toward a certificate or degree; and
(2) A reduced credit remedial course is one for which reduced credit is given toward a certificate or degree.
(b) Except as provided in paragraphs (c) and (d) of this section, in determining a student's enrollment status and cost of attendance, an institution shall include any noncredit or reduced credit remedial course in which the student is enrolled. The institution shall attribute the number of credit or clock hours to a noncredit or reduced credit remedial course by—
(1) Calculating the number of classroom and homework hours required for that course;
(2) Comparing those hours with the hours required for nonremedial courses in a similar subject; and
(3) Giving the remedial course the same number of credit or clock hours it gives the nonremedial course with the most comparable classroom and homework requirements.
(c) In determining a student's enrollment status under the Title IV, HEA programs or a student's cost of attendance under the campus-based, FFEL, and Direct Loan programs, an institution may not take into account any noncredit or reduced credit remedial course if—
(1) That course is part of a program of instruction leading to a high school diploma or the recognized equivalent of a high school diploma, even if the course is necessary to enable the student to complete a degree or certificate program;
(2) The educational level of instruction provided in the noncredit or reduced credit remedial course is below the level needed to pursue successfully the degree or certificate program offered by that institution after one year in that remedial course; or
(3) Except for a course in English as a second language, the educational level of instruction provided in that course is below the secondary level. For purposes of this section, the Secretary considers a course to be below the secondary level if any of the following entities determine that course to be below the secondary level:
(i) The State agency that legally authorized the institution to provide postsecondary education.
(ii) In the case of an accredited or preaccredited institution, the nationally recognized accrediting agency or association that accredits or preaccredits the institution.
(iii) In the case of a public postsecondary vocational institution that is approved by a State agency recognized for the approval of public postsecondary vocational education, the State agency recognized for the approval of public postsecondary vocational education that approves the institution.
(iv) The institution.
(d) Except as set forth in paragraph (f) of this section, an institution may not take into account more than one academic year's worth of noncredit or reduced credit remedial coursework in determining—
(1) A student's enrollment status under the title IV, HEA programs; and
(2) A student's cost of attendance under the campus-based, FFEL, and Direct Loan programs.
(e) One academic year's worth of noncredit or reduced credit remedial coursework is equivalent to—
(1) Thirty semester or 45 quarter hours; or
(2) Nine hundred clock hours.
(f) Courses in English as a second language do not count against the one-year academic limitation contained in paragraph (d) of this section.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1094)
[52 FR 45724, Dec. 1, 1987, as amended at 56 FR 36698, July 31, 1991; 58 FR 32202-32203, June 8, 1993; 63 FR 40624, July 29, 1998]
§ 668.21
Treatment of title IV grant and loan funds if the recipient does not begin attendance at the institution.
(a) If a student does not begin attendance in a payment period or period of enrollment—
(1) The institution must return all title IV, HEA program funds that were
credited to the student's account at the institution or disbursed directly to the student for that payment period or period of enrollment, for Federal Perkins Loan, FSEOG TEACH Grant, Federal Pell Grant, ACG, and National SMART Grant program funds; and
(2) For FFEL and Direct Loan funds—
(i)(A) The institution must return all FFEL and Direct Loan funds that were credited to the student's account at the institution for that payment period or period of enrollment; and
(B) The institution must return the amount of payments made directly by or on behalf of the student to the institution for that payment period or period of enrollment, up to the total amount of the loan funds disbursed;
(ii) For remaining amounts of FFEL or Direct Loan funds disbursed directly to the student for that payment period or period of enrollment, including funds that are disbursed directly to the student by the lender for a study-abroad program in accordance with § 682.207(b)(1)(v)(C)(
1
) or for a student enrolled in a foreign school in accordance with § 682.207(b)(1)(v)(D), the institution is not responsible for returning the funds, but must immediately notify the lender or the Secretary, as appropriate, when it becomes aware that the student will not or has not begun attendance so that the lender or Secretary will issue a final demand letter to the borrower in accordance with 34 CFR 682.412 or 34 CFR 685.211, as appropriate; and
(iii) Notwithstanding paragraph (a)(2)(ii) of this section, if an institution knew that a student would not begin attendance prior to disbursing FFEL or Direct Loan funds directly to the student for that payment period or period of enrollment (e.g., the student notified the institution that he or she would not attend, or the institution expelled the student), the institution must return those funds.
(b) The institution must return those funds for which it is responsible under paragraph (a) of this section to the respective title IV, HEA program as soon as possible, but no later than 30 days after the date that the institution becomes aware that the student will not or has not begun attendance.
(c) For purposes of this section, the Secretary considers that a student has not begun attendance in a payment period or period of enrollment if the institution is unable to document the student's attendance at any class during the payment period or period of enrollment.
(d) In accordance with procedures established by the Secretary or FFEL Program lender, an institution returns title IV, HEA funds timely if—
(1) The institution deposits or transfers the funds into the bank account it maintains under § 668.163 as soon as possible, but no later than 30 days after the date that the institution becomes aware that the student will not or has not begun attendance;
(2) The institution initiates an electronic funds transfer (EFT) as soon as possible, but no later than 30 days after the date that the institution becomes aware that the student will not or has not begun attendance;
(3) The institution initiates an electronic transaction, as soon as possible, but no later than 30 days after the date that the institution becomes aware that the student will not or has not begun attendance, that informs an FFEL lender to adjust the borrower's loan account for the amount returned; or
(4) The institution issues a check as soon as possible, but no later than 30 days after the date that the institution becomes aware that the student will not or has not begun attendance. An institution does not satisfy this requirement if—
(i) The institution's records show that the check was issued more than 30 days after the date that the institution becomes aware that the student will not or has not begun attendance; or
(ii) The date on the cancelled check shows that the bank used by the Secretary or FFEL Program lender endorsed that check more than 45 days after the date that the institution becomes aware that the student will not or has not begun attendance.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1070g, 1094)
[72 FR 62027, Nov. 1, 2007, as amended at 73 FR 35493, June 23, 2008]
§ 668.22
Treatment of title IV funds when a student withdraws.
(a)
General.
(1) When a recipient of title IV grant or loan assistance withdraws from an institution during a payment period or period of enrollment in which the recipient began attendance, the institution must determine the amount of title IV grant or loan assistance that the student earned as of the student's withdrawal date in accordance with paragraph (e) of this section.
(2)(i) Except as provided in paragraphs (a)(2)(ii) and (a)(2)(iii) of this section, a student is considered to have withdrawn from a payment period or period of enrollment if—
(A) In the case of a program that is measured in credit hours, the student does not complete all the days in the payment period or period of enrollment that the student was scheduled to complete;
(B) In the case of a program that is measured in clock hours, the student does not complete all of the clock hours and weeks of instructional time in the payment period or period of enrollment that the student was scheduled to complete; or
(C) For a student in a nonterm or nonstandard-term program, the student is not scheduled to begin another course within a payment period or period of enrollment for more than 45 calendar days after the end of the module the student ceased attending, unless the student is on an approved leave of absence, as defined in paragraph (d) of this section.
(ii)(A) Notwithstanding paragraph (a)(2)(i)(A) and (a)(2)(i)(B) of this section, for a payment period or period of enrollment in which courses in the program are offered in modules—
(
1
) A student is not considered to have withdrawn if the institution obtains written confirmation from the student at the time that would have been a withdrawal of the date that he or she will attend a module that begins later in the same payment period or period of enrollment; and
(
2
) For nonterm and nonstandard-term programs, that module begins no later than 45 calendar days after the end of the module the student ceased attending.
(B) If an institution has obtained the written confirmation of future attendance in accordance with paragraph (a)(2)(ii)(A) of this section—
(
1
) A student may change the date of return to a module that begins later in the same payment period or period of enrollment, provided that the student does so in writing prior to the return date that he or she had previously confirmed; and
(
2
) For nonterm and nonstandard-term programs, the later module that he or she will attend begins no later than 45 calendar days after the end of module the student ceased attending.
(C) If an institution obtains written confirmation of future attendance in accordance with paragraph (a)(2)(ii)(A) and, if applicable, (a)(2)(ii)(B) of this section, but the student does not return as scheduled—
(
1
) The student is considered to have withdrawn from the payment period or period of enrollment; and
(
2
) The student's withdrawal date and the total number of calendar days in the payment period or period of enrollment would be the withdrawal date and total number of calendar days that would have applied if the student had not provided written confirmation of a future date of attendance in accordance with paragraph (a)(2)(ii)(A) of this section.
(iii)(A) If a student withdraws from a term-based credit-hour program offered in modules during a payment period or period of enrollment and reenters the same program prior to the end of the period, subject to conditions established by the Secretary, the student is eligible to receive any title IV, HEA program funds for which he or she was eligible prior to withdrawal, including funds that were returned by the institution or student under the provisions of this section, provided the student's enrollment status continues to support the full amount of those funds.
(B) In accordance with § 668.4(f), if a student withdraws from a clock-hour or nonterm credit hour program during a payment period or period of enrollment and then reenters the same program within 180 calendar days, the student remains in that same period when he or she returns and, subject to conditions established by the Secretary, is
eligible to receive any title IV, HEA program funds for which he or she was eligible prior to withdrawal, including funds that were returned by the institution or student under the provisions of this section.
(3) For purposes of this section, “title IV grant or loan assistance” includes only assistance from the Federal Perkins Loan, Direct Loan, FFEL, Federal Pell Grant, Academic Competitiveness Grant, National SMART Grant, TEACH Grant, and FSEOG programs, not including the non-Federal share of FSEOG awards if an institution meets its FSEOG matching share by the individual recipient method or the aggregate method.
(4) If the total amount of title IV grant or loan assistance, or both, that the student earned as calculated under paragraph (e)(1) of this section is less than the amount of title IV grant or loan assistance that was disbursed to the student or on behalf of the student in the case of a PLUS loan, as of the date of the institution's determination that the student withdrew—
(i) The difference between these amounts must be returned to the title IV programs in accordance with paragraphs (g) and (h) of this section in the order specified in paragraph (i) of this section; and
(ii) No additional disbursements may be made to the student for the payment period or period of enrollment.
(5) If the total amount of title IV grant or loan assistance, or both, that the student earned as calculated under paragraph (e)(1) of this section is greater than the total amount of title IV grant or loan assistance, or both, that was disbursed to the student or on behalf of the student in the case of a PLUS loan, as of the date of the institution's determination that the student withdrew, the difference between these amounts must be treated as a post-withdrawal disbursement in accordance with paragraph (a)(6) of this section and § 668.164(g).
(6)(i) A post-withdrawal disbursement must be made from available grant funds before available loan funds.
(ii)(A) If outstanding charges exist on the student's account, the institution may credit the student's account up to the amount of outstanding charges with all or a portion of any—
(
) Grant funds that make up the post-withdrawal disbursement in accordance with § 668.164(d)(1) and (d)(2); and
(
2
) Loan funds that make up the post-withdrawal disbursement in accordance with § 668.164(d)(1), (d)(2), and (d)(3) only after obtaining confirmation from the student or parent in the case of a parent PLUS loan, that they still wish to have the loan funds disbursed in accordance with paragraph (a)(6)(iii) of this section.
(B)(
1
) The institution must disburse directly to a student any amount of a post-withdrawal disbursement of grant funds that is not credited to the student's account. The institution must make the disbursement as soon as possible, but no later than 45 days after the date of the institution's determination that the student withdrew, as defined in paragraph (l)(3) of this section.
(
2
) The institution must offer to disburse directly to a student, or parent in the case of a parent PLUS loan, any amount of a post-withdrawal disbursement of loan funds that is not credited to the student's account, in accordance with paragraph (a)(6)(iii) of this section.
(
3
) The institution must make a direct disbursement of any loan funds that make up the post-withdrawal disbursement only after obtaining the student's, or parent's in the case of a parent PLUS loan, confirmation that the student or parent still wishes to have the loan funds disbursed in accordance with paragraph (a)(6)(iii) of this section.
(iii)(A) The institution must provide within 30 days of the date of the institution's determination that the student withdrew, as defined in paragraph (l)(3) of this section, a written notification to the student, or parent in the case of parent PLUS loan, that—
(
1
) Requests confirmation of any post-withdrawal disbursement of loan funds that the institution wishes to credit to the student's account in accordance with paragraph (a)(6)(ii)(A)(
2
) of this section, identifying the type and amount of those loan funds and explaining that a student, or parent in the case of a parent PLUS loan, may
accept or decline some or all of those funds;
(
2
) Requests confirmation of any post-withdrawal disbursement of loan funds that the student, or parent in the case of a parent PLUS loan, can receive as a direct disbursement, identifying the type and amount of these title IV funds and explaining that the student, or parent in the case of a parent PLUS loan, may accept or decline some or all of those funds;
(
3
) Explains that a student, or parent in the case of a parent PLUS loan, who does not confirm that a post-withdrawal disbursement of loan funds may be credited to the student's account may not receive any of those loan funds as a direct disbursement unless the institution concurs;
(
4
) Explains the obligation of the student, or parent in the case of a parent PLUS loan, to repay any loan funds he or she chooses to have disbursed; and
(
5
) Advises the student, or parent in the case of a parent PLUS loan, that no post-withdrawal disbursement of loan funds will be made, unless the institution chooses to make a post-withdrawal disbursement based on a late response in accordance with paragraph (a)(6)(iii)(C) of this section, if the student or parent in the case of a parent PLUS loan, does not respond within 14 days of the date that the institution sent the notification, or a later deadline set by the institution.
(B) The deadline for a student, or parent in the case of a parent PLUS loan, to accept a post-withdrawal disbursement under paragraph (a)(6)(iii)(A) of this section must be the same for both a confirmation of a direct disbursement of the post-withdrawal disbursement of loan funds and a confirmation of a post-withdrawal disbursement of loan funds to be credited to the student's account.
(C) If the student, or parent in the case of a parent PLUS loan, submits a timely response that confirms that they wish to receive all or a portion of a direct disbursement of the post-withdrawal disbursement of loan funds, or confirms that a post-withdrawal disbursement of loan funds may be credited to the student's account, the institution must disburse the funds in the manner specified by the student, or parent in the case of a parent PLUS loan, as soon as possible, but no later than 180 days after the date of the institution's determination that the student withdrew, as defined in paragraph (l)(3) of this section.
(D) If a student, or parent in the case of a parent PLUS loan, submits a late response to the institution's notice requesting confirmation, the institution may make the post-withdrawal disbursement of loan funds as instructed by the student, or parent in the case of a parent PLUS loan (provided the institution disburses all the funds accepted by the student, or parent in the case of a parent PLUS loan), or decline to do so.
(E) If a student, or parent in the case of a parent PLUS loan, submits a late response to the institution and the institution does not choose to make the post-withdrawal disbursement of loan funds, the institution must inform the student, or parent in the case of a parent PLUS loan, in writing of the outcome of the post-withdrawal disbursement request.
(F) If the student, or parent in the case of a parent PLUS loan, does not respond to the institution's notice, no portion of the post-withdrawal disbursement of loan funds that the institution wishes to credit to the student's account, nor any portion of loan funds that would be disbursed directly to the student, or parent in the case of a parent PLUS loan, may be disbursed.
(iv) An institution must document in the student's file the result of any notification made in accordance with paragraph (a)(6)(iii) of this section of the student's right to cancel all or a portion of loan funds or of the student's right to accept or decline loan funds, and the final determination made concerning the disbursement.
(b)
Withdrawal date for a student who withdraws from an institution that is required to take attendance.
(1) For purposes of this section, for a student who ceases attendance at an institution that is required to take attendance, including a student who does not return from an approved leave of absence, as defined in paragraph (d) of this section, or a student who takes a leave of absence that does not meet the requirements of paragraph (d) of this section,
the student's withdrawal date is the last date of academic attendance as determined by the institution from its attendance records.
(2) An institution must document a student's withdrawal date determined in accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of this section and maintain the documentation as of the date of the institution's determination that the student withdrew, as defined in paragraph (l)(3) of this section.
(3)(i) An institution is required to take attendance if—
(A) An outside entity (such as the institution's accrediting agency or a State agency) has a requirement that the institution take attendance;
(B) The institution itself has a requirement that its instructors take attendance; or
(C) The institution or an outside entity has a requirement that can only be met by taking attendance or a comparable process, including, but not limited to, requiring that students in a program demonstrate attendance in the classes of that program, or a portion of that program.
(ii) If, in accordance with paragraph (b)(3)(i) of this section, an institution is required to take attendance or requires that attendance be taken for only some students, the institution must use its attendance records to determine a withdrawal date in accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of this section for those students.
(iii)(A) If, in accordance with paragraph (b)(3)(i) of this section, an institution is required to take attendance, or requires that attendance be taken, for a limited period, the institution must use its attendance records to determine a withdrawal date in accordance with paragraph (b)(3)(i) of this section for that limited period.
(B) A student in attendance the last time attendance is required to be taken during the limited period identified in paragraph (b)(3)(iii)(A) of this section who subsequently stops attending during the payment period will be treated as a student for whom the institution was not required to take attendance.
(iv) If an institution is required to take attendance or requires that attendance be taken, on only one specified day to meet a census reporting requirement, the institution is not considered to take attendance.
(c)
Withdrawal date for a student who withdraws from an institution that is not required to take attendance.
(1) For purposes of this section, for a student who ceases attendance at an institution that is not required to take attendance, the student's withdrawal date is—
(i) The date, as determined by the institution, that the student began the withdrawal process prescribed by the institution;
(ii) The date, as determined by the institution, that the student otherwise provided official notification to the institution, in writing or orally, of his or her intent to withdraw;
(iii) If the student ceases attendance without providing official notification to the institution of his or her withdrawal in accordance with paragraph (c)(1)(i) or (c)(1)(ii) of this section, the mid-point of the payment period (or period of enrollment, if applicable);
(iv) If the institution determines that a student did not begin the institution's withdrawal process or otherwise provide official notification (including notice from an individual acting on the student's behalf) to the institution of his or her intent to withdraw because of illness, accident, grievous personal loss, or other such circumstances beyond the student's control, the date that the institution determines is related to that circumstance;
(v) If a student does not return from an approved leave of absence as defined in paragraph (d) of this section, the date that the institution determines the student began the leave of absence; or
(vi) If a student takes a leave of absence that does not meet the requirements of paragraph (d) of this section, the date that the student began the leave of absence.
(2)(i)(A) An institution may allow a student to rescind his or her official notification to withdraw under paragraph (c)(1)(i) or (ii) of this section by filing a written statement that he or she is continuing to participate in academically-related activities and intends to complete the payment period or period of enrollment.
(B) If the student subsequently ceases to attend the institution prior to the end of the payment period or period of enrollment, the student's rescission is negated and the withdrawal date is the student's original date under paragraph (c)(1)(i) or (ii) of this section, unless a later date is determined under paragraph (c)(3) of this section.
(ii) If a student both begins the withdrawal process prescribed by the institution and otherwise provides official notification of his or her intent to withdraw in accordance with paragraphs (c)(1)(i) and (c)(1)(ii) of this section respectively, the student's withdrawal date is the earlier date unless a later date is determined under paragraph (c)(3) of this section.
(3) Notwithstanding paragraphs (c)(1) and (2) of this section, an institution that is not required to take attendance may use as the student's withdrawal date a student's last date of attendance at an academically-related activity provided that the institution documents that the activity is academically related and documents the student's attendance at the activity.
(4) An institution must document a student's withdrawal date determined in accordance with paragraphs (c)(1), (2), and (3) of this section and maintain the documentation as of the date of the institution's determination that the student withdrew, as defined in paragraph (l)(3) of this section.
(5)(i) “Official notification to the institution” is a notice of intent to withdraw that a student provides to an office designated by the institution.
(ii) An institution must designate one or more offices at the institution that a student may readily contact to provide official notification of withdrawal.
(d)
Approved leave of absence.
(1) For purposes of this section (and, for a title IV, HEA program loan borrower, for purposes of terminating the student's in-school status), an institution does not have to treat a leave of absence as a withdrawal if it is an approved leave of absence. A leave of absence is an approved leave of absence if—
(i) The institution has a formal policy regarding leaves of absence;
(ii) The student followed the institution's policy in requesting the leave of absence;
(iii) The institution determines that there is a reasonable expectation that the student will return to the school;
(iv) The institution approved the student's request in accordance with the institution's policy;
(v) The leave of absence does not involve additional charges by the institution;
(vi) The number of days in the approved leave of absence, when added to the number of days in all other approved leaves of absence, does not exceed 180 days in any 12-month period;
(vii) Except for a clock hour or nonterm credit hour program, upon the student's return from the leave of absence, the student is permitted to complete the coursework he or she began prior to the leave of absence; and
(viii) If the student is a title IV, HEA program loan recipient, the institution explains to the student, prior to granting the leave of absence, the effects that the student's failure to return from a leave of absence may have on the student's loan repayment terms, including the exhaustion of some or all of the student's grace period.
(2) If a student does not resume attendance at the institution at or before the end of a leave of absence that meets the requirements of this section, the institution must treat the student as a withdrawal in accordance with the requirements of this section.
(3) For purposes of this paragraph—
(i) The number of days in a leave of absence is counted beginning with the first day of the student's initial leave of absence in a 12-month period.
(ii) A “12-month period” begins on the first day of the student's initial leave of absence.
(iii) An institution's leave of absence policy is a “formal policy” if the policy—
(A) Is in writing and publicized to students; and
(B) Requires students to provide a written, signed, and dated request, that includes the reason for the request, for a leave of absence prior to the leave of absence. However, if unforeseen circumstances prevent a student from providing a prior written request, the
institution may grant the student's request for a leave of absence, if the institution documents its decision and collects the written request at a later date.
(e)
Calculation of the amount of title IV assistance earned by the student
—(1)
General.
The amount of title IV grant or loan assistance that is earned by the student is calculated by—
(i) Determining the percentage of title IV grant or loan assistance that has been earned by the student, as described in paragraph (e)(2) of this section; and
(ii) Applying this percentage to the total amount of title IV grant or loan assistance that was disbursed (and that could have been disbursed, as defined in paragraph (l)(1) of this section) to the student, or on the student's behalf, for the payment period or period of enrollment as of the student's withdrawal date.
(2)
Percentage earned.
The percentage of title IV grant or loan assistance that has been earned by the student is—
(i) Equal to the percentage of the payment period or period of enrollment that the student completed (as determined in accordance with paragraph (f) of this section) as of the student's withdrawal date, if this date occurs on or before—
(A) Completion of 60 percent of the payment period or period of enrollment for a program that is measured in credit hours; or
(B) Sixty percent of the clock hours scheduled to be completed for the payment period or period of enrollment for a program that is measured in clock hours; or
(ii) 100 percent, if the student's withdrawal date occurs after—
(A) Completion of 60 percent of the payment period or period of enrollment for a program that is measured in credit hours; or
(B) Sixty percent of the clock hours scheduled to be completed for the payment period or period of enrollment for a program measured in clock hours.
(3)
Percentage unearned.
The percentage of title IV grant or loan assistance that has not been earned by the student is calculated by determining the complement of the percentage of title IV grant or loan assistance earned by the student as described in paragraph (e)(2) of this section.
(4)
Total amount of unearned title IV assistance to be returned.
The unearned amount of title IV assistance to be returned is calculated by subtracting the amount of title IV assistance earned by the student as calculated under paragraph (e)(1) of this section from the amount of title IV aid that was disbursed to the student as of the date of the institution's determination that the student withdrew.
(5)
Use of payment period or period of enrollment.
(i) The treatment of title IV grant or loan funds if a student withdraws must be determined on a payment period basis for a student who attended a standard term-based (semester, trimester, or quarter) educational program.
(ii)(A) The treatment of title IV grant or loan funds if a student withdraws may be determined on either a payment period basis or a period of enrollment basis for a student who attended a non-term based educational program or a nonstandard term-based educational program.
(B) An institution must consistently use either a payment period or period of enrollment for all purposes of this section for each of the following categories of students who withdraw from the same non-term based or nonstandard term-based educational program:
(
1
) Students who have attended an educational program at the institution from the beginning of the payment period or period of enrollment.
(
) Students who re-enter the institution during a payment period or period of enrollment.
(
3
) Students who transfer into the institution during a payment period or period of enrollment.
(iii) For a program that measures progress in credit hours and uses nonstandard terms that are not substantially equal in length, if the institution uses the payment period to determine the treatment of title IV grant or loan funds for a category of students found in paragraph (e)(5)(ii)(B) of this section, the institution must—
(A)(
1
) For students in the category who are disbursed or could have been disbursed aid using both the payment
period definition in § 668.4(b)(1) and the payment period definition in § 668.4(b)(2), use the payment period during which the student withdrew that ends later; and
(
2
) If in the payment period that ends later there are funds that have been or could have been disbursed from overlapping payment periods, the institution must include in the return calculation any funds that can be attributed to the payment period that ends later; and
(B) For students in the category who are disbursed or could have been disbursed aid using only the payment period definition in § 668.4(b)(1) or the payment period definition in § 668.4(b)(2), use the payment period definition for which title IV, HEA program funds were disbursed for a student's calculation under this section.
(f)
Percentage of payment period or period of enrollment completed.
(1) For purposes of paragraph (e)(2)(i) of this section, the percentage of the payment period or period of enrollment completed is determined—
(i) In the case of a program that is measured in credit hours, by dividing the total number of calendar days in the payment period or period of enrollment into the number of calendar days completed in that period as of the student's withdrawal date; and
(ii)(A) In the case of a program that is measured in clock hours, by dividing the total number of clock hours in the payment period or period of enrollment into the number of clock hours scheduled to be completed as of the student's withdrawal date.
(B) The scheduled clock hours used must be those established by the institution prior to the student's beginning class date for the payment period or period of enrollment and must be consistent with the published materials describing the institution's programs, unless the schedule was modified prior to the student's withdrawal.
(C) The schedule must have been established in accordance with requirements of the accrediting agency and the State licensing agency, if such standards exist.
(2)(i) The total number of calendar days in a payment period or period of enrollment includes all days within the period that the student was scheduled to complete, except that scheduled breaks of at least five consecutive days are excluded from the total number of calendar days in a payment period or period of enrollment and the number of calendar days completed in that period.
(ii) The total number of calendar days in a payment period or period of enrollment does not include—
(A) Days in which the student was on an approved leave of absence; or
(B) For a payment period or period of enrollment in which any courses in the program are offered in modules, any scheduled breaks of at least five consecutive days when the student is not scheduled to attend a module or other course offered during that period of time.
(g)
Return of unearned aid, responsibility of the institution.
(1) The institution must return, in the order specified in paragraph (i) of this section, the lesser of—
(i) The total amount of unearned title IV assistance to be returned as calculated under paragraph (e)(4) of this section; or
(ii) An amount equal to the total institutional charges incurred by the student for the payment period or period of enrollment multiplied by the percentage of title IV grant or loan assistance that has not been earned by the student, as described in paragraph (e)(3) of this section.
(2) For purposes of this section, “institutional charges” are tuition, fees, room and board (if the student contracts with the institution for the room and board) and other educationally-related expenses assessed by the institution.
(3) If, for a non-term program an institution chooses to calculate the treatment of title IV assistance on a payment period basis, but the institution charges for a period that is longer than the payment period, “total institutional charges incurred by the student for the payment period” is the greater of—
(i) The prorated amount of institutional charges for the longer period; or
(ii) The amount of title IV assistance retained for institutional charges as of the student's withdrawal date.
(h)
Return of unearned aid, responsibility of the student.
(1) After the institution has allocated the unearned funds for which it is responsible in accordance with paragraph (g) of this section, the student must return assistance for which the student is responsible in the order specified in paragraph (i) of this section.
(2) The amount of assistance that the student is responsible for returning is calculated by subtracting the amount of unearned aid that the institution is required to return under paragraph (g) of this section from the total amount of unearned title IV assistance to be returned under paragraph (e)(4) of this section.
(3) The student (or parent in the case of funds due to a parent PLUS Loan) must return or repay, as appropriate, the amount determined under paragraph (h)(1) of this section to—
(i) Any title IV loan program in accordance with the terms of the loan; and
(ii) Any title IV grant program as an overpayment of the grant; however, a student is not required to return the following—
(A) The portion of a grant overpayment amount that is equal to or less than 50 percent of the total grant assistance that was disbursed (and that could have been disbursed, as defined in paragraph (l)(1) of this section) to the student for the payment period or period of enrollment.
(B) With respect to any grant program, a grant overpayment amount, as determined after application of paragraph (h)(3)(ii)(A) of this section, of 50 dollars or less that is not a remaining balance.
(4)(i) A student who owes an overpayment under this section remains eligible for title IV, HEA program funds through and beyond the earlier of 45 days from the date the institution sends a notification to the student of the overpayment, or 45 days from the date the institution was required to notify the student of the overpayment if, during those 45 days the student—
(A) Repays the overpayment in full to the institution;
(B) Enters into a repayment agreement with the institution in accordance with repayment arrangements satisfactory to the institution; or
(C) Signs a repayment agreement with the Secretary, which will include terms that permit a student to repay the overpayment while maintaining his or her eligibility for title IV, HEA program funds.
(ii) Within 30 days of the date of the institution's determination that the student withdrew, an institution must send a notice to any student who owes a title IV, HEA grant overpayment as a result of the student's withdrawal from the institution in order to recover the overpayment in accordance with paragraph (h)(4)(i) of this section.
(iii) If an institution chooses to enter into a repayment agreement in accordance with paragraph (h)(4)(i)(B) of this section with a student who owes an overpayment of title IV, HEA grant funds, it must—
(A) Provide the student with terms that permit the student to repay the overpayment while maintaining his or her eligibility for title IV, HEA program funds; and
(B) Require repayment of the full amount of the overpayment within two years of the date of the institution's determination that the student withdrew.
(iv) An institution must refer to the Secretary, in accordance with procedures required by the Secretary, an overpayment of title IV, HEA grant funds owed by a student as a result of the student's withdrawal from the institution if—
(A) The student does not repay the overpayment in full to the institution, or enter a repayment agreement with the institution or the Secretary in accordance with paragraph (h)(4)(i) of this section within the earlier of 45 days from the date the institution sends a notification to the student of the overpayment, or 45 days from the date the institution was required to notify the student of the overpayment;
(B) At any time the student fails to meet the terms of the repayment agreement with the institution entered into in accordance with paragraph (h)(4)(i)(B) of this section; or
(C) The student chooses to enter into a repayment agreement with the Secretary.
(v) A student who owes an overpayment is ineligible for title IV, HEA program funds—
(A) If the student does not meet the requirements in paragraph (h)(4)(i) of this section, on the day following the 45-day period in that paragraph; or
(B) As of the date the student fails to meet the terms of the repayment agreement with the institution or the Secretary entered into in accordance with paragraph (h)(4)(i) of this section.
(vi) A student who is ineligible under paragaraph (h)(4)(v) of this section regains eligibility if the student and the Secretary enter into a repayment agreement.
(5) The Secretary may waive grant overpayment amounts that students are required to return under this section if the withdrawals on which the returns are based are withdrawals by students—
(i) Who were residing in, employed in, or attending an institution of higher education that is located in an area in which the President has declared that a major disaster exists, in accordance with section 401 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5170);
(ii) Whose attendance was interrupted because of the impact of the disaster on the student or institution; and
(iii) Whose withdrawal occurred within the award year during which the designation occurred or during the next succeeding award year.
(i)
Order of return of title IV funds
—(1)
Loans.
Unearned funds returned by the institution or the student, as appropriate, in accordance with paragraph (g) or (h) of this section respectively, must be credited to outstanding balances on title IV loans made to the student or on behalf of the student for the payment period or period of enrollment for which a return of funds is required. Those funds must be credited to outstanding balances for the payment period or period of enrollment for which a return of funds is required in the following order:
(i) Unsubsidized Federal Stafford loans.
(ii) Subsidized Federal Stafford loans.
(iii) Unsubsidized Federal Direct Stafford loans.
(iv) Subsidized Federal Direct Stafford loans.
(v) Federal Perkins loans.
(vi) Federal PLUS loans received on behalf of the student.
(vii) Federal Direct PLUS received on behalf of the student.
(2)
Remaining funds.
If unearned funds remain to be returned after repayment of all outstanding loan amounts, the remaining excess must be credited to any amount awarded for the payment period or period of enrollment for which a return of funds is required in the following order:
(i) Federal Pell Grants.
(j)
Timeframe for the return of title IV funds.
(1) An institution must return the amount of title IV funds for which it is responsible under paragraph (g) of this section as soon as possible but no later than 45 days after the date of the institution's determination that the student withdrew as defined in paragraph (l)(3) of this section. The timeframe for returning funds is further described in § 668.173(b).
(2) For an institution that is not required to take attendance, an institution must determine the withdrawal date for a student who withdraws without providing notification to the institution no later than 30 days after the end of the earlier of the—
(i) Payment period or period of enrollment, as appropriate, in accordance with paragraph (e)(5) of this section;
(ii) Academic year in which the student withdrew; or
(iii) Educational program from which the student withdrew.
(k)
Consumer information.
An institution must provide students with information about the requirements of this section in accordance with § 668.43.
(l)
Definitions.
For purposes of this section—
(1) Title IV grant or loan funds that “could have been disbursed” are determined in accordance with the late disbursement provisions in § 668.164(g).
(2) A “period of enrollment” is the academic period established by the institution for which institutional
charges are generally assessed (i.e. length of the student's program or academic year).
(3) The “date of the institution's determination that the student withdrew” for an institution that is not required to take attendance is—
(i) For a student who provides notification to the institution of his or her withdrawal, the student's withdrawal date as determined under paragraph (c) of this section or the date of notification of withdrawal, whichever is later;
(ii) For a student who did not provide notification of his of her withdrawal to the institution, the date that the institution becomes aware that the student ceased attendance;
(iii) For a student who does not return from an approved leave of absence, the earlier of the date of the end of the leave of absence or the date the student notifies the institution that he or she will not be returning to the institution; or
(iv) For a student whose rescission is negated under paragraph (c)(2)(i)(B) of this section, the date the institution becomes aware that the student did not, or will not, complete the payment period or period of enrollment.
(v) For a student who takes a leave of absence that is not approved in accordance with paragraph (d) of this section, the date that the student begins the leave of absence.
(4) A “recipient of title IV grant or loan assistance” is a student for whom the requirements of § 668.164(g)(2) have been met.
(5) Terms are “substantially equal in length” if no term in the program is more than two weeks of instructional time longer than any other term in that program.
(6) A program is “offered in modules” if a course or courses in the program do not span the entire length of the payment period or period of enrollment.
(7)(i) “Academic attendance” and “attendance at an academically-related activity”—
(A) Include, but are not limited to—
(
1
) Physically attending a class where there is an opportunity for direct interaction between the instructor and students;
(
) Participating in the institution's meal plan;
(
) Logging into an online class without active participation; or
(
4
) Participating in academic counseling or advisement.
(ii) A determination of “academic attendance” or “attendance at an academically-related activity” must be made by the institution; a student's certification of attendance that is not supported by institutional documentation is not acceptable.
(8) A program is a nonstandard-term program if the program is a term-based program that does not qualify under 34 CFR 690.63(a)(1) or (a)(2) to calculate Federal Pell Grant payments under 34 CFR 690.63(b) or (c).
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1845-0022)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1070g, 1091b)
[64 FR 59038, Nov. 1, 1999, as amended at 67 FR 67073, Nov. 1, 2002; 71 FR 45694, Aug. 9, 2006; 71 FR 64397, Nov. 1, 2006; 72 FR 62027, Nov. 1, 2007; 73 FR 35493, June 23, 2008; 75 FR 66951, Oct. 29, 2010]
§ 668.23
Compliance audits and audited financial statements.
(a)
—(1)
Independent auditor.
For purposes of this section, the term “independent auditor” refers to an independent certified public accountant or a government auditor. To conduct an audit under this section, a government auditor must meet the Government Auditing Standards qualification and independence standards, including standards related to organizational independence.
(2)
Institutions.
An institution that participates in any title IV, HEA program must at least annually have an
independent auditor conduct a compliance audit of its administration of that program and an audit of the institution's general purpose financial statements.
(3)
Third-party servicers.
Except as provided under this part or 34 CFR part 682, with regard to complying with the provisions under this section a third-party servicer must follow the procedures contained in the audit guides developed by and available from the Department of Education's Office of Inspector General. A third-party servicer is defined under § 668.2 and 34 CFR 682.200.
(4)
Submission deadline.
Except as provided by the Single Audit Act, Chapter 75 of title 31, United States Code, an institution must submit annually to the Secretary its compliance audit and its audited financial statements no later than six months after the last day of the institution's fiscal year.
(5)
Audit submission requirements.
In general, the Secretary considers the compliance audit and audited financial statement submission requirements of this section to be satisfied by an audit conducted in accordance with the Office of Management and Budget Circular A-133, Audits of States, Local Governments, and Non-Profit Organizations, or the audit guides developed by and available from the Department of Education's Inspector General, whichever is applicable to the entity, and provided that the Federal student aid functions performed by that entity are covered in the submission. (Both OMB circulars are available by calling OMB's Publication Office at (202) 395-7332, or they can be obtained in electronic form on the OMB Home Page (
http://www.whitehouse.gov
(b)
Compliance audits for institutions.
(1) An institution's compliance audit must cover, on a fiscal year basis, all title IV, HEA program transactions, and must cover all of those transactions that have occurred since the period covered by the institution's last compliance audit.
(2) The compliance audit required under this section must be conducted in accordance with—
(i) The general standards and the standards for compliance audits contained in the U.S. General Accounting Office's (GAO's) Government Auditing Standards. (This publication is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402); and
(ii) Procedures for audits contained in audit guides developed by, and available from, the Department of Education's Office of Inspector General.
(3) The Secretary may require an institution to provide a copy of its compliance audit report to guaranty agencies or eligible lenders under the FFEL programs, State agencies, the Secretary of Veterans Affairs, or nationally recognized accrediting agencies.
(c)
Compliance audits for third-party servicers.
(1) A third-party servicer that administers title IV, HEA programs for institutions does not have to have a compliance audit performed if—
(i) The servicer contracts with only one institution; and
(ii) The audit of that institution's administration of the title IV, HEA programs involves every aspect of the servicer's administration of that program for that institution.
(2) A third-party servicer that contracts with more than one participating institution may submit a compliance audit report that covers the servicer's administration of the title IV, HEA programs for all institutions with which the servicer contracts.
(3) A third-party servicer must submit annually to the Secretary its compliance audit no later than six months after the last day of the servicer's fiscal year.
(4) The Secretary may require a third-party servicer to provide a copy of its compliance audit report to guaranty agencies or eligible lenders under the FFEL programs, State agencies, the Secretary of Veterans Affairs, or nationally recognized accrediting agencies.
(d)
—(1)
General.
To enable the Secretary to make a determination of financial responsibility, an institution must, to the extent requested by the Secretary, submit to the Secretary a set of financial statements for its latest complete fiscal year, as well as any other documentation the Secretary deems necessary to make that determination. Financial statements submitted to the
Secretary must be prepared on an accrual basis in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and audited by an independent auditor in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards, issued by the Comptroller General of the United States and other guidance contained in the Office of Management and Budget Circular A-133, Audits of States, Local Governments, and Non-Profit Organizations; or in audit guides developed by, and available from, the Department of Education's Office of Inspector General, whichever is applicable. As part of these financial statements, the institution must include a detailed description of related entities based on the definition of a related entity as set forth in the Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) 57. The disclosure requirements under this provision extend beyond those of SFAS 57 to include all related parties and a level of detail that would enable to Secretary to readily identify the related party. Such information may include, but is not limited to, the name, location and a description of the related entity including the nature and amount of any transactions between the related party and the institution, financial or otherwise, regardless of when they occurred.
(2)
Submission of additional financial statements.
To the extent requested by the Secretary in determining whether an institution is financially responsible, the Secretary may also require the submission of audited consolidated financial statements, audited full consolidating financial statements, audited combined financial statements or the audited financial statements of one or more related parties that have the ability, either individually or collectively, to significantly influence or control the institution, as determined by the Secretary.
(3)
Disclosure of Title IV, HEA program revenue.
A proprietary institution must disclose in a footnote to its financial statement audit the percentage of its revenues derived from the Title IV, HEA program funds that the institution received during the fiscal year covered by that audit. The revenue percentage must be calculated in accordance with § 668.28. The institution must also report in the footnote the dollar amount of the numerator and denominator of its 90/10 ratio as well as the individual revenue amounts identified in section 2 of appendix C to subpart B of part 668.
(4)
Audited financial statements for third-party servicers.
A third-party servicer that enters into a contract with a lender or guaranty agency to administer any aspect of the lender's or guaranty agency's programs, as provided under 34 CFR part 682, must submit annually an audited financial statement. This financial statement must be prepared on an accrual basis in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and audited by an independent auditor in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards and other guidance contained in audit guides issued by the Department of Education's Office of Inspector General.
(e)
Access to records.
(1) An institution or a third-party servicer that has a compliance or financial statement audit conducted under this section must—
(i) Give the Secretary and the Inspector General access to records or other documents necessary to review that audit, including the right to obtain copies of those records or documents; and
(ii) Require an individual or firm conducting the audit to give the Secretary and the Inspector General access to records, audit work papers, or other documents necessary to review that audit, including the right to obtain copies of those records, work papers, or documents.
(2) An institution must give the Secretary and the Inspector General access to records or other documents necessary to review a third-party servicer's compliance or financial statement audit, including the right to obtain copies of those records or documents.
(f)
Determination of liabilities.
(1) Based on the audit finding and the institution's or third-party servicer's response, the Secretary determines the amount of liability, if any, owed by the institution or servicer and instructs the institution or servicer as to the manner of repayment.
(2) If the Secretary determines that a third-party servicer owes a liability for its administration of an institution's title IV, HEA programs, the servicer must notify each institution under whose contract the servicer owes a liability of that determination. The servicer must also notify every institution that contracts with the servicer for the same service that the Secretary determined that a liability was owed.
(g)
Repayments.
(1) An institution or third-party servicer that must repay funds under the procedures in this section shall repay those funds at the direction of the Secretary within 45 days of the date of the Secretary's notification, unless—
(i) The institution or servicer files an appeal under the procedures established in subpart H of this part; or
(ii) The Secretary permits a longer repayment period.
(2) Notwithstanding paragraphs (f) and (g)(1) of this section—
(i) If an institution or third-party servicer has posted surety or has provided a third-party guarantee and the Secretary questions expenditures or compliance with applicable requirements and identifies liabilities, then the Secretary may determine that deferring recourse to the surety or guarantee is not appropriate because—
(A) The need to provide relief to students or borrowers affected by the act or omission giving rise to the liability outweighs the importance of deferring collection action until completion of available appeal proceedings; or
(B) The terms of the surety or guarantee do not provide complete assurance that recourse to that protection will be fully available through the completion of available appeal proceedings; or
(ii) The Secretary may use administrative offset pursuant to 34 CFR part 30 to collect the funds owed under the procedures of this section.
(3) If, under the proceedings in subpart H, liabilities asserted in the Secretary's notification, under paragraph (e)(1) of this section, to the institution or third-party servicer are upheld, the institution or third-party servicer must repay those funds at the direction of the Secretary within 30 days of the final decision under subpart H of this part unless—
(i) The Secretary permits a longer repayment period; or
(ii) The Secretary determines that earlier collection action is appropriate pursuant to paragraph (g)(2) of this section.
(4) An institution is held responsible for any liability owed by the institution's third-party servicer for a violation incurred in servicing any aspect of that institution's participation in the title IV, HEA programs and remains responsible for that amount until that amount is repaid in full.
(h)
Audit submission requirements for foreign institutions.
(1)
Audited financial statements.
(i) The Secretary waives for that fiscal year the submission of audited financial statements if the institution is a foreign public or nonprofit institution that received less than $500,000 in U.S. title IV program funds during its most recently completed fiscal year, unless that foreign public or nonprofit institution is in its initial provisional period of participation, and received title IV program funds during that fiscal year, in which case the institution must submit, in English, audited financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles of the institution's home country.
(ii) Except as provided in paragraph (h)(1)(iii) of this section, a foreign institution that received $500,000 or more in U.S. title IV program funds during its most recently completed fiscal year must submit, in English, for each most recently completed fiscal year in which it received title IV program funds, audited financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles of the institution's home country along with corresponding audited financial statements that meet the requirements of paragraph (d) of this section.
(iii) In lieu of making the submission required by paragraph (h)(1)(ii) of this section, a public or private nonprofit institution that received—
(A) $500,000 or more in U.S. title IV program funds, but less than $3,000,000 in U.S. title IV program funds during its most recently completed fiscal year, may submit for that year, in
English, audited financial statements prepared in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles of the institution's home country, and is not required to submit the corresponding audited financial statements that meet the requirements of paragraph (d) of this section;
(B) At least $3,000,000, but less than $10,000,000 in U.S. title IV, program funds during its most recently completed fiscal year, must submit in English, for each most recently completed fiscal year, audited financial statements prepared in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles of the institution's home country along with corresponding audited financial statements that meet the requirements of paragraph (d) of this section, except that an institution that continues to receive at least $3,000,000 but less than $10,000,000, in U.S. title IV funds during its most recently completed fiscal year may omit the audited financial statements that meet the requirements of paragraph (d) of this section for up to two consecutive years following the submission of audited financial statements that meet the requirements of paragraph (d) of this section.
(2)
Compliance audits.
A foreign institution's compliance audit must cover, on a fiscal year basis, all title IV, HEA program transactions, and must cover all of those transactions that have occurred since the period covered by the institution's last compliance audit. A compliance audit that is due under this paragraph must be submitted no later than six months after the last day of the institution's fiscal year, and must meet the following requirements:
(i) If the foreign institution received $500,000 or more in U.S. dollars in title IV, HEA program funds during its most recently completed fiscal year, it must submit a standard compliance audit for that prior fiscal year that is performed in accordance with audit guides developed by, and available from, the Department of Education's Office of Inspector General, together with an alternative compliance audit or audits prepared in accordance with paragraph (h)(2)(ii) of this section for any preceding fiscal year or years in which the foreign institution received less than $500,000 in U.S. dollars in title IV, HEA program funds and for which a compliance audit has not already been submitted;
(ii) If the foreign institution received less than $500,000 U.S. in title IV, HEA program funds for its most recently completed fiscal year, it must submit an alternative compliance audit for that prior fiscal year that is performed in accordance with audit guides developed by, and available from, the Department of Education's Office of Inspector General, except as noted in paragraph (h)(2)(iii) of this section.
(iii) If so notified by the Secretary, a foreign institution may submit an alternative compliance audit performed in accordance with audit guides developed by, and available from, the Department of Education's Office of Inspector General, that covers a period not to exceed three of the institution's consecutive fiscal years if such audit is submitted either no later than six months after the last day of the most recent fiscal year, or contemporaneously with a standard compliance audit timely submitted under paragraph (h)(2)(i) or (h)(3)(ii) of this section for the most recently completed fiscal year, and if the following conditions are met:
(A) The institution received less than $500,000 in title IV, HEA program funds for its most recently completed fiscal year.
(B) The institution has timely submitted acceptable compliance audits for two consecutive fiscal years, and following such submission, has no history of late submission since then.
(C) The institution is fully certified.
(3)(i)
Exceptions.
Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraphs (h)(1)(i) and (h)(1)(iii) of this section, the Secretary may issue a letter to a foreign institution that identifies problems with its financial condition or financial reporting and requires the submission of audited financial statements in the manner specified by the Secretary.
(ii) Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraphs (h)(2)(ii) and (h)(2)(iii) of this section, the Secretary may issue to a foreign institution a letter that
identifies problems with its administrative capability or compliance reporting that may require the compliance audit to be performed at a higher level of engagement, and may require the compliance audit to be submitted annually.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1840-0697)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1088, 1094, 1099c, 1141, and section 4 of Pub. L. 95-452, 92 Stat. 1101-1109)
[61 FR 60569, Nov. 29, 1996, as amended at 62 FR 27128, May 16, 1997; 62 FR 62876, Nov. 25, 1997; 74 FR 55936, Oct. 29, 2009; 75 FR 67198, Nov. 1, 2010]
§ 668.24
(a)
Program records.
An institution shall establish and maintain, on a current basis, any application for title IV, HEA program funds and program records that document—
(1) Its eligibility to participate in the title IV, HEA programs;
(2) The eligibility of its educational programs for title IV, HEA program funds;
(3) Its administration of the title IV, HEA programs in accordance with all applicable requirements;
(4) Its financial responsibility, as specified in this part;
(5) Information included in any application for title IV, HEA program funds; and
(6) Its disbursement and delivery of title IV, HEA program funds.
(b)
Fiscal records.
(1) An institution shall account for the receipt and expenditure of title IV, HEA program funds in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
(2) An institution shall establish and maintain on a current basis—
(i) Financial records that reflect each HEA, title IV program transaction; and
(ii) General ledger control accounts and related subsidiary accounts that identify each title IV, HEA program transaction and separate those transactions from all other institutional financial activity.
(c)
Required records.
(1) The records that an institution must maintain in order to comply with the provisions of this section include but are not limited to—
(i) The Student Aid Report (SAR) or Institutional Student Information Record (ISIR) used to determine eligibility for title IV, HEA program funds;
(ii) Application data submitted to the Secretary, lender, or guaranty agency by the institution on behalf of the student or parent;
(iii) Documentation of each student's or parent borrower's eligibility for title IV, HEA program funds;
(iv) Documentation relating to each student's or parent borrower's receipt of title IV, HEA program funds, including but not limited to documentation of—
(A) The amount of the grant, loan, or FWS award; its payment period; its loan period, if appropriate; and the calculations used to determine the amount of the grant, loan, or FWS award;
(B) The date and amount of each disbursement or delivery of grant or loan funds, and the date and amount of each payment of FWS wages;
(C) The amount, date, and basis of the institution's calculation of any refunds or overpayments due to or on behalf of the student, or the treatment of title IV, HEA program funds when a student withdraws; and
(D) The payment of any overpayment or the return of any title IV, HEA program funds to the title IV, HEA program fund, a lender, or the Secretary, as appropriate;
(v) Documentation of and information collected at any initial or exit loan counseling required by applicable program regulations;
(vi) Reports and forms used by the institution in its participation in a title IV, HEA program, and any records needed to verify data that appear in those reports and forms; and
(vii) Documentation supporting the institution's calculations of its completion or graduation rates under §§ 668.46 and 668.49.
(2) In addition to the records required under this part—
(i) Participants in the Federal Perkins Loan Program shall follow procedures established in 34 CFR 674.19 for documentation of repayment history for that program;
(ii) Participants in the FWS Program shall follow procedures established in
34 CFR 675.19 for documentation of work, earnings, and payroll transactions for that program; and
(iii) Participants in the FFEL Program shall follow procedures established in 34 CFR 682.610 for documentation of additional loan record requirements for that program.
(d)
General.
(1) An institution shall maintain required records in a systematically organized manner.
(2) An institution shall make its records readily available for review by the Secretary or the Secretary's authorized representative at an institutional location designated by the Secretary or the Secretary's authorized representative.
(3) An institution may keep required records in hard copy or in microform, computer file, optical disk, CD-ROM, or other media formats, provided that—
(i) Except for the records described in paragraph (d)(3)(ii) of this section, all record information must be retrievable in a coherent hard copy format or in other media formats acceptable to the Secretary;
(ii) An institution shall maintain the Student Aid Report (SAR) or Institutional Student Information Record (ISIR) used to determine eligibility for title IV, HEA program funds in the format in which it was received by the institution, except that the SAR may be maintained in an imaged media format;
(iii) Any imaged media format used to maintain required records must be capable of reproducing an accurate, legible, and complete copy of the original document, and, when printed, this copy must be approximately the same size as the original document;
(iv) Any document that contains a signature, seal, certification, or any other image or mark required to validate the authenticity of its information must be maintained in its original hard copy or in an imaged media format; and
(v) Participants in the Federal Perkins Loan Program shall follow procedures established in 34 CFR 674.19 for maintaining the original promissory notes and repayment schedules for that program.
(4) If an institution closes, stops providing educational programs, is terminated or suspended from the title IV, HEA programs, or undergoes a change of ownership that results in a change of control as described in 34 CFR 600.31, it shall provide for—
(i) The retention of required records; and
(ii) Access to those records, for inspection and copying, by the Secretary or the Secretary's authorized representative, and, for a school participating in the FFEL Program, the appropriate guaranty agency.
(e)
Record retention.
Unless otherwise directed by the Secretary—
(1) An institution shall keep records relating to its administration of the Federal Perkins Loan, FWS, FSEOG, Federal Pell Grant, ACG, National SMART Grant, or TEACH Grant Program for three years after the end of the award year for which the aid was awarded and disbursed under those programs, provided that an institution shall keep—
(i) The Fiscal Operations Report and Application to Participate in the Federal Perkins Loan, FSEOG, and FWS Programs (FISAP), and any records necessary to support the data contained in the FISAP, including “income grid information,” for three years after the end of the award year in which the FISAP is submitted; and
(ii) Repayment records for a Federal Perkins loan, including records relating to cancellation and deferment requests, in accordance with the provisions of 34 CFR 674.19;
(2)(i) An institution shall keep records relating to a student or parent borrower's eligibility and participation in the FFEL or Direct Loan Program for three years after the end of the award year in which the student last attended the institution; and
(ii) An institution shall keep all other records relating to its participation in the FFEL or Direct Loan Program, including records of any other reports or forms, for three years after the end of the award year in which the records are submitted; and
(3) An institution shall keep all records involved in any loan, claim, or expenditure questioned by a title IV, HEA program audit, program review,
investigation, or other review until the later of—
(i) The resolution of that questioned loan, claim, or expenditure; or
(ii) The end of the retention period applicable to the record.
(f)
Examination of records.
(1) An institution that participates in any title IV, HEA program and the institution's third-party servicer, if any, shall cooperate with an independent auditor, the Secretary, the Department of Education's Inspector General, the Comptroller General of the United States, or their authorized representatives, a guaranty agency in whose program the institution participates, and the institution's accrediting agency, in the conduct of audits, investigations, program reviews, or other reviews authorized by law.
(2) The institution and servicer must cooperate by—
(i) Providing timely access, for examination and copying, to requested records, including but not limited to computerized records and records reflecting transactions with any financial institution with which the institution or servicer deposits or has deposited any title IV, HEA program funds, and to any pertinent books, documents, papers, or computer programs; and
(ii) Providing reasonable access to personnel associated with the institution's or servicer's administration of the title IV, HEA programs for the purpose of obtaining relevant information.
(3) The Secretary considers that an institution or servicer has failed to provide reasonable access to personnel under paragraph (f)(2)(ii) of this section if the institution or servicer—
(i) Refuses to allow those personnel to supply all relevant information;
(ii) Permits interviews with those personnel only if the institution's or servicer's management is present; or
(iii) Permits interviews with those personnel only if the interviews are tape recorded by the institution or servicer.
(4) Upon request of the Secretary, or a lender or guaranty agency in the case of a borrower under the FFEL Program, an institution or servicer promptly shall provide the requester with any information the institution or servicer has respecting the last known address, full name, telephone number, enrollment information, employer, and employer address of a recipient of title IV funds who attends or attended the institution.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1840-0697)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1070a, 1070a-1, 1070b, 1070g, 1078, 1078-1, 1078-2, 1078-3, 1082, 1087, 1087a,
et seq.
, 1087cc, 1087hh, 1088, 1094, 1099c, 1141, 1232f; 42 U.S.C. 2753; section 4 of Pub. L. 95-452, 92 Stat. 1101-1109)
[61 FR 60491, Nov. 27, 1996, as amended at 62 FR 27128, May 16, 1997; 64 FR 59042, Nov. 1, 1999; 71 FR 38002, July 3, 2006; 73 FR 35493, June 23, 2008]
§ 668.25
Contracts between an institution and a third-party servicer.
(a) An institution may enter into a written contract with a third-party servicer for the administration of any aspect of the institution's participation in any Title IV, HEA program only to the extent that the servicer's eligibility to contract with the institution has not been limited, suspended, or terminated under the proceedings of subpart G of this part.
(b) Subject to the provisions of paragraph (d) of this section, a third-party servicer is eligible to enter into a written contract with an institution for the administration of any aspect of the institution's participation in any Title IV, HEA program only to the extent that the servicer's eligibility to contract with the institution has not been limited, suspended, or terminated under the proceedings of subpart G of this part.
(c) In a contract with an institution, a third-party servicer shall agree to—
(1) Comply with all statutory provisions of or applicable to Title IV of the HEA, all regulatory provisions prescribed under that statutory authority, and all special arrangements, agreements, limitations, suspensions, and terminations entered into under the authority of statutes applicable to Title IV of the HEA, including the requirement to use any funds that the servicer administers under any Title IV, HEA program and any interest or other earnings thereon solely for the purposes specified in and in accordance with that program;
(2) Refer to the Office of Inspector General of the Department of Education for investigation any information indicating there is reasonable cause to believe that the institution might have engaged in fraud or other criminal misconduct in connection with the institution's administration of any Title IV, HEA program or an applicant for Title IV, HEA program assistance might have engaged in fraud or other criminal misconduct in connection with his or her application. Examples of the type of information that must be referred are—
(i) False claims by the institution for Title IV, HEA program assistance;
(ii) False claims of independent student status;
(iii) False claims of citizenship;
(iv) Use of false identities;
(v) Forgery of signatures or certifications;
(vi) False statements of income; and
(vii) Payment of any commission, bonus, or other incentive payment based in any part, directly or indirectly, upon success in securing enrollments or the award of financial aid to any person or entity engaged in any student recruitment or admission activity or in making decisions regarding the award of title IV, HEA program funds.
(3) Be jointly and severally liable with the institution to the Secretary for any violation by the servicer of any statutory provision of or applicable to Title IV of the HEA, any regulatory provision prescribed under that statutory authority, and any applicable special arrangement, agreement, or limitation entered into under the authority of statutes applicable to Title IV of the HEA;
(4) In the case of a third-party servicer that disburses funds (including funds received under the Title IV, HEA programs) or delivers Federal Stafford Loan Program proceeds to a student—
(i) Confirm the eligibility of the student before making that disbursement or delivering those proceeds. This confirmation must include, but is not limited to, any applicable information contained in the records required under § 668.24; and
(ii) Calculate and return any unearned title IV, HEA program funds to the title IV, HEA program accounts and the student's lender, as appropriate, in accordance with the provisions of §§ 668.21 and 668.22, and applicable program regulations; and
(5) If the servicer or institution terminates the contract, or if the servicer stops providing services for the administration of a Title IV, HEA program, goes out of business, or files a petition under the Bankruptcy Code, return to the institution all—
(i) Records in the servicer's possession pertaining to the institution's participation in the program or programs for which services are no longer provided; and
(ii) Funds, including Title IV, HEA program funds, received from or on behalf of the institution or the institution's students, for the purposes of the program or programs for which services are no longer provided.
(d) A third-party servicer may not enter into a written contract with an institution for the administration of any aspect of the institution's participation in any Title IV, HEA program, if—
(1)(i) The servicer has been limited, suspended, or terminated by the Secretary within the preceding five years;
(ii) The servicer has had, during the servicer's two most recent audits of the servicer's administration of the Title IV, HEA programs, an audit finding that resulted in the servicer's being required to repay an amount greater than five percent of the funds that the servicer administered under the Title IV, HEA programs for any award year; or
(iii) The servicer has been cited during the preceding five years for failure to submit audit reports required under Title IV of the HEA in a timely fashion; and
(2)(i) In the case of a third-party servicer that has been subjected to a termination action by the Secretary, either the servicer, or one or more persons or entities that the Secretary determines (under the provisions of § 668.15) exercise substantial control over the servicer, or both, have not submitted to the Secretary financial guarantees in an amount determined by the Secretary to be sufficient to satisfy the servicer's potential liabilities
arising from the servicer's administration of the Title IV, HEA programs; and
(ii) One or more persons or entities that the Secretary determines (under the provisions of § 668.15) exercise substantial control over the servicer have not agreed to be jointly or severally liable for any liabilities arising from the servicer's administration of the Title IV, HEA programs and civil and criminal monetary penalties authorized under Title IV of the HEA.
(e)(1)(i) An institution that participates in a Title IV, HEA program shall notify the Secretary within 10 days of the date that—
(A) The institution enters into a new contract or significantly modifies an existing contract with a third-party servicer to administer any aspect of that program;
(B) The institution or a third-party servicer terminates a contract for the servicer to administer any aspect of that program; or
(C) A third-party servicer that administers any aspect of the institution's participation in that program stops providing services for the administration of that program, goes out of business, or files a petition under the Bankruptcy Code.
(ii) The institution's notification must include the name and address of the servicer.
(2) An institution that contracts with a third-party servicer to administer any aspect of the institution's participation in a Title IV, HEA program shall provide to the Secretary, upon request, a copy of the contract, including any modifications, and provide information pertaining to the contract or to the servicer's administration of the institution's participation in any Title IV, HEA program.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1840-0537)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1094)
[59 FR 22441, Apr. 29, 1994, as amended at 59 FR 34964, July 7, 1994; 61 FR 60492, Nov. 27, 1996; 63 FR 40624, July 29, 1998; 64 FR 59042, Nov. 1, 1999; 75 FR 66952, Oct. 29, 2010]
§ 668.26
End of an institution's participation in the Title IV, HEA programs.
(a) An institution's participation in a Title IV, HEA program ends on the date that—
(1) The institution closes or stops providing educational programs for a reason other than a normal vacation period or a natural disaster that directly affects the institution or the institution's students;
(2) The institution loses its institutional eligibility under 34 CFR part 600;
(3) The institution's participation is terminated under the proceedings in subpart G of this part;
(4) The institution's period of participation, as specified under § 668.13, expires, or the institution's provisional certification is revoked under § 668.13;
(5) The institution's program participation agreement is terminated or expires under § 668.14;
(6) The institution's participation ends under subpart M of this part; or
(7) The Secretary receives a notice from the appropriate State postsecondary review entity designated under 34 CFR part 667 that the institution's participation should be withdrawn.
(b) If an institution's participation in a Title IV, HEA program ends, the institution shall—
(1) Immediately notify the Secretary of that fact;
(2) Submit to the Secretary within 45 days after the date that the participation ends—
(i) All financial, performance, and other reports required by appropriate Title IV, HEA program regulations; and
(ii) A letter of engagement for an independent audit of all funds that the institution received under that program, the report of which shall be submitted to the Secretary within 45 days after the date of the engagement letter;
(3) Inform the Secretary of the arrangements that the institution has made for the proper retention and storage for a minimum of three years of all records concerning the administration of that program;
(4) If the institution's participation in the Federal Perkins Loan Program ended, inform the Secretary of how the
institution will provide for the collection of any outstanding loans made under that program;
(5) If the institution's participation in the LEAP Program ended—
(i) Inform immediately the State in which the institution is located of that fact; and
(ii) Notwithstanding paragraphs (c) through (e) of this section, follow the instructions of that State concerning the end of that participation;
(6) If the institution's participation in all the Title IV, HEA programs ended, inform the Secretary of how the institution will provide for the collection of any outstanding loans made under the National Defense/Direct Student Loan programs; and
(7) Continue to comply with the requirements of § 668.22 for the treatment of title IV, HEA program funds when a student withdraws.
(c) If an institution closes or stops providing educational programs for a reason other than a normal vacation period or a natural disaster that directly affects the institution or the institution's students, the institution shall—
(1) Return to the Secretary, or otherwise dispose of under instructions from the Secretary, any unexpended funds that the institution has received under the Title IV, HEA programs for attendance at the institution, less the institution's administrative allowance, if applicable; and
(2) Return to the appropriate lenders any Federal Stafford Loan program proceeds that the institution has received but not delivered to, or credited to the accounts of, students attending the institution.
(d)(1) An institution may use funds that it has received under the Federal Pell Grant, ACG, National SMART Grant, or TEACH Grant Program or a campus-based program or request additional funds from the Secretary, under conditions specified by the Secretary, if the institution does not possess sufficient funds, to satisfy any unpaid commitment made to a student under that Title IV, HEA program only if—
(i) The institution's participation in that Title IV, HEA program ends during a payment period;
(ii) The institution continues to provide, from the date that the participation ends until the scheduled completion date of that payment period, educational programs to otherwise eligible students enrolled in the formerly eligible programs of the institution;
(iii) The commitment was made prior to the end of the participation; and
(iv) The commitment was made for attendance during that payment period or a previously completed payment period.
(2) An institution may credit to a student's account or deliver to the student the proceeds of a disbursement of a Federal Family Education Loan Programs loan to satisfy any unpaid commitment made to the student under the Federal Family Education Loan Programs Loan Program only if—
(i) The institution's participation in that Title IV, HEA program ends during a period of enrollment;
(ii) The institution continues to provide, from the date that the participation ends until the scheduled completion date of that period of enrollment, educational programs to otherwise eligible students enrolled in the formerly eligible programs of the institution;
(iii) The loan was made for attendance during that period of enrollment.
(iv) The proceeds of the first disbursement of the loan were delivered to the student or credited to the student's account prior to the end of the participation.
(3) An institution may use funds that it has received under the Direct Loan Program or request additional funds from the Secretary, under conditions specified by the Secretary, if the institution does not possess sufficient funds, to credit to a student's account or disburse to the student the proceeds of a Direct Loan Program loan only if—
(i) The institution's participation in the Direct Loan Program ends during a period of enrollment;
(ii) The institution continues to provide, from the date that the participation ends until the scheduled completion date of that period of enrollment, educational programs to otherwise eligible students enrolled in the formerly eligible programs of the institution;
(iii) The loan was made for attendance during that period of enrollment; and
(iv) The proceeds of the first disbursement of the loan were delivered to the student or credited to the student's account prior to the end of the participation.
(e) For the purposes of this section—
(1) A commitment under the Federal Pell Grant, ACG, National SMART Grant, and TEACH Grant programs occurs when a student is enrolled and attending the institution and has submitted a valid Student Aid Report to the institution or when an institution has received a valid institutional student information report; and
(2) A commitment under the campus-based programs occurs when a student is enrolled and attending the institution and has received a notice from the institution of the amount that he or she can expect to receive and how and when that amount will be paid.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1840-0537)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1070g, 1094, 1099a-3)
[59 FR 22442, Apr. 29, 1994, as amended at 59 FR 34964, July 7, 1994; 61 FR 60492, Nov. 27, 1996; 63 FR 40624, July 29, 1998; 64 FR 59042, Nov. 1, 1999; 65 FR 38729, June 22, 2000; 65 FR 65637, Nov. 1, 2000; 69 FR 12276, Mar. 16, 2004; 71 FR 38002, July 3, 2006; 73 FR 35493, June 23, 2008]
§ 668.27
Waiver of annual audit submission requirement.
(a)
General.
(1) At the request of an institution, the Secretary may waive the annual audit submission requirement for the period of time contained in paragraph (b) of this section if the institution satisfies the requirements contained in paragraph (c) of this section and posts a letter of credit in the amount determined in paragraph (d) of this section.
(2) An institution requesting a waiver must submit an application to the Secretary at such time and in such manner as the Secretary prescribes.
(3) The first fiscal year for which an institution may request a waiver is the fiscal year in which it submits its waiver request to the Secretary.
(b)
Waiver period.
(1) If the Secretary grants the waiver, the institution need not submit its compliance or audited financial statement until six months after—
(i) The end of the third fiscal year following the fiscal year for which the institution last submitted a compliance audit and audited financial statement; or
(ii) The end of the second fiscal year following the fiscal year for which the institution last submitted compliance and financial statement audits if the award year in which the institution will apply for recertification is part of the third fiscal year.
(2) The Secretary does not grant a waiver if the award year in which the institution will apply for recertification is part of the second fiscal year following the fiscal year for which the institution last submitted compliance and financial statement audits.
(3) When an institution must submit its next compliance and financial statement audits under paragraph (b)(1) of this section—
(i) The institution must submit a compliance audit that covers the institution's administration of the title IV, HEA programs for the period for each fiscal year for which an audit did not have to be submitted as a result of the waiver, and an audited financial statement for its last fiscal year; and
(ii) The auditor who conducts the audit must audit the institution's annual determinations for the period subject to the waiver that it satisfied the 90/10 rule in § 600.5 and the other conditions of institutional eligibility in § 600.7 and § 668.8(e)(2), and disclose the results of the audit of the 90/10 rule for each year in accordance with § 668.23(d)(4).
(c)
Criteria for granting the waiver.
The Secretary grants a waiver to an institution if the institution—
(1) Is not a foreign institution;
(2) Did not disburse $200,000 or more of title IV, HEA program funds during each of the two completed award years preceding the institution's waiver request;
(3) Agrees to keep records relating to each award year in the unaudited period for two years after the end of the record retention period in § 668.24(e) for that award year;
(4) Has participated in the title IV, HEA programs under the same ownership for at least three award years preceding the institution's waiver request;
(5) Is financially responsible under § 668.171, and does not rely on the alternative standards of § 668.175 to participate in the title IV, HEA programs;
(6) Is not on the reimbursement or cash monitoring system of payment;
(7) Has not been the subject of a limitation, suspension, fine, or termination proceeding, or emergency action initiated by the Department or a guarantee agency in the three years preceding the institution's waiver request;
(8) Has submitted its compliance audits and audited financial statements for the previous two fiscal years in accordance with and subject to § 668.23, and no individual audit disclosed liabilities in excess of $10,000; and
(9) Submits a letter of credit in the amount determined in paragraph (d) of this section, which must remain in effect until the Secretary has resolved the audit covering the award years subject to the waiver.
(d)
Letter of credit amount.
For purposes of this section, the letter of credit amount equals 10 percent of the amount of title IV, HEA program funds the institution disbursed to or on behalf of its students during the award year preceding the institution's waiver request.
(e)
(1) The Secretary rescinds the waiver if the institution—
(i) Disburses $200,000 or more of title IV, HEA program funds for an award year;
(ii) Undergoes a change in ownership that results in a change of control; or
(iii) Becomes the subject of an emergency action or a limitation, suspension, fine, or termination action initiated by the Department or a guarantee agency.
(2) If the Secretary rescinds a waiver, the rescission is effective on the last day of the fiscal year in which the rescission takes place.
(f)
Renewal.
An institution may request a renewal of its waiver when it submits its audits under paragraph (b) of this section. The Secretary grants the waiver if the audits and other information available to the Secretary show that the institution continues to satisfy the criteria for receiving that waiver.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1094)
[64 FR 58618, Oct. 29, 1999]
§ 668.28
—(1)
Calculating the revenue percentage.
A proprietary institution meets the requirement in § 668.14(b)(16) that at least 10 percent of its revenue is derived from sources other than Title IV, HEA program funds by using the formula in appendix C of this subpart to calculate its revenue percentage for its latest complete fiscal year.
(2)
Cash basis accounting.
Except for institutional loans made to students under paragraph (a)(5)(i) of this section, the institution must use the cash basis of accounting in calculating its revenue percentage.
(3)
Revenue generated from programs and activities.
The institution must consider as revenue only those funds it generates from—
(i) Tuition, fees, and other institutional charges for students enrolled in eligible programs as defined in § 668.8;
(ii) Activities conducted by the institution that are necessary for the education and training of its students provided those activities are—
(A) Conducted on campus or at a facility under the institution's control;
(B) Performed under the supervision of a member of the institution's faculty; and
(C) Required to be performed by all students in a specific educational program at the institution; and
(iii) Funds paid by a student, or on behalf of a student by a party other than the institution, for an education or training program that is not eligible under § 668.8 if the program—
(A) Is approved or licensed by the appropriate State agency;
(B) Is accredited by an accrediting agency recognized by the Secretary under 34 CFR part 602;
(C) Provides an industry-recognized credential or certification, or prepares students to take an examination for an industry-recognized credential or certification issued by an independent third party;
(D) Provides training needed for students to maintain State licensing requirements; or
(E) Provides training needed for students to meet additional licensing requirements for specialized training for practitioners that already meet the general licensing requirements in that field.
(4)
Application of funds.
The institution must presume that any Title IV, HEA program funds it disburses, or delivers, to or on behalf of a student will be used to pay the student's tuition, fees, or institutional charges, regardless of whether the institution credits the funds to the student's account or pays the funds directly to the student, except to the extent that the student's tuition, fees, or other charges are satisfied by—
(i) Grant funds provided by non-Federal public agencies or private sources independent of the institution;
(ii) Funds provided under a contractual arrangement with a Federal, State, or local government agency for the purpose of providing job training to low-income individuals who need that training;
(iii) Funds used by a student from a savings plan for educational expenses established by or on behalf of the student if the saving plan qualifies for special tax treatment under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986; or
(iv) Institutional scholarships that meet the requirements in paragraph (a)(5)(iv) of this section.
(5)
Revenue generated from institutional aid.
The institution must include the following institutional aid as revenue:
(i) For loans made to students and credited in full to the students' accounts at the institution on or after July 1, 2008 and prior to July 1, 2012, include as revenue the net present value of the loans made to students during the fiscal year, as calculated under paragraph (b) of this section, if the loans—
(A) Are bona fide as evidenced by standalone repayment agreements between the students and the institution that are enforceable promissory notes;
(B) Are issued at intervals related to the institution's enrollment periods;
(C) Are subject to regular loan repayments and collections by the institution; and
(D) Are separate from the enrollment contracts signed by the students.
(ii) For loans made to students before July 1, 2008, include as revenue only the amount of payments made on those loans that the institution received during the fiscal year.
(iii) For loans made to students on or after July 1, 2012, include as revenue only the amount of payments made on those loans that the institution received during the fiscal year.
(iv) For scholarships provided by the institution in the form of monetary aid or tuition discount and based on the academic achievement or financial need of its students, include as revenue the amount disbursed to students during the fiscal year. The scholarships must be disbursed from an established restricted account and only to the extent that the funds in that account represent designated funds from an outside source or income earned on those funds.
(6)
Revenue generated from loan funds in excess of loan limits prior to the Ensuring Continued Access to Student Loans Act of 2008 (ECASLA).
For each student who receives an unsubsidized loan under the FFEL or Direct Loan programs on or after July 1, 2008 and prior to July 1, 2011, the amount of the loan disbursement for a payment period that exceeds the disbursement for which the student would have been eligible for that payment period under the loan limit in effect on the day prior to enactment of the ECASLA is included and deemed to be revenue from a source other than Title IV, HEA program funds but only to the extent that the excess amount pays for tuition, fees, or institutional charges remaining on the student's account after other Title IV, HEA program funds are applied.
(7)
Funds excluded from revenues.
For the fiscal year, the institution does not include—
(i) The amount of Federal Work Study (FWS) wages paid directly to the student. However, if the institution credits the student's account with FWS funds, those funds are included as revenue;
(ii) The amount of funds received by the institution from a State under the LEAP, SLEAP, or GAP programs;
(iii) The amount of institutional funds used to match Title IV, HEA program funds;
(iv) The amount of Title IV, HEA program funds refunded or returned under § 668.22. If any funds from the loan disbursement used in the return calculation under § 668.22 were counted as non-title IV revenue under paragraph (a)(6) of this section, the amount of Title IV, HEA program funds refunded or returned under § 668.22 is considered to consist of pre-ECASLA loan amounts and loan amounts in excess of the loan limits prior to ECASLA in the same proportion to the loan disbursement; or
(v) The amount the student is charged for books, supplies, and equipment unless the institution includes that amount as tuition, fees, or other institutional charges.
(b)
Net present value (NPV).
(1) As illustrated in appendix C of this subpart, an institution calculates the NPV of the loans it made under paragraph (a)(5)(i) of this section by—
(i) Using the formula, NPV = sum of the discounted cash flows
R
” is the net cash flow at time or period
t
; and
(ii) Applying the NPV formula to the loans made during the fiscal year by—
(A) If the loans have substantially the same repayment period, using that repayment period for the range of values of variable “
t
”; or
(B) Grouping the loans by repayment period and using the repayment period for each group for the range of values of variable “t”; and
(C) For each group of loans, as applicable, multiplying the total annual payments due on the loans by the institution's loan collection rate (
e.g.
, the total amount of payments collected divided by the total amount of payments due). The resulting amount is used for variable “R” in each period “t”, for each group of loans that a NPV is calculated.
(2) Instead of performing the calculations in paragraph (b)(1) of this section, using 50 percent of the total amount of loans that the institution made during the fiscal year as the NPV. However, if the institution chooses to use this 50 percent calculation, the institution may not sell any of these loans until they have been in repayment for at least two years.
(c)
Sanctions.
If an institution does not derive at least 10 percent of its revenue from sources other than Title IV, HEA program funds—
(1) For two consecutive fiscal years, it loses its eligibility to participate in the Title IV, HEA programs for at least two fiscal years. To regain eligibility, the institution must demonstrate that it complied with the State licensure and accreditation requirements under 34 CFR 600.5(a)(4) and (a)(6), and the financial responsibility requirements under subpart L of this part, for a minimum of two fiscal years after the fiscal year it became ineligible; or
(2) For any fiscal year, it becomes provisionally certified under § 668.13(c)(1)(ii) for the two fiscal years after the fiscal year it failed to satisfy the revenue requirement. However, the institution's provisional certification terminates on—
(i) The expiration date of the institution's program participation agreement that was in effect on the date the Secretary determined the institution failed this requirement; or
(ii) The date the institution loses its eligibility to participate under paragraph (c)(1) of this section; and
(3) It must notify the Secretary no later than 45 days after the end of its fiscal year that it failed to meet this requirement.
(Approved by Office of Management and Budget under control number 1845-NEW2)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1085, 1088, 1091, 1092, 1094, 1099a-3, 1099c, 1141)
[74 FR 55937, Oct. 29, 2009]
Pt. 668, Subpt. B, App. A
Appendix A to Subpart B of Part 668—Standards for Audit of Governmental Organizations, Programs, Activities, and Functions (GAO)
Part III Chapter 3—Independence
(a) The Third general standard for governmental auditing is: In matters relating to the audit work, the audit organization and the individual auditors shall maintain an independent attitude.
(b) This standard places upon the auditor and the audit organization the responsibility for maintaining sufficient independence so that their opinions, conclusions, judgments, and recommendations will be impartial. If the auditor is not sufficiently independent to produce unbiased opinions, conclusions, and judgments, he should state in a prominent place in the audit report his relationship with the organization or officials being audited.
1
1
If the auditor is not fully independent because he or she is an employee of the audited entity, it will be adequate disclosure to so indicate. If the auditor is a practicing certified public accountant, his or her conduct should be governed by the AICPA “Statements on Auditing Procedure.”
(c) The auditor should consider not only whether his or her own attitude and beliefs permit him or her to be independent but also whether there is anything about his or her situation which would lead others to question his or her independence. Both situations deserve consideration since it is important not only that the auditor be, in fact, independent and impartial but also that other persons will consider him or her so.
(d) There are three general classes of impairments that the auditor needs to consider; these are personal, external, and organizational impairments. If one or more of these are of such significance as to affect the auditor's ability to perform his or her work and report its results impartially, he or she should decline to perform the audit or indicate in the report that he or she was not fully independent.
Personal Impairments
There are some circumstances in which an auditor cannot be impartial because of his or her views or his or her personal situation. These circumstances might include:
1. Relationships of an official, professional, and/or personal nature that might cause the auditor to limit the extent or character of the inquiry, to limit disclosure, or to weaken his or her findings in any way.
2. Preconceived ideas about the objectives or quality of a particular operation or personal likes or dislikes of individuals, groups, or objectives of a particular program.
3. Previous involvement in a decisionmaking or management capacity in the operations of the governmental entity or program being audited.
4. Biases and prejudices, including those induced by political or social convictions, which result from employment in or loyalty to a particular group, entity, or level of government.
5. Actual or potential restrictive influence when the auditor performs preaudit work and subsequently performs a post audit.
6. Financial interest, direct or indirect, in an organization or facility which is benefiting from the audited programs.
External Impairments
External factors can restrict the audit or impinge on the auditor's ability to form independent and objective opinions and conclusions. For example, under the following conditions either the audit itself could be adversely affected or the auditor would not have complete freedom to make an independent judgment.
2
2
Some of these situations may constitute justifiable limitations on the scope of the work. In such cases the limitation should be identified in the auditor's report.
1. Interference or other influence that improperly or imprudently eliminates, restricts, or modifies the scope or character of the audit.
2. Interference with the selection or application of audit procedures of the selection of activities to be examined.
3. Denial of access to such sources of information as books, records, and supporting documents or denial or opportunity to obtain explanations by officials and employees of the governmental organization, program, or activity under audit.
4. Interference in the assignment of personnel to the audit task.
5. Retaliatory restrictions placed on funds or other resources dedicated to the audit operation.
6. Activity to overrule or significantly influence the auditors judgment as to the appropriate content of the audit report.
7. Influences that place the auditor's continued employment in jeopardy for reasons other than competency or the need for audit services.
8. Unreasonable restriction on the time allowed to competently complete an audit assignment.
Organizational Impairments
(a) The auditor's independence can be affected by his or her place within the organizational structure of governments. Auditors
employed by Federal, State, or local government units may be subject to policy direction from superiors who are involved either directly or indirectly in the government management process. To achieve maximum independence such auditors and the audit organization itself not only should report to the highest practicable echelon within their government but should be organizationally located outside the line-management function of the entity under audit.
(b) These auditors should also be sufficiently removed from political pressures to ensure that they can conduct their auditing objectively and can report their conclusions completely without fear of censure. Whenever feasible they should be under a system which will place decisions on compensation, training, job tenure, and advancement on a merit basis.
(c) When independent public accountants or other independent professionals are engaged to perform work that includes inquiries into compliance with applicable laws and regulations, efficiency and economy of operations, or achievement of program results, they should be engaged by someone other than the officials responsible for the direction of the effort being audited. This practice removes the pressure that may result if the auditor must criticize the performance of those by whom he or she was engaged. To remove this obstacle to independence, governments should arrange to have auditors engaged by officials not directly involved in operations to be audited.
[51 FR 41921, Nov. 19, 1986. Redesignated at 65 FR 65650, Nov. 1, 2000]
Pt. 668, Subpt. B, App. B
Appendix B to Subpart B of Part 668—Appendix I, Standards for Audit of Governmental Organizations, Programs, Activities, and Functions (GAO)
Qualifications of Independent Auditors Engaged by Governmental Organizations
(a) When outside auditors are engaged for assignments requiring the expression of an opinion on financial reports of governmental organizations, only fully qualified public accountants should be employed. The type of qualifications, as stated by the Comptroller General, deemed necessary for financial audits of governmental organizations and programs is quoted below:
“Such audits shall be conducted * * * by independent certified public accountants or by independent licensed public accountants, licensed on or before December 31, 1970, who are certified or licensed by a regulatory authority of a State or other political subdivision of the United States: Except that independent public accountants licensed to practice by such regulatory authority after December 31, 1970, and persons who although not so certified or licensed, meet, in the opinion of the Secretary, standards of education and experience representative of the highest prescribed by the licensing authorities of the several States which provide for the continuing licensing of public accountants and which are prescribed by the Secretary in appropriate regulations may perform such audits until December 31, 1975; Provided, That if the Secretary deems it necessary in the public interest, he may prescribe by regulations higher standard than those required for the practice of public accountancy by the regulatory authorities of the States.”
1
1
Letter (B-148144, September 15, 1970) from the Comptroller General to the heads of Federal departments and agencies. The reference to “Secretary” means the head of the department or agency.
(b) The standards for examination and evaluation require consideration of applicable laws and regulations in the auditor's examination. The standards for reporting require a statement in the auditor's report regarding any significant instances of noncompliance disclosed by his or her examination and evaluation work. What is to be included in this statement requires judgment. Significant instances of noncompliance, even those not resulting in legal liability to the audited entity, should be included. Minor procedural noncompliance need not be disclosed.
(c) Although the reporting standard is generally on an exception basis—that only noncompliance need be reported—it should be recognized that governmental entities often want positive statements regarding whether or not the auditor's tests disclosed instances of noncompliance. This is particularly true in grant programs where authorizing agencies frequently want assurance in the auditor's report that this matter has been considered. For such audits, auditors should obtain an understanding with the authorizing agency as to the extent to which such positive comments on compliance are desired. When coordinated audits are involved, the audit program should specify the extent of comments that the auditor is to make regarding compliance.
(d) When noncompliance is reported, the auditor should place the findings in proper perspective. The extent of instances of noncompliance should be related to the number of cases examined to provide the reader with a basis for judging the prevalence of noncompliance.
[45 FR 86856, Dec. 31, 1980. Redesignated at 65 FR 65650, Nov. 1, 2000]
Pt. 668, Subpt. B, App. C
Appendix C to Subpart B of Part 668—90/10 Revenue Calculation
ER29OC09.006
60 FR 61810, Dec. 1, 1995, unless otherwise noted.
§ 668.31
Scope.
This subpart contains rules by which a student establishes eligibility for assistance under the title IV, HEA programs. In order to qualify as an eligible student, a student must meet all applicable requirements in this subpart.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1091)
§ 668.32
Student eligibility—general.
A student is eligible to receive Title IV, HEA program assistance if the student either meets all of the requirements in paragraphs (a) through (m) of this section or meets the requirement in paragraph (n) of this section as follows:
(a)(1) (i) Is a regular student enrolled, or accepted for enrollment, in an eligible program at an eligible institution;
(ii) For purposes of the FFEL and Direct Loan programs, is enrolled for no longer than one twelve-month period in
a course of study necessary for enrollment in an eligible program; or
(iii) For purposes of the Federal Perkins Loan, FWS, FFEL, and Direct Loan programs, is enrolled or accepted for enrollment as at least a half-time student at an eligible institution in a program necessary for a professional credential or certification from a State that is required for employment as a teacher in an elementary or secondary school in that State; and
(2) For purposes of the ACG, National SMART Grant, FFEL, and Direct Loan programs, is at least a half-time student.
(b) Is not enrolled in either an elementary or secondary school.
(c)(1) For purposes of the ACG, National SMART Grant, and FSEOG programs, does not have a baccalaureate or first professional degree;
(2) For purposes of the Federal Pell Grant Program—
(i)(A) Does not have a baccalaureate or first professional degree; or
(B) Is enrolled in a postbaccalaureate teacher certificate or licensing program as described in 34 CFR 690.6(c); and
(ii) Is not incarcerated in a Federal or State penal institution;
(3) For purposes of the Federal Perkins Loan, FFEL, and Direct Loan programs, is not incarcerated; and
(4) For the purposes of the TEACH Grant program—
(i) For an undergraduate student other than a student enrolled in a post-baccalaureate program, has not completed the requirements for a first baccalaureate degree; or
(ii) For the purposes of a student in a first post-baccalaureate program, has not completed the requirements for a post-baccalaureate program as described in 34 CFR 686.2(d).
(d) Satisfies the citizenship and residency requirements contained in § 668.33 and subpart I of this part.
(e)(1) Has a high school diploma or its recognized equivalent;
(2) Has obtained a passing score specified by the Secretary on an independently administered test in accordance with subpart J of this part;
(3) Is enrolled in an eligible institution that participates in a State “process” approved by the Secretary under subpart J of this part;
(4) Was home-schooled, and either—
(i) Obtained a secondary school completion credential for home school (other than a high school diploma or its recognized equivalent) provided for under State law; or
(ii) If State law does not require a home-schooled student to obtain the credential described in paragraph (e)(4)(i) of this section, has completed a secondary school education in a home school setting that qualifies as an exemption from compulsory attendance requirements under State law; or
(5) Has been determined by the institution to have the ability to benefit from the education or training offered by the institution based on the satisfactory completion of 6 semester hours, 6 trimester hours, 6 quarter hours, or 225 clock hours that are applicable toward a degree or certificate offered by the institution.
(f) Maintains satisfactory academic progress in his or her course of study according to the institution's published standards of satisfactory academic progress that meet the requirements of § 668.34.
(g) Except as provided in § 668.35—
(1) Is not in default, and certifies that he or she is not in default, on a loan made under any title IV, HEA loan program;
(2) Has not obtained loan amounts that exceed annual or aggregate loan limits made under any title IV, HEA loan program;
(3) Does not have property subject to a judgment lien for a debt owed to the United States; and
(4) Is not liable for a grant or Federal Perkins loan overpayment. A student receives a grant or Federal Perkins loan overpayment if the student received grant or Federal Perkins loan payments that exceeded the amount he or she was eligible to receive; or if the student withdraws, that exceeded the amount he or she was entitled to receive for non-institutional charges.
(h) Files a Statement of Educational Purpose in accordance with the instructions of the Secretary.
(i) Has a correct social security number as determined under § 668.36, except that this requirement does not apply to
students who are residents of the Federated States of Micronesia, Republic of the Marshall Islands, or the Republic of Palau.
(j) Satisfies the Selective Service registration requirements contained in § 668.37, and, if applicable, satisfies the requirements of § 668.38 and § 668.39 involving enrollment in telecommunication and correspondence courses and a study abroad program, respectively.
(k) Satisfies the program specific requirements contained in—
(1) 34 CFR 674.9 for the Federal Perkins Loan program;
(2) 34 CFR 675.9 for the FWS program;
(3) 34 CFR 676.9 for the FSEOG program;
(4) 34 CFR 682.201 for the FFEL programs;
(5) 34 CFR 685.200 for the William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan programs;
(6) 34 CFR 690.75 for the Federal Pell Grant program;
(7) 34 CFR 691.75 for the ACG and National SMART Grant programs;
(8) 34 CFR 692.40 for the LEAP program; and
(9) 34 CFR 686.11 for the TEACH Grant program.
(l) Is not ineligible under § 668.40.
(m) In the case of a student who has been convicted of, or has pled nolo contendere or guilty to, a crime involving fraud in obtaining title IV, HEA program assistance, has completed the repayment of such assistance to:
(1) The Secretary; or
(2) The holder, in the case of a title IV, HEA program loan.
(n) Is enrolled in a comprehensive transition and postsecondary program under subpart O of this part and meets the student eligibility criteria in that subpart.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1070g, 1091; 28 U.S.C. 3201(e))
[60 FR 61810, Dec. 1, 1995, as amended at 63 FR 40624, July 29, 1998; 64 FR 57358, Oct. 22, 1999; 64 FR 58291, Oct. 28, 1999; 67 FR 67073, Nov. 1, 2002; 71 FR 38002, July 3, 2006; 71 FR 45696, Aug. 9, 2006; 73 FR 35493, June 23, 2008; 74 FR 20221, May 1, 2009; 74 FR 55942, Oct. 29, 2009; 75 FR 66952, Oct. 29, 2010]
§ 668.33
Citizenship and residency requirements.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, to be eligible to receive title IV, HEA program assistance, a student must—
(1) Be a citizen or national of the United States; or
(2) Provide evidence from the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service that he or she—
(i) Is a permanent resident of the United States; or
(ii) Is in the United States for other than a temporary purpose with the intention of becoming a citizen or permanent resident;
(b)(1) A citizen of the Federated States of Micronesia, Republic of the Marshall Islands, or the Republic of Palau is eligible to receive funds under the FWS, FSEOG, and Federal Pell Grant programs if the student attends an eligible institution in a State, or a public or nonprofit private eligible institution of higher education in those jurisdictions.
(2) A student who satisfies the requirements of paragraph (a) of this section is eligible to receive funds under the FWS, FSEOG, and Federal Pell Grant programs if the student attends a public or nonprofit private eligible institution of higher education in the Federated States of Micronesia, Republic of the Marshall Islands, or the Republic of Palau.
(c)(1) If a student asserts that he or she is a citizen of the United States on the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA), the Secretary attempts to confirm that assertion under a data match with the Social Security Administration. If the Social Security Administration confirms the student's citizenship, the Secretary reports that confirmation to the institution and the student.
(2) If the Social Security Administration does not confirm the student's citizenship assertion under the data match with the Secretary, the student can establish U.S. citizenship by submitting documentary evidence of that status to the institution. Before denying title IV, HEA assistance to a student for failing to establish citizenship, an institution must give a student at
least 30 days notice to produce evidence of U.S. citizenship.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1091, 5 U.S.C. 552a)
[52 FR 45727, Dec. 1, 1987, as amended at 71 FR 38002, July 3, 2006; 74 FR 20221, May 1, 2009]
§ 668.34
(a)
Satisfactory academic progress policy.
An institution must establish a reasonable satisfactory academic progress policy for determining whether an otherwise eligible student is making satisfactory academic progress in his or her educational program and may receive assistance under the title IV, HEA programs. The Secretary considers the institution's policy to be reasonable if—
(1) The policy is at least as strict as the policy the institution applies to a student who is not receiving assistance under the title IV, HEA programs;
(2) The policy provides for consistent application of standards to all students within categories of students,
e.g.,
full-time, part-time, undergraduate, and graduate students, and educational programs established by the institution;
(3) The policy provides that a student's academic progress is evaluated—
(i) At the end of each payment period if the educational program is either one academic year in length or shorter than an academic year; or
(ii) For all other educational programs, at the end of each payment period or at least annually to correspond with the end of a payment period;
(4)(i) The policy specifies the grade point average (GPA) that a student must achieve at each evaluation, or if a GPA is not an appropriate qualitative measure, a comparable assessment measured against a norm; and
(ii) If a student is enrolled in an educational program of more than two academic years, the policy specifies that at the end of the second academic year, the student must have a GPA of at least a “C” or its equivalent, or have academic standing consistent with the institution's requirements for graduation;
(5)(i) The policy specifies the pace at which a student must progress through his or her educational program to ensure that the student will complete the program within the maximum timeframe, as defined in paragraph (b) of this section, and provides for measurement of the student's progress at each evaluation; and
(ii) An institution calculates the pace at which the student is progressing by dividing the cumulative number of hours the student has successfully completed by the cumulative number of hours the student has attempted. In making this calculation, the institution is not required to include remedial courses;
(6) The policy describes how a student's GPA and pace of completion are affected by course incompletes, withdrawals, or repetitions, or transfers of credit from other institutions. Credit hours from another institution that are accepted toward the student's educational program must count as both attempted and completed hours;
(7) Except as provided in paragraphs (c) and (d) of this section, the policy provides that, at the time of each evaluation, a student who has not achieved the required GPA, or who is not successfully completing his or her educational program at the required pace, is no longer eligible to receive assistance under the title IV, HEA programs;
(8) If the institution places students on financial aid warning, or on financial aid probation, as defined in paragraph (b) of this section, the policy describes these statuses and that—
(i) A student on financial aid warning may continue to receive assistance under the title IV, HEA programs for one payment period despite a determination that the student is not making satisfactory academic progress. Financial aid warning status may be assigned without an appeal or other action by the student; and
(ii) A student on financial aid probation may receive title IV, HEA program funds for one payment period. While a student is on financial aid probation, the institution may require the student to fulfill specific terms and conditions such as taking a reduced course load or enrolling in specific courses. At the end of one payment period on financial aid probation, the student must meet the institution's satisfactory academic progress standards or
meet the requirements of the academic plan developed by the institution and the student to qualify for further title IV, HEA program funds;
(9) If the institution permits a student to appeal a determination by the institution that he or she is not making satisfactory academic progress, the policy describes—
(i) How the student may reestablish his or her eligibility to receive assistance under the title IV, HEA programs;
(ii) The basis on which a student may file an appeal: The death of a relative, an injury or illness of the student, or other special circumstances; and
(iii) Information the student must submit regarding why the student failed to make satisfactory academic progress, and what has changed in the student's situation that will allow the student to demonstrate satisfactory academic progress at the next evaluation;
(10) If the institution does not permit a student to appeal a determination by the institution that he or she is not making satisfactory academic progress, the policy must describe how the student may reestablish his or her eligibility to receive assistance under the title IV, HEA programs; and
(11) The policy provides for notification to students of the results of an evaluation that impacts the student's eligibility for title IV, HEA program funds.
(b)
The following definitions apply to the terms used in this section:
Appeal.
Appeal means a process by which a student who is not meeting the institution's satisfactory academic progress standards petitions the institution for reconsideration of the student's eligibility for title IV, HEA program assistance.
Financial aid probation.
Financial aid probation means a status assigned by an institution to a student who fails to make satisfactory academic progress and who has appealed and has had eligibility for aid reinstated.
Financial aid warning.
Financial aid warning means a status assigned to a student who fails to make satisfactory academic progress at an institution that evaluates academic progress at the end of each payment period.
Maximum timeframe.
Maximum timeframe means—
(1) For an undergraduate program measured in credit hours, a period that is no longer than 150 percent of the published length of the educational program, as measured in credit hours;
(2) For an undergraduate program measured in clock hours, a period that is no longer than 150 percent of the published length of the educational program, as measured by the cumulative number of clock hours the student is required to complete and expressed in calendar time; and
(3) For a graduate program, a period defined by the institution that is based on the length of the educational program.
(c)
Institutions that evaluate satisfactory academic progress at the end of each payment period.
(1) An institution that evaluates satisfactory academic progress at the end of each payment period and determines that a student is not making progress under its policy may nevertheless disburse title IV, HEA program funds to the student under the provisions of paragraph (c)(2), (c)(3), or (c)(4) of this section.
(2) For the payment period following the payment period in which the student did not make satisfactory academic progress, the institution may—
(i) Place the student on financial aid warning, and disburse title IV, HEA program funds to the student; or
(ii) Place a student directly on financial aid probation, following the procedures outlined in paragraph (d)(2) of this section and disburse title IV, HEA program funds to the student.
(3) For the payment period following a payment period during which a student was on financial aid warning, the institution may place the student on financial aid probation, and disburse title IV, HEA program funds to the student if—
(i) The institution evaluates the student's progress and determines that student did not make satisfactory academic progress during the payment period the student was on financial aid warning;
(ii) The student appeals the determination; and
(iii)(A) The institution determines that the student should be able to meet
the institution's satisfactory academic progress standards by the end of the subsequent payment period; or
(B) The institution develops an academic plan for the student that, if followed, will ensure that the student is able to meet the institution's satisfactory academic progress standards by a specific point in time.
(4) A student on financial aid probation for a payment period may not receive title IV, HEA program funds for the subsequent payment period unless the student makes satisfactory academic progress or the institution determines that the student met the requirements specified by the institution in the academic plan for the student.
(d)
Institutions that evaluate satisfactory academic progress annually or less frequently than at the end of each payment period.
(1) An institution that evaluates satisfactory academic progress annually or less frequently than at the end of each payment period and determines that a student is not making progress under its policy may nevertheless disburse title IV, HEA program funds to the student under the provisions of paragraph (d)(2) or (d)(3) of this section.
(2) The institution may place the student on financial aid probation and may disburse title IV, HEA program funds to the student for the subsequent payment period if—
(i) The institution evaluates the student and determines that the student is not making satisfactory academic progress;
(ii) The student appeals the determination; and
(iii)(A) The institution determines that the student should be able to be make satisfactory academic progress during the subsequent payment period and meet the institution's satisfactory academic progress standards at the end of that payment period; or
(B) The institution develops an academic plan for the student that, if followed, will ensure that the student is able to meet the institution's satisfactory academic progress standards by a specific point in time.
(3) A student on financial aid probation for a payment period may not receive title IV, HEA program funds for the subsequent payment period unless the student makes satisfactory academic progress or the institution determines that the student met the requirements specified by the institution in the academic plan for the student.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1091(d))
[75 FR 66953, Oct. 29, 2010]
§ 668.35
Student debts under the HEA and to the U.S.
(a) A student who is in default on a loan made under a title IV, HEA loan program may nevertheless be eligible to receive title IV, HEA program assistance if the student—
(1) Repays the loan in full; or
(2) Except as limited by paragraph (c) of this section—
(i) Makes arrangements, that are satisfactory to the holder of the loan and in accordance with the individual title IV, HEA loan program regulations, to repay the loan balance; and
(ii) Makes at least six consecutive monthly payments under those arrangements.
(b) A student who is subject to a judgment for failure to repay a loan made under a title IV, HEA loan program may nevertheless be eligible to receive title IV, HEA program assistance if the student—
(1) Repays the debt in full; or
(2) Except as limited by paragraph (c) of this section—
(i) Makes repayment arrangements that are satisfactory to the holder of the debt; and
(ii) Makes at least six consecutive, voluntary monthly payments under those arrangements. Voluntary payments are those payments made directly by the borrower, and do not include payments obtained by Federal offset, garnishment, or income or asset execution.
(c) A student who reestablishes eligibility under either paragraph (a)(2) of this section or paragraph (b)(2) of this section may not reestablish eligibility again under either of those paragraphs.
(d) A student who is not in default on a loan made under a title IV, HEA loan program, but has inadvertently obtained loan funds under a title IV, HEA
loan program in an amount that exceeds the annual or aggregate loan limits under that program, may nevertheless be eligible to receive title IV, HEA program assistance if the student—
(1) Repays in full the excess loan amount; or
(2) Makes arrangements, satisfactory to the holder of the loan, to repay that excess loan amount.
(e) Except as provided in 34 CFR 668.22(h), a student who receives an overpayment under the Federal Perkins Loan Program, or under a title IV, HEA grant program, may nevertheless be eligible to receive title IV, HEA program assistance if—
(1) The student pays the overpayment in full;
(2) The student makes arrangements satisfactory to the holder of the overpayment debt to pay the overpayment;
(3) The overpayment amount is less than $25 and is neither a remaining balance nor a result of the application of the overaward threshold in 34 CFR 673.5(d); or
(4) The overpayment is an amount that a student is not required to return under the requirements of § 668.22(h)(3)(ii)(B).
(f) A student who has property subject to a judgement lien for a debt owed to the United States may nevertheless be eligible to receive title IV, HEA program assistance if the student-
(1) Pays the debt in full; or
(2) Makes arrangements, satisfactory to the United States, to pay the debt.
(g) (1) A student is not liable for a Federal Pell Grant overpayment received in an award year if the institution can eliminate that overpayment by adjusting subsequent Federal Pell Grant payments in that same award year.
(2) A student is not liable for an ACG overpayment received in an award year if—
(i) The institution can eliminate that overpayment by adjusting subsequent title IV, HEA program (other than Federal Pell Grant, ACG, or National SMART Grant) payments in that same award year; or
(ii) The institution cannot eliminate the overpayment under paragraph (g)(2)(i) of this section but can eliminate that overpayment by adjusting subsequent ACG payments in that same award year.
(3) A student is not liable for a National SMART Grant overpayment received in an award year if—
(i) The institution can eliminate that overpayment by adjusting subsequent title IV, HEA program (other than Federal Pell Grant, ACG, or National SMART Grant) payments in that same award year; or
(ii) The institution cannot eliminate the overpayment under paragraph (g)(3)(i) of this section but can eliminate that overpayment by adjusting subsequent National SMART Grant payments in that same award year.
(4) A student is not liable for a TEACH Grant overpayment received in an award year if—
(i) The institution can eliminate that overpayment by adjusting subsequent title IV, HEA program (other than Federal Pell Grant, ACG, National SMART Grant, or TEACH Grant) payments in that same award year; or
(ii) The institution cannot eliminate the overpayment under paragraph (g)(4)(i) of this section but can eliminate that overpayment by adjusting subsequent TEACH Grant payments in that same award year.
(5) A student is not liable for a FSEOG or LEAP overpayment or Federal Perkins loan overpayment received in an award year if the institution can eliminate that overpayment by adjusting subsequent title IV, HEA program (other than Federal Pell Grant) payments in that same award year.
(h) A student who otherwise is in default on a loan made under a title IV, HEA loan program, or who otherwise owes an overpayment on a title IV, HEA program grant or Federal Perkins loan, is not considered to be in default or owe an overpayment if the student—
(1) Obtains a judicial determination that the debt has been discharged or is dischargeable in bankruptcy; or
(2) Demonstrates to the satisfaction of the holder of the debt that—
(i) When the student filed the petition for bankruptcy relief, the loan, or demand for the payment of the overpayment, had been outstanding for the period required under 11 U.S.C.
523(a)(8)(A), exclusive of applicable suspensions of the repayment period for either debt of the kind defined in 34 CFR 682.402(m); and
(ii) The debt otherwise qualifies for discharge under applicable bankruptcy law; and
(i) In the case of a student who has been convicted of, or has pled nolo contendere or guilty to a crime involving fraud in obtaining title IV, HEA program assistance, has completed the repayment of such assistance to:
(1) The Secretary; or
(2) The holder, in the case of a title IV, HEA program loan.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1070g, 1091; 11 U.S.C. 523, 525)
[60 FR 61810, Dec. 1, 1995, as amended at 65 FR 38729, June 22, 2000; 67 FR 67073, Nov. 1, 2002; 71 FR 38003, July 3, 2006; 71 FR 45696, Aug. 9, 2006; 71 FR 64397, Nov. 1, 2006; 73 FR 35493, June 23, 2008]
§ 668.36
Social security number.
(a)(1) Except for residents of the Federated States of Micronesia, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, and the Republic of Palau, the Secretary attempts to confirm the social security number a student provides on the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) under a data match with the Social Security Administration. If the Social Security Administration confirms that number, the Secretary notifies the institution and the student of that confirmation.
(2) If the student's verified social security number is the same number as the one he or she provided on the FAFSA, and the institution has no reason to believe that the verified social security number is inaccurate, the institution may consider the number to be accurate.
(3) If the Social Security Administration does not verify the student's social security number on the FAFSA, or the institution has reason to believe that the verified social security number is inaccurate, the student can provide evidence to the institution, such as the student's social security card, indicating the accuracy of the student's social security number. An institution must give a student at least 30 days, or until the end of the award year, whichever is later, to produce that evidence.
(4) An institution may not deny, reduce, delay, or terminate a student's eligibility for assistance under the title IV, HEA programs because verification of that student's social security number is pending.
(b)(1) An institution may not disburse any title IV, HEA program funds to a student until the institution is satisfied that the student's reported social security number is accurate.
(2) The institution shall ensure that the Secretary is notified of the student's accurate social security number if the student demonstrates the accuracy of a social security number that is not the number the student included on the FAFSA.
(c) If the Secretary determines that the social security number provided to an institution by a student is incorrect, and that student has not provided evidence under paragraph (a)(3) of this section indicating the accuracy of the social security number, and a loan has been guaranteed for the student under the FFEL program, the institution shall notify and instruct the lender and guaranty agency making and guaranteeing the loan, respectively, to cease further disbursements of the loan, until the Secretary or the institution determines that the social security number provided by the student is correct, but the guaranty may not be voided or otherwise nullified before the date that the lender and the guaranty agency receive the notice.
(d) Nothing in this section permits the Secretary to take any compliance, disallowance, penalty or other regulatory action against—
(1) Any institution of higher education with respect to any error in a social security number, unless the error was the result of fraud on the part of the institution; or
(2) Any student with respect to any error in a social security number, unless the error was the result of fraud on the part of the student.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1091)
§ 668.37
Selective Service registration.
(a)(1) To be eligible to receive title IV, HEA program funds, a male student who is subject to registration with the
Selective Service must register with the Selective Service.
(2) A male student does not have to register with the Selective Service if the student—
(i) Is below the age of 18, or was born before January 1, 1960;
(ii) Is enrolled in an officer procurement program the curriculum of which has been approved by the Secretary of Defense at the following institutions:
(A) The Citadel, Charleston, South Carolina;
(B) North Georgia College, Dahlonega, Georgia;
(C) Norwich University, Northfield, Vermont; or
(D) Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, Virginia; or
(iii) Is a commissioned officer of the Public Health Service or a member of the Reserve of the Public Health Service who is on active duty as provided in section 6(a)(2) of the Military Selective Service Act.
(b)(1) When the Secretary processes a male student's FAFSA, the Secretary determines whether the student is registered with the Selective Service under a data match with the Selective Service.
(2) Under the data match, Selective Service reports to the Secretary whether its records indicate that the student is registered, and the Secretary reports the results of the data match to the student and the institution the student is attending.
(c)(1) If the Selective Service does not confirm through the data match, that the student is registered, the student can establish that he—
(i) Is registered;
(ii) Is not, or was not required to be, registered;
(iii) Has registered since the submission of the FAFSA; or
(iv) Meets the conditions of paragraph (d) of this section.
(2) An institution must give a student at least 30 days, or until the end of the award year, whichever is later, to provide evidence to establish the condition described in paragraph (c)(1) of this section.
(d) An institution may determine that a student, who was required to, but did not register with the Selective Service, is not ineligible to receive title IV, HEA assistance for that reason, if the student can demonstrate by submitting clear and unambiguous evidence to the institution that—
(1) He was unable to present himself for registration for reasons beyond his control such as hospitalization, incarceration, or institutionalization; or
(2) He is over 26 and when he was between 18 and 26 and required to register—
(i) He did not knowingly and willfully fail to register with the Selective Service; or
(ii) He served as a member of one of the U.S. Armed Forces on active duty and received a DD Form 214, “Certificate of Release or Discharge from Active Duty,” showing military service with other than the reserve forces and National Guard.
(e) For purposes of paragraph (d)(2)(i) of this section, an institution may consider that a student did not knowingly and willfully fail to register with the Selective Service only if—
(1) The student submits to the institution an advisory opinion from the Selective Service System that does not dispute the student's claim that he did not knowingly and willfully fail to register; and
(2) The institution does not have uncontroverted evidence that the student knowingly and willfully failed to register.
(f)(1) A student who is required to register with the Selective Service and has been denied title IV, HEA program assistance because he has not proven to the institution that he has registered with Selective Service may seek a hearing from the Secretary by filing a request in writing with the Secretary. The student must submit with that request—
(i) A statement that he is in compliance with registration requirements;
(ii) A concise statement of the reasons why he has not been able to prove that he is in compliance with those requirements; and
(iii) Copies of all material that he has already supplied to the institution to verify his compliance.
(2) The Secretary provides an opportunity for a hearing to a student who—
(i) Asserts that he is in compliance with registration requirements; and
(ii) Files a written request for a hearing in accordance with paragraph (f)(1) of this section within the award year for which he was denied title IV, HEA program assistance or within 30 days following the end of the payment period, whichever is later.
(3) An official designated by the Secretary shall conduct any hearing held under paragraph (f)(2) of this section. The sole purpose of this hearing is the determination of compliance with registration requirements. At this hearing, the student retains the burden of proving compliance, by credible evidence, with the requirements of the Military Selective Service Act. The designated official shall not consider challenges based on constitutional or other grounds to the requirements that a student state and verify, if required, compliance with registration requirements, or to those registration requirements themselves.
(g) Any determination of compliance made under this section is final unless reopened by the Secretary and revised on the basis of additional evidence.
(h) Any determination of compliance made under this section is binding only for purposes of determining eligibility for title IV, HEA program assistance.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1091 and 50 App. 462)
[60 FR 61812, Dec. 1. 1995, as amended at 61 FR 3776, Feb. 1, 1996]
§ 668.38
Enrollment in telecommunications and correspondence courses.
(a) If a student is enrolled in correspondence courses, the student is eligible to receive title IV, HEA program assistance only if the correspondence courses are part of a program that leads to an associate, bachelor's, or graduate degree.
(b)(1) For purposes of this section, a student enrolled in a telecommunications course at an institution of higher education is not enrolled in a correspondence course.
(2) For purposes of paragraph (b)(1) of this section, an institution of higher education is one that is not an institute or school described in section 3(3)(C) of the Carl D. Perkins Vocational and Applied Technology Act of 1995.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1091)
[60 FR 61810, Dec. 1, 1995, as amended at 64 FR 57358, Oct. 22, 1999; 71 FR 45696, Aug. 9, 2006]
§ 668.39
Study abroad programs.
A student enrolled in a program of study abroad is eligible to receive title IV, HEA program assistance if—
(a) The student remains enrolled as a regular student in an eligible program at an eligible institution during his or her program of study abroad; and
(b) The eligible institution approves the program of study abroad for academic credit. However, the study abroad program need not be required as part of the student's eligible degree program.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1091(o))
§ 668.40
Conviction for possession or sale of illegal drugs.
(a)(1) A student is ineligible to receive title IV, HEA program funds, for the period described in paragraph (b) of this section, if the student has been convicted of an offense under any Federal or State law involving the possession or sale of illegal drugs for conduct that occurred during a period of enrollment for which the student was receiving title IV, HEA program funds. However, the student may regain eligibility before that time period expires under the conditions described in paragraph (c) of this section.
(2) For purposes of this section, a conviction means only a conviction that is on a student's record. A conviction that was reversed, set aside, or removed from the student's record is not relevant for purposes of this section, nor is a determination or adjudication arising out of a juvenile proceeding.
(3) For purposes of this section, an illegal drug is a controlled substance as defined by section 102(6) of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 801(6)), and does not include alcohol or tobacco.
(b)(1)
Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, if a student has been convicted—
(i) Only one time for possession of illegal drugs, the student is ineligible to
receive title IV, HEA program funds for one year after the date of conviction;
(ii) Two times for possession of illegal drugs, the student is ineligible to receive title IV, HEA program funds for two years after the date of the second conviction; or
(iii) Three or more times for possession of illegal drugs, the student is ineligible to receive title IV, HEA program funds for an indefinite period after the date of the third conviction.
(2)
Sale.
Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, if a student has been convicted—
(i) Only one time for sale of illegal drugs, the student is ineligible to receive title IV, HEA program funds for two years after the date of conviction; or
(ii) Two or more times for sale of illegal drugs, the student is ineligible to receive Title IV, HEA program funds for an indefinite period after the date of the second conviction.
(c) If a student successfully completes a drug rehabilitation program described in paragraph (d) of this section after the student's most recent drug conviction, the student regains eligibility on the date the student successfully completes the program.
(d) A drug rehabilitation program referred to in paragraph (c) of this section is one which—
(1) Includes at least two unannounced drug tests; and
(2)(i) Has received or is qualified to receive funds directly or indirectly under a Federal, State, or local government program;
(ii) Is administered or recognized by a Federal, State, or local government agency or court;
(iii) Has received or is qualified to receive payment directly or indirectly from a Federally- or State-licensed insurance company; or
(iv) Is administered or recognized by a Federally- or State-licensed hospital, health clinic or medical doctor.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1091(r))
51 FR 43323, Dec. 1, 1986, unless otherwise noted.
§ 668.41
Reporting and disclosure of information.
(a)
The following definitions apply to this subpart:
Athletically related student aid
means any scholarship, grant, or other form of financial assistance, offered by an institution, the terms of which require the recipient to participate in a program of intercollegiate athletics at the institution. Other student aid, of which a student-athlete simply happens to be the recipient, is not athletically related student aid.
Certificate or degree-seeking student
means a student enrolled in a course of credit who is recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or certificate.
First-time undergraduate student
means an entering undergraduate who has never attended any institution of higher education. It includes a student enrolled in the fall term who attended a postsecondary institution for the first time in the prior summer term, and a student who entered with advanced standing (college credit earned before graduation from high school).
Normal time
is the amount of time necessary for a student to complete all requirements for a degree or certificate according to the institution's catalog. This is typically four years for a bachelor's degree in a standard term-based institution, two years for an associate degree in a standard term-based institution, and the various scheduled times for certificate programs.
Notice
means a notification of the availability of information an institution is required by this subpart to disclose, provided to an individual on a one-to-one basis through an appropriate mailing or publication, including direct mailing through the U.S. Postal Service, campus mail, or electronic mail. Posting on an Internet website or an Intranet website does not constitute a notice.
Official fall reporting date
means that date (in the fall) on which an institution must report fall enrollment data
to either the State, its board of trustees or governing board, or some other external governing body.
On-campus student housing facility:
A dormitory or other residential facility for students that is located on an institution's campus, as defined in § 668.46(a).
Prospective employee
means an individual who has contacted an eligible institution for the purpose of requesting information concerning employment with that institution.
Prospective student
means an individual who has contacted an eligible institution requesting information concerning admission to that institution.
Undergraduate students,
for purposes of §§ 668.45 and 668.48 only, means students enrolled in a bachelor's degree program, an associate degree program, or a vocational or technical program below the baccalaureate.
(b)
Disclosure through Internet or Intranet websites.
Subject to paragraphs (c)(2), (e)(2) through (4), or (g)(1)(ii) of this section, as appropriate, an institution may satisfy any requirement to disclose information under paragraph (d), (e), or (g) of this section for—
(1) Enrolled students or current employees by posting the information on an Internet website or an Intranet website that is reasonably accessible to the individuals to whom the information must be disclosed; and
(2) Prospective students or prospective employees by posting the information on an Internet website.
(c)
Notice to enrolled students.
(1) An institution annually must distribute to all enrolled students a notice of the availability of the information required to be disclosed pursuant to paragraphs (d), (e), and (g) of this section, and pursuant to 34 CFR 99.7 (§ 99.7 sets forth the notification requirements of the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974). The notice must list and briefly describe the information and tell the student how to obtain the information.
(2) An institution that discloses information to enrolled students as required under paragraph (d), (e), or (g) of this section by posting the information on an Internet website or an Intranet website must include in the notice described in paragraph (c)(1) of this section—
(i) The exact electronic address at which the information is posted; and
(ii) A statement that the institution will provide a paper copy of the information on request.
(d)
General disclosures for enrolled or prospective students.
An institution must make available to any enrolled student or prospective student through appropriate publications, mailings or electronic media, information concerning—
(1) Financial assistance available to students enrolled in the institution (pursuant to § 668.42).
(2) The institution (pursuant to § 668.43).
(3) The institution's retention rate as reported to the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS). In the case of a request from a prospective student, the information must be made available prior to the student's enrolling or entering into any financial obligation with the institution.
(4) The institution's completion or graduation rate and, if applicable, its transfer-out rate (pursuant to § 668.45). In the case of a request from a prospective student, the information must be made available prior to the student's enrolling or entering into any financial obligation with the institution.
(5) The placement of, and types of employment obtained by, graduates of the institution's degree or certificate programs.
(i) The information provided in compliance with this paragraph may be gathered from—
(A) The institution's placement rate for any program, if it calculates such a rate;
(B) State data systems;
(C) Alumni or student satisfaction surveys; or
(D) Other relevant sources.
(ii) The institution must identify the source of the information provided in compliance with this paragraph, as well as any time frames and methodology associated with it.
(iii) The institution must disclose any placement rates it calculates.
(6) The types of graduate and professional education in which graduates of
the institution's four-year degree programs enroll.
(i) The information provided in compliance with this paragraph may be gathered from—
(A) State data systems;
(B) Alumni or student satisfaction surveys; or
(C) Other relevant sources.
(ii) The institution must identify the source of the information provided in compliance with this paragraph, as well as any time frames and methodology associated with it.
(e)
Annual security report and annual fire safety report
— (1)
Enrolled students and current employees—annual security report and annual fire safety report.
By October 1 of each year, an institution must distribute to all enrolled students and current employees its annual security report described in § 668.46(b), and, if the institution maintains an on-campus student housing facility, its annual fire safety report described in § 668.49(b), through appropriate publications and mailings, including—
(i) Direct mailing to each individual through the U.S. Postal Service, campus mail, or electronic mail;
(ii) A publication or publications provided directly to each individual; or
(iii) Posting on an Internet Web site or an Intranet Web site, subject to paragraph (e)(2) and (3) of this section.
(2)
Enrolled students—annual security report and annual fire safety report.
If an institution chooses to distribute either its annual security report or annual fire safety report to enrolled students by posting the disclosure or disclosures on an Internet Web site or an Intranet Web site, the institution must comply with the requirements of paragraph (c)(2) of this section.
(3)
Current employees—annual security report and annual fire safety report.
If an institution chooses to distribute either its annual security report or annual fire safety report to current employees by posting the disclosure or disclosures on an Internet Web site or an Intranet Web site, the institution must, by October 1 of each year, distribute to all current employees a notice that includes a statement of the report's availability, the exact electronic address at which the report is posted, a brief description of the report's contents, and a statement that the institution will provide a paper copy of the report upon request.
(4)
Prospective students and prospective employees—annual security report and annual fire safety report.
For each of the reports, the institution must provide a notice to prospective students and prospective employees that includes a statement of the report's availability, a description of its contents, and an opportunity to request a copy. An institution must provide its annual security report and annual fire safety report, upon request, to a prospective student or prospective employee. If the institution chooses to provide either its annual security report or annual fire safety report to prospective students and prospective employees by posting the disclosure on an Internet Web site, the notice described in this paragraph must include the exact electronic address at which the report is posted, a brief description of the report, and a statement that the institution will provide a paper copy of the report upon request.
(5)
Submission to the Secretary—annual security report and annual fire safety report.
Each year, by the date and in a form specified by the Secretary, an institution must submit the statistics required by §§ 668.46(c) and 668.49(c) to the Secretary.
(6)
Publication of the annual fire safety report.
An institution may publish its annual fire safety report concurrently with its annual security report only if the title of the report clearly states that the report contains both the annual security report and the annual fire safety report. If an institution chooses to publish the annual fire safety report separately from the annual security report, it must include information in each of the two reports about how to directly access the other report.
(f)
Prospective student-athletes and their parents, high school coach and guidance counselor—report on completion or graduation rates for student-athletes.
(1)(i) Except under the circumstances described in paragraph (f)(1)(ii) of this section, when an institution offers a prospective student-athlete athletically related student aid, it must provide to the prospective student-athlete,
and his or her parents, high school coach, and guidance counselor, the report produced pursuant to § 668.48(a).
(ii) An institution's responsibility under paragraph (f)(1)(i) of this section with reference to a prospective student athlete's high school coach and guidance counselor is satisfied if—
(A) The institution is a member of a national collegiate athletic association;
(B) The association compiles data on behalf of its member institutions, which data the Secretary determines are substantially comparable to those required by § 668.48(a); and
(C) The association distributes the compilation to all secondary schools in the United States.
(2) By July 1 of each year, an institution must submit to the Secretary the report produced pursuant to § 668.48.
(g)
Enrolled students, prospective students, and the public—report on athletic program participation rates and financial support data.
(1)(i) An institution of higher education subject to § 668.47 must, not later than October 15 of each year, make available to enrolled students, prospective students, and the public, the report produced pursuant to § 668.47(c). The institution must make the report easily accessible to students, prospective students, and the public and must provide the report promptly to anyone who requests it.
(ii) The institution must provide notice to all enrolled students, pursuant to paragraph (c)(1) of this section, and prospective students of their right to request the report described in paragraph (g)(1) of this section. If the institution chooses to make the report available by posting the disclosure on an Internet website or an Intranet website, it must provide in the notice the exact electronic address at which the report is posted, a brief description of the report, and a statement that the institution will provide a paper copy of the report on request. For prospective students, the institution may not use an Intranet website for this purpose.
(2) An institution must submit the report described in paragraph (g)(1)(i) of this section to the Secretary within 15 days of making it available to students, prospective students, and the public.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1845-0004)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1092)
[64 FR 59066, Nov. 1, 1999, as amended at 74 FR 55942, Oct. 29, 2009]
§ 668.42
Financial assistance information.
(a)(1) Information on financial assistance that the institution must publish and make readily available to current and prospective students under this subpart includes, but is not limited to, a description of all the Federal, State, local, private and institutional student financial assistance programs available to students who enroll at that institution.
(2) These programs include both need-based and non-need-based programs.
(3) The institution may describe its own financial assistance programs by listing them in general categories.
(4) The institution must describe the terms and conditions of the loans students receive under the Federal Family Education Loan Program, the William D. Ford Federal Direct Student Loan Program, and the Federal Perkins Loan Program.
(b) For each program referred to in paragraph (a) of this section, the information provided by the institution must describe—
(1) The procedures and forms by which students apply for assistance;
(2) The student eligibility requirements;
(3) The criteria for selecting recipients from the group of eligible applicants; and
(4) The criteria for determining the amount of a student's award.
(c) The institution must describe the rights and responsibilities of students receiving financial assistance and, specifically, assistance under the title IV, HEA programs. This description must include specific information regarding—
(1) Criteria for continued student eligibility under each program;
(2)(i) Standards which the student must maintain in order to be considered to be making satisfactory progress
in his or her course of study for the purpose of receiving financial assistance; and
(ii) Criteria by which the student who has failed to maintain satisfactory progress may re-establish his or her eligibility for financial assistance;
(3) The method by which financial assistance disbursements will be made to the students and the frequency of those disbursements;
(4) The terms of any loan received by a student as part of the student's financial assistance package, a sample loan repayment schedule for sample loans and the necessity for repaying loans;
(5) The general conditions and terms applicable to any employment provided to a student as part of the student's financial assistance package; and
(6) The exit counseling information the institution provides and collects as required by 34 CFR 674.42 for borrowers under the Federal Perkins Loan Program, by 34 CFR 685.304 for borrowers under the William D. Ford Federal Direct Student Loan Program, and by 34 CFR 682.604 for borrowers under the Federal Stafford Loan Program.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1845-0022)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1092)
[51 FR 43323, Dec. 1, 1986. Redesignated and amended at 64 FR 59067, Nov. 1, 1999; 74 FR 55649, Oct. 29, 2009]
§ 668.43
Institutional information.
(a) Institutional information that the institution must make readily available to enrolled and prospective students under this subpart includes, but is not limited to—
(1) The cost of attending the institution, including—
(i) Tuition and fees charged to full-time and part-time students;
(ii) Estimates of costs for necessary books and supplies;
(iii) Estimates of typical charges for room and board;
(iv) Estimates of transportation costs for students; and
(v) Any additional cost of a program in which a student is enrolled or expresses a specific interest;
(2) Any refund policy with which the institution is required to comply for the return of unearned tuition and fees or other refundable portions of costs paid to the institution;
(3) The requirements and procedures for officially withdrawing from the institution;
(4) A summary of the requirements under § 668.22 for the return of title IV grant or loan assistance;
(5) The academic program of the institution, including—
(i) The current degree programs and other educational and training programs;
(ii) The instructional, laboratory, and other physical facilities which relate to the academic program;
(iii) The institution's faculty and other instructional personnel; and
(iv) Any plans by the institution for improving the academic program of the institution, upon a determination by the institution that such a plan exists;
(6) The names of associations, agencies or governmental bodies that accredit, approve, or license the institution and its programs and the procedures by which documents describing that activity may be reviewed under paragraph (b) of this section;
(7) A description of the services and facilities available to students with disabilities, including students with intellectual disabilities as defined in subpart O of this part;
(8) The titles of persons designated under § 668.44 and information regarding how and where those persons may be contacted;
(9) A statement that a student's enrollment in a program of study abroad approved for credit by the home institution may be considered enrollment at the home institution for the purpose of applying for assistance under the title IV, HEA programs;
(10) Institutional policies and sanctions related to copyright infringement, including—
(i) A statement that explicitly informs its students that unauthorized distribution of copyrighted material, including unauthorized peer-to-peer file sharing, may subject the students to civil and criminal liabilities;
(ii) A summary of the penalties for violation of Federal copyright laws;
(iii) A description of the institution's policies with respect to unauthorized
peer-to-peer file sharing, including disciplinary actions that are taken against students who engage in illegal downloading or unauthorized distribution of copyrighted materials using the institution's information technology system; and
(11) A description of the transfer of credit policies established by the institution which must include a statement of the institution's current transfer of credit policies that includes, at a minimum—
(i) Any established criteria the institution uses regarding the transfer of credit earned at another institution; and
(ii) A list of institutions with which the institution has established an articulation agreement; and
(12) A description of written arrangements the institution has entered into in accordance with § 668.5, including, but not limited to, information on—
(i) The portion of the educational program that the institution that grants the degree or certificate is not providing;
(ii) The name and location of the other institutions or organizations that are providing the portion of the educational program that the institution that grants the degree or certificate is not providing;
(iii) The method of delivery of the portion of the educational program that the institution that grants the degree or certificate is not providing; and
(iv) Estimated additional costs students may incur as the result of enrolling in an educational program that is provided, in part, under the written arrangement.
(b) The institution must make available for review to any enrolled or prospective student upon request, a copy of the documents describing the institution's accreditation and its State, Federal, or tribal approval or licensing. The institution must also provide its students or prospective students with contact information for filing complaints with its accreditor and with its State approval or licensing entity and any other relevant State official or agency that would appropriately handle a student's complaint.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1845-0022)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1092)
[64 FR 59068, Nov. 1, 1999, as amended at 74 FR 55943, Oct. 29, 2009; 75 FR 66954, Oct. 29, 2010]
§ 668.44
Availability of employees for information dissemination purposes.
(a)
Availability.
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section each institution shall designate an employee or group of employees who shall be available on a full-time basis to assist enrolled or prospective students in obtaining the information specified in §§ 668.42, 668.43, 668.45 and 668.46.
(2) If the institution designates one person, that person shall be available, upon reasonable notice, to any enrolled or prospective student throughout the normal administrative working hours of that institution.
(3) If more than one person is designated, their combined work schedules must be arranged so that at least one of them is available, upon reasonable notice, throughout the normal administrative working hours of that institution.
(b)
Waiver.
(1) the Secretary may waive the requirement that the employee or group of employees designated under paragraph (a) of this section be available on a full-time basis if the institution's total enrollment, or the portion of the enrollment participating in the title IV, HEA programs, is too small to necessitate an employee or group of employees being available on a full-time basis.
(2) In determining whether an institution's total enrollment or the number of title IV, HEA program recipients is too small, the Secretary considers whether there will be an insufficient demand for information dissemination services among its enrolled or prospective students to necessitate the full-time availability of an employee or group of employees.
(3) To receive a waiver, the institution shall apply to the Secretary at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Secretary.
(c) The granting of a waiver under paragraph (b) of this section does not exempt an institution from designating a specific employee or group of employees to carry out on a part-time basis the information dissemination requirements.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1092)
[51 FR 43323, Dec. 1, 1986. Redesignated at 64 FR 59067, Nov. 1, 1999, as amended at 69 FR 12276, Mar. 16, 2004]
§ 668.45
Information on completion or graduation rates.
(a)(1) An institution annually must prepare the completion or graduation rate of its certificate- or degree-seeking, first-time, full-time undergraduate students, as provided in paragraph (b) of this section.
(2) An institution that determines that its mission includes providing substantial preparation for students to enroll in another eligible institution must prepare the transfer-out rate of its certificate- or degree-seeking, first-time, full-time undergraduate students, as provided in paragraph (c) of this section.
(3)(i) An institution that offers a predominant number of its programs based on semesters, trimesters, or quarters must base its completion or graduation rate, retention rate, and, if applicable, transfer-out rate calculations, on the cohort of certificate- or degree-seeking, first-time, full-time undergraduate students who enter the institution during the fall term of each year.
(ii) An institution not covered by the provisions of paragraph (a)(3)(i) of this section must base its completion or graduation rate, retention rate, and, if applicable, transfer-out rate calculations, on the cohort of certificate- or degree-seeking, first-time, full-time undergraduate students who enter the institution between September 1 of one year and August 31 of the following year.
(4)(i) An institution covered by the provisions of paragraph (a)(3)(i) of this section must count as an entering student a first-time undergraduate student who is enrolled as of October 15, the end of the institution's drop-add period, or another official reporting date as defined in § 668.41(a).
(ii) An institution covered by paragraph (a)(3)(ii) of this section must count as an entering student a first-time undergraduate student who is enrolled for at least—
(A) 15 days, in a program of up to, and including, one year in length; or
(B) 30 days, in a program of greater than one year in length.
(5) An institution must make available its completion or graduation rate and, if applicable, transfer-out rate, no later than the July 1 immediately following the 12-month period ending August 31 during which 150 percent of the normal time for completion or graduation has elapsed for all of the students in the group on which the institution bases its completion or graduation rate and, if applicable, transfer-out rate calculations.
(6)(i) Completion or graduation rate information must be disaggregated by gender, by each major racial and ethnic subgroup (as defined in IPEDS), by recipients of a Federal Pell Grant, by recipients of a Federal Family Education Loan or a Federal Direct Loan (other than an Unsubsidized Stafford Loan made under the Federal Family Education Loan Program or a Federal Direct Unsubsidized Stafford Loan) who did not receive a Federal Pell Grant, and by recipients of neither a Federal Pell Grant nor a Federal Family Education Loan or a Federal Direct Loan (other than an Unsubsidized Stafford Loan made under the Federal Family Education Loan Program or a Federal Direct Unsubsidized Loan) if the number of students in such group or with such status is sufficient to yield statistically reliable information and reporting will not reveal personally identifiable information about an individual student. If such number is not sufficient for such purpose,
i.e.,
is too small to be meaningful, then the institution shall note that the institution enrolled too few of such students to so disclose or report with confidence and confidentiality.
(ii) With respect to the requirement in paragraph (a)(6)(i) of this section to disaggregate the completion or graduation rate information by the receipt or nonreceipt of Federal student aid, students shall be considered to have received the aid in question only if they
received such aid for the period specified in paragraph (a)(3) of this section.
(iii) The requirement in paragraph (a)(6)(i) of this section shall not apply to two-year, degree-granting institutions of higher education until academic year 2011-2012.
(b) In calculating the completion or graduation rate under paragraph (a)(1) of this section, an institution must count as completed or graduated—
(1) Students who have completed or graduated by the end of the 12-month period ending August 31 during which 150 percent of the normal time for completion or graduation from their program has lapsed; and
(2) Students who have completed a program described in § 668.8(b)(1)(ii), or an equivalent program, by the end of the 12-month period ending August 31 during which 150 percent of normal time for completion from that program has lapsed.
(c) In calculating the transfer-out rate under paragraph (a)(2) of this section, an institution must count as transfers-out students who by the end of the 12-month period ending August 31 during which 150 percent of the normal time for completion or graduation from the program in which they were enrolled has lapsed, have not completed or graduated but have subsequently enrolled in any program of an eligible institution for which its program provided substantial preparation.
(d) For the purpose of calculating a completion or graduation rate and a transfer-out rate, an institution may—
(1) Exclude students who—
(i) Have left school to serve in the Armed Forces;
(ii) Have left school to serve on official church missions;
(iii) Have left school to serve with a foreign aid service of the Federal Government, such as the Peace Corps;
(iv) Are totally and permanently disabled; or
(v) Are deceased.
(2) In cases where the students described in paragraphs (d)(1)(i) through (iii) of this section represent 20 percent or more of the certificate- or degree-seeking, full-time, undergraduate students at the institution, recalculate the completion or graduation rates of those students by adding to the 150 percent time-frame they normally have to complete or graduate, as described in paragraph (b) of this section, the time period the students were not enrolled due to their service in the Armed Forces, on official church missions, or with a recognized foreign aid service of the Federal Government.
(e)(1) The Secretary grants a waiver of the requirements of this section dealing with completion and graduation rate data to any institution that is a member of an athletic association or conference that has voluntarily published completion or graduation rate data, or has agreed to publish data, that the Secretary determines are substantially comparable to the data required by this section.
(2) An institution that receives a waiver of the requirements of this section must still comply with the requirements of § 668.41(d)(3) and (f).
(3) An institution, or athletic association or conference applying on behalf of an institution, that seeks a waiver under paragraph (e)(1) of this section must submit a written application to the Secretary that explains why it believes the data the athletic association or conference publishes are accurate and substantially comparable to the information required by this section.
(f) In addition to calculating the completion or graduation rate required by paragraph (a)(1) of this section, an institution may, but is not required to—
(1) Calculate a completion or graduation rate for students who transfer into the institution;
(2) Calculate a completion or graduation rate for students described in paragraphs (d)(1)(i) through (iv) of this section; and
(3) Calculate a transfer-out rate as specified in paragraph (c) of this section, if the institution determines that its mission does not include providing substantial preparation for its students to enroll in another eligible institution.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1845-0004)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1092)
[74 FR 55944, Oct. 29, 2009]
§ 668.46
Institutional security policies and crime statistics.
(a)
Monday through Friday, excluding any day when the institution is closed.
Campus:
(1) Any building or property owned or controlled by an institution within the same reasonably contiguous geographic area and used by the institution in direct support of, or in a manner related to, the institution's educational purposes, including residence halls; and
(2) Any building or property that is within or reasonably contiguous to the area identified in paragraph (1) of this definition, that is owned by the institution but controlled by another person, is frequently used by students, and supports institutional purposes (such as a food or other retail vendor).
Campus security authority:
(1) A campus police department or a campus security department of an institution.
(2) Any individual or individuals who have responsibility for campus security but who do not constitute a campus police department or a campus security department under paragraph (1) of this definition, such as an individual who is responsible for monitoring entrance into institutional property.
(3) Any individual or organization specified in an institution's statement of campus security policy as an individual or organization to which students and employees should report criminal offenses.
(4) An official of an institution who has significant responsibility for student and campus activities, including, but not limited to, student housing, student discipline, and campus judicial proceedings. If such an official is a pastoral or professional counselor as defined below, the official is not considered a campus security authority when acting as a pastoral or professional counselor.
Noncampus building or property:
(1) Any building or property owned or controlled by a student organization that is officially recognized by the institution; or
(2) Any building or property owned or controlled by an institution that is used in direct support of, or in relation to, the institution's educational purposes, is frequently used by students, and is not within the same reasonably contiguous geographic area of the institution.
Pastoral counselor:
A person who is associated with a religious order or denomination, is recognized by that religious order or denomination as someone who provides confidential counseling, and is functioning within the scope of that recognition as a pastoral counselor.
Professional counselor:
A person whose official responsibilities include providing mental health counseling to members of the institution's community and who is functioning within the scope of his or her license or certification.
Public property:
All public property, including thoroughfares, streets, sidewalks, and parking facilities, that is within the campus, or immediately adjacent to and accessible from the campus.
Referred for campus disciplinary action:
The referral of any person to any campus official who initiates a disciplinary action of which a record is kept and which may result in the imposition of a sanction.
Test:
Regularly scheduled drills, exercises, and appropriate follow-through activities, designed for assessment and evaluation of emergency plans and capabilities.
(b)
Annual security report.
An institution must prepare an annual security report that contains, at a minimum, the following information:
(1) The crime statistics described in paragraph (c) of this section.
(2) A statement of current campus policies regarding procedures for students and others to report criminal actions or other emergencies occurring on campus. This statement must include the institution's policies concerning its response to these reports, including—
(i) Policies for making timely warning reports to members of the campus community regarding the occurrence of crimes described in paragraph (c)(1) of this section;
(ii) Policies for preparing the annual disclosure of crime statistics; and
(iii) A list of the titles of each person or organization to whom students and employees should report the criminal offenses described in paragraph (c)(1) of this section for the purpose of making timely warning reports and the annual statistical disclosure. This statement must also disclose whether the institution has any policies or procedures that allow victims or witnesses to report crimes on a voluntary, confidential basis for inclusion in the annual disclosure of crime statistics, and, if so, a description of those policies and procedures.
(3) A statement of current policies concerning security of and access to campus facilities, including campus residences, and security considerations used in the maintenance of campus facilities.
(4) A statement of current policies concerning campus law enforcement that—
(i) Addresses the enforcement authority of security personnel, including their relationship with State and local police agencies and whether those security personnel have the authority to arrest individuals;
(ii) Encourages accurate and prompt reporting of all crimes to the campus police and the appropriate police agencies; and
(iii) Describes procedures, if any, that encourage pastoral counselors and professional counselors, if and when they deem it appropriate, to inform the persons they are counseling of any procedures to report crimes on a voluntary, confidential basis for inclusion in the annual disclosure of crime statistics.
(5) A description of the type and frequency of programs designed to inform students and employees about campus security procedures and practices and to encourage students and employees to be responsible for their own security and the security of others.
(6) A description of programs designed to inform students and employees about the prevention of crimes.
(7) A statement of policy concerning the monitoring and recording through local police agencies of criminal activity in which students engaged at off-campus locations of student organizations officially recognized by the institution, including student organizations with off-campus housing facilities.
(8) A statement of policy regarding the possession, use, and sale of alcoholic beverages and enforcement of State underage drinking laws.
(9) A statement of policy regarding the possession, use, and sale of illegal drugs and enforcement of Federal and State drug laws.
(10) A description of any drug or alcohol-abuse education programs, as required under section 120(a) through (d) of the HEA. For the purpose of meeting this requirement, an institution may cross-reference the materials the institution uses to comply with section 120(a) through (d) of the HEA.
(11) A statement of policy regarding the institution's campus sexual assault programs to prevent sex offenses, and procedures to follow when a sex offense occurs. The statement must include—
(i) A description of educational programs to promote the awareness of rape, acquaintance rape, and other forcible and nonforcible sex offenses;
(ii) Procedures students should follow if a sex offense occurs, including procedures concerning who should be contacted, the importance of preserving evidence for the proof of a criminal offense, and to whom the alleged offense should be reported;
(iii) Information on a student's option to notify appropriate law enforcement authorities, including on-campus and local police, and a statement that institutional personnel will assist the student in notifying these authorities, if the student requests the assistance of these personnel;
(iv) Notification to students of existing on- and off-campus counseling, mental health, or other student services for victims of sex offenses;
(v) Notification to students that the institution will change a victim's academic and living situations after an alleged sex offense and of the options for those changes, if those changes are requested by the victim and are reasonably available;
(vi) Procedures for campus disciplinary action in cases of an alleged sex offense, including a clear statement that—
(A) The accuser and the accused are entitled to the same opportunities to
have others present during a disciplinary proceeding; and
(B) Both the accuser and the accused must be informed of the outcome of any institutional disciplinary proceeding brought alleging a sex offense. Compliance with this paragraph does not constitute a violation of the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (20 U.S.C. 1232g). For the purpose of this paragraph, the outcome of a disciplinary proceeding means only the institution's final determination with respect to the alleged sex offense and any sanction that is imposed against the accused; and
(vii) Sanctions the institution may impose following a final determination of an institutional disciplinary proceeding regarding rape, acquaintance rape, or other forcible or nonforcible sex offenses.
(12) Beginning with the annual security report distributed by October 1, 2003, a statement advising the campus community where law enforcement agency information provided by a State under section 170101(j) of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 (42 U.S.C. 14071(j)), concerning registered sex offenders may be obtained, such as the law enforcement office of the institution, a local law enforcement agency with jurisdiction for the campus, or a computer network address.
(13) Beginning with the annual security report distributed by October 1, 2010, a statement of policy regarding emergency response and evacuation procedures, as described in paragraph (g) of this section.
(14) Beginning with the annual security report distributed by October 1, 2010, a statement of policy regarding missing student notification procedures, as described in paragraph (h) of this section.
(c)
—(1)
Crimes that must be reported.
An institution must report statistics for the three most recent calendar years concerning the occurrence on campus, in or on noncampus buildings or property, and on public property of the following that are reported to local police agencies or to a campus security authority:
(i) Criminal homicide:
(A) Murder and nonnegligent manslaughter.
(B) Negligent manslaughter.
(vii) Arson.
(viii) (A) Arrests for liquor law violations, drug law violations, and illegal weapons possession.
(B) Persons not included in paragraph (c)(1)(viii)(A) of this section, who were referred for campus disciplinary action for liquor law violations, drug law violations, and illegal weapons possession.
(2)
Recording crimes.
An institution must record a crime statistic in its annual security report for the calendar year in which the crime was reported to a campus security authority.
(3)
Reported crimes if a hate crime.
An institution must report, by category of prejudice, the following crimes reported to local police agencies or to a campus security authority that manifest evidence that the victim was intentionally selected because of the victim's actual or perceived race, gender, religion, sexual orientation, ethnicity, or disability:
(i) Any crime it reports pursuant to paragraph (c)(1)(i) through (vii) of this section.
(ii) The crimes of larceny-theft, simple assault, intimidation, and destruction/damage/vandalism of property.
(iii) Any other crime involving bodily injury.
(4)
Crimes by location.
The institution must provide a geographic breakdown of the statistics reported under paragraphs (c)(1) and (3) of this section according to the following categories:
(i) On campus.
(ii) Of the crimes in paragraph (c)(4)(i) of this section, the number of crimes that took place in dormitories or other residential facilities for students on campus.
(iii) In or on a noncampus building or property.
(iv) On public property.
Identification of the victim or the accused.
The statistics required under
paragraphs (c)(1) and (3) of this section may not include the identification of the victim or the person accused of committing the crime.
(6)
Pastoral and professional counselor.
An institution is not required to report statistics under paragraphs (c)(1) and (3) of this section for crimes reported to a pastoral or professional counselor.
(7)
UCR definitions.
An institution must compile the crime statistics required under paragraphs (c)(1) and (3) of this section using the definitions of crimes provided in appendix A to this subpart and the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Hate Crime Data Collection Guidelines and Training Guide for Hate Crime Data Collection. For further guidance concerning the application of definitions and classification of crimes, an institution must use either the UCR Reporting Handbook or the UCR Reporting Handbook: NIBRS EDITION, except that in determining how to report crimes committed in a multiple-offense situation an institution must use the UCR Reporting Handbook. Copies of the UCR publications referenced in this paragraph are available from: FBI, Communications Unit, 1000 Custer Hollow Road, Clarksburg, WV 26306 (telephone: 304-625-2823).
(8)
Use of a map.
In complying with the statistical reporting requirements under paragraphs (c)(1) and (3) of this section, an institution may provide a map to current and prospective students and employees that depicts its campus, noncampus buildings or property, and public property areas if the map accurately depicts its campus, noncampus buildings or property, and public property areas.
(9)
Statistics from police agencies.
In complying with the statistical reporting requirements under paragraphs (c)(1) through (4) of this section, an institution must make a reasonable, good faith effort to obtain the required statistics and may rely on the information supplied by a local or State police agency. If the institution makes such a reasonable, good faith effort, it is not responsible for the failure of the local or State police agency to supply the required statistics.
(d)
An institution must comply with the requirements of this section for each separate campus.
(e)
Timely warning and emergency notification.
(1) An institution must, in a manner that is timely and will aid in the prevention of similar crimes, report to the campus community on crimes that are—
(i) Described in paragraph (c)(1) and (3) of this section;
(ii) Reported to campus security authorities as identified under the institution's statement of current campus policies pursuant to paragraph (b)(2) of this section or local police agencies; and
(iii) Considered by the institution to represent a threat to students and employees.
(2) An institution is not required to provide a timely warning with respect to crimes reported to a pastoral or professional counselor.
(3) If there is an immediate threat to the health or safety of students or employees occurring on campus, as described in paragraph (g)(1) of this section, an institution must follow its emergency notification procedures. An institution that follows its emergency notification procedures is not required to issue a timely warning based on the same circumstances; however, the institution must provide adequate follow-up information to the community as needed.
(f)
Crime log.
(1) An institution that maintains a campus police or a campus security department must maintain a written, easily understood daily crime log that records, by the date the crime was reported, any crime that occurred on campus, on a noncampus building or property, on public property, or within the patrol jurisdiction of the campus police or the campus security department and is reported to the campus police or the campus security department. This log must include—
(i) The nature, date, time, and general location of each crime; and
(ii) The disposition of the complaint, if known.
(2) The institution must make an entry or an addition to an entry to the log within two business days, as defined under paragraph (a) of this section, of the report of the information
to the campus police or the campus security department, unless that disclosure is prohibited by law or would jeopardize the confidentiality of the victim.
(3)(i) An institution may withhold information required under paragraphs (f)(1) and (2) of this section if there is clear and convincing evidence that the release of the information would—
(A) Jeopardize an ongoing criminal investigation or the safety of an individual;
(B) Cause a suspect to flee or evade detection; or
(C) Result in the destruction of evidence.
(ii) The institution must disclose any information withheld under paragraph (f)(3)(i) of this section once the adverse effect described in that paragraph is no longer likely to occur.
(4) An institution may withhold under paragraphs (f)(2) and (3) of this section only that information that would cause the adverse effects described in those paragraphs.
(5) The institution must make the crime log for the most recent 60-day period open to public inspection during normal business hours. The institution must make any portion of the log older than 60 days available within two business days of a request for public inspection.
(g)
Emergency response and evacuation procedures.
An institution must include a statement of policy regarding its emergency response and evacuation procedures in the annual security report. This statement must include—
(1) The procedures the institution will use to immediately notify the campus community upon the confirmation of a significant emergency or dangerous situation involving an immediate threat to the health or safety of students or employees occurring on the campus;
(2) A description of the process the institution will use to—
(i) Confirm that there is a significant emergency or dangerous situation as described in paragraph (g)(1) of this section;
(ii) Determine the appropriate segment or segments of the campus community to receive a notification;
(iii) Determine the content of the notification; and
(iv) Initiate the notification system.
(3) A statement that the institution will, without delay, and taking into account the safety of the community, determine the content of the notification and initiate the notification system, unless issuing a notification will, in the professional judgment of responsible authorities, compromise efforts to assist a victim or to contain, respond to, or otherwise mitigate the emergency;
(4) A list of the titles of the person or persons or organization or organizations responsible for carrying out the actions described in paragraph (g)(2) of this section;
(5) The institution's procedures for disseminating emergency information to the larger community; and
(6) The institution's procedures to test the emergency response and evacuation procedures on at least an annual basis, including—
(i) Tests that may be announced or unannounced;
(ii) Publicizing its emergency response and evacuation procedures in conjunction with at least one test per calendar year; and
(iii) Documenting, for each test, a description of the exercise, the date, time, and whether it was announced or unannounced.
(h)
Missing student notification policies and procedures.
(1) An institution that provides any on-campus student housing facility must include a statement of policy regarding missing student notification procedures for students who reside in on-campus student housing facilities in its annual security report. This statement must—
(i) Indicate a list of titles of the persons or organizations to which students, employees, or other individuals should report that a student has been missing for 24 hours;
(ii) Require that any missing student report must be referred immediately to the institution's police or campus security department, or, in the absence of an institutional police or campus security department, to the local law enforcement agency that has jurisdiction in the area;
(iii) Contain an option for each student to identify a contact person or persons whom the institution shall notify within 24 hours of the determination that the student is missing, if the student has been determined missing by the institutional police or campus security department, or the local law enforcement agency;
(iv) Advise students that their contact information will be registered confidentially, that this information will be accessible only to authorized campus officials, and that it may not be disclosed, except to law enforcement personnel in furtherance of a missing person investigation;
(v) Advise students that if they are under 18 years of age and not emancipated, the institution must notify a custodial parent or guardian within 24 hours of the determination that the student is missing, in addition to notifying any additional contact person designated by the student; and
(vi) Advise students that, the institution will notify the local law enforcement agency within 24 hours of the determination that the student is missing, unless the local law enforcement agency was the entity that made the determination that the student is missing.
(2) The procedures that the institution must follow when a student who resides in an on-campus student housing facility is determined to have been missing for 24 hours include—
(i) If the student has designated a contact person, notifying that contact person within 24 hours that the student is missing;
(ii) If the student is under 18 years of age and is not emancipated, notifying the student's custodial parent or guardian and any other designated contact person within 24 hours that the student is missing; and
(iii) Regardless of whether the student has identified a contact person, is above the age of 18, or is an emancipated minor, informing the local law enforcement agency that has jurisdiction in the area within 24 hours that the student is missing.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1845-0022)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1092)
[64 FR 59069, Nov. 1, 1999, as amended at 65 FR 65637, Nov. 1, 2000; 67 FR 66520, Oct. 31, 2002; 74 FR 55945, Oct. 29, 2009]
§ 668.47
Report on athletic program participation rates and financial support data.
(a)
This section applies to a co-educational institution of higher education that—
(1) Participates in any title IV, HEA program; and
(2) Has an intercollegiate athletic program.
(b)
The following definitions apply for purposes of this section only.
(1)
—(i)
Expenses
means expenses attributable to intercollegiate athletic activities. This includes appearance guarantees and options, athletically related student aid, contract services, equipment, fundraising activities, operating expenses, promotional activities, recruiting expenses, salaries and benefits, supplies, travel, and any other expenses attributable to intercollegiate athletic activities.
(ii)
Operating expenses
means all expenses an institution incurs attributable to home, away, and neutral-site intercollegiate athletic contests (commonly known as “game-day expenses”), for—
(A) Lodging, meals, transportation, uniforms, and equipment for coaches, team members, support staff (including, but not limited to team managers and trainers), and others; and
(B) Officials.
(iii)
Recruiting expenses
means all expenses an institution incurs attributable to recruiting activities. This includes, but is not limited to, expenses for lodging, meals, telephone use, and transportation (including vehicles used for recruiting purposes) for both recruits and personnel engaged in recruiting, any other expenses for official and unofficial visits, and all other expenses related to recruiting.
(2)
means all wages and bonuses an institution pays
a coach as compensation attributable to coaching.
(3)(i)
means students who, as of the day of a varsity team's first scheduled contest—
(A) Are listed by the institution on the varsity team's roster;
(B) Receive athletically related student aid; or
(C) Practice with the varsity team and receive coaching from one or more varsity coaches.
(ii) Any student who satisfies one or more of the criteria in paragraphs (b)(3)(i)(A) through (C) of this section is a participant, including a student on a team the institution designates or defines as junior varsity, freshman, or novice, or a student withheld from competition to preserve eligibility (
i.e
., a redshirt), or for academic, medical, or other reasons.
(4)
Reporting year
means a consecutive twelve-month period of time designated by the institution for the purposes of this section.
(5)
Revenues
means revenues attributable to intercollegiate athletic activities. This includes revenues from appearance guarantees and options, an athletic conference, tournament or bowl games, concessions, contributions from alumni and others, institutional support, program advertising and sales, radio and television, royalties, signage and other sponsorships, sports camps, State or other government support, student activity fees, ticket and luxury box sales, and any other revenues attributable to intercollegiate athletic activities.
(6)
means students who are consistently designated as such by the institution.
(7)
Varsity team
means a team that—
(i) Is designated or defined by its institution or an athletic association as a varsity team; or
(ii) Primarily competes against other teams that are designated or defined by their institutions or athletic associations as varsity teams.
(c)
Report.
An institution described in paragraph (a) of this section must annually, for the preceding reporting year, prepare a report that contains the following information:
(1) The number of male and the number of female full-time undergraduate students that attended the institution.
(2) A listing of the varsity teams that competed in intercollegiate athletic competition and for each team the following data:
(i) The total number of participants as of the day of its first scheduled contest of the reporting year, the number of participants who also participated on another varsity team, and the number of other varsity teams on which they participated.
(ii) Total operating expenses attributable to the team, except that an institution may report combined operating expenses for closely related teams, such as track and field or swimming and diving. Those combinations must be reported separately for men's and women's teams.
(iii) In addition to the data required by paragraph (c)(2)(ii) of this section, an institution may report operating expenses attributable to the team on a per-participant basis.
(iv)(A) Whether the head coach was male or female, was assigned to the team on a full-time or part-time basis, and, if assigned on a part-time basis, whether the head coach was a full-time or part-time employee of the institution.
(B) The institution must consider graduate assistants and volunteers who served as head coaches to be head coaches for the purposes of this report.
(v)(A) The number of assistant coaches who were male and the number of assistant coaches who were female, and, within each category, the number who were assigned to the team on a full-time or part-time basis, and, of those assigned on a part-time basis, the number who were full-time and part-time employees of the institution.
(B) The institution must consider graduate assistants and volunteers who served as assistant coaches to be assistant coaches for purposes of this report.
(3) The unduplicated head count of the individuals who were listed under paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section as a participant on at least one varsity team, by gender.
(4)(i) Revenues derived by the institution according to the following categories (Revenues not attributable to a particular sport or sports must be included only in the total revenues attributable to intercollegiate athletic activities, and, if appropriate, revenues attributable to men's sports combined or women's sports combined. Those revenues include, but are not limited to, alumni contributions to the athletic department not targeted to a particular sport or sports, investment interest income, and student activity fees.):
(A) Total revenues attributable to its intercollegiate athletic activities.
(B) Revenues attributable to all men's sports combined.
(C) Revenues attributable to all women's sports combined.
(D) Revenues attributable to football.
(E) Revenues attributable to men's basketball.
(F) Revenues attributable to women's basketball.
(G) Revenues attributable to all men's sports except football and basketball, combined.
(H) Revenues attributable to all women's sports except basketball, combined.
(ii) In addition to the data required by paragraph (c)(4)(i) of this section, an institution may report revenues attributable to the remainder of the teams, by team.
(5) Expenses incurred by the institution, according to the following categories (Expenses not attributable to a particular sport, such as general and administrative overhead, must be included only in the total expenses attributable to intercollegiate athletic activities.):
(i) Total expenses attributable to intercollegiate athletic activities.
(ii) Expenses attributable to football.
(iii) Expenses attributable to men's basketball.
(iv) Expenses attributable to women's basketball.
(v) Expenses attributable to all men's sports except football and basketball, combined.
(vi) Expenses attributable to all women's sports except basketball, combined.
(6) The total amount of money spent on athletically related student aid, including the value of waivers of educational expenses, aggregately for men's teams, and aggregately for women's teams.
(7) The ratio of athletically related student aid awarded male athletes to athletically related student aid awarded female athletes.
(8) The total amount of recruiting expenses incurred, aggregately for all men's teams, and aggregately for all women's teams.
(9)(i) The average annual institutional salary of the non-volunteer head coaches of all men's teams, across all offered sports, and the average annual institutional salary of the non-volunteer head coaches of all women's teams, across all offered sports, on a per person and a per full-time equivalent position basis. These data must include the number of persons and full-time equivalent positions used to calculate each average.
(ii) If a head coach has responsibilities for more than one team and the institution does not allocate that coach's salary by team, the institution must divide the salary by the number of teams for which the coach has responsibility and allocate the salary among the teams on a basis consistent with the coach's responsibilities for the different teams.
(10)(i) The average annual institutional salary of the non-volunteer assistant coaches of men's teams, across all offered sports, and the average annual institutional salary of the non-volunteer assistant coaches of women's teams, across all offered sports, on a per person and a full-time equivalent position basis. These data must include the number of persons and full-time equivalent positions used to calculate each average.
(ii) If an assistant coach had responsibilities for more than one team and the institution does not allocate that coach's salary by team, the institution must divide the salary by the number of teams for which the coach has responsibility and allocate the salary among the teams on a basis consistent
with the coach's responsibilities for the different teams.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1845-0010)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1092)
[64 FR 59071, Nov. 1, 1999]
§ 668.48
Report on completion or graduation rates for student-athletes.
(a)(1) Annually, by July 1, an institution that is attended by students receiving athletically-related student aid must produce a report containing the following information:
(i) The number of students, categorized by race and gender, who attended that institution during the year prior to the submission of the report.
(ii) The number of students described in paragraph (a)(1)(i) of this section who received athletically-related student aid, categorized by race and gender within each sport.
(iii) The completion or graduation rate and if applicable, transfer-out rate of all the entering, certificate- or degree-seeking, full-time, undergraduate students described in § 668.45(a)(1), categorized by race and gender.
(iv) The completion or graduation rate and if applicable, transfer-out rate of the entering students described in § 668.45(a)(1) who received athletically-related student aid, categorized by race and gender within each sport.
(v) The average completion or graduation rate and if applicable, transfer-out rate for the four most recent completing or graduating classes of entering students described in § 668.45(a)(1), (3), and (4) categorized by race and gender. If an institution has completion or graduation rates and, if applicable, transfer-out rates for fewer than four of those classes, it must disclose the average rate of those classes for which it has rates.
(vi) The average completion or graduation rate and if applicable, transfer-out rate of the four most recent completing or graduating classes of entering students described in § 668.45 (a)(1) who received athletically-related student aid, categorized by race and gender within each sport. If an institution has completion or graduation rates and if applicable, transfer-out rates for fewer than four of those classes, it must disclose the average rate of those classes for which it has rates.
(2) For purposes of this section,
sport
(iv) Cross-country and track combined; and
(v) All other sports combined.
(3) If a category of students identified in paragraph (a)(1)(iv) above contains five or fewer students, the institution need not disclose information on that category of students.
(b) The provisions of § 668.45 (a), (b), (c), and (d) apply for purposes of calculating the completion or graduation rates and, if applicable, transfer-out rates required under paragraphs (a)(1)(iii) through (vi) of this section.
(c) Each institution of higher education described in paragraph (a) of this section may also provide to students and the Secretary supplemental information containing—
(1) The graduation or completion rate of the students who transferred into the institution; and
(2) The number of students who transferred out of the institution.
(d) The provisions of § 668.45(e) apply for purposes of this section.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1845-0004)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1092)
[60 FR 61788, Dec. 1, 1995. Redesignated and amended at 64 FR 59067, 59072, Nov. 1, 1999; 69 FR 12276, Mar. 16, 2004]
§ 668.49
Institutional fire safety policies and fire statistics.
(a)
Additional definitions that apply to this section.
Cause of fire:
The factor or factors that give rise to a fire. The causal factor may be, but is not limited to, the result of an intentional or unintentional action, mechanical failure, or act of nature.
Fire:
Any instance of open flame or other burning in a place not intended to contain the burning or in an uncontrolled manner.
Fire drill:
A supervised practice of a mandatory evacuation of a building for a fire.
Fire-related injury:
Any instance in which a person is injured as a result of
a fire, including an injury sustained from a natural or accidental cause, while involved in fire control, attempting rescue, or escaping from the dangers of the fire. The term “person” may include students, employees, visitors, firefighters, or any other individuals.
Fire-related death:
Any instance in which a person—
(1) Is killed as a result of a fire, including death resulting from a natural or accidental cause while involved in fire control, attempting rescue, or escaping from the dangers of a fire; or
(2) Dies within one year of injuries sustained as a result of the fire.
Fire safety system:
Any mechanism or system related to the detection of a fire, the warning resulting from a fire, or the control of a fire. This may include sprinkler systems or other fire extinguishing systems, fire detection devices, stand-alone smoke alarms, devices that alert one to the presence of a fire, such as horns, bells, or strobe lights; smoke-control and reduction mechanisms; and fire doors and walls that reduce the spread of a fire.
Value of property damage:
The estimated value of the loss of the structure and contents, in terms of the cost of replacement in like kind and quantity. This estimate should include contents damaged by fire, and related damages caused by smoke, water, and overhaul; however, it does not include indirect loss, such as business interruption.
(b)
Annual fire safety report.
Beginning by October 1, 2010, an institution that maintains any on-campus student housing facility must prepare an annual fire safety report that contains, at a minimum, the following information:
(1) The fire statistics described in paragraph (c) of this section.
(2) A description of each on-campus student housing facility fire safety system.
(3) The number of fire drills held during the previous calendar year.
(4) The institution's policies or rules on portable electrical appliances, smoking, and open flames in a student housing facility.
(5) The institution's procedures for student housing evacuation in the case of a fire.
(6) The policies regarding fire safety education and training programs provided to the students and employees. In these policies, the institution must describe the procedures that students and employees should follow in the case of a fire.
(7) For purposes of including a fire in the statistics in the annual fire safety report, a list of the titles of each person or organization to which students and employees should report that a fire occurred.
(8) Plans for future improvements in fire safety, if determined necessary by the institution.
(c)
Fire statistics.
(1) An institution must report statistics for each on-campus student housing facility, for the three most recent calendar years for which data are available, concerning—
(i) The number of fires and the cause of each fire;
(ii) The number of persons who received fire-related injuries that resulted in treatment at a medical facility, including at an on-campus health center;
(iii) The number of deaths related to a fire; and
(iv) The value of property damage caused by a fire.
(2) An institution is required to submit a copy of the fire statistics in paragraph (c)(1) of this section to the Secretary on an annual basis.
(d)
Fire log.
(1) An institution that maintains on-campus student housing facilities must maintain a written, easily understood fire log that records, by the date that the fire was reported, any fire that occurred in an on-campus student housing facility. This log must include the nature, date, time, and general location of each fire.
(2) An institution must make an entry or an addition to an entry to the log within two business days, as defined under § 668.46(a), of the receipt of the information.
(3) An institution must make the fire log for the most recent 60-day period open to public inspection during normal business hours. The institution must make any portion of the log older than 60 days available within two business days of a request for public inspection.
(4) An institution must make an annual report to the campus community on the fires recorded in the fire log. This requirement may be satisfied by the annual fire safety report described in paragraph (b) of this section.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1845-NEW3)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1092)
[74 FR 55946, Oct. 29, 2009]
Pt. 668, Subpt. D, App. A
Appendix A to Subpart D of Part 668—Crime Definitions in Accordance With the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Uniform Crime Reporting Program
The following definitions are to be used for reporting the crimes listed in § 668.46, in accordance with the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Uniform Crime Reporting Program. The definitions for
murder; robbery;
motor vehicle theft; weapons: carrying, possessing, etc.;
law violations; drug abuse violations;
and
are excerpted from the Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook. The definitions of
forcible rape
and
nonforcible sex offenses
are excerpted from the National Incident-Based Reporting System Edition of the Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook. The definitions of
larceny-theft (except motor vehicle theft), simple assault,
intimidation,
are excerpted from the Hate Crime Data Collection Guidelines of the Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook.
Crime Definitions From the Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook
Arson
Any willful or malicious burning or attempt to burn, with or without intent to defraud, a dwelling house, public building, motor vehicle or aircraft, personal property of another, etc.
Criminal Homicide—Manslaughter by Negligence
The killing of another person through gross negligence.
Criminal Homicide—Murder and Nonnegligent Manslaughter
The willful (nonnegligent) killing of one human being by another.
Robbery
The taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force or threat of force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear.
Aggravated Assault
An unlawful attack by one person upon another for the purpose of inflicting severe or aggravated bodily injury. This type of assault usually is accompanied by the use of a weapon or by means likely to produce death or great bodily harm. (It is not necessary that injury result from an aggravated assault when a gun, knife, or other weapon is used which could and probably would result in serious personal injury if the crime were successfully completed.)
Burglary
The unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or a theft. For reporting purposes this definition includes: unlawful entry with intent to commit a larceny or felony; breaking and entering with intent to commit a larceny; housebreaking; safecracking; and all attempts to commit any of the aforementioned.
Motor Vehicle Theft
The theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle. (Classify as motor vehicle theft all cases where automobiles are taken by persons not having lawful access even though the vehicles are later abandoned—including joyriding.)
Weapons: Carrying, Possessing, Etc.
The violation of laws or ordinances prohibiting the manufacture, sale, purchase, transportation, possession, concealment, or use of firearms, cutting instruments, explosives, incendiary devices, or other deadly weapons.
Drug Abuse Violations
The violation of laws prohibiting the production, distribution, and/or use of certain controlled substances and the equipment or devices utilized in their preparation and/or use. The unlawful cultivation, manufacture, distribution, sale, purchase, use, possession, transportation, or importation of any controlled drug or narcotic substance. Arrests for violations of state and local laws, specifically those relating to the unlawful possession, sale, use, growing, manufacturing, and making of narcotic drugs.
Liquor Law Violations
The violation of state or local laws or ordinances prohibiting the manufacture, sale, purchase, transportation, possession, or use of alcoholic beverages, not including driving under the influence and drunkenness.
Sex Offenses Definitions From the National Incident-Based Reporting System Edition of the Uniform Crime Reporting Program
Sex Offenses—Forcible
Any sexual act directed against another person, forcibly and/or against that person's will; or not forcibly or against the person's will where the victim is incapable of giving consent.
A.
Forcible Rape
—The carnal knowledge of a person, forcibly and/or against that person's will; or not forcibly or against the person's will where the victim is incapable of giving consent because of his/her temporary or permanent mental or physical incapacity (or because of his/her youth).
B.
Forcible Sodomy
—Oral or anal sexual intercourse with another person, forcibly and/or against that person's will; or not forcibly against the person's will where the victim is incapable of giving consent because of his/her youth or because of his/her temporary or permanent mental or physical incapacity.
C.
Sexual Assault With An Object
—The use of an object or instrument to unlawfully penetrate, however slightly, the genital or anal opening of the body of another person, forcibly and/or against that person's will; or not forcibly or against the person's will where the victim is incapable of giving consent because of his/her youth or because of his/her temporary or permanent mental or physical incapacity.
D.
Forcible Fondling
—The touching of the private body parts of another person for the purpose of sexual gratification, forcibly and/or against that person's will; or, not forcibly or against the person's will where the victim is incapable of giving consent because of his/her youth or because of his/her temporary or permanent mental incapacity.
Sex Offenses—Nonforcible
A.
Incest
—Nonforcible sexual intercourse between persons who are related to each other within the degrees wherein marriage is prohibited by law.
B.
56 FR 61337, Dec. 2, 1991, unless otherwise noted.
§ 668.51
(a)
Scope and purpose.
The regulations in this subpart govern the verification by institutions of information submitted by applicants for student financial assistance in connection with the calculation of their expected family contributions (EFC) for the Federal Pell Grant, ACG, National SMART Grant, campus-based, Federal Stafford Loan, Federal Direct Stafford/Ford Loan programs.
(b)
Applicant responsibility.
If the Secretary or the institution requests documents or information from an applicant under this subpart, the applicant shall provide the specified documents or information.
(c)
The Secretary exempts from the provisions of this subpart institutions participating in the
Federal Stafford Loan Program that are not located in a State.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1094)
[56 FR 61337, Dec. 2, 1991, as amended at 59 FR 22067, Apr. 28, 1994; 59 FR 61207, Nov. 29, 1994; 63 FR 40625, July 29, 1998; 71 FR 64418, Nov. 1, 2006]
§ 668.52
The following definitions apply to this subpart:
Base year
means the calendar year preceding the first calendar year of an award year.
Edits
means a set of pre-established factors for identifying—
(a) Student aid applications that may contain incorrect, missing, illogical, or inconsistent information; and
(b) Randomly selected student aid applications.
Institutional student information record
as defined in 34 CFR 690.2 and 691.2 for purposes of the Federal Pell Grant, ACG, National SMART Grant, Federal Perkins Loan, FWS, FSEOG, Federal Stafford Loan, and William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan programs.
Student aid application
means an application approved by the Secretary and submitted by a person to have his or her EFC determined under the Federal Pell Grant, ACG, National SMART Grant, Federal Perkins Loan, FWS, FSEOG, Federal Stafford Loan, or William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan programs.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1094)
[56 FR 61337, Dec. 2, 1991, as amended at 59 FR 22067, Apr. 28, 1994; 59 FR 61206, 61207, Nov. 29, 1994; 69 FR 12276, Mar. 16, 2004; 71 FR 64418, Nov. 1, 2006]
§ 668.53
Policies and procedures.
(a) An institution shall establish and use written policies and procedures for verifying information contained in a student aid application in accordance with the provisions of this subpart. These policies and procedures must include—
(1) The time period within which an applicant shall provide the documentation;
(2) The consequences of an applicant's failure to provide required documentation within the specified time period;
(3) The method by which the institution notifies an applicant of the results of verification if, as a result of verification, the applicant's EFC changes and results in a change in the applicant's award or loan;
(4) The procedures the institution requires an applicant to follow to correct application information determined to be in error; and
(5) The procedures for making referrals under § 668.16.
(b) The institution's procedures must provide that it shall furnish, in a timely manner, to each applicant selected for verification a clear explanation of—
(1) The documentation needed to satisfy the verification requirements; and
(2) The applicant's responsibilities with respect to the verification of application information, including the deadlines for completing any actions required under this subpart and the consequences of failing to complete any required action.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under Control Number 1840-0570)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1094)
[56 FR 61337, Dec. 2, 1991, as amended at 59 FR 61206, Nov. 29, 1994]
§ 668.54
Selection of applications for verification.
(a)
General requirements.
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, an institution shall require an applicant to verify application information as specified in this paragraph.
(2)(i) An institution shall require each applicant whose application is selected for verification on the basis of edits specified by the Secretary, to verify all of the applicable items specified in § 668.56, except that no institution is required to verify the applications of more than 30 percent of its total number of applicants for assistance under the Federal Pell Grant, ACG, National SMART Grant, Federal Direct Stafford/Ford Loan, campus-based, and Federal Stafford Loan programs in an award year.
(ii) An institution may only include those applicants selected for verification by the Secretary in its calculation of 30 percent of total applicants.
(3) If an institution has reason to believe that any information on an application used to calculate an EFC is inaccurate, it shall require the applicant to verify the information that it has reason to believe is inaccurate.
(4) If an applicant is selected to verify the information on his or her application under paragraph (a)(2) of this section, the institution shall require the applicant to verify the information as specified in § 668.56 on each additional application he or she submits for that award year, except for information already verified under a previous application submitted for the applicable award year.
(5) An institution or the Secretary may require an applicant to verify any data elements that the institution or the Secretary specifies.
(b)
Exclusions from verification.
(1) An institution need not verify an application submitted for an award year if the applicant dies during the award year.
(2) Unless the institution has reason to believe that the information reported by the applicant is incorrect, it need not verify applications of the following applicants:
(i) An applicant who is—
(A) A legal resident of and, in the case of a dependent student, whose parents are also legal residents of, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, or American Samoa; or
(B) A citizen of and, in the case of a dependent student, whose parents are also citizens of, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, or the Republic of Palau.
(ii) An applicant who is incarcerated at the time at which verification would occur.
(iii) An applicant who is a dependent student, whose parents are residing in a country other than the United States and cannot be contacted by normal means of communication.
(iv) An applicant who is an immigrant and who arrived in the United States during either calendar year of the award year.
(v) An applicant whose parents' address is unknown and cannot be obtained by the applicant.
(vi) An applicant who is a dependent student, both of whose parents are deceased or are physically or mentally incapacitated.
(vii) An applicant who does not receive assistance for reasons other than his or her failure to verify the information on the application.
(viii) An applicant who transfers to the institution, had previously completed the verification process at the institution from which he or she transferred, and applies for assistance on the same application used at the previous institution, if the current institution obtains a letter from the previous institution stating that it has verified the applicant's information, the transaction number of the verified application, and, if relevant, the provision used in § 668.59 for not recalculating the applicant's EFC.
(3) An institution need not require an applicant to document a spouse's information or provide a spouse's signature if—
(i) The spouse is deceased;
(ii) The spouse is mentally or physically incapacitated;
(iii) The spouse is residing in a country other than the United States and cannot be contacted by normal means of communication; or
(iv) The spouse cannot be located because his or her address is unknown and cannot be obtained by the applicant.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under Control Number 1840-0570)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1091, 1094)
[56 FR 61337, Dec. 2, 1991, as amended at 59 FR 22067, Apr. 28, 1994; 59 FR 61206, Nov. 29, 1994; 63 FR 40625, July 29, 1998; 71 FR 64418, Nov. 1, 2006]
§ 668.55
Updating information.
(a)(1) Unless the provisions of paragraph (a)(2) or (a)(3) of this section apply, an applicant is required to update—
(i) The number of family members in the applicant's household and the number of those household members attending postsecondary educational institutions, in accordance with provisions of paragraph (b) of this section; and
(ii) His or her dependency status in accordance with the provisions of paragraph (d) of this section.
(2) An institution need not require an applicant to verify the information contained in his or her application for assistance in an award year if—
(i) The applicant previously submitted an application for assistance for that award year;
(ii) The applicant updated and verified the information contained in that application; and
(iii) No change in the information to be updated has taken place since the last update.
(3) If, as a result of a change in the applicant's marital status, the number of family members in the applicant's household, the number of those household members attending postsecondary education institutions, or the applicant's dependency status changes, the applicant shall not update those factors or that status.
(b) If the number of family members in the applicant's household or the number of those household members attending postsecondary educational institutions changes for a reason other than a change in the applicant's marital status, an applicant who is selected for verification shall update the information contained in his or her application regarding those factors so that the information is correct as of the day the applicant verifies the information.
(c) If an applicant has received Federal Pell Grant, ACG, National SMART Grant, campus-based, Federal Stafford Loan, or Federal Direct Stafford/Ford Loan program assistance for an award year, and the applicant subsequently submits another application for assistance under any of those programs for that award year, and the applicant is required to update household size and number attending postsecondary educational institutions on the subsequent application, the institution—
(1) Is required to take that newly updated information into account when awarding for that award year further Federal Pell Grant, ACG, National SMART Grant, or campus-based, assistance or certifying a Federal Stafford Loan application, or originating a Direct Subsidized Loan; and
(2) Is not required to adjust the Federal Pell Grant, ACG, National SMART Grant, or campus-based assistance previously awarded to the applicant for that award year, or any previously certified Federal Stafford Loan application or previously originated Direct Subsidized Loan for that award year, to reflect the newly updated information unless the applicant would otherwise receive an overaward.
(d)(1) Except as provided in paragraphs (a)(3) and (d)(2) of this section, if an applicant's dependency status changes after the applicant applies to have his or her EFC calculated for an award year, the applicant must file a new application for that award year reflecting the applicant's new dependency status regardless of whether the applicant is selected for verification.
(2) If the institution has previously certified a Federal Stafford Loan application for an applicant, the applicant shall not update his or her dependency status on the Federal Stafford Loan application. If the institution has previously originated a Direct Subsidized Loan for a borrower, the school shall not update the borrower's dependence status on the loan origination record.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under Control Number 1840-0570)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1094)
[56 FR 61337, Dec. 2, 1991, as amended at 59 FR 22067, 22068, Apr. 28, 1994; 59 FR 61206, 61207, Nov. 29, 1994; 63 FR 40625, July 29, 1998; 69 FR 12276, Mar. 16, 2004; 71 FR 64418, Nov. 1, 2006]
§ 668.56
Items to be verified.
(a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b), (c), (d), and (e) of this section, an institution shall require an applicant selected for verification under § 668.54(a)(2) or (3) to submit acceptable documentation described in § 668.57 that will verify or update the following information used to determine the applicant's EFC:
(1) Adjusted gross income (AGI) for the base year if base year data was used in determining eligibility, or income earned from work, for a non-tax filer.
(2) U.S. income tax paid for the base year if base year data was used in determining eligibility.
(3)(i) For an applicant who is a dependent student, the aggregate number of family members in the household or households of the applicant's parents if—
(A) The applicant's parent is single, divorced, separated or widowed and the aggregate number of family members is greater than two; or
(B) The applicant's parents are married to each other and not separated and the aggregate number of family members is greater than three.
(ii) For an applicant who is an independent student, the number of family members in the household of the applicant if—
(A) The applicant is single, divorced, separated, or widowed and the number of family members is greater than one; or
(B) The applicant is married and not separated and the number of family members is greater than two.
(4) The number of family members in the household who are enrolled as at least half-time students in postsecondary educational institutions if that number is greater than one.
(5) The following untaxed income and benefits for the base year if base year data was used in determining eligibility—
(i) Social Security benefits if the institution has reason to believe that those benefits were received and were not reported or were incorrectly reported;
(ii) Child support if the institution has reason to believe that child support was received;
(iii) U.S. income tax deduction for a payment made to an individual retirement account (IRA) or Keogh account;
(iv) Interest on tax-free bond;
(v) Foreign income excluded from U.S. income taxation if the institution has reason to believe that foreign income was received;
(vi) The earned income credit taken on the applicant's tax return; and
(vii) All other untaxed income subject to U.S. income tax reporting requirements in the base year which is included on the tax return form, excluding information contained on schedules appended to such forms.
(b) If an applicant selected for verification submits an SAR or output document to the institution or the institution receives the applicant's ISIR, within 90 days of the date the applicant signed his or her application, or if an applicant is selected for verification under § 668.54(a)(2), the institution need not require the applicant to verify—
(1) The number of family members in the household; or
(2) The number of family members in the household, who are enrolled as at least half-time students in postsecondary educational institutions.
(c) If the number of family members in the household or the amount of child support reported by an applicant selected for verification is the same as that verified by the institution in the previous award year, the institution need not require the applicant to verify that information.
(d) If the family members who are enrolled as at least half-time students in postsecondary educational institutions are enrolled at the same institution as the applicant, and the institution verifies their enrollment status from its own records, the institution need not require the applicant to verify that information.
(e) If the applicant or the applicant's spouse or, in the case of a dependent student, the applicant's parents receive untaxed income or benefits from a Federal, State, or local government agency determining their eligibility for that income or those benefits by means of a financial needs test, the institution need not require the untaxed income and benefits to be verified.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under Control Number 1840-0570)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1094, 1095)
[56 FR 61337, Dec. 2, 1991, as amended at 57 FR 39089, Aug. 27, 1992; 59 FR 22067, Apr. 28, 1994; 59 FR 61206, Nov. 29, 1994]
§ 668.57
(a)
Adjusted Gross Income (AGI), income earned from work, and U.S. income tax paid.
(1) Except as provided in paragraphs (a)(2), (a)(3), and (a)(4) of this section, an institution shall require an applicant selected for verification to verify AGI and U.S. income tax paid by submitting to it, if relevant—
(i) A copy of the income tax return of the applicant, his or her spouse, and
his or her parents. The copy of the return must be signed by the filer of the return or by one of the filers of a joint return;
(ii) For a dependent student, a copy of each Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Form W-2 received by the parent whose income is being taken into account if—
(A) The parents filed a joint return; and
(B) The parents are divorced or separated or one of the parents has died; and
(iii) For an independent student, a copy of each IRS Form W-2 he or she received if the independent student—
(A) Filed a joint return; and
(B) Is a widow or widower, or is divorced or separated.
(2) If an individual who filed a U.S. tax return and who is required by paragraph (a)(1) of this section to provide a copy of his or her tax return does not have a copy of that return, the institution may require that individual to submit, in lieu of a copy of the tax return, a copy of an IRS form which lists tax account information.
(3) An institution shall accept, in lieu of an income tax return or an IRS listing of tax account information of an individual whose income was used in calculating the EFC of an applicant, the documentation set forth in paragraph (a)(4) of this section if the individual for the base year—
(i) Has not filed and is not required to file an income tax return;
(ii) Is required to file a U.S. tax return and has been granted a filing extension by the IRS; or
(iii) Has requested a copy of the tax return or a Listing of Tax Account Information, and the IRS or a government of a U.S. territory or commonwealth or a foreign central government cannot locate the return or provide a Listing of Tax Account Information.
(4) An institution shall accept—
(i) For an individual described in paragraph (a)(3)(i) of this section, a statement signed by that individual certifying that he or she has not filed nor is required to file an income tax return for the base year and certifying for that year that individual's—
(A) Sources of income earned from work as stated on the application; and
(B) Amounts of income from each source;
(ii) For an individual described in paragraph (a)(3)(ii) of this section—
(A) A copy of the IRS Form 4868, “Application for Automatic Extension of Time to File U.S. Individual Income Tax Return,” that the individual filed with the IRS for the base year, or a copy of the IRS's approval of an extension beyond the automatic four-month extension if the individual requested an additional extension of the filing time; and
(B) A copy of each IRS Form W-2 that the individual received for the base year, or for a self-employed individual, a statement signed by the individual certifying the amount of adjusted gross income for the base year; and
(iii) For an individual described in paragraph (a)(3)(iii) of this section—
(A) A copy of each IRS Form W-2 that the individual received for the base year; or
(B) For an individual who is self-employed or has filed an income tax return with a government of a U. S. territory or commonwealth, or a foreign central government, a statement signed by the individual certifying the amount of adjusted gross income for the base year.
(5) An institution shall require an individual described in paragraph (a)(3)(ii) of this section to provide to it a copy of his or her completed income tax return when filed. When an institution receives the copy of the return, it may re-verify the adjusted gross income and taxes paid by the applicant and his or her spouse or parents.
(6) If an individual who is required to submit an IRS Form W-2 under this paragraph is unable to obtain one in a timely manner, the institution may permit that individual to set forth, in a statement signed by the individual, the amount of income earned from work, the source of that income, and the reason that the IRS Form W-2 is not available in a timely manner.
(7) For the purpose of this section, an institution may accept in lieu of a copy of an income tax return signed by the filer of the return or one of the filers of
a joint return, a copy of the filer's return that has been signed by the preparer of the return or stamped with the name and address of the preparer of the return.
(b)
Number of family members in household.
An institution shall require an applicant selected for verification to verify the number of family members in the household by submitting to it a statement signed by the applicant and one of the applicant's parents if the applicant is a dependent student, or the applicant if the applicant is an independent student, listing the name and age of each family member in the household and the relationship of that household member to the applicant.
(c)
Number of family household members enrolled in postsecondary institutions.
(1) Except as provided in § 668.56(b), (c), (d), and (e), an institution shall require an applicant selected for verification to verify annually information included on the application regarding the number of household members in the applicant's family enrolled on at least a half-time basis in postsecondary institutions. The institution shall require the applicant to verify the information by submitting a statement signed by the applicant and one of the applicant's parents, if the applicant is a dependent student, or by the applicant if the applicant is an independent student, listing—
(i) The name of each family member who is or will be attending a postsecondary educational institution as at least a half-time student in the award year;
(ii) The age of each student; and
(iii) The name of the institution attended by each student.
(2) If the institution has reason to believe that the information included on the application regarding the number of family household members enrolled in postsecondary institutions is inaccurate, the institution shall require—
(i) The statement required in paragraph (c)(1) of this section from the individuals described in paragraph (c)(1) of this section; and
(ii) A statement from each institution named by the applicant in response to the requirement of paragraph (c)(1)(iii) of this section that the household member in question is or will be attending the institution on at least a half-time basis, unless the institution the student is attending determines that such a statement is not available because the household member in question has not yet registered at the institution he or she plans to attend or the institution has information itself that the student will be attending the same school as the applicant.
(d)
Untaxed income and benefits.
An institution shall require an applicant selected for verification to verify—
(1) Untaxed income and benefits described in § 668.56(a)(5)(iii), (iv), (v), (vi), and (vii) by submitting to it—
(i) A copy of the U.S. income tax return signed by the filer or one of the filers if a joint return, if collected under paragraph (a) of this section, or the IRS listing of tax account information if collected by the institution to verify adjusted gross income; or
(ii) If no tax return was filed or is required to be filed, a statement signed by the relevant individuals certifying that no tax return was filed or is required to be filed and providing the sources and amount of untaxed income and benefits specified in § 668.56(a)(5) (iii), (iv), (v), and (vi);
(2) Social Security benefits if the institution has reason to believe that those benefits were received and were not reported, or that the applicant has incorrectly reported Social Security benefits received by the applicant, the applicant's parents, or any other children of the applicant's parents who are members of the applicant's household, in the case of a dependent student, or by the applicant, the applicant's spouse, or the applicant's children in the case of an independent student. The applicant shall verify Social Security benefits by submitting a document from the Social Security Administration showing the amount of benefits received in the appropriate calendar year for the appropriate individuals listed above or, at the institution's option, a statement signed by both the applicant and the applicant's parent, in the case of a dependent student, or by the applicant, in the case of an independent student, certifying that the amount listed on the applicant's aid application is correct; and
(3) Child support received by submitting to it—
(i) A statement signed by the applicant and one of the applicant's parents in the case of a dependent student, or by the applicant in the case of an independent student, certifying the amount of child support received; and
(ii) If the institution has reason to believe that the information provided is inaccurate, the applicant must verify the amount of child support received by providing a document such as—
(A) a copy of the separation agreement or divorce decree showing the amount of child support to be provided;
(B) A statement from the parent providing the child support showing the amount provided; or
(C) Copies of the child support checks or money order receipts.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under Control Number 1840-0570)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1094)
[56 FR 61337, Dec. 2, 1991, as amended at 57 FR 39089, Aug. 27, 1992; 59 FR 22067, Apr. 28, 1994; 59 FR 61206, Nov. 29, 1994; 60 FR 34432, June 30, 1995]
§ 668.58
Interim disbursements.
(a)(1) If an institution has reason to believe that the information included on the application is inaccurate, until the applicant verifies or corrects the information included on his or her application, the institution may not—
(i) Disburse any Federal Pell Grant, ACG, National SMART Grant, or campus-based program funds to the applicant;
(ii) Employ the applicant in its Federal Work-Study Program;
(iii) Certify the applicant's Federal Stafford Loan application or process Federal Stafford Loan proceeds for any previously certified Federal Stafford Loan application; or
(2) If an institution does not have reason to believe that the information included on an application is inaccurate prior to verification, the institution—
(i) May withhold payment of Federal Pell Grant, ACG, National SMART Grant, or campus-based funds; or
(ii)(A) May make one disbursement of any combination of Federal Pell Grant, ACG, National SMART Grant, Federal Perkins Loan, or FSEOG funds for the applicant's first payment period; and
(B) May employ or allow an employer to employ an eligible student under the Federal Work-Study Program for the first 60 consecutive days after the student's enrollment in that award year; and
(iii)(A) May withhold certification of the applicant's Federal Stafford Loan application or origination of the applicant's Direct Subsidized Loan; or
(B) May certify the Federal Stafford Loan application or originate the Direct Subsidized Loan provided that the institution does not deliver Federal Stafford Loan proceeds or disburse Direct Subsidized Loan proceeds.
(b) If an institution chooses to make disbursement under paragraph (a)(2)(ii) (A) or (B) of this section, it is liable for any overpayment discovered as a result of the verification process to the extent that the overpayment is not recovered from the student.
(c) An institution may not withhold any Federal Stafford Loan or Direct Loan proceeds from a student under paragraph (a)(2) of this section for more than 45 days. If the applicant does not complete the verification process within the 45 day period, the institution shall return the proceeds to the lender.
(d)(1) If the institution receives Federal Stafford Loan or Direct Loan proceeds in an amount which exceeds the student's need for the loan based upon the verified information and the excess funds can be eliminated by reducing subsequent disbursements for the applicable loan period, the institution shall process the proceeds and advise the lender to reduce the subsequent disbursements.
(2) If the institution receives Federal Stafford Loan or Direct Loan proceeds in an amount which exceed the student's need for the loan based upon the verified information and the excess funds cannot be eliminated in subsequent disbursements for the applicable
loan period, the institution shall return the excess proceeds to the lender.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1094)
[56 FR 61337, Dec. 2, 1991, as amended at 57 FR 39089, Aug. 27, 1992; 59 FR 22067, 22068, Apr. 28, 1994; 59 FR 61207, Nov. 29, 1994; 63 FR 40625, July 29, 1998; 71 FR 64418, Nov. 1, 2006]
§ 668.59
Consequences of a change in application information.
(a) For the Federal Pell Grant, ACG, and National SMART Grant programs—
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(2) of this section, if the information on an application changes as a result of the verification process, the institution shall require the applicant to resubmit his or her application information to the Secretary for corrections if—
(i) The institution recalculates the applicant's EFC, determines that the applicant's EFC changes, and determines that the change in the EFC changes the applicant's Federal Pell Grant, ACG, or National SMART Grant award; or
(ii) The institution does not recalculate the applicant's EFC.
(2) An institution need not require an applicant to resubmit his or her application information to the Secretary, recalculate an applicant's EFC, or adjust an applicant's Federal Pell Grant, ACG, or National SMART Grant award if, as a result of the verification process, the institution finds—
(i) No errors in nondollar items used to calculate the applicant's EFC;
(ii) No dollar amount in excess of $400 as calculated by the net difference between the corrected sum of Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) plus untaxed income minus U.S. taxes paid and the uncorrected sum of Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) plus untaxed income minus U.S. taxes paid. If no Federal Income Tax Return was filed, income earned from work may be used in lieu of Adjusted Gross Income (AGI).
(b) For the Federal Pell Grant, ACG, and National SMART Grant programs—
(1) If an institution does not recalculate an applicant's EFC under the provisions of paragraph (a)(2) of this section, the institution shall calculate and disburse the applicant's Federal Pell Grant, ACG, or National SMART Grant award on the basis of the applicant's original EFC.
(2)(i) Except as provided under paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section, if an institution recalculates an applicant's EFC because of a change in application information resulting from the verification process, the institution shall—
(A) Require the applicant to resubmit his or her application to the Secretary;
(B) Recalculate the applicant's Federal Pell Grant, ACG, or National SMART Grant award on the basis of the EFC on the corrected SAR or ISIR; and
(C) Disburse any additional funds under that award only if the applicant provides the institution with the corrected SAR or ISIR and only to the extent that additional funds are payable based on the recalculation.
(ii) If an institution recalculates an applicant's EFC because of a change in application information resulting from the verification process and determines that the change in the EFC increases the applicant's award, the institution—
(A) May disburse the applicant's Federal Pell, ACG, or National SMART Grant Grant award on the basis of the original EFC without requiring the applicant to resubmit his or her application information to the Secretary; and
(B) Except as provided in § 668.60(b), shall disburse any additional funds under the increased award reflecting the new EFC if the institution receives the corrected SAR or ISIR.
(c) For the campus-based, and Federal Stafford Loan or Federal Direct Stafford/Ford Direct Loan programs—
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (c)(2) of this section, if the information on an application changes as a result of the verification process, the institution shall—
(i) Recalculate the applicant's EFC; and
(ii) Adjust the applicant's financial aid package for the campus-based, and Federal Stafford Loan or Federal Direct Stafford/Ford Direct Loan programs to reflect the new EFC if the new EFC results in an overaward of campus-based funds or decreases the applicant's recommended loan amount.
(2) An institution need not recalculate an applicant's EFC or adjust his
or her aid package if, as a result of the verification process, the institution finds—
(i) No errors in nondollar items used to calculate the applicant's EFC;
(ii) No dollar amount in excess of $400 as calculated by the net difference between the corrected sum of Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) plus untaxed income minus U.S. taxes paid and the uncorrected sum of Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) plus untaxed income minus U.S. taxes paid. If no Federal Income Tax Return was filed, income earned from work may be used in lieu of Adjusted Gross Income (AGI).
(d)(1) If the institution selects an applicant for verification for an award year who previously received a Direct Subsidized Loan for that award year, and as a result of verification the loan amount is reduced, the institution shall comply with the procedures specified in § 668.61(b)(2).
(2) If the institution selects an applicant for verification for an award year who previously received a loan under the Federal Stafford Loan Program for that award year, and as a result of verification the loan amount is reduced, the institution shall comply with the procedures for notifying the borrower and lender specified in § 668.61(b) and § 682.604(h).
(e) If the applicant has received funds based on information which may be incorrect and the institution has made a reasonable effort to resolve the alleged discrepancy, but cannot do so, the institution shall forward the applicant's name, social security number, and other relevant information to the Secretary.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under Control Number 1840-0570)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1094)
[56 FR 61337, Dec. 2, 1991, as amended at 59 FR 22067, 22068, Apr. 28, 1994; 59 FR 61206, 61207, Nov. 29, 1994; 60 FR 34432, June 30, 1995; 63 FR 40625, July 29, 1998; 71 FR 64418, Nov. 1, 2006]
§ 668.60
Deadlines for submitting documentation and the consequences of failing to provide documentation.
(a) An institution shall require an applicant selected for verification to submit to it, within the period of time it or the Secretary specifies, the documents set forth in § 668.57 that are requested by the institution or the Secretary.
(b) For purposes of the campus-based, Federal Stafford Loan, Federal Direct Stafford/Ford Loan programs—
(1) If an applicant fails to provide the requested documentation within a reasonable time period established by the institution or by the Secretary—
(i) The institution may not—
(A) Disburse any additional Federal Perkins Loan, FSEOG or funds to the applicant;
(B) Continue to employ or allow an employer to employ the applicant under FWS;
(C) Certify the applicant's Federal Stafford Loan application or originate the applicant's Direct Subsidized Loan; or
(D) Process Federal Stafford Loan or Direct Subsidized Loan Direct Loan proceeds for the applicant;
(ii) The institution shall return to the lender, or to the Secretary, in the case of a Direct Subsidized Loan, any Federal Stafford Loan or Direct Subsidized Loan proceeds that otherwise would be payable to the applicant; and
(iii) The applicant shall repay to the institution any Federal Perkins Loan, FSEOG, or payments received for that award year;
(2) If the applicant provides the requested documentation after the time period established by the institution, the institution may, at its option, award aid to the applicant notwithstanding paragraph (b)(1)(i) of this section; and
(3) An institution may not withhold any Federal Stafford Loan proceeds from an applicant under paragraph (b)(1)(i)(D) of this section for more than 45 days. If the applicant does not complete verification within the 45-day period, the institution shall return the Federal Stafford Loan proceeds to the lender.
(c) For purposes of the Federal Pell Grant, ACG, and National SMART Grant programs—
(1) An applicant may submit a verified SAR to the institution or the institution may receive a verified ISIR after the applicable deadline specified in 34 CFR 690.61 and 691.61 but within an established additional time period
set by the Secretary through publication of a notice in the
Federal Register.
If the institution receives a verified SAR or ISIR during the established additional time period, and the EFC on the two SARs or ISIRs are different, payment must be based on the higher of the two EFCs.
(2) If the applicant does not provide to the institution the requested documentation and, if necessary, a verified SAR or the institution does not receive a verified ISIR, within the additional time period referenced in paragraph (c)(1) of this section, the applicant—
(i) Forfeits the Federal Pell Grant, ACG, or National SMART Grant for the award year; and
(ii) Shall return any Federal Pell Grant, ACG, or National SMART Grant payments previously received for that award year to the Secretary.
(d) The Secretary may determine not to process any subsequent application for Federal Pell Grant, ACG, or National SMART Grant program assistance, and an institution, if directed by the Secretary, may not process any subsequent application for campus-based, Federal Direct Stafford/Ford Loan, or Federal Stafford Loan program assistance of an applicant who has been requested to provide documentation until the applicant provides the documentation or the Secretary decides that there is no longer a need for the documentation.
(e) If an applicant selected for verification for an award year dies before the deadline for completing the verification process without completing that process, and the deadline is in the subsequent award year, the institution may not—
(1) Make any further disbursements on behalf of that applicant;
(2) Certify that applicant's Federal Stafford Loan application, originate that applicant's Direct Subsidized Loan, or process that applicant's Federal Stafford Loan or Direct Subsidized Loan proceeds; or
(3) Consider any funds it disbursed to that applicant under § 668.58(a)(2) as an overpayment.
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1094)
[56 FR 61337, Dec. 2, 1991, as amended at 59 FR 22068, Apr. 28, 1994; 59 FR 61207, Nov. 29, 1994; 63 FR 40625, July 29, 1998; 71 FR 64419, Nov. 1, 2006]
§ 668.61
Recovery of funds.
(a) If an institution discovers, as a result of the verification process, that an applicant received under § 668.58(a)(2)(ii)(A) more financial aid than the applicant was eligible to receive, the institution shall eliminate the overpayment by—
(1) Adjusting subsequent financial aid payments in the award year in which the overpayment occurred; or
(2) Reimbursing the appropriate program account by—
(i) Requiring the applicant to return the overpayment to the institution if the institution cannot correct the overpayment under paragraph (a)(1) of this section; or
(ii) Making restitution from its own funds, by the earlier of the following dates, if the applicant does not return the overpayment:
(A) Sixty days after the applicant's last day of attendance.
(B) The last day of the award year in which the institution disbursed Federal Pell Grant, ACG, National SMART Grant, Federal Perkins Loan, or FSEOG funds to the applicant.
(b)(1) If the institution determines as a result of the verification process that an applicant received Stafford Loan or proceeds for an award year in excess of the student's financial need for the loan, the institution shall withhold and promptly return to the lender or escrow agent any disbursement not yet delivered to the student that exceeds the amount of assistance for which the student is eligible, taking into account other financial aid received by the student. However, instead of returning the entire undelivered disbursement, the school may choose to return promptly to the lender only the portion of the disbursement for which the student is ineligible. In either case, the institution shall provide the lender with a written statement describing the reason for the returned loan funds.
(2) If the institution determines as a result of the verification process that a student received Direct Subsidized Loan proceeds for an award year in excess of the student's need for the loan, the institution shall reduce or cancel one or more subsequent disbursements to eliminate the amount in excess of the student's need.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1840-0570)
(Authority: 20 U.S.C. 1094)
[56 FR 61337, Dec. 2, 1991, as amended at 57 FR 39089, Aug. 27, 1992; 59 FR 22068, Apr. 28, 1994; 59 FR 23095, May 4, 1994; 59 FR 61207, Nov. 29, 1994; 63 FR 40626, July 29, 1998; 71 FR 64419, Nov. 1, 2006]
Pt. 668, Subpt. E, Nt.
Effective Date Note:
At 75 FR 66954, Oct. 29, 2010, subpart E to part 668 was revised, effective July 1, 2012. For the convenience of the user, the revised text is set forth as follows:
Subpart E—Verification and Updating of Student Aid Application Information
§ 668.51
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i don't know
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'Lager' beer is named from German meaning?
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Lager | Define Lager at Dictionary.com
C19: from Afrikaans lager, via German from Old High German legar bed, lair
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
© William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins
Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
Word Origin and History for lager
Expand
n.
1858, American English, short for lager beer (1845), from German Lagerbier "beer brewed for keeping" some months before being drunk, from Lager "storehouse" (see lair ) + Bier "beer."
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
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Storehouse
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In biochemistry the suffix '-ose' usually denotes what common sort of substance?
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Lagern - definition of Lagern by The Free Dictionary
Lagern - definition of Lagern by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Lagern
Also found in: Thesaurus , Encyclopedia , Wikipedia .
la·ger
(lä′gər)
n.
A beer of German origin that is fermented for a relatively long time at a low temperature. Also called lager beer.
[German, short for Lagerbier : Lager, storehouse, cellar (from Middle High German leger, from Old High German legar, bed, lair; see legh- in the Appendix of Indo-European roots) + Bier, beer.]
lager
(ˈlɑːɡə)
n
(Brewing) a light-bodied effervescent beer, fermented in a closed vessel using yeasts that sink to the bottom of the brew. Compare ale
[C19: from German Lagerbier beer for storing, from Lager storehouse]
lager
a variant spelling of laager
la•ger
a light beer aged at low temperatures from six weeks to six months.
Also called la′ger beer′.
[1835–45; short for lager beer < German Lagerbier. See lair , beer ]
lager
I will have been lagering
you will have been lagering
he/she/it will have been lagering
we will have been lagering
you will have been lagering
they will have been lagering
Past Perfect Continuous
laager
bivouac , camp , cantonment , encampment - temporary living quarters specially built by the army for soldiers; "wherever he went in the camp the men were grumbling"
Republic of South Africa , South Africa - a republic at the southernmost part of Africa; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1910; first European settlers were Dutch (known as Boers)
2.
lager - a general term for beer made with bottom fermenting yeast (usually by decoction mashing); originally it was brewed in March or April and matured until September
lager beer
beer - a general name for alcoholic beverages made by fermenting a cereal (or mixture of cereals) flavored with hops
Munchener , Munich beer - a dark lager produced in Munich since the 10th century; has a distinctive taste of malt
bock , bock beer - a very strong lager traditionally brewed in the fall and aged through the winter for consumption in the spring
light beer - lager with reduced alcohol content
Octoberfest , Oktoberfest - a strong lager made originally in Germany for the Oktoberfest celebration; sweet and copper-colored
Pilsener , Pilsner - a pale lager with strong flavor of hops; first brewed in the Bohemian town of Pilsen
malt liquor , malt - a lager of high alcohol content; by law it is considered too alcoholic to be sold as lager or beer
Translations
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i don't know
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The US-originating slang 'wallwart' is used in which connection?
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Universal Power Adapter Offers Alternative to Wall Warts
Universal Power Adapter Offers Alternative to Wall Warts
July 7, 2008
The uPower adapter would be compatible with many devices and would provide only as much voltage as they need.
When Doug Palmer realized he had forgotten his mobile phone adapter on a vacation in Mexico several years ago, the first thought that crossed his mind was, "There has to be a better way."
Palmer, a principal development engineer at the UC San Diego division of the California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology (Calit2), has long been frustrated with what he calls "the annoying wall wart." A slang term for external power adapters, wall warts are used to convert the electrical current and voltage of a wall socket into the actual operating current and voltage used by devices such as mobile phones and laptops. Their less-than-flattering sobriquet derives from a cumbersome design: Wall warts are often so large that they block other outlets, and so heavy that they can fall out of the wall socket entirely. Critics have also assailed manufacturers of wall warts for causing dependence on their product-specific adapters (as Palmer found out the hard way).
Worse still, wall warts suck up a staggering amount of electricity. According to a 2001 speech he delivered to Department of Energy employees, President Bush (who referred to the devices as "energy vampires") said that wall warts consume an estimated 4 percent of all the electricity used in the average U.S. home. Extrapolated to a national scale, that's a total of about 52 billion kilowatt hours, or the energy produced by 20 average-size power plants. In addition, adapters are often discarded once a consumer abandons the associated device. With 2.5 billion rechargeable devices sold in 2002 alone, that's a lot of electronic waste taking up space in landfills.
The "better way" that Palmer hopes for just might be emerging in the research laboratories at Calit2. Palmer is in the initial stages of designing a prototype for what he calls a Universal Power Adapter — a "smart" replacement for traditional wall transformers that would supply both power and communications to consumer electronics.
Informally known as uPower or UPA, the adapter would serve as a single power supply for one or more mobile or fixed devices or power packs. Once hooked up to the uPower adapter, an electronic appliance would use low data-rate communications to "request" the voltage it needs, and the adapter would adjust volts to operate the appliance. According to Palmer, this means there is conceptually no limit to the variety of devices (even hybrid cars) that could be plugged into the UPA.. Palmer says that in the future, he envisions the uPower adapter replacing the typical plastic wall plate, with its limited two-plug capacity for powering electronics.
Using the UPA also makes powering electronic devices more efficient. Currently, the U.S. electric power grid delivers electricity at 220 or 110 volts, but more and more devices require only 3 to 12 volts. The UPA would provide only the voltage needed — no more, no less. Furthermore, once light bulbs are replaced by far more efficient light-emitting diodes (LED) as many lighting industry leaders believe they will be, only a few appliances around the home and office will require high voltage electricity (the garbage disposal and washing machine are among them), making the UPA a practical alternative to bulky external adapters and wall plates.
Palmer also envisions the design of the adapter to allow for device-to-device communication, meaning that both power and data communication are delivered to the device over the same line, much the way that a USB cable works.
Another key component of the adapter is its ability to accept power from solar energy. Palmer's idea is for consumers to "get off the grid" entirely by buying an inexpensive solar panel to supply power to the adapter, creating what's known as a "nano-grid." These small, cheap solar panels, combined with the UPAs, would provide a low-cost alternative to using grid power.
Regardless of how consumers use the device, the cost and energy savings are significant, Palmer says.
"If you can start buying little low-cost solar panels and start nibbling away at your electricity costs that way, you can really bring your electricity bill down. The average wall warts or 'house parasites' cost the consumer $10 a month.
"And let's look at the energy savings as well," he continued. "Even when they're just plugged in and not powering anything, those little wall warts suck up three watts. Three watts multiplied by three billion wall warts? How much coal is that? How many trees? Ten percent of all energy consumed in the U.S. is just for keeping wall warts warm. And the average suitcase has over one pound of wall warts in it. Think of all the fuel that's used to haul them around!"
Several other features of the uPower adapter reflect its "smart" design. When hooked up to the grid, the adapter can adjust during brownouts to do non-peak power charging and utilization. It can also transfer power between devices, if required. For example, if both your mobile phone and MP3 player were plugged into the device and one was charged, but the other was depleted, the UPA would recognize the discrepancy and take power from one device to charge the other.
The "smart" design of the UPA could also help improve conditions in the developing world. Palmer is collaborating with Srinivas Sukumar, manager of Calit2-San Diego's India Initiative, which works with the Indian government, universities and non-governmental organizations to create collaborative projects. Sukumar says he sees endless ways that India's population of 1 billion people could use the uPower adapter, especially since the country lacks a reliable power grid.
"The way to think about it is, what are the essentials?" he said. "Rather than solve the whole problem, our solution is practical and small. Right now, lighting is potentially the biggest application for the adapter when paired with a low-cost solar panel."
"When I tell people about the UPA," Palmer says, "They all say, 'Gosh, I wish I had that.'" And he has the facts to back him up: Forrester Research recently revealed that 25 million U.S. adults are willing to spend more for gadgets that use less energy or employ environmentally conscious design.
So, perhaps the question isn't if people will support uPower, but when?
"The challenge is not technical in terms of implementing it," Sukumar said. "The real challenge is to get manufacturers to redesign their products. Essentially, what this means is an entirely new ecosystem will have to be developed. This is a huge challenge. We're dealing with a completely different paradigm."
For the uPower to be compatible with the multitude of electronic devices that consumers use everyday, the manufacturers of those devices would have to not only redesign their power components, but would also have to make them "speak the same language" as the UPA, Palmer says.
Explains Sukumar: "It's a disruptive technology. That is, the entry point is difficult and it feels like it has disadvantages. Except that if it grows in scale, it tends to create an alternate paradigm. It's a matter of 'which is going to be the first shoe to drop?'"
"And once it does," Palmer added, "consumers will be calling the shots."
One San Ramon-based company is already looking to tap into consumer interest in universal adapter technology. Greenplug, which has just signed on as a partner with Westinghouse, has created an embedded power supply technology for consumer electronics that allows power supplies to "communicate" with those devices and agree upon power requirements. Greenplug's own research underscores the consumer distaste for "wall warts": A study commissioned by the company in May shows that more than 60 percent of American consumers view incompatible power adapters as "wasteful" or "frustrating."
Currently, Palmer is seeking outside funding to develop a prototype for the uPower technology, and has spoken to Ford and Qualcomm about implementing the device into some of their products. He and Sukumar are hoping to organize a workshop that will raise visibility about the adapter, and eventually create a "Center of Excellence" focused on the technology, possibly called "Center for Intelligent Micropower Systems."
Palmer is hopeful that with government mandates to develop more efficient power supplies and the growing "green movement" among consumers, uPower and other technologies like it will pave the way for a revolution in energy consumption.
"It seems like while we're trying to shovel our way into this, a big bulldozer is coming," he said. "We need to bring the people together, and through that synergy will come the funding and resources. It's the generation that hasn't been born yet who will go nuts for this."
Source: University of California, San Diego
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Electricity
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A 'night glow' features in which sort of festival?
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Transformer Fault Detection Using Zigbee and GSM | Transformer | Power Supply
Transformer Fault Detection Using Zigbee and GSM
TRANSFORMER FAULT DETECTION USING ZIGBEE
2011-12
Department of ECE,DSCE Page 1
INTRODUCTION
In search of our project we plan to do something, which is yet to be established and must beuseful to day to day life. We analyzed the current situation and realized that if there may besystem that informs the user about various faults in the transformer, we will be able to preventsevere damages. So we decided to develop such a system that detects transformer faults.A system which can detect the voltage of a transformer from normal to danger and to take aninitiatives to avoid damage to a transformer.Power transformers are designed to transmit and distribute electrical power. Depending on thesize of a transformer, replacement costs can range from a few hundred dollars to millions of dollars. Performing offline and invasive tests also add to the replacement cost. Hence, there is anincreasing need to move from traditional schedule-based maintenance programs to condition-based maintenance. However, a focused approach is required for diagnostics.
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i don't know
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In the English language a 'perfect pangram' contains how many letters?
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10 Notable Pangrams - Listverse
10 Notable Pangrams
Nic Swaner
May 16, 2012
Originating from Greek pan gramma, meaning “every letter,” a pangram is a sentence using every letter of the alphabet at least once. Pangrams have many uses. An example you have most likely seen is a pangram that displays all the letters of a font’s typeface on your computer. Pangrams are also used in keyboarding exercises to reach all the alphabetical keys. However, pangrams are also practiced as a form of constrained writing, where the goal is to create the shortest pangram within the limits of the alphabet while making sense. A perfect twenty-six letter pangram is considered an anagram of the English alphabet. While this list aims to examine pangrams of the English language, there are some exceptions. I have included authors where possible.
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Self-Enumerating Pangram
“This Pangram contains four a’s, one b, two c’s, one d, thirty e’s, six f’s, five g’s, seven h’s, eleven i’s, one j, one k, two l’s, two m’s, eighteen n’s, fifteen o’s, two p’s, one q, five r’s, twenty-seven s’s, eighteen t’s, two u’s, seven v’s, eight w’s, two x’s, three y’s, & one z.” (183 Letters, English)
Means: Pretty straightforward, it addresses all the letters in the sentence, even the ones that wouldn’t be there, if the whole alphabet hadn’t been mentioned. Created by Lee Sallows.
Some verbal horseplay between Douglas Hofstadter, Rudy Kousbroek, a Dutch linguist and essayist, prompted Lee Sallows to create a self-enumerating pangram. Hofstadter had posed the problem of sentences that describe themselves. The original pangram Sallows came up with was well over 300 letters and wasn’t even a complete pangram, missing a j, q, and z. Meanwhile, Kousbroek published a Dutch equivalent, which spurred Sallows to use his electronic engineering background to program The Pangram Machine. The machine accepted a description of the initial sentence fragment and tried to fill in the blanks. resulting in the pangram above. It was published in Scientific American in 1984.
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Now I know my “ABCs,”
Next time won’t you sing with me” (68 letters, English)
Means: It’s the singing of the alphabet! Created by Charles Bradlee, Arranged by Louis Le Maire.
The song was first copyrighted in 1835 by the Boston-based music publisher Charles Bradlee, and given the title “The A.B.C., a German air with variations for the flute with an easy accompaniment for the piano forte.” The musical arrangement was attributed to Louis Le Maire, an 18th century composer. The theme that is used is by Mozart for the piano variations (above) and is called: “Ah, vows dirai-je, maman.” This variation is more commonly recognizable as “Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star,” and “Baa Baa Black Sheep.”
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“Victor jagt zwölf Boxkämpfer quer über den großen Sylter Deich.” (53 Letters, German)
Means: Victor chases twelve boxers across the great dam of Sylt. Author Unknown.
The German “Victor-jagt” pangram, used since before 1800, contains all the letters of the German alphabet, including the 3 umlaut letters: ä, ö, and ü. It is widely used and is considered the German equivalent to the “The quick brown fox” pangram (see below).
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Asaki yume miji
Ei mo sezu.” (47 letters, Japanese archaic hiragana)
Means: Even the blossoming flowers / Will eventually scatter / Who in our world / Is unchanging? / The deep mountains of vanity– / We cross them today / And we shall not see superficial dreams / Nor be deluded. Author disputed.
This perfect Japanese pangram, in a poem no less, was originally attributed to Heian era Japanese Buddhist priest and scholar Kūkai (774–835 AD). However, this is unlikely as it is believed that in his time there were separate e sounds in the a and ya columns of the kana table. The poem holds a special place in Japanese culture, often used as motifs and by the Japanese military. Japanese weapons made before 1945 were numbered in series with the opening syllables of the original poem, and they were also used to denote the rank of submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. Iroha is also used in numbering the classes of train car: I is first class, Ro is second class and Ha is third class.
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“The quick brown fox jumps over a lazy dog.” (33 letters, English)
Author Unknown; The earliest known appearance of the phrase is from The Michigan School Moderator.
“The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog” is an English pangram. It has been used to test typewriters and computer keyboards, and in other applications involving all of the letters in the English alphabet. Owing to its brevity and coherence, it has become widely known.
5
“Pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs.” (32 letters, English)
Created by Mark Dunn.
Ella Minnow Pea is a 2001 novel by Mark Dunn. The plot is conveyed through mail or notes sent between various characters, though with the banned letters missing, creating passages that become more and more phonetically or creatively spelled, and requiring more effort of the reader to interpret.The novel is set on the fictitious island of Nollop, off the coast of South Carolina, and home to Nevin Nollop, the supposed creator of the well-known pangram “The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.”
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“Sphinx of black quartz, judge my vow.” (29 letters, English)
Author Unknown.
An ominous pangram of sorts, this sentence’s claim to fame is that it is used in Adobe’s Publishing software, InDesign for English. A bit carelessly, the pangram was then translated to all the languages the program supported and went unnoticed for several months until a multilingual user fluent in German and English spotted the mistake.
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Dmitri Borgmann and Proper Nouns
“Waltz, nymph, for quick jigs vex Bud.” (28 letters, English)
Means: Dance slower forest creature because fast dancing angers Bud (presumably a character). Created by Dmitri Borgmann.
Dmitri Borgmann authored this pangram in his book “Language on Vacation.” While it is one of few to make sense with so few letters, it also uses a proper name: Bud. If this were allowed in the strictest of pangrams, a simple perfect pangram could be: “I am Joseph Qrutzlfwycxdbvngk.”
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A Perfect Pangram
“Mr. Jock, TV quiz PhD, bags few lynx.” (26 letters, English)
Means: In headline-esque fashion we are told that Mr. Jock does not win that many lynx. Author unknown.
Researching for pangrams is not easy, but this pangram seems to have achieved universal acclaim for those searching for perfect pangrams that make sense. Granted, it can be interpreted a few different ways and does not follow the strictest rules for pangrams, such as no abbreviations or proper nouns, it still is a more logical choice for an example for a perfect pangram.
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Claude Shannon’s Perfect Pangram
“Squdgy fez, blank jimp crwth vox!” (26 letters, English)
Means: A short brimless felt hat barely blocks out the sound of a Celtic violin. Created by Claude Shannon.
Claude Shannon, otherwise known as the Father of Information Theory, authored this highly complex and practically nonsensical perfect pangram, which follows the strictest of rules for pangrams: no abbreviations, acronyms, contractions, initialisms, proper nouns or Roman numerals. Pangrams of this nature all seem to suffer from the same flaw, missing a required article (a, an, or the) before the object which follows the verb.
More Great Lists
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twenty six
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The word scourge - 'a cause of suffering' - is metaphorically derived from what instrument of punishment?
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Pangrams
Pangrams
BORED? Play our free word games – INTERACTIVE HANGMAN
Pangrams Section
Everybody knows one or two pangrams (sentences that use every letter of the alphabet). You've probably seen some of these before:
The quick brown fox jumps over a lazy dog.
Pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs.
How quickly daft jumping zebras vex.
Show me more pangrams!!!
The lorem ipsum Latin dummy text is a pangram with a fascinating history. Find out all about it how it has evolved on our pangram history page.
Pangramists have long sought the perfect pangram – a 26-letter sentence containing every letter of the alphabet exactly once – with varying success. One of the best known is:
Mr. Jock, TV quiz PhD, bags few lynx.
Click here to see more perfect pangrams .
A fun Pangram game that you can play whilst travelling in the car was described in Word Ways. Read the Pangrammatic Highway article to discover more.
And don't miss the gigantic collection of pangrams that our visitors have been sending in to us over the past four years. We've devoted a whole page to the best pangrams under 50-letters:
The five boxing wizards jump quickly.
Sympathizing would fix Quaker objectives.
Many-wived Jack laughs at probes of sex quiz.
Turgid saxophones blew over Mick's jazzy quaff.
Playing jazz vibe chords quickly excites my wife.
A large fawn jumped quickly over white zinc boxes.
Exquisite farm wench gives body jolt to prize stinker.
Jack amazed a few girls by dropping the antique onyx vase!
There are dozens more on our Visitors' Pangrams page!
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i don't know
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US engineer/industrialist George Pullman (1831-1897) is eponymously associated with travel by?
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Pullman : Wikis (The Full Wiki)
The Full Wiki
Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles .
Related top topics
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Pullman may refer to:
Pullman (car or coach) , various luxurious railway cars, cars, buses or coaches
Pullman Company , maker of Pullman rail cars
Pullman F.C. , Pullman Company soccer team
Pullman loaf , a long, square-edged loaf of bread
Pullman automobile by Pullman Motor Company, maker of automobiles in York, Pennsylvania from 1905-1917
Humber Pullman , a large automobile manufactured in central England between 1930 and 1954
Pullman case or valise, a large piece of luggage
Pullman hotels, a brand part of the French Accor group
Pullman Strike , a major American railroad strike in 1894
Places in the United States
Alberte Pullman (1920–), theoretical and quantum chemist, wife of Bernard
Bernard Pullman (1919–1996), theoretical and quantum chemist, husband of Alberte
Bill Pullman (1953–), American actor
George Pullman (1831–1897), founder of the Pullman Company
Philip Pullman , (1946–), English writer
Simon Pullman (1897–1942), violinist and founder of the Warsaw Ghetto Symphony Orchestra
See also
Up to date as of January 14, 2010
From Wikitravel
Pullman [1] is a city in the Palouse region of eastern Washington . It is home to Washington State University [2] and the National Lentil Festival.
Get in
By car Pullman accessed by US 195, and SR 270.
By bus Trailways runs regular bus routes from Spokane.
By plane Pullman is served by the Pullman-Moscow Regional airport. [3]
Get around
Since there is not much to the downtown area, transportation is a must. Public transportation is available from Pullman Transit [4] , though it is often geared towards the university. Pullman also has multiple bike trails for summer travel around the town.
See
Washington State University, [5] . edit
WSU is trying to collect many of the sights around campus in one website titled Around WSU [6] . These are a selection (and maybe a few that have been forgotten)
The Bears (WSU Grizzly Research) - One common sight is the Grizzly Bear research facility on Airport road. The bears usually come out of hibernation around March, and you can see them in their outdoor facility
Advertisements
Non WSU
- Kamiak Butte is a large butte just north of Pullman on Grand Avenue. Travel north approximately 10 miles, turn left at the sign for Kamiak Butte.
- The Chipman Trail is a bicycle and walking path that connects Pullman to Moscow (the trail continues to Troy, Idaho). It features a number of geographical information signs where a visitor can learn more about the unique topography of the Palouse. The trail follows Paradise Creek, a small stream which flows from Moscow.
visit Pullman during the National Lentil Festival [7]
Eat
Pullman has a listing of restaurants in the area [8] . However, here is a small selection:
Ferdinands Creamery [9] - Home to Cougar Gold Cheese and some delicious ice cream. Check the hours in advance, they're not open often.
Drink
- My Office Tavern: A local favorite and often-joke ("Let's meet at My Office"), it features cheap beer and food.
- Rico's: Live jazz on weekends, a slightly pricier bar with a real british pub style.
- The Grand Avenue Bar: Cheap drinks and lots of pool tables, beer pong table as well
- The ZZU: Very good drinks and unique themed nights (including "drag night")
- Valhalla: An excellent 80's themed night on Saturdays, but always cramped and usually pretty stuffy (go there to dance only!)
- Mike's: Two stories, bottom floor is a pretty poppin' dance club. Drinks are weak and overpriced (usually)
- The Coug: Greek hangout, lots of interesting "quotes" scribbled all over the place. Good luck finding toilet paper or soap in the bathroom
Hawthorn Suites, 928 NW Olsen Street, ☎ +1 509 332-0928 (fax: +1 509 334-5275), [10] . edit
Holiday Inn Express Hotel & Suites, 1190 Bishop Blvd, ☎ +1 509 334-4437 (fax: +1 509 334-4447), [11] . edit
Quality Inn Paradise Creek, SE 1400 Bishop Blvd, ☎ +1 509 332-0500 (fax: +1 509 334-4271), [12] . edit
Get out
Pullman is 8 miles away from Moscow, Idaho , which has many attractions worth checking out.
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Rail
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In card gambling games such as poker, an 'ante' refers to a betting stake which is?
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Science
Science facts basic science facts
Bionics is the application of biological methods and systems found in nature to the study and design of engineering systems and modern technology.
Core samples
Cyborg, short for "cybernetic organism", is a being with both organic and cybernetic parts.
Diurnal This term can mean active by day, or happening every day
Doppler effect or shift, named after the Austrian physicist Christian Doppler, who proposed it in 1842 in Prague, is the change in frequency of a wave (or other periodic event) for an observer moving relative to its source. The apparent change in the pitch of the whistle from a moving train is due to this effect
FM Radio - In 1939 Edwin Armstrong built the first full-scale station for this type of commercially used radio transmission
Fossil fuel Coal, natural gas & oil, which are remains of preshistoric plants & animals, are called this kind of "fuel"
Gene, a hereditary unit
Glue What you're "stuck with" boiling down collagen, softening it with hot water & letting it swell
Gyroscope is a device for measuring or maintaining orientation, based on the principles of angular momentum.
Holography Invented in 1947 to improve electron microscope images, this science created a 3-D picture
Iceberg, coast guard rates them as bergy bits, growlers, small, medium, & large
Infrasound, sometimes referred to as low-frequency sound, is sound that is lower in frequency than 20 Hz (Hertz) or cycles per second, the "normal" limit of human hearing.
Landfill This type of garbage dump, used for about 80% of U.S. waste, often leaks toxic chemicals
LASER First built in 1960, it's also been called an optical maser Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.
LED; it's used for displaying readings on digital watches & calculators light emitting diode
Macrocosm and microcosm is an ancient Greek schema of seeing the same patterns reproduced in all levels of the cosmos, from the largest scale (macrocosm or universe-level) all the way down to the smallest scale (microcosm or sub-sub-atomic or even metaphysical-level). In the system the midpoint is Man, who summarizes the cosmos.
Melting Fusion, the change of a solid to a liquid state, is more commonly called this
Neap tide occurs when the difference between high and low tide is least; the lowest level of high tide, This type of tide occurs during the first & third quarters of the moon
Pedometer Instrument for measuring walked distances that works by responding to body motion
Pliny the Elder 23- 79ad was a Roman author, naturalist, and natural philosopher, as well as naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and personal friend of the emperor Vespasian. Spending most of his spare time studying, writing or investigating natural and geographic phenomena in the field, he wrote an encyclopedic work, Naturalis Historia,Much of our knowledge of ancient science comes from a 37-book work by this naturalist, The Elder
Prime Meridian All lines of longitude are measured east or west of this line
Solstice In the Northern Hemisphere, the summer one of these is on June 21 or 22, the longest day of the year
Speleologist specializes in the scientific study or systematic exploration of caves
Strip mining Environmentalists are critical of this method of mining that removes coal found near the surface
Transducer Any device that turns one kind of energy into another; a microphone is an example of one
Translucent It describes objects through which light can pass, but through which you can't see clearly
Ultrasound is a cyclic sound pressure wave with a frequency greater than the upper limit of the human hearing range. it is approximately 20 kilohertz (20,000 hertz) in healthy, young adults.
VCR- video cassette recorder
ANTHROPOLOGY - All of the peoples of the world belong to this single species homo sapiens. The 2 major fields of anthropology are "physical" & Cultural
Margaret Mead 1901 � 1978) was an American cultural anthropologist studied teenagers in Samoa, she achieved fame "Coming of Age in Samoa" The American Museum of Natural History has an annual film festival named for this anthropologist
Dian Fossey 1932-1985 rwanda, Gorillas in the Mist.
Louis Leakey 1903-1972 In a renewed effort to stop poaching at Tsavo Nat'l Park, this country named Richard Leakey as wildlife dir. Kenya. Mary wife, Richard is son.
Jane Goodall 1924 You can rightly call her Baroness von Lawick-Goodall, but she'll answer to this, her first name
Peking man - This extinct early man is known from fossils found at Chukutien
Java man Eugene Dubois thought there'd be fossils of Homo Erectus in the East Indies & found them on this island
Primatology
Artifact In archaeology, this term refers to any object made by the hand of man
Cire perdue or "lost wax", a process of casting figures, was developed during Bronze age
Dating technique Common dating techniques are carbon-14, counting tree rings & analyzing grains of pollen
Heinrich Schliemann 1822 � 1890) was a German businessman and a pioneer of field archaeology. Troy, This German-born archaeologist made a fortune in the Crimean War, which allowed him to look for Troy
Flint Early man fashioned this silica rock into sharp tools & weapons; it was later used in firearms
Lor Caernarvon This British earl who financed the King Tut excavation died 9 months before the sarcophagus was found
Shard Archaeologists learn about a culture by studying broken pieces of earthenware called this
ASTRONOMY and Aviation
International Astronomical Union or IAU is a collection of professional astronomers, at the Ph.D. level and beyond, active in professional research and education in astronomy. It acts as the internationally recognized authority for assigning designations to celestial bodies (stars, planets, asteroids, etc.) and any surface features on them.
1930 telescope lenses combined with mirrors. The world's most powerful solar telescope is near Tucson
Apogee satellite farthese from orbit
Astroblame is a scar on the Earth's surface caused by a meteor
Astrolabe Chaucer wrote a treatise on how to build one of these & use it to compute the position of a star
Perigee satellite closest to orbit
Aurora australis
Arthur C Clarke Communication satellites orbit in a belt 22,300 miles above the Earth; the belt is named for this science fiction writer who proposed geostationary orbits in 1945
Aurora borealis Northern light display may be "Australis" or "Borealis"
Asteroid small planet revolving around sun, Ceres is largest discovered 1801. Asteroid belt between mars and jupiter.
Astrolabe instrument formerly used to fidn altitudes of star replaced by sextant
Black hole An area in space where the pull of gravity is so strong nothing can escape, not even light, This force is so strong in a black hole that it doesn't even allow light to escape, This term for a star that's undergone a complete gravitational collapse was coined in the '60s, Astronomers think the Andromeda Spiral may have one of these collapsed stars at its center
Binary star, 2 stars revolving around common center of gravity
Celestial meridian, noon
Comet object that enters solar system, has tail always pointing away from sun it is condendsed body of gases and particles, Halleys, Kahutek
Corona This outermost part of the solar atmosphere can easily be seen during total solar eclipses
Cosmonaut This Russian word is from the Greek for "sailor of the universe"
Dark matter comprises most of mass of universe
Dwarf planet is a planetary-mass object that is neither a planet nor a satellite. a celestial body in direct orbit of the Sun that is massive enough for its shape to be controlled by gravitation, but that unlike a planet has not cleared its orbital region of other objects. IAU currently recognizes five dwarf planets in the Solar System: Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, and Eris.
Galaxy elliptical, irregular, spiral, Milky way is our spiral galaxy. galaxy is a massive, gravitationally bound system consisting of stars, stellar remnants, and interstellar medium of gas and dust
Gibbous Refers to the moon when it's more than half but not completely full
Glenn, John, 1962
Halley's Comet last appeared in the inner Solar System in 1986 and will next appear in mid-2061.
Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is a federally funded research and development center and NASA field center located in Pasadena, California.
Kahoutek comet in 1973, did not put on a good show
Leonid celestial showers
Lunar eclipse earth between sun and moon
Meteorite , Peterson's guide says to look for iron & nickel
Meteoroid is less than a meter. the 1- to 10-meter range, the term "asteroid" applies. When pieces of the meteoroid (or asteroid) survive their fiery fall through the atmosphere and hit the surface, those pieces are called meteorites. The term "meteor" refers to the fiery aerial display created by a falling meteoroid or asteroid. Meteors are called fireballs if they shine brighter than the planets in the night sky, and bolides if the blast is even brighter. The Chelyabinsk meteor in 2013 rates as a fireball. Quadrantids are a January meteor shower. The zenithal hourly rate of this shower can be as high as two other reliably rich meteor showers, the Perseids in August and the Geminids in December. Most of the meteors in a meteor shower are debris left behind by Comets these tailed bodies
Leonids get their name from the location of their radiant in the constellation Leo: the meteors appear to radiate from that point in the sky. They peak in November.
Navstar, one of these Satellite , allows aircraft & ships to determine their position anywhere on Earth
Nebulla cloudy hazy patches of stars at night, Horsehead, Trifid & Crab are examples of these clouds of interstellar matter
Nova new star sudden burst
Parsec Abbreviated "pc", it's a unit of distance used in astronomy equal to 3.21 light years
Pleiades seven sisters, This closely spaced group of stars is named after a group of seven sisters
Polaris north star, brightest one in ursa minor
Pulsar a rapidly rotating neurton star emits radio waves, Term for a rapidly spinning neutron star that emits radio waves
Quasar From "quasi-stellar object", a heavenly body that looks like a star but isn't
Radio telescope is a form of directional radio antenna used in radio astronomy. The same types of antennas are also used in tracking and collecting data from satellites and space probes. They operate in the radio frequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum where they detect and collect data on radio sources. Radio observatories are often placed in valleys to further shield them from EMI as opposed to clear air mountain tops for optical observatories.
Red giant is a luminous giant star of low or intermediate mass in a late phase of stellar evolution. turns into white dwarf, A red giant star has exhausted all of this element used as fuel in its core, hydrogen
Red shift universe expanding, Due to the Doppler effect, it's an increase in the wavelength of radiation emitted by a moving celestial body
Ride, Sally, first US woman in space
Right Stuff about Alan Shepard
Saturn ringed planet, Titan largest moon
Sidereal time/ is a time-keeping system astronomers use to keep track of the direction to point their telescopes to view a given star in the night sky. Briefly, a sidereal day is a "time scale that is based on the Earth's rate of rotation measured relative to the fixed stars. Earthsidereal day lasts 23 hours, 56 minutes, & 4.09 seconds
Solar eclipse
Solar wind ionized particles from sun, protons and electrons, Streaming out of coronal holes, it causes comet tails to point away from the sun
Soyuz soviet ship docked with apollo
Sun Every second the sun converts about 4 million tons of Hydrogen into helium
Sunspots are temporary phenomena on the photosphere of the Sun that appear visibly as dark spots compared to surrounding regions. They are caused by intense magnetic activity, forming areas of reduced surface temperature. 1st U.S. woman astronomer, M. Mitchell, found these solar phenomena are whirling cavities, not clouds
Supernova is large star dying suddenly explodes
Syzygy is a straight-line configuration of three celestial bodies in a gravitational system. The word is often used in reference to the Sun, the Earth and either the Moon or a planet, where the latter is in conjunction or opposition. Solar and lunar eclipses occur at times of syzygy,
Telescope, Hale. Refracting or refractor telescope uses a lens as its objective to form an image. Has been superseded by the Reflecting telescope which uses a single or combination of curved mirrors that reflect light and form an image. Catadioptric telescopes are optical telescopes that combine specifically shaped mirrors and lenses to form an image to have an overall greater degree of error correction than their all lens or mirror counterparts with a consequently wider aberration free field of view. Spyglass another term for a hand-held telescope for terrestrial observation.
Hubble space telescope was repaired in 1999. In 1990 this space telescope provided the first picture of Charon as completely separate from Pluto
IRAS telescope, which discovered 5 comets, made its observations in infrared spectrum of light
Mt Wison observatory was founded in 1904 by George Ellery Hale in the mountains above Pasadena, Calif.
Palomar telescope in sand diego county 200 inches, largest until 1976
Tunguska event Russia, believed to have been caused by the air burst of a large meteoroid or comet fragment
Van Allen belts surround earth, The radiation belts around the Earth are named for this man who was born in the heart of the Corn Belt
White dwarf star that used its fuel, last stage. Red dwarf a small, dim star; Proxima Centauri is one
Galileo Galilei 1564 � 1642) A law discovered by Galileo led Christian Huygens to build the 1st clock regulated by one of these, Pendulum
Celsius 1701 � 1744) was a Swedish astronomer. He was professor of astronomy at Uppsala University . He founded the Uppsala Astronomical Observatory, he proposed the Celsius temperature scale which takes his name. The scale was inverted in 1745 by Carl Linnaeus, one year after Celsius' death from tuberculosis.
Edwin Hubble 1889 � 1953) the universe is expanding. many formerly known "nebulae" were actually galaxies beyond the Milky Way.
Carl Sagan 1934 � 1996) The book Cosmos is greek word for universe
Constellation stars forming a pattern, Living along tropical "line", you can, at one time or another, see all the constellations. When a constellation "culminates", it has reached the highest point in the sky
Andromeda is one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century Greco-Roman astronomer Ptolemy and remains one of the 88 modern constellations. North of the celestial equator.
Aries north, ram 1st sign of zodiac, Associated with the onset of spring, this constellation is first in the zodiac
Canis major South, contain Sirius dog star appears as the brightest star in our night sky No kidding, this star has been described as the nose of the constellation Canis Major
Cancer, 4th sign of zodiac, crab
Centaurus in South, alpha centauri is nearest star, Brightest star in constellation Centaurus, its planetary system was the destination in "Lost In Space" Other than the sun, the closest star to the Earth is located in this southern constellation
Corona Borealis is called Northern Light
Cygnus swan in milky way
Hydra is the largest of the 88 modern constellations, its southern end abuts Libra and Centaurus and its northern end borders Cancer.
Little dipper in ursa minor
Orion equatorial hunter, Rigel and Betelgeuse The name of this star in Orion is from the Arabic for "the giant's armpit", In the heavens Betelgeuse & Bellatrix are this giant's "shoulder" stars
Pegasus winged horse
Sagitarius South archer, At his death, Chiron, the wisest & most just centaur, became this constellation & Zodiac sign
Scorpion Myth says Orion was put on opposite side of sky from this creature which had stung him to death
Southern cross 4 stars, As the Big Dipper points to the North Star, this major constellation points to the sky's South Pole, The smallest of all constellations is Crux, also known by this name
Unicorn
Ursa Major It's thought Egyptians used this Big Dipper constellation to set compass bearings of the pyramids, To find North Star, follow the line formed by the "pointer" stars of the Big Dipper's ladle, For centuries, navigators have used 2 stars in Ursa Major to point the way to this star. Polaris pole star is the brightest one in the constellation Ursa Minor
Ursa Minor Callisto was an Arcadian nymph who was changed into a bear; later she & her son became these 2 constellations
Zodiac When casting a horoscope, astrologer's place the earth, not the sun, at the center of the solar system. 3 most important positions in any natal chart, sun, moon, rising sign
Aries
Cancer The "crabby" sign of the zodiac, The two signs of the Zodiac symbolized by arthropods
Capricorn
Gemini The symbol for this sign aptly resembles the Roman numeral two
Libra ladies are traditionally lovely because Librans are ruled by this planet venus, This symbol for a sign of the zodiac can be seen in the Treasury seal on a $1 bill
Sagitarius Of the 12, sign of the Zodiac which is usually pictured carrying a weapon, The center of our galaxy lies in this constellation between Scorpio & Capricorn, This sign of the archer is ruled by Jupiter, which astrologers believe is a friendly planet
Scorpio The two signs of the Zodiac symbolized by arthropods
Virgo One symbol of this sign is a harvest maiden holding a sheaf of wheat
Taurus A supernova explosion observed by the Chinese in 1054 left this hazy cloud Crab Nebula in Taurus
Planets
Sun It's known for its prominences which are clouds, tubes & tongues of gasses, A magnetic storm is a worldwide disturbance of Earth's magnetic field caused by disturbances there
Mercury rotates 88 days, Mariner 1974. It's never observable when the sky is fully dark. Because it's closest to the sun, this planet is best seen near the horizon just before sunset or sunrise
Venus evening star Hesperus, covered with sulfur clouds, 3hd brightest object in sky. The evening or morning "star" is really this planet, It appears as the brightest of the celestial planets, Among planets in our solar system whose size is known, venus and earth are closest in diameter, As viewed from Earth, it's the brightest planet in the nighttime sky. A thick cloud cover is one reason temperatures at its equator & poles are about the same. When Galileo found Venus had phases like the moon, he cautiously announced it in the form of an anagram
Earth - The Van Allen belts surround most of this planet
Mars - Mars rover is an automated motor vehicle which propels itself across the surface of the planet Mars after landing. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory managed the Mars Pathfinder mission, the Mars Exploration Rover mission's active Opportunity rover, and, as part of the Mars Science Laboratory mission, the Curiosity rover. reddish rock, sand soil, polar ice caps, volcano of Mt Olympos, satellites of Phobos and Deimos. Its "day" is 24 hours & 39 minutes, Only planet to have seasons similar to Earth's. In 1971 Mariner 9 discovered a volcano on this planet rising 15 1/2 miles above the surface
Jupiter is largest plant, visible from earth, atmosphere has ammonia, has 67 confirmed moons. The most massive of them were discovered in 1610 by Galileo Galilei and were the first objects found to orbit a body that was neither Earth nor the Sun. From the end of the 19th century, dozens of much smaller Jovian moons have been discovered and have received the names of lovers, conquests, or daughters of the Roman god Jupiter, or his Greek predecessor, Zeus. (Io A girlfriend of Zeus, Europa, Ganymede can be seen from earth through binoculars and Callisto). This "colorful" Red Spot 20,000 mile-wide storm on Jupiter has been raging for centuries
Saturn visible from earth, beautiful rings, 22 satellites or moons, gas, Titan is largest moon This giant moon of Saturn is larger than the planet Mercury. second largest planet
Uranus discovered 1781 Herschel, 15 satellites, rings found 1977, Miranda, Ariel, Titania bases for Titanium, Oberon. It was the first to be discovered with the aid of the telescope, This remote planet orbits the sun at a 98 degree axis, almost lying on its side William Herschel thought he saw these around Uranus in 1787; in 1977 they were really seen, This planet was named for the father of Saturn & the grandfather of Jupiter
Neptune discovered 1840, 3 satellites, Triton, Noreid, Based on the calculations of a French mathematician, Johann Galle discovered this planet in 1846
Pluto discovered 1930 at Lowell observatory in Flagstaff, Charon, This icy planet takes 248 years to complete an orbit of the sun
Star
Sirius is the brightest star in the night sky almost twice as bright as Canopus, the next brightest star.
In 1957 an Air Force doctor stayed a record 32 hours in the stratosphere in one of these Balloon
1957 Sputnik started space age and space race, before Launched by the Soviets in 1957, the 1st living creature to orbit the Earth was a Dog
1958 Explorer was the first Earth satellite of the United States. It was the first spacecraft to detect the Van Allen radiation belt,
1961 Yuri Gagarin (Russian was a Soviet pilot and cosmonaut. He was the first human to journey into outer space, when his Vostok spacecraft completed an orbit of the Earth on 12 April 1961. In a flight lasting 148 minutes, he became the first man to orbit the Earth April 12, 1961
1961 Alan Shepard first american in space.
1962 john Glenn first to orbit, In 1962 he went into space; in 1975, he went into the Senate, 3 months after John Glenn, he became the second American to orbit the earth, Carpenter
1962 Telstar Communications satellite launched in 1962 that was the first privately owned Earth satellite
1963 Valentina Tereshkova woman first in space The Soviets honored her in 1983 by putting her image, in space suit & helmet, on a 1-ruble coin
1965 Gemini On March 23, 1965 Gus Grissom & John Young became the 1st pair to orbit in this new space project, It was America's "Man In Space" program immediately after Project Mercury
1966 Venera 3 became the first space probe to reach another planet when it crash-landed here
1967 Gus Grissom, second American to fly in space, killed during a pre-launch test for the Apollo 1 mission at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (then known as Cape Kennedy), Florida. He was the first of the Mercury Seven to die.
1969 Moon Landing, Apollo 11, Neil Armstrong, buzz Aldrin pilot of lunar module Eagle, Michael Collins pilot command module Columbia. Sea of Tranquility. It's also called EVA extra vehicular activity and Buzz Aldrin was the first to do it twice
1971 While on the moon in February, astronaut Alan Shepard took a shot at this sport
1973 Skylab space station, Craft aboard which U.S. astronauts spent the longest time in space, about 2000 hours as of 1990
1973 Pioneer The "trail blazing" name of the first spacecraft to fly by Jupiter, in 1973
1975 Viking Mars
1975 Soyuz docked with Apollo
1981 Columbia first shuttle, that could lift off like a rocket and land like an airplane
1983 Discovery space shuttle
1984 kathleen Sullivan first american woman walk in space
1984 sally Ride first american woman to enter into low earth orbit in space shuttle, In 1984 Kathryn Sullivan became the 1st American woman to walk in space
1986 Challenger explodes christa McAuliffe
1986-2001 Mir was a space station that operated in low Earth orbit, at first by the Soviet Union and then by Russia.
1989 Magellan spacecraft, also referred to as the Venus Radar Mapper, was a 1,035-kilogram robotic space probe launched by NASA to map the surface of Venus using Synthetic Aperture Radar and measure the planetary gravity. It was the first interplanetary mission to be launched from the Space Shuttle
1989 Galileo was an orbiter and entry probe for Jupiter�an unmanned NASA spacecraft which studied planet Jupiter and its moons, as well as the several other solar system bodies. carried by Space Shuttle Atlantis
1992 Mir space station
1998 International Space Station (ISS) is a habitable artificial satellite in low Earth orbit. It follows the Salyut, Almaz, Skylab and Mir stations as the ninth space station to be inhabited. ISS components have been launched by American Space Shuttles as well as Russian Proton and Soyuz rockets.
2002 Space Exploration Technologies Corporation, or SpaceX, is a space transport company headquartered in Hawthorne, California. It was founded by former PayPal entrepreneur Elon Musk.
Ptolemy lived in Egypt, earth center of universe, Our main source of knowledge of Greek astronomy is his "Almagest", completed in the 2nd century
Copernicus 1473-1543 polish, earth revolves around sun, It's said he 1st saw a published copy of his "On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres" the day he died
Tycho Brahe 1546�1601 Danish nobleman known for his accurate and comprehensive astronomical and planetary observations.
Johan Kepler 1571-1630 german, orbits are ellipse. German astronomer whose laws of planetary motion were published in 1609. In 1611 Johannes Kepler introduced a second convex lens, giving telescope instrument greater power
Edmond Halley, 1656 � 1742 was an English astronomer, geophysicist, mathematician, meteorologist, and physicist who is best known for computing the orbit of the eponymous Halley's Comet. orbits of planets
William Herschel, 1738 � 1822 was a German-born British astronomer He became famous for his discovery of the planet Uranus, along with two of its major moons (Titania and Oberon), and also discovered two moons of Saturn.
Maria Mitchell, discovered comet in 1847
Leon Foucault 1819 � 1868) was a French physicist best known for the invention of the Foucault pendulum, a device demonstrating the effect of the Earth's rotation. credited with naming the gyroscope.
Werner von Braun, 1912 � 1977 German-American rocket scientist, aerospace engineer, rocket technology in Nazi Germany during World War II and, subsequently, in the United States. He is credited as being the "Father of Rocket Science". Worked for NASA 1960-70. Boosting the space program, this rocket expert said, �Your tax dollars will go farther. Son of a baron, he led teams that developed the V-2 rocket and launched the first U.S. satellite
Stephen Hawking, 1942 is a British theoretical physicist, cosmologist. Hawking was the first to set forth a cosmology explained by a union of the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. A brief History of Time.
Charles Messier 18th century Frenchman whose catalogue of fuzzy objects given M-numbers is still used today
Massini This Italian astronomer discovered the division in Saturn's rings that bear his name
Telescope Dutch optician Hans Lippershey invented this scientific device in 1608
1782 Mongolfier balloon, In 1783 Joseph & Jacques Montgolfier, sons of a French paper bag maker, invented this
1903 Wright brothers, Wilbur, Orville
1929 Byrd, richard flew over N pole
1927 Charles Lindbergh (1902 � 1974), nicknamed Lucky Lindy, and The Lone Eagle, was an American aviator, author, inventor, explorer, and social activist. As a 25-year-old U.S. Air Mail pilot, Lindbergh solo non-stop flight 1927, made from Roosevelt Field located in Garden City on New York's Long Island to Le Bourget Field in Paris, France, a distance of nearly 3,600 statute miles (5,800 km), in the single-seat, single-engine purpose built Ryan monoplane Spirit of St. Louis.
1931 Post, wiley, 'winnie mae' around world in 8 days, 1935 died in alaska with humorist will rogers
1937 amelia Earhart is lost
1940 Sikorsky helicopter
Hughes, howard, Sproose Goose
1947 Chuck Yeager 1923) is a retired major general in the United States Air Force and noted test pilot. He was the first pilot to travel faster than sound
1986 Dick Rutan (1938) is an aviator who piloted the Voyager aircraft around the world non-stop with co-pilot Jeana Yeager.
Langley An Air Force base in Virginia is named for this astronomer & aeronautical pioneer
COMPUTER Until 1946, this word usually meant a mathematician; since then, it's come to mean a machine
Accelerated Graphics Port (often shortened to AGP) is a high-speed point-to-point channel for attaching a video card to a computer's motherboard
Alphanumeric The digits 0-9 & the letters A-Z are collectively known as this type of characters
Applet is any small application that performs one specific task that runs within the scope of a larger program, often as a plug-in
Botnet is a collection of internet-connected programs communicating with other similar programs in order to perform tasks. This can be as mundane as keeping control of an IRC channel, or it could be used to send spam email or participate in DDoS attacks. The word botnet stems from the two words robot and network.
Cursor The moveable lined glass on a slide rule or the blinking symbol on a computer screen
Ethernet is a family of computer networking technologies for local area networks (LANs).
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems.[1] HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web.
Malware - Viruses, worms, Trojans, and bots are all part of a class of software called malware. Malware or malicious code (malcode) is short for malicious software. It is code or software that is specifically designed to damage, disrupt, steal, or in general inflict some other �bad� or illegitimate action on data, hosts, or networks.
Microprocessor incorporates the functions of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit (IC), or at most a few integrated circuits. It is a multipurpose, programmable device that accepts digital data as input, processes it according to instructions stored in its memory, and provides results as output.
Monitor It used to be a student who kept order in the halls; now it's a screen for your computer
OS Operating system.
PDF portable document format
Plug-in is a set of software components that adds specific abilities to a larger software application. If supported, plug-ins enable customizing the functionality of an application. For example, plug-ins are commonly used in web browsers to play video, scan for viruses, and display new file types. Well-known plug-ins examples include Adobe Flash Player, QuickTime, and Java Applets.
Read-only memory (ROM) is a class of storage medium used in computers and other electronic devices. Data stored in ROM cannot be modified
VGA video graphic array
.jobs, .biz, .tv, .org, .info
Geological Periods - Longer than an era, Eon is the longest geological time unit
Paleozoic Era, lasting from 540 to 250 million years ago - By the end of this era, the last trilobite bit the dust & all we have are fossil memories
Cambrian is the first period of the paleozoic era
Carboniferous is a period that extends from the end of the Devonian Period, about 359 to 299 million years ago , to the beginning of the Permian Period, about 299. The name Carboniferous means "coal-bearing" many coal beds were formed globally during this time.
Mesozoic Era is an interval of geological time from about 250 million years ago to about 65 million years ago. It is often referred to as the Age of Reptiles because reptiles, namely non-avian dinosaurs, were the dominant terrestrial and marine vertebrates of the time. Sir Richard Owen coined the word Dinosaur around 1841 to describe the ancient creature he dug up & displayed, Birds evolved from dinosaurs during this geologic era, "The Age of Reptiles"
Jurassic is a period that extends from 201 to 145
Cretaceous is a period and system from 145 to 66 million years ago.
Cenozoic Era is the current and most recent of the three geological eras from 65 millions years ago to the present. This era, the age of mammals, represents less than 1 percent of geologic time. We're in the holocene epoch of the quaternary period of the Cenozoic Era
Paleogene is a period that began 65 and ended 23 million years ago most notable as being the time in which mammals evolved
Pleistocene is the geological epoch which lasted from about 2,500,000 to 10,000 years ago, spanning the world's recent period of repeated glaciations. Pleistocene epoch of extensive glaciation in Europe & America is also called Ice Age
Paleolithic Age, Era or Period, is a prehistoric period of human history extends from the earliest known use of stone tools, probably by Hominins such as Australopithecines, 2.6 million years ago, to the end of the Pleistocene around 10,000 BP. Neolithic Era, or Period or New Stone age, was a period in the development of human technology, beginning about 10,000 BC,and ending at 2,000 BC.
PALEONTOLOGY Often associated with archaeology, it's the study of fossils
3.5 billion Algae single cell
570 million Fossils
570-225 Paleozoic - longest, the last trilobite bit the dust
225-65 Mesozoic - dinosaurs, Jurassic period(215-145million years ago)
65 to present Cenozoic - mammals, Pleistocene ice age 1.8 million to 10,000 years ago
EARLY MAN, Hominid, Homo sapiens originated in Africa, where they reached anatomical modernity about 200,000 years ago and began to exhibit full behavioral modernity around 50,000 years ago.
The first Homo species to move out of Africa was Homo erectus and proceeded to colonize the continents, arriving in Eurasia 125,000-60,000 years ago, Australia around 40,000 years ago, the Americas around 15,000 years ago, and remote islands such as Hawaii, Easter Island, Madagascar, and New Zealand between the years AD 300 and 1280.
Neanderthals, found in Neander germany, are classified either as a subspecies of Homo sapiens or as a separate species of the same genus. The first humans with proto-Neanderthal traits are believed to have existed in Europe as early as 600,000�350,000 years ago and went extinct about 50,000 years ago.
Cro-Magnon is an informal name for the first early modern humans (early Homo sapiens sapiens) of the European Upper Paleolithic. Current scientific literature prefers the term European Early Modern Humans (EEMH), to the term 'Cro-Magnon' which has no formal taxonomic status, as it refers neither to a species or subspecies nor to an archaeological phase or culture. The earliest known remains of Cro-Magnon-like humans are radiocarbon dated to 43,000 years before present. Cro-Magnons were robustly built and powerful. The body was generally heavy and solid with a strong musculature. The forehead was fairly straight rather than sloping like in Neanderthals, and with only slight brow ridges. The face was short and wide.
Stone age
Chalcolithic Age refers to the transition time between the use of stone & copper
3500 Bronze Age is a period characterized by the use of copper and its alloy bronze which is copper and tin
1500 bc Iron Age.
INVENTORS
Gutenberg 1395-1468 In 11th century China, Pi Sheng made Movable Type out of clay; about 1445 Gutenberg used metal
Watt, 1736 � 1819) was a Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer whose improvements to the Newcomen steam engine
Fulton 1765-1815 steamship called Claremont, Besides designing & building "The Clermont", he invented devices for rope spinning & marble cutting
Eli Whitney, 1765-1825 cotton gin, musket, The "gin" in Eli Whitney's cotton gin is a variant of this common English word
Morse 1791 � 1872 contributed to the invention of a single-wire telegraph system based on European telegraphs, was a co-inventor of the Morse code, electronic alphabet that could carry messages
Goodyear, 1800-1860 vulcanize rubber
Deere 1804-1886 steel plow
Otis 1811-1861 elevator with automatic safety brake Used as early as 230 B.C., the 1st successful electric one was developed by the Otis Bros. in 1889, Term for a moving stairway, it was originally a trademark of the Otis Elevator Co Escalator
Isaac Singer 1811 � 1875 He made important improvements in the design of the sewing machine and was the founder of the Singer Sewing Machine Company.
Bessemer 1813-1898 For developing a process of converting pig iron to steel, this British inventor was knighted in 1879, In the 1850s he came up with the first cheap, large-scale way of making steel from pig iron
Richard Gatling 1818 � 1903 was an American inventor best known for his invention of the Gatling gun, the first successful machine gun.
Linus Yale, Jr. 1821 - 1868 was an American mechanical engineer and manufacturer, best known for his inventions of locks, especially the cylinder lock.
Louis Pasteur, 1822 � 1895) was a French chemist and microbiologist who was one of the most important founders of medical microbiology. discoveries reduced mortality from puerperal fever, and he created the first vaccines for rabies and anthrax. In the 1860s this chemist saved France's wine industry by showing that microbes can be killed with heat
George Pullman 1831� 1897 designed and manufactured the Pullman sleeping car, hired African-American men to staff the Pullman cars, who became known and widely respected as Pullman porters, providing elite service.
Thomas Alva Edison 1847 � 1931 the phonograph After hearing this invention of his work, Edison said, "I was never so taken aback in my life", the motion picture camera, and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. Dubbed "The Wizard of Menlo Park",Howe, sewing machine
Dunlop (1840 � 1921) was a Scottish inventor. He was one of the founders of the rubber company that bore his name, Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Company.
Alexander Graham Bell (1847 � 1922) born in Scotland, was an eminent scientist, inventor, engineer and innovator who is credited with inventing the first practical telephone. founded magazine Science. When Bell made the first transcontinental call, Watson was once again on the receiving end
George Westinghouse 1864-1924 air brake, Cornelius Vanderbilt thought this engineer's idea of braking a train with air was sheer nonsense, C. Vanderbilt thought George Westinghouse's idea of stopping a train by this means a fool notion
George Washington Carver 1864 � 1943), was an American scientist, botanist, educator, and inventor. promoted about 100 products made from peanuts that were useful for the house and farm, including cosmetics, dyes, paints, plastics, gasoline, and nitroglycerin, 1st black scientist, goober wizard, columbus of soil
Lee de Forest 1873 � 1961) invented the Audion, a vacuum tube that takes relatively weak electrical signals and amplifies them. De Forest is one of the fathers of the "electronic age", brought sound to motion pictures. father of radio
Einstein, 1879-1955 worked at Princeton's institute for advanced study from 1933 to his death in 1955, When Einstein won the 1921 Nobel Prize in physics, he was a naturalized citizen of Switzerland
Igor Sikorsky 1889 � 1972), was a Russian American aviation pioneer in both helicopters in connecticut and fixed-wing aircraft.
Karel Capek 1890-1938 invented robot1920
Walt Disney, 1901-1966 multiplane camera
Ray Dolby 1933 A noise reduction system for audio tapes is named for this man, its inventor
Italian
Marconi 1874�1937 Italian inventor, known as the father of long distance radio transmission and for his development of Marconi's law and a radio telegraph system. With his cousin, this Italian physicist formed the Wireless Telegraph & Signal Co., Ltd. in 1897. Using a kite antenna, he received the first transatlantic wireless message in 1901, the letter S
Richard Arkwright helped usher in this revolution with his invention of a spinning frame
In 1792 William Murdock was the first to use coal gas for illumination
John Ericsson invented screw propeller to replace the paddlewheel as the propulsion device on steamships
Goodyear This "good" guy who discovered vulcanization was born in New Haven
John Dunlop Scottish-born veternarian who invented the pneumatic tire in 1887 for his son's tricycle
This fr. undersea explorer has won Oscars for his films "The Silent World" & "World Without Sun" Cousteau
Franklin stove This invention was also called "The Pennsylvania Fireplace"
Educated at Rennsselaer Polytechnic, he built railroads & bridges before his amusement park ride Ferris
In 1933 American engineer Edwin Armstrong came up with this new radio system Frequency Modulation FM
1946 Percy LeBaron Spencer of Raytheon Corp. accidentally found you can cook with microwaves
After seeing employees filch stamps, Arthur Pitney developed postage meter
Wedgwood English potter famed for his pale blue jasperware, he was grandfather to Charles Darwin
Eastman He marketed the 1st mass-produced camera
Velcro A Swiss engineer got the idea for this from the burrs that stuck to his clothes
Charles Darwin Beagle voyage was "naturally" chronicled in an 1839 book
MATH
Abacus Calculating device the Chinese call the "suan pan"
2 angles are complementary if they add up to 90 degrees & are supplementary if they add up to 180
Arithmetic From the Greek for "number", it's the science of numbers
Artesian quadrant
Axiom A basic math statement whose truth is self-evident & therefore needs no further proof, From the Greek for "worthy", it's a statement or proposition requiring no proof
Bisector
Calculus, integral differential, Branch of math meaning "pebble" in Latin, it's also related to a word that means "to determine by math"
Cardinal number is a number used in counting (a counting number), such as 1, 2, 3
Cartesian coordinate, 3Dz=height
Circle pi x 2radius = circumference, pi=3.14, pi x radius squared = area. 2 or more circles that share the same center are said to be Concentric
Compass draws circle
Congruent exact shape and size triangles
Cylinder The formula for its volume is V equals pi r�h
Deltoid triangular
Equation 2 + 2 = 4
Exponent
Fibronacci series, 1,1,2,3,4,8,13 each number from the third on is the addition of the previous two
Fraction, Numerator / Denominator = Quotient, After multiplying these you should reduce the product if possible
Helix A spiral-shaped curve; the threads on a tapered screw form a conical one
Hypotenuse, longest side of a right triangle
Infinity symbol 8 sideways
Irrational number cannot be expressed as ration of two whole numbers
Isosceles triangle or right angle, is 180 degrees total
Logarithm is an example of an exponent
Mass The measure of a body's inertia is technically known as this, mass refers loosely to the amount of "matter" in an object (though "matter" may be difficult to define), whereas weight refers to the force experienced by an object due to gravity.
Mean Of means, medians & modes, the term that's often called the arithmetic average
Mensuration The act, process, or art of measuring.
Metric system The "Systeme International d' Unites" is commonly referred to as this
Numbers In mathematics they can be classified as real, irrational, or imaginary
Oblique An oblique angle is one that is either Acute or Obtuse
Obtuse angle is more than 90� but less than 180�
Order of magnitute 10 raised to
Prime number is a natural number greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself. A natural number greater than 1 that is not a prime number is called a composite number. 1,2,3,4,5,7,11,
Prime factor of 21 is 3 and 7
Product a x b -
Protractor measures angles, The semicircular instrument used to measure & construct angles is called this
Quadrant It's a quarter of a circle or one of four divisions of a plane
Quadrilateral - polygon with 4 sides
Radical sign square root symbol, From the Latin "radix", meaning root, it's the name of the root symbol in mathematics
Radius
Secan stright line intersect curve at two or more points
Slide rule Oughtred
Square root Its symbol is called a radical sign
Subtraction For this operation, most people use the borrow method
Theorem hypothesis plus conclusion
Variable, a changing number in algebra, having no fixed value
Union, all the elements in either set
570-495bc Pythagoras of Samos was an Ionian Greek philosopher, mathematician. Pythagorean theorem a^2 + b^2 = c^2, His theorem says the square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle equals sum of the squares of the other sides, Asked if he were a wise man, Pythagoras supposedly said, "No, I'm a lover of wisdom", giving us this word Philosopher
300bc Euclid founded geometry, parallel lines. The Pythagorean theorem is the 47th proposition in the first book of his "Elements"
250bc Archimedes born in sicily Eureka invent level, Speaking of this device, Archimedes said, "Give me a place to stand on, and I will move the Earth." Fulcrum and Level. In the third century B.C. this "principled" Greek showed the value of pi was between 223/71 & 220/70
Al-Khwarizmi, a Muslim of Baghdad, named Algebra branch of math that combined Greek & Indian ideas
John Napier 1550 � 1617 a Scottish landowner known as a mathematician, physicist, astronomer and astrologer. best known as the discoverer of logarithms. After John Napier discovered logarithms, William Oughtred invented a slide rule to utilize them
Blaise Pascal 1623 � 1662 was a French mathematician, physicist, important contributions to the study of fluids. 'the heart has its reasons for which reason knows nothing of' The invention of the 1st mechanical adding machine is credited to this French mathematician in 1642. "To ridicule philosophy is really to philosophize", wrote this mathematician in his "Pensees"
Isaac Newton 1642�1727 calculus, reflecting telescope and developed a theory of colour based on the observation that a prism decomposes white light into the many colours of the visible spectrum. This Englishman is considered the most original and influential thinker in the history of science. "If I have seen further than other men, it is because I stood on the shoulders of Giants. Isaac Newton found the strength of Gravity depends on 2 things: mass & distance
Newton's Three Laws of Motion: 1. A body at rest stays at rest, 2. F=ma 3. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction, A shotgun's powerful recoil is an example of his third law of motion, A rocket lifting off is an example of the third law of motion, which states this
Boolean algebra A deductive system of algebra named after its creator, a 19th Century English mathematician
Euclid, 13 volume elements is basis for modern geometry
Circle, diameter, radius, pi
Congruent In geometry, the term for two or more figures that are identical in size and shape
Dodecahedron is a solid figure with this many faces 12
Equilateral Term for a type of triangle with three equal sides
Rectangle, a quadrilateral with at least one pair of parallel sides is referred to as a trapezoid
Tetrahedron if a pyramid is also a tetrahedron it means its base is in this shape, Triangle
Triangle, hypotenuse is the longest side of a right-angled triangle, the side opposite the right angle. Obtuse angle is greater than 90 and less than 180
A triangle with 3 equal sides is equilateral; 2 equal sides, isosceles; no two equal sides, Scalene
MECHANICAL and tools
Dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator.
Gantry cranes, bridge cranes, and overhead cranes, are all types of cranes which lift objects by a hoist which is fitted in a hoist trolley and can move horizontally on a rail or pair of rails fitted under a beam.
Flywheel is a rotating mechanical device that is used to store rotational energy.
Skeleton Key No bones about it, it opens many locks
Lathe is a machine tool which rotates the workpiece on its axis to perform various operations such as cutting, sanding, knurling, drilling, or deformation, facing, turning, with tools that are applied to the workpiece to create an object which has symmetry about an axis of rotation.
Phillips screwdriver From the name of its U.S. developer, it's a screwdriver with a cross-shaped tip
Pinion The small cogwheel that engages a larger cogwheel
Propeller is a type of fan that transmits power by converting rotational motion into thrust.
Smoke detector The two types of these home-signaling devices are photoelectric & ionization
Thrust is a reaction force described quantitatively by Newton's second and third laws. When a system expels or accelerates mass in one direction, the accelerated mass will cause a force of equal magnitude but opposite direction on that system.
Turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fluid flow and converts it into useful work.
Turnbuckle, stretching screw or bottlescrew is a device for adjusting the tension or length of ropes, cables, tie rods, and other tensioning systems. At corner in boxing or wrestling ring
PLUMBING
Faucet The name of this common device for regulating the flow of a liquid comes from Latin for "false"
Snake is long flexible tool to clean clogged drain
Toilet has flapper or stopper ball
Boring bit A cutting bit used to enlarge holes, it might cause the user ennui
Cowcatcher The metal grille or frame projecting from the front of a locomotive and serving to clear the track of obstructions.
Chisel is a tool with a characteristically shaped cutting edge (such that wood chisels have lent part of their name to a particular grind) of blade on its end, for carving or cutting a hard material such as wood, stone, or metal.
Dibble pointed tool to amke holes in soil
Hinges 3 types of this hardware found on doors are self-closing, pivot, & butterfly
Plumb line string with weight at end
Reamer is a metalworking tool used to create an accurate sized hole. The process is called reaming. They may be used as a hand tool or in a machine tool, such as a milling machine or drill press.
Socket to me Appropriate way "Laugh-In" actress Judy Carne would have asked for a light bulb holder
Stopcock It's the valve which regulates the flow of water through a pipe
Trowel hand tool for spreading smoothing scooping plaster
Washer To repair a leaky faucet, all you might need is this little flat or beveled rubber piece
Wrench, open end, box, pipe types. A wrench with fixed & adjustable jaw at right angles, it's a primate's favorite, Monkey wrench
Diesel 1858 � 1913) was a German inventor and mechanical engineer, famous for the invention of the Diesel engine.
Atmosphere
Ionosphere radio waves 50 to 1000 km
Stratosphere 10 to 30 miles, jet stream west to east. Earth's atmosphere layer which lies between the troposphere & the mesosphere. The stratosphere includes Ozone layer of the atmosphere that absorbs ultraviolet light
Troposphere up to 10 miles, The greenhouse effect occurs in this, the lowest level of the atmosphere
Air is described as supersaturated when the relative humidity is higher than 100 percent
Airplanes can trigger bolts of lightning when traveling through electrified clouds
Anemometer gauge for force speed of wind and is a common weather station instrument. The instrument most often used to measure surface wind speed
Beaufort scale 0-17, 12 is hurricane, The numbers on this standard wind scale originally referred to a wind's effect on a ship's sails
Biosphere
Blizzard For a storm to be called this, it must have winds greater than 32 MPH & heavy snow
Chinook wind which flows down eastern slopes of Rocky mtns. raising temp. as much as 40� in 3 hours, The Rocky Mountain equivalent of the Alpine wind called a foehn
Climate The average weather conditions of a region over a long period of time
Clouds Cirrus lacy wispy, Cumulus white puffy, Cumulus-nimbus rain hail, Nimbus dark characteristic of storms
Contrail Also called a vapor trail, it's a cloud-like streamer that forms behind jets in clear, cold, humid air
Cyclone These windstorms spiral clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere & counterclockwise in the Northern
Dew point Name for temperature at which water vapor in the atmosphere begins to condense
Doldrums Region near Equator that took the wind out of Sinbad's sails
Earthshine Sunlight reflected by the earth that illuminates the dark part of the moon
Flashflood
Fog Stratus clouds at ground level are called this, London, Grand banks
Green house effect Colorful term that refers to the gradual heating of Earth's atmosphere by carbon dioxide in the air
Horse latitudes 30' N and S of calm, increased atomospheric press and light winds
Hygrometer Some hygrometers use a human hair to measure humidity level
Inversion An increase in air temperature at higher altitudes is unusual & is called this
Isobar map line connecting places of equal atmospheric pressure
Jet Stream Planes flying east use this high-velocity wind to gain speed & save fuel
Monson heavy rains spring/summer asia
Ozone oxygen and electricity
Pack Ice Unlike glaciers, pack ice forms from seawater
Permafrost
Rainbow two refractions and one reflection each raindrop
Sargasso sea
Silver iodide or dry ice is used to do seed a cloud, To produce rain, clouds are sometimes seeded with this chemical compound, To produce rain, clouds are often seeded with crystals of this compound, formula Agl
Smog smoke and fog is produced from the action of sunlight on chemicals in the air
Storm watch possible. Storm warning imminent
Cyclone any circular wind motion, counterclockwise moist warm air from equator meets cold dry air from arctic.
Hurricane tropical storm july to oct atlantic and gulf coasts, 75 mph, has eye - In the Northern Hemisphere, hurricane winds blow around the storm's eye counterclockwise
Tornado funnel shaped during thunderstorms, mid west, average distance destroyed is 16 miles, Waterspout over water Tornadoes more are recorded in the basin of mississippi than anywhere else in the world
Typhoon pacific ocean,
Thunder It's the direct result of rapid expansion & contraction of air in path of a lightning bolt
Trade wind are tropical easterlies
Van Allen belts
Waterspouts Tornadoes that develop over water are called these
Weather map has isobars and temp illustrations
Weather satellites polar-orbiting & geostationary
Wind The temperature & humidity conditions characteristic of Santa Ana, Foehn & Chinook winds are hot and dry
An old weather adage says "Red sky in the morning, sailors" take warning
OCEANOGRAPHY
Humboldt Current is also called Peru current, for the S. American country off the coast it's found
Jet stream 20,000 to 40,000 ft tropopause
Red Tide - Found in warm coastal waters, it's an explosion of fish-killing, toxin-secreting dinoflagellates
Psychology and Psychiatry
Acrophobia heights, Agoraphobia public places, Claustrophobia enclosed places, Nyctophobia night, Triskaidekaphobia is the fear of this number13 Xenophobia strangers
Alterego another I, intimate friend, Ego I, Id primitive drive, Superego social environment, Anal, Oral, Genital
Behavioral genetics
Behaviorism John B. Watson founded this school of psychology that studies human actions and reactions
Catharsis
Conditioned response
Defense mechansim regression, sublimation
Ego According to psychoanalytic theory, it�s part of the personality which balances the id (Freudian component of personality that seeks immediate gratification) & superego
Electra complex
Free association talk spntaneously
Gestalt psychology or gestaltism is a theory of mind and brain of the Berlin School
Hypnotic state Psychological state that superficially resembles sleep, it was first used scientifically by Franz Mesmer
Imprinting early in life
Industrial psychology Field of psychology that centers on the study of work & work environments
Learned behavior
Conditioning associating a response with a stimulus
Imprinting happens early in life
Reasoning finding solutions to previously encountered problems
Neurosis hysteria emotional
Polygraph Machine that's commonly called a lie detector
Psychoanlysis, freud
Reasoning
Regression An adult who returrns to a childhood level of behavior is exhibiting this defense mechanism
Rorschach ink blot
Stanford binet scale iq
Sibling rivalry
Word association Standard test of responding to a key word with the 1st words which come to your mind
Rorschach His test, developed in 1921, includes 5 multicolored inkblots, The name Rorschach is indelibly associated with tests using these irregular shapes
James, william pragmatism
Sigmund Freud, 1856-1939 anal, oral, geniat, latency sublimation, Freud 1st wrote of the Oedipus Complex in this landmark book published in 1899 The Interpretation of Dreams
Carl Jung, 1875 �1961 extrovert, introvert, anima, animus, collective unconscious of symbols called archetypes, Use of the term "psyche" for the whole personality was begun by this great Swiss psychiatrist
Jean Piaget This Swiss child psychologist was a professor at the University of Geneva from 1929 until his death in 1980
Bettelheim, bruno nazi concentration, child psychology
Skinner, sam, Walden Two, Beyond Freedom and Dignity
Stanford-Binet scale IQ
Janov, art primal scream
Ehrhart, werner EST founder
Pop psychologist Emile Coue promoted the motto, "Every day, in every way, I am getting better and better
Oliver Sacks wrote a book about one of his patients called "The Man Who Mistook His Wife For a Hat
KInsey institute sex research Indiana, sexual behavior in mnale
Gallup george american institute of publich opinion
McLuhan marshall canadian the medium is the msessage the gutenberg galaxy
Hite, shere the hite report a nationwide study of female sexualiy
WEIGHTS and Measures
Apothecary weight system used in pharmacy in which 1 pound equals 12 ounces
Avoirdupois english and american based on pound of 16 ounces, British weight system based on a pound equal to 453 grams
Bale cotton measure is 500 lbs. in the U.S. & only 176 lbs. in China
Board foot 144 cubic inches
Bolt 30 or 40 yards of cloth
BTU heat needed to raise one pound of water one degree
Bushel 32 quarts, 4 pecks
Chain 66 feet
Cord firewood 128 cubic feet
Cubit
Factor called a divisor, it's a number by which another number is divided
Fathom 6 feet under water
Finite This adjective describes a set with a fixed, countable number of elements
Furlong 660 feet, 1/8 of a mile, or 201m
Gil 1/4 pint
Gross refers to a group of 144 items (a dozen dozen).
Hand four inches
Hectare the metric unit of area, is equal to 2.4 acres
Hogshead 2 liquid barrels
Horsepower the power needed to lift 550 pounds 1 foot in 1 second
League 3 miles
Longitude at the equator 1 degree equals 69 miles
Magnum 2 quart bottle
Mile 5280 feet, 1000 paces
Nautical mile international unit equals 6,076 feet
Noggin 1/4 pint
Ounce derive from the Latin word "uncia" and inch
Pace 5 feet, in army pace is 30 inches in quick time, 36 inches in double time
Peck 8 quarts
Pint 2 cups, 16 ounces, 0.47 liter, If you're a half pint, you're equal to 1 cup
Point typography, it's 1/72 of an inch
Ponderous "Pondus", the Latin word for weight, gave us this adjective meaning weighty or unwieldy
Pony small liquer glass
Quire 25 sheets of paper A quire, or 25 sheets, of paper is 1/20 of a Ream
Ream 500 sheets of paper
Rod 16 1/2 feet
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i don't know
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Acetylsalicylic Acid is better known by what Bayer trademark?
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Bayer Trademarks Aspirin
Bayer Trademarks Aspirin
by christopher-mahoney
Bayer AG was founded in Germany by Friederich Bayer in 1863. The pharmaceuticals company’s first major product was acetylsalicylic acid, which is derived from a remedy found in willow plant bark. It was discovered that acetylsalicylic acid could be used as an anti-inflammatory medication, as well as for minor pain/ache relief and fever reduction. Today acetylsalicylic acid is known as aspirin.
On this day, March 6th, in 1899, Bayer registers aspirin as a trademark. Bayer’s trademark was registered worldwide, but the company’s U.S. assets and trademarks were confiscated by the the United States during World War I. As a result, aspirin became the generic term to describe the drug for all brands in the U.S., France and the United Kingdom. Aspirin remains a trademark for Bayer in over seventy other countries.
Aspirin is currently one of the most used over-the-counter drugs in the world. Several other benefits of aspirin have been discovered, such as its effective treatment of headaches and its long term benefits of heart attack and stroke prevention. Although Bayer may have lost its trademark of the Aspirin name, the company’s contribution to the pharmaceutical industry is not tarnished.
Today’s History
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Aspirin
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What literally connects Vikramshila Setu, Rajendra Setu, Mahatma Gandhi Setu and Farakka Barrage?
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Acetylsalicylic - definition of Acetylsalicylic by The Free Dictionary
Acetylsalicylic - definition of Acetylsalicylic by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Acetylsalicylic
Related to Acetylsalicylic: acetylsalicylic acid
as·pi·rin
(ăs′pər-ĭn, -prĭn)
n. pl. aspirin or as·pi·rins
1. A white, crystalline compound, C9H8O4, derived from salicylic acid and commonly used in tablet form to relieve pain and reduce fever and inflammation. It is also used as an antiplatelet agent. Also called acetylsalicylic acid.
2. A tablet of aspirin.
[Originally a trademark.]
(ˈæsprɪn)
n, pl -rin or -rins
1. (Pharmacology) a white crystalline compound widely used in the form of tablets to relieve pain and fever, to reduce inflammation, and to prevent strokes. Formula: CH3COOC6H4COOH. Chemical name: acetylsalicylic acid
2. (Pharmacology) a tablet of aspirin
[C19: from German, from A(cetyl) + Spir(säure) spiraeic acid (modern salicylic acid) + -in; see also spiraea]
as•pi•rin
(ˈæs pər ɪn, -prɪn)
n., pl. -rin, -rins.
1. a white, crystalline substance, C9H8O4, derivative of salicylic acid, used as an anti-inflammatory agent and to relieve pain and fever; acetylsalicylic acid.
2. a tablet of this.
[1899; < German, orig. a trademark, =A(cetyl) acetyl + Spir(säure) salicylic acid (see spirea ) + -in -in 1]
as·pi·rin
(ăs′pər-ĭn, ăs′prĭn)
A white crystalline compound derived from salicylic acid and used as a drug to relieve fever and pain. Also called acetylsalicylic acid.
Did You Know? The forest may not look like a drugstore. Nevertheless, plants have always provided humans with powerful medicine. For example, we no longer eat the bark of willow trees when we have headaches, but for thousands of years, people in pain did just that. About 100 years ago, scientists studying willow bark figured out how it could be used to make acetylsalicylic acid, better known as aspirin. Aspirin and willow bark get broken down in the stomach to supply us with the same powerful painkiller. Quinine, which people use to control the fevers of the disease malaria, originally came from the cinchona tree. Just recently, researchers developed a new cancer drug, taxol, from the needles of yew trees. In fact, about 45 percent of all cancer drugs are either natural products or slightly altered natural chemicals that scientists tinkered with to make more potent. Researchers still study traditional plant remedies in the hopes of finding even more medicines from nature.
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
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i don't know
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Ragú refers originally in Italian to a?
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recipe « Sharing My Italy...The Blog
Nov2
It’s warm and creamy and delicious … keep reading you will love it!
Today I am giving you a break from my Italy trip journal and I am sharing one of my favorite Fall dish: Risotto di zucca con fonduta di Fontina (Butternut squash risotto with Fontina cheese sauce).
Fontina is a typical cheese from the Italian region of Valle d’Aosta. Fonduta is a variation of the classic cheese Fondue .
It ‘s a classic Italian pumpkin risotto in which I substituted the pumpkin with butternut squash. Also, while in a typical risotto recipe you add butter at the end to “mantecare” (final step to make it creamy), I added Fontina cheese sauce instead.
I did not inherited this recipe, I don’t remember my mother ever using pumpkin in a recipe. My mom was from Naples and the Risotto alla zucca (pumpkin risotto) is typical of Northern Italy so, although she wasn’t opposed to recipes out of her comfort zone, zucca was not in her repertoire. I honestly don’t particularly enjoy the pumpkin’s taste myself; I find it too sweet. However, I have been substituting pumpkin with butternut squash in all pumpkin based recipes (including pumpking gnocchi and pumpkin ravioli) and my family and I enjoy its milder and nuttier flavor.
In a previous post I told you that risotto is one of my favorite dish to prepare and I have shared the recipe of my Shrimp Risotto . I also explained that risotto is a way of preparing riso (rice) rather than a recipe and I have mentioned that the variety of rice you use will affect the recipe. The best rice for risotto is the Vialone Nano, which belongs to the semifino variety. This variety has medium long grains and it has a good ability to release the starch that ensures the creaminess of the risotto. Carnaroli and Arborio, both in the ultrafino variety, are good alternatives.
One of my brother’s client in Novara – one of the main area of rice production in Italy – asked me to test a Vialone Nano of his production. The name is ECORÌ and it is an eco-friendly rice.
I tried the rice and I liked it; it cooked nicely and the final product was very creamy. The problem is that I doubt I will find this rice in my area so: “dear friend at ECORÌ, I would love a case of rice!”
Ricetta
Risotto alla zucca con fonduta di Fontina
Cosa serve ( What you need) for 4 people
For the risotto
2 tbsp. extra virgin olive oil
2 tbsp unsalted butter
1/2 medium onion finely chopped
1 shallot finely chopped
2 cups rice – Vialone Nano, Carnaroli or Arborio
1 butternut squash peeled seeded and cubed (about 1-1/2 pound)
1/2 cup dry white wine
Salt
Salt and pepper
Cosa fare (What to do)
First prepare the fonduta. While you are preparing the fonduta, bring 6 cups of vegetable broth to boil and keep it hot; you will use it for the risotto.
Melt the butter in a saucepan over the low heat, and whisk in the flour until well blended.
Slowly add the milk, whisking until the mixture thickens slightly.
Add the Fontina, the Parmigiano- Reggiano, and the nutmeg and stir until to combine. The result has to be smooth, silky, and slightly thick sauce.
Season with salt and pepper, cover the sauce with plastic wrap and set aside.
Preparing the risotto.
In a heavy-bottom pan, heat the oil and half butter with the onion and the shallot.
Once the onion has softened add the butternut squash, salt, and pepper and cook until the squash cooks to a purée.
Move the purée around the sides of the pan to create a large hot spot in the middle. Add the remaining butter and scrape the bottom of the pan to release the bits of squash.
Add the rice to the pan and toss to coat with the butter.
When the rice is translucent, add the wine and stir until the wine evaporates. At the same time start incorporating the purée into the rice. Start adding 1/2 cup of hot broth at the time, stirring with a wooden spoon, until all of the liquid has been absorbed.
Continue adding the broth 1/2 cup at the time, stirring constantly.
Taste the rice for texture and seasoning, it should be al dente, tender but not mushy.
When the rice is ready, turn off the heat and stir in the fonduta until it is all blended with the risotto. Add 2 tablespoons of grated Parmigiano-Regiano and give it one more stir.
Plate into individual bowls, top with Parmigiano and garnish with fried sage leaves (oops, I burned my sage so I used a fresh leaf instead!).
As promised here it is my perfect Risotto, warm, creamy, flavorful and delicious . . . buon appetito!
Which one is your favorite Fall recipe?
In three days I will be flying to Italy and I cannot tell you how excited I am, however, I could not leave without sharing with you another moment of excitement in my adventure as a blogger.
I am celebrating 10,000 views on my blog . . . I am ecstatic!
Coincidentally, I hit the 10,000 mark exactly 9 months after my very first post which I thought was pretty cool.
Early Saturday morning I realized that I was close to the magic number so I decided that this time I would celebrate in style – Italian style of course – with a cake.
Back in July, I visited Fante Kitchen Shop in Philadelphia’s Italian Market. The store is like candy land for cooks. I only needed a Fusilli iron but I came out with much more, including a hemisphere cake pan.
As soon as I saw this dome shaped pan I knew what I wanted to bake: A Delizia al Limoncello!
Since July, however, I hadn’t had a chance to bake my Delizia, among other reasons I had to wait for my homemade Limoncello to be ready – for my Limoncello recipe click here .
What better occasion than my 10,000 views to inaugurate my new pan and experiment with a new recipe?!
The original name of this dessert is Delizie al limone (delizie is plural of delizia); it’s the youngest dessert of the Campania region. The dessert has quickly become the symbol of the Amalfi coast, where in 1978, chef Carmine Marzuillo presented this delicacy for the first time.
Generally, the delizie are prepared as individual servings, in the shape of a small dome and they are often arranged in a cluster to allow for a large, more dramatic presentation. I decided to utilize my large hemisphere cake pan to create one big Delizia. Also, I call my dessert Delizia al Limoncello, because, unlike the original recipe, I use Limoncello in every element of the cakes.
So, I celebrate another milestone of my adventure sharing this recipe with all of you.
It’s my way to say THANK YOU to all of you for following me, leaving kind comments, and showing your support.
Please keep visiting and sharing with the world my little piece of Italy.
NOTES:
You can bake as individual serving using half sphere baking pan – I just found a silicone mold that seems great on Amazon – or muffins pan.
For a more kids friendly version, you can substitute the limoncello with equal amount of freshly squeezed lemon juice.
You can substitute the potato starch with cornstarch. In this case use only 2 tablespoon of cornstarch and increase the flour by 2 tablespoons.
Ricetta
Cosa serve (What you need)
For the Pan di Spagna (Italian sponge cake)
5 eggs (yolk and white separated)
¾ cup sugar
¾ cup all purpose flour
¼ cup potato starch (you can substitute with cornstarch – see note above)
Grated zest of 1 lemon
1 pinch of salt
For the pastry cream filling
¾ cup flour (sifted)
Cosa fare (What to do)
Step 1: making the cake
Pre heat oven at 350 degrees. Butter and floured the cake pan.
Sift together the flour, potato starch and ¼ teaspoon salt.
In the bowl of a standing mixer, with the whisk attachment, add the egg whites and a pinch of salt and beat until stiff peaks form.
Transfer to another bowl.
Rinse and dry the bowl of the standing mixer, switch to the paddle attachment and add the egg yolks and sugar. Beat until light, fluffy and creamy at least15 minutes.
Add the grated lemon zest and limoncello and blend into the mixture.
Slowly add the egg whites meringue. Make sure you are working on low speed during this step.
When the egg whites are blended into the mixture start adding the sifted flour. Blend the ingredients always working on low speed.
Pour the mixture into the cake pan.
Bake for 40 minutes. Test: a toothpick inserted in the center of the cake comes out clean when the cake is done.
Turn the oven off but leave the cake inside for 5 minutes.
Remove from oven, let stand in the pan for additional 5 minutes.
Carefully remove from pan (upside down) and cool completely on a cooling rack.
Step 2: making the filling and topping creams
In a pan add all the milk (4 cups) and the grated lemon zest of the 4 lemons. When is about to boil turn the heat off, cover with a lid and let rest for 30 minutes. Then filter through a sieve and divide the milk into two equal parts (you will use each half for each cream).
For the Limoncello cream filling:
In a pan add the eggs and the sugar and with a hand held mixer beat until light, fluffy and creamy.
Add the sifted flour and mix well with the aid of a whisker.
Slowly add the one half of the filtered milk (2 cups). Mix well to blend.
Move the pan on the stove and on low heat – while stirring – cook until cream is dense.
Remove from heat, cover with plastic wrap and let cool completely. TIP: place the plastic wrap directly on the cream to avoid forming the skin.
In the bowl of the standing mixer, with the whisk attachment, whip the entire heavy whipping cream (2-1/2 cups total).
When the cream is cold, stir until smooth, add ¼ cup of limoncello and fold in 1/3 of the previously whipped cream.
For the Limoncello topping cream:
In a pan add the sugar and cornstarch. Slowly add the second half of the filtered milk (2 cups) and mix well with a whisk.
Move the pan on the stove and on low heat – while stirring – cook until cream starts to become dense.
Remove from heat and let cool completely.
When the cream is cold add 1/3 cup of limoncello and fold in the remaining whipped cream. This cream should result fluid and not very dense.
Step 3: making the Limoncello syrup:
In a small pan add the water, sugar and zest of 1 lemon. Bring to boil and simmer until the sugar is completely dissolved.
Remove from heat and let cool completely.
When cold add the limoncello.
Step 4: Assembling the cake:
When the cake is completely cool you can cut the base. Do not discard the base; you will use it later. Tip: To avoid flattening the dome top, I set my cake over a small bowl.
Leaving a ½ inch edge, (I used a small bowl as template), using a spoon, carve out the inside of the cake.
Splash the interior and top edge with the syrup.
Pour the filling cream into the carved cake.
Top with the base that you had previously. Splash the base with syrup.
Place your serving dish over the base of the cake and carefully turn upside down.
Splash the dome with the syrup and then cover with the topping cream. Make sure you are using a large serving plate. Remember, the cream should be fluid and will run all around the base of the cake.
Let set for 5 minutes and then decorate the base with whipped cream.
You can decorate the top with candied lemon or, as I did, with thin lemon zest ribbons.
Step 5:
HAVE A BIG SLICE AND ENJOY!!!
NOTES:
You might have some extra filling cream, use it to make a thin layer into each individual serving plates . . . a little bed for you wonderful slice of cake.
If you bake small individual cakes, you can arrange them in a large dish and cover with the topping cream. You will then spoon out into individual serving plates.
This recipe has many steps and requires some time but it is a wonderful treat for a special occasion.
I will be in Sorrento in two weeks and I will sure enjoy a delizia there, but in a meanwhile my family and I have been enjoying My Delizia al Limoncello very much!
Which is your favorite cake for a special occasion?
The recipe for Pan di Spagna is adapted from my old cookbook , Il libro dei dolci.
The recipes of the creams are adapted for gennarino.org
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Sep5
An almost forgotten simple, sweet recipe.
Last week while doing some housekeeping, I came across an old, little cookbook: il libro dei dolci (the dessert book).
I had not seen the book in years, as it got lost among my boxes full of magazines and loose recipes. It was a free insert of Insieme, an Italian magazine for new moms and moms to be. The publication was from 1991, the year my
first
second son was born. I am not exactly sure why a new mom would need a cake/biscotti cookbook for her new baby, however, there are some nice recipes for kids and adults alike. On the very first page I had also jotted down a couple of recipes: the brioche and the zeppole but I will share those at a later time.
Browsing through the book I could not believe that I forgot about one my kids favorite breakfast cakes: la ciambella dei 7 vasetti. Let me explain, ciambella is a ring shaped cake, vasetti are little jars. So the translation would be something like “the ring shaped cake of the 7 small jars” . . . it sounds so much better in Italian!
The name comes from the fact that you can measure everything with a yogurt tub as a measuring cup.
So, this past Sunday night I decided to bake the ciambella for a quiet Labor Day breakfast with my husband. I made very few variations to the recipe and I will list them below.
I guess you realized that one of the ingredients is yogurt. When I used to bake this ciambella for my kids I used yogurt’s flavors that they enjoyed such as strawberry or peach. This time I decided to use lemon flavored Greek yogurt, which I thought it sounded more grown up. The original recipe lists whole yogurt, however, I used low fat. You can also use plain unsweetened yogurt, which I am sure would be delicious as well. Also, there is not butter in this cake, which makes it a little lighter and healthier . . . yeah, I know it’s still a cake, but don’t we all need an excuse to have dessert? Hey, no butter seems a good excuse to me!
The butter is substituted with vegetable oil. My next experiment will be to try plain Greek yogurt and extra virgin olive oil, I think this combination will achieve a more tangy flavor that I might enjoy . . . I will keep you posted.
Another small variation in my recipe is the use of vanilla sugar instead of regular sugar. I made my own vanilla sugar some time ago; it is probably the simplest thing to make in the kitchen. You just need 1 vanilla bean, 2 cups of sugar and an airtight container. The vanilla beans can be fresh, but you can also use the beans after scraping the inside for a different recipe. If you are using a fresh bean, just pour the sugar in the container, split the vanilla bean and scrape into the sugar. Stir and then bury the bean into the sugar. Seal tight and let sit for two weeks. Replenish with sugar as you use it.
Also, since in my pantry I had some packets of Italian vanilla flavored baking powder, that’s what I used. It’s called “Lievito Pane degli Angeli ” (Angels’ bread yeast) and it is flavored with vanilla. In the recipe below, however, I have listed baking powder and baking soda.
NOTE: I used a bundt pan instead of a ring pan. So, may be I could call it “7 jars bundt cake“, what do you think?
Ricetta
(Adapted from il libro dei dolci)
Cosa ti serve – What you need
3 extra large eggs
1 tub of yogurt (your favorite flavor or plain)
2 tubs of vanilla sugar (or regular granulated sugar) Tip: use only 1-1/2 tub if using sweetened yogurt
3 tubs of flour sifted together with ½ teaspoon baking powder and ¼ teaspoon baking soda
1 tub of vegetable oil
1/4 teaspoon salt
1/4 teaspoon vanilla extract (not on original recipe)
Zest of one lemon
Oil and flour to grease and dust the pan
Come si fa (How you do it)
Preheat oven at 350 degree. Oil and floured the bundt pan.
Pour the yogurt in a large bowl. Rinse and dry the yogurt tub and use it as measuring cup. Add 2 tubs of sugar to the yogurt.
Whisk to blend the ingredients. While whisking add the eggs one at the time.
Also add the salt and the lemon zest.
Slowly add the sifted flour, whisk to incorporate all the flour carefully avoiding any lumps.
Lastly, pour the oil very slowly. Keep whisking until all the oil is has been absorbed into the batter.
Pour the batter into the pan and bake for 50-55 minutes. Test: an inserted toothpick comes out clean when the cake is done.
Remove from the oven and transfer the pan on a cooling rack.
Let rest for 5 minutes, carefully remove from pan and allow the cake to cool completely on the cooling rack. Before serving dust it with powdered sugar.
Since the ciambella had not butter, I served it with apricots butter, a 5 minutes preparation that I had seen on one of the Barefoot Contessa shows. You just need to blend together, in a food processor, 8 tablespoon of butter and 4 tablespoon of apricots preserve . . . heaven in 15 seconds!
APRICOTS BUTTER
Jun17
“Babbo” and I at the beach, Paestum 1964
Today is Father’s Day in USA and although in Italy we celebrate this holiday on March 19th , it feels appropriate to dedicate this post to my father.
It was June 5, 1998, it was a sunny afternoon and I was sitting on the sideline of the soccer field where my children were training. Unexpectedly, I saw my husband walking toward me, his expression was gloomy and when he asked me to step aside, my heart skipped and I just knew that something terrible had happened. My father, 4600 miles away, had died, suddenly, of a stroke. I don’t need to explain what or how I felt then, but today what still hurts the most, is that I could not say goodbye.
No time for tears, just let me tell you about the Ragú Napoletano, that wonderful, comforting slow cooked meat-based sauce, synonym of pranzo della domenica (Sunday family supper). My mother was an excellent cook and she would make handmade pasta, tagliatelle, gnocchi, fusilli, strascinati, orecchiette . . . like no other, yet my father was the king of the ragú.
My father would wake up at 5:30 AM every Sunday and after his caffè and his first cigarette he would start the ragú. First he would prepare the braciole (slice of meat rolled -up), one made with beef and one with cotica (pork rind). He would season them with with garlic, salt, pepper, parsley, pine nuts, raisins and grated cheese. The braciole, along with the rest of the meat, were going in the pot with the onions, then the wine, last the passata di pomodori (tomato pureed) – which we usually bottled at the end of summer. For the next 4-5 hours, my father would tend to the ragú like it was a work of art . . . Letting the sauce pippiare – an onomatopoeic word that describes the sound of the sauce that barely simmer producing tiny bubbles – stirring once in awhile, tasting for salt and pepper.
My brothers and I would wake up to the aroma of the ragú and my best treat of the morning was a small slice of bread smothered with sauce.
The sauce usually serves as condiment to the ziti spezzati – my mom used to buy the long ziti and it was my job to cut them into short pieces – or to the paccheri, or to the handmade pasta that my mom had prepared. The meat, covered with sauce, was the second course along with the obligatory patatine fritte (fried potatoes) and insalata verde – just plain green lettuce – simply seasoned with olive oil and squeezed lemon.
Now, to find an original, traditional recipe of ragú it is not easy task, so I have always relied on my memories and some research. The ragú, is prepared with large pieces of meat that are browned together with a lot of onions. The choice of meat cuts seems to be the main issue, and not just for me . . . If you have 3 minute to spare, you might enjoy this clip from Sabato Domenica Lunedì, an Italian movie, starring Sofia Loren. Rosa Priore (Sofia Loren) is shopping for the perfect ingredients for ragú; in the macelleria (butcher shop), she gets into an argument with another client about which meat cuts to use. I am sorry the clip is in Italian – actually Neapolitan – however, tone of voices and expressions tell it all . . . and who doesn’t want to see the beautiful Sofia Loren!
Italian meat cuts have such distinctive names, cappello del prete, piccione, locena and so on, that I often find very difficult to translate them into an English equivalent. So many times, I show up at the butcher counter with a meat chart and I point out the cuts I need. So here is a picture for you.
One of the more traditional recipe advise to use the following cuts of meat (The numbers correspond to the cuts in the picture, I also added the English equivalent):
Scamone (#14 – beef rump), annecchia (veal stew), one slice of locena (#2 – beef brisket), noce di vitello (#16 – veal sirloin), pork ribs, and one piece of cotica (pork rind).
In my recipe, I follow the traditional cooking method, however, I do not use the lard – originally used instead of olive oil – and the pork rind. For the meat cuts, on this particular day, I used what I found available – pork and beef. Keep in mind that I often cook for only 3-4 people therefore I need to adjust my recipes accordingly.
Ricetta
1 tablespoon raisins – previously soaked in water
½ cup freshly grated Parmiggiano Reggiano
1 clove of garlic finely chopped
Directions:
First prepare the braciola: lay the slice of meat on a chopping board, season with salt and pepper. Add parsley (hand-chopped), pine nuts, raisins, and grated cheese. Roll-up the meat and tie with cooking twine.
Season the rest of the meat with salt and pepper. Tie the large pieces with cooking twine to keep the shape.
In a large pot heat the oil and melt the butter. Add the sliced onions and the meat at the same time.
On medium heat let the meat brown and the onion soften until almost disappear. To achieve a perfect result you must tend to each step with care. During this first step you must be vigilant, don’t let the onion dry, stir with a cucchiaia (wooden spoon) and start adding wine if necessary to keep moist and facilitate the melting of the onions.
Once the onions have dissolved and the meat has browned, add the tomato paste and a little wine to dissolve it. Stir and combine the ingredients. Let cook slowly for 10 minutes.
Time to add the tomatoes pureed, season with salt and black pepper and stir.
Cover the pot but leave the lid ajar, you can place a wooden spoon under the lid. The sauce must cook very slowly for at least 3-4 hours.
Remember, as they say in Naples, the sauce must “pippiare”.
Pippiare . . . can you see the tiny bubbles?
After 2 hours add few leaves of basil and continue cooking.
IMPORTANT: Half way through, don’t forget to dip a piece of bread into the sauce and have your first taste of heaven!
During these 3-4 hours you must keep tending to the ragú, stirring once in awhile and making sure that it doesn’t stick to the bottom.
Carne al ragu`
The sauce, as I mentioned can be use as condiment for different kind of pastas. This sauce is also used in the preparation of the lasagna napoletana and the parmigiana di melanzane (eggplant parmigiana).
On this particular occasion, I used my ragú to make fusilli e strascicati al tegamino – my husband had just returned from Italy and brought me back these fresh homemade pasta. See in pictures the steps and final product.
Before I leave . . .HAPPY FATHER’S DAY TO ALL THE DADS!!!
Fusilli and Strascicati directly from Italy!
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Jun9
When you think about the cuisine of Naples, the first thing that comes to mind is probably the traditional “ragú” – a slow cooked meat sauce – or spaghetti with fresh tomatoes sauce. Here it is an unexpected Neapolitan dish I am sure you will love: Pasta al gratin or – as they call it in Naples – Maccheroni al gratté.
This is typically a holiday dish, however it is simple enough to become a weekday alternative to one of your pasta dishes. I have to warn you that this is not a diet friendly dish but it is sure delicious . . . I trust this could become one of your new favorites!
It is basically a baked pasta seasoned with béchamel sauce and enriched with few extra ingredients. One of the beauty of the dish is the flexibility in the choice of ingredients. Mozzarella is usually the cheese of choice – that’s what I used – but you can substitute with Emmenthal or another mild cheese of your like. At time, hard-boiled eggs are also added. Diced ham, prosciutto or mortadella are generally used. This time, however, I decided to use speck – salt cured /smoked ham – which add a smoky flavor to the dish. Beside loving speck for its intense aroma and flavor, it also brings back a very special memory: my honeymoon!
While traveling by car from Ravello to Vienna, my newlywed husband and I stopped first in San Gimignano, in Tuscany, and then to Merano, in the South Tyrol. While crossing the Alps, between Vipiteno and Bressanone, we stopped at a tiny shack by the side of the road and there, while overwhelmed by the breathtaking scenery, we had the most memorable merenda (snack): warm rye bread (Pusterer Breatl), fresh butter and…speck! How can I forget, it was August 1, 1996 . . I had been married for six days!
The South Tyrol, 08-01-86
Enough with the nonsense, here it is my ricetta. I hope you will love it!
MACCHERONI AL GRATTÉ
1 stick unsalted butter (4 ounces)
1/2 cup and 2 tablespoons all-purpose flour
1 quart whole milk, at room temperature
Pinch fresh nutmeg
kosher salt
2 cups cubed mozzarella
1/3 pound thinly sliced speck, cut into strips (reserve the strip of fat from each slice)
1 pound dry ziti ( you can also use penne or rigatoni)
unsalted butter
Preheat oven to 425 degrees F.
In a large pot, bring to a boil 6 quarts of salted water.
In a saucepan, melt the butter over medium heat.
Add the flour and whisk until smooth, about 2 minutes.
Always stirring, slowly add the milk and continue to whisk until the sauce is smooth and creamy.
Simmer until it is thick enough to coat the back of the whisker – approximately 10 minutes.
Stir in nutmeg and salt to taste. Remove from heat, set aside keeping warm.
Add the ziti to the boiling water and cook 2 minute less than the indicated time (the pasta will finish cooking in the oven). Into a greased 13 by 9-inch baking dish, pour a little of the béchamel sauce.
Drain the pasta in a colander and transfer to the baking dish. Pour 1/3 of the béchamel sauce. Mix well until all the pasta is coated with the sauce.
The ingredients: Speck and Mozzarella
Add 2/3 of mozzarella, 2/3 speck, and grated parmigiano.
Mix well, add remaining speck and mozzarella.
Top with remaining béchamel sauce. Arrange the strips of speck’s fat on top. (this is my variation to the ribbons of butter)
Cover with aluminum foil and bake 20 minutes. Remove foil and bake for 10 more minutes.
Just out of the oven
A tavola!
May31
Mouthwatering…
One common misconceptions about Italian cooking is that Italian women – or men – spend many hours in the kitchen. While it’s true that it takes 5-6 hours to prepare a traditional Neapolitan ragú or that an eggplant parmigiana could take up to 2 hours, yet most everyday dishes don’t take more than 30 minutes. Usually, I don’t know what will be at the dinner table until after my daily visit to the market; once there, I let the produce, meat, and fish talk to me. Simple, fresh ingredients require simple, quick preparation.
If you only have 20 minutes, I will share with you how to prepare an easy dish that is perfect for a family dinner yet, so rich in flavor that it would surely impress your guests. Capesante and gamberi in guazzetto, that is “Scallops and shrimps in . . . guazzetto“! The word “guazzetto“, pronounced gwahts-TZET-to (don’t you love the sound of it?) doesn’t have an exact translation but it refers to the fish that is “splashed” with a light creamy sauce. Just trust me, it is buonissimo!
Ricetta
My Capesante e Gamberi in Guazzetto
Ingredients for 4
8-12 sea scallops
12-16 large shrimps peeled and deveined (I like to keep the tail on. Also, if you are using head-on shrimps, remove and reserve the heads)
All-purpose flour, for dredging
6 tablespoons unsalted butter, divided in 1/3 (you might need an extra tablespoon)
1 tablespoon extra-virgin olive oil
1/2 cup chopped shallots
1/4 cup chopped fresh flat-leaf parsley leaves
1 tablespoon capers
1/3 cup Marsala or dry white wine (your preference, I like the sweetness of Marsala)
1/2 cup heavy cream
Kosher salt and freshly ground black pepper
Optional red pepper flakes
Directions
Cut each sea scallops in half horizontally. Sprinkle with salt and pepper, toss with flour, and shake off the excess. Do the same with the shrimps.
In a large sauté pan or skillet, heat 2 tablespoons of the butter over high heat until sizzling and add the shrimp in one layer.
Allow the shrimp to turn pink-brown on 1 side without moving them, then turn and brown lightly on the other side – 3 to 4 minutes total.
Remove from the pan and set aside. Repeat with the scallops: heat two more tablespoon of butter until sizzling and add the scallops in one layer.
Lower the heat to medium and allow the scallops to turn light brown on 1 side without moving them, then turn and brown on the other side – 3 to 4 minutes total.
Remove from the pan and set aside. Melt the rest of the butter in the pan with 1 tablespoon of extra-virgin olive oil. Add the shallots, capers, and parsley and sauté for 2 minutes. If you would like a little heat, add some red pepper flakes. If you have reserved the shrimps’ heads, add them to the pan and let them cook for few minutes while pressing with a fork to release the juice.
Add 1/2 of the wine cook for 1 minute. If you used the shrimps’ heads, spoon them out now and discard.
Add the scallops and shrimp and gently toss the seasonings with the scallops (add a little butter if necessary – I did). Add the wine, let evaporate, cook for 1 minute.
Lastly add ½ of the cream gently tossing with the shrimps and scallops. Taste for seasoning.
Plate the scallops and shrimp. Add the remaining cream to the pan and stir to blend with the seasoning.
Spoon the creamy mixture over the shrimps and scallops. Serve hot.
Pronto!
I like to serve this dish with a side of roasted finocchi (fennel) and spinach in lemon-garlic vinaigrette. A peppery arugula salad would be perfect too.
Buon Appetito!
For the roasted fennel: cut the bulbs into tick slices. Boil in salted water for 5-8 minutes. Drain. Lightly oil the bottom of a baking dish. Transfer the fennel to the baking dish, drizzle with oil and sprinkle with salt and pepper. With your hands toss to coat the fennel then arrange them in 1 layer. Sprinkle with Parmigiano Reggiano cheese. Bake in preheated oven – 375 degrees – for 20 minutes. They should be fork-tender and golden brown.
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May9
My Polpettone e Piselli
Today I share one of my family’s favorite recipes, Polpettone ripieno con contorno di piselli (stuffed meatloaf with side of green peas).
Not much to chat about it, so I will get right to the recipe. This is my mom’s recipe, to which I have made only few modifications.
It is easy, flavorful, and satisfying. It is also versatile, you can choose you favorite cheese and cold cuts for the stuffing, and even add some spinach if you want.
I like to use provolone cheese and mortadella – prosciutto cotto (ham) is typically used. Even the choice of meat is up to you, use beef or veal or combine the two, add pork if you want.
I just prepared this meatloaf few nights ago and I used a mix of beef/pork/lamb, it was delicious. I also added one smashed boiled potato to the meat, it helped to keep the meatloaf moist.
The recipe will yield one large polpettone or two medium one. I got slightly carried away, so I ended up with two medium and one small, and I also made few extra polpettine (small meatballs), which I fried; we ate them during the Capitals ice hockey’s game . . . Go Caps!!!
NOTE: To prepare a perfect polpettone you need to get your hands dirty – literally. DO NOT use a food processor.
Ricetta
¼ cup extra-virgin olive oil
¼ cup dry white wine
salt – pepper
Directions:
To defrost the peas: Pour the frozen peas into a colander. Set the colander under cold running water for 2 minutes. Shake the colander often then let drain.
Ready to start!
In a medium bowl, mix the bread and milk. With your fingers break the bread and make sure it is covered with milk. Let soak for 5 minutes, squeeze out excess milk from the bread. Discard milk. In a large bowl mix the meat and the bread.
Using your hands mix until the meat and bread are well combined. Pass the boiled potato through a ricer and add to the mixture. Add the eggs, grated Parmigiano, and salt.
Again, use your hands to mix and combine the ingredients. You can add chopped parsley to the mixture if you wish.
Line a baking sheet with aluminum foil, slightly moisten the foil with water (to prevent the meat from sticking to the foil). Take half of the meat mixture, place it in the center of the foil and pat down to form a rectangle ½ inch thick.
Preheat oven at 360 degree and oil the bottom of a deep baking dish.
Sprinkle the meat with Parmigiano, then arrange the slices of mortadella on the meat to cover the whole surface.
Arrange the slices of provolone on top of the mortadella. Keep the provolone at least 1 inch off the edges (this will make it easier to roll up the meatloaf and also will prevent the cheese to drip away while baking).
Sprinkle more Parmigiano if you wish.
Starting at long side and using the foil as aid, roll up the meat.
Fold ends and seams together. Make sure the long side is completely sealed.
Oops . . . A little extra!
Place the meatloaf in the previously oiled baking dish.
Repeat with the remaining meat mixture. Place the second meatloaf in the baking dish. Space them at least 2 inches from each other.
Arrange the green peas between the meatloaf and all around. Drizzle with oil, add the sliced onion, salt, pepper and the wine.
Cover with foil and bake for 40 minutes. Remove the foil, stir the peas and continue baking for 20 minutes. Let rest 15 minutes.
My Polpettone e Piselli
Slice and plate along with the peas.
Not much leftover!
I hope you like my Polpettone as much as my boys do.
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recipe « Sharing My Italy...The Blog
Nov2
It’s warm and creamy and delicious … keep reading you will love it!
Today I am giving you a break from my Italy trip journal and I am sharing one of my favorite Fall dish: Risotto di zucca con fonduta di Fontina (Butternut squash risotto with Fontina cheese sauce).
Fontina is a typical cheese from the Italian region of Valle d’Aosta. Fonduta is a variation of the classic cheese Fondue .
It ‘s a classic Italian pumpkin risotto in which I substituted the pumpkin with butternut squash. Also, while in a typical risotto recipe you add butter at the end to “mantecare” (final step to make it creamy), I added Fontina cheese sauce instead.
I did not inherited this recipe, I don’t remember my mother ever using pumpkin in a recipe. My mom was from Naples and the Risotto alla zucca (pumpkin risotto) is typical of Northern Italy so, although she wasn’t opposed to recipes out of her comfort zone, zucca was not in her repertoire. I honestly don’t particularly enjoy the pumpkin’s taste myself; I find it too sweet. However, I have been substituting pumpkin with butternut squash in all pumpkin based recipes (including pumpking gnocchi and pumpkin ravioli) and my family and I enjoy its milder and nuttier flavor.
In a previous post I told you that risotto is one of my favorite dish to prepare and I have shared the recipe of my Shrimp Risotto . I also explained that risotto is a way of preparing riso (rice) rather than a recipe and I have mentioned that the variety of rice you use will affect the recipe. The best rice for risotto is the Vialone Nano, which belongs to the semifino variety. This variety has medium long grains and it has a good ability to release the starch that ensures the creaminess of the risotto. Carnaroli and Arborio, both in the ultrafino variety, are good alternatives.
One of my brother’s client in Novara – one of the main area of rice production in Italy – asked me to test a Vialone Nano of his production. The name is ECORÌ and it is an eco-friendly rice.
I tried the rice and I liked it; it cooked nicely and the final product was very creamy. The problem is that I doubt I will find this rice in my area so: “dear friend at ECORÌ, I would love a case of rice!”
Ricetta
Risotto alla zucca con fonduta di Fontina
Cosa serve ( What you need) for 4 people
For the risotto
2 tbsp. extra virgin olive oil
2 tbsp unsalted butter
1/2 medium onion finely chopped
1 shallot finely chopped
2 cups rice – Vialone Nano, Carnaroli or Arborio
1 butternut squash peeled seeded and cubed (about 1-1/2 pound)
1/2 cup dry white wine
Salt
Salt and pepper
Cosa fare (What to do)
First prepare the fonduta. While you are preparing the fonduta, bring 6 cups of vegetable broth to boil and keep it hot; you will use it for the risotto.
Melt the butter in a saucepan over the low heat, and whisk in the flour until well blended.
Slowly add the milk, whisking until the mixture thickens slightly.
Add the Fontina, the Parmigiano- Reggiano, and the nutmeg and stir until to combine. The result has to be smooth, silky, and slightly thick sauce.
Season with salt and pepper, cover the sauce with plastic wrap and set aside.
Preparing the risotto.
In a heavy-bottom pan, heat the oil and half butter with the onion and the shallot.
Once the onion has softened add the butternut squash, salt, and pepper and cook until the squash cooks to a purée.
Move the purée around the sides of the pan to create a large hot spot in the middle. Add the remaining butter and scrape the bottom of the pan to release the bits of squash.
Add the rice to the pan and toss to coat with the butter.
When the rice is translucent, add the wine and stir until the wine evaporates. At the same time start incorporating the purée into the rice. Start adding 1/2 cup of hot broth at the time, stirring with a wooden spoon, until all of the liquid has been absorbed.
Continue adding the broth 1/2 cup at the time, stirring constantly.
Taste the rice for texture and seasoning, it should be al dente, tender but not mushy.
When the rice is ready, turn off the heat and stir in the fonduta until it is all blended with the risotto. Add 2 tablespoons of grated Parmigiano-Regiano and give it one more stir.
Plate into individual bowls, top with Parmigiano and garnish with fried sage leaves (oops, I burned my sage so I used a fresh leaf instead!).
As promised here it is my perfect Risotto, warm, creamy, flavorful and delicious . . . buon appetito!
Which one is your favorite Fall recipe?
In three days I will be flying to Italy and I cannot tell you how excited I am, however, I could not leave without sharing with you another moment of excitement in my adventure as a blogger.
I am celebrating 10,000 views on my blog . . . I am ecstatic!
Coincidentally, I hit the 10,000 mark exactly 9 months after my very first post which I thought was pretty cool.
Early Saturday morning I realized that I was close to the magic number so I decided that this time I would celebrate in style – Italian style of course – with a cake.
Back in July, I visited Fante Kitchen Shop in Philadelphia’s Italian Market. The store is like candy land for cooks. I only needed a Fusilli iron but I came out with much more, including a hemisphere cake pan.
As soon as I saw this dome shaped pan I knew what I wanted to bake: A Delizia al Limoncello!
Since July, however, I hadn’t had a chance to bake my Delizia, among other reasons I had to wait for my homemade Limoncello to be ready – for my Limoncello recipe click here .
What better occasion than my 10,000 views to inaugurate my new pan and experiment with a new recipe?!
The original name of this dessert is Delizie al limone (delizie is plural of delizia); it’s the youngest dessert of the Campania region. The dessert has quickly become the symbol of the Amalfi coast, where in 1978, chef Carmine Marzuillo presented this delicacy for the first time.
Generally, the delizie are prepared as individual servings, in the shape of a small dome and they are often arranged in a cluster to allow for a large, more dramatic presentation. I decided to utilize my large hemisphere cake pan to create one big Delizia. Also, I call my dessert Delizia al Limoncello, because, unlike the original recipe, I use Limoncello in every element of the cakes.
So, I celebrate another milestone of my adventure sharing this recipe with all of you.
It’s my way to say THANK YOU to all of you for following me, leaving kind comments, and showing your support.
Please keep visiting and sharing with the world my little piece of Italy.
NOTES:
You can bake as individual serving using half sphere baking pan – I just found a silicone mold that seems great on Amazon – or muffins pan.
For a more kids friendly version, you can substitute the limoncello with equal amount of freshly squeezed lemon juice.
You can substitute the potato starch with cornstarch. In this case use only 2 tablespoon of cornstarch and increase the flour by 2 tablespoons.
Ricetta
Cosa serve (What you need)
For the Pan di Spagna (Italian sponge cake)
5 eggs (yolk and white separated)
¾ cup sugar
¾ cup all purpose flour
¼ cup potato starch (you can substitute with cornstarch – see note above)
Grated zest of 1 lemon
1 pinch of salt
For the pastry cream filling
¾ cup flour (sifted)
Cosa fare (What to do)
Step 1: making the cake
Pre heat oven at 350 degrees. Butter and floured the cake pan.
Sift together the flour, potato starch and ¼ teaspoon salt.
In the bowl of a standing mixer, with the whisk attachment, add the egg whites and a pinch of salt and beat until stiff peaks form.
Transfer to another bowl.
Rinse and dry the bowl of the standing mixer, switch to the paddle attachment and add the egg yolks and sugar. Beat until light, fluffy and creamy at least15 minutes.
Add the grated lemon zest and limoncello and blend into the mixture.
Slowly add the egg whites meringue. Make sure you are working on low speed during this step.
When the egg whites are blended into the mixture start adding the sifted flour. Blend the ingredients always working on low speed.
Pour the mixture into the cake pan.
Bake for 40 minutes. Test: a toothpick inserted in the center of the cake comes out clean when the cake is done.
Turn the oven off but leave the cake inside for 5 minutes.
Remove from oven, let stand in the pan for additional 5 minutes.
Carefully remove from pan (upside down) and cool completely on a cooling rack.
Step 2: making the filling and topping creams
In a pan add all the milk (4 cups) and the grated lemon zest of the 4 lemons. When is about to boil turn the heat off, cover with a lid and let rest for 30 minutes. Then filter through a sieve and divide the milk into two equal parts (you will use each half for each cream).
For the Limoncello cream filling:
In a pan add the eggs and the sugar and with a hand held mixer beat until light, fluffy and creamy.
Add the sifted flour and mix well with the aid of a whisker.
Slowly add the one half of the filtered milk (2 cups). Mix well to blend.
Move the pan on the stove and on low heat – while stirring – cook until cream is dense.
Remove from heat, cover with plastic wrap and let cool completely. TIP: place the plastic wrap directly on the cream to avoid forming the skin.
In the bowl of the standing mixer, with the whisk attachment, whip the entire heavy whipping cream (2-1/2 cups total).
When the cream is cold, stir until smooth, add ¼ cup of limoncello and fold in 1/3 of the previously whipped cream.
For the Limoncello topping cream:
In a pan add the sugar and cornstarch. Slowly add the second half of the filtered milk (2 cups) and mix well with a whisk.
Move the pan on the stove and on low heat – while stirring – cook until cream starts to become dense.
Remove from heat and let cool completely.
When the cream is cold add 1/3 cup of limoncello and fold in the remaining whipped cream. This cream should result fluid and not very dense.
Step 3: making the Limoncello syrup:
In a small pan add the water, sugar and zest of 1 lemon. Bring to boil and simmer until the sugar is completely dissolved.
Remove from heat and let cool completely.
When cold add the limoncello.
Step 4: Assembling the cake:
When the cake is completely cool you can cut the base. Do not discard the base; you will use it later. Tip: To avoid flattening the dome top, I set my cake over a small bowl.
Leaving a ½ inch edge, (I used a small bowl as template), using a spoon, carve out the inside of the cake.
Splash the interior and top edge with the syrup.
Pour the filling cream into the carved cake.
Top with the base that you had previously. Splash the base with syrup.
Place your serving dish over the base of the cake and carefully turn upside down.
Splash the dome with the syrup and then cover with the topping cream. Make sure you are using a large serving plate. Remember, the cream should be fluid and will run all around the base of the cake.
Let set for 5 minutes and then decorate the base with whipped cream.
You can decorate the top with candied lemon or, as I did, with thin lemon zest ribbons.
Step 5:
HAVE A BIG SLICE AND ENJOY!!!
NOTES:
You might have some extra filling cream, use it to make a thin layer into each individual serving plates . . . a little bed for you wonderful slice of cake.
If you bake small individual cakes, you can arrange them in a large dish and cover with the topping cream. You will then spoon out into individual serving plates.
This recipe has many steps and requires some time but it is a wonderful treat for a special occasion.
I will be in Sorrento in two weeks and I will sure enjoy a delizia there, but in a meanwhile my family and I have been enjoying My Delizia al Limoncello very much!
Which is your favorite cake for a special occasion?
The recipe for Pan di Spagna is adapted from my old cookbook , Il libro dei dolci.
The recipes of the creams are adapted for gennarino.org
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Sep5
An almost forgotten simple, sweet recipe.
Last week while doing some housekeeping, I came across an old, little cookbook: il libro dei dolci (the dessert book).
I had not seen the book in years, as it got lost among my boxes full of magazines and loose recipes. It was a free insert of Insieme, an Italian magazine for new moms and moms to be. The publication was from 1991, the year my
first
second son was born. I am not exactly sure why a new mom would need a cake/biscotti cookbook for her new baby, however, there are some nice recipes for kids and adults alike. On the very first page I had also jotted down a couple of recipes: the brioche and the zeppole but I will share those at a later time.
Browsing through the book I could not believe that I forgot about one my kids favorite breakfast cakes: la ciambella dei 7 vasetti. Let me explain, ciambella is a ring shaped cake, vasetti are little jars. So the translation would be something like “the ring shaped cake of the 7 small jars” . . . it sounds so much better in Italian!
The name comes from the fact that you can measure everything with a yogurt tub as a measuring cup.
So, this past Sunday night I decided to bake the ciambella for a quiet Labor Day breakfast with my husband. I made very few variations to the recipe and I will list them below.
I guess you realized that one of the ingredients is yogurt. When I used to bake this ciambella for my kids I used yogurt’s flavors that they enjoyed such as strawberry or peach. This time I decided to use lemon flavored Greek yogurt, which I thought it sounded more grown up. The original recipe lists whole yogurt, however, I used low fat. You can also use plain unsweetened yogurt, which I am sure would be delicious as well. Also, there is not butter in this cake, which makes it a little lighter and healthier . . . yeah, I know it’s still a cake, but don’t we all need an excuse to have dessert? Hey, no butter seems a good excuse to me!
The butter is substituted with vegetable oil. My next experiment will be to try plain Greek yogurt and extra virgin olive oil, I think this combination will achieve a more tangy flavor that I might enjoy . . . I will keep you posted.
Another small variation in my recipe is the use of vanilla sugar instead of regular sugar. I made my own vanilla sugar some time ago; it is probably the simplest thing to make in the kitchen. You just need 1 vanilla bean, 2 cups of sugar and an airtight container. The vanilla beans can be fresh, but you can also use the beans after scraping the inside for a different recipe. If you are using a fresh bean, just pour the sugar in the container, split the vanilla bean and scrape into the sugar. Stir and then bury the bean into the sugar. Seal tight and let sit for two weeks. Replenish with sugar as you use it.
Also, since in my pantry I had some packets of Italian vanilla flavored baking powder, that’s what I used. It’s called “Lievito Pane degli Angeli ” (Angels’ bread yeast) and it is flavored with vanilla. In the recipe below, however, I have listed baking powder and baking soda.
NOTE: I used a bundt pan instead of a ring pan. So, may be I could call it “7 jars bundt cake“, what do you think?
Ricetta
(Adapted from il libro dei dolci)
Cosa ti serve – What you need
3 extra large eggs
1 tub of yogurt (your favorite flavor or plain)
2 tubs of vanilla sugar (or regular granulated sugar) Tip: use only 1-1/2 tub if using sweetened yogurt
3 tubs of flour sifted together with ½ teaspoon baking powder and ¼ teaspoon baking soda
1 tub of vegetable oil
1/4 teaspoon salt
1/4 teaspoon vanilla extract (not on original recipe)
Zest of one lemon
Oil and flour to grease and dust the pan
Come si fa (How you do it)
Preheat oven at 350 degree. Oil and floured the bundt pan.
Pour the yogurt in a large bowl. Rinse and dry the yogurt tub and use it as measuring cup. Add 2 tubs of sugar to the yogurt.
Whisk to blend the ingredients. While whisking add the eggs one at the time.
Also add the salt and the lemon zest.
Slowly add the sifted flour, whisk to incorporate all the flour carefully avoiding any lumps.
Lastly, pour the oil very slowly. Keep whisking until all the oil is has been absorbed into the batter.
Pour the batter into the pan and bake for 50-55 minutes. Test: an inserted toothpick comes out clean when the cake is done.
Remove from the oven and transfer the pan on a cooling rack.
Let rest for 5 minutes, carefully remove from pan and allow the cake to cool completely on the cooling rack. Before serving dust it with powdered sugar.
Since the ciambella had not butter, I served it with apricots butter, a 5 minutes preparation that I had seen on one of the Barefoot Contessa shows. You just need to blend together, in a food processor, 8 tablespoon of butter and 4 tablespoon of apricots preserve . . . heaven in 15 seconds!
APRICOTS BUTTER
Jun17
“Babbo” and I at the beach, Paestum 1964
Today is Father’s Day in USA and although in Italy we celebrate this holiday on March 19th , it feels appropriate to dedicate this post to my father.
It was June 5, 1998, it was a sunny afternoon and I was sitting on the sideline of the soccer field where my children were training. Unexpectedly, I saw my husband walking toward me, his expression was gloomy and when he asked me to step aside, my heart skipped and I just knew that something terrible had happened. My father, 4600 miles away, had died, suddenly, of a stroke. I don’t need to explain what or how I felt then, but today what still hurts the most, is that I could not say goodbye.
No time for tears, just let me tell you about the Ragú Napoletano, that wonderful, comforting slow cooked meat-based sauce, synonym of pranzo della domenica (Sunday family supper). My mother was an excellent cook and she would make handmade pasta, tagliatelle, gnocchi, fusilli, strascinati, orecchiette . . . like no other, yet my father was the king of the ragú.
My father would wake up at 5:30 AM every Sunday and after his caffè and his first cigarette he would start the ragú. First he would prepare the braciole (slice of meat rolled -up), one made with beef and one with cotica (pork rind). He would season them with with garlic, salt, pepper, parsley, pine nuts, raisins and grated cheese. The braciole, along with the rest of the meat, were going in the pot with the onions, then the wine, last the passata di pomodori (tomato pureed) – which we usually bottled at the end of summer. For the next 4-5 hours, my father would tend to the ragú like it was a work of art . . . Letting the sauce pippiare – an onomatopoeic word that describes the sound of the sauce that barely simmer producing tiny bubbles – stirring once in awhile, tasting for salt and pepper.
My brothers and I would wake up to the aroma of the ragú and my best treat of the morning was a small slice of bread smothered with sauce.
The sauce usually serves as condiment to the ziti spezzati – my mom used to buy the long ziti and it was my job to cut them into short pieces – or to the paccheri, or to the handmade pasta that my mom had prepared. The meat, covered with sauce, was the second course along with the obligatory patatine fritte (fried potatoes) and insalata verde – just plain green lettuce – simply seasoned with olive oil and squeezed lemon.
Now, to find an original, traditional recipe of ragú it is not easy task, so I have always relied on my memories and some research. The ragú, is prepared with large pieces of meat that are browned together with a lot of onions. The choice of meat cuts seems to be the main issue, and not just for me . . . If you have 3 minute to spare, you might enjoy this clip from Sabato Domenica Lunedì, an Italian movie, starring Sofia Loren. Rosa Priore (Sofia Loren) is shopping for the perfect ingredients for ragú; in the macelleria (butcher shop), she gets into an argument with another client about which meat cuts to use. I am sorry the clip is in Italian – actually Neapolitan – however, tone of voices and expressions tell it all . . . and who doesn’t want to see the beautiful Sofia Loren!
Italian meat cuts have such distinctive names, cappello del prete, piccione, locena and so on, that I often find very difficult to translate them into an English equivalent. So many times, I show up at the butcher counter with a meat chart and I point out the cuts I need. So here is a picture for you.
One of the more traditional recipe advise to use the following cuts of meat (The numbers correspond to the cuts in the picture, I also added the English equivalent):
Scamone (#14 – beef rump), annecchia (veal stew), one slice of locena (#2 – beef brisket), noce di vitello (#16 – veal sirloin), pork ribs, and one piece of cotica (pork rind).
In my recipe, I follow the traditional cooking method, however, I do not use the lard – originally used instead of olive oil – and the pork rind. For the meat cuts, on this particular day, I used what I found available – pork and beef. Keep in mind that I often cook for only 3-4 people therefore I need to adjust my recipes accordingly.
Ricetta
1 tablespoon raisins – previously soaked in water
½ cup freshly grated Parmiggiano Reggiano
1 clove of garlic finely chopped
Directions:
First prepare the braciola: lay the slice of meat on a chopping board, season with salt and pepper. Add parsley (hand-chopped), pine nuts, raisins, and grated cheese. Roll-up the meat and tie with cooking twine.
Season the rest of the meat with salt and pepper. Tie the large pieces with cooking twine to keep the shape.
In a large pot heat the oil and melt the butter. Add the sliced onions and the meat at the same time.
On medium heat let the meat brown and the onion soften until almost disappear. To achieve a perfect result you must tend to each step with care. During this first step you must be vigilant, don’t let the onion dry, stir with a cucchiaia (wooden spoon) and start adding wine if necessary to keep moist and facilitate the melting of the onions.
Once the onions have dissolved and the meat has browned, add the tomato paste and a little wine to dissolve it. Stir and combine the ingredients. Let cook slowly for 10 minutes.
Time to add the tomatoes pureed, season with salt and black pepper and stir.
Cover the pot but leave the lid ajar, you can place a wooden spoon under the lid. The sauce must cook very slowly for at least 3-4 hours.
Remember, as they say in Naples, the sauce must “pippiare”.
Pippiare . . . can you see the tiny bubbles?
After 2 hours add few leaves of basil and continue cooking.
IMPORTANT: Half way through, don’t forget to dip a piece of bread into the sauce and have your first taste of heaven!
During these 3-4 hours you must keep tending to the ragú, stirring once in awhile and making sure that it doesn’t stick to the bottom.
Carne al ragu`
The sauce, as I mentioned can be use as condiment for different kind of pastas. This sauce is also used in the preparation of the lasagna napoletana and the parmigiana di melanzane (eggplant parmigiana).
On this particular occasion, I used my ragú to make fusilli e strascicati al tegamino – my husband had just returned from Italy and brought me back these fresh homemade pasta. See in pictures the steps and final product.
Before I leave . . .HAPPY FATHER’S DAY TO ALL THE DADS!!!
Fusilli and Strascicati directly from Italy!
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Jun9
When you think about the cuisine of Naples, the first thing that comes to mind is probably the traditional “ragú” – a slow cooked meat sauce – or spaghetti with fresh tomatoes sauce. Here it is an unexpected Neapolitan dish I am sure you will love: Pasta al gratin or – as they call it in Naples – Maccheroni al gratté.
This is typically a holiday dish, however it is simple enough to become a weekday alternative to one of your pasta dishes. I have to warn you that this is not a diet friendly dish but it is sure delicious . . . I trust this could become one of your new favorites!
It is basically a baked pasta seasoned with béchamel sauce and enriched with few extra ingredients. One of the beauty of the dish is the flexibility in the choice of ingredients. Mozzarella is usually the cheese of choice – that’s what I used – but you can substitute with Emmenthal or another mild cheese of your like. At time, hard-boiled eggs are also added. Diced ham, prosciutto or mortadella are generally used. This time, however, I decided to use speck – salt cured /smoked ham – which add a smoky flavor to the dish. Beside loving speck for its intense aroma and flavor, it also brings back a very special memory: my honeymoon!
While traveling by car from Ravello to Vienna, my newlywed husband and I stopped first in San Gimignano, in Tuscany, and then to Merano, in the South Tyrol. While crossing the Alps, between Vipiteno and Bressanone, we stopped at a tiny shack by the side of the road and there, while overwhelmed by the breathtaking scenery, we had the most memorable merenda (snack): warm rye bread (Pusterer Breatl), fresh butter and…speck! How can I forget, it was August 1, 1996 . . I had been married for six days!
The South Tyrol, 08-01-86
Enough with the nonsense, here it is my ricetta. I hope you will love it!
MACCHERONI AL GRATTÉ
1 stick unsalted butter (4 ounces)
1/2 cup and 2 tablespoons all-purpose flour
1 quart whole milk, at room temperature
Pinch fresh nutmeg
kosher salt
2 cups cubed mozzarella
1/3 pound thinly sliced speck, cut into strips (reserve the strip of fat from each slice)
1 pound dry ziti ( you can also use penne or rigatoni)
unsalted butter
Preheat oven to 425 degrees F.
In a large pot, bring to a boil 6 quarts of salted water.
In a saucepan, melt the butter over medium heat.
Add the flour and whisk until smooth, about 2 minutes.
Always stirring, slowly add the milk and continue to whisk until the sauce is smooth and creamy.
Simmer until it is thick enough to coat the back of the whisker – approximately 10 minutes.
Stir in nutmeg and salt to taste. Remove from heat, set aside keeping warm.
Add the ziti to the boiling water and cook 2 minute less than the indicated time (the pasta will finish cooking in the oven). Into a greased 13 by 9-inch baking dish, pour a little of the béchamel sauce.
Drain the pasta in a colander and transfer to the baking dish. Pour 1/3 of the béchamel sauce. Mix well until all the pasta is coated with the sauce.
The ingredients: Speck and Mozzarella
Add 2/3 of mozzarella, 2/3 speck, and grated parmigiano.
Mix well, add remaining speck and mozzarella.
Top with remaining béchamel sauce. Arrange the strips of speck’s fat on top. (this is my variation to the ribbons of butter)
Cover with aluminum foil and bake 20 minutes. Remove foil and bake for 10 more minutes.
Just out of the oven
A tavola!
May31
Mouthwatering…
One common misconceptions about Italian cooking is that Italian women – or men – spend many hours in the kitchen. While it’s true that it takes 5-6 hours to prepare a traditional Neapolitan ragú or that an eggplant parmigiana could take up to 2 hours, yet most everyday dishes don’t take more than 30 minutes. Usually, I don’t know what will be at the dinner table until after my daily visit to the market; once there, I let the produce, meat, and fish talk to me. Simple, fresh ingredients require simple, quick preparation.
If you only have 20 minutes, I will share with you how to prepare an easy dish that is perfect for a family dinner yet, so rich in flavor that it would surely impress your guests. Capesante and gamberi in guazzetto, that is “Scallops and shrimps in . . . guazzetto“! The word “guazzetto“, pronounced gwahts-TZET-to (don’t you love the sound of it?) doesn’t have an exact translation but it refers to the fish that is “splashed” with a light creamy sauce. Just trust me, it is buonissimo!
Ricetta
My Capesante e Gamberi in Guazzetto
Ingredients for 4
8-12 sea scallops
12-16 large shrimps peeled and deveined (I like to keep the tail on. Also, if you are using head-on shrimps, remove and reserve the heads)
All-purpose flour, for dredging
6 tablespoons unsalted butter, divided in 1/3 (you might need an extra tablespoon)
1 tablespoon extra-virgin olive oil
1/2 cup chopped shallots
1/4 cup chopped fresh flat-leaf parsley leaves
1 tablespoon capers
1/3 cup Marsala or dry white wine (your preference, I like the sweetness of Marsala)
1/2 cup heavy cream
Kosher salt and freshly ground black pepper
Optional red pepper flakes
Directions
Cut each sea scallops in half horizontally. Sprinkle with salt and pepper, toss with flour, and shake off the excess. Do the same with the shrimps.
In a large sauté pan or skillet, heat 2 tablespoons of the butter over high heat until sizzling and add the shrimp in one layer.
Allow the shrimp to turn pink-brown on 1 side without moving them, then turn and brown lightly on the other side – 3 to 4 minutes total.
Remove from the pan and set aside. Repeat with the scallops: heat two more tablespoon of butter until sizzling and add the scallops in one layer.
Lower the heat to medium and allow the scallops to turn light brown on 1 side without moving them, then turn and brown on the other side – 3 to 4 minutes total.
Remove from the pan and set aside. Melt the rest of the butter in the pan with 1 tablespoon of extra-virgin olive oil. Add the shallots, capers, and parsley and sauté for 2 minutes. If you would like a little heat, add some red pepper flakes. If you have reserved the shrimps’ heads, add them to the pan and let them cook for few minutes while pressing with a fork to release the juice.
Add 1/2 of the wine cook for 1 minute. If you used the shrimps’ heads, spoon them out now and discard.
Add the scallops and shrimp and gently toss the seasonings with the scallops (add a little butter if necessary – I did). Add the wine, let evaporate, cook for 1 minute.
Lastly add ½ of the cream gently tossing with the shrimps and scallops. Taste for seasoning.
Plate the scallops and shrimp. Add the remaining cream to the pan and stir to blend with the seasoning.
Spoon the creamy mixture over the shrimps and scallops. Serve hot.
Pronto!
I like to serve this dish with a side of roasted finocchi (fennel) and spinach in lemon-garlic vinaigrette. A peppery arugula salad would be perfect too.
Buon Appetito!
For the roasted fennel: cut the bulbs into tick slices. Boil in salted water for 5-8 minutes. Drain. Lightly oil the bottom of a baking dish. Transfer the fennel to the baking dish, drizzle with oil and sprinkle with salt and pepper. With your hands toss to coat the fennel then arrange them in 1 layer. Sprinkle with Parmigiano Reggiano cheese. Bake in preheated oven – 375 degrees – for 20 minutes. They should be fork-tender and golden brown.
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May9
My Polpettone e Piselli
Today I share one of my family’s favorite recipes, Polpettone ripieno con contorno di piselli (stuffed meatloaf with side of green peas).
Not much to chat about it, so I will get right to the recipe. This is my mom’s recipe, to which I have made only few modifications.
It is easy, flavorful, and satisfying. It is also versatile, you can choose you favorite cheese and cold cuts for the stuffing, and even add some spinach if you want.
I like to use provolone cheese and mortadella – prosciutto cotto (ham) is typically used. Even the choice of meat is up to you, use beef or veal or combine the two, add pork if you want.
I just prepared this meatloaf few nights ago and I used a mix of beef/pork/lamb, it was delicious. I also added one smashed boiled potato to the meat, it helped to keep the meatloaf moist.
The recipe will yield one large polpettone or two medium one. I got slightly carried away, so I ended up with two medium and one small, and I also made few extra polpettine (small meatballs), which I fried; we ate them during the Capitals ice hockey’s game . . . Go Caps!!!
NOTE: To prepare a perfect polpettone you need to get your hands dirty – literally. DO NOT use a food processor.
Ricetta
¼ cup extra-virgin olive oil
¼ cup dry white wine
salt – pepper
Directions:
To defrost the peas: Pour the frozen peas into a colander. Set the colander under cold running water for 2 minutes. Shake the colander often then let drain.
Ready to start!
In a medium bowl, mix the bread and milk. With your fingers break the bread and make sure it is covered with milk. Let soak for 5 minutes, squeeze out excess milk from the bread. Discard milk. In a large bowl mix the meat and the bread.
Using your hands mix until the meat and bread are well combined. Pass the boiled potato through a ricer and add to the mixture. Add the eggs, grated Parmigiano, and salt.
Again, use your hands to mix and combine the ingredients. You can add chopped parsley to the mixture if you wish.
Line a baking sheet with aluminum foil, slightly moisten the foil with water (to prevent the meat from sticking to the foil). Take half of the meat mixture, place it in the center of the foil and pat down to form a rectangle ½ inch thick.
Preheat oven at 360 degree and oil the bottom of a deep baking dish.
Sprinkle the meat with Parmigiano, then arrange the slices of mortadella on the meat to cover the whole surface.
Arrange the slices of provolone on top of the mortadella. Keep the provolone at least 1 inch off the edges (this will make it easier to roll up the meatloaf and also will prevent the cheese to drip away while baking).
Sprinkle more Parmigiano if you wish.
Starting at long side and using the foil as aid, roll up the meat.
Fold ends and seams together. Make sure the long side is completely sealed.
Oops . . . A little extra!
Place the meatloaf in the previously oiled baking dish.
Repeat with the remaining meat mixture. Place the second meatloaf in the baking dish. Space them at least 2 inches from each other.
Arrange the green peas between the meatloaf and all around. Drizzle with oil, add the sliced onion, salt, pepper and the wine.
Cover with foil and bake for 40 minutes. Remove the foil, stir the peas and continue baking for 20 minutes. Let rest 15 minutes.
My Polpettone e Piselli
Slice and plate along with the peas.
Not much leftover!
I hope you like my Polpettone as much as my boys do.
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Built for the 1980 Summer Olympics, which city boasts the The Izmailovo Hotel (at 2014 the world's largest, comprising 7,500 rooms)?
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Lifestyle1 magazine Issue 484 by Lifestyle1 - issuu
issuu
OVER 300 PROPERTIES 38 OPEN HOMES ISSUE 484 | JUNE 13 - 19, 2013 CIRCULATIONS AUDIT BOARD - 27,600 copies
Phone 08 8724 7111 www.lifestyle1.net
Macsheds under new ownership by Thomson Bilt Building • Innovations • Lifestyles • Tomorrow See page 3 for details
HEALTH AND WELLBEING
Chinese Medical Centre est. 1995
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COVER Nothing Leon Thomson brings a wealth of experience to the building game and now with seven years running his own business and recently taking over ownership of Macsheds, he continues to share that expertise with the Limestone Coast and South West Victoria. A Millicent local originally, Leon travelled Australia, working on a variety of building projects and completing his bricklaying and residential builder’s licence while he was at it. It was seven years ago that he returned to the Limestone Coast and started his own contracting business and now with the addition of Macsheds, Leon offers
beats experience quality workmanship across all areas of the building industry. Married, with two daughters, Leon understands the needs of your family. He is a distributor for FairDinkum Sheds; an accredited dealer for B & D doors and openers and also offers concreting, bricklaying, stone masonry, tiling, paving, fencing and general building services. “I’m all about taking the stress out of whatever job it is you need done, from a small repair to a whole new shed,” Leon said. “I want to continue the proud reputation of Macsheds throughout the area and diversify our services to suit our
clients’ needs moving forward into the future.” Leon services the Limestone Coast and Western Victoria and has built his business around the motto Building, Innovations, Lifestyles, Tomorrow. Leon and his team are all about transforming your original patch of dirt into your dream building project. And while he’s as much about good old fashioned service today as when he first started his bricklaying apprenticeship, Leon has also moved with the times and offers the latest technology to give clients access to spot quotes and layout options.
FairDinkum Sheds also have an app so you can start designing your own shed today. And through Leon’s accredited B & D door and opener dealership, he offers roller doors, commercial shutters and panel lifts, all under a brand considered the Rolls Royce of the industry. So whatever job it is you need, contact the friendly staff at Thomson Bilt/Macsheds for an affordable quote and expert advice. Leon also has a new website under construction, which will make his business even more accessible for his customers.
Above - Leon Thomson has recently taken over ownership of Macsheds as part of his ThomsonBilt business, catering for all your building needs. Below - The friendly team - Doug Solly, Leonie Wilson and owner Leon Thomson.
Sign a contract for a double garage or larger before the end of June and receive a FREE automatic door opener valued at $400. Present this coupon to redeem. Call into 291 Commercial Street West, Mount Gambier or phone (08)8725 2155 or 0410 587 575 (Leon).
Average Net Distribution October 2012 to March 2013 27,600 copies. 08 8724 7111 or 03 5561 3141 Fax 08 8724 7882 Web www.lifestyle1.net Email [email protected] Office Office 1 20 Penola Road, Mount Gambier Manager Jason Allen Sales Duncan McGregor 0407 722 983 Editor Di Gould Print 28,000 copies Distribution Letterbox, Australia Post and Newsagencies
Company Directors Course
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Over 45 towns
Details contained in this magazine have been compiled from information supplied by advertisers. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained here in. Prospective purchasers should rely on their own enquiries.
Enquire or enrol w: companydirectors.com.au/cdc t:1300 783 566 e:[email protected] Lifestyle1.net - 003
Monday 14 - Friday 18 October 2013 8.45am to 4.00pm each day The Barn, Mt Gambier
on this day
local story
JUNE 13 1825 - Walter Hunt patented the safety pin. Hunt then then sold the rights for $400. 1979 - Aussie actress Esther Anderson (Home & Away) was born.
Student mentoring program Ten Year 10 Grant High School students have started the 2013 school based online mentoring program called iTrack, following the successful pilot program for seven students in 2012. iTrack is The Smith Family’s school based online mentoring program that aims to provide students with opportunities to have text chats with supportive adults other than a teacher or parent about workplace, study and career opportunities with the aim to enhance their school to work or further study transition. The program works by matching the students with an adult professional drawn from The Smith Family’s corporate and community partners. The mentor and student then engage in a weekly online electronic ‘chat’ session over the course of two school terms. Students and mentors are told each other’s first name only and the chats are restricted to a secure online chat room monitored by The Smith Family. Feedback from previous iTrack sessions has been very positive with Mentors and students building good relationships throughout the sessions. The Smith Family’s evaluation of iTrack showed that as a result of their participation on the program, 83 per cent of students said they had a better understanding of possible career paths; 85 per cent of students indicated they were happy with how the mentor relationship worked and 77 per cent reported improved confidence about going on to further study and about asking for advice and help.
Homestyle country cooking in warm friendly surroundings
Calebs Cafe
sƟll open unƟl further noƟce Pat, Jenny and Wendy wish to thank their loyal customers for their good wishes and support.
Open Monday - Friday 8.30am - 4pm. Phone 08 8723 9433 7a Ferrers Street, Mount Gambier (between Target - next to Fidlers car park)
Ecologie Organics is to become the exclu stockist of Puraforce Effective and afforda homeopathics from successful local com
‘a remedy for just about everything that ails you’
121 commercial st west, mt gambier www.ecologiorganics.com.au 08 8723 9191
Advertorial I ODYSSEY VEIN CLINIC
For great legs this summer - treat now
Dr. Emma Nolan and Kerryn Harvey of Odyssey Vein Clinic have been visiting Mount Gambier monthly for more than three years and are, probably, best known for the non surgical treatment of varicose leg veins and cosmetic injectable procedures. ’We tend to find that we are busiest with the leg veins a couple of months prior to summer,” Dr Nolan said. “What people don’t realize is that varicose veins, especially, may take
some months to fade completely and the ideal time to tackle this problem is in the winter months so the legs look good for summer.” Ultrasound guided sclerotherapy (UGS) is a walk in, walk out procedure with no time off work or away from usual activities. Odyssey also offers non surgical facial rejuvenation. “We are finding that the cos-metic side of our business in the Mount is growing,” Dr Nolan explained. “Anti wrinkle injections and dermal fillers are a great way
to improve and , sometimes eliminate, facial lines ad folds - this is a quick treatment that can be performed in your lunch break.” No GP referral is required for any of the above procedures. For more information visit www:odyssey veinclinic.com.au or contact Kerryn on 0403 965 548. Above - Dr. Emma Nolan and practice manager Kerryn Harvey.
VEIN FREE LEGS FOR SUMMER? ACT NOW! * Non surgical varicose vein treatment * No time off work * No GP referral required
FACIAL REJUVENATION Paralyzing wrinkle injections Dermal fillers
29 Ferrers St. Mt Gambier 16 Stuart Road, Dulwich
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NEXT VISITING June 20 - 21 Ph 0403 965 548 www.odysseyveinclinic.com.au
Lifestyle1.net - 004
LOCAL Hospital
fundraiser for children heats up again
Throughout June Radio 5SE is again conducting the annual Give Me 5 for Kids appeal. 5SE’s Give Me Five for Kids is now in its ninth year, and has been a resounding success for the Limestone Coast community, and the hospitals for which the appeal raises funds. 5SE and People’s Choice Credit Union have once again joined forces to help purchase much needed equipment for the children’s wards of our local hospitals. People’s Choice Credit Union Mount
Gambier branch manager Sue Wilson has announced that People’s Choice will once again be a major supporter and have donated $3000 to kickstart the fundraising campaign. 5SE’s Give Me 5 for Kids is a community based appeal raising money for the children’s wards of the Mount Gambier, Millicent, Penola, and Naracoorte hospitals. The key to the appeal’s success has always been that money raised locally stays within the Limestone Coast. 5SE breakfast announcer
Ewan Grant will be using the power of radio to ask the community to get behind the appeal. By placing a donation in the collection tins placed at retail outlets and strategic locations throughout the region, as well as People’s Choice Credit Union branches in Mount Gambier, Millicent and Naracoorte, you can help. This fundraising effort is not successful without the huge support the Limestone Coast community gives to the campaign. As with previous years, the appeal hopes
to raise as much money as possible for the local hospitals via donations and fundraising events. It is hoped that industry, businesses, community groups, schools, service clubs and the agricultural sector in the Limestone Coast, gets behind Give Me 5 for Kids. Last year more than $14,000 was raised locally, and, hopes are high for another big year for the appeal. The funds raised during June will be used to purchase equipment as suggested by the nursing staff of the children’s wards of the local hospitals. Naracoorte Hospital’s priority is a second neonatal resuscitation unit. The Mount Gambier, Millicent and Penola hospitals will combine their funds to purchase two paediatric wheelchairs valued at $4000 each. They would also like to look at purchasing a
Wii game console for rehabilitation activities for the children. Give Me Five for Kids has made, and is
continuing to make, a real difference to the lives of the children of regional Australia and their families. To find
vines & wine JUNE 1 AUGUST 31 WINTER WINE & CHOOCLATE & VINE SCULPTURES
me Free delivery on ho ed as rch pu s ce an appli . up to June 30, 2013
Local artists return to Zema Estate for the months of July and August to showcase a fabulous exhibition of sculptures created from cuttings from our hand pruned vines. For more details head to www.zema.com.au or call (08)8736 3219. Lifestyle1.net - 005
out how you can help, please contact 5SE on (08)8725 5155 or call into the station.
COLLECTED STUPIDITY I dined out at a local eatery on the weekend. I was looking forward to the meal but things turned a little sour as
Give me a little credit by Robbie Tansel
I placed my order. I, like many others, enjoy paying for many of my purchases using my credit card. I have the
money to pay for the meal. However my bank has set up my home loan in such a way that it actually saves me
Ring for all your repair & service needs before heading off on holidays. CAMPER TRAILERS FOR HIRE
Ring Alan Thomas: 0407 855 125 Shed 6 Niplag Close, Mount Gambier [email protected]
interest if I pay using my credit card as I then don’t have to take the money out of my loan until the card has to be payed off in a month or so. You can imagine my irritation then when the young lady taking my order informed me that there would be a one percent surcharge on my fifty dollar purchase if I used my credit card. She then told me that one percent of my fifty dollar purchase would be fifty cents. I don’t know what annoyed me more; the fact I was paying a surcharge on my credit card or the fact she didn’t think I could calculate one percent of fifty dollars. “It’s not rocket surgery, sweetie” I felt like saying. Just because you can’t calculate change even with the benefit of your fancy little cash register, doesn’t mean we’re all mentally challenged. Now I know it’s only fifty cents, but it’s the principal of the matter. Fifty cents is fifty cents after all. I controlled my irritation with the young
lady as I’ll assume it was not her decision. She’s just following the business’ policy and doing her job. I understand that this is becoming a more and more common policy, but that doesn’t make me think that it is any better an idea. Realistically, why should I have to pay for the privilege of using my credit card? In effect, people are being charged for the privilege of making a purchase. Surely businesses need to be encouraging people to spend money with them, not charging them a fee for purchasing. I’m aware that businesses are passing on a fee that they are charged by banks on each purchase which annoys me as well. I pay an annual fee to my bank for the privilege of having my card. If I happen to not pay off my bill each month I will get charged an exorbitant amount of interest. And now I’m getting charged more due to their greed. Give me a break. How many different ways do
they need to take my money? Surely as a business you’re going to cause less angst and annoyance with your customers if you simply set your prices one percent higher to cover this cost. People are unlikely to be too concerned by the cost increase and you’re covering the cost to your business. Should I really have to pay a fee for the privilege of paying my bill? They are charging me for embracing the cashless society they’re aiming for. Aren’t there some mixed messages being sent here. Call me a cheap bugger if you want, but it just annoys me that I’m charged for accessing money that the bank
Great end of financial year
SAVE $
ASICS MENS & LADIES NIMBUS
50
has encouraged me to access and that I pay back to them each month. I also find it annoying when I have to pay tolls to drive on a road or have to put money into parking metres. Same principle. I pay my taxes and council rates. Why should they double dip on me! Anyway if you are from the bank and would like to reimburse me my fifty cents, email me at robbietansel@gmail. com and we can sort this out.
heading to naracoorte
JUNE 14 Anglican Church Mad Hatters Quiz Night Come along in your MAD HAT and enjoy a night of fun. Seymour Hall, Church Street. For more information phone (08)8762 0420
SAVE $
16 COMMERCIAL STREET WEST MOUNT GAMBIER
PHONE 08 8725 7582 Lifestyle1.net - 006
JUNE 15 Antiques at the Gallery with Peter Fairchild 9.30am-5pm. $10 entry which includes two valuations and a cuppa. Proceeds to the Naracoorte Hospital and the Naracoorte Art Gallery
The No.1 place to sell your home!!!
My Property reaches 112,000 potentional buyers every week. 28,000 Letterboxes, PO Boxes and 70 Newsagency/stores!
STYLISH ALLURE 2 Victor Street, Mount Gambier Ideally located and only moments to retail therapy and all of the delights of the city centre and the breathtaking beauty of the Blue Lake is this luxuriously appointed & original stone facade and lavishly finished property. Nestled behind a walled garden, upon entering the property you are introduced to a glorious open plan kitchen/meals/family zone. The kitchen is complete with corian bench tops and stainless steel appliances. The separate sitting room and private study enhance the flow and flexibility of the home. Three spacious bedrooms, two with built in robes and the master has glass doors which lead out to the private deck. There are two stunning bathrooms which includes an opulent claw foot bath. Gas ducted heating warms the home. Gleaming timber floors and high ceilings give the home a great ambience. Entertaining is given high priority with a superb under cover entertaining deck which overlooks the beautiful 1,008m (approx) back yard. The property
is complete with 2 car accomodation. Only an inspection will reveal this properties flawless style. Address: 2 Victor Street, Mount Gambier Price: $415,000 Open For Inspection: Friday, June 14 at 5.00 - 5.30pm Saturday, June 15 at 10.00 - 10.30am Contact: Gebhardts Real Estate Suite 2/14 Helen Street, Mount Gambier 08 8725 5766 www.gebhardts.com.au RLA 1903
Lifestyle1.net - 007
Real Estate Buy Or Sell... See P & L
69 Sturt Street, Mount Gambier
2 Burdikin Avenue, Mount Gambier $222,000 WE NERIC P
W SE NE EA L RE
1 Jardine Street, Mount Gambier $439,000
OPEN SAT 10.00 - 10.30am • • • • •
Low or no electricity & gas bills with solar power 3BR + study brick & tile home in quiet cul-de-sac Blackwood timber kitchen, R/c ducted air conditioning Huge entertaining area, double c/bond garage Rental appraisalup to $240/week
SOLAR POWER
2
14 Kurrajong Street, Mount Gambier $209,900
Located within easy walking distance of the CBD and on a corner allotment, is this inviting 4 bedroom (2 with BIR’s) 3 living area home, bursting with character and old world charm. A centre piece of the home is the updated large timber dine-in kitchen with DBL sink & new elect. cooking. Other features include dedicated office, gas ducted heating, s/c wood fire, gas HWS, spa bath, new window furnishing and freshly painted inside and out. Outside the home, you’ll find a decked entertaining area (perfect for family bbq’s), lockable stone garage, carport, equipped rainwater tank connected to home plus beautifully presented low maintenance gardens. Excellent investor property, in a top location. Walk everywhere. This could be the one you have been waiting for. Don’t delay your inspection.
8 Gordon Street, Mount Gambier
4
OPEN SAT 10.45 - 11.15am
15 Sharley Avenue, Mount Gambier $199,000
• 3BR Mt Gambier stone home on corner allot. close to the city & schools • Spacious updated kitchen offers elec. cooking & pantry • Light-filled rumpus room & excellent undercover areas • Dble stone garage with low maintenance lawns & gardens • Currently leased @ $220/wk 3 1 2 until Nov 2013
• Character 4BR Mt Gambier stone home on 1012m2 allot. • Fantastic location close to city centre, Reidy Park PS &Tenison Woods College • Gas heating, s/c heating & air conditioning • 2 living areas, ideal for sep. living arrangements • High clearance carport 4 1 4 plus double stone garage
• Spacious & affordable family home close to the Mt Gambier Hospital & new Marketplace • BIR’s in all bedrooms, Master bedroom with ensuite • Open lounge with s/c heating & north facing balcony • 2nd family room with built-in bar, r/c a/c & o/door access • Enclosed rear yard ideal for 3 2 0 children or pets
9 Tanglewood Crescent, Mount Gambier $294,900 WE NERIC P
7 High Street, Mount Gambier
4 Springs Road, Port MacDonnell
• Superbly designed 4BR home located amongst quality homes in a well established area • Beautiful & private gardens • Gas heating, gas & elec cooking, gas HWS, two-way bathroom with shower, spa & WC, plus 2nd sep WC • Single garage UMR with remote, 4 1 1 internal & rear yard access
• Unique chalet style 3BR home set amongst est. gardens on 2017m2 allotment • Well maintained tennis court with o/looking pergola • Rare opportunity to purchase such a large piece of land so close to the city • Phone today for your private 3 1 2 inspection
7 Kywong Court, Mount Gambier $325,000
58 Kurrajong Street, Mount Gambier $299,000
• Solid & spacious family home • 4BR, 2 bathrooms, 2 living • Quiet cul-de-sac, secure rear yard • Excellent shedding with double garage UMR & access to 6x12m shed • Everything for the growing family
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29 Willow Avenue, Mount Gambier $249,000 W SE NE EA L RE
OPEN SAT 12.15 - 12.45pm • Attention 1st home buyers & investors! • Value packed 3BR home on large allotment with secure 3 car shedding • Huge as new family room with S/C wood heating & r/c a/c, spacious pergola • At the new price of $209,900, this is 1 3 a great chance to enter the market 3
76 Bertha Street, Mount Gambier $224,900 RS FETED F I O V IN
$199,000
W SE NE EA L RE
OPEN SAT 11.30 - 12.00 Noon • Superbly presented Federation residence on a magnificent 1533m2 allotment in one of Mt Gambier’s prestigious streets • Features include brand new kitchen, 15ft ornate ceilings polished f/boards, Marble fireplaces, ducted under floor gas heating, 4 bay garage, 2 1 4 st access from Jardine & Mitchell St 4
• Up to $23,500 in Government Grants extended until December 2013 • Take your choice of 3 available allotments and house plans to suit • Plans range from 3BR/2 BATH/2 CAR incl 9ft ceilings, carpet & blinds 3 2 2 • Phone for details
INVESTORS / FIRST HOME BUYERS 91 Jubilee Hwy East, Mt Gambier 77 Jubilee Hwy East, Mt Gambier 2 Cockburn St, Mt Gambier 123 Jubilee Hwy West, Mt G 229 Commercial St West, Mt G 8 Gordon St, Mt Gambier 58 Wehl St Nth, Mt Gambier 2 Burdikin Ave, Mt Gambier 17 Hart St, Mt Gambier 83 Wireless Rd West, Mt Gambier 29 Gordon St, Mt Gambier 10 Shaugnessy Crt, Mt Gambier 24 Anthony Street, Mt Gambier 35 Wehl Street, Mt Gambier
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 3 1 1 3 OFFICE 3 1 2
$170,000 $169,000 $185,000 $189,000 $190,000 $199,000 $219,000 $225,000 $229,000 $235,000 $249,000 $259,000 $265,000 $299,000
$399,000
• Unique, solid brick, split level home on large allotment of 1000m2 with panoramic city views • Recently renovated throughout,huge open plan living with raked ceiling, floating f/boards, s/c heating & r/c a/c • Versatile floorplan allows for 3BR & 3 spacious living areas, or up to 5BR 5 2 5 • Excellent shedding
BEACHSIDE HOME Just a stone’s throw from the beach, you will find this outstandingly presented 2 bedroom 2 bathroom home, offering low maintenance living at its best and with easy conversion to a 3 bedroom home. A feature of the home is the functional open plan kitchen and dining area with electric cooking & dishwasher. A large family room offers the options of gas heating or reverse cycle air conditioning & leads to the enclosed verandah for larger family gatherings. All bedrooms are queen size rooms with the master bedroom including new WIR and en-suite. Outside features include rear yard access, secure low maintenance grounds, large 2 bay high clearance shed, plus adjoining 3 bay garage, both with power & concrete, excellent for caravan & boat. A seaside opportunity not to be missed.
Lifestyle1.net - 008
W SE NE EA L RE
W SE NE EA L RE
16 Church Street, Yahl $249,000
$259,000
AFFORDABLE RURAL LIVING ON 73 ACRES
3
5 5. RES AC
$355,000
• Inviting 4BR Mt. Gambier stone home, situated in the quiet township of Yahl • Massive 15mx7.5mx3m clearance iron shed with rumpus room & 7.5mx12m high clearance carport • Brand new dine-in kitchen with elec cooking, d/ washer & large WI pantry, 4 1 8 plus ducted gas heating
11 Thompson Court, Moorak
1 Ambrose Court, Worrolong $750,000
Picturesque country setting comprising of 73 Acres, scattered with red gums on the outskirts of Kalangadoo. The property features a three bedroom timber frame home with fenced house yard and double iron garage, 3 main paddocks, steel cattleyards with ramp & crush, plus various other shedding including machinery sheds & haysheds. Rainwater and an equipped bore supply water to the property, plus 2 freshwater dams, a second unequipped bore and 12HaIE Water Licence is included with the sale. Ideal grazing or potato growing country at an affordable price.
346 Burnda Road, Compton
$285,000
20495 Penola Road, Mount Gambier $294,000 4 ES R AC
• Perfectly positioned on 1 Acre, with dual driveways, 40Sq executive family home • Magnificent floor plan includes 5BR, 3 Bath, 3 Living plus Huge Pergola • Sparkling solar heated pool alongside renovated 2 storey barn with BBQ area 4 5 • 5 Bay high clearance garage 5
24 Yahl Main Road, Yahl
72 Yahl Hall Road, Yahl $460,000
• Character Mt Gambier stone family home set on 4 acres • Country style dine-in kitchen with elec cooking, north facing formal lounge with gas heating, spacious bathroom & 2nd WC • 4 Bay High Clearance garage, plus 3 Bay Carport • Very affordable country property 4 1 5 only minutes from the city
• Unique property offering extra room for extended family or Bed & Breakfast (S.T.C.A.) • 3BR brick home & 5BR Blue Lake Home on 4725m2 allot • Both homes connected to Blue Lake water & Envirocycle • Close to Yahl Primary School
BLOCKS OF LAND
173 Uphills Road, Kongorong 14 ES R AC
36 Sheathers Road, Caveton
20 Banksia Street, Nelson RSD FEITE F O NV I
7 Sydney Street, Nelson $169,000
• Enjoy the peace & tranquillity of the picturesque Glenelg River • 3BR home plus excellent shedding on low maintenance allotment • R/C A/C, S/C heating, 2 r/water tanks & equipped bore • Owen Pettingill - Licenced Agent
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8
$459,000
• 4-5BR solid brick home tucked away in a beautiful rural setting on 14 Acres • Polished floorboards, formal dining & lounge, blackwood kitchen/dining with elec cooking & family room/5th bedroom • 4 main paddocks, plus house 5 2 7 & shed yards
$499,000
• Attractive family home with 30ft x 40ft high clearance garage – ideal for caravan or boat • Boasting 9 ft ceilings, formal lounge, modern kitchen, adjoining family/meals area, huge rumpus room, paved alfresco & gorgeous garden setting • S/S a/c, s/c heating, r/water, equipped 2 6 bore, dbl garage UMR with int. access 3
$599,000
• Stylish 4BR (+ study) designer home, 44sq on approx. 3600m2 allot. • Beautifully appointed kitchen with granite benches & s/s app. • Home theatre room, built-in bar & enclosed alfresco area with o/door kitchen • Excellent shedding - dble garage 4 2 6 UMR & 15x9m c/bond shed
• Immaculate 3BR timber frame home set on picturesque 2.19Ha allotment • Open plan living with r/c a/c, timber kitchen with elec cooking & BI bar, fantastic o/door entertaining • Excellent shedding includes high clearance 7x9.5m, 3bay garage & carport 3 1 6 • 4x 5,000 gall tanks
Lot 12 Nelson Road, OB Flat 2.5 Acres $155,000 Lot 2 Mount Percy Rd, Compton 3 Acres $249,500 Lot 51 Buck Rd, Moorak 5 Acres $179,500 Lot 1-6 Kirip Rd, Glencoe 5 - 10 Acres From $65,000 Lot 72 Eight Mile Creek Road 6592m2 $230,000 Lot 73 & 74 Holloway St, Donovans $74,000 Lot 21 Yahl Hall Road, Yahl 7Acres $220,000 Lot 20 Post Office, Mt Schank 13.5 Acres $230,000 297 Chambers Rd, Mt Gambier 55 Acres $380,000 Lot 71 Cafpirco Rd, Mt Gambier 76 Acres $499,000 12 Casterton Rd, Mt Gambier 100 Acres $675,000 Lot 2 Old Kalangadoo-Penola Rd 340 Acres $760,000 378 Stephens Rd, Gorae West 550 Acres $3,400/Acre Mumbannar-Wanwin Rd, Mumbannar 135 Acres $158,000 Earls Road, Nelson 144 Acres $341,000 Portland-Nelson Rd, Nelson 251 Acres $690,000
OPEN SUN 11.45 - 12.15pm
• Delightful 3BR cottage on approx. 2.5 Acres with fantastic facilities for horses • Renovated throughout, modern kitchen with elec. cooking & d/washer, lounge with s/c heating • C/bond dble garage, dog kennels, 3bay machinery shed, 2 stables, tack room & wash bay 3 1 5 • A picturesque setting
3
W SE NE EA L RE
$250,000
• Enjoy the peace & quiet of country living in the popular township of Yahl • 4BR Mt Gambier stone cottage on a well laid out 4 Acres (approx.) • Town water connected, bitumen road frontage, stone double garage with new 4 1 2 roof, concrete & power
148 Burston Road, Glencoe 15 ES R AC
$420,000
• Horse lovers hideaway only 10 mins. from Mt. Gambier on 10 Acres • 3BR/2Bath solid brick home with 2 living areas & dbl garage UMR • Excellent shedding, including 35 x 19m undercover arena with lights 2 6 • In conjunction with Herberts Real Estate 3
• Beautiful Federation style residence amongst attractive gardens on 15 Acres • 3BR, formal dining & lounge, sitting room, country style dine-in kitchen, high ceilings, striking leadlight, open fire places & timber mantles • Purchase your own magnificent piece of history & enjoy a rural lifestyle 3 1 6
24 Compton Street, Port MacDonnell $149,000
Lot 75 Holloway Street, Donovans $239,500 WIWO
• Summer holidays made easy • Affordable 2BR home on 609m2 flat allotment by the beach • Freshly painted throughout, new roof, new HWS, s/c heating, large rumpus room • Single iron garage plus 2 1 1 tool shed
• Elevated allotment of 1423m2 at the end of a cul-de-sac • 18m x 7.5m c/bond shed, tastefully converted to 2BR home with decked BBQ area & 2 bay 3.5m high clearance garage • R/water tanks with pump, equipped bore, landscaped gardens, established trees 2 1 2 & shrubs
Lifestyle1.net - 009
Suite 2/14 Helen Street Mount Gambier SA 5290
www.gebhardts.com.au Ph 08 8725 5766 www.gebhardts.com.au www.gebhardts.com.au www.gebhardts.com.au www.gebhardts.com.au www.gebhardts.com.au www.gebhardts.com.au www.gebhardts.com.au www.gebhardts.co
2 Victor Street
4
car parking
We know your leisure time is valuable to you, so let us take the hassles out of renting your property. Our professional team is dedicated to excellence in property management and committed to providing the best service to you as a valued client.
$449,000
A wonderful spacious home on a beautiful established five acre (approx) setting. Big home - big entertaining and big shedding only minutes from town!
NEW
Unit 5/55 Bertha Street
NEW
$150.00 pw • 2 bedroom unit • Main with built in robes • Kitchen/dine with electric cooking • Lounge with gas heating • Bathroom with bath • Garage umr • No Pets • Available Now
4/1 Daniel Street
$175.00 pw • 3 bedroom unit • All with BI Robes • Kitchen/dine with elec cooking • Lounge with r/c air conditioner • Single carport umr with store room • Fully enclosed rear yard • No Pets • Available Now
3 Robinson Street
car parking
$210,000 818m2
Gleaming timber floors, two living areas, close to everything, great flat allotment. A family home just waiting to be yours!
• 3 bedroom home close to schools and shops • Built in robes in two • Eat in kitchen with electric cooking & walk-in pantry • Separate lounge with gas heating • Study • Undercover entertaining area • Single garage umr • Great location • Pets Negotiable • Available Neg
Apartment 0002, 3 Lake Tce West
$230.00 pw • 3 bedroom home • All with built in robes • Kitchen/dine/lounge with electric cooking & r/c air conditioner • Double garage umr • Rear courtyard area with sail • Extensive renovations throughout • No Pets • Available approx. 21/6
7/13 Allison Street
32 Kuhl Drive, Racecourse Bay
$255.00 pw
$310,000
Lifestyle1.net - 011
• 4 bedroom apartment • Main with ensuite & WI Robe • One other bedroom with BI Robes • Open living kitchen/ dine/family area with r/c air conditioner, dishwasher, elec cooking (induction cook top) • Courtyard & Sunroom • Single garage detached • Basement storage • No Pets • Available Now
RENTALS - HOMES • 4 Gerloff Street • 68 Milstead St, Pt MacDonnell • 3 Robinson Street • 16 Peake Street • 9 Ellard Streer • 33 Peake Street • 82 Bertha Street • 9 Eustace Street • 1 Cherokee Court • 92 Gray Street • 12 Higgs Street • 3 Helpmann Avenue • 29 Eldridge Drive
$320.00 pw • 3 bedroom homette • Main with BI Robe & ensuite, 2nd bedroom has WI Robe • Kitchen/dine/family with gas & elec cooking, dishwasher • Gas central heating & ducted air conditioning • Double garage umr with internal access • U/c patio area • Right across from the hospital • Pets Neg • Available 19/6
RENTALS - UNITS $165.00 pw $180.00 pw $220.00 pw $225.00 pw $230.00 pw $230.00 pw $230.00 pw $280.00 pw $280.00 pw $300.00 pw $310.00 pw $320.00 pw $400.00 pw
RENTALS - COMMERCIAL • Harrold Street • Cnr James Street and Bay Road • Law Street • 96 Commercial Street East • 165-167 Commercial Street East
• 7/7 Sinclair Street $95.00 pw • 3/268 Commercial St West $110.00 pw • 1/1 Millard Street $150.00 pw • 1/84 Bay Road $155.00 pw • 2/46 Derrington Street $160.00 pw • 7/69 Bay Road $175.00 pw • 4/1 Daniel Street $180.00 pw • 2/8 Boomerang Avenue $210.00 pw • 2/56 Brownes Road $210.00 pw • 6/2a Coolabah Street $220.00 pw • 3/184 Jubilee Highway West $220.00 pw • 0002/3 Lake Tce West $255.00 pw • 2a Bond Street $320.00 pw • 7/13 Allison Street $320.00 pw • 46 Commercial Street West • 9 Ramsay Avenue • 30 Commercial St West • 5 Allan Drive
Gebhardts Property Management I 2/14 Helen Street, Mt Gambier Ph 08 8724 8088 / Fax 08 8724 8099 Lic Agents RLA 1903 ACN 008075027
31 Sutton Avenue
1 Anniefield Lane
$599,000
OPEN SATURDAY BY APPOINTMENT 12.00 - 3.00PM PHONE JAMIE 0458 231 506 STAR IN YOUR OWN “HOUSE RULES” Solid Mt Gambier stone home, comprising of up to 3 bedrooms. Built in robes in bedrooms 1 and 2. Large lounge with wood heating. Modern renovated bathroom. Spacious eat in kitchen/dining with electric cooking. Separate toilet. The bathroom shows you just how well this solid as a rock home can look. Add your own taste here and reap the rewards. Stone shedding and a nice deep block measuring approx. 991m2.
NUMBER ONE - IN SO MANY WAYS Sprawling family home set on 5000m2 (approx 1 acre) allotment. Five bedrooms + granny flat with ensuite UMR – great for extended family. Main bedroom with ensuite & WIR, built ins in Bed 2 & 3. Abundance of living with: Formal lounge & dine + Family + Dining + Separate Rumpus + Large spacious kitchen. Three way main bathroom. Huge gabled pergola with dual direct access to home. 5 bay high clearance c/bond shed with extra 2 bay workshop. Rainwater tanks, established grounds including veggie gardens and orchard. So much more to this property.
214 Wynham Road, Moorak
$319,000
NEW
MODERN RURAL LIVING Simply stunning 3 to 4 bedroom home situated in Moorak. Situated on approx 2.5 acres offers state of the art living. Comprising of a home theatre room, elegant living areas, 3 double bedrooms, the main bedroom has a WIR and an opulent ensuite with double vanity and offering underfloor heating. A stainless steel cooker takes pride of place in the gourmet kitchen that features Caesar stone benchtops. Stacker doors lead from the dedicated games room with built in bar to the outdoor alfresco area. C Bus wiring throughout means the lighting, music and climate control are all automated offering energy efficiency and flexibility. Ducted Reverse cycle heating/cooling. Double garage with i/access. Separate colorbond shedding with toilet & shower measuring approx. 7.5 x 20 metres with a 3 mtre high clearance.
3 Livingston Street
OPEN SATURDAY 11.00 - 11.30am
OPEN SATURDAY 10.00 - 10.30am
GREAT FAMILY HOME IN A GREAT SPOT Neat brick home located in quiet & convenient culdesac, close to city. All bedrooms with built ins & main has ensuite. Separate lounge & rumpus room. Open plan family/ dining & kitchen. Spacious timber kitchen with gas hot plates, electric oven & dishwasher. Three way main bathroom with corner spa bath. Ducted gas heating & split system a/c. Gabled pergola overlooks large & deep rear yard. Large garage with room for 2 vehicles + ample workshop area + carport.
EASY CARE LIVING You will feel like a master chef with this startlingly renovated kitchen. This three bedroom courtyard home is convenient to post office, butcher & deli. Timber flooring in lounge, kitchen & passage. All bedrooms with built ins & near new carpets. Separate bath & shower in bathroom + separate toilet. Reverse cycle, split system air conditioning. Double garage UMR & enclosed side yard. Level allotment & on own certificate of title. $7,500.00 Purchaser cash back incentive – conditions apply.
14 Longmire Terrace
$659,000
NEW PRICE SUBMIT AN OFFER
BE THE 2ND OWNER Lovingly cared for stone home with only one owner. Great location – close to Woolies & Mac Park Primary School. Three generous bedrooms. Large lounge with gas heating & polished floorboards. Dine in kitchen with 5 burner gourmet gas cooker. Main bathroom has separate shower & bath. Single stone garage with extra store room / workshop. Neat & well maintained lawns & gardens. Perfect first home or low maintenance investment.
11/69 Bay Road
$182,000
STOP RENTING & CONSIDER THIS LITTLE BEAUTY Well kept 3 bedroom stone home. Located in a quiet cul de sac, only a 10 minute walk to the main street. Good size bedrooms. Spacious lounge with gas heating. New kitchen, yes that’s right, a sparkling new kitchen with dishwasher, walk in pantry and s/s gas cooker. The bathroom has a sep shower/bath. Largest enough for the biggest parties is the rear pergola, and ideal area for kids to play in winter and Extremely private. Low maintenance front and rear yards. Stone single garage with power plus carport
58 Cardinia Street, Mount Gambier $185,000
PROMINENT AND TIMELESS Simply stunning, contemporary style home of solid construction situated high at the end of a high cul de sac. Gourmet kitchen, with stainless steel appliances, and large walk in pantry. Open Plan living areas, plus formal lounge and dining. Relax and enjoy a wine at your own bar overlooking the stunning outdoor entertaining area. The master bedroom is pure elegance with a lavish ensuite and dressing room/walk in robe. Bedrooms 2 and 3 are both double rooms serviced by the opulent main bathroom. A dedicated study provides loads of natural light. Internal access is available from the 3 car garage plus workshop located under the main roof of the home. All this on an allotment of 1809m2. With immaculate gardens front and rear. Quality extras include ducted reverse cycle heating/cooling throughout, quality window furnishings. Inspection is a must for those who appreciate the very best.
16 Bay Road, Allendale East
$239,000
$229,000
MAKE AN OFFER
AN EASY INVESTMENT Thought of securing an investment but worried about problem tenants? Look no further than this delightfully low maintenance unit. Situated in well maintained. Hedley Court on prestigous Bay Road. Comprising of 2 bedrooms with built in robes in the main. Renovated bathroom with sep shower bath. Separate toilet. Open plan kitchen/dine/lounge. Split system reverse cycle heating and cooling. Private rear courtyard. Single carport with lockable storage room. Currently leased with an immaculate tenant
9 Laird Street
$189,000
AFFORDABLE BRICK HOME Three bedroom brick & tile home. Large lounge with gas heating. Good size kitchen with separate dining area. Bathroom with separate shower and bath + 2nd toilet. Neutral décor throughout. Single zincalume garage & store shed. Enclosed rear yard.
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ENDLESS POSSIBILITIES Art deco style 3 bedroom home of stone construction. Cosy lounge with split system reverse cycle heating/ cooling. Open kitchen/dine with electric stove and ample cupboards. Bonus rear sunroom/studio under the main roof. Quirky features throughout. Vehicle access to rear yard and stone shed. Large allotment with ability to subdivide STCC. Currently tenanted at $210 per week
3/41 Sutton Avenue
$115,000
BREAD & BUTTER INVESTMENT Two bedroom brick unit. Only four units in the complex, convenient location within city. Good size bedrooms, both carpeted. Open living with large dine in kitchen and carpeted lounge. Bathroom with toilet, shower and vanity. Small enclosed rear yard. Sealed driveway.
SALES Jamie Sutherland 0458 231 506 Vicki Quinn 0417 804 782
THE HACIENDA AT ALLENDALE Solid construction spacious four bedroom family home situated on approx. ½ acre allotment (2072m2). Bedroom one separate to remaining 3 + office. Large timber kitchen and roomy dining area with s/c heating. Big lounge with second s/c heating. Renovated bathroom. Double zincalume garage + carport + double storage shed. Bore & rainwater tank.
DREAMY DAYS AT THE RIVER Picture perfect brick home. Massive lounge with built in bar, room enough for lounge suite & 8 Ball table. Slow combustion heating + R/C A/C. Three bedrooms all with built ins. Generous dining area + well appointed kitchen with gas hot plates. Corner spa and separate shower in bathroom + separate toilet. Paved driveway to double garage. $7,500 Purchaser incentive - conditions apply.
RENTALS 2/7 Arbor St - 2 bedrm unit. Open living area. Elec cooking. Close to Reidy Park. No pets. Avail 26/7/13 @ $125 p/wk 2/102 Wehl St - 2 bedrm unit. Lounge, kit & dining has gas heating. Kit w/ gas cooking. Large laundry. Sorry no pets. Avail Now @ $135 p/wk 1/218 Commercial St West - 3 bedrm house. Walk to the main st. Separate lounge, dining/ kit. Low maintenance yard. Avail 19/7/13 @ $170 /wk 25/184 Jubilee Hwy West - 2 good sized bedrms. Open Kit/ Dining. As new bathrm. Enclosed rear yard. Lock up garage. No pets. Avail 18/07/13 @ $190 p/wk 6/4 Pick Ave - 2 bedrm unit close to main St, south eastern hotel & Harvey Norman. Gas heating + R/ C. Enclosed rear yard + garden shed. Sorry no pets. Avail 20/6/13 @ $205 p/wk
PROPERTY MANAGEMENT Emma Beare 0437 902 438
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10 Strangways St - 3 bedrm home with new carpet throughout. 2 bedrms w/ BIR’s. Kitchen w/ elec cooking. Lounge w/ gas heating. Bathroom w/ new vanity. Single garage + Single carport. Pets on application. Avail Now @ $210 p/wk 10 Wilson St - 3 bedrm home close to town. Near new kitchen w/ elec cooking + plenty of storage. Large yard + shedding. Avail 1/7/13 @ $245 p/wk 27 Dalkeith Dr - Spacious 4 bedrm home all with BIR’s. Walking distance to schools. Gas cooking & heating. 2 living areas. Large pergola. Double garage. Sorry no pets. Avail 19/07/13 @ $290 p/wk 27B Hart St - 3 bedrm apartment. Fully Furnished. Main bedrm w/ WIR, others w/ BIR’s. 2 queen beds + 2 single beds. 2 way bathrm. Lounge w/ r/c a/c. Kit w/ elec cooking + dishwasher. Rear decking. Sgle remote garage w/ internal access. Sorry no pets. Avail 30/6/13 @ $420 p/wk
I Lisa Yeates 08 8725 4225
I
RECEPTION Rhea Penafiel 08 8725 4225
10 Commercial Street West, Mount Gambier [email protected] www.vickiquinnrealestate.com.au
Lifestyle1.net - 012
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67 Pinehall Avenue 2 HOMES FOR THE PRICE OF ONE
• Three bedroom brick and le home in the North West of the City • BI robes in all three bedroom • Formal lounge with gas hea ng • Kitchen with new gas oven and casual dining • Upgraded bathroom with bath & separate shower • Covered outdoor pergola at the rear
• A rus c, split level pine log cabin on approx 3 acres within city limits • comprising of 4 bdrms + study, 3 with BI robes, a mber kitchen with elec cooking, dishwasher & lge pantry • Master bathroom plus ensuite to main • S/C hea ng & open fireplace • Lots of sheds & 2 car garage & 2 carports
PRICED AT $199,000
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• Also low maintenance transportable home with 3 bdrm, 2 with BIR’s • Able to be rented out for $190 - $210 per week. • Beau fully terraced gardens • All the hard work is done
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• Solid three bedroom home e high on the hill • Excellent flow and vision to the new ‘Woolies’ development • All bedrooms with BI Robes • North facing kitchen and living • Modern hostess kitchen with open plan dining & lounge • Private enclosed rear yard with detached lock up garage • Well presented spacious home e in a well regarded group PRICED AT $209,000
New Price
11 Earl Street REDUCED FOR URGENT SALE
5/22 Buronga Avenue STYLE AND POSITION
To Lease
110 Bertha Street A FINE ADDRESS TO COME HOME TO!
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• Centrally located close to Reidy Park School and High Schools • North facing 3 bedroom brick home • Master bedroom with WI robe and ensuite • BI robes in bedrooms 2 and 3 • Modern kitchen with BI dishwasher and casual dining • Formal L shaped lounge/dining with gas hea ng • Drive through garage UMR
• Tastefully renovated three bedroom stone home • Immacuately presented with huge lounge featuring sn oversized bay window • Fully refi ed kitchen with pantry cupboard, dishwasher and central island • Cooktop bench & BI oven • Redecorated bathroom
PRICED AT $242,500
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• Ensuite to master bedroom • Built in robes to all bedrooms • Spacious dining area adjoining the breakfast bar • Enclosed rear porch & office alcove established in the passage • Ducted reverse cycle air condi oing • New 4 car garage with remote doors • Private secure rear yard
121 Commercial Street East VERSATILE OFFICES OR CONSULTING ROOMS • Great exposure to Commercial Street • Comprising 7 offices, recep on foyer, kitchen, sun porch and 2 store rooms • Rear on site parking for approximately 7 vehicles • Ducted gas hea ng system • Reverse cycle air condi oning to Recep on area • Front and rear access to carpark John Overmaat 0417 874 286
Rentals 3/11 WERONA STREET $100 PER WEEK 1 bdrm flat, electric hea ng & cooking 5 HIRTH STREET $175 PER WEEK 3 bdrm home, updated kitchen, gas hea ng single detached garage
Chris & Mary’s Fish & Chips BUSINESS
57 Lake Terrace West SITTING ON TOP OF THE WORLD
4
• An iconic local business with current owners for over 23 years wishing to re re • Open 6 days per week supplying the best takeaway fish n chips and Yiros’ in town • Ideal husband and wife or partnership opera on • Main street loca on with easy parking • Consistent healthy profit figures with a steady growth pa ern • Some vendor finance may be available to approved purchasers
• Watch the planes come in to land from the living room window • Enjoy the 180 degree views of the city from the large balcony • Experience the tranquility of adjoining the Lakes reserve and access to the park like acres • A two story family home that features four bedrooms
PRICED AT $80,000
3
3
– master with ensuite and WI robes • Large modern kitchen and dining with huge pantry • Si ng room with BI bar and formal dining • Central stair case linking the downstairs family room, billiard room, office, third bathroom and three car garage, workshop and storage area • Year round comfort with a ducted reverse cycle air
14 TALLARA AVENUE $185 PER WEEK 3 bdrm home, gas cooking, shower over bath, lge rear yard single carport UNIT 5/22 BURONGA AVENUE $200 PER WEEK 3 bdrm unit with BIR’s to all rooms, open plan kitchen/dining & lounge, gas hea ng, sep bath, single detached lock up garage 11 MONTGOMERY AVENUE $200 PER WEEK 3 bdrm home – 2 with BIR’S, garage UMR, electric cooking 55 MONTEBELLO DRIVE $262.50 PER WEEK 3 bdrm home, main with WIR & ensuite, open living, kitchen, dining, family, dishwasher, & R/C air cond, office, carport UMR, excludes dble garage 17 AUVALE CRESCENT $320 PER WEEK 3 bdrm home plus study, main with WIR & ensuite, other bdrms with BI Robes & desks, gas ducted hea ng, dishwasher, lge lounge, double remote garage with internal access.
25 Hay Terrace, Kongorong TRANQUIL COUNTRY LIVING • • • • • • •
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Situated in the town ship of Kongorong. Close to School Country P.O. and spor ng complex. Superb solid brick family residence. Three spacious bedrooms. Formal lounge and dining. Informal family playroom area. Enclosed rear entertaining area ideal for alfresco dining.
PRICED AT $299,500
10 Dalkeith Drive YOU’LL REALLY WANT TO LIVE HERE
3
• Perfect for the ac ve family with three double bedrooms • Master with ensuite and BI robes • Open plan kitchen / dining & family rooms • Formal dining room with balustrade overlooking a sunken formal lounge • Ducted reverse cycle air condi oning
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• Plus s/c wood heater and portable gas heater • Designated office area or guest room • Drive through 3 car garage and workshop • Low maintenance yard with great street appeal and situated between St Mar n’s school and McDonald Park Primary.
PRICED AT $285,000
2 HIGGS STREET $225 PER WEEK 3 bdrm home, updated kitchen, dishwasher & pantry, gas hea ng, sep family room, games room, pets nego able. Available 29th May 2013 35 OLD GOLD RD, GLENBURNIE $250 PER WEEK 3 bdrms with BIR plus study. Lge rumpus room, s/c hea ng, 1 car garage, plus 3 bay carport (2 shed not included in lease), covered pool with deck. Pets nego able.
Phone (08) 8723 2121 55 Commercial St East, Mount Gambier John Overmaat 0417 874 286 Steve Auld 0478 144 178 Kim Cawthorne 0418 807 596 RLA 100053
Lifestyle1.net - 013
7 Aramanta Drive, Mount Gambier $359,000
16 Mayflower Court, Mt Gambier
$295,000
NEW LISTING
12.00 - 12.30pm
• 3 bedrooms all with robes • Master with ensuite and wi robe • Formal lounge • Open plan Kitchen meals Family area • Spacious 3 way bathroom • Great outdoor patio area 3 Barry Ritter 0408 853 180
35 Bluebell Drive, Mt Gambier
2
$385,000
OPEN SUN JUNE 16 12.30 - 12.50pm
• 3 bedrooms all with robes • 2 bathrooms • Open plan living area • Covered rear patio • Remote garage with internal access WEB Id. 5194741 3 Barry Ritter 0408 853 180
6 Robin Street, Mount Gambier
2
$199,000
RENTAL POTENTIAL $240 PW/K
• 3 huge bedrooms all with robes • Master with WIR & ensuite • Formal lounge & games room • Massive open plan kitchen/meals/family area • Kitchen with WI pantry designed for the chef WEB Id. 4758326 3 2 2 Barry Ritter 0408 853 180
• 3 bedroom solid home • Built-ins in all • Updated kitchen with dishwasher • Formal lounge dining • Large family room with built-in storage cupboards WEB Id. 4715568 3 1 3 Barry Ritter 0408 853 180
• Recently renovated • 3 Bedrooms 1 with robes • Remote Carport plus new colour bond garage • Stunning rear private decked patio • Beautifully land scaped gardens WEB Id. 5292594 3 1 2 Barry Ritter 0408 853 180
• Near new Carpet in lounge, passage and bedrooms • Level allotment • Solid brick home • 3 bedrooms all of a great size • Single garage WEB Id. 4389135 3 1 2 Barry Ritter 0408 853 180
145 O’Neil Road, Worrolong
26 Telford Street , Mount Gambier
7 Murndal Court, Mount Gambier
1 Lange Street, Mount Gambier
$475,000
$219,000
OPEN SUN JUNE 16 11.45 - 12.15pm
Elders has just listed for sale this lovely solid brick Family home ideal for the growing family. The home consists of 3 Bedrooms plus study, formal sunken lounge, formal dining area and an open plan kitchen meals family area. The kitchen is solid Tassie oak and boasts wi pantry. Both WEB Id. 5235386 4 3 6 Barry Ritter 0408 853 180
3 Bedroom stone duplex, Enclosed rear porch ideal study or 4th bedroom, updated eat in Kitchen, updated bathroom with separate shower and kids bath, separate gas heated lounge, Polished floor boards Throughout the bedrooms and living room, enclosed rear yard with room for a shed and the kids to play. Situated opposite the Showgrounds. WEB Id. 5224545 3 1 0 Barry Ritter 0408 853 180
• Well maintained brick & tile • 3 large bedrooms with built in robes • Large lounge • Separate dining • Roomy kitchen with ample cupboard space WEB Id. 5165506 3 1 Paul Cavanagh 0409 286 285
7 Raleigh Terrace, Mount Gambier $336,000
8 Bluebell Drive, Mt Gambier
36 Brolga Street, Mount Gambier
OPEN SUN JUNE 16 1.15 - 1.45pm
$355,000
REDUCED
12.30 - 1.00pm
• Brick home on large corner allotment • 2 street access, huge carport • Bullnose verandah • Ducted gas heating • 2 way bathroom WEB Id. 5194813 3 Paul Cavanagh 0409 286 285
1
82 White Avenue, Mount Gambier $199,000
OPEN SUN JUNE 16
2.00 - 2.30pm
1.00 - 1.20pm
• Brick & tile home in Conroe Heights • 4 Bedrooms (main with WIR &ensuite) built-ins in others • Huge formal lounge • Spacious open plan kitchen/dining/living WEB Id. 5206251 4 2 2 Paul Cavanagh 0409 286 285
• A home that incorporates indoor/outdoor living at its best • 4 lovely sized bedrooms • Movie night “Theatre Room” • Plenty of room for the caravan WEB Id. 3688151 4 2 3 Barry Ritter 0408 853 180
• Positioned on the foothills of the Blue Lake with walking trails only moments away • Beautifully elevated with sweeping views • Beaming with natural light are the huge games room, office & storage area WEB Id. 5061448 4 2 2 Charmaine Russell 0407 268 098
• 3 bedroom brick & tile home • Built in robes • Separate dining • Gas heater & R/C air conditioner • Single GI Garage & secure yard WEB Id. 3614716 Barry Ritter 0408 853 180
14 Peake Terrace, Nangwarry
26 Turnbull Drive, Mount Gambier $460,000
24 Genoa Street, Mount Gambier
2 Douglas & 15 Ingleby Sts, Mt Gambier $165,000
$50,000
UNDER CONTRACT
1 ACRE OF LUSH LAWNS
Low, low, low end of the market home. This property needs work so if you have home renovation skills & you’re not afraid of a bit of hard work to save money, you can buy a bargain & end up with a really affordable & comfortable home! WEB Id. 5189952 3 1 1 Paul Cavanagh 0409 286 285
$221,000
• 4 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms, spa bath in ensuite • 3 car garage with kitchenette & wash facilities • 2 spacious living areas seamlessly connect with covered outdoor timber deck • Bore, rainwater, town water and shed WEB Id. 4702751 4 2 2.5 Charmaine Russell 0407 268 098
• Brick & Tile home with ensuite • 3 bedrooms (main with bay window) • Lounge with brand new carpet & gas heating • Huge covered entertaining area • Abundance of car parking WEB Id. 5146033 3 2 3 Paul Cavanagh 0409 286 285
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1
REDUCED • 2 x solid stone duplex pair each comprising of 3 bedrooms • Fantastic corner position, • Freshly refurbished throughout • Live in one and rent out the other WEB Id. 4659114 3 1 0 Charmaine Russell 0407 268 098
GRAEME CLEVES
Saturday 15 of June 2013 @ 11.30 am - UNLESS SOLD PRIOR
7 Tolmie Street Mount Gambier
VENDOR SAYS SELL • Large brick 3 bedroom home • Views over town quiet location • 2 living areas s.c. heating • 3 wcs & showers, ensuites, spa bath • Good garaging & workshop area, cellar WEB Id. 5236670 3 Bruce Auld 0428 849 882
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NEW LISTING • Prominent location, 3 bedroom home on 8.5 acres • Great north facing entertaining area • Large workshop/garage & other sheds • Easy access for trucks & machinery • Comfortable home with 3 living areas WEB Id. 5385761 8 2 8 Bruce Auld 0428 849 882
2/53 Bertha Street, Mount Gambier $222,000
• Industrial Workshop located in recognised commerce/industrial zone • Stone construction 160m2 approx. plus mezzanine floor. • High clearance front and rear access of 4.1m. • Allotment of approx. 567m2 plus Right of Way. • 3 phase power, pit and ablutions, office plus upstairs office/storage. • Ideal for Owner Operator or investment. Now vacant after one Tenant for last 23 years.
Further details Bruce Auld 0428 849 882. Web Id. 5338142 89a, 89b, 89c Penola Road
WANTED • Turn out block Kalangadoo/Mt Burr with ETSA • Modern home on up to 100 acres – 10 to 15 mins to town • 4 br home, large shed, 3 phase power, 5 mins to town • Cropping land Tantanoola/Millicent/ Penola
NEW PRICE
Bruce Auld 0428 849 882 38 Pressey Street, Mount Gambier $100,000
• 2 Bedroom executive unit in lakes area • Both bedrooms with built-in robes • 3 way bathroom • Open plan living with gas heating • Single garage UMR with remote control door WEB Id. 4953345 2 1 Graeme Cleves 0419 806 410
1
NEW LISTING Investment Package 1
40 Pressey Street, Mount Gambier $100,000
OPEN ALL WEEKEND BY APPOINTMENT • Affordable Homes Exclusive • Great opportunity to own your own home • Solid home on 804m2 allotment • 3 bedrooms, freshly painted throughout • Easy to maintain gardens WEB Id. 5216493 3 Zoe Tomkinson 0417 863 063
OPEN ALL WEEKEND BY APPOINTMENT
OPEN ALL WEEKEND BY APPOINTMENT • Affordable Homes Exclusive • 3 bedroom solid home on 761m2 allotment • Freshly painted throughout, updated kitchen & bathroom • Easy to maintain gardens • Close to schools & transport WEB Id. 5216506 3 1 0 Zoe Tomkinson 0417 863 063
Elders are pleased to offer a unique opportunity to purchase 3 community titled properties separately or as a package. Located a short distance from the centre of Mount Gambier and close to all facilities they are offered on the following basis. House- solid home, high ceilings, huge living area, formal lounge, 4 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms, 4 bay carport, leased to long term tenant at $260 /week. Unit B- modern 3 bedroom unit, open plan kitchen/ dining/living, rc/ac, single garage umr, currently leased at $210/week. Unit C- 3 bedroom unit, built ins in 2 bedrooms, 2 way bathroom, double garage umr, currently leased at $230/ week. Asking prices unit 1- $260,000, Unit 2 -$180,000, Unit 3- $220,000. As a package- asking $640,000. Phone Zoe or Paul today to arrange an inspection.
WEB Id. 5351512
Paul Cavanagh 0409 286 285 or Zoe Tomkinson 0417 863 063
691 Nelson Road, OB Flat
CHARMAINE CELEBRATES HER MOST SUCCESSFUL YEAR IN REAL ESTATE
OPEN SUN JUNE 16
$449,000
OPEN ALL WEEKEND BY APPOINTMENT
• Large solid stone family home • 3 to 4 bedrooms with gas heating • Huge lounge room with polished timber floor • Games room or family room • Renovated stunning bathroom WEB Id. 5345420 2 HEAPS Graeme Cleves 0419 806 410 3-4
Lot 10 Kirip Road, Glencoe West
OPEN ALL WEEKEND BY APPOINTMENT
4 BEDROOMS
Vacant Community Title Expressions of interest Closing 26th June 2013 at 2pm.
James Leake 0427 623 338
GRAEME CLEVES
9 B ay Ro ad , Mo un t G am bier 3
Expressions of Interest
• Under instructions from Housing SA Asset Services • 1745 m2 vacant community title • Ripe for subdivision subject to council approval • Adjacent to soon to be demolished, Narkindie Park • Sealed road – power to boundary WEB Id. 5370104
BEST BUY IN GLENCOE
• Large family home on 1.5 acres • Across the road from Glencoe Football Club • Large lounge with bay windows, r/c aircon & slow combustion wood heater • Stunning kitchen with all mod cons WEB Id. 4451763 4 1 4 Graeme Cleves 0419 806 410
A8 Grieve Avenue, Naracoorte
Hay Terrace, Kongorong 2 Shelley Crescent, Mount Gambier 16 Guerin Lane, Glencoe 67 Kirip Road, Glencoe 91 Kavanagh Road, Worrolong 42 Pressey Street, Mount Gambier
$224,000
ph 08 8723 0633 Lifestyle1.net - 000 015
m tg a m b ie r @e l d e r s.co m .a u RLA 62833
3 Penola Road, Mount Gambier
Best Offer by July 31, 2013 (Unless Sold Prior)
1 Hilltop Avenue, Mount Gambier
$420,000 - $440,000
• New home • Almost finished • 5 bedrooms or 4 bedrooms plus a huge office • Big walk in butler’s pantry • Very impressive kitchen & massive cupboards • Double shower, 2 living areas & quality fittings • Low maintenance yard • Floor to ceiling tiles • Rear access
Large Double Story Central Office Complex • Total area approx. 480m2 • Ground Floor • Reception, board room, 4 offices, large work area • Strongroom, lunch room & M/F amenities
Jason Malseed 0419 032 795
• 5000gallon rain water tank - a great setup
• First Floor • Reception, 3 offices. large work area, • Large storage area, 2 strongrooms & M/F amenities • This area could be let separately • Vacant possession will be given
26 Ehret Street, Mount Gambier
$137,000
Jason Malseed 0419 032 795
30 Acres Whitehead Rd, OB Flat $550,000
REDUCED
30 Starline Drive, Mt Gambier $249,000
WAS $650,000
19-21 Smith Rd Port MacDonnell
$310,000 - $330,000
REDUCED • Inner City Living for a Song • Beautifully located 3 bedroom duplex • Close to town on a 672m2 allotment • Renovated bathroom, polished floor boards, new aluminium windows throughout • New gas heater plus gas cooking • Rear yard access to single c/bond shed with large workshop • Great opportunity for the first home buyer - breaking into the property market
• Corner Whitehead and OB Flat Road • 60sqm New modern home under construction • Plus 2 bedroom cottage with tree lined driveway • New cattle yards and large machinery shed • Quality rural land with elevated views
• New carpets, new kitchen, new tiles, low voltage downlights & ceiling fans • 3 brm, built in robes & shelving, lounge room plus family room with bar • Gas cooking, gas heating plus elec R/C A/C • 3 car auto carport through to a 2 bay colour bond shed at rear, all with new lighting
• Three storey home with amazing views of the Port MacDonnell coastline • Second level with 2 double bedrooms, large kitchen and family room • Third storey top bedroom or 2nd living • Extra block included • Lower fully serviced level with shower and toilet • Make an offer
Sue Francis 0419 844 764
Jason Malseed 0419 032 795
Sue Francis 0419 844 764
Jason Malseed 0419 032 795
270 Mt Percy Rd, Mt Gambier $285,000
Jason Malseed 0419 032 795
RLA 115603
10 Attunga St, Mt Gambier
$289,000
10 Franklin Tce, Mt Gambier
$249,000
• T/F 3 Bedroom cottage on a 1122m2 allotment • New roof & timbers • Large lounge with a S/C wood heater & airconditioned • Big kitchen with gas cooking & separate dining area • 3rd bedroom would make an ideal rumpus room • Neat bathroom
• Set on a 1148m2 allotment walking distance to town, and backs onto a school. • 3 bedroom 2 bathroom B/T home, new tassie oak kitchen with caeser stone benches and big s/s omega gas cooker. • Tiled entry, dining and kitchen, built in robes + lots of cupboards.
• 3 Bedroom brick & tile residence with aluminium windows + solar panels • Gorgeous double door entry • Lounge with slow combustion heating & timber wall unit • Updated Bathroom & Main with built ins • Single garage with rear door to second shed • Beautiful views from deck
Jason Malseed 0419 032 795
Sue Francis 0419 844 764
Sue Francis 0419 844 764
Sue Francis 0419 844 764
Stage 1 NOW SELLING
• Corner of Kennedy Ave & Wireless Rd East • Affordable blocks - ready to build on by August 2013 • 393m2 to 840m2 - a block to suit any requirement • Close to new Mt Gambier Market Place complex, golf course & hospital • Take advantage of $15,000 state gov. construction grant plus $8,500 first home buyer grant • Offering all services with National Broadband & a safe separate bike track. • 17 allotments from $60,000 to $85,000
Sue Francis 0419 844 764 RENTALS
• 19 Orr Street Avail Now
Find us on Facebook
08 8724 9999
$89,500
• Close home location on 5 acres • 3 km to town limits, Mt Percy road • Quiet & secluded with no close neighbours • 3 Bedroom stone cottage, very liveable with spa bath • Open plan kitchen, dining & lounge • 5 acres approx., stone shed 50 ft. • Tree lot - never buy wood again • Renovated bathroom
The Meadows
Sue Francis 0419 844 764
7 Morphett Terrace, Tarpeena
7 Gumbirra Crt, Mt Gambier $169,000 - $179,000
11 Bellshire Place, Mt Gambier $282,000
6 Apanie Court, Mt Gambier
$285,000
• Step inside the entertainers delight, where the outside does not reflect what’s inside • Glossy tiled open plan living, red gum wall unit with feature artwork, • Fantastic kitchen with S/S restaurant style gas cooker • Under bench lighting, sinkerator, window benched office, ducted heating
• Elevated, solidly constructed 3 brm/2bth, formal dining or 4th bedroom. • Lovely open plan living with views, tiled traffic areas- modern kitchen. Ducted gas heating plus split system. • Double garage UMR with huge storge loft. • Gorgeous sheltered U/C patio
Sue Francis 0419 844 764
Sue Francis 0419 844 764
129 Sea Parade, Pt MacDonnell $265,000
Lot 1 Carpenters Rocks Rd, Carpenters Rocks $190,000
• A very unassuming home on the seafront at Port Mac • Great 800m2 flat block with fully paved rear yard • 3 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms, huge family room + lounge with both gas log fire + split system • Views over the sea and beach access opposite • Access through rear of the shed to extra c/bond shed
• Great little shack across the road from the beach • Timber framed 3 Bedroom plus a detached 4th room • Open plan kitchen/dining lounge & combined bathroom/laundry • Polished timber floors throughout & rustic open fire place with mantle • Undercover patio, Bore & rainwater • Huge allotment
Sue Francis 0419 844 764
Sue Francis 0419 844 764
$180p/wk
• 71 Crouch Street Sth Avail Now $225p/wk • 8 Jarrah Street Avail 8th July $195 p/wk • 7 Barwon Crs Avail Now
$180p/wk
• U1 4 Hartley St Avail 7th June $205 p/wk • Lot 21 Riddoch Hwy Avail Now $330 p/wk • 58 Sea Parade Avail Now
$270 p/wk
• 77a Sea Parade Avail Now
$450p/wk
• 3 Eleanor Street Avail 28th June
$250p/w
• 3 bedroom home • Kitchen with gas appliances. • Lounge/dine area with slow combustion heating • Ceiling fans and air-conditioning • Single garage. • Easy care gardens
• 76 Penola Road Avail Now
$260p/w
Jason Malseed 0419 032 795
• 14 Griffith St Avail Next Week $210 p/wk • 2/25 Power Street Avail Now
$225p/w
Celebraatirnsg 60 Ye GREAT FAMILY HOME
CENTRAL LOCATION
37 Canavan Road Mount Gambier
$199,500
• Three bedrooms, bedroom one and two both have B.I.R • Good size kitchen with electric cooking • Large open plan lounge / dining room • R/C Air con and open fire place. Single garage • Bathroom has bath, shower, and vanity & separate toilet
3 Bertha Street Mount Gambier
$247,000
• 3 bedroom stone home with entrance hall and lounge with gas heating. • Kitchen/dining room with open fire place. • Additional porch at rear. • Large garage measuring 8mx6m plus car port.
• Manageable back yard with shed and wood shed
• Land area of approx 753m2
GREAT FIRST HOME OR INVESTMENT
IDEAL FAMILY HOME
NEW
entertaining. • Single garage UMR with internal and rear access • 5m x 7m (approx.) rear shed. 3 Bay shed. Bore that supplies the garden & 5000 gal rain water
$189,000
7 Ronald Grove Mount Gambier
$239,000
• Slow combustion wood fire • Plenty of shedding • Large detached games room
• Stunning conservatory style dining room • Superb outdoor entertaining area
NEW
1A Coolabah Street Mount Gambier
1 $232,000
• Bedrooms with BIR’s, main with ensuite access to the bathroom. • Lounge room with S/S R/C A/C • Large dining area has direct access to external entertaining area. • Single garage UMR + extra shedding
PRICE 9 Wallace Street Mount Gambier
3 50 James Street Mount Gambier
1
1
$329,000
• Centrally located property • Dolomite fronted villa • 3 bedrooms, attractive lounge room, formal dining room, kitchen store and rear porch • Suit conversion to professional offices • Includes a studio approx 63m2
$299,000
4 Lange Street Mount Gambier
$329,000
• Main bedroom has a W.I.R plus huge bathroom • Bedrooms 2, 3 & 4 all have B.I.R. + office or 5th bedroom • Large formal lounge, Open plan kitchen/dining & living
• 4 bedroom home, main bedroom with ensuite. • 3 living areas, large formal lounge • Roomy family room and separate rumpus room.
room, 3rd living area designed as kids play room • Elevated timber decked outside entertaining area • Double garage with auto door. 6m x 6m double shed
• Double garage UMR with auto roller doors. • Undercover outdoor entertaining area • Rear yard with 6m x 6m shed.
$325,000
61 Dalkeith Drive Mount Gambier
21 Creek Street Mount Gambier
$239,000
2
3 PRICE 36B Wehl Street North Mount Gambier
• Brick & dolomite fronted home in central location • Main bedroom with WIR & ensuite, remaining bedrooms with BI’s er • Spacious open plan living, kitchen with dishwash • Single garage UMR with auto roller door
• Multiple living areas • Great northerly aspect overlooking park lands • Brand new gas hot water service • A true entertainers delight • Check our website for new photos.
• All bedrooms have built-in robes & the main bedroom has an elegant ensuite and study • 2 living areas, a large open style family room and large kitchen, a home theatre room for • North facing large jarrah deck
5
• Main bedroom with walk in robe and ensuite
• 2 living areas • Double stone garage & double carport
4
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• Character stone home in great location • 3 bedrooms, main with built-in robes • Large allotment of 1019m2 • Zoned ducted gas heating
1
14 Wilga Road Mount Gambier
4
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0 $310,000
• Frontage of approx 32m & area of approx 1250m2. lar • This elevated building allotment enjoys spectacu views to the Glenelg river estuary & southern ocean. • SPECTACULAR NATURAL ENVIRONMENT & A RARE OPPORTUNITY
Praying For A New Owner Free Presbyterian Church Circa 1879 Rendered brick construction on blue stone footings Stunning lead-light windows & ornate light fittings Beautiful pine floor boards & timber lined ceiling Set in a quaint country township, South West Victoria Auction Saturday 22nd June, 11am On Site Address 87 Monroe Street, Branxholme, Victoria Jill McErvale 0409 786 285 [email protected]
Ray White Hamilton 116 Thompson Street, Hamilton. Phone 03 5571 1004
Gary McFarlane
140 Thompson Street, HAMILTON. Gary 0408 528 428
REAL ESTATE
03 5571 1440 Fax 03 5572 4442
Email: [email protected] www.garymcfarlanerealestate.com.au
2 ROSCOE AVENUE, HAMILTON - $185,000 NEW LISTING
243 MCFARLANE ROAD, PIGEON PONDS - $245,000 REDUCED
120 CHURCH STREET, COLERAINE - $90,000
18 HAMILTON ROAD, COLERAINE - $95,000
NEW LISTING
3BR CLOSE TO GOLF CLUB
5BR BRICK ON 37 ACRES
UNFINISHED PROJECT
• 3 Large Bedrooms • Gas Heater High Ceilings • Art Deco Features
• 5Br’s 2 Bathrooms • Air Con, Double Carport • 37 Acres with Large Dam
• New Bathroom & Kitchen • Internally Renovated • Large Corner Block
• 3 Large Bedrooms • Air Conditioning & Wood Heater • Great Shedding
39 COLLINS STREET, HAMILTON - $165,000
14 GORDON STREET, HAMILTON - $195,000
30 BREE ROAD, HAMILTON - Offers Above $140,000
EXCELLENT CENTRAL LOCATION - $375,000
• 3 Bedroom • Original Features • Excellent Location
• Quarter Acre Corner Block • Colourbond Roof Gas Heating • Great Location
• 3BR’s Built-in Robes • 2 Living Rooms • Plenty of Sheds
• 4 BR’s, 2 Bathrooms • 2 Living Zones • Stunning Gardens
Lifestyle1.net - 018
Real Estate Buy Or Sell... See P & L
Real Estate Buy Or Sell... See P & L
Real Estate Buy Or Sell... See P & L
Real Estate Buy Or Sell... See P & L
save the date JUNE 30 Limestone Coast Symphony Orchestra Inaugural Gala Concert 2-4pm Sir Robert Helpmann Theatre
LOCAL Health
checks on offer
Mount Gambier residents will be able to get free health checks at a Pit Stop event being organised by the South East Regional Community Health Service next month. The Pit Stop Health Initiative will be held this Thursday at Centro Shopping, Helen Street, Mount Gambier, between 10am and 3.30pm. Registered nurse Lisa Maywald said the Pit Stop aimed to raise awareness of the importance of maintaining your health. “Most people take reasonable care of their cars and we need to take just as much care, if not more, of our bodies and our health,” she said. “The challenge at the Pit Stop is to see if your body will pass the pits with flying colours or be issued with a yellow sticker for further maintenance.” At the Pit Stop people will be able to: •Have their blood pressure, blood sugar and cholesterol levels taken. •Get advice on healthy eating, exercise and waist measurements. •Check their alcohol consumption. •Consider quitting smoking
Lifestyle1.net - 020
to reduce risk of lung cancer and other diseases. •Take a stress and mental health quiz to see if their coping skills are working. •Get information on men’s and women’s health issues and bowel cancer. •Get information on skin cancer awareness. •Find out more about immunisations/ vaccinations. •Check energy levels with exercises and gain information on keeping flexible and good back care. South East Regional Community Health Service
has been providing Pit Stop events for the past eight years to communities in the region. There has been fantastic community engagement and many partnerships have been built up with local businesses, work places, schools, sports and community groups. This year the Pit Stop team will work in collaboration with the University of South Australia and Flinders University Rural Training Centre to provide hands on primary health care in a rural community setting for health students in their final year of study. This experience will help prepare students to consider rural practice as a career pathway.
local story
Roadside vegetation Southern Grampians Shire Council is encouraging all landowners who undertake activities on roadsides in the shire, to contact council before commencing any work, to ensure no damage to native grasslands on the road reserves occurs. The native grasslands of the Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), which stretches from Melbourne to Portland including areas in the Southern Grampians Shire, have been so altered it is estimated that only 1 per cent remains. These last patches are often located in road and rail reserves. High conservation value grasslands occur along wide, continuous stretches of road reserve, such as areas on the Dunkeld-Cavendish Road. Often it is hard to tell the native grasslands apart from regular paddocks, until you get up close and see the rich diversity of indigenous species present. The VVP is home to a large number of threatened flora and fauna species, such as the Golden Sun Moth (Synemon plana) and the Striped Legless Lizard (Delma impar). Many species have already been lost and are now extinct, which makes the remaining native grasslands very important habitat zones. Council is one of the agencies responsible for managing and protecting the grasslands on roadsides within our Shire. Recently there was a case of farm equipment damaging a road reserve with some of the best remnant grasslands that exist in our Shire. Excess cropping seed and fertiliser was dumped, potentially killing native species and introducing an exotic weed into the grassland. To ensure incidents such as this do not occur in the future, Council encourages anyone proposing to undertake an activity that might have an impact upon a road reserve, to contact council’s natural assets management officer Skott Stark on (03)5573 0223.
LOCAL Take
a walk on the wine side
Coonawarra wineries will once again open their cellars for Cellar Dwellers, running July 1 – 31. The
established wineries of the Coonawarra Walking Trail will be hosting a newly created event titled ‘Walk with
sudoku How to play: To solve this puzzle each 3x3 box, each row and each column must contain all the numbers from 1 to 9.
the Winemakers’ on Saturday, July 13 from 1-4.30pm. This unique event offers participants a guided
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afternoon walk around the vineyards of the Coonawarra Walking Trail, with the individual Winemakers as your hosts. Exclusive private tastings of aged museum wines at each of the wineries will be a highlight, along with the opportunity to interact with the Winemaker and improve your knowledge of their wines, vineyards and Coonawarra. Tickets for the event cost $20 per person and places are strictly limited, to secure your place contact Kate Allen or Lisa Honner at the Brand’s Laira Coonawarra Cellar Door on (08)8736 3260. The participating Wineries: Brand’s Laira Coonawarra, DiGiorgio Family Wines, Redman Wines, Wynns Coonawarra Estate and Zema Estate. For more information on Coonawarra Cellar Dwellers please visit www.coonawarra.org or contact the Coonawarra Vignerons Association on (08)8737 2392.
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at the gallery Until July 14 Victorian Guild of China Painters HAMILTON ART GALLERY, HAMILTON In an era when most porcelain is transfer printed the art of handpainted porcelain is a rarely seen treasure. Thanks to this dedicated group the fine art is not lost to our times. This will be the first exhibition in a public gallery of the work from the Victorian Guild of China Painters allowing the public to
marvel at the beautiful skills presented. Works on display will have the option to be purchased with part of the proceeds donated to the Hamilton SES. Lifestyle1.net - 021
Left - Bryan Tonkin (DiGiorgio Family Wines); Greg Clayfield (Zema Estate); Luke Skeer (Wynns Coonawarra Estate); Mal Redman (Redman Wines) and Scott Colbert (Brand’s Laira Coonawarra).
To celebrate, Finishing Touch is offering a
full set of Bio Sculpture Nails for only $60 for the month of June. Bookings essential, make yours today because Gayle said she needs another holiday! Shop 3/4 Ripley Arcade, Commercial St West, Mt Gambier
Phone: (08) 8725 2496 Find us on Facebook Finishing Touch Nails Mount Gambier
new nurse for Penola Penola War Memorial Hospital has a new Clinical Services Coordinator. Emma Clements replaces Lisa Sutcliffe who moved to Mount Gambier late last year. Before starting in her new role Emma worked in the Northern Territory for Sunrise Health Care. There she worked in remote Aboriginal communities as a Primary Health Care and Emergency Nurse.
LOCAL Rotary
awards for local media and entertainment identities
BUTCHER
has been bestowed and the last person to be recognised was Hosking’s former boss, the late Allan Scott. From when he first walked in the doors of SES 8 in 1968 to when he left only weeks ago when the WIN local news service was axed, Sid has always been synonymous with the local television station. From capturing black and white images on a 16mm Bolex camera to the digital age and the technology that yielded, Sid has recorded thousands of hours of this region’s history - he has been a part of every event that has shaped this region and seen the good, bad and the ugly. There has
The media and entertainment industry was in the spotlight at a Rotary Club of Mount Gambier Lakes awards ceremony at the end of last month. The Pride of Workmanship awards went the way of six local identities - five from the media and Fay Cakebread, from the Sir Robert Helpmann Theatre. There was also a special presentation on the night to the man who was the face of SES 8 and WIN Television in this region for almost 50 years. Popular cameraman Sid Hosking was honoured with the rarely awarded Vocational Service Award - it is only the third time the honour
LIMESTONE COAST
door to door & intertown service from parcels to palletts
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cont. page 23 Above - Pride of Workmanship Award winners - Anelia Blackie (The Border Watch); Ewan Grant (Radio 5SE); Gretel Sneath (Freelance); club president Chris Taylor; Fay Cakebread (Sir Robert Helpmann Theatre); guest presenter Ernie Sigley and Stan Thomson (ABC South East).
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been no more recognisable face associated with local television news and he will be long and fondly remembered long after the memories of the journalists and presenters have faded.
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Medical upgrades Portland District Health is now at the forefront of medical imaging technology following a significant equipment upgrade. In October last year, the PDH medical imaging department received a $600,000 bequest from the Andrew Jack Trust to upgrade and replace equipment. Mr Jack was a long-time Portland district farmer who established a trust to direct his estate to worthwhile projects in health, education, agricultural education and to support Rotary programs. Chief radiographer Robin Parry said these upgrades were now complete and had lifted PDH to a new level of medical imaging services. “This is a terrific outcome for people across the Western District - we now have the latest equipment backed by the department’s expertise, effectively giving people access to a broader range of imaging procedures which may be carried out closer to home,” Ms Parry said The bequest has led to installation of a new OPG Cone Beam CT machine, a bone mineral density (DEXA) scanner, CT and ultrasound upgrades, a new general X-Ray and fluoroscopy machine and a new digital mobile image intensifier. These upgrades and new items follow the installation of the digital mammography equipment by BreastScreen Victoria in November 2012. “When combined, these upgrades put PDH at the forefront of medical imaging services, giving a facility in which the community can have confidence and pride”, Ms Parry said. Residents from across the Greater Green Triangle region are expected to access the expanded services. “We now offer several services not previously available and expect to attract many people who may have previously travelled to other centres to access these services,” Ms Parry said. A plaque recognising the contribution of the Andrew Jack Trust will be mounted in the medical imaging waiting room. “This was a particularly generous bequest and PDH and the community are very appreciative,” Ms Parry said.
LOCAL Rotary
awards for local media and entertainment identities from page 22
To properly document 45 years of service to this community through the lens of a camera would take more than a mere magazine article but fortunately Sid’s work has spoken for itself for almost 50 years. Two of Sid’s former colleagues were also honoured at the Rotary event - popular WIN News journalist and presenter turned freelance writer Gretel Sneath and former news editor, now Lifestyle1 editor Di Gould. Both spent many hours of the road covering the region’s people, places and events alongside Sid. Gretel spent six years as a key member of the WIN News team before stepping out on her own. Along with her extensive local database of clients, Gretel also works
for a number of high profile national publications and organisations, as well as her regular casual work at ABC Radio. There wouldn’t be an event in this region Gretel hasn’t covered and her passion for the Limestone Coast knows no bounds. Equally passionate, albeit with a slightly longer resume, Gretel’s ABC colleague Stan Thomson was also a recipient. From his early days at 5SE to his hugely popular morning program with the ABC, Stan has become the trusted voice of the issues that face this region. He has been the storyteller we have turned to for the good and bad news and he has told the stories of thousands of residents of this region, as he, like
all the other 2013 award winners, look to promote this region. Stan has been with the ABC for 25 years and has presented State and national programs as well as his regular mornings gig. Border Watch journalist Anelia Blackie is a relative newcomer to this region, joining the newspaper as part of an employment sponsorship program in 2007. The South African born journalist has had an understandable penchant for covering multicultural issues, specifically migration and settlement, and she has been awarded for those efforts. Always one to delve a little deeper, Anelia has also been at the forefront of mental health issues during her five year tenure
at The Border Watch. She is the journalist that always tackles the tough issues, the less “sexy” stories and has a heart for change. And speaking of big hearts, Radio 5SE’s Ewan Grant has one of the biggest. From his beginnings in community radio in Portland in 1983 to his long running breakfast gig with Radio 5SE, Ewan is a good a spokesperson as this region could hope for as he relentlessly promotes events, particularly community fundraising campaigns, and the people that make this region tick. A four time employee of the year at 5SE and the face of the hugely successful Give Me 5 For Kids campaign, Ewan devotes not just his on-air time but his own time as well making sure the Limestone Coast is the best place it can be. The final Pride of Workmanship recipient, Fay Cakebread, has been part of the Sir Robert Helpmann Theatre family for more than 25 years. She took over the reins of technical manager from Dean James in 2004 and she is there well before the curtain rises and well after it falls. A passionate supporter of the arts, Fay is just as dedicated to helping produce a local primary school production as she is the big name acts. Fay is
unaffected by the chaos that can accompany a behind-the-scenes theatre role and she ensures the show always goes on.
indigenous art regional tour begins
JUNE 8 - JULY 5 Our Mob – 2012 On Tour WALKWAY GALLERY, BORDERTOWN Our Mob 2012 is a Statewide celebration of South Australian Indigenous art and artists. This annual exhibition is an engaging resource to develop knowledge and understanding of indigenous art and culture.
Our new opening times Mon 8.30 - 5.00 Tue 8.30 - 5.00 Wed- Sat 8.30 - late Now open straight through. Sweet & savoury bar menu from 3pm till late
AFE BAKERY & C Phone (08) 8723 3179 13 Commercial Street East, Mount Gambier Lifestyle1.net - 023
Left - Sid Hosking (centre) accepts the prestigious Vocational Service Award from club president Chris Taylor (left) and media personality Ernie Sigley (right).
tempt the tastebuds
LOCAL Youth
Vegetarian Lasagne 500g eggplant,; Olive oil spray; 300g cup mushrooms; 1 garlic clove, crushed; 100g baby spinach leaves; 125g light sour cream; 1 x 700g btl passata ; 6 fresh lasagne sheets; 250g chargrilled capsicum, ; 500g low-fat ricotta, crumbled; 1/2 cup chopped fresh basil; 80g sun-dried tomato pesto; 100g coarsely 3L (12-cup) capacity baking dish with oil. grated light mozzarella Spread 125ml (1/2 cup) of the passata Method over the base. Top with 2 lasagne sheets, overlapping slightly. Top with half the Preheat oven to 180°C. Spray the mushroom mixture, half the eggplant, half eggplant with oil. Heat a non-stick the capsicum, half the ricotta and half the frying pan over medium heat. Cook one-third of the eggplant for 1-2 minutes basil. Top with 2 more lasagne sheets and 160ml (2/3 cup) of the remaining passata. each side or until tender and golden. Continue layering with the remaining Transfer to a plate lined with paper eggplant, capsicum, ricotta, basil and towel. Repeat, in 2 more batches, with lasagne sheets. Spread pesto over the remaining eggplant. Spray the pan top and pour over the remaining passata. with oil. Cook the mushroom and garlic Sprinkle with the mozzarella. Cover with over medium-high heat for 3 minutes foil and bake for 30 minutes. Uncover and or until soft. Add the spinach and cook bake for a further 15-20 minutes or until for 2 minutes or until wilted. Remove golden and cooked through. from heat and stir in the sour cream.
The Mount Gambier Library is pleased to be again working closely with schools and local businesses in delivering Finding MY Place. Participants in this year’s program are students from Mount Gambier High, Grant Highand Allendale East Area Schools. The Finding MY Place program is coordinated by Terasa Nearmy, a staff member of the Mount Gambier Library, and aims to retain students in education by showing them how exciting learning can be. The program offers motivation, guidance and assists in building confidence and self esteem in students. Learning essential life skills are an underlying component of the Finding MY Place program.The program is staged in a series of workshops for secondary school students who can benefit from an alternative learning experience. Workshop presenters have been carefully selected to provide career guidance and to share their life ambitions and stories with the students. Students get the chance
Season with salt and pepper. Spray a
program continues to succeed
to explore careers in the arts, music, sports, dance, and traineeships in many occupations. Through motivational workshops, students are also made aware of the consequences of alcohol and drug abuse, the importance of health and wellbeing, and why it is better not to be “on the bad side of the law.” “The right attitude is so important to succeeding. Finding MY Place provides reinforcement messages around attitude as well as encouraging positive life choices,” Ms Nearmy said. Barry Many Group, Julie Howe at MEGT, Joanna Fincham, Hype Dance Studio, SAPOL, Ovation Performing Arts, Squash Brook Fitness and Leisure,
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Above - Hip hop participants - (back row from left) Jesse Brodie (GHS), Grace Millard (Allendale), Chloe Fensom (Allendale) and (front row from left) Kacee Glynn (Allendale), Michaela Ryan (Hype Dance), Brooke Axleby-Young
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Mount Gambier Martial Arts Academy and Mary Kay cosmetics are all supporters of the program. The program will finish with a graduation ceremony for the students which will highlight the success stories throughout the program and, thanks to Friends of the Library, one lucky participant will receive an iPad.
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come’n’try ALL DIGITAL HEARING “br inging s peech into focus ”
YOUR HEARING CENTRE PH: 1300 365 480 Mount Gambier • Warrnambool • Portland • Casterton • Hamilton • Naracoorte
Square Dancing is Fun - Come and Try - Allabout Squares Dance Club We are inviting new dancers to come and try Square Dancing in June. We meet at Glenburnie Hall, Casterton Road on Saturday evenings starting at 7.30pm. Over 2 hours of Entertainment from a live caller is provided followed by a delicious supper. Nominal cost. No experience necessary. Please call Andrea on 0417 509 144.
Lifestyle1.net - 024
your stars Pisces Ignorance could be bliss this week. You could make an amazing discovery simply because of something you didn’t know so don’t pretend you know what’s going on but rather embrace the journey of discovery. Aries You might like to think you’re a calm and measured person but this week will test that to the limits and then some. Passions will be high so try and take a step back when making big decisions so you don’t do something rash that you will later regret. And try not to let your pride get the better of you if a backflip is required. Taurus You really need to slow down and take stock this week or things could really start to spiral out of control. You need to take some time out to find some inner peace and just take time to take a breath. You could learn a lesson from history this week Gemini It’s all about image this week as you look to project how you see yourself while also changing what you believe to be the misguided perceptions of others. It could be less stressful though not to fight this battle - the more you try and prove you’re in charge the less likely it is colleagues will respect and like you. Cancer Make sure you’re listening this week so you know what it is others are after and can deliver. When it comes to finance and romance this week, honesty will be the best policy. Leo Keep it simple this week as you find the solution to a long standing issue closer and more obvious than you realised. You should see a smile return to your face.
Virgo You really need to stop living in the past and looking back but rather focus on shaping your future. If you would just open your eyes to the possibilities there are some inspiring and exciting times ahead. Libra This is a good week to open your ears and close your mouth. It really is time you started to listen to those around you rather than just becoming part of the cacophony of noise. This could lead to a special moment with someone dear to you.
LOCAL Windfall
for civic precinct makeover
Southern Grampians Shire Council would like to thank the State Government for its ongoing support to the Shire and the greater Hamilton region following two funding announcements made last week in Hamilton. Deputy Premier, the Hon Peter Ryan MP, Minister for Regional and Rural Development and Minister for State Development announced $30,000 to help design and cost revitalisation plans for a main entry precinct into Hamilton’s CBD in Cox Street and $30,000 for a new feasibility study into the expansion of Hamilton’s civic precinct. Both funding announcements are being provided through the State Government’s Putting
Locals First Program. Southern Grampians Shire Council Mayor Cr Albert Calvano said the funding for the two projects announced last week would support council’s long-term strategies to re-invigorate Hamilton and in particular the heart of the city. “The revitalisation of Cox Street is seen as integral to the development of the CBD as a place to shop and do business,” the mayor said. “It is a major entry point to the retail centre and its development will support council’s aims to continue to attract new development into the city, as well as improve safety, pedestrian access and overall amenity.” Similarly, the Civic Precinct study will further advance council’s
aims to maximise the development potential of Hamilton’s CBD. “The structure plan and economic development and retail strategies all focus on our wonderful CBD. We aim, as part of this study, to identify development opportunities whilst at the same time improve service provision to the community and add to the vitality and amenity of the city.” Cr Calvano said. “We are very grateful for the strong support provided to us by our State Government partners and look forward to working with them to ensure that the greater Hamilton region has a positive role to play in supporting the economic growth of the State.”
Below - The Hon Hugh Delahunty MP, Member for Lowan, Minster for Sports and Recreation and Minister for Veterans’ Affairs, Southern Grampians Shire Council Mayor, Cr Albert Calvano with the Hon Peter Ryan MP, Deputy Premier, Minister for Regional and Rural Development and Minister for State Development, discussing plans for revitalisation of Cox Street in Hamilton following last week’s funding announcements.
tempt the tastebuds
Chilli Con Carne 1 tablespoon olive oil; 1 brown onion, finely chopped; 2 garlic cloves, crushed 1 red capsicum, seeded, finely chopped; 500g beef mince; 1 tablespoon ground cumin; 2 teaspoons ground coriander; 2 teaspoons sweet paprika; Pinch of dried chilli flakes; 400g can kidney beans, rinsed, drained; 400g can Heinz Big Red tomato soup; 1 ripe avocado, halved, stoned, peeled; 2 teaspoons lime juice; Coriander leaves, to serve; Lime wedges, to serve; Corn chips, to serve
Scorpio Stop second guessing yourself at every turn and stop listening to the doubters who would rather throw a negative rather than a positive light on your recent decisions. The future is bright so trust your instincts. Sagittarius Whether it’s been financial, personal or professional - an issue you’ve been dealing with will come to a head and while there will be some loose ends to tidy up, it will be resolved and you can move on. Still be careful what you say to others as the dust settles. Capricorn Be very careful about not blurring the lines between being helpful and interfering this week and also don’t confuse someone taking advantage of you for genuine need. Sometimes your willingness to help others goes too far. Aquarius You seem to be agitated and unable to find true happiness and the only solution is a bit of harsh reality checking. There are things and people in your life that are not good for you and you need to have the courage to move on from them and focus on the good things.
Method Heat the oil in a large frying pan over medium heat. Add the onion, capsicum and garlic and cook, stirring, for 5 minutes or until onion softens. Add
Lifestyle1.net - 025
the cumin, coriander, paprika and chilli and cook, stirring, for 1 minute or until aromatic. Add the mince and cook, stirring with a wooden spoon to break up any lumps, for 5 minutes or until mince changes colour. Add the kidney beans and Heinz Big Red tomato soup and cook, stirring, for 5 minutes or until sauce thickens slightly. Meanwhile, place the avocado in a small bowl. Use a fork to mash until almost smooth. Add the lime juice and stir to combine. Taste and season with salt and pepper. Divide the chilli con carne among serving bowls. Top with avocado and coriander leaves. Serve with corn chips and lime wedges.
on this day
local story
JUNE 14 1907 - Women in Norway won the right to vote. 1953 - Elvis Presley graduated from L.C. Humes High School in Memphis,
Community health celebrations Members of the Mount Gambier community can find out more about the Rainbow Club and South East Regional Community Health Service at an open day on June 20. The Rainbow Club on James Street in Mount Gambier, run by the South East Regional Community Health Service, offers recreation, social activities and friendship in a safe environment. The open day will be held between 10.30am and 2.30pm and staff, Rainbow Club patrons and volunteers will be at the event. Activities will include: 10.30am – Board games; 11am – Exercises; 1pm – live music; 2pm – One year celebration. Light morning and afternoon tea will be available.The Rainbow Club is at 4 James Street.
on this day
Celebrating 100 YEARS Come & check out our newly renovated flooring in Tavern & Front Bar
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JUNE 12 1839 Abner Doubleday was credited with inventing the game of baseball. There has since been some evidence of the sport being played prior to 1800.
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Property versus shares Australian housing has become severely unaffordable and many investors and first home buyers are asking whether shares are a better option than bricks and mortar. According to the latest AMP.NATSEM report The Great Australian Dream - Just a Dream? median house prices have more than doubled to $417,000, while median after-tax incomes have only increased by 50 percent to $57,000. Every capital city in Australia is now considered “unaffordable” with Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide all “severely unaffordable”. As it becomes increasingly difficult for people to enter the property market, many are weighing up whether shares are a better bet. The pros and cons: •It’s cheaper and easier to invest in shares. While it may take many years to save enough for a deposit on a home, people only need around $1,500 to start a managed fund. The ongoing contributions are also more affordable than mortgage repayments, with most managed funds requiring a minimum top-up of just $100 per month. For people who already have their own home, investing in shares can also be a more affordable option than buying a second property. •How liquid do you want your investment to be? If an investor likes to be able to free up their cash in a hurry, shares are far more liquid than property. Selling a home can be an expensive and time consuming process, whereas shares can be offloaded or topped up quite easily. The portability of shares also gives people the flexibility to switch their investments around in response to the market. •Consider your risk profile. Since the global financial crisis, many people have become more risk averse. While property is a relatively stable investment, the sharemarket can be quite volatile. It’s important for people to consider their risk profile when deciding what type of investment is best for them. A financial planner can assist people in determining the level of risk they’re comfortable with. For example a younger person who has plenty of time of their side, may be more risk tolerant than an elderly person who is close to retirement. •Weigh up the tax benefits Landlords are able to claim a tax deduction for money outlaid on the general maintenance and upkeep of an investment property. However shares can be an even more effective way of minimising tax due to the franking credits that may be received. •Which performs better? There has always been a lot of debate about whether
property outperforms shares over the long term and it can depend on the statistics that are used. According to Shane Oliver, Chief Economist and Head of Investment Strategy at AMP Capital Investors, the share market can be a better performer than property over the short term. However, the long term performance of property can give shares a run for their money. •Shares can be more hassle-free Owning an investment property and all the responsibilities that come with it can be stressful. Attracting good quality tenants, ensuring the rent is paid on time and ongoing maintenance are just some of the potential issues. •The cultural factor Australians have a love affair with the property market and this gives it a certain advantage over shares. The other benefit being that property is a tangible asset that also fulfils a social need in the community. This makes investing in a home more desirable for some individuals. Whether investing in property or shares, the earlier people can start creating wealth for the future, the better. Before taking the leap either way, it’s important to weigh up all the pros and cons. By Robert Johncock Robert Johncock (pictured above) is an Authorised Representative of AMP Financial Planning Pty Ltd, ABN 89 051 208 327, AFS Licence No. 232706. Any advice given is general only and has not taken into account your objectives, financial situation or needs. Because of this, before acting on any advice, you should consult a financial planner to consider how appropriate the advice is to your objectives, financial situation and needs.
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Call: 1800 195 546 Email: [email protected] Web: www.johncock.amp.com.au Rob Johncock Pty Ltd Trading as JND Financial Solutions Authorised representative of AMP Financial Planning Pty Ltd ABN 89 051 208 327, AFSL No. 232706
When you live in a region that has built much of its economic success and community spirit on the back of one industry, a downturn in that industry can really impact. Ask anyone who has lost their once stable mill job in the past few years, or the local business owners that have noticed a declining disposable income in the community. But since the South East Forestry Industry Roundtable worked overtime to minimise the predicted damaging impact of the sale of the region’s Forestry SA rotations and looked to ensure and build a brighter future that’s exactly what has happened. Long time industry advocate Trevor Smith was the chair of that now disbanded working party and he strongly believes the future is bright and that a renewed positive outlook, rather than the doom and gloom of the past couple of years will only ensure the proud industry is once again vibrant and strong.
Trevor Smith wears three timber industry hats at the moment. They are roles which give him confidence about the future of the timber industry and they are roles that complement one another with three separate projects that inadvertently will work hand in hand to rebuild and then further grow the industry and its workforce. His most recent appointment was to the South Australian Forestry Industry Advisory Board - a new entity which is a merging of a couple of previous industry bodies. Aside from the most critical role of the South East Forestry Industry Roundtable - securing the resource for this region - this was one of that group’s recommendations. “It is there to directly advise the Minister and while it has broad term of reference, it does have some clear goals,” Trevor said. It is set to develop a blueprint for the industry with a view to 2040. cont. page 28
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talking timber MERRETT L O G G I N G ly business Locally owned and operated fami Merrett. am by Snow, Pat, Stuart, John & Ad then went Commenced post peeling in 1985 where to to machines in 1990 prgressing ting es we are today operating 12 Harv cks tru machines, 8 Forwarders and 12
From page 27...It is set to build on the government’s previous commitments towards advancing the industry,” Trevor said. “In particular, the South East region, given that we have ensured the ongoing resource to support the local industry.” The blueprint will map out where the local industry needs to be, to make it a healthy, viable forestry and forest products industry. “We are trying to bring to fruition the vision for the future that came out of the roundtable,” Trevor said. The second major priority of the newly formed advisory board is to develop a forestry policy, which is another crucial
2013
roundtable recommendation being implemented. It is a historical undertaking with this State’s forestry industry having never had such a policy in place or at work. “It will make sure government, the industry, the community and stakeholders are all committed to the same set of standards,” Trevor said. “I believe it really shows the long term view and commitment the government is making to the industry - it has to be seen as a tick.” He is hopeful the history making policy could be signed off on by the end of this year. cont. page 29
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on this day MARCH 21 IS WORLD FORESTRY DAY What else has made history on March 21???? 1413 Henry V becomes King of England. 1685 Famous Baroque composer Johann Sebastian Bach was born.
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1960 World champion Formula 1 driver Ayrton Senna was born. He died in a 1994 race crash. 1962 Controversial talk show host Rosie O’Donnell was born.
talking timber Aside from these planning and policy developments for the industry, there is also some more tangible support to its long term future and Trevor Smith is also part of that. The South East Forest Partnership Program, which is a $27 million State Government assistance package designed to encourage a viable and strong timber sawmilling industry. Funding is available to the private sector for capital investment in the timber industry, with the aim to create and secure jobs in the State’s South East. Successful applicants will be required to match the Government investment on at least a one for one basis. Applications will be assessed on criteria including their strategic importance for the State and/or South East region in the forest and forest products sector, for their positive and sustainable economic impact on the South East (through retaining or expanding regional timber processing), positive impact on employment and level of innovation. The program has received seven submissions with Trevor hopeful the successful applicants will be notified in the not too distant future about their windfall. Seeing a dollars and cents commitment from the government is yet another sign the government appears to be backing the struggling sector based on the belief a secured resource can de the basis for a secure future for the forestry and forest products industry. Trevor Smith believes these two major government initiatives combined with an improved community and industry outlook will see the industry return to the glory days. “We need to get rid of all the negativity of that past couple of years as it won’t
on this day 1980 US President Jimmy Carter announces a United States boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow to protest the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
2013
get us anywhere and we really need to be positive,” Trevor said. And with yet another government initiative on his radar, further investigating the industry and its future, Trevor believes things could continue to turn around. “This initiative could be the most important - it is a celluloid fibre study,” he said. “It is looking at the current status of the industry, the current levels of production, the current method of production and the ongoing viability of that and what needs to change in terms of technology and other innovation.” The first phase of the 12 month study has been completed with phase two well underway and set to make some recommendations. Things like bio-energy and bio-fuel are part of the study as it looks at how the industry might need to change. “I believe the government instigating these three major initiatives bodes well for the long term future of the industry,” Trevor said. “The roundtable has secured the resource and now it’s about planning what kind of future we are hoping to secure for the industry and the workforce and growing both.” Above - CFMEU’s Brad Coates; timber industry advocate Trevor Smith and then State treasurer Jack Snelling.
QUALITY TIMBER SALES Direct to Trade & Public • Posts, rails & garden sleepers • Hardwood & treated decking • Fence palings/pickets
• Lattice & framing
• Cubbies & dog kennels
• Treated & untreated pine
1980 JR Ewing was shot in the TV prime time series Dallas - it was one of the most watched episodes of television in history. 1987 U2 released its hugely successful single With Or Without You.
WHITEHEADS TIMBER SALES Portland, 611 Henty St. Ph 03 5523 2789 Lifestyle1.net - 029
08 8724 2130
2 Eucalypt Drive, Mount Gambier www.wtsales.com.au Ballarat, 831 Creswick Rd. Ph 03 5339 3081
64 Thompson Street, Hamilton Phone: (03) 5572 4857 www.theroxburgh.com.au
205 Commercial Street West, Mount Gambier Phone: (08) 8724 9588 - phone orders welcome
109 Gordon Street, Naracoorte Phone: (08) 8762 1106
99 Commercial Street East, Mount Gambier 48 Davenport Street, Millicent Phone: (08) 8725 1800 or 0413 405 770 Phone: (08) 8733 4566 www.gourmetindia.com.au Lifestyle1.net - 030
2$1
(2
2 7a Ferrers Street, Mount Gambier (Between Target - next to Fidlers car park) Phone: (08) 8723 9433
.#
8 George Street, Millicent Phone: (08) 8733 3682
59 Percy Street, Portland Phone: (03) 5523 7376 www.theteatreegallery.com.au
%.
1. Napoleon Perdis New Mattetastic Lipsticks Murray T Martin Pharmacy (08) 8725 8244
2. Cain baskets assorted sizes & prices. Absolutely Anything Ph (08) 8733 1433
3. Overload woolblend coat with detachable collar $190. Heaven On A Hanger Ph (08) 8733 2512
4. Esprit ELI55 eliptical trainer $999. Sportspower Millicent Ph (08) 8733 2433
Stockists: 1. Murray T Martin Pharmacy. 23-25 Commercial Street West, Mount Gambier.
85 Gordon Street, Naracoorte Phone: (08) 8762 0700
119 Percy Street, Portland Phone: (03) 5521 1111 www.royalhotelportland.com.au
2. Absolutely Anything. 74-76 George Street, Millicent. 3. Heaven On A Hanger. 35 Geogre Street, Millicent. 4. Sportspower Millicent. 29 George Street, Millicent.
tempt the tastebuds
Dine in and enjoy the view
55 Bentinck Street, Portland Phone: (03) 5523 4777
Memorial Drive, Coonawarra Phone: (08) 8736 3170 [email protected]
Chicken & Mushrrom Delight 2 teaspoons Alfa One rice bran oil 400g diced chicken breast 1 medium brown onion, chopped 2 rashers middle bacon, trimmed, chopped 250g button mushrooms, quartered 1/4 cup plain flour 1 tablespoon dijon mustard 1 cup chicken stock 1/2 cup thickened cream 2 tablespoons chopped fresh flatleaf parsley Lifestyle1.net - 031
Method Heat oil in a large frying pan over medium-high heat. Add chicken. Cook, stirring, for 5 minutes or until golden. Transfer to a plate. Add onion and bacon to pan. Cook, stirring, for 3 to 4 minutes or until onion has softened. Add mushroom. Cook, stirring for 2 minutes or until mushroom has started to soften. Stir in flour and mustard. Cook, stirring, for 2 minutes. Gradually stir in stock. Bring to the boil. Return chicken to pan. Cover. Reduce heat to low. Simmer for 15 minutes or until chicken is cooked through. Add cream. Season with salt and pepper. Cook, without boiling, for 3 minutes or until heated through. Stir in parsley. Serve.
classifieds 18TH BIRTHDAY
14 words only $6* AUCTIONS
Mac’s Auctions
BOTH AUCTION ROOMS FULL HAPPY 18TH BIRTHDAY Chloe Romanis. All the best for the future. Love from Jenny xxoo ------------------------------------------
PORT FAIRY BEACHFRONT - Luxury house with fantastic ocean views. 3 bedroom, spa, Austar. Ph 0448 652 586. www.alohaholiday.net F ------------------------------------------
ACCOMODATION
for all your cricket, football, netball, hockey & general sporting needs Phone 08 8725 7582 16 Commercial Street West, Mount Gambier
Inc. Three Quality Deceased Estates, plus downsizers etc. As new leather lounges, recliners, modern furniture, antique cedar etc furniture, cottage items, electrical, lovely lot of collectables inc, kerosene banquet lamps, china, crystal, silverware, jewellery, curios of all types. As new motor mower, lawn edger, outdoor items, ensembles, 2 Beale pianos etc.
MORE THAN JUST GOOD SPORTS
An absolute huge selection. Please see the Borderwatch, Friday, June 21 for listings & new viewing times. ROBE BEACHFRONT - Brand new two storey home on main beach. 4 bedrooms, amazing views. Ph 0448 652 586. www.alohaholiday.net F -----------------------------------------
Available online only at www.lifestyle1.net *Cash, cheque or credit card. 14 words for $6.
AUCTION MAC’S NEXT AUCTION ROOM SALE - SUNDAY, JUNE 23 AT 10.30AM MOUNT GAMBIER - Premium 2 and 3 bedroom apartments centrally located in the heart of city. Ph 0438 224 626. www.precinctonjardine.com.au F ------------------------------------------
Buy 1, get 2 FREE
MAC’S AUCTIONS (a division of Mac’s Furniture) 58 Commercial St West Phone 08 8725 7031 Mobile 0408 849 547 A/H 08 8725 3191 ------------------------------------------
ANTIQUES
COLLECTORMANIAC - Buying and selling rare ANTIQUES & COLLECTABLES including Militaria, Kitchenalia, Tin & Diecast toys, Live steam Toys, Garagenalia, Enamel & Tin signs, Vintage electrical, Pottery, Porcelain and Jewellery. Open everyday 12-4pm, 4.5km south of the Blue lake, 21684 Riddoch Highway (Bay Road). Look for signs on right at the old “Hills Blue Lake Plant Nursery”. Ph 08 8726 8340, email [email protected], facebook page Collectormaniac for map. OL-486 ------------------------------------------
CARAVANS & CAMPERS
CARAVAN AT BEACHPORT SA, 20 foot with solid annexe, needs to be relocated within 12 months, ideal for holidays or backyard room. $5500 O.N.O. Ph 0417 868 005. OL-484 ------------------------------------------
CARAVANS & CAMPERS
MAZDA T3500 CAMPERVAN - 3 way Fridge, H.W.S., shower, TV, 2 Burner stove. SSN-070. $19,000. Ph 03 5572 2949. OL-486 ------------------------------------------
CHURCHES
ANGLICAN CHURCH HALL - Bay Road, Mount Gambier. Every Thursday 10am - 4 pm. Winter stock out now. We’ve shorn our sheep for this seasons winter woolies, come on in and browse at what we have available. OL-486 ------------------------------------------
CLEANING
FOR PROBLEM septics, leachfields, greasetraps and drains, Use FLUSH-IT(R) and let nature do the work. Ph 1300 657 570 or 03 5158 1248. W -----------------------------------------MICHAEL’S WINDOWS. Professional window cleaning service. All windows, all areas. Ph Michael Baker 0434 463 975. OL-486 ------------------------------------------
COSTUME HIRE
CARAVAN ROMA 1994 12 months rego, excellent condition, 3 way fridge, electric brakes. $14,700. Ph 0438 234 484. OL-486 ------------------------------------------
STAR DRESSING ROOM - Wide range of quality hire costumes for men & women. Noon-7pm Friday, Saturday, Sunday, Monday,Tuesday. 23014 Bay Road (=Riddoch Highway). Outskirts of Allendale East approaching from Mount Gambier. Ph 0438 466 342. On Facebook. 484 ------------------------------------------
DINING
“The Western Tavern is committed to ensuring responsible service and promotion of alcohol & gambling in our venue”
Ladies & Mens Shoes 80 Smith Street, Naracoorte SA 5271 Ph 08 8762 3726
3/2A Mitchell Street, Mount Gambier SA 5290 Ph 08 8725 2574
EVERNEW TANDEM PopTop, full annexe, lots of extras. REDUCED $12,500. Ph 08 8724 7740. OL-485 ------------------------------------------
$9.90 MEALS EVERY DAY - 12.00 - 2.00pm & 6.00 8.00pm. In Sportsbar and now available in bistro. Monthly beer & premix specials. 178 Jubilee Highway West, Mount Gambier. Ph 08 8723 1200. 486 -----------------------------------------
BROOMIES FREIGHT
Door to Door Daily Service!
0408 838 027
EMPLOYMENT
BOOKKEEPER - Get all your bookkeeping needs up to date. No computer or office needed. Will enter all receipts etc. onto MYOB. Ph A.T.Bookkeeping on 0422 545 575. OL-486 -----------------------------------------
FLOWERS
SILK & FRESH Boxed $13 - $60. Bunches $6 - $35. $13 floral pots. $6 gift wrapped plants. Novelty baby born boxes. Wreaths. Orders welcome. Lennon’s On Lake Terrace. Orders welcome. 485 ------------------------------------------
FOR HIRE
MIDNIGHT RUNNERS DJ service. 60s 70s 80s music on the big screen. Fundraising, birthdays. We do it for free. Conditions apply. Ph 0418 230 005. OL-484 ------------------------------------------
FOR RENT/LEASE
FOR LEASE MOUNT GAMBIER Workshops/ undercover storage areas/ business & commercial depots etc... Large choice of multiple areas, fully self contained, individual and shared, big or small. – ideally centrally located at Mount Gambier woollen mills complex with easy access & ample parking. Flexible rates and terms. Ph 08 8725 3617 or 08 8723 8802. C&G-489 -----------------------------------------INDUSTRIAL SHEDS For Lease. At Niplag Close, Mount Gambier (Off Crouch Street North). Various sizes, suitable for most businesses. Long and short term lease available. Inspection invited. Apply 0427 976 681, 08 8723 8888 or 08 8725 3617. 485 ------------------------------------------
FOR RENT/LEASE
SHORT OR LONG TERM. 2 story heritage, centrally located Mount Gambier venue, for weddings, functions, seminars. 0418 838 684. 485 ------------------------------------------
FOR SALE
Mount Gambier - Millicent - Southend Beachport - Robe - Kingston
EDUCATION
TUTOR AVAILABLE – Registered primary teacher. Year 2, 3 and 4 preferred. Ph 08 8725 4511. 484 -----------------------------------------
• Large range of dog, cat & birds toys & accessories • Kennels, cages, beds • Large range of fish & plants • Low prices on premium foods & medicaƟons
08 8723 0941
OPEN 7 DAYS | 12A James Street, Mt Gambier
sonic Vision
New 10-seat Chrysler Stretch Limousine Available for weddings, graduations, formals, debs, winery tours - any special occasion.
LOCALLY OWNED AND OPERATED Book now to avoid disappointment Phone Jason on 0419 827 473 Lifestyle1.net - 032
FOR ALL YOUR GARDEN EDGING, DRIVEWAY KERBING & MUCH MORE Ph Paul: 0417 838 946 or 08 8725 7498 To arrange a Free Quote Licence No. 146964
1100 LITRE plastic bins with lids and castor wheels. Very good condition. $275. Ph 0408 856 273. 485 -----------------------------------------10FT FARM GATES $95ea, 6 rail sheep panels $100ea. Echo Farm, 249 Tollner Road, Mount Gambier. Ph 08 8725 1482. OL-486 -----------------------------------------5 X TREADMILLS & 2 x Ellipticals in excellent condition, commercial grade $1,800 O.N.O. Each. Ph 08 8725 3611. OL-485 -----------------------------------------AIRCRAFT HANGERS AT ROBE - 12m x12m $30,000. Many to choose from. Ph Ross 0419 009 442. OL-486 -----------------------------------------AQUAONE AQUARIUM includes cupboard, heater, built-in filter system, gravel, plants, ornaments. All you need is the fish! $500 O.N.O. Ph 08 8724 9592 or 0437 851 404. 484 -----------------------------------------DISCOUNTED EXHAUST SYSTEMS to suit most vehicles. Ph 08 8724 9273. W -----------------------------------------GO KART MONARCO 32mm chassis, 50mm axel, 125 Leopard. Ready to race. Excellent condition. Comes with trolley and spares. $3,300 O.N.O. Ph 0438 331 226. NC-487 -----------------------------------------EUROMAID compact oven with two hot plates $50. Ph 0438 870 430. OL-483 -----------------------------------------FIREWOOD - mixed Gum ute load delivered to Mount Gambier. $110. Ph 0408 258 209. OL-486 ------------------------------------------
classifieds FOR SALE
FOR SALE
KELVINATOR FRIDGE freezer, 350 litre in good condition. $200 O.N.O. Ph 0438 870 430. OL-483 ------------------------------------------
QTY 2 X BRAND NEW 6x4 Heavy Duty Box Trailers 750kg Rated. 45mm Axle with 9 Leaf Slipper Springs, Long Drawbar, LED Lights, New Sunraysia Rims and Tyres, 2Pak Primer and 2Pak Lead Grey Paint. Diverse Transport Fabrications. Ph 0438 351 760. 5 Cave Road, Mount Gambier SA 5290. OL-484 -----------------------------------------RABBIT TRAPS – Very good condition $8 each – some cheaper ones. Ph 0447 525 796 or 08 8738 4351. 484 -----------------------------------------RALLYE 4000FF Series Driving lights pencil and spread beam $275.00 pair. Ph 08 8723 1647. OL-483 ------------------------------------------
FOR SALE SPA – Hotspring Sovereign. Cover, steps, bench, housed indoors. Immaculate condition. $2,500 O.N.O. Ph 08 8762 2611. 483 -----------------------------------------WANTED – Collections of old Australian coins, bank notes or stamps. Old jewellery and any Australian memorabilia or collectables. Ph 0447 525 796 or 08 8738 4351. 484 ------------------------------------------
QUALITY TRAILERS GALVENISED & PAINTED - Tandem. Car Trailers.Trades man.Crates. Motorbike & More. Prices starting from $650. Barclays Tyre & Battery Centre 23 Hunter Street, Heywood Vic. Ph 03 5527 1622. ------------------------------------------
PRO-LITE OFF-ROAD BUGGY 1800cc Datsun engine. Balanced, cam, head work, twin 45mm webbers, Kombi gearbox with a full set of Albin gears, Albin diff. $13,500. Ph 0408 856 273. 485 ------------------------------------------
FREE DISPOSAL
Free to homes in South East SA & South West Victoria Online Classifieds www.lifestyle1.net Phone 08 8724 7111 or 03 5561 3141 HOME & GARDEN
MOWING, general gardening and handyman service. It’s time to prune your roses and fruit trees again. Phil and Deb’s Garden Care Plus. Ph 0429 012 990. OL-486 -----------------------------------------RAINWATER TANK CLEANING - Discounts for multiple tanks and group enquiries. Call for a quote. Ph 0429 518 169. OL-485 ------------------------------------------
MARINE
NOW STOCKING - Extreme Kayaks, limited offer only $399. Includes seat & paddle. Ph 08 8726 5200 or visit 349 Commercial Street West, Mount Gambier. W ------------------------------------------
MARRIAGE CELEBRANT
Waste Transport & Recycling
BIN IT - Free drop off disposal of All metals, Vehicle batteries & White Goods. Not accepted, televisions, computers, fluro globes, office equipement, fridges or freezers. Air conditioner De-Gas fee $22. Monday - Friday 7.45am 12.15pm & 1.30pm - 3.30pm. Ph. 08 87248121. 235 Lake Tce East, Mt Gambier. www.binitwasterecycling.com.a u. EPA Lic 23063. 491 ------------------------------------------
MARINE
CARIBEAN CALAIS 5.6m. Dunbier trailer , Mercury 150Hp. Travel covers, ski-pole, great fishing, skiing, family boat. Immaculate condition. $17,000 O.N.O. Ph 08 8762 2611. 483 ------------------------------------------
SOCIAL SKI - Velocity V5 300 Verodo 156HRS. Full fit out, carbon fibre seats, carbon fibre side pockets, infloor balast, infloor fuel tank. Fuel filter system, full race view dash, carbon fibre trim tabs, hydrolic 4” jacking plate, full boat covers, under boat cover, welded nose cone, rear lounge, bimy cover, full vinyl rapp graphic paint, plus more. Fully enclosed trailer. $59,800. Ph Andrew 0408 528 040. w-480 ------------------------------------------
ONLINE CLASSIFIEDS Buy 1, get 2 FREE On-line only at www.lifestyle1.net
CEREMONIES TO SUIT YOU Anywhere in the South East. Call Shayne McLean CMC. Ph 0457168 324. 484 -----------------------------------------WEDDINGS YOUR WAY Call Elizabeth Lill CMC. Ph 08 8738 7275 for marriage and other ceremonies. 484 ------------------------------------------
MOTOR BIKES
1988 BMW K100LT - 134,958 kms, good condition. 1000cc, extras, garaged, runs well. $4,700. Ph 08 8723 6480. OL-486 ------------------------------------------
YAMAHA WR450F 2007 Model, good condition + runs great, 3 months rego, comes with a few extra’s. $5,000 O.N.O. Ph 0407 787 451. ------------------------------------------
MOTOR VEHICLES
1998 FORD STATION WAGON 4WD – Automatic, 4.0L V6, very good condition, maroon and silver. $6,500. O.N.O. S665AUL. Ph 08 8725 5752. 484 ------------------------------------------
MOTOR VEHICLES
1999 MAZDA BRAVO, T/ diesel, D/cab, canopy, 4x4, v/ tidy, service history. WJO-912. $7,500. Ph 0429 662 193. OL-486 -----------------------------------------2000 FORD LASER HATCHBACK - Gold, manual, air conditioning, CD player, power steering. Excellent condition. Great 1st car. 164,000kms. WME-191. $5,990 O.N.O. Ph 0407 171 263. Available for viewing at www.carsales.com.au - ID Number: SSE-AD-948967. DE -----------------------------------------2003 CREWMAN HOLDEN VY II SS Ute, immaculate condition, black, 6 speed manual, air conditioner, cruise control. WYV-900. $16,000 O.N.O. Ph 0428 239 071. OL-483 -----------------------------------------2005 FORD F250 - 58,000 kms, very good condition, red, black interior, automatic, 4-door, air conditioner, cruise control, nav system, power locks, power steering, power windows, driver airbag, passenger airbag, CD changer, AM/FM radio. Runs on LPG & unleaded. S662AMV. $48,000 O.N.O. Ph Rob 0414 917 782. OL-486 -----------------------------------------2012 HOLDEN BARINA, red, 5 door, 4 speed manual, 1,000kms, $11,500 neg. ZFN041. Ph 0407 865 397. OL-483 -----------------------------------------FORD FALCON AU Sedan 1999. 200,000km, tinted windows, cruise control, towbar, silver, V.G.C. WGV-200. $2,950. Ph 08 8723 2207. OL-484 -----------------------------------------SUZUKI GRAND VITARA 1998 V6 Auto, black, p/s, p/w, a/c. Excellent condition. $6,200 O.N.O. Ph 0438 331 226. NC-487 -----------------------------------------TOYOTA LANDCRUISER 60 Series, SWB, 4WD, soft top, petrol, 6 cylinder, $4,500 O.N.O. 2F866416. Ph 03 5570 0504. OL-483 ------------------------------------------
MOTOR VEHICLES
VT COMMODORE SEDAN – Auto, air conditioning, new tyres, regularly serviced, well kept, been garaged, excellent condition. WHB-298. $4,000. O.N.O. Ph 08/ 8738 7294. OL-486 -----------------------------------------XW XY ZC ZD FALCONS, Fairmonts, Fairlanes wanted to wreck or restore. Complete cars or parts, private buyer. Ph 0409 838 048. LINC ------------------------------------------
MOTOR VEHICLES
WRECKING TOYOTA Hilux 85 4WD, Commodore wagon 97. Both LPG, all parts plus panels. Ph 03 5570 0504. 483 ------------------------------------------
MOTOR VEHICLES
1993 TOYOTA TARAGO Van – 8 seat, manual. XRG-716 $2,500 1997 VS II STATESMAN – V6 Supercharged. QLY-800 $3,750 1997 TOYOTA COROLLA – Auto, 175,000kms. YFV-497 $4,200 2001 MB 100 VAN – Ready for work, diesel. XRT-804 $4,950 2001 MITSUBISHI CHALLENGER – 4x4 wagon. QFT-648 $6,750 2004 NISSAN PULSAR Q – 5 Door hatch, only 104,000kms. S198ACD $7,200 2001 NISSAN NAVARA – Dual Cab, 4x4, powerful V6, alloy bar. WNY-111 $7,950 2006 FORD BF SEDAN – Black duco, 1 owner, gas, cruise control. UBT-589 $8,750 SSE-AD-948967. DE 0419 031 883 / 08 8725 8913 168 Jubilee Highway West, Mount Gambier. LVD 194576 E&EO ------------------------------------------
PETS & LIVESTOCK
BUFFALO RIVERINEX cows and calves for breeding, pets or meat. Western Victoria. Ph 0466 978 244. OL-486 -----------------------------------------BLACK SILKIE PAIR, 2 gray ganders, pair brown ducks $8ea. Ph 08 8725 1482. OL-486 ------------------------------------------
only $6
*
PET CREMATIONS & MEMORIALS ‘Say Goodbye With Love’ We realise ‘Goodbye’ can be the hardest word Book & pay online or mobile www.AngelAshes.com.au
Phone 1300 914 919 0419 589 229
ESPRESSO to go! MOBILE
classifieds EMPLOYMENT classifieds
PETS & LIVESTOCK
CURLY COATED Retriever pups. 1 male $400, 1 female $500. Ph 08 8733 1182 or 0438 831 182. 483 ------------------------------------------
Tenison Woods College Tenison Woods College is a dynamic Reception – Year 12 Catholic co-educational College with over 1300 students. The College is situated in picturesque grounds on the outskirts of Mount Gambier, SA.
r
We are seeking suitable candidates for the following positions
DINKY DI WASH ‘N’ DRY Dog Wash. Coin operated. Now Open - 28A Shephardson Rd. OL-485 -----------------------------------------LAYING HEN pullets 14wo $14 Echo Farm. 249 Tollner Road, Mount Gambier. Ph 08 8725 1482. OL-483 -----------------------------------------MALTESE X POODLE (Moodle) Puppies, 2 white males, lovely companions, ready 24/06, vac + wormed, $400. Ph 0415 302 449. OL-485 ------------------------------------------
OUT OF SCHOOL HOURS CARE (OSHC) ASSISTANTS • Qualified (Cert III in Children’s Services or equivalent) • Unqualified The OSHC Assistants will work as part of a team whose key function is to provide a safe and stimulating environment for children attending OSHC before school, after school, during holidays and/or pupil free days. They will have the knowledge, skills and capacity for the implementation and supervision of OSHC programs.
PRIVATE SALE
3 BR LARGE Stone home. Massive shed, plus attached granny flat. Quiet cul-de-sac. Priced to sell. $189,000 – Genuine interest only. Enquires Ph 0428 602 290. 483 ------------------------------------------
Hours will be negotiated with the successful applicants. Commencement date: 22 July 2013. EARLY LEARNING & COMMUNITY CENTRE (ELCC) DIRECTOR This is a full time (1.0FTE) position for a qualified Early Childhood educator looking for leadership experience within a supportive environment.
SPORTING NEEDS
The Director would oversee the development, implementation and operation of all programs and procedures put in place at the Tenison Woods College Early Learning Centre, commencing operation in 2014.
MORE THAN JUST GOOD SPORTS. Ph 08 8725 7582. 16 Commercial Street West, Mount Gambier. 492 ------------------------------------------
Commencement date: to be negotiated.
SPORTSPOWER
FLP CASE MANAGER This is a full time (1.0FTE) position for a qualified Teacher. The Case Manager will assist senior school students in completing SACE Stage 1 and 2 subjects to meet the requirements of SACE.
YOUR LOCAL EXPERTS. For All Your Sporting Needs Ph 08 8725 1004 42 Commercial Street West, Mount Gambier. 492 ------------------------------------------
TRADES & SERVICES
Commencement date: January 2014
TV ANTENNA INSTALL & TUNING, Free-to-air TV, home theatre installations, TV wall mounting, prompt service, quality work, free quotes. Call Ben 0417 670 362. [email protected]. 478 -----------------------------------------DRESS MAKING – Mending, hemming, zip replacements, alterations, patches, individual classes, make on patterns, measurements, finished sewing for beginners. Ph 0405 259 933. OL-486 -----------------------------------------SE Battery Service Pty Ltd South East Mobility Equipment South East Sustainable Energy Call into your licorice all sorts store We have it all! 120 Penola Road, Mount Gambier Ph 08 8725 9911 W -----------------------------------------PAUL’S LAWN MOWING SERVICE Cheap Rates! Free Quotes Honest & Reliable Pensioner Discount Call Paul 0437 812 115. ------------------------------------------
PERMANENT TEACHING POSITIONS (1.0FTE) • R-2 TEACHER • 3-5 TEACHER • 6-7 TEACHER (2 POSITIONS) • 8-12 MATHEMATICS TEACHER • 8-12 SCIENCE (PHYSICS) TEACHER Teaching staff require a current South Australian Teachers Registration and must be prepared to support the Catholic ethos of the College and participate in our Pastoral Care Programme. Commencement date: January 2014 Position Information Documents in relation to these roles may be obtained from http://www.tenison.catholic.edu. au/employment. Potential applicants must submit with their application, an Applicant Declaration Form, obtained from http:// www.tenison.catholic.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/ 03/ApplicantDecForm.pdf
Four copies of your application (of no more than six pages), including contact details of three recent referees should be addressed to Mary de Nys, HR Officer, Tenison Woods College, PO Box 965, Mount Gambier SA 5290 or email [email protected].
490
VINTAGE FASHION
STAR DRESSING ROOM Stylish garments for men and women you can buy or hire. Noon-7pm Friday, Saturday, Sunday, Monday, Tuesday. 23014 Bay Road (=Riddoch Highway). Outskirts of Allendale East approaching from Mount Gambier. Ph 0438 466 342. On Facebook. 484 ------------------------------------------
ALL APPLICATIONS CLOSE 4.00pm MONDAY, 17 JUNE 2013
WANTED
Cnr Shepherdson Road & White Avenue (PO Box 965) Mount Gambier SA 5290 t. 08 8725 5455 I f. 08 8724 9303 w. www.tenison.catholic.edu.au e. [email protected]
STALLHOLDERS WANTED Bubs2Teens Children’s Market Saturday 27 July, 10am - 2pm. Hamilton PAC.Ph 0438 643 451. OL-483 ------------------------------------------
WORK WANTED
Find us on Facebook. www.facebook.com/tenisonwoodscollege
LOOKING FOR BRICKWORK - Brick, stone & paving work wanted. Small or large jobs. Will travel. BLD 231035. Ph 0418 838 684. 485 ------------------------------------------
Lifestyle1.net - 034
AIRCONDITIONING • Split Systems All Brands
No dog too big or too small
• Central Gas Ducted Heating REFRIGERATION
6 Sunnyside Drive, Mt Gambier
• Display Cabinets • Ice Machines
0422 802 871 Accounting, Taxation & Bookkeeping
• Clipping • Washing • Defleaing • Drying • Nail Trimming • Free pick up & drop off
Certified Practising Accountant
Shop 5/16 Swallow Drive, Mt Gambier Call Sharon 8725 5152 M: 0420 428 125
Small Business Specialists
Book 2 appointments in advance and receive
10% discount
Personal Tax Returns from $115
ANTIQUES & COLLECTABLES
Need your dog pampered? Clipping/Grooming Hydrobath|Defleaing|Nails Ear Cleaning Breeder of Shetland Sheep Dogs
Over 25 years experience
Servicing clients in all country areas BABY CAPSULE HIRE
BOARDING KENNEL
• Digital Antennas • Problems with reception • Set top box set-up • Government approved antenna installer
0418 819 676
LOCAL TRADESMAN WITH OVER 20 YEARS EXPERIENCE
phone
just drive thru... DRY CLEANING • COMMERCIAL LINEN SERVICE DRIVE THRU • ALTERATIONS & MENDING • IRONING SERVICE
2 FERRERS STREET MOUNT GAMBIER E480
PHONE LYNTON 0402 615 746
DRAFTING/INTERIOR DESIGN
• Quality individual & personalised dentures • Over 30 years experience • Prompt same day repairs & relines • Metal partial dentures, Mouthguards • After hours appointments ELECTRICIAN
AMAS ELECTRICAL MARK A SOLLY
KATRINA GRIFFITHS
31 Crouch St. South, Mt Gambier
DENTURE CLINIC
PHONE O 08 8725 2979 MOBILE 0435 935 222
Ph: (08) 8723 0770
250 Jubilee Hwy West, Mt Gambier Ph (08) 8725 2826 sales [email protected] www.donehuesleisure.com.au ww E385
COUNTRY CLOTHING
Great range of fresh salads & cold meats - ready to go!!
DIAL-A-TONER
LAUNDRETTE
NAILS & WAXING
Extensive range of Asian Groceries All enquiries & orders welcome Open Mon - Wed 9am - 9pm. Thurs - Sat 9am - 4.30pm. (Closed Tuesdays) 2 Tweed Crescent, Mount Gambier Call Grace on 8725 0361 or 0403 138 161 JEWELLERS
Hill Student of the Year. “Year 12 involved a lot of late nights and stress but it was all worth it in the end,” Johannah said. “If there’s one thing I learnt last year it’s that there is no secret to success - just simply hard work and perseverance.” She thanked the Rotary Club for its generous donation. “I can’t wait for everything my future holds,” Johannah said. Grant High School principal Steven Phillips said the school was very appreciative of the generous sponsorship by Rotary. “This award has been offered for the last twelve years, and Johannah is a very worthy recipient of this prestigious award,” he said. Johannah has relocated to Adelaide to pursue a career as a radiologist, which includes the study of Medical Radiation Science (Medical Imaging) at the University of South Australia.
250 Jubilee Highway West, Mt Gambier Ph (08) 8725 2826
Grant High School student Johannah Pham was the winner of the 2012 Les Hill Rotary Award for Student of the Year, sponsored on an annual basis by the Rotary Club of Mount Gambier. Johannah opened her envelope containing her Year 12 results in December last year to find she had achieved an outstanding Tertiary Entrance Rank of 97.95, which was soon confirmed as the highest score in 2012 at Grant High. Named in honour of long standing Rotarian and historian Les Hill, the award is given to the Grant High School student who receives the highest academic result each year. With Year 12 results not known until just prior to Christmas each year, the award is formally presented at Grant High School Presentation Night, twelve months after Year 12 results are made public. This prestigious award comprises a $500 cheque, certificate and medallion, courtesy of the Rotary Club of Mount Gambier. Johannah recently attended a Rotary meeting to RLA62833 as the Les be acknowledged
SHEDDING
STORAGE
SUPER FUND SERVICES
THE NAIL ROOM • All occasions nails • Bio Sculpture Gel • CND shellac polish • Manicures • Pedicures • All waxing including xxx
Watch, clock & jewellery repairs Free pick up & delivery Millicent & Tantanoola
Phone 08 8725 6486
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Above - Johannah Pham received her accolade from school principal Steven Phillips.
sport local
BASKETBALL Georgia
follows in footsteps of mentor Georgia Green has played a lot of her basketball alongside Melissa Russell at the Cougars Basketball Club. Russell has lived the dream the 17 year old is now working towards - playing in the Women’s National Basketball League. Russell played for the Adelaide Lightning and Townsville Flames. Russell, and her sister, Kirsty Egan, both tested themselves at a higher level by playing district basketball in Adelaide for West Adelaide and now Georgia Green has taken that all important step, earning a call up for the Eastern Mavericks senior team, the club she has represented at under 18 level for the past couple of seasons. The elevation to the senior team was a huge acheivement for the Mount Gambier based teenage sensation, who has one eye
GOLF St
Martins golf students shine
Earlier last month seven St Martins Lutheran College Golf students travelled to Adelaide to compete in the SSSSA/GolfSA Individual State Championship held on the North Adelaide South Course. Bryce Smith (Year 9 student) competed in the A Grade division playing off a handicap of nine. He had a huge day teeing off at 7am to complete the 36 hole stroke event by mid- afternoon. Bryce managed to put together two extraordinary rounds of 80 (net 71) and 80 (net 71) for a net score of 142. This incredibly consistent golf secured Bryce the third place medal behind
two much older competitors. In fact Bryce was one of the younger competitors in this very strong grade which include some scratch golfers and many single figure players.Matthew Morgan (18 handicap) and Jackson Bawden (16) both played in the B Grade division. Whilst Jackson (Year 7 student playing against secondary students) did not have his greatest day, Matthew played very solidly to win the B Grade runners-up medal with a net 76. Ben Robinson (30), Jake Tucker (36), Bronson Pfeiler (36) and Lee Axton (36) all participated in the C Grade division. Ben managed to beat
on a US college schoarlship and the other eye on making Australia’s top level competition - the WNBL. The senior action has seen her now playing alongside WNBL players, as well as against them and it is a great learning curve for the athletic guard/forward who wants to take her basketball as far as she can. Already Georgia and at least one of her parents, Lisa and Bryan, spend 26 of the 52 weekends of the year on the road. She now plays under 18s when required on a Friday night and then stays to play with the senior squad on Saturdays. Her commitment to basketball is paramount and while she is also a talented netballer, that always takes a back seat. “I love netball and I love playing with my friends but basketball is number one and
South East Coast Basketball League results
his handicap with a fine net 67 and win the runners-up medal. Jake went one better firing a superb net 64 to win the C Grade trophy. SMLCGOLF program coordinator Duncan Savage said it really was incredible to take seven golfers up to Adelaide to compete in a 100+ field of quality golfers from all round the State and come home with four medals. “I was very proud of how the boys stuck together and supported one anothe,” Mr Savage said. “It was also great to see Lee, Bronson and Jackson share the joy of the other boys who came home with a medal.”
Men Panthers 70 (M. Mott 22; J. Ryan 17; T. Brown 15) d Bulldogs 65 (S. Berkefeld 30; M. Berkefeld 11; S. Sochacki 10); Cougars 98 (S. Stafford 29; B. Tremelling 20; K. deWit 17) d Wizards 71 (N. Morrison 31; P. Loring 11; B. Rathjen 10). Women Cougars 42 (G. Green 24; K. Allen, B. Watson 7) d Roos 40 (M. Markiewicz 25; D. Jolley 8; R. Hines); Panthers 53 (B. Walters 17; S. Loughhead 13; N. Handreck 11) d Bulldogs 49 (S. Matchoss, T. Gray, wE. McDiarmid). Above - State junior representative Sam Stafford top scored for Cougars in their big win over Wizards last Wednesday night.
Lifestyle1.net - 037
netball is for fitness,” Georgia said. She is a 17 and under and A grade netballer with East Gambier Netball Club. Having just completed the last of her SA Coutnry State duties with the end of her under 18 career this year, Georgia is now setting her sights on the South Australian under 20s line-up - the first time regional and metropolitan based players suit up side by side to represent the State. Given her pedigree - representing SA Country since top age 14s, which is five years of wearing the tri-colours - Georgia looms as a genuine chance to continue to represent her State. The influence of Russell has been important, as has the coaching of Mount Gambier Basketball development officer Trevor Semmens. “Mel (Russell) is always giving me tips and
pointers and it’s been great to play alongside someone with all that experience,” Georgia said. “And Trevor (Semmens) has just been great and worked so hard with me to improve my game.” Her ability to attack the basket and her defensive pressure are already seen as her strengths with the Mount Gambier High School Year 12 student now looking to develop her outside shooting. She spent some time with the Tenison Woods College Titans Basketball Academy and has used that bexperience to enable her to make some good contacts in terms of attracting a US College scholarships.Murray brdige born AIS player Alex Wilson is a player Georgia is hoping to emulate as she looks to elevate herself into WNBL contention down the track.
INDOOR BOWLS Open
singles champions decided
The Mount Gambier District Indoor Bowls Association held the Commercial Club Handicap Mixed Open Singles Championship last Tuesday night, with 50 entries, of which five travelled from Casterton to compete. The title eventually went the way of Emilio Castignani, who plays with the St Martins team during regular competition. He defeated John Oakley (Commercial Club) who had defeated national representative Fiona Pearson in the semi finals.
Castignani defeated Andy Cornolo (Kongorong)in his semi final. Emilio emerged the 2013 Commercial Club Handicap Mixed Open Singles Champion, winning 7 shots to 0. The consolation final was taken out by Ron Cook, who defeated Lyn Nolte (Casterton), 7 shots to 4. Above - Runner up John Oakley, consolation winner Ron Cook, consolation runner up Lyn Nolte and winner Emilio Castignani.
Kowree-Naracoorte-Tatiara Football
on fire while Mid South East
flounder in interleague competition
Seniors KNTFL 3.5 7.6 16.9 22.10 (142) River Murray 2.4 5.11 7.11 7.16 (58) Goals - Kowree-Naracoorte-Tatiara: A. Merrett 8; B. Laurie 5; J. Turner, D. Clayfield 2; T. Ware, K. Cuthbertson, N. Clark, J. Bettoncelli, J. Jarrett. Best - Kowree-Naracoorte-Tatiara: L. Jones, J. McGrice, B. Laurie, N. Clark, R. Jaensch, A. Merrett.
After an even opening half, Kowree-Naracoorte-Tatiara Football League turned on the afterburners in the third quarter to put the result in its interleague clash with River Murray in Naracoorte on Saturday. Boasting class players and regular State representative Tyson Wait and Liam O’Neil, River Murray challenged the home side at every turn in the opening half and those two players were the key. KNT coach Adam Merrett was desperate to break the game open and at half time he implored his players to take the game on and play one on one footy. He also locked down on Wait and O’Neil with a couple of shutdown roles.
Senior Colts KNTFL 6.5 10.7 13.11 15.13 (103) River Murray 2.0 3.2 5.5 7.10 (52) Goals - Kowree-Naracoorte-Tatiara: Best - Kowree-Naracoorte-Tatiara:
Mid South East Football
Seniors Mallee 6.2 11.10 15.13 21.18 (144) Mid South East 1.5 3.5 8.7 11.8 (74) Goals - Mid South East: B. McGregor 2; T. Saunders, J. Sullivan, A. Stone, A. Hentschke, B. Hennink, D. Phillips, M. Kieselbach, D. Bromley, Z. Cocks. Best - Mid South East: B. McGregor, R. Povey, B. Saffin, B. Hennink, T. Pearce, Z. Williams.
Under 17 Mid South East 5.5 6.9 12.14 16.18 (114) Mallee 0.1 3.4 3.6 4.7 (31) Goals - Mid South East: R. Chant 6; R. Hein 4; J. Stark 2; M. Lowe, T. Sullivan, S. Zeitz, H. Schultz. Best - Mid South East: R. Chant, B. Ousey, J. Stark, S. Zeitz, R. Hein, M. Telford.
Under 14 Mallee 6.3 10.8 18.9 21.10 (136) Mid South East 0.0 0.0 1.0 2.1 (13) Goals - Mid South East: P. Mitchell, R. Rolph. Best - Mid South East: S. McManus, M. Sorella, L. MacGregor, B. Rowe, J. Feast, B. Squire.
Hampden Football League
A Grade North Warrnambool 5.5 7.10 15.15 22.20 (152) Hamilton Kangaroos 1.2 2.6 3.8 7.9 (51) Goals - North Warrnambool: D. Haynes 6; M. Murphy, M. Wines 3; A. McMeel, J. Lewis 2; D. Gavin, D. Keast, J. Myles, T. Batten, R. Gregg, M. Bowman. Hamilton: H. Douglas 3; A. Pepper, M. Lowe, C. Murrie, R. Newell. Best - North Warrnambool: D. Gavin, A. McMeel, J. Myles, S. McLachlan, X. Mills, D. Keast. Hamilton: J. O’Brien, R. Morris, A. Pepper, J. McIntosh, L. Crawford, K. Uebergang. Koroit 1.0 4.5 6.12 10.16 (76) Portland 2.2 7.4 7.5 8.7 (55) Goals - none supplied.Best - none supplied.
“It was definitely an even contest up to half time,” Merrett said. “But we really started winning the contested ball in that third quarter and blew them away.” Merrett’s Penola team mate Lachy Jones led the charge with a dominant third quarter in what ended up a best on ground display from the quality onballer. Jones was well supported in the one sided third quarter by fellow midfielders Jack McGrice (Mundulla); Billy Laurie (Kybybolite) and Nathan Clark (Bordertown). Four early goals from the boot of the coach made sure the third quarter dominance translated into scoreboard pressure. He finished the match with eight, leaving the field late in the third with the job done. Merrett was isolated in the goalsquare and used his leading smarts to great effect. “That third quarter meant the boys really had their tails up and just went on with it,” Merrett said. The nine goal to two third term clearly broke the back of the visitors who scored only five behinds in the final quarter as the home side added a further six to finish with a 84 point demolition of the River Murray Football League. The KNT was also dominant at the defensive end of the field with Ray Jaensch (Kybybolite) was the general, with Kane Cuthbertson (Bordertown) not only proving impassable in the last line but also snuck forward for a rare major. Penola’s Matt Merrett was the other key back who not only made life
Hampden Netball Results A Grade Koroit 52 d Portland 35 (L. Hockley, R. Skinner, J. Piergrosse); North Warrnambool 64 d Hamilton Kangaroos 39 (H. Huf, A. Huf, R. Sherlock) Right (top) - Port MacDonnell forward Dylan Bromley kicked the opening and only goal of ther first quarter for the home side. Right (centre) - The Mid South East team during the national anthem. Right - Glencoe’s Mark Kieselbach looks to give the Mid South East onballers like Tylah Saunders (right) first use of the football. Far right - Best on ground for the Mid South East was skipper Ben McGregor.
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tough for the River Murray forwards but also proved creative in rebounding the ball for the home side. “Once we got their onballers under control and started winning the ball and taking the game on we totally over ran them,” Merrett said. Things didn’t go according to script for the Mid South East Football League though, that took on the Mallee Football League at Kalangadoo. Wayward kicking, albeit with most shots under pressure, in the opening term, compared with the accurate finishing of the visitors saw the home side facing a 27 point deficit at the first break. The Mallee dominated the ruck, won the clearances and moved the ball with pin point accuracy to ensure the home side had little chance to assert any authority. By half time the contest was all but over with the visitors 53 points clear but the Mid South East, led by inspirational skipper and best on ground Ben McGregor, pout in a more competitive performance in the second half. “I certainly wasn’t disappointed with how we finished off,” coach Jeff Medhurst said. “They really stuck at it.” The home side struggled up forward all day,l while the backline was not disgracedgiven the amount of clean ball coming into the Mallee’s fifity metre arc, with Port MacDonnell’s Rohan Povey moving out of his comfort zone but standing tall in defence after quarter time. McGregor was the class act for the home side though. “When someone needed to stand up he did what all good captains do and did whatever he could to lift the boys,” Medhurst said. Turn overs when not under pressure cost the home side at different stages of the contest, while the Mallee continued to run hard for the entire contest. “They were a bit too classy with their ball movement in the end,” Medhurst said.
FOOTBALL First
time State call up for a quartet of the region’s young footballers Four of the region’s young footballers have earnt their first call up for State duties and in all four cases the players grabbed what were limited opportunities to impress with both hands. Glenburnie Primary School’s Henri Capewell and Mulga Street Primary School’s Beau Nunan will be joined by Lucindale Area School’s William Gould in the South Australian SAPSSASA team heading to Darwin in August for the national championships. While their metropolitan counterparts had been trialling in Adelaide, the two Mount Gambier based boys, Henri and Beau, had only a week of inter-regional games and a one-off showcase match in which to impress and all three made the grade. William had attended a week long school holiday trial prior to the carnival to begin to make
his impression on selectors. The fourth debutante State representative is Montana Carracher who has been selected in the Secondary School Sport SA 16 and Under Girls Football Team which is playing at the same School Sport Australia Australian Football Championships in Darwin as the three primary school boys. The championships run from August 10-18. Henri, 11, has been playing football for five years and spent the majority of the SAPSSASA carnival interchanging between centre half forward and the ruck. The South Gambier footballer is a Collingwood supporter and Scott Pendlebury is one of his favourite players. Beau, 12, wasn’t even going to play football this year. He is a gun soccer player as well and was away representing Western Border soccer in Adelaide this weekend and has been
talent identified for the round ball game. SAPSSASA coach Duncan Savage convinced him to pull on the boots though and Beau decided to play for East Gambier. A Geelong supporter, Gary Ablett and former Dartmoor local Jeremy Cameron are the football heroes of this onballer who also loves to kick a goal. William is a Lucindale footballer who plays in the ruck and rests at full forward. The 12 year old is a Geelong supporter who admires Joel Selwood and loves watching Steven Motlop play. The three boys, who are now State team mates, have three Sunday trainings coming up on the calendar as well as a week long training camp in the July school holidays and then a couple more Adelaide weekend sessions prior to the carnival kick-off on August 10.Montana, 15, is arguably the biggest surprise packet of the quartet. She has literally been playing football for a couple of months and has earnt a State call-up. “I just thought it would be something fun to try,” Montana said. “We did 9-a-side at school and I loved it.” Out of the school experience came the opportunity to play with the South East Female Football Academy and then came the suggestion that she should put herself forward for State selection. After two trials, Montana had made the grade and has been back in Adelaide almost every weekend for training. A talented dancer, who competes across the region as part of the Synergy Dance Studio, Montana is an Essendon supporter, having spent many hours watching the Bombers alongside her father and brother. Far left (top) - Beau Nunan. Far left (bottom) - Henri Capewell. Left - Montana Carracher.
More photos page 40
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SWIMMING Gould
takes out champion swimmer title
Michael Gould has ermeged as the cream of the crop at the Hamilton Olympic Swimming Club taking out the Summer Club Champion honour after a stellar season in the pool.
The club’s presentation night was held at the Melville Oval Function Room with more than 100 swimmers and their familiies attending the event. Trophy winners Summer Club Champion (awarded to the swimmer achieving the best overall results in the summer competitions) – Michael Gould Mimi Keen Memorial Trophy (Most improved swimmer award. This is presented to the swimmer who has improved in every area of their swimming, including training and sportsmanship) – Reuben Keyser Maroney Memorial Trophy (This is presented to a swimmer who has shown commitment to their sport,
displays a good, positive attitude and determination) – Michael Gould Kathleen Jones Memorial Award (A swimmer, parent, official or committee member who has made an outstanding contribution throughout the year) – Lyn Battista Coaches Trophies (Awarded to swimmers who have shown a consistently good work ethic at training and other club activities all season. They also display a positive attitude and good sportsmanship) – Jackson Talbot, Reuben Keyser, Casey White, Lily Kyle Encouragement Awards (These swimmers have
consistently worked on improving their skills and technique. They listen and work hard and have the potential to improve further by continuing their efforts and striving to achieve their goals) – Todd Dymke, Jack Sharp, Ruby Hill, Chella Biggin There were also Club Night Aggregate and Club Championships awards. The 2012/13 season saw continued improvement from the club’s swimmers with the club making its presence felt at a number of meets. The 2013/14 season is now the focus of the group.
Above - Wattle Range CEO Peter Harriott presents Kelsey Batt with a $200 cheque from the Wattle Range Youth Development Fund. Kelsey received the donation from the fund to assist with costs to attend and compete in the 2013 School Sport Australia Championships from August 10–18 in Darwin, NT. Kelsey has been selected to compete in this national competition as a member of the Secondary School Sport SA Girls 16 & Under Australian Football Team.
KNT Round 9- June 15
Above (anti-clockwise from top left)) - Summer Club Champion - Michael Gould; Maroney Memorial Trophy Winner Micahel Gould (centre) with Bob and Lesley Maroney; Coaches - Lesley Maroney and Maxine Baring; Kathleen Jones Memorial Award winner - Lyn Battista; Mimi Keen memorial Trophy winner - Reuben Keyser and all the club’s swimmers.
BADMINTON Anniversary It’s not a sport we hear a lot about but for a small group of seniors in Mount Gambier, badminton is their past time of choice and this Thursday, the Icehouse Badminton Club will celebrate 20 years. When the YMCA badminton Club was closed, keen players worked tirelessly side by side with past Basketball Mount Gambier president Wayne Scutter to establish a new club at the city’s premier basketball venue. The group meets every Thursday from 9.3011.30am, enjoying the game, as well as some social outings as well. It has also enjoyed inter-club matches with players from
celebrations for local club
KANIVA-LEEOR V PADTHAWAY KEITH V BORDERTOWN KYBYBOLITE V KINGSTON MUNDULLA V PENOLA NARACOORTE V BORDER DISTRICTS LUCINDALE - BYE
SWDFL Round 10 - June 15 WESTERNS V HEYWOOD SANDFORD V BRANXHOLME-WALLACEDALE COLERAINE V HEATHMERE TYRENDARRA V DARTMOOR CAVENDISH - BYE Hampden Football Netball League - June 15
Millicent. The club is always keen for new members and has opened up the anniversary celebrations as a come’n’try opportunity. They are also hopeful past members will also head along to the Icehouse, for a quick hit of badminton or the 11am celebration morning tea or, of course, both. The continued support
Above - Hatherleigh’s Matt Fabris looks to drive the ball deep into the fifty for the home side. Below - Glencoe forward Alex Hentschke spills this difficult chance early in the interleague contest.
of Basketball Mount Gambier’s Beth Serle and Karen Cunningham has also been critical to the club lasting to its two decade milestone. Anyone interested in getting involved in the Icehouse Badminton Club should contact foundation member Marjee Clark on (08)87 255198. Lifestyle1.net - 040
COBDEN V PORTLAND KOROIT V HAMILTON KANGAROOS MSEFL Round 10 - June 15 PORT MACDONNELL V KALANGADOO KONGORONG V MT BURR HATHERLEIGH V ROBE GLENCOE V TANTANOOLA NANGWARRY - BYE
WBFL Round 7 - June 15 WEST GAMBIER V MILLICENT CASTERTON V EAST GAMBIER SOUTH GAMBEIR V NORTH GAMBIER
TV GUIDE THURSDAY, JUNE 13
SEVEN SA TEN SA WIN SA ABC 1 6.00 Today 6.00 Sunrise 6.00 CBS This Morning 7.00 6.00 ABC News Breakfast 9.00 Mornings 9.00 The Morning Show Wurrawhy 7.30 Totally Wild 9.30 Business Today 10.00 11.30 Seven Morning News 8.00 Entertainment Tonight 8.30 11.00 National News Being French 10.35 Behind 12.00 The Midday Movie OMG! Insider 9.00 Bold & The 12.00 Ellen Degeneres Show The News 11.00 World’s Sweet Temptation Beautiful 9.30 Huey’s Kitchen Greenest Homes 12.00 Midday 1.00 The View 2.00 Winners & Losers 10.00 Bondi Vet Encore 11.00 Report 12.30 My Family 1.00 2.00 The Block Sky High 3.00 Surf Patrol Masterchef Encore 12.00 Dr Atlantis: The Evidence 2.00 3.00 National News Now 3.30 Take It All Phil 1.00 The Doctors 2.00 The Extraordinary Tale Of 4.00 Alive And Cooking Ready Steady Cook 3.00 Judge 4.30 National News William Buckley 3.00 Childrens 4.30 Seven News at 4.30 Judy 3.30 Everyday Gourmet Programs 5.30 ABC News: 5.30 Hot Seat 5.30 Deal Or No Deal 4.00 Scope 4.30 Bold & The Early 6.00 Time Team 7.00 ABC 6.00 National News 6.00 Seven News Beautiful 5.00 TEN News News 7.30 7:30 6.30 A Current Affair 6.30 Today Tonight 7.00 The Block Sky High 7.00 Home And Away 6.00 The Simpsons 8.00 Catalyst 8.00 The Block Sky High 8.00 House Rules 6.30 The Project 8:30 Kristie’s Home Village Unlocked 9.15 Once Upon A Time 7.30 Masterchef 9.20 Stephen Fry: 8.30 The Footy Show (AFL) 11.15 The Mindy Project 8.30 Law & Order: S.V.U. Gadget Man 10.30 The Footy Show (NRL) 9.45 TBA 11.30 TBA 10.30 TEN Late News 12.00 House Calls To the 10.20 Lateline 11.15 The Project Encore 12.30 National News Late Rescue 10.55 The Business 12.00 The Late Show 1.00 A Current Affair 1.00 Home Shopping 11.20 TBA 1.00 Home Shopping 1.30 Extra 2.00 Home Shopping 12.20 Movie: Blue Collar 4.30 It Is Written 2.00 Dangerman 7 MATE 1.00 Alphas: Anger ELEVEN 12.00 Charmed 1.00 Jag ONE HD 1.00 Frontiers of Management 2.00 Motor Mate 4.30 2.00 Star Trek Voyager 3.00 Infomercial Construction 2.00 Fear Factor 4.00 Dream Car Garage 5.30 Pimp My Ride 3.30 Cheers 4.00 The King of Queens Get Smart 4.30 Cops 5.00 I Fish 6.00 6.30 Seinfeld 7.30 Mounted In Alaska 4.30 Family Ties 5.00 Happy Days 5.30 M*A*S*H 6.30 Get Smart 7.00 Cops 8.00 American Stuffers 9.00 Hardcore The Brady Bunch 6.00 Sabrina 6.30 7.30 Who’s Line Is It Anyway? 8.30 Fast Pawn 9.30 Auction Kings Neighbours 7.30 Everybody Loves Forward 9.30 Brand X With Russell Brand
SBS ONE PRIME SC TEN WIN VIC 5.00 Korean News 5:35 Japa- 6.00 Sunrise 6.00 CBS This Morning 7.00 6.00 Today 9.00 The Morning Show nese News 6.10 Hong Kong Wurrawhy 7.30 Totally Wild 9.00 Mornings News 6.30 Chinese News 7.00 11.30 Seven Morning News 8.00 Entertainment Tonight 8.30 11.00 National News 12.00 The Midday Movie Hindi News 7.25 Italian News OMG! Insider 9.00 Bold & The 12.00 Ellen Degeneres Show Sweet Temptation (M) Beautiful 9.30 Huey’s Kitchen 8.05 Filipino News 8.40 French 1.00 The View 2.00 Winners & Losers News 9.30 Greek News 10.30 10.00 Bondi Vet Encore 11.00 2.00 The Block Sky High 3.00 Surf Patrol German News 11.00 Spanish Masterchef Encore 12.00 Dr 3.00 National News Now News 12.00 Arabic News 12.30 3.30 Take It All Phil 1.00 The Doctors 2.00 4.00 Alive And Cooking 4.30 Seven News At 4.30 Turkish News 1.00 The Food Ready Steady Cook 3.00 Judge 4.30 National News Lovers Guide To Australia 1.30 Judy 3.30 Everyday Gourmet 5.30 Hot Seat 5.30 Deal Or No Deal Tommy Fleming 2.30 My Family 6.00 Seven News 4.00 Scope 4.30 Bold & The 6.00 The WIN News Hour Feast 3.00 France 24 InternaBeautiful 5.00 TEN News 7.00 The Block Sky High 6.30 Today Tonight tional News 3.30 Al Jazeera 8.00 The Block Sky High 7.00 New Home And Away 6.00 The Simpsons News 4.00 The Journal 4.30 Unlocked 8.00 House Rules 6.30 The Project PBS Newshour 5.30 Global 8.30 The Footy Show (AFL) 9.15 Once Upon A Time 7.30 Masterchef Village 6.00 The Farm Fixer 10.30 The Footy Show (NRL) (Double Episode) 8.30 Law & Order: S.V.U. 6.30 World News Australia 7.30 11.15 The Mindy Project 10.30 TEN Late News 12.30 WIN News Hour Late Shane Delia’s Spice Journey 12.00 House Calls To The 1.30 Extra 11.15 The Project Encore 8.00 The Little Paris Kitchen Rescue 2.00 Dangerman 12.00 The Late Show 8.35 The Spice Trip 9.30 One 1.00 Home Shopping 3.00 Danoz 1.00 Infomercial Born Every Minute USA 5.30 Seven Early News 3.30 Good Morning America GO 1.00 Conan 2.00 16 And Pregnant GEM 12.00 Movie: Duel In The Jungle 7 TWO 12.00 Ruth Rendell Mysteries 3.00 Monsuno 3.30 Max Steel 4.00 Ben (PG) 2.00 Longmire 3.00 Alive & Cooking 1.00 Seachange 2.00 Movie: All The 10 4.30 Young Justice 5.00 Adventure 3.30 RPA 4.30 Customs 5.30 Ellen Kings Men 4.30 Homes Under the Time 5.30 The Block Sky High 6.30 The Degeneres Show 6.30 Friends 7.30 Hammer 5.30 Bargain Hunt 6.30 Movie: Middle 7.00 The Big Bang Theory 8.30 Where Are They Now? 8.30 Embarrassing The Next Karate Kid (PG) 8.45 Movie: Mike & Molly 10.30 All The Right Moves Bodies 9.30 Super Nanny USA Six Days, Seven Nights (M)
TV GUIDE FRIDAY, JUNE 14
SEVEN SA TEN SA WIN SA ABC 1 6.00 Sunrise 6.00 Today 6.00 CBS This Morning 7.00 6.00 ABC News Breakfast 9.00 The Morning Show 9.00 Mornings Wurrawhy 7.30 Totally Wild 9.30 Business Today 10.00 My 11.30 Seven Morning News 8.00 Entertainment Tonight 8.30 11.00 National News Place 10.20 What I Wrote 10.30 12.00 The Midday Movie OMG! Insider 9.00 Bold & The 12.00 Ellen Degeneres Show Seeking Refuge 10:35 Writers First Do No Harm Beautiful 9.30 Huey’s Kitchen On Writing 11.00 Stephen Fry: 1.00 The View 2.00 Winners & Losers 10.00 The Living Room Encore 2.00 The Block Sky High Gadget Man 11.30 One Plus 3.00 Surf Patrol 11.00 Masterchef Encore 12.00 3.00 National News Now One 12.00 Midday Report 12.30 3.30 Take It All Dr Phil 1.00 The Doctors 2.00 Last Of The Summer Wine 1.00 4.00 Alive And Cooking 4.30 Seven News at 4.30 Ready Steady Cook 3.00 Judge 4.30 National News Poirot 2.05 Bed of Roses 3.00 5.30 Deal Or No Deal Judy 3.30 Everyday Gourmet Children’s Programs 5.30 Hot Seat 6.00 Seven News 4.00 Lightning Point 4.30 Bold & 6.00 National News 5.30 ABC News 6.30 Today Tonight The Beautiful 5.00 TEN News 6.30 A Current Affair 6.00 Time Team 7.00 2013 AFL Season 7.00 The Big Bang Theory 7.00 ABC News 6.00 The Simpsons Carlton V Hawthorn 8.30 Friday Night Movie 7.30 7.30 (SA) 6.30 The Project 10.30 Better Homes & Music & Lyrics 8.00 Wild Life At The Zoo 7.30 The Living Room Gardens 10.35 Person of Interest 8.30 Silent Witness 8.30 Friday Night Movie 12.00 Celebrity Juice 9.30 Kidnap And Ransom The Devil Wears Prada 12.00 National News Late 12.30 Friday Night Rugby 10.20 Lateline 12.45 Desperate Housewives 10.50 TEN Late News Eagles V Bulldogs 10.55 Getting On 11.35 The Project Encore 1.45 This Rugged Coast 2.30 Friday Night Rugby 11.30 rage 12.30 The Late Show 3.00 Home Shopping 5.00 rage 1.30 Home Shopping 4.00 NBC Today 7 MATE 1.00 Alphas: Rosetta 2.00 ELEVEN 1.00 JAG 2.00 Star Trek ONE HD 1.00 Omnisport 1.30 Motor Mate 4.30 Dream Car Garage 5.30 Voyager 3.00 Infomercial 3.30 Cheers Diamond Divers 2.30 Fear Factor 4.00 Pimp My Ride 6.30 Movie: Beethhoven’s 4.00 The King of Queens 4.30 Family Get Smart 4.30 Cops 5.00 I Fish 6.00 4th (G) 7.30 Movie: G-Force (PG) Ties 5.00 Happy Days 5.30 The Brady M*A*S*H 6.30 Get Smart 7.00 Cops 7.30 9.30 Movie: Air Force One (M) 11.30 Bunch 6.00 Sabrina 6.30 Neighbours Undercover Boss 8.30 Law & Order 9.30 Warehouse 13: Insatiable 7.00 Everybody Loves Raymond 2:22 11.50 Fast Forward
SBS ONE PRIME SC TEN WIN VIC 5.00 Korean News 5:35 Japa- 6.00 Sunrise 6.00 CBS This Morning 7.00 6.00 Today 9.00 The Morning Show nese News 6.10 Hong Kong Wurrawhy 7.30 Totally Wild 9.00 Mornings News 6.30 Chinese News 7.00 11.30 Seven Morning News 8.00 Entertainment Tonight 8.30 11.00 National News 12.00 The Midday Movie Hindi News 7.25 Italian News OMG! Insider 9.00 Bold & The 12.00 Ellen Degeneres Show First Do No Harm (M) Beautiful 9.30 Huey’s Kitchen 8.05 Filipino News 8.40 French 1.00 The View 2.00 Winners & Losers News 9.30 Greek News 10.30 10.00 The Living Room Encore 2.00 The Block Sky High 3.30 Surf Patrol German News 11.00 Spanish 11.00 Masterchef Encore 12.00 3.00 National News Now News 12.00 Arabic News 12.30 4.30 Seven News at 4.30 Dr Phil 1.00 The Doctors 2.00 4.00 Alive And Cooking 5.30 Deal Or No Deal Turkish News 1.00 The Food Ready Steady Cook 3.00 Judge 4.30 National News 6.00 Seven News Lovers Guide To Australia 1.30 Judy 3.30 Everyday Gourmet 5.30 Hot Seat 6.30 Today Tonight Don Matteo 2.30 Closing the 4.00 Lightning Point 6.00 The WIN News Hour 7.00 Better Homes & Gap on Chronic Disease 3.00 4.30 Bold & The Beautiful 7.00 The Voice Gardens France 24 International News 5.00 TEN News 9.00 TBA 3.30 Al Jazeera News 4.00 The 7.30 2013 AFL Season 11.30 Extra 6.00 The Simpsons Carlton V Hawthorn Journal 4.30 PBS Newshour 12.00 National News Late 6.30 The Project 8.30 Friday Night Movie: 5.30 Global Village 6.00 TBA 1.00 Friday Night Rugby 7.30 The Living Room You Again (PG) 6.30 World News Australia 7.30 Manly Sea Eagles v 8.30 Friday Night Movie Coast 8.35 Love and Marriage 10.45 Friday Late Movie: Canterbury Bulldogs The Devil Wears I Love You, Man (M) 9.40 As It Happened 10.35 2.30 Fruday Night Rugby Prada (PG) 12.00 Celebrity Juice World News Australia 11.10 George Illawarra v North 10.50 TEN Late News 12.45 Desperate Housewives 11.35 The Project Encore Queensland Cowboys Film: Lower City GO 1.00 Conan 2.00 16 And Pregnant GEM 12.00 Movie: Folly To Be Wise 7 TWO 12.00 Ruth Rendell Mysteries 3.00 Monsuno 3.30 Max Steel 4.00 Ben (G) 2.00 Dallas 3.00 Alive & Cooking 1.00 Seachange 2.00 Movie: 1941 4.30 10 4.30 Young Justice 5.00 Adventure 3.30 Gorilla School 4.30 Where Are They Perfect Strangers 5.00 Homes Under the Time 5.30 Movie: Wild Wild West 7.30 Now? 5.30 Ellen Degeneres Show 6.30 Hammer 6.00 Bargain Hunt 7.00 Better T.B.A. 9.30 Movie: Detroit Rock City (M) Friends 7.00 Live Friday Night Football: Homes & Gardens 8.30 Escape to the 11.30 Two And A Half Men 12.00 Conan Dragons V Cowboys Country 9.30 Cowboy Builders
TV GUIDE SATURDAY, JUNE 15
SEVEN SA TEN SA WIN SA ABC 1 6.00 Saturday Disney 6.00 Totally Wild 7.00 Paradise 6.00 Bubble Guppies 6.30 Dora 6.00 rage 7.00 Weekend Sunrise 10.30 rage Guest Cafe 7.30 Shezow 8.00 H2O The Explorer 7.00 Weekend 10.00 The Morning Show Programmer - Just Add Water 8.30 Totally Today 10.00 Mornings 12.00 12.00 Man Up! 11.30 7.30 (SA) Wild 9.00 Scope 9.30 Good Cybershack 12.30 Gilligan’s 1.30 2013 AFL Season 12.00 Australian Story Chef Bad Chef 10.00 Canine Island 1.00 The Middle Richmond V Adelaide Angels 11.00 The Doctors 12.30 Catalyst 1.30 The Avengers 4.00 TBA 1.00 Three Men In More 12.00 The Living Room Encore 3.30 Anthony Bourdain: 5.00 Out of the Blue Than One Boat 1.00 The Afternoon Movie 3.00 No Reservations 6.00 Seven News 2.00 SANFL: Round 11 Tasmania: Surrounded By Sea 4.30 Discover Downunder 6.30 2013 AFL Season 5.00 Midsomer Murders: 4.00 What’s Up Down Under 5.00 News: First At Five Essendon The Balck Book (CC) 4.30 Everyday Gourmet 5.30 Getaway V Gold Coast 6.30 Gardening Australia 6.00 National Nine News 5.00 TEN News at Five 10.30 Canal Road 7.00 ABC News 6.30 The Saturday Movie 6.00 The Simpsons 11.30 Surveillance OZ 7.30 Death In Paradise 6.30 David Attenborough’s Shrek 2 (2004) 11.59 Seven’s V8 8.30 Injustice Penguin King 8.30 The Saturday Movie Supercars 2013 10.00 Adam Hills Tonight 8.15 T.B.A. Life As We Know It 1.00 Desperate 11.00 rage Guest 9.15 Saturday Night Movie (M) (2008) Housewives Programmer The Backup Plan 10.55 The Late Movie 2.00 House Calls 5.00 rage 11.25 Saturday Late Movie Poseidon (M) to the Resuce The Kids Are All Right 1.00 The Late Movie 3.00 Harry’s Practice 1.45 48 Hours Honky Tonk Freeway 7 MATE 12.30 Seven’s V8 Supercars ELEVEN 1.00 Star Trek Voyager ONE HD 1.00 Mega Factories 2.00 2013: Skycity 5.00 America’s Toughest 3.00 Infomercial 3.30 Cheers 4.00 Money Factories 3.00 71 Degrees North Jobs 6.00 AFL Pre-Game Show 6.30 Movie: Britain & Irelands Next Top Model 5.00 4.00 The WWE Experience 5.00 Escape Monsters Inc. 8.30 The Lost World: Jurassic America’s Next Top Model 6.00 Sabrina With ET 6.00 Before The Game 7.00 Get Park (PG) 11.10 Punk’d 12.00 Style in Steel 6.30 Masterchef 10.30 The Graham Smart 7.30 Wedding Band (PG) 8.30 Norton Show Cops 9.00 MotoGP 2013 Live
SBS ONE PRIME SC TEN WIN VIC 65.00 Korean News 5:35 Jap- 6.00 Home Shopping 6.00 Totally Wild 7.00 Paradise 6.00 Bubble Guppies 6.30 Dora 7.00 Weekend Sunrise anese News 6.10 Hong Kong Cafe 7.30 Shezow 8.00 H2O The Explorer 7.00 Weekend News 6.30 Chinese News 7.00 10.00 The Morning Show - Just Add Water 8.30 Totally Today 10.00 Mornings 12.00 - Weekend Hindi News 7.25 Italian News Wild 9.00 Scope 9.30 Good Cybershack 12.30 Gilligan’s 8.05 Filipino News 8.40 French 12.00 T.B.A. Chef Bad Chef Island 2.00 TBA News 9.30 Greek News 10.30 1.00 The Middle (PG) 10.00 Bump TV 5.00 Peter Mitchell’s: German News 11.00 Spanish 1.00 The Afternoon Movie 1.30 Movie: The Avengers Our Life And Times News 12.00 Arabic News 12.30 3.00 Tasmania: Surrounded (PG) 5.30 Coxy’s Big Break Turkish News By Sea 3.30 No Reservations 6.00 Seven News 4.00 What’s Up Down 4.30 Discover Downunder 1.00 Summer Night ConUnder 5.00 News: First At Five cert 2013 2.35 Piano Notes 6.30 Family Movie: Monster’s Inc. (G) 4.30 Everyday Gourmet 5.30 Getaway 2.45 Souvenirs de Serge 5.00 TEN News at Five 6.00 National Nine News 3.30 The Century of Cartier 8.30 Saturday Movie: The Lost World 6.00 The Simpsons 6.30 T.B.A. Bresson Jurassic Park 6.30 David Attenborough’s 9.30 T.B.A. 4.30 PBS Newshour 11.00 World’s Wildest Penguin King 11.00 Movie: Poseidon (M) 5.35 Who Do You Think Police Videos 8.15 T.B.A. 1.00 Honky Tonk Freeway You Are? 9.15 Saturday Night Movie: 3.05 The Avengers 6.30 World News Australia 12.00 V8 Supercars 2013 Highlights The Back Up Plan 4.05 Danoz 7.30 James May’s Man Lab 1.00 Desperate Housewives 11.25 Movie: The Kids Are 4.30 The Fresh Prince of 8.30 RocKwiz 2.00 Home Shopping All Right (M) Bel-Air 9.30 Film: Last Ride (M) GO 10.30 Ben 10 11.00 Flea Bitten GEM 11.20 The Syndicate 1.10 7 TWO 1.00 Sydney Weekender Postcards 1.40 The Man From Laramie 1.30 Coxy’s Big Break 2.00 Movie: The 12.00 A Gurl’s World 12.30 Adventure Trouble with Angels 4.30 Treks in a Wild Time 1.30 TV Home Shopping 2.00 3.50 Those Magnificent Men In Their World 5.00 Globe Guides 5.30 No Going The Block Sky High 5.00 Scooby Doo! Flying Machines 6.30 Secret Dealers Back 6.30 Heartbeat 8.40 Lewis 10.40 Pirates Ahoy 6.30 Suburgatory 7.30 7.30 Antiques Roadshow 8.30 CSI: NY The First World War 11.40 Movie: Batman - The Movie (1989) (M) 9.30 CSI 10.30 The Mentalist (M)
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TV GUIDE SUNDAY, JUNE 16
SEVEN SA TEN SA WIN SA ABC 1 6.00 Bubble Guppies 6.00 Fish Hooks 6.00 Life Today With James 6.00 rage 6.30 Children’s 6.30 Dora The Explorer 6.30 Jake And The Never Robinson 6.30 Hillsong 7.00 Programs 9.00 Insiders 10.00 7.00 Weekend Today Land Pirates Totally Wild 8.00 Koala Land Inside Business 10.30 Offsiders 7.00 Weekend Sunrise 9.00 Good Chef Bad Chef 10.00 10.00 Financial Review Sunday 11.00 Asia Pacific Focus 11.30 10.00 AFL Game Day The Bolt Report 10.30 Meet The 10.30 Wide World of Sports Songs of Praise 12.00 Landline 11.30 Wild Boys Press 11.30 The Doctors 12.30 11.30 The Footy Show (AFL) 1.00 Gardening Australia 12.30 2013 AFL Season The Afternoon Movie: T.B.A. 1.30 Annabel Langbein 1.55 1.00 Who Do You Think GWS V Port Adelaide 3.00 The Maori Guides 4.00 You Are? David Ireland Womens International Football: 3.30 Better Homes Places We Go 4.30 Meet The AUS v NZ 4.00 Metropolis 4.30 2.00 Gilligan’s Island & Gardens Press 5.00 TEN News at Five The Book Club 5.00 Wallace 2.30 Celebrity Apprentice 5.00 RSPCA Animal And Gromits Wolrd Of Invention 4.00 House Husbands 6.00 The Simpsons Rescue 5.30 Deadly 60 6.00 Australias’s 5.00 News: First At Five 6.30 Reef Doctors 5.30 SA Life Remote Islands 6.30 Compass 5.30 Customs 7.30 Masterchef 6.00 Seven News 7.00 ABC News 7.30 Grand 8.30 Elementary (M) 6.00 National News 6.30 Sunday Night Designs: Sothern Ireland 8.20 9.30 Graham Norton Show 6.30 The Block Sky High 7.30 Border Security Dream Build: Jilliby House 8:30 10.30 Hawaii Five-O (M) 7.30 60 Minutes 8.00 The Force 11.30 48 Hours 8.30 House Husbands (PG) The Time of Our Lives 9.25 On 8.30 A Place To Call Home 12.30 Home Shopping Borrowed Time 10.25 William 9.30 CSI (M) 9.30 T.B.A. Yang 11.25 Hidden Treasures 1.00 Home Shopping 10.30 CSI: Miami (M) 11.30 Fairly Legal 3.00 2013 Formula 1 11.30 The Block Sky High 12.25 The Big Steal 2.05 Movie: 12.30 Seven’s V8 Supercars Canadian Grand Prix 12.30 Rugby:Storm V Knights Same Time Next Year 7 MATE 12.00 Seven’s V8 Supercars: ELEVEN 12.30 So You Think You ONE HD 1.00 Golf Getaway 1.30 Skycity 5.00 Style in Steel 5.30 Can Dance - Encore 2.30 Neighbours M*A*S*H 4.00 Black Gold 5.00 What’s Mythbusters 6.30 Movie: Shanghai Noon - Special Encore Presentation 5.00 Up Down Under 5.30 I Fish 6.00 (PG) 8.40 Shanghai Knights (PG) 11.00 Merlin 6.00 Sabrina 6.30 Everybody M*A*S*H 6.30 Ironman 70.3 9.00 Operation Repo 11.30 Punk’d 12.30 Loves Raymond 7.30 The Simpsons MotoGP 2013 10.30 Cops 11.00 Coal Deadliest Warrior 1.30 Britain’s Greatest 8.00 Futurama 8.30 Movie: Galaxy Quest 12.00 Persons Unknown 1.00 M*A*S*H Machines: 1960’s Revolution 10.35 Wilfred 11.05 The Office 1.30 Omnisport
SBS ONE PRIME SC TEN WIN VIC 5.00 Korean News 5:35 Japa- 6.00 Home Shopping 6.00 Creflo Dollar Ministries 6.00 Bubble Guppies 7.00 Weekend Sunrise nese News 6.10 Hong Kong 6.30 Hillsong 7.00 Totally Wild 6.30 Dora The Explorer News 6.30 Chinese News 7.00 10.00 AFL Game Day 8.00 Seas Of Life 9.00 Good 7.00 Weekend Today 11.30 Wild Boys Hindi News 7.25 Italian News Chef Bad Chef 10.00 The Bolt 10.00 Financial Review Sunday 8.05 Filipino News 8.40 French 1.30 Possum’s Club Report 10.30 Meet The Press 10.30 Wide World of Sports 2.00 Sunday Afternoon News 9.30 Greek News 10.30 11.30 Everyday Gourmet 12.00 11.30 The Footy Show (AFL) Movie: A Child Lost German News 11.00 Spanish Australian Rally championship 1.00 TAC Cup Future Stars Forever (PG) News 12.00 Arabic News 12.30 1.00 The Doctors 2.00 T.B.A. 2.00 Gilligan’s Island 4.00 Better Homes And Turkish News 4.00 Places We Go (season 2.30 Celebrity Apprentice Gardens 1.00 Speedweek final) 4.30 Meet The Press 4.00 House Husbands 5.30 Coxy’s Big Break 4.00 2013 Superbike World 5.00 TEN News 5.00 News: First At Five 6.00 Seven News Champtionship 6.00 The All New Simpsons 5.30 Customs 6.30 Sunday Night 4.30 FIFA Futbol Mundial 6.30 Reef Doctors 6.00 National News 7.30 Border Security 5.00 Netball: ANZ Champion 7.30 Masterchef 6.30 The Block Sky High - New Episode ship Highlights 8.30 Elementary (M) 7.30 60 Minutes 8.00 The Force 5.35 Inspector Rex 9.30 Graham Norton Show 8.30 House Husbands 8.30 A Place To Call Home 10.30 Hawaii Five-O (M) 6.30 World News Australia 9.30 CSI (M) 7.30 Lost Worlds 8.30 The Ob- 9.30 T.B.A. 11.30 Moto GP 10.30 CSI: Miami (M) server Effect 9.30 Tyson 11.10 11.30 Fairly Legal 3.30 Home Shopping 11.30 The Block Sky High 12.30 V8 Supercars Film: Live and Become 1.45 4.30 Destined To Reign 12.30 Rugby: Melbourne 1.30 Home Shopping 5.00 Life Today Storm v Newcastle Knights Weatherwatch Overnight GO 12.00 Winx Club 12.30 Adventure GEM 10.00 Trent’s Last Case 12.00 7 TWO 1.00 Chefs: Put Your Money Time 1.30 TV Home Shopping 2.00 Texas Carnival 1.30 Getaway 2.00 Where Your Mouth Is 2.00 Home And Manly Surf 2.30 Same Name 3.30 The Sunday Footy Show (NRL) 4.00 NRL: Away Catch-Up 4.30 Movie: Carry On... Block Sky High 5.30 Movie: Spy Kids 3D Storm V Knights 6.00 Send In The Dogs Don’t Lose Your Head 6.30 The Vicar of Game Over (PG) 7.30 The Middle 8.00 6.30 Antiques Roadshow 7.30 The Great Dibley 7.10 Fawlty Towers 7.45 Homes T.B.A. 8.30 Two And A Half Men 9.00 The Barrier Reef 8.30 Conspiracy Theory Under The Hammer 9.00 Escape To The Big Bang Theory 9.30 Double Imapct 11.15 True CSI: Cold Blood Country 11.00 Neighbours
TV GUIDE MONDAY, JUNE 17
SEVEN SA TEN SA WIN SA ABC 1 6.00 Today 6.00 Sunrise 8.00 Entertainment Tonight 6.00 ABC News Breakfast 9.30 9.00 Mornings 9.00 The Morning Show 8.30 OMG! Insider 9.00 Bold Business Today 10.00 Backyard 11.00 National News 11.30 Seven News & The Beautiful 9.30 Huey’s Science 10.25 Atoms Alive 12.00 The Midday Movie Kitchen 10.00 Good Chef Bad 12.00 Ellen Degeneres Show 10.40 Inside Science 11.00 Fugitive Nights: Chef 10.30 Bondi Vet 11.00 Landline 12.00 Midday Report 1.00 The View Danger In The Desert Masterchef Encore 12.00 Dr 12.30 Midsomer Murders 2.00 2.00 The Block Sky High 2.00 Special Phil 1.00 The Doctors 2.00 Parliament Question Time 3.00 National News Now 3.00 T.B.A Ready Steady Cook 3.00 Judge 4.00 Alive And Cooking 3.00 Children’s Programs 5.30 4.30 Seven News at 4.30 Judy 3.30 Everyday Gourmet 4.30 National News ABC News: Early 6.00 Time 5.30 Deal Or No Deal 4.00 Totally Wild 4.30 Bold & 5.30 Hot Seat Team 7.00 ABC News 7.30 6.00 Seven News The Beautiful 6.00 National News 7.30 (SA) 6.30 Today Tonight 5.00 TEN News 6.30 A Current Affair 8.00 Australian Story 7.00 Home And Away 7.00 The Block Sky High 8.30 Four Corners 6.00 The Simpsons 7.30 T.B.A. 7.30 The Voice 9.20 Media Watch 6.30 The Project 8.30 Revenge 9.30 Major Crimes 9.35 Q&A 7.30 MasterChef 9.30 T.B.A. 10.35 Lateline 8.30 Hamish MacDonald’s 10.30 Footy Classified 11.30 Happy Endings 11.30 The Block Sky High 11.10 The Business The Truth Is? (PG) 12.00 T.B.A. 12.00 National News Late 11.35 Dalziel And Pascoe 9.30 The Americans 1.30 Home Shopping 12.30 A Current Affair 1.05 Parliament Question 10.30 TEN Late News 3.30 Sons & Daughters 1.00 Worst Case Scenario Time 11.15 The Project Encore 4.00 NBC Today 1.30 Extra 2.05 Movie: Force Of Evil 12.00 The Late Show 7 MATE 1.00 Seven’s V8 Supercars: ELEVEN 1.00 JAG 2.00 Star Trek ONE HD 12.30 Isle Of Man TT Skycity 3.00 Motor Mate 4.30 Dream Car Voyager 3.00 Infomercial 3.30 Cheers 2013 1.30 Omnisport 2.00 71 Degrees Garage 5.30 Who’s Still Standing 6.30 4.00 The King of Queens 4.30 Family North 3.00 Fear Factor 5.00 I Fish 6.00 Seinfeld 7.30 Ultimate Factories 8.30 Ties 5.00 Happy Days 5.30 The Brady M*A*S*H 6.30 Get Smart 7.00 Cops 7.30 Pawn Stars 9.30 American Restoration Bunch 6.00 Sabrina 6.30 Neighbours Diamond Divers 8.30 Movie: A Beautiful 10.30 American Pickers 11.30 Bid 7.00 Raymond 8.00 Raising Hope 8.30 Mind (M) 11.10 MooGP 2013 1.40 America 12.00 30 Rock Torchwood 9.30 Dexter MotoGP 2013
SBS ONE PRIME SC TEN WIN VIC 6.00 Sunrise 5.00 Korean News 5:35 Japa7.00 Wurrawhy 7.30 Totally 6.00 Today 9.00 The Morning Show nese News 6.10 Hong Kong Wild 8.00 Entertainment Tonight 9.00 Mornings News 6.30 Chinese News 7.00 11.30 Seven News 8.30 OMG! Insider 9.00 Bold 11.00 National News 12.00 The Midday Movie Hindi News 7.25 Italian News & The Beautiful 9.30 Huey’s 12.00 Ellen Degeneres Show Fugitive Nights: 8.05 Filipino News 8.40 French Kitchen 10.00 Good Chef Bad 1.00 The View Danger In The Desert Chef 10.30 Bondi Vet 11.00 News 9.30 Greek News 10.30 2.00 The Block Sky High 2.00 Special: Andrew Lloyd Masterchef Encore 12.00 Dr German News 11.00 Spanish 3.00 National News Now Webber: 40 Years Of Phil 1.00 The doctors 2.00 News12.00 Arabic News 12.30 4.00 Alive And Cooking Stage Musicals Turkish News 1.00 Eurovision Ready Steady Cook 3.00 Judge 4.30 National News Song Contest Junior 2012 3.00 3.00 T.B.A. Judy 3.30 Everyday Gourmet 5.30 Hot Seat 4.30 Seven News At 4.30 France 24 International News 4.00 Totally Wild 4.30 Bold & 6.00 The WIN News Hour 6.00 Seven News 3.30 Al Jazeera News 4.00 The Beautiful 5.00 TEN News 7.00 The Block Sky High 6.30 Today Tonight The Journal 4.30 FIFA Futbol 7.30 The Voice 6.00 The Simpsons 7.00 Home And Away Mundial 5.00 Massive Movies 9.30 Major Crimes 6.30 The Project 7.30 T.B.A. 5.30 Global Village 6.00 TBA 10.30 Footy Classified 7.30 MasterChef 6.30 World News Australia 7.30 8.30 Revenge 8.30 Hamish MacDonald’s 11.30 The Block Sky High 9.30 T.B.A. Mythbusters 8.30 Pleasure 12.00 WIN News Late The Truth Is? (PG) and Pain 9:30 Mad Men 10.25 10.30 T.B.A. 1.00 Worst Case Scenario 9.30 The Americans World News Australia 11.00 The 11.30 T.B.A. 1.30 Extra 10.30 TEN Late News Life and Times of Tm 11.30 The 12.00 T.B.A. 2.00 The Avengers 11.15 The Project Encore 1.30 Home Shopping Mighty Boosh 3.00 Danoz 12.00 The Late Show GO 1.00 The Bachelorette 3.00 GEM 12.00 Movie: The Duke Wore 7 TWO 12.00 Movie: Sherlock Holmes Monsuno 3.30 Max Steel 4.05 Ben 10: Jeans (G) 2.00 Secret Dealers 3.00 Alive 2.15 Movie: Reach for the Sky (G) 5.00 Alien Force 4.30 Young Justice 5.00 & Cooking 3.30 Antiques Roadshow The Hogan Family 5.30 Homes Under Adventure Time 5.30 The Block Sky 4.30 The Great Barrier Reef 5.30 Ellen The Hammer 6.30 Bargain Hunt 7.30 High 6.30 The Middle 7.00 The Big Bang Degeneres Show 6.30 Friends 7.30 Mighty Ships 8.30 Blue Murder 9.40 Theory 7.30 Two And A Half Men 8.00 Animal Emergency 8.30 Super Nanny Waking The Dead 11.50 The Shield Top Gear 9.30 Movie: The Hurt Locker USA 9.30 Embarrassing Teenage Bodies 12.50 Bargain Hunt
PRIME
David Attenborough’s Penguin King
Super Nanny USA
The Devil Wears Prada
Neighbours
Monday, 8.30pm A 25-year-old single woman with two boys (ages 4 and 6) brazenly abdicates her parenting responsibilities and completely relies on her mother and father.
Tuesday, 7.00pm Leonard seeks Penny’s counsel when his relationship with Stephanie takes off faster than he’d like. Sheldon’s hypochondriac tendencies get the better of him.
Friday, 8.30pm In New York, a naive young woman scores a job as the second assistant to one of the city’s biggest magazine editors, Miranda Priestly or Runway fashion magazine.
Monday, 6.40pm Brad realises he’s living vicariously through Joashua; Rani struggles with Callum’s jealousy; Sonja puts her past to bed, or so she thinks.
Seven’s V8 Supercars 2013: Skycity
Thursday, 9.15pm Dr. Whale is tasked with mending Hook’s wounds and performing surgery on the stranger whose car crashed upon entering Storybrooke. Cora attempts to reunite with daughter Regina.
Saturday, 6.30pm Follow the struggles of a lovelorn male bird wandering the sub-Atlantic islands of South Georgia looking for a mate to start a family.
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Saturday, 12.30pm Skycity Triple Crown Darwin. Race 17
TV GUIDE TUESDAY, JUNE 18 TV GUIDE WEDNESDAY, JUNE 19
SEVEN SA TEN SA WIN SA ABC 1 6.00 Sunrise 8.00 Entertainment Tonight 6.00 Today 6.00 ABC News Breakfast 9.30 9.00 The Morning Show 8.30 OMG! Insider 9.00 Bold 9.00 Mornings Business Today 10.00 Behind 11.30 Seven Morning News & The Beautiful 9.30 Huey’s 11.00 National Morning News The News 10.25 Get Into 12.00 The Midday Movie Kitchen 10.00 Good Chef Bad 12.00 Ellen Degeneres Show Textiles 10.50 Magic of Making Living Proof Chef 10.30 Bondi Vet 11.00 11.00 Big Ideas 12.00 Midday 1.00 The View 2.00 Winners & Losers MasterChef Encore 12.00 Dr Report 12.30 Compass 1.00 2.00 The Block Sky High 3.00 T.B.A. Phil. 1.00 The Doctors 2.00 2.30 The New Adventures Q&A 2.00 Parliament Question 3.30 T.B.A. Ready Steady Cook 3.00 Judge Time 3.00 Children’s Programs of Old Christine 4.30 Seven News at 4.30 Judy 3.30 Everyday Gourmet 3.00 National News Now 5.30 ABC News: Early 5.30 Deal or No Deal 4.00 Totally Wild 4.30 Bold & 4.00 Alive And Cooking 6.00 Time Team 6.00 Seven News The Beautiful 4.30 National News 7.00 ABC News 6.30 Today Tonight 5.00 TEN News 5.30 Hot Seat 7.30 7.30 7.00 Home And Away 6.00 National news 8.00 Croc College 6.00 The Simpsons 7.30 T.B.A. 6.30 A Current Affair 8.30 New Tricks 6.30 The Project 8.30 Packed To The Rafters 7.30 MasterChef 7.00 The Block Sky High 9.30 At The Movies 8.00 The Big Bang Theory 10.00 AThe A-Z Of Contem8.30 NCIS (M) 9.30 Border Security 8.30 Celebrity Apprentice poary Art: L-Z 9.30 NCIS: Los Angeles 10.30 Travel Unravelled 10.00 The Big Bang Theory 10.30 Lateline 10.30 TEN Late News 11.00 Cougar Town 10.30 Two And A Half Men 11.05 The Business 11.15 The Project Encore 11.00 The Mindy Project 11.30 Extra 11.30 Four Corners 12.00 The Late Show 11.30 Happy Endings 12.00 National News Late 12.20 Media Watch 1.00 Home Shopping 12.00 T.B.A. 7 MATE 1.00 V8 Supercars: Skycity ELEVEN 1.00 JAG 2.00 Star Trek ONE HD 1.30 The WWE Experience 3.00 Motor Mate 4.30 Dream Car Garage Voyager 3.00 Infomercial 3.30 Cheers 2.30 Omnisport 3.00 Fear Factor 4.00 5.30 Who’s Still Standing 6.30 Seinfield 4.00 The King of Queens 4.30 Family Get Smart 4.30 Cops 5.00 I Fish 6.00 7.30 Mythbusters 8.30 Family Guy 10.00 Ties 5.00 Happy Days 5.30 The Brady M*A*S*H 6.30 Get Smart 7.00 Cops 7.30 American Dad 10.30 Family Guy 11.30 Bunch 6.00 Sabrina 6.30 Neighbours Frontiers of Construction 8.30 Cops: American Dad 12.00 Crank Yankers 7.00 Everybody Loves Raymond 7.30 Adults Only 9.30 Mafia’s Greatest Hits 12.30 Chappelle’s Show Rules of Engagement 8.00 New Normal 10.40 Recruits 11.40 71 Degrees North
SBS ONE PRIME SC TEN WIN VIC 6.00 Sunrise 5.00 Korean News 5:35 7.00 Wurrawhy 7.30 Totally Wild 6.00 Today 9.00 The Morning Show Japanese News 6.10 Hong 8.00 Entertainment Tonight 8.30 9.00 Mornings 11.30 Seven Morning News OMG! Insider 9.00 Bold & The 11.00 National Morning News Kong News 6.30 Chinese 12.00 The Midday Movie News 7.00 Hindi News 7.25 Beautiful 9.30 Huey’s Kitchen 12.00 Ellen Degeneres Show Past Midnight (M) Italian News 8.05 Filipino News 10.00 Good Chef Bad Chef 1.00 The View 2.00 Winners & Losers 8.40 French News 9.30 Greek 10.30 Bondi Vet 11.00 Master2.00 The Block Sky High 3.00 T.B.A. News 10.30 German News Chef Encore 12.00 Dr Phil 1.00 2.30 The New Adventures 4.30 Seven News at 4.30 11.00 Spanish News 12.00 The Doctors 2.00 Ready Steady of Old Christine 5.30 Deal or No Deal Arabic News 12.30 Turkish Cook 3.00 Judge Judy 3.30 3.00 National News Now 6.00 Seven News News 1.00 Becoming Human Everyday Gourmet 4.00 Totally 4.00 Alive And Cooking 6.30 Today Tonight 2.00 Tropic of Cancer 3.00 Wild 4.30 Bold & The Beautiful 4.30 National News 7.00 Home And Away France 24 International News 5.00 TEN News 5.30 Hot Seat 3.30 Al Jezeera News 4.00 The 7.30 T.B.A. 6.00 The WIN News Hour 6.00 The Simpsons 8.30 Packed To The Rafters 6.30 The Project Journal 4.30 PBS Newshour 7.00 The Block Sky High 5.30 Global Village 6.00 TBA 8.00 Celebrity Apprentice 7.30 MasterChef 9.30 Border Security 6.30 World News Australia 7.30 10.30 Travel Unravelled 9.30 T.B.A. 8.30 NCIS (Season Final) FIFA World Cup 2014 Qualifier: 11.00 Cougar Town 11.30 Extra 9.30 NCIS: Los Angeles Australia v Jordan 10.10 12.00 WIN News Late 10.30 TEN Late News 11.30 Happy Endings Venice 24/7 10.40 World News 12.00 T.B.A. 1.00 The Block Sky High 11.15 The Project Encore Australia 11.00 Film: Winter in 2.00 Seaway 12.00 The Late Show 1.30 Home Shopping War Time 3.00 Danoz 1.00 Infomercial 5.30 Seven Early News GO 1.00 Conan 2.00 16 And Pregnant GEM 12.00 Movie: The Queen Of 7 TWO 1.00 SeaChange 2.00 3.00 Monsuno 3.30 Max Steel 4.05 Ben Spades (PG) 2.00 Baboon Bandits 3.00 Movie: White Line Fever (PG) 4.00 Mad 10 4.30 Young Justice 5.00 Adventure Alive & Cooking 3.30 Super Nanny About You 4.30 Perfect Strangers 5.00 Time 5.30 The Block Sky High 6.00 Two USA 4.30 Animal Emergency 5.30 Ellen The Hogan Family 5.30 Homes Under And A Half Men 6.30 The Middle 7.00 Degeneres Show 6.30 Friends 7.30 The Hammer 6.30 Bargain Hunt 7.30 The Big Bang Theory 8.00 Come Fly Planet Earth 8.40 The Mentalist 9.40 Highway Patrol 8.00 Motorway Patrol With Me 8.30 2 Broke Girls 9.30 Movie Person of Interest 11.30 The Closer 8.30 Air Crash Investigations
SEVEN SA 6.00 Sunrise 9.00 The Morning Show 11.30 Seven Morning News 12.00 The Midday Movie Silent Warnings 2.00 Winners & Losers 3.00 T.B.A. 4.30 Seven News at 4.30 5.30 Deal Or No Deal 6.00 Seven News 6.30 Today Tonight 7.00 Home And Away 7.30 T.B.A. 8.30 Criminal Minds (M) 10.30 Hannibal 11.30 Special 12.00 T.B.A. 1.30 Home Shopping 3.30 Sons & Daughters 4.00 NBC Today
SBS ONE 5.00 Korean News 5:35 Japanese News 6.10 Hong Kong News 6.30 Chinese News 7.00 Hindi News 7.25 Italian News 8.05 Filipino News 8.40 French News 9.30 Greek News 10.30 German News 11.00 Spanish News 12.00 Arabic News 12.30 Turkish News 1.00 FIFA World Cup 2014 Qualifier: Australia v Iraq 3.00 France 24 International News 3.30 Al Jazeera News 4.00 The Journal 4.30 PBS Newshour 5.30 Global Village 6.00 TBA 6.30 World News Australia 7.30 Sea Of Creepy Monsters 8.30 Toughest Place to be a ... 9.30 Borgen 10.35 World News Australia
TEN SA WIN SA ABC 1 6.00 Today 8.00 Entertainment Tonight 6.00 ABC News Breakfast 9.30 9.00 Mornings 8.30 OMG! Insider 9.00 Bold Business Today 10.00 For The 11.00 National Morning News Juniors 10.20 Cyberchase & The Beautiful 9.30 Huey’s Kitchen 10.00 Good Chef Bad 12.00 Ellen Degeneres Show 10.40 Behind The News Chef 10.30 Bondi Vet 11.00 Specials 11.00 Big Ideas 12.00 1.00 The View MasterChef Encore 12.00 Dr Midday Report 12.30 Nat. 2.00 The Block Sky High Phil 1.00 The Doctors 2.00 Press Club Address 1.30 At 3.00 National News Now Ready Steady Cook 3.00 Judge 4.00 Alive And Cooking The Movies 2.00 Parliament Judy 3.30 Everyday Gourmet Question Time 3.00 Children’s 4.30 National News 4.00 Totally Wild 4.30 Bold & Programs 5.30 ABC News: 5.30 Hot Seat The Beautiful Early 6.00 Time Team 7.00 ABC 6.00 National News 5.00 TEN News News 7.30 7.30 (SA) 8.00 QI 6.30 A Current Affair 7.00 The Block Sky High 6.00 The Simpsons 8.30 Adam Hills Tonight 8.30 The Big Bang Theory 6.30 The Project 9.30 Would I Lie To You? 8.30 Arrow 7.30 MasterChef 10.00 The Hollowmen 9.30 T.B.A. 8.30 Offspring (M) 10.30 Lateline 10.30 The Block Sky High 9.30 Beauty & The Beast 11.05 The Business 11.30 Extra 10.30 TEN Late News 11.30 Waking The Dead 12.00 National News Late 11.15 The Project Encore 12.25 Parliament Question 12.30 A Current Affair 12.00 The Late Show Time 1.00 New Adv.Old Christine 2.30 SANFL Round 11 1.00 Home Shopping 7 MATE 1.00 Alphas 2.00 Motor Mate ELEVEN 1.00 JAG 2.00 Star Trek ONE HD 12.30 Isle Of Man TT 2013 4.30 Dream Car Garage 5.00 Zoom TV Voyager 3.00 Infomercial 3.30 Cheers 1.30 Fear Factor 4.00 Get Smart 4.30 5.30 Who’s Still Standing 6.30 Seinfeld 4.00 The King of Queens 4.30 Family Cops 5.00 I Fish 6.00 M*A*S*H 6.30 Get 7.30 Pawn Stars 8.30 Hardcore Pawn Ties 5.00 Happy Days 5.30 The Brady Smart 7.00 Cops 7.30 White Collar 8.30 9.30 American Pickers 11.30 Rude Tube Bunch 6.00 Sabrina 6.30 Neighbours Burn Notice 9.30 Blue Bloods 10.30 Lie 12.00 Chappelle’s Show 12.30 Crank 7.00 Everybody Loves Raymond 7.30 To Me 11.30 Persons Unknown 12.30 Yankers 1.00 30 Rock The Simpsons 8.00 Futurama Fast Forward 1.30 Omnisport
PRIME SC TEN WIN VIC 6.00 Sunrise 7.00 Wurrawhy 7.30 Totally Wild 6.00 Today 9.00 The Morning Show 8.00 Entertainment Tonight 8.30 9.00 Mornings 11.30 Seven Morning News OMG! Insider 9.00 Bold & The 11.00 National Morning News 12.00 The Midday Movie Beautiful 9.30 Huey’s Kitchen 12.00 Ellen Degeneres Show Silent Warnings (M) 10.00 Good Chef Bad Chef 1.00 The View 2.00 Winners & Losers 10.30 Bondi Vet 11.00 Master2.00 The Block Sky High 3.00 T.B.A. Chef Encore 12.00 Dr Phil 1.00 3.00 National News Now 4.30 Seven News at 4.30 The Doctors 2.00 Ready Steady 4.00 Alive And Cooking 5.30 Deal Or No Deal Cook 3.00 Judge Judy 3.30 4.30 National News 6.00 Seven News Everyday Gourmet 4.00 Totally 5.30 Hot Seat 6.30 Today Tonight Wild 4.30 Bold & The Beautiful 6.00 The WIN News Hour 7.00 Home And Away 5.00 TEN News 7.00 The Block Sky High 7.30 T.B.A. 8.00 The Big Bang Theory 6.00 The Simpsons 8.30 Criminal Minds (M) 8.30 Arrow 6.30 The Project 10.30 Hannibal 9.30 TBA 7.30 MasterChef 11.30 The Lone Ranger: A 10.30 The Block Sky High 8.30 Offspring (M) Filmmaking Frontier 11.30 Extra 9.30 Beauty & The Beast 12.00 T.B.A. 12.00 WIN News Hour Late 10.30 TEN Late News 1.30 Home Shopping 1.00 The New Adventures 11.15 The Project Encore 5.30 Seven Early News of Old Christine 12.00 The Late Show with Natalie Barr 1.30 Gideon’s Way 1.00 Infomercial GO 1.00 Conan 2.00 16 & Pregnant GEM 12.00 Movie: Carry On Jack (PG) 7 TWO 1.00 SeaChange 2.00 Movie: 3.00 Monsuno 3.30 Max Steel 4.05 Ben 1.50 Gem Presents: Adam Brand Music The Ambushers (PG) 4.30 Perfect 10 4.30 Young Justice 5.00 Adventure Special 2.00 The Mentalist 3.00 Alive & Strangers 5.00 The Hogan Family 5.30 Time 5.30 The Block Sky High 6.30 The Cooking 3.30 Lion Country 4.30 Planet Homes Under The Hammer 6.30 Bargain Middle 7.00 The Big Bang Theory 7.30 Earth 5.30 Ellen Degeneres Show 6.30 Hunt 7.30 Border Security 8.00 SCU: Serious Crash Unit 8.30 Escape to the... Auction Hunters 8.30 Two And Half Men Friends 7.30 Customs 8.30 RPA 9.30 Longmire 10.30 Cold Case 9.30 Nina Conti - Talk To The Hand (M)
WIN SA
A Beautiful Mind
Revenge
Friday, 8.30pm Alex Fletcher lives comfortably in Manhattan off the residuals from his 80’s pop success. His gigs are declining so he jumps at the chance to write a song but needs help with lyrics from the girl who waters his plants.
Saturday, 9.15pm A woman who desperately wants children conceives twins through artificial insemination, only to meet the man of her dreams on the very same day.
Saturday, 7.30pm When an English tourist is found dead in her luxury villa, strangled by her own scarf, the crime scene initially indicated a robbery gone wrong. Starring Ben Miller
FIFA World Cup 2014 Qualifier
Friday, 8.30pm Successful PR pro Marni heads home for older brother’s wedding and discovers that he’s marrying her high school arch nemesis, who’s conveniently forgotten their problematic past.
Monday, 8.30pm After a brilliant mathematician accepts secret work in cryptography, his life takes a turn to the nightmarish. Now only his devoted wife can help him in this powerful story of courage and passion.
Monday, 8.30pm Truth - Part 1. In the first half of this dramatic season finale, a series of dangerous events has been set in motion and it all comes to a head in one catastrophic moment that will change everyone’s lived forever.
Wednesday, 1.00pm Australia V Iraq - A replay of the Socceroo’s 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifying match against Iraq. From ANZ Stadium Homebush, NSW.
Lifestyle1.net - 043
star safety the number one priority of new Holden
Today, more than ever, safety is one of the primary considerations for many new car buyers, and the
sophisticated VF Commodore, which uses more ultra highstrength steel in its construction than ever
before, is one of the safest new cars on Australian roads. Recently awarded a five-star ANCAP crash
Mount Gambier
SAVE $3,000 WAS $30,990
NOW $27,990 2010 JAYCO EXPANDA 14.44-3 Roll-out awning, privacy screen, wind-up TV Antenna. shower + toilet, amazing bench space.
SAVE $1,000 WAS $33,990
NOW $32,990 2005 JAYCO HERITAGE 21.65-5 Separate shower & toilet, 150L fridge, oven, annexe walls.
SAVE $1,000 WAS $6,500
$5,990 MILLARD POP-TOP Family bunk layout and large club lounge front seating, annexe walls, excellent condition.
SAVE $2,500 WAS $8,490
NOW $5,500 2007 X-TRAIL Real tailgate, kitchen, battery pack, plugs to run fridges, 2 burner gas, main bed on trailer.
SAVE $1,000
EVERNEW Front club converts to bed, annexe walls, 12 volt system, rear singles.
1994 SPACELINE POP-TOP Shower/toilet, annexe, tandem axle - great value.
WAS $16,490
the driver can check rear passengers are properly restrained. VF Commodore’s larger volume seatmounted airbag increases side impact protection by extending the area of body coverage. It incorporates an
$9,750
07 HOLDEN VE BERLINA
One owner, 149,000kms, cruise, ABS, traction control. XOH-661
NOW $15,990 1995 COMPASS GT POP-TOP Single beds, cooktop & oven, 3 way fridge, microwave, new awning.
SPECIAL OFFER All NEW Jayco models in stock
pack FREE solar Including battery Offer ends June 30
additional cell which inflates to a higher pressure to better distribute crash energy loads across the occupant’s pelvic area as well as the chest. The concept takes advantage of the pelvis’s ability to take higher loads while
WAS $20,500
NOW $5,990 SAVE $500
test rating, the body structure is stronger than ever. Passenger safety cage and rollover protection are reinforced by increased usage of advanced, high-strength and ultra high-strength steels, which now comprise 49 percent of Commodore’s robust crash-optimised body structure. The VF has also been engineered for improved frontal pedestrian impact performance, reducing the risk of serious injury to people both inside and outside the car. Its family car attributes are further enhanced by the addition of simple-to-use ISOFIX child seat anchorages. Commodore is one of the few cars on the road with the capability to accommodate three ISOFIX child seats across the rear seat, pending ADR approval. It also comes with seatbelt automatic locking retractors for firmer child restraint fitment, along with a rear seat belt reminder in the Driver Information Display, so
NOW $21,000
Restored to old world charm! Suit collector. S124APV
$8,950
$13,750
2011 JAYCO DOVE 11CP Dometic air conditioner, annexe walls, bed flys, battery provision, wind up TV antenna.
SAVE $3,990 WAS $18,990
06 SSANGYONG STAVIC SV270 . Turbo diesel, leather, auto, 7 seats S953AUD
$8,950
Auto, dual airbags, power windows, 4x4,112,000kms. SIS-034
$14,950
NOW $15,000 1994 VISCOUNT VOUGE Island double bed, oven, extra seating, 150L fridge, microwave, 2 gas bottles.
Jayco Mount Gambier
123 Commercial St East, Mount Gambier. Phone (08) 8725 6122
03 FORD BA FAIRLANE
te Leather, full luxury, CD stacker, clima control, tidy car. UYT-271
SALES HOTLINE
05 MITSUBISHI PAJERO GLX V6 engine, power windows, cruise control, 7 seats.
0419 031 883
168 Jubilee Highway West, Mount Gambier. Phone/ Fax 08 8725 8913
Lifestyle1.net - 044
LVD 194576 E&EO
MOTOR Five
limiting pressure on more sensitive thorax and abdominal areas. The thorax/pelvis airbag is located within the backrest frame of the vehicle’s front seats and will deploy within milliseconds of a detected side collision contact. The new front seat design also provides improved protection for whiplash in a rear impact. It includes a four-way adjustable head restraint. Holden’s Manager of Vehicle Structure and Safety Integration Steve Curtis said VF’s safety system was almost all new. “To balance all the changes driven by mass reduction imperatives in particular, we’ve touched everything – body structure, airbags, seatbelts, you name it - to deliver the best standard of injury risk protection yet,” he said. “We put VF Commodore through much more extensive crash scenario testing than ever before - it was very much a global activity because this vehicle is being sold in international markets and has to satisfy multiple requirements.” cont. next page.
MOTOR Five
star safety the number one priority of new Holden
The results exceed current 5-Star ANCAP rating requirements and satisfy broader and more demanding Holden safety engineering standards, including double rollover protection. “Development work covered a wide range of crash scenarios and occupant criteria, matched to real world
driving environments,” Mr Curtis said. “Demanding crash performance criteria drove the design to satisfy GM best practice and 5-Star ANCAP ratings in front, side and rear impact, whiplash and pedestrian protection and our test schedules for the VF Commodore safety development
MOTOR Technologically
program were even greater in number and complexity than the original VE program.” Physical testing involved 48 prototype vehicles and a total of 70 barrier crashes (versus 55 for VE) at Holden’s Lang Lang Proving Ground and GM’s Milford safety test facility in North America. Holden
engineers also carried out an additional 105 dynamic simulation sled tests on VF safety systems. Exponential growth in computing power made for a more extensive virtual crash modelling program. The virtual crash models employed for VF testing were far larger and more complex
and the time taken to simulate crash models – a 64 km/h offset frontal barrier crash for example – almost
halved, affording even more extensive virtual assessment of multiple crash test scenarios.
advanced
LVD 2447
The new VF Commodore is all about Australian made advanced technology firsts for Commodore. Auto Park Assist, which takes the guesswork out of reversing into tight spots or on busy thoroughfares, is just one of the many new features making driving safer and easier for Commodore drivers. There is also front and rear ultrasonic park assist. Another breakthrough feature is the Head-Up Display, which projects crucial information from the driver on the windscreen rather than averting their eyes to the dashboard. It is basically technology that has been in military aircrafts for many years. There is also a forward collision alert, lane departure warning, blind spot alert and reverse traffic alert. The new VF Commodore is also “keyless”, allowing drivers to unlock, start and lock the car simply by carrying a sensor key with them, as well as boasting a remote start system that operates from 100metres away and starts up the last known heating and cooling systems in the vehicle as well. There is also a rear seat belt reminder, power heated seats, reverse tilt mirrors, daytime running lamps and a reversing camera. Lifestyle1.net - 045
2010 HOLDEN COMMODORE VE II OMEGA
2008 MITSUBISHI LANCER CJ ES 6 speed automatic, ABS, air conditioning,
Automatic, 59,451km, 16” alloy wheels,
dual airbags, CD player, central locking,
anti lock brakes, 8 airbags, bluetooth,
cruise control, power windows. XUA-309.
CD player, central locking, cruise control, power windows. MCL-913.
Was: $11,990
2005 MAZDA 3 BK SP23
2007 HOLDEN STATESMAN WM
2010 MAZDA BT-50 B2500 BOSS DX
2011 FORD RANGER SUPER CAB HIGH RIDER
2008 HOLDEN COMMODORE VE SS
5 speed manual, 17” alloy wheels, cruise control, body kit, 8 airbags, central locking, power windows, CD stacker. JMO-799. Was $14,990.
Automatic, 17” alloy wheels, anti lock brakes, climate control, 8 airbags, bluetooth, CD stacker, central locking, cruise control, leather trim, power windows, rain sensors. S310AJZ.
5 speed manual turbo diesel, 15” alloy wheels, air conditioning, dual airbags, CD player, central locking, power steering, power windows, tinted windows. IPHQ086.
Automatic turbo diesel, mobile phone connectivity, 17” alloy wheels, anti lock brakes, climate control, 6 airbags, central locking, cruise control, diff locks, rain sensor, tinted windows, tow bar. S116AOE.
Automatic, 32,185km, 18” alloy wheels, anti lock brakes, air conditioning, 4 airbags, bluetooth, body kit, CD player, central locking, cruise control, power windows. WJB-308. WAS $25,990.
Internet ID: 20583
2011 HOLDEN COLORADO RC LT-R CREW CAB
2011 HYUNDAI i30 FD SX
2010 HYUNDAI iX35 ACTIVE
2008 FORD FALCON BF MK III XT
2010 SUZUKI SWIFT
5 speed manual turbo diesel, 16” alloy wheels, dual airbags, bluetooth, CD player, central locking, cruise control, fog lamps, power windows, side steps. S436AJZ.
Automatic, anti lock brakes, air conditioning, 8 airbags, bluetooth, CD player, central locking, power windows. 090-RRG. WAS $18,990
Automatic, anti lock brakes, air conditioning, 8 airbags, CD player, central locking, cruise control, power windows. YHF-12L. Was $23,990.
Automatic, anti lock brakes, air conditioning, dual airbags, CD player, central locking, power steering, power windows. 680SCX. WAS $15,990
Internet ID: 20495
Internet ID: 20493
Automatic, 1 owner, full service history, dual airbags, air conditioning, central locking, anti lock brakes, CD player, front power windows. AO8537. WAS $16,990
Internet ID: 20543
2011 HOLDEN COMMODORE VE SV6
2011 FORD FALCON FG XR6
2007 FORD RANGER PJ XLT CREW CAB
2011 FORD TERRITORY SZ TX SEQ SPORT SHIFT RWD
2004 FORD FAIRLANE BA GHIA
Automatic, 1 year left of NCW, 18” alloy wheels, mobile phone connectivity, bluetooth, climate control, CD player, cruise control, power windows. CJE-61J.
Automatic, 18” alloy wheels, climate control, cruise control, tow pack, body kit, CD player. S267ALK.
5 speed manual turbo diesel, 16” alloy wheels, air conditioning, 4 airbags, CD stacker, central locking, fog lamps, power windows, side steps. UQM-172.
Automatic turbo diesel, 1 owner, full log book records, bluetooth, climate control, 17” alloy wheels, 7 airbags, CD player, central locking, cruise control, power windows. MCL-617.
Automatic, 16” alloy wheels, anti lock brakes, climate control, 4 airbags, CD stacker, central locking, cruise control, leather seats, power steering, power windows. XCG-608.
Internet ID: 20556
|
Moscow
|
Whose logo features two pulling horses and the words 'original riveted'?
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Lifestyle1 magazine Issue 484 by Lifestyle1 - issuu
issuu
OVER 300 PROPERTIES 38 OPEN HOMES ISSUE 484 | JUNE 13 - 19, 2013 CIRCULATIONS AUDIT BOARD - 27,600 copies
Phone 08 8724 7111 www.lifestyle1.net
Macsheds under new ownership by Thomson Bilt Building • Innovations • Lifestyles • Tomorrow See page 3 for details
HEALTH AND WELLBEING
Chinese Medical Centre est. 1995
42% OFF
44% OFF
COVER Nothing Leon Thomson brings a wealth of experience to the building game and now with seven years running his own business and recently taking over ownership of Macsheds, he continues to share that expertise with the Limestone Coast and South West Victoria. A Millicent local originally, Leon travelled Australia, working on a variety of building projects and completing his bricklaying and residential builder’s licence while he was at it. It was seven years ago that he returned to the Limestone Coast and started his own contracting business and now with the addition of Macsheds, Leon offers
beats experience quality workmanship across all areas of the building industry. Married, with two daughters, Leon understands the needs of your family. He is a distributor for FairDinkum Sheds; an accredited dealer for B & D doors and openers and also offers concreting, bricklaying, stone masonry, tiling, paving, fencing and general building services. “I’m all about taking the stress out of whatever job it is you need done, from a small repair to a whole new shed,” Leon said. “I want to continue the proud reputation of Macsheds throughout the area and diversify our services to suit our
clients’ needs moving forward into the future.” Leon services the Limestone Coast and Western Victoria and has built his business around the motto Building, Innovations, Lifestyles, Tomorrow. Leon and his team are all about transforming your original patch of dirt into your dream building project. And while he’s as much about good old fashioned service today as when he first started his bricklaying apprenticeship, Leon has also moved with the times and offers the latest technology to give clients access to spot quotes and layout options.
FairDinkum Sheds also have an app so you can start designing your own shed today. And through Leon’s accredited B & D door and opener dealership, he offers roller doors, commercial shutters and panel lifts, all under a brand considered the Rolls Royce of the industry. So whatever job it is you need, contact the friendly staff at Thomson Bilt/Macsheds for an affordable quote and expert advice. Leon also has a new website under construction, which will make his business even more accessible for his customers.
Above - Leon Thomson has recently taken over ownership of Macsheds as part of his ThomsonBilt business, catering for all your building needs. Below - The friendly team - Doug Solly, Leonie Wilson and owner Leon Thomson.
Sign a contract for a double garage or larger before the end of June and receive a FREE automatic door opener valued at $400. Present this coupon to redeem. Call into 291 Commercial Street West, Mount Gambier or phone (08)8725 2155 or 0410 587 575 (Leon).
Average Net Distribution October 2012 to March 2013 27,600 copies. 08 8724 7111 or 03 5561 3141 Fax 08 8724 7882 Web www.lifestyle1.net Email [email protected] Office Office 1 20 Penola Road, Mount Gambier Manager Jason Allen Sales Duncan McGregor 0407 722 983 Editor Di Gould Print 28,000 copies Distribution Letterbox, Australia Post and Newsagencies
Company Directors Course
Portland Yambuk
Over 45 towns
Details contained in this magazine have been compiled from information supplied by advertisers. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained here in. Prospective purchasers should rely on their own enquiries.
Enquire or enrol w: companydirectors.com.au/cdc t:1300 783 566 e:[email protected] Lifestyle1.net - 003
Monday 14 - Friday 18 October 2013 8.45am to 4.00pm each day The Barn, Mt Gambier
on this day
local story
JUNE 13 1825 - Walter Hunt patented the safety pin. Hunt then then sold the rights for $400. 1979 - Aussie actress Esther Anderson (Home & Away) was born.
Student mentoring program Ten Year 10 Grant High School students have started the 2013 school based online mentoring program called iTrack, following the successful pilot program for seven students in 2012. iTrack is The Smith Family’s school based online mentoring program that aims to provide students with opportunities to have text chats with supportive adults other than a teacher or parent about workplace, study and career opportunities with the aim to enhance their school to work or further study transition. The program works by matching the students with an adult professional drawn from The Smith Family’s corporate and community partners. The mentor and student then engage in a weekly online electronic ‘chat’ session over the course of two school terms. Students and mentors are told each other’s first name only and the chats are restricted to a secure online chat room monitored by The Smith Family. Feedback from previous iTrack sessions has been very positive with Mentors and students building good relationships throughout the sessions. The Smith Family’s evaluation of iTrack showed that as a result of their participation on the program, 83 per cent of students said they had a better understanding of possible career paths; 85 per cent of students indicated they were happy with how the mentor relationship worked and 77 per cent reported improved confidence about going on to further study and about asking for advice and help.
Homestyle country cooking in warm friendly surroundings
Calebs Cafe
sƟll open unƟl further noƟce Pat, Jenny and Wendy wish to thank their loyal customers for their good wishes and support.
Open Monday - Friday 8.30am - 4pm. Phone 08 8723 9433 7a Ferrers Street, Mount Gambier (between Target - next to Fidlers car park)
Ecologie Organics is to become the exclu stockist of Puraforce Effective and afforda homeopathics from successful local com
‘a remedy for just about everything that ails you’
121 commercial st west, mt gambier www.ecologiorganics.com.au 08 8723 9191
Advertorial I ODYSSEY VEIN CLINIC
For great legs this summer - treat now
Dr. Emma Nolan and Kerryn Harvey of Odyssey Vein Clinic have been visiting Mount Gambier monthly for more than three years and are, probably, best known for the non surgical treatment of varicose leg veins and cosmetic injectable procedures. ’We tend to find that we are busiest with the leg veins a couple of months prior to summer,” Dr Nolan said. “What people don’t realize is that varicose veins, especially, may take
some months to fade completely and the ideal time to tackle this problem is in the winter months so the legs look good for summer.” Ultrasound guided sclerotherapy (UGS) is a walk in, walk out procedure with no time off work or away from usual activities. Odyssey also offers non surgical facial rejuvenation. “We are finding that the cos-metic side of our business in the Mount is growing,” Dr Nolan explained. “Anti wrinkle injections and dermal fillers are a great way
to improve and , sometimes eliminate, facial lines ad folds - this is a quick treatment that can be performed in your lunch break.” No GP referral is required for any of the above procedures. For more information visit www:odyssey veinclinic.com.au or contact Kerryn on 0403 965 548. Above - Dr. Emma Nolan and practice manager Kerryn Harvey.
VEIN FREE LEGS FOR SUMMER? ACT NOW! * Non surgical varicose vein treatment * No time off work * No GP referral required
FACIAL REJUVENATION Paralyzing wrinkle injections Dermal fillers
29 Ferrers St. Mt Gambier 16 Stuart Road, Dulwich
Dr. Emma Nolan & Practice Manager, Kerryn Harvey
NEXT VISITING June 20 - 21 Ph 0403 965 548 www.odysseyveinclinic.com.au
Lifestyle1.net - 004
LOCAL Hospital
fundraiser for children heats up again
Throughout June Radio 5SE is again conducting the annual Give Me 5 for Kids appeal. 5SE’s Give Me Five for Kids is now in its ninth year, and has been a resounding success for the Limestone Coast community, and the hospitals for which the appeal raises funds. 5SE and People’s Choice Credit Union have once again joined forces to help purchase much needed equipment for the children’s wards of our local hospitals. People’s Choice Credit Union Mount
Gambier branch manager Sue Wilson has announced that People’s Choice will once again be a major supporter and have donated $3000 to kickstart the fundraising campaign. 5SE’s Give Me 5 for Kids is a community based appeal raising money for the children’s wards of the Mount Gambier, Millicent, Penola, and Naracoorte hospitals. The key to the appeal’s success has always been that money raised locally stays within the Limestone Coast. 5SE breakfast announcer
Ewan Grant will be using the power of radio to ask the community to get behind the appeal. By placing a donation in the collection tins placed at retail outlets and strategic locations throughout the region, as well as People’s Choice Credit Union branches in Mount Gambier, Millicent and Naracoorte, you can help. This fundraising effort is not successful without the huge support the Limestone Coast community gives to the campaign. As with previous years, the appeal hopes
to raise as much money as possible for the local hospitals via donations and fundraising events. It is hoped that industry, businesses, community groups, schools, service clubs and the agricultural sector in the Limestone Coast, gets behind Give Me 5 for Kids. Last year more than $14,000 was raised locally, and, hopes are high for another big year for the appeal. The funds raised during June will be used to purchase equipment as suggested by the nursing staff of the children’s wards of the local hospitals. Naracoorte Hospital’s priority is a second neonatal resuscitation unit. The Mount Gambier, Millicent and Penola hospitals will combine their funds to purchase two paediatric wheelchairs valued at $4000 each. They would also like to look at purchasing a
Wii game console for rehabilitation activities for the children. Give Me Five for Kids has made, and is
continuing to make, a real difference to the lives of the children of regional Australia and their families. To find
vines & wine JUNE 1 AUGUST 31 WINTER WINE & CHOOCLATE & VINE SCULPTURES
me Free delivery on ho ed as rch pu s ce an appli . up to June 30, 2013
Local artists return to Zema Estate for the months of July and August to showcase a fabulous exhibition of sculptures created from cuttings from our hand pruned vines. For more details head to www.zema.com.au or call (08)8736 3219. Lifestyle1.net - 005
out how you can help, please contact 5SE on (08)8725 5155 or call into the station.
COLLECTED STUPIDITY I dined out at a local eatery on the weekend. I was looking forward to the meal but things turned a little sour as
Give me a little credit by Robbie Tansel
I placed my order. I, like many others, enjoy paying for many of my purchases using my credit card. I have the
money to pay for the meal. However my bank has set up my home loan in such a way that it actually saves me
Ring for all your repair & service needs before heading off on holidays. CAMPER TRAILERS FOR HIRE
Ring Alan Thomas: 0407 855 125 Shed 6 Niplag Close, Mount Gambier [email protected]
interest if I pay using my credit card as I then don’t have to take the money out of my loan until the card has to be payed off in a month or so. You can imagine my irritation then when the young lady taking my order informed me that there would be a one percent surcharge on my fifty dollar purchase if I used my credit card. She then told me that one percent of my fifty dollar purchase would be fifty cents. I don’t know what annoyed me more; the fact I was paying a surcharge on my credit card or the fact she didn’t think I could calculate one percent of fifty dollars. “It’s not rocket surgery, sweetie” I felt like saying. Just because you can’t calculate change even with the benefit of your fancy little cash register, doesn’t mean we’re all mentally challenged. Now I know it’s only fifty cents, but it’s the principal of the matter. Fifty cents is fifty cents after all. I controlled my irritation with the young
lady as I’ll assume it was not her decision. She’s just following the business’ policy and doing her job. I understand that this is becoming a more and more common policy, but that doesn’t make me think that it is any better an idea. Realistically, why should I have to pay for the privilege of using my credit card? In effect, people are being charged for the privilege of making a purchase. Surely businesses need to be encouraging people to spend money with them, not charging them a fee for purchasing. I’m aware that businesses are passing on a fee that they are charged by banks on each purchase which annoys me as well. I pay an annual fee to my bank for the privilege of having my card. If I happen to not pay off my bill each month I will get charged an exorbitant amount of interest. And now I’m getting charged more due to their greed. Give me a break. How many different ways do
they need to take my money? Surely as a business you’re going to cause less angst and annoyance with your customers if you simply set your prices one percent higher to cover this cost. People are unlikely to be too concerned by the cost increase and you’re covering the cost to your business. Should I really have to pay a fee for the privilege of paying my bill? They are charging me for embracing the cashless society they’re aiming for. Aren’t there some mixed messages being sent here. Call me a cheap bugger if you want, but it just annoys me that I’m charged for accessing money that the bank
Great end of financial year
SAVE $
ASICS MENS & LADIES NIMBUS
50
has encouraged me to access and that I pay back to them each month. I also find it annoying when I have to pay tolls to drive on a road or have to put money into parking metres. Same principle. I pay my taxes and council rates. Why should they double dip on me! Anyway if you are from the bank and would like to reimburse me my fifty cents, email me at robbietansel@gmail. com and we can sort this out.
heading to naracoorte
JUNE 14 Anglican Church Mad Hatters Quiz Night Come along in your MAD HAT and enjoy a night of fun. Seymour Hall, Church Street. For more information phone (08)8762 0420
SAVE $
16 COMMERCIAL STREET WEST MOUNT GAMBIER
PHONE 08 8725 7582 Lifestyle1.net - 006
JUNE 15 Antiques at the Gallery with Peter Fairchild 9.30am-5pm. $10 entry which includes two valuations and a cuppa. Proceeds to the Naracoorte Hospital and the Naracoorte Art Gallery
The No.1 place to sell your home!!!
My Property reaches 112,000 potentional buyers every week. 28,000 Letterboxes, PO Boxes and 70 Newsagency/stores!
STYLISH ALLURE 2 Victor Street, Mount Gambier Ideally located and only moments to retail therapy and all of the delights of the city centre and the breathtaking beauty of the Blue Lake is this luxuriously appointed & original stone facade and lavishly finished property. Nestled behind a walled garden, upon entering the property you are introduced to a glorious open plan kitchen/meals/family zone. The kitchen is complete with corian bench tops and stainless steel appliances. The separate sitting room and private study enhance the flow and flexibility of the home. Three spacious bedrooms, two with built in robes and the master has glass doors which lead out to the private deck. There are two stunning bathrooms which includes an opulent claw foot bath. Gas ducted heating warms the home. Gleaming timber floors and high ceilings give the home a great ambience. Entertaining is given high priority with a superb under cover entertaining deck which overlooks the beautiful 1,008m (approx) back yard. The property
is complete with 2 car accomodation. Only an inspection will reveal this properties flawless style. Address: 2 Victor Street, Mount Gambier Price: $415,000 Open For Inspection: Friday, June 14 at 5.00 - 5.30pm Saturday, June 15 at 10.00 - 10.30am Contact: Gebhardts Real Estate Suite 2/14 Helen Street, Mount Gambier 08 8725 5766 www.gebhardts.com.au RLA 1903
Lifestyle1.net - 007
Real Estate Buy Or Sell... See P & L
69 Sturt Street, Mount Gambier
2 Burdikin Avenue, Mount Gambier $222,000 WE NERIC P
W SE NE EA L RE
1 Jardine Street, Mount Gambier $439,000
OPEN SAT 10.00 - 10.30am • • • • •
Low or no electricity & gas bills with solar power 3BR + study brick & tile home in quiet cul-de-sac Blackwood timber kitchen, R/c ducted air conditioning Huge entertaining area, double c/bond garage Rental appraisalup to $240/week
SOLAR POWER
2
14 Kurrajong Street, Mount Gambier $209,900
Located within easy walking distance of the CBD and on a corner allotment, is this inviting 4 bedroom (2 with BIR’s) 3 living area home, bursting with character and old world charm. A centre piece of the home is the updated large timber dine-in kitchen with DBL sink & new elect. cooking. Other features include dedicated office, gas ducted heating, s/c wood fire, gas HWS, spa bath, new window furnishing and freshly painted inside and out. Outside the home, you’ll find a decked entertaining area (perfect for family bbq’s), lockable stone garage, carport, equipped rainwater tank connected to home plus beautifully presented low maintenance gardens. Excellent investor property, in a top location. Walk everywhere. This could be the one you have been waiting for. Don’t delay your inspection.
8 Gordon Street, Mount Gambier
4
OPEN SAT 10.45 - 11.15am
15 Sharley Avenue, Mount Gambier $199,000
• 3BR Mt Gambier stone home on corner allot. close to the city & schools • Spacious updated kitchen offers elec. cooking & pantry • Light-filled rumpus room & excellent undercover areas • Dble stone garage with low maintenance lawns & gardens • Currently leased @ $220/wk 3 1 2 until Nov 2013
• Character 4BR Mt Gambier stone home on 1012m2 allot. • Fantastic location close to city centre, Reidy Park PS &Tenison Woods College • Gas heating, s/c heating & air conditioning • 2 living areas, ideal for sep. living arrangements • High clearance carport 4 1 4 plus double stone garage
• Spacious & affordable family home close to the Mt Gambier Hospital & new Marketplace • BIR’s in all bedrooms, Master bedroom with ensuite • Open lounge with s/c heating & north facing balcony • 2nd family room with built-in bar, r/c a/c & o/door access • Enclosed rear yard ideal for 3 2 0 children or pets
9 Tanglewood Crescent, Mount Gambier $294,900 WE NERIC P
7 High Street, Mount Gambier
4 Springs Road, Port MacDonnell
• Superbly designed 4BR home located amongst quality homes in a well established area • Beautiful & private gardens • Gas heating, gas & elec cooking, gas HWS, two-way bathroom with shower, spa & WC, plus 2nd sep WC • Single garage UMR with remote, 4 1 1 internal & rear yard access
• Unique chalet style 3BR home set amongst est. gardens on 2017m2 allotment • Well maintained tennis court with o/looking pergola • Rare opportunity to purchase such a large piece of land so close to the city • Phone today for your private 3 1 2 inspection
7 Kywong Court, Mount Gambier $325,000
58 Kurrajong Street, Mount Gambier $299,000
• Solid & spacious family home • 4BR, 2 bathrooms, 2 living • Quiet cul-de-sac, secure rear yard • Excellent shedding with double garage UMR & access to 6x12m shed • Everything for the growing family
4
6
29 Willow Avenue, Mount Gambier $249,000 W SE NE EA L RE
OPEN SAT 12.15 - 12.45pm • Attention 1st home buyers & investors! • Value packed 3BR home on large allotment with secure 3 car shedding • Huge as new family room with S/C wood heating & r/c a/c, spacious pergola • At the new price of $209,900, this is 1 3 a great chance to enter the market 3
76 Bertha Street, Mount Gambier $224,900 RS FETED F I O V IN
$199,000
W SE NE EA L RE
OPEN SAT 11.30 - 12.00 Noon • Superbly presented Federation residence on a magnificent 1533m2 allotment in one of Mt Gambier’s prestigious streets • Features include brand new kitchen, 15ft ornate ceilings polished f/boards, Marble fireplaces, ducted under floor gas heating, 4 bay garage, 2 1 4 st access from Jardine & Mitchell St 4
• Up to $23,500 in Government Grants extended until December 2013 • Take your choice of 3 available allotments and house plans to suit • Plans range from 3BR/2 BATH/2 CAR incl 9ft ceilings, carpet & blinds 3 2 2 • Phone for details
INVESTORS / FIRST HOME BUYERS 91 Jubilee Hwy East, Mt Gambier 77 Jubilee Hwy East, Mt Gambier 2 Cockburn St, Mt Gambier 123 Jubilee Hwy West, Mt G 229 Commercial St West, Mt G 8 Gordon St, Mt Gambier 58 Wehl St Nth, Mt Gambier 2 Burdikin Ave, Mt Gambier 17 Hart St, Mt Gambier 83 Wireless Rd West, Mt Gambier 29 Gordon St, Mt Gambier 10 Shaugnessy Crt, Mt Gambier 24 Anthony Street, Mt Gambier 35 Wehl Street, Mt Gambier
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 3 1 1 3 OFFICE 3 1 2
$170,000 $169,000 $185,000 $189,000 $190,000 $199,000 $219,000 $225,000 $229,000 $235,000 $249,000 $259,000 $265,000 $299,000
$399,000
• Unique, solid brick, split level home on large allotment of 1000m2 with panoramic city views • Recently renovated throughout,huge open plan living with raked ceiling, floating f/boards, s/c heating & r/c a/c • Versatile floorplan allows for 3BR & 3 spacious living areas, or up to 5BR 5 2 5 • Excellent shedding
BEACHSIDE HOME Just a stone’s throw from the beach, you will find this outstandingly presented 2 bedroom 2 bathroom home, offering low maintenance living at its best and with easy conversion to a 3 bedroom home. A feature of the home is the functional open plan kitchen and dining area with electric cooking & dishwasher. A large family room offers the options of gas heating or reverse cycle air conditioning & leads to the enclosed verandah for larger family gatherings. All bedrooms are queen size rooms with the master bedroom including new WIR and en-suite. Outside features include rear yard access, secure low maintenance grounds, large 2 bay high clearance shed, plus adjoining 3 bay garage, both with power & concrete, excellent for caravan & boat. A seaside opportunity not to be missed.
Lifestyle1.net - 008
W SE NE EA L RE
W SE NE EA L RE
16 Church Street, Yahl $249,000
$259,000
AFFORDABLE RURAL LIVING ON 73 ACRES
3
5 5. RES AC
$355,000
• Inviting 4BR Mt. Gambier stone home, situated in the quiet township of Yahl • Massive 15mx7.5mx3m clearance iron shed with rumpus room & 7.5mx12m high clearance carport • Brand new dine-in kitchen with elec cooking, d/ washer & large WI pantry, 4 1 8 plus ducted gas heating
11 Thompson Court, Moorak
1 Ambrose Court, Worrolong $750,000
Picturesque country setting comprising of 73 Acres, scattered with red gums on the outskirts of Kalangadoo. The property features a three bedroom timber frame home with fenced house yard and double iron garage, 3 main paddocks, steel cattleyards with ramp & crush, plus various other shedding including machinery sheds & haysheds. Rainwater and an equipped bore supply water to the property, plus 2 freshwater dams, a second unequipped bore and 12HaIE Water Licence is included with the sale. Ideal grazing or potato growing country at an affordable price.
346 Burnda Road, Compton
$285,000
20495 Penola Road, Mount Gambier $294,000 4 ES R AC
• Perfectly positioned on 1 Acre, with dual driveways, 40Sq executive family home • Magnificent floor plan includes 5BR, 3 Bath, 3 Living plus Huge Pergola • Sparkling solar heated pool alongside renovated 2 storey barn with BBQ area 4 5 • 5 Bay high clearance garage 5
24 Yahl Main Road, Yahl
72 Yahl Hall Road, Yahl $460,000
• Character Mt Gambier stone family home set on 4 acres • Country style dine-in kitchen with elec cooking, north facing formal lounge with gas heating, spacious bathroom & 2nd WC • 4 Bay High Clearance garage, plus 3 Bay Carport • Very affordable country property 4 1 5 only minutes from the city
• Unique property offering extra room for extended family or Bed & Breakfast (S.T.C.A.) • 3BR brick home & 5BR Blue Lake Home on 4725m2 allot • Both homes connected to Blue Lake water & Envirocycle • Close to Yahl Primary School
BLOCKS OF LAND
173 Uphills Road, Kongorong 14 ES R AC
36 Sheathers Road, Caveton
20 Banksia Street, Nelson RSD FEITE F O NV I
7 Sydney Street, Nelson $169,000
• Enjoy the peace & tranquillity of the picturesque Glenelg River • 3BR home plus excellent shedding on low maintenance allotment • R/C A/C, S/C heating, 2 r/water tanks & equipped bore • Owen Pettingill - Licenced Agent
3
8
$459,000
• 4-5BR solid brick home tucked away in a beautiful rural setting on 14 Acres • Polished floorboards, formal dining & lounge, blackwood kitchen/dining with elec cooking & family room/5th bedroom • 4 main paddocks, plus house 5 2 7 & shed yards
$499,000
• Attractive family home with 30ft x 40ft high clearance garage – ideal for caravan or boat • Boasting 9 ft ceilings, formal lounge, modern kitchen, adjoining family/meals area, huge rumpus room, paved alfresco & gorgeous garden setting • S/S a/c, s/c heating, r/water, equipped 2 6 bore, dbl garage UMR with int. access 3
$599,000
• Stylish 4BR (+ study) designer home, 44sq on approx. 3600m2 allot. • Beautifully appointed kitchen with granite benches & s/s app. • Home theatre room, built-in bar & enclosed alfresco area with o/door kitchen • Excellent shedding - dble garage 4 2 6 UMR & 15x9m c/bond shed
• Immaculate 3BR timber frame home set on picturesque 2.19Ha allotment • Open plan living with r/c a/c, timber kitchen with elec cooking & BI bar, fantastic o/door entertaining • Excellent shedding includes high clearance 7x9.5m, 3bay garage & carport 3 1 6 • 4x 5,000 gall tanks
Lot 12 Nelson Road, OB Flat 2.5 Acres $155,000 Lot 2 Mount Percy Rd, Compton 3 Acres $249,500 Lot 51 Buck Rd, Moorak 5 Acres $179,500 Lot 1-6 Kirip Rd, Glencoe 5 - 10 Acres From $65,000 Lot 72 Eight Mile Creek Road 6592m2 $230,000 Lot 73 & 74 Holloway St, Donovans $74,000 Lot 21 Yahl Hall Road, Yahl 7Acres $220,000 Lot 20 Post Office, Mt Schank 13.5 Acres $230,000 297 Chambers Rd, Mt Gambier 55 Acres $380,000 Lot 71 Cafpirco Rd, Mt Gambier 76 Acres $499,000 12 Casterton Rd, Mt Gambier 100 Acres $675,000 Lot 2 Old Kalangadoo-Penola Rd 340 Acres $760,000 378 Stephens Rd, Gorae West 550 Acres $3,400/Acre Mumbannar-Wanwin Rd, Mumbannar 135 Acres $158,000 Earls Road, Nelson 144 Acres $341,000 Portland-Nelson Rd, Nelson 251 Acres $690,000
OPEN SUN 11.45 - 12.15pm
• Delightful 3BR cottage on approx. 2.5 Acres with fantastic facilities for horses • Renovated throughout, modern kitchen with elec. cooking & d/washer, lounge with s/c heating • C/bond dble garage, dog kennels, 3bay machinery shed, 2 stables, tack room & wash bay 3 1 5 • A picturesque setting
3
W SE NE EA L RE
$250,000
• Enjoy the peace & quiet of country living in the popular township of Yahl • 4BR Mt Gambier stone cottage on a well laid out 4 Acres (approx.) • Town water connected, bitumen road frontage, stone double garage with new 4 1 2 roof, concrete & power
148 Burston Road, Glencoe 15 ES R AC
$420,000
• Horse lovers hideaway only 10 mins. from Mt. Gambier on 10 Acres • 3BR/2Bath solid brick home with 2 living areas & dbl garage UMR • Excellent shedding, including 35 x 19m undercover arena with lights 2 6 • In conjunction with Herberts Real Estate 3
• Beautiful Federation style residence amongst attractive gardens on 15 Acres • 3BR, formal dining & lounge, sitting room, country style dine-in kitchen, high ceilings, striking leadlight, open fire places & timber mantles • Purchase your own magnificent piece of history & enjoy a rural lifestyle 3 1 6
24 Compton Street, Port MacDonnell $149,000
Lot 75 Holloway Street, Donovans $239,500 WIWO
• Summer holidays made easy • Affordable 2BR home on 609m2 flat allotment by the beach • Freshly painted throughout, new roof, new HWS, s/c heating, large rumpus room • Single iron garage plus 2 1 1 tool shed
• Elevated allotment of 1423m2 at the end of a cul-de-sac • 18m x 7.5m c/bond shed, tastefully converted to 2BR home with decked BBQ area & 2 bay 3.5m high clearance garage • R/water tanks with pump, equipped bore, landscaped gardens, established trees 2 1 2 & shrubs
Lifestyle1.net - 009
Suite 2/14 Helen Street Mount Gambier SA 5290
www.gebhardts.com.au Ph 08 8725 5766 www.gebhardts.com.au www.gebhardts.com.au www.gebhardts.com.au www.gebhardts.com.au www.gebhardts.com.au www.gebhardts.com.au www.gebhardts.com.au www.gebhardts.co
2 Victor Street
4
car parking
We know your leisure time is valuable to you, so let us take the hassles out of renting your property. Our professional team is dedicated to excellence in property management and committed to providing the best service to you as a valued client.
$449,000
A wonderful spacious home on a beautiful established five acre (approx) setting. Big home - big entertaining and big shedding only minutes from town!
NEW
Unit 5/55 Bertha Street
NEW
$150.00 pw • 2 bedroom unit • Main with built in robes • Kitchen/dine with electric cooking • Lounge with gas heating • Bathroom with bath • Garage umr • No Pets • Available Now
4/1 Daniel Street
$175.00 pw • 3 bedroom unit • All with BI Robes • Kitchen/dine with elec cooking • Lounge with r/c air conditioner • Single carport umr with store room • Fully enclosed rear yard • No Pets • Available Now
3 Robinson Street
car parking
$210,000 818m2
Gleaming timber floors, two living areas, close to everything, great flat allotment. A family home just waiting to be yours!
• 3 bedroom home close to schools and shops • Built in robes in two • Eat in kitchen with electric cooking & walk-in pantry • Separate lounge with gas heating • Study • Undercover entertaining area • Single garage umr • Great location • Pets Negotiable • Available Neg
Apartment 0002, 3 Lake Tce West
$230.00 pw • 3 bedroom home • All with built in robes • Kitchen/dine/lounge with electric cooking & r/c air conditioner • Double garage umr • Rear courtyard area with sail • Extensive renovations throughout • No Pets • Available approx. 21/6
7/13 Allison Street
32 Kuhl Drive, Racecourse Bay
$255.00 pw
$310,000
Lifestyle1.net - 011
• 4 bedroom apartment • Main with ensuite & WI Robe • One other bedroom with BI Robes • Open living kitchen/ dine/family area with r/c air conditioner, dishwasher, elec cooking (induction cook top) • Courtyard & Sunroom • Single garage detached • Basement storage • No Pets • Available Now
RENTALS - HOMES • 4 Gerloff Street • 68 Milstead St, Pt MacDonnell • 3 Robinson Street • 16 Peake Street • 9 Ellard Streer • 33 Peake Street • 82 Bertha Street • 9 Eustace Street • 1 Cherokee Court • 92 Gray Street • 12 Higgs Street • 3 Helpmann Avenue • 29 Eldridge Drive
$320.00 pw • 3 bedroom homette • Main with BI Robe & ensuite, 2nd bedroom has WI Robe • Kitchen/dine/family with gas & elec cooking, dishwasher • Gas central heating & ducted air conditioning • Double garage umr with internal access • U/c patio area • Right across from the hospital • Pets Neg • Available 19/6
RENTALS - UNITS $165.00 pw $180.00 pw $220.00 pw $225.00 pw $230.00 pw $230.00 pw $230.00 pw $280.00 pw $280.00 pw $300.00 pw $310.00 pw $320.00 pw $400.00 pw
RENTALS - COMMERCIAL • Harrold Street • Cnr James Street and Bay Road • Law Street • 96 Commercial Street East • 165-167 Commercial Street East
• 7/7 Sinclair Street $95.00 pw • 3/268 Commercial St West $110.00 pw • 1/1 Millard Street $150.00 pw • 1/84 Bay Road $155.00 pw • 2/46 Derrington Street $160.00 pw • 7/69 Bay Road $175.00 pw • 4/1 Daniel Street $180.00 pw • 2/8 Boomerang Avenue $210.00 pw • 2/56 Brownes Road $210.00 pw • 6/2a Coolabah Street $220.00 pw • 3/184 Jubilee Highway West $220.00 pw • 0002/3 Lake Tce West $255.00 pw • 2a Bond Street $320.00 pw • 7/13 Allison Street $320.00 pw • 46 Commercial Street West • 9 Ramsay Avenue • 30 Commercial St West • 5 Allan Drive
Gebhardts Property Management I 2/14 Helen Street, Mt Gambier Ph 08 8724 8088 / Fax 08 8724 8099 Lic Agents RLA 1903 ACN 008075027
31 Sutton Avenue
1 Anniefield Lane
$599,000
OPEN SATURDAY BY APPOINTMENT 12.00 - 3.00PM PHONE JAMIE 0458 231 506 STAR IN YOUR OWN “HOUSE RULES” Solid Mt Gambier stone home, comprising of up to 3 bedrooms. Built in robes in bedrooms 1 and 2. Large lounge with wood heating. Modern renovated bathroom. Spacious eat in kitchen/dining with electric cooking. Separate toilet. The bathroom shows you just how well this solid as a rock home can look. Add your own taste here and reap the rewards. Stone shedding and a nice deep block measuring approx. 991m2.
NUMBER ONE - IN SO MANY WAYS Sprawling family home set on 5000m2 (approx 1 acre) allotment. Five bedrooms + granny flat with ensuite UMR – great for extended family. Main bedroom with ensuite & WIR, built ins in Bed 2 & 3. Abundance of living with: Formal lounge & dine + Family + Dining + Separate Rumpus + Large spacious kitchen. Three way main bathroom. Huge gabled pergola with dual direct access to home. 5 bay high clearance c/bond shed with extra 2 bay workshop. Rainwater tanks, established grounds including veggie gardens and orchard. So much more to this property.
214 Wynham Road, Moorak
$319,000
NEW
MODERN RURAL LIVING Simply stunning 3 to 4 bedroom home situated in Moorak. Situated on approx 2.5 acres offers state of the art living. Comprising of a home theatre room, elegant living areas, 3 double bedrooms, the main bedroom has a WIR and an opulent ensuite with double vanity and offering underfloor heating. A stainless steel cooker takes pride of place in the gourmet kitchen that features Caesar stone benchtops. Stacker doors lead from the dedicated games room with built in bar to the outdoor alfresco area. C Bus wiring throughout means the lighting, music and climate control are all automated offering energy efficiency and flexibility. Ducted Reverse cycle heating/cooling. Double garage with i/access. Separate colorbond shedding with toilet & shower measuring approx. 7.5 x 20 metres with a 3 mtre high clearance.
3 Livingston Street
OPEN SATURDAY 11.00 - 11.30am
OPEN SATURDAY 10.00 - 10.30am
GREAT FAMILY HOME IN A GREAT SPOT Neat brick home located in quiet & convenient culdesac, close to city. All bedrooms with built ins & main has ensuite. Separate lounge & rumpus room. Open plan family/ dining & kitchen. Spacious timber kitchen with gas hot plates, electric oven & dishwasher. Three way main bathroom with corner spa bath. Ducted gas heating & split system a/c. Gabled pergola overlooks large & deep rear yard. Large garage with room for 2 vehicles + ample workshop area + carport.
EASY CARE LIVING You will feel like a master chef with this startlingly renovated kitchen. This three bedroom courtyard home is convenient to post office, butcher & deli. Timber flooring in lounge, kitchen & passage. All bedrooms with built ins & near new carpets. Separate bath & shower in bathroom + separate toilet. Reverse cycle, split system air conditioning. Double garage UMR & enclosed side yard. Level allotment & on own certificate of title. $7,500.00 Purchaser cash back incentive – conditions apply.
14 Longmire Terrace
$659,000
NEW PRICE SUBMIT AN OFFER
BE THE 2ND OWNER Lovingly cared for stone home with only one owner. Great location – close to Woolies & Mac Park Primary School. Three generous bedrooms. Large lounge with gas heating & polished floorboards. Dine in kitchen with 5 burner gourmet gas cooker. Main bathroom has separate shower & bath. Single stone garage with extra store room / workshop. Neat & well maintained lawns & gardens. Perfect first home or low maintenance investment.
11/69 Bay Road
$182,000
STOP RENTING & CONSIDER THIS LITTLE BEAUTY Well kept 3 bedroom stone home. Located in a quiet cul de sac, only a 10 minute walk to the main street. Good size bedrooms. Spacious lounge with gas heating. New kitchen, yes that’s right, a sparkling new kitchen with dishwasher, walk in pantry and s/s gas cooker. The bathroom has a sep shower/bath. Largest enough for the biggest parties is the rear pergola, and ideal area for kids to play in winter and Extremely private. Low maintenance front and rear yards. Stone single garage with power plus carport
58 Cardinia Street, Mount Gambier $185,000
PROMINENT AND TIMELESS Simply stunning, contemporary style home of solid construction situated high at the end of a high cul de sac. Gourmet kitchen, with stainless steel appliances, and large walk in pantry. Open Plan living areas, plus formal lounge and dining. Relax and enjoy a wine at your own bar overlooking the stunning outdoor entertaining area. The master bedroom is pure elegance with a lavish ensuite and dressing room/walk in robe. Bedrooms 2 and 3 are both double rooms serviced by the opulent main bathroom. A dedicated study provides loads of natural light. Internal access is available from the 3 car garage plus workshop located under the main roof of the home. All this on an allotment of 1809m2. With immaculate gardens front and rear. Quality extras include ducted reverse cycle heating/cooling throughout, quality window furnishings. Inspection is a must for those who appreciate the very best.
16 Bay Road, Allendale East
$239,000
$229,000
MAKE AN OFFER
AN EASY INVESTMENT Thought of securing an investment but worried about problem tenants? Look no further than this delightfully low maintenance unit. Situated in well maintained. Hedley Court on prestigous Bay Road. Comprising of 2 bedrooms with built in robes in the main. Renovated bathroom with sep shower bath. Separate toilet. Open plan kitchen/dine/lounge. Split system reverse cycle heating and cooling. Private rear courtyard. Single carport with lockable storage room. Currently leased with an immaculate tenant
9 Laird Street
$189,000
AFFORDABLE BRICK HOME Three bedroom brick & tile home. Large lounge with gas heating. Good size kitchen with separate dining area. Bathroom with separate shower and bath + 2nd toilet. Neutral décor throughout. Single zincalume garage & store shed. Enclosed rear yard.
I
ENDLESS POSSIBILITIES Art deco style 3 bedroom home of stone construction. Cosy lounge with split system reverse cycle heating/ cooling. Open kitchen/dine with electric stove and ample cupboards. Bonus rear sunroom/studio under the main roof. Quirky features throughout. Vehicle access to rear yard and stone shed. Large allotment with ability to subdivide STCC. Currently tenanted at $210 per week
3/41 Sutton Avenue
$115,000
BREAD & BUTTER INVESTMENT Two bedroom brick unit. Only four units in the complex, convenient location within city. Good size bedrooms, both carpeted. Open living with large dine in kitchen and carpeted lounge. Bathroom with toilet, shower and vanity. Small enclosed rear yard. Sealed driveway.
SALES Jamie Sutherland 0458 231 506 Vicki Quinn 0417 804 782
THE HACIENDA AT ALLENDALE Solid construction spacious four bedroom family home situated on approx. ½ acre allotment (2072m2). Bedroom one separate to remaining 3 + office. Large timber kitchen and roomy dining area with s/c heating. Big lounge with second s/c heating. Renovated bathroom. Double zincalume garage + carport + double storage shed. Bore & rainwater tank.
DREAMY DAYS AT THE RIVER Picture perfect brick home. Massive lounge with built in bar, room enough for lounge suite & 8 Ball table. Slow combustion heating + R/C A/C. Three bedrooms all with built ins. Generous dining area + well appointed kitchen with gas hot plates. Corner spa and separate shower in bathroom + separate toilet. Paved driveway to double garage. $7,500 Purchaser incentive - conditions apply.
RENTALS 2/7 Arbor St - 2 bedrm unit. Open living area. Elec cooking. Close to Reidy Park. No pets. Avail 26/7/13 @ $125 p/wk 2/102 Wehl St - 2 bedrm unit. Lounge, kit & dining has gas heating. Kit w/ gas cooking. Large laundry. Sorry no pets. Avail Now @ $135 p/wk 1/218 Commercial St West - 3 bedrm house. Walk to the main st. Separate lounge, dining/ kit. Low maintenance yard. Avail 19/7/13 @ $170 /wk 25/184 Jubilee Hwy West - 2 good sized bedrms. Open Kit/ Dining. As new bathrm. Enclosed rear yard. Lock up garage. No pets. Avail 18/07/13 @ $190 p/wk 6/4 Pick Ave - 2 bedrm unit close to main St, south eastern hotel & Harvey Norman. Gas heating + R/ C. Enclosed rear yard + garden shed. Sorry no pets. Avail 20/6/13 @ $205 p/wk
PROPERTY MANAGEMENT Emma Beare 0437 902 438
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10 Strangways St - 3 bedrm home with new carpet throughout. 2 bedrms w/ BIR’s. Kitchen w/ elec cooking. Lounge w/ gas heating. Bathroom w/ new vanity. Single garage + Single carport. Pets on application. Avail Now @ $210 p/wk 10 Wilson St - 3 bedrm home close to town. Near new kitchen w/ elec cooking + plenty of storage. Large yard + shedding. Avail 1/7/13 @ $245 p/wk 27 Dalkeith Dr - Spacious 4 bedrm home all with BIR’s. Walking distance to schools. Gas cooking & heating. 2 living areas. Large pergola. Double garage. Sorry no pets. Avail 19/07/13 @ $290 p/wk 27B Hart St - 3 bedrm apartment. Fully Furnished. Main bedrm w/ WIR, others w/ BIR’s. 2 queen beds + 2 single beds. 2 way bathrm. Lounge w/ r/c a/c. Kit w/ elec cooking + dishwasher. Rear decking. Sgle remote garage w/ internal access. Sorry no pets. Avail 30/6/13 @ $420 p/wk
I Lisa Yeates 08 8725 4225
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RECEPTION Rhea Penafiel 08 8725 4225
10 Commercial Street West, Mount Gambier [email protected] www.vickiquinnrealestate.com.au
Lifestyle1.net - 012
7
67 Pinehall Avenue 2 HOMES FOR THE PRICE OF ONE
• Three bedroom brick and le home in the North West of the City • BI robes in all three bedroom • Formal lounge with gas hea ng • Kitchen with new gas oven and casual dining • Upgraded bathroom with bath & separate shower • Covered outdoor pergola at the rear
• A rus c, split level pine log cabin on approx 3 acres within city limits • comprising of 4 bdrms + study, 3 with BI robes, a mber kitchen with elec cooking, dishwasher & lge pantry • Master bathroom plus ensuite to main • S/C hea ng & open fireplace • Lots of sheds & 2 car garage & 2 carports
PRICED AT $199,000
3
5
• Also low maintenance transportable home with 3 bdrm, 2 with BIR’s • Able to be rented out for $190 - $210 per week. • Beau fully terraced gardens • All the hard work is done
3
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• Solid three bedroom home e high on the hill • Excellent flow and vision to the new ‘Woolies’ development • All bedrooms with BI Robes • North facing kitchen and living • Modern hostess kitchen with open plan dining & lounge • Private enclosed rear yard with detached lock up garage • Well presented spacious home e in a well regarded group PRICED AT $209,000
New Price
11 Earl Street REDUCED FOR URGENT SALE
5/22 Buronga Avenue STYLE AND POSITION
To Lease
110 Bertha Street A FINE ADDRESS TO COME HOME TO!
3
• Centrally located close to Reidy Park School and High Schools • North facing 3 bedroom brick home • Master bedroom with WI robe and ensuite • BI robes in bedrooms 2 and 3 • Modern kitchen with BI dishwasher and casual dining • Formal L shaped lounge/dining with gas hea ng • Drive through garage UMR
• Tastefully renovated three bedroom stone home • Immacuately presented with huge lounge featuring sn oversized bay window • Fully refi ed kitchen with pantry cupboard, dishwasher and central island • Cooktop bench & BI oven • Redecorated bathroom
PRICED AT $242,500
2
4
• Ensuite to master bedroom • Built in robes to all bedrooms • Spacious dining area adjoining the breakfast bar • Enclosed rear porch & office alcove established in the passage • Ducted reverse cycle air condi oing • New 4 car garage with remote doors • Private secure rear yard
121 Commercial Street East VERSATILE OFFICES OR CONSULTING ROOMS • Great exposure to Commercial Street • Comprising 7 offices, recep on foyer, kitchen, sun porch and 2 store rooms • Rear on site parking for approximately 7 vehicles • Ducted gas hea ng system • Reverse cycle air condi oning to Recep on area • Front and rear access to carpark John Overmaat 0417 874 286
Rentals 3/11 WERONA STREET $100 PER WEEK 1 bdrm flat, electric hea ng & cooking 5 HIRTH STREET $175 PER WEEK 3 bdrm home, updated kitchen, gas hea ng single detached garage
Chris & Mary’s Fish & Chips BUSINESS
57 Lake Terrace West SITTING ON TOP OF THE WORLD
4
• An iconic local business with current owners for over 23 years wishing to re re • Open 6 days per week supplying the best takeaway fish n chips and Yiros’ in town • Ideal husband and wife or partnership opera on • Main street loca on with easy parking • Consistent healthy profit figures with a steady growth pa ern • Some vendor finance may be available to approved purchasers
• Watch the planes come in to land from the living room window • Enjoy the 180 degree views of the city from the large balcony • Experience the tranquility of adjoining the Lakes reserve and access to the park like acres • A two story family home that features four bedrooms
PRICED AT $80,000
3
3
– master with ensuite and WI robes • Large modern kitchen and dining with huge pantry • Si ng room with BI bar and formal dining • Central stair case linking the downstairs family room, billiard room, office, third bathroom and three car garage, workshop and storage area • Year round comfort with a ducted reverse cycle air
14 TALLARA AVENUE $185 PER WEEK 3 bdrm home, gas cooking, shower over bath, lge rear yard single carport UNIT 5/22 BURONGA AVENUE $200 PER WEEK 3 bdrm unit with BIR’s to all rooms, open plan kitchen/dining & lounge, gas hea ng, sep bath, single detached lock up garage 11 MONTGOMERY AVENUE $200 PER WEEK 3 bdrm home – 2 with BIR’S, garage UMR, electric cooking 55 MONTEBELLO DRIVE $262.50 PER WEEK 3 bdrm home, main with WIR & ensuite, open living, kitchen, dining, family, dishwasher, & R/C air cond, office, carport UMR, excludes dble garage 17 AUVALE CRESCENT $320 PER WEEK 3 bdrm home plus study, main with WIR & ensuite, other bdrms with BI Robes & desks, gas ducted hea ng, dishwasher, lge lounge, double remote garage with internal access.
25 Hay Terrace, Kongorong TRANQUIL COUNTRY LIVING • • • • • • •
3
1
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Situated in the town ship of Kongorong. Close to School Country P.O. and spor ng complex. Superb solid brick family residence. Three spacious bedrooms. Formal lounge and dining. Informal family playroom area. Enclosed rear entertaining area ideal for alfresco dining.
PRICED AT $299,500
10 Dalkeith Drive YOU’LL REALLY WANT TO LIVE HERE
3
• Perfect for the ac ve family with three double bedrooms • Master with ensuite and BI robes • Open plan kitchen / dining & family rooms • Formal dining room with balustrade overlooking a sunken formal lounge • Ducted reverse cycle air condi oning
2
3
• Plus s/c wood heater and portable gas heater • Designated office area or guest room • Drive through 3 car garage and workshop • Low maintenance yard with great street appeal and situated between St Mar n’s school and McDonald Park Primary.
PRICED AT $285,000
2 HIGGS STREET $225 PER WEEK 3 bdrm home, updated kitchen, dishwasher & pantry, gas hea ng, sep family room, games room, pets nego able. Available 29th May 2013 35 OLD GOLD RD, GLENBURNIE $250 PER WEEK 3 bdrms with BIR plus study. Lge rumpus room, s/c hea ng, 1 car garage, plus 3 bay carport (2 shed not included in lease), covered pool with deck. Pets nego able.
Phone (08) 8723 2121 55 Commercial St East, Mount Gambier John Overmaat 0417 874 286 Steve Auld 0478 144 178 Kim Cawthorne 0418 807 596 RLA 100053
Lifestyle1.net - 013
7 Aramanta Drive, Mount Gambier $359,000
16 Mayflower Court, Mt Gambier
$295,000
NEW LISTING
12.00 - 12.30pm
• 3 bedrooms all with robes • Master with ensuite and wi robe • Formal lounge • Open plan Kitchen meals Family area • Spacious 3 way bathroom • Great outdoor patio area 3 Barry Ritter 0408 853 180
35 Bluebell Drive, Mt Gambier
2
$385,000
OPEN SUN JUNE 16 12.30 - 12.50pm
• 3 bedrooms all with robes • 2 bathrooms • Open plan living area • Covered rear patio • Remote garage with internal access WEB Id. 5194741 3 Barry Ritter 0408 853 180
6 Robin Street, Mount Gambier
2
$199,000
RENTAL POTENTIAL $240 PW/K
• 3 huge bedrooms all with robes • Master with WIR & ensuite • Formal lounge & games room • Massive open plan kitchen/meals/family area • Kitchen with WI pantry designed for the chef WEB Id. 4758326 3 2 2 Barry Ritter 0408 853 180
• 3 bedroom solid home • Built-ins in all • Updated kitchen with dishwasher • Formal lounge dining • Large family room with built-in storage cupboards WEB Id. 4715568 3 1 3 Barry Ritter 0408 853 180
• Recently renovated • 3 Bedrooms 1 with robes • Remote Carport plus new colour bond garage • Stunning rear private decked patio • Beautifully land scaped gardens WEB Id. 5292594 3 1 2 Barry Ritter 0408 853 180
• Near new Carpet in lounge, passage and bedrooms • Level allotment • Solid brick home • 3 bedrooms all of a great size • Single garage WEB Id. 4389135 3 1 2 Barry Ritter 0408 853 180
145 O’Neil Road, Worrolong
26 Telford Street , Mount Gambier
7 Murndal Court, Mount Gambier
1 Lange Street, Mount Gambier
$475,000
$219,000
OPEN SUN JUNE 16 11.45 - 12.15pm
Elders has just listed for sale this lovely solid brick Family home ideal for the growing family. The home consists of 3 Bedrooms plus study, formal sunken lounge, formal dining area and an open plan kitchen meals family area. The kitchen is solid Tassie oak and boasts wi pantry. Both WEB Id. 5235386 4 3 6 Barry Ritter 0408 853 180
3 Bedroom stone duplex, Enclosed rear porch ideal study or 4th bedroom, updated eat in Kitchen, updated bathroom with separate shower and kids bath, separate gas heated lounge, Polished floor boards Throughout the bedrooms and living room, enclosed rear yard with room for a shed and the kids to play. Situated opposite the Showgrounds. WEB Id. 5224545 3 1 0 Barry Ritter 0408 853 180
• Well maintained brick & tile • 3 large bedrooms with built in robes • Large lounge • Separate dining • Roomy kitchen with ample cupboard space WEB Id. 5165506 3 1 Paul Cavanagh 0409 286 285
7 Raleigh Terrace, Mount Gambier $336,000
8 Bluebell Drive, Mt Gambier
36 Brolga Street, Mount Gambier
OPEN SUN JUNE 16 1.15 - 1.45pm
$355,000
REDUCED
12.30 - 1.00pm
• Brick home on large corner allotment • 2 street access, huge carport • Bullnose verandah • Ducted gas heating • 2 way bathroom WEB Id. 5194813 3 Paul Cavanagh 0409 286 285
1
82 White Avenue, Mount Gambier $199,000
OPEN SUN JUNE 16
2.00 - 2.30pm
1.00 - 1.20pm
• Brick & tile home in Conroe Heights • 4 Bedrooms (main with WIR &ensuite) built-ins in others • Huge formal lounge • Spacious open plan kitchen/dining/living WEB Id. 5206251 4 2 2 Paul Cavanagh 0409 286 285
• A home that incorporates indoor/outdoor living at its best • 4 lovely sized bedrooms • Movie night “Theatre Room” • Plenty of room for the caravan WEB Id. 3688151 4 2 3 Barry Ritter 0408 853 180
• Positioned on the foothills of the Blue Lake with walking trails only moments away • Beautifully elevated with sweeping views • Beaming with natural light are the huge games room, office & storage area WEB Id. 5061448 4 2 2 Charmaine Russell 0407 268 098
• 3 bedroom brick & tile home • Built in robes • Separate dining • Gas heater & R/C air conditioner • Single GI Garage & secure yard WEB Id. 3614716 Barry Ritter 0408 853 180
14 Peake Terrace, Nangwarry
26 Turnbull Drive, Mount Gambier $460,000
24 Genoa Street, Mount Gambier
2 Douglas & 15 Ingleby Sts, Mt Gambier $165,000
$50,000
UNDER CONTRACT
1 ACRE OF LUSH LAWNS
Low, low, low end of the market home. This property needs work so if you have home renovation skills & you’re not afraid of a bit of hard work to save money, you can buy a bargain & end up with a really affordable & comfortable home! WEB Id. 5189952 3 1 1 Paul Cavanagh 0409 286 285
$221,000
• 4 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms, spa bath in ensuite • 3 car garage with kitchenette & wash facilities • 2 spacious living areas seamlessly connect with covered outdoor timber deck • Bore, rainwater, town water and shed WEB Id. 4702751 4 2 2.5 Charmaine Russell 0407 268 098
• Brick & Tile home with ensuite • 3 bedrooms (main with bay window) • Lounge with brand new carpet & gas heating • Huge covered entertaining area • Abundance of car parking WEB Id. 5146033 3 2 3 Paul Cavanagh 0409 286 285
3
1
REDUCED • 2 x solid stone duplex pair each comprising of 3 bedrooms • Fantastic corner position, • Freshly refurbished throughout • Live in one and rent out the other WEB Id. 4659114 3 1 0 Charmaine Russell 0407 268 098
GRAEME CLEVES
Saturday 15 of June 2013 @ 11.30 am - UNLESS SOLD PRIOR
7 Tolmie Street Mount Gambier
VENDOR SAYS SELL • Large brick 3 bedroom home • Views over town quiet location • 2 living areas s.c. heating • 3 wcs & showers, ensuites, spa bath • Good garaging & workshop area, cellar WEB Id. 5236670 3 Bruce Auld 0428 849 882
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NEW LISTING • Prominent location, 3 bedroom home on 8.5 acres • Great north facing entertaining area • Large workshop/garage & other sheds • Easy access for trucks & machinery • Comfortable home with 3 living areas WEB Id. 5385761 8 2 8 Bruce Auld 0428 849 882
2/53 Bertha Street, Mount Gambier $222,000
• Industrial Workshop located in recognised commerce/industrial zone • Stone construction 160m2 approx. plus mezzanine floor. • High clearance front and rear access of 4.1m. • Allotment of approx. 567m2 plus Right of Way. • 3 phase power, pit and ablutions, office plus upstairs office/storage. • Ideal for Owner Operator or investment. Now vacant after one Tenant for last 23 years.
Further details Bruce Auld 0428 849 882. Web Id. 5338142 89a, 89b, 89c Penola Road
WANTED • Turn out block Kalangadoo/Mt Burr with ETSA • Modern home on up to 100 acres – 10 to 15 mins to town • 4 br home, large shed, 3 phase power, 5 mins to town • Cropping land Tantanoola/Millicent/ Penola
NEW PRICE
Bruce Auld 0428 849 882 38 Pressey Street, Mount Gambier $100,000
• 2 Bedroom executive unit in lakes area • Both bedrooms with built-in robes • 3 way bathroom • Open plan living with gas heating • Single garage UMR with remote control door WEB Id. 4953345 2 1 Graeme Cleves 0419 806 410
1
NEW LISTING Investment Package 1
40 Pressey Street, Mount Gambier $100,000
OPEN ALL WEEKEND BY APPOINTMENT • Affordable Homes Exclusive • Great opportunity to own your own home • Solid home on 804m2 allotment • 3 bedrooms, freshly painted throughout • Easy to maintain gardens WEB Id. 5216493 3 Zoe Tomkinson 0417 863 063
OPEN ALL WEEKEND BY APPOINTMENT
OPEN ALL WEEKEND BY APPOINTMENT • Affordable Homes Exclusive • 3 bedroom solid home on 761m2 allotment • Freshly painted throughout, updated kitchen & bathroom • Easy to maintain gardens • Close to schools & transport WEB Id. 5216506 3 1 0 Zoe Tomkinson 0417 863 063
Elders are pleased to offer a unique opportunity to purchase 3 community titled properties separately or as a package. Located a short distance from the centre of Mount Gambier and close to all facilities they are offered on the following basis. House- solid home, high ceilings, huge living area, formal lounge, 4 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms, 4 bay carport, leased to long term tenant at $260 /week. Unit B- modern 3 bedroom unit, open plan kitchen/ dining/living, rc/ac, single garage umr, currently leased at $210/week. Unit C- 3 bedroom unit, built ins in 2 bedrooms, 2 way bathroom, double garage umr, currently leased at $230/ week. Asking prices unit 1- $260,000, Unit 2 -$180,000, Unit 3- $220,000. As a package- asking $640,000. Phone Zoe or Paul today to arrange an inspection.
WEB Id. 5351512
Paul Cavanagh 0409 286 285 or Zoe Tomkinson 0417 863 063
691 Nelson Road, OB Flat
CHARMAINE CELEBRATES HER MOST SUCCESSFUL YEAR IN REAL ESTATE
OPEN SUN JUNE 16
$449,000
OPEN ALL WEEKEND BY APPOINTMENT
• Large solid stone family home • 3 to 4 bedrooms with gas heating • Huge lounge room with polished timber floor • Games room or family room • Renovated stunning bathroom WEB Id. 5345420 2 HEAPS Graeme Cleves 0419 806 410 3-4
Lot 10 Kirip Road, Glencoe West
OPEN ALL WEEKEND BY APPOINTMENT
4 BEDROOMS
Vacant Community Title Expressions of interest Closing 26th June 2013 at 2pm.
James Leake 0427 623 338
GRAEME CLEVES
9 B ay Ro ad , Mo un t G am bier 3
Expressions of Interest
• Under instructions from Housing SA Asset Services • 1745 m2 vacant community title • Ripe for subdivision subject to council approval • Adjacent to soon to be demolished, Narkindie Park • Sealed road – power to boundary WEB Id. 5370104
BEST BUY IN GLENCOE
• Large family home on 1.5 acres • Across the road from Glencoe Football Club • Large lounge with bay windows, r/c aircon & slow combustion wood heater • Stunning kitchen with all mod cons WEB Id. 4451763 4 1 4 Graeme Cleves 0419 806 410
A8 Grieve Avenue, Naracoorte
Hay Terrace, Kongorong 2 Shelley Crescent, Mount Gambier 16 Guerin Lane, Glencoe 67 Kirip Road, Glencoe 91 Kavanagh Road, Worrolong 42 Pressey Street, Mount Gambier
$224,000
ph 08 8723 0633 Lifestyle1.net - 000 015
m tg a m b ie r @e l d e r s.co m .a u RLA 62833
3 Penola Road, Mount Gambier
Best Offer by July 31, 2013 (Unless Sold Prior)
1 Hilltop Avenue, Mount Gambier
$420,000 - $440,000
• New home • Almost finished • 5 bedrooms or 4 bedrooms plus a huge office • Big walk in butler’s pantry • Very impressive kitchen & massive cupboards • Double shower, 2 living areas & quality fittings • Low maintenance yard • Floor to ceiling tiles • Rear access
Large Double Story Central Office Complex • Total area approx. 480m2 • Ground Floor • Reception, board room, 4 offices, large work area • Strongroom, lunch room & M/F amenities
Jason Malseed 0419 032 795
• 5000gallon rain water tank - a great setup
• First Floor • Reception, 3 offices. large work area, • Large storage area, 2 strongrooms & M/F amenities • This area could be let separately • Vacant possession will be given
26 Ehret Street, Mount Gambier
$137,000
Jason Malseed 0419 032 795
30 Acres Whitehead Rd, OB Flat $550,000
REDUCED
30 Starline Drive, Mt Gambier $249,000
WAS $650,000
19-21 Smith Rd Port MacDonnell
$310,000 - $330,000
REDUCED • Inner City Living for a Song • Beautifully located 3 bedroom duplex • Close to town on a 672m2 allotment • Renovated bathroom, polished floor boards, new aluminium windows throughout • New gas heater plus gas cooking • Rear yard access to single c/bond shed with large workshop • Great opportunity for the first home buyer - breaking into the property market
• Corner Whitehead and OB Flat Road • 60sqm New modern home under construction • Plus 2 bedroom cottage with tree lined driveway • New cattle yards and large machinery shed • Quality rural land with elevated views
• New carpets, new kitchen, new tiles, low voltage downlights & ceiling fans • 3 brm, built in robes & shelving, lounge room plus family room with bar • Gas cooking, gas heating plus elec R/C A/C • 3 car auto carport through to a 2 bay colour bond shed at rear, all with new lighting
• Three storey home with amazing views of the Port MacDonnell coastline • Second level with 2 double bedrooms, large kitchen and family room • Third storey top bedroom or 2nd living • Extra block included • Lower fully serviced level with shower and toilet • Make an offer
Sue Francis 0419 844 764
Jason Malseed 0419 032 795
Sue Francis 0419 844 764
Jason Malseed 0419 032 795
270 Mt Percy Rd, Mt Gambier $285,000
Jason Malseed 0419 032 795
RLA 115603
10 Attunga St, Mt Gambier
$289,000
10 Franklin Tce, Mt Gambier
$249,000
• T/F 3 Bedroom cottage on a 1122m2 allotment • New roof & timbers • Large lounge with a S/C wood heater & airconditioned • Big kitchen with gas cooking & separate dining area • 3rd bedroom would make an ideal rumpus room • Neat bathroom
• Set on a 1148m2 allotment walking distance to town, and backs onto a school. • 3 bedroom 2 bathroom B/T home, new tassie oak kitchen with caeser stone benches and big s/s omega gas cooker. • Tiled entry, dining and kitchen, built in robes + lots of cupboards.
• 3 Bedroom brick & tile residence with aluminium windows + solar panels • Gorgeous double door entry • Lounge with slow combustion heating & timber wall unit • Updated Bathroom & Main with built ins • Single garage with rear door to second shed • Beautiful views from deck
Jason Malseed 0419 032 795
Sue Francis 0419 844 764
Sue Francis 0419 844 764
Sue Francis 0419 844 764
Stage 1 NOW SELLING
• Corner of Kennedy Ave & Wireless Rd East • Affordable blocks - ready to build on by August 2013 • 393m2 to 840m2 - a block to suit any requirement • Close to new Mt Gambier Market Place complex, golf course & hospital • Take advantage of $15,000 state gov. construction grant plus $8,500 first home buyer grant • Offering all services with National Broadband & a safe separate bike track. • 17 allotments from $60,000 to $85,000
Sue Francis 0419 844 764 RENTALS
• 19 Orr Street Avail Now
Find us on Facebook
08 8724 9999
$89,500
• Close home location on 5 acres • 3 km to town limits, Mt Percy road • Quiet & secluded with no close neighbours • 3 Bedroom stone cottage, very liveable with spa bath • Open plan kitchen, dining & lounge • 5 acres approx., stone shed 50 ft. • Tree lot - never buy wood again • Renovated bathroom
The Meadows
Sue Francis 0419 844 764
7 Morphett Terrace, Tarpeena
7 Gumbirra Crt, Mt Gambier $169,000 - $179,000
11 Bellshire Place, Mt Gambier $282,000
6 Apanie Court, Mt Gambier
$285,000
• Step inside the entertainers delight, where the outside does not reflect what’s inside • Glossy tiled open plan living, red gum wall unit with feature artwork, • Fantastic kitchen with S/S restaurant style gas cooker • Under bench lighting, sinkerator, window benched office, ducted heating
• Elevated, solidly constructed 3 brm/2bth, formal dining or 4th bedroom. • Lovely open plan living with views, tiled traffic areas- modern kitchen. Ducted gas heating plus split system. • Double garage UMR with huge storge loft. • Gorgeous sheltered U/C patio
Sue Francis 0419 844 764
Sue Francis 0419 844 764
129 Sea Parade, Pt MacDonnell $265,000
Lot 1 Carpenters Rocks Rd, Carpenters Rocks $190,000
• A very unassuming home on the seafront at Port Mac • Great 800m2 flat block with fully paved rear yard • 3 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms, huge family room + lounge with both gas log fire + split system • Views over the sea and beach access opposite • Access through rear of the shed to extra c/bond shed
• Great little shack across the road from the beach • Timber framed 3 Bedroom plus a detached 4th room • Open plan kitchen/dining lounge & combined bathroom/laundry • Polished timber floors throughout & rustic open fire place with mantle • Undercover patio, Bore & rainwater • Huge allotment
Sue Francis 0419 844 764
Sue Francis 0419 844 764
$180p/wk
• 71 Crouch Street Sth Avail Now $225p/wk • 8 Jarrah Street Avail 8th July $195 p/wk • 7 Barwon Crs Avail Now
$180p/wk
• U1 4 Hartley St Avail 7th June $205 p/wk • Lot 21 Riddoch Hwy Avail Now $330 p/wk • 58 Sea Parade Avail Now
$270 p/wk
• 77a Sea Parade Avail Now
$450p/wk
• 3 Eleanor Street Avail 28th June
$250p/w
• 3 bedroom home • Kitchen with gas appliances. • Lounge/dine area with slow combustion heating • Ceiling fans and air-conditioning • Single garage. • Easy care gardens
• 76 Penola Road Avail Now
$260p/w
Jason Malseed 0419 032 795
• 14 Griffith St Avail Next Week $210 p/wk • 2/25 Power Street Avail Now
$225p/w
Celebraatirnsg 60 Ye GREAT FAMILY HOME
CENTRAL LOCATION
37 Canavan Road Mount Gambier
$199,500
• Three bedrooms, bedroom one and two both have B.I.R • Good size kitchen with electric cooking • Large open plan lounge / dining room • R/C Air con and open fire place. Single garage • Bathroom has bath, shower, and vanity & separate toilet
3 Bertha Street Mount Gambier
$247,000
• 3 bedroom stone home with entrance hall and lounge with gas heating. • Kitchen/dining room with open fire place. • Additional porch at rear. • Large garage measuring 8mx6m plus car port.
• Manageable back yard with shed and wood shed
• Land area of approx 753m2
GREAT FIRST HOME OR INVESTMENT
IDEAL FAMILY HOME
NEW
entertaining. • Single garage UMR with internal and rear access • 5m x 7m (approx.) rear shed. 3 Bay shed. Bore that supplies the garden & 5000 gal rain water
$189,000
7 Ronald Grove Mount Gambier
$239,000
• Slow combustion wood fire • Plenty of shedding • Large detached games room
• Stunning conservatory style dining room • Superb outdoor entertaining area
NEW
1A Coolabah Street Mount Gambier
1 $232,000
• Bedrooms with BIR’s, main with ensuite access to the bathroom. • Lounge room with S/S R/C A/C • Large dining area has direct access to external entertaining area. • Single garage UMR + extra shedding
PRICE 9 Wallace Street Mount Gambier
3 50 James Street Mount Gambier
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$329,000
• Centrally located property • Dolomite fronted villa • 3 bedrooms, attractive lounge room, formal dining room, kitchen store and rear porch • Suit conversion to professional offices • Includes a studio approx 63m2
$299,000
4 Lange Street Mount Gambier
$329,000
• Main bedroom has a W.I.R plus huge bathroom • Bedrooms 2, 3 & 4 all have B.I.R. + office or 5th bedroom • Large formal lounge, Open plan kitchen/dining & living
• 4 bedroom home, main bedroom with ensuite. • 3 living areas, large formal lounge • Roomy family room and separate rumpus room.
room, 3rd living area designed as kids play room • Elevated timber decked outside entertaining area • Double garage with auto door. 6m x 6m double shed
• Double garage UMR with auto roller doors. • Undercover outdoor entertaining area • Rear yard with 6m x 6m shed.
$325,000
61 Dalkeith Drive Mount Gambier
21 Creek Street Mount Gambier
$239,000
2
3 PRICE 36B Wehl Street North Mount Gambier
• Brick & dolomite fronted home in central location • Main bedroom with WIR & ensuite, remaining bedrooms with BI’s er • Spacious open plan living, kitchen with dishwash • Single garage UMR with auto roller door
• Multiple living areas • Great northerly aspect overlooking park lands • Brand new gas hot water service • A true entertainers delight • Check our website for new photos.
• All bedrooms have built-in robes & the main bedroom has an elegant ensuite and study • 2 living areas, a large open style family room and large kitchen, a home theatre room for • North facing large jarrah deck
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• Main bedroom with walk in robe and ensuite
• 2 living areas • Double stone garage & double carport
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• Character stone home in great location • 3 bedrooms, main with built-in robes • Large allotment of 1019m2 • Zoned ducted gas heating
1
14 Wilga Road Mount Gambier
4
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0 $310,000
• Frontage of approx 32m & area of approx 1250m2. lar • This elevated building allotment enjoys spectacu views to the Glenelg river estuary & southern ocean. • SPECTACULAR NATURAL ENVIRONMENT & A RARE OPPORTUNITY
Praying For A New Owner Free Presbyterian Church Circa 1879 Rendered brick construction on blue stone footings Stunning lead-light windows & ornate light fittings Beautiful pine floor boards & timber lined ceiling Set in a quaint country township, South West Victoria Auction Saturday 22nd June, 11am On Site Address 87 Monroe Street, Branxholme, Victoria Jill McErvale 0409 786 285 [email protected]
Ray White Hamilton 116 Thompson Street, Hamilton. Phone 03 5571 1004
Gary McFarlane
140 Thompson Street, HAMILTON. Gary 0408 528 428
REAL ESTATE
03 5571 1440 Fax 03 5572 4442
Email: [email protected] www.garymcfarlanerealestate.com.au
2 ROSCOE AVENUE, HAMILTON - $185,000 NEW LISTING
243 MCFARLANE ROAD, PIGEON PONDS - $245,000 REDUCED
120 CHURCH STREET, COLERAINE - $90,000
18 HAMILTON ROAD, COLERAINE - $95,000
NEW LISTING
3BR CLOSE TO GOLF CLUB
5BR BRICK ON 37 ACRES
UNFINISHED PROJECT
• 3 Large Bedrooms • Gas Heater High Ceilings • Art Deco Features
• 5Br’s 2 Bathrooms • Air Con, Double Carport • 37 Acres with Large Dam
• New Bathroom & Kitchen • Internally Renovated • Large Corner Block
• 3 Large Bedrooms • Air Conditioning & Wood Heater • Great Shedding
39 COLLINS STREET, HAMILTON - $165,000
14 GORDON STREET, HAMILTON - $195,000
30 BREE ROAD, HAMILTON - Offers Above $140,000
EXCELLENT CENTRAL LOCATION - $375,000
• 3 Bedroom • Original Features • Excellent Location
• Quarter Acre Corner Block • Colourbond Roof Gas Heating • Great Location
• 3BR’s Built-in Robes • 2 Living Rooms • Plenty of Sheds
• 4 BR’s, 2 Bathrooms • 2 Living Zones • Stunning Gardens
Lifestyle1.net - 018
Real Estate Buy Or Sell... See P & L
Real Estate Buy Or Sell... See P & L
Real Estate Buy Or Sell... See P & L
Real Estate Buy Or Sell... See P & L
save the date JUNE 30 Limestone Coast Symphony Orchestra Inaugural Gala Concert 2-4pm Sir Robert Helpmann Theatre
LOCAL Health
checks on offer
Mount Gambier residents will be able to get free health checks at a Pit Stop event being organised by the South East Regional Community Health Service next month. The Pit Stop Health Initiative will be held this Thursday at Centro Shopping, Helen Street, Mount Gambier, between 10am and 3.30pm. Registered nurse Lisa Maywald said the Pit Stop aimed to raise awareness of the importance of maintaining your health. “Most people take reasonable care of their cars and we need to take just as much care, if not more, of our bodies and our health,” she said. “The challenge at the Pit Stop is to see if your body will pass the pits with flying colours or be issued with a yellow sticker for further maintenance.” At the Pit Stop people will be able to: •Have their blood pressure, blood sugar and cholesterol levels taken. •Get advice on healthy eating, exercise and waist measurements. •Check their alcohol consumption. •Consider quitting smoking
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to reduce risk of lung cancer and other diseases. •Take a stress and mental health quiz to see if their coping skills are working. •Get information on men’s and women’s health issues and bowel cancer. •Get information on skin cancer awareness. •Find out more about immunisations/ vaccinations. •Check energy levels with exercises and gain information on keeping flexible and good back care. South East Regional Community Health Service
has been providing Pit Stop events for the past eight years to communities in the region. There has been fantastic community engagement and many partnerships have been built up with local businesses, work places, schools, sports and community groups. This year the Pit Stop team will work in collaboration with the University of South Australia and Flinders University Rural Training Centre to provide hands on primary health care in a rural community setting for health students in their final year of study. This experience will help prepare students to consider rural practice as a career pathway.
local story
Roadside vegetation Southern Grampians Shire Council is encouraging all landowners who undertake activities on roadsides in the shire, to contact council before commencing any work, to ensure no damage to native grasslands on the road reserves occurs. The native grasslands of the Victorian Volcanic Plain (VVP), which stretches from Melbourne to Portland including areas in the Southern Grampians Shire, have been so altered it is estimated that only 1 per cent remains. These last patches are often located in road and rail reserves. High conservation value grasslands occur along wide, continuous stretches of road reserve, such as areas on the Dunkeld-Cavendish Road. Often it is hard to tell the native grasslands apart from regular paddocks, until you get up close and see the rich diversity of indigenous species present. The VVP is home to a large number of threatened flora and fauna species, such as the Golden Sun Moth (Synemon plana) and the Striped Legless Lizard (Delma impar). Many species have already been lost and are now extinct, which makes the remaining native grasslands very important habitat zones. Council is one of the agencies responsible for managing and protecting the grasslands on roadsides within our Shire. Recently there was a case of farm equipment damaging a road reserve with some of the best remnant grasslands that exist in our Shire. Excess cropping seed and fertiliser was dumped, potentially killing native species and introducing an exotic weed into the grassland. To ensure incidents such as this do not occur in the future, Council encourages anyone proposing to undertake an activity that might have an impact upon a road reserve, to contact council’s natural assets management officer Skott Stark on (03)5573 0223.
LOCAL Take
a walk on the wine side
Coonawarra wineries will once again open their cellars for Cellar Dwellers, running July 1 – 31. The
established wineries of the Coonawarra Walking Trail will be hosting a newly created event titled ‘Walk with
sudoku How to play: To solve this puzzle each 3x3 box, each row and each column must contain all the numbers from 1 to 9.
the Winemakers’ on Saturday, July 13 from 1-4.30pm. This unique event offers participants a guided
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afternoon walk around the vineyards of the Coonawarra Walking Trail, with the individual Winemakers as your hosts. Exclusive private tastings of aged museum wines at each of the wineries will be a highlight, along with the opportunity to interact with the Winemaker and improve your knowledge of their wines, vineyards and Coonawarra. Tickets for the event cost $20 per person and places are strictly limited, to secure your place contact Kate Allen or Lisa Honner at the Brand’s Laira Coonawarra Cellar Door on (08)8736 3260. The participating Wineries: Brand’s Laira Coonawarra, DiGiorgio Family Wines, Redman Wines, Wynns Coonawarra Estate and Zema Estate. For more information on Coonawarra Cellar Dwellers please visit www.coonawarra.org or contact the Coonawarra Vignerons Association on (08)8737 2392.
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at the gallery Until July 14 Victorian Guild of China Painters HAMILTON ART GALLERY, HAMILTON In an era when most porcelain is transfer printed the art of handpainted porcelain is a rarely seen treasure. Thanks to this dedicated group the fine art is not lost to our times. This will be the first exhibition in a public gallery of the work from the Victorian Guild of China Painters allowing the public to
marvel at the beautiful skills presented. Works on display will have the option to be purchased with part of the proceeds donated to the Hamilton SES. Lifestyle1.net - 021
Left - Bryan Tonkin (DiGiorgio Family Wines); Greg Clayfield (Zema Estate); Luke Skeer (Wynns Coonawarra Estate); Mal Redman (Redman Wines) and Scott Colbert (Brand’s Laira Coonawarra).
To celebrate, Finishing Touch is offering a
full set of Bio Sculpture Nails for only $60 for the month of June. Bookings essential, make yours today because Gayle said she needs another holiday! Shop 3/4 Ripley Arcade, Commercial St West, Mt Gambier
Phone: (08) 8725 2496 Find us on Facebook Finishing Touch Nails Mount Gambier
new nurse for Penola Penola War Memorial Hospital has a new Clinical Services Coordinator. Emma Clements replaces Lisa Sutcliffe who moved to Mount Gambier late last year. Before starting in her new role Emma worked in the Northern Territory for Sunrise Health Care. There she worked in remote Aboriginal communities as a Primary Health Care and Emergency Nurse.
LOCAL Rotary
awards for local media and entertainment identities
BUTCHER
has been bestowed and the last person to be recognised was Hosking’s former boss, the late Allan Scott. From when he first walked in the doors of SES 8 in 1968 to when he left only weeks ago when the WIN local news service was axed, Sid has always been synonymous with the local television station. From capturing black and white images on a 16mm Bolex camera to the digital age and the technology that yielded, Sid has recorded thousands of hours of this region’s history - he has been a part of every event that has shaped this region and seen the good, bad and the ugly. There has
The media and entertainment industry was in the spotlight at a Rotary Club of Mount Gambier Lakes awards ceremony at the end of last month. The Pride of Workmanship awards went the way of six local identities - five from the media and Fay Cakebread, from the Sir Robert Helpmann Theatre. There was also a special presentation on the night to the man who was the face of SES 8 and WIN Television in this region for almost 50 years. Popular cameraman Sid Hosking was honoured with the rarely awarded Vocational Service Award - it is only the third time the honour
LIMESTONE COAST
door to door & intertown service from parcels to palletts
NO ITEM G TOO BI R O ALL TOO SM
cont. page 23 Above - Pride of Workmanship Award winners - Anelia Blackie (The Border Watch); Ewan Grant (Radio 5SE); Gretel Sneath (Freelance); club president Chris Taylor; Fay Cakebread (Sir Robert Helpmann Theatre); guest presenter Ernie Sigley and Stan Thomson (ABC South East).
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been no more recognisable face associated with local television news and he will be long and fondly remembered long after the memories of the journalists and presenters have faded.
June l speciaoff
n Derivaaints P c Acr yli
Naracoorte • Mount Gambier • Millicent Beachport • Robe • Kingston • Lucindale Keith • Padthaway • Bordertown
Freight from Melbourne Monday - Wednesday - Friday
2 LOCATIONS
Phone - (08) 8762 0018 Fax - (08) 8762 0081 Email - [email protected] 6 Brighton Drive, Naracoorte Lifestyle1.net - 022
local story
Medical upgrades Portland District Health is now at the forefront of medical imaging technology following a significant equipment upgrade. In October last year, the PDH medical imaging department received a $600,000 bequest from the Andrew Jack Trust to upgrade and replace equipment. Mr Jack was a long-time Portland district farmer who established a trust to direct his estate to worthwhile projects in health, education, agricultural education and to support Rotary programs. Chief radiographer Robin Parry said these upgrades were now complete and had lifted PDH to a new level of medical imaging services. “This is a terrific outcome for people across the Western District - we now have the latest equipment backed by the department’s expertise, effectively giving people access to a broader range of imaging procedures which may be carried out closer to home,” Ms Parry said The bequest has led to installation of a new OPG Cone Beam CT machine, a bone mineral density (DEXA) scanner, CT and ultrasound upgrades, a new general X-Ray and fluoroscopy machine and a new digital mobile image intensifier. These upgrades and new items follow the installation of the digital mammography equipment by BreastScreen Victoria in November 2012. “When combined, these upgrades put PDH at the forefront of medical imaging services, giving a facility in which the community can have confidence and pride”, Ms Parry said. Residents from across the Greater Green Triangle region are expected to access the expanded services. “We now offer several services not previously available and expect to attract many people who may have previously travelled to other centres to access these services,” Ms Parry said. A plaque recognising the contribution of the Andrew Jack Trust will be mounted in the medical imaging waiting room. “This was a particularly generous bequest and PDH and the community are very appreciative,” Ms Parry said.
LOCAL Rotary
awards for local media and entertainment identities from page 22
To properly document 45 years of service to this community through the lens of a camera would take more than a mere magazine article but fortunately Sid’s work has spoken for itself for almost 50 years. Two of Sid’s former colleagues were also honoured at the Rotary event - popular WIN News journalist and presenter turned freelance writer Gretel Sneath and former news editor, now Lifestyle1 editor Di Gould. Both spent many hours of the road covering the region’s people, places and events alongside Sid. Gretel spent six years as a key member of the WIN News team before stepping out on her own. Along with her extensive local database of clients, Gretel also works
for a number of high profile national publications and organisations, as well as her regular casual work at ABC Radio. There wouldn’t be an event in this region Gretel hasn’t covered and her passion for the Limestone Coast knows no bounds. Equally passionate, albeit with a slightly longer resume, Gretel’s ABC colleague Stan Thomson was also a recipient. From his early days at 5SE to his hugely popular morning program with the ABC, Stan has become the trusted voice of the issues that face this region. He has been the storyteller we have turned to for the good and bad news and he has told the stories of thousands of residents of this region, as he, like
all the other 2013 award winners, look to promote this region. Stan has been with the ABC for 25 years and has presented State and national programs as well as his regular mornings gig. Border Watch journalist Anelia Blackie is a relative newcomer to this region, joining the newspaper as part of an employment sponsorship program in 2007. The South African born journalist has had an understandable penchant for covering multicultural issues, specifically migration and settlement, and she has been awarded for those efforts. Always one to delve a little deeper, Anelia has also been at the forefront of mental health issues during her five year tenure
at The Border Watch. She is the journalist that always tackles the tough issues, the less “sexy” stories and has a heart for change. And speaking of big hearts, Radio 5SE’s Ewan Grant has one of the biggest. From his beginnings in community radio in Portland in 1983 to his long running breakfast gig with Radio 5SE, Ewan is a good a spokesperson as this region could hope for as he relentlessly promotes events, particularly community fundraising campaigns, and the people that make this region tick. A four time employee of the year at 5SE and the face of the hugely successful Give Me 5 For Kids campaign, Ewan devotes not just his on-air time but his own time as well making sure the Limestone Coast is the best place it can be. The final Pride of Workmanship recipient, Fay Cakebread, has been part of the Sir Robert Helpmann Theatre family for more than 25 years. She took over the reins of technical manager from Dean James in 2004 and she is there well before the curtain rises and well after it falls. A passionate supporter of the arts, Fay is just as dedicated to helping produce a local primary school production as she is the big name acts. Fay is
unaffected by the chaos that can accompany a behind-the-scenes theatre role and she ensures the show always goes on.
indigenous art regional tour begins
JUNE 8 - JULY 5 Our Mob – 2012 On Tour WALKWAY GALLERY, BORDERTOWN Our Mob 2012 is a Statewide celebration of South Australian Indigenous art and artists. This annual exhibition is an engaging resource to develop knowledge and understanding of indigenous art and culture.
Our new opening times Mon 8.30 - 5.00 Tue 8.30 - 5.00 Wed- Sat 8.30 - late Now open straight through. Sweet & savoury bar menu from 3pm till late
AFE BAKERY & C Phone (08) 8723 3179 13 Commercial Street East, Mount Gambier Lifestyle1.net - 023
Left - Sid Hosking (centre) accepts the prestigious Vocational Service Award from club president Chris Taylor (left) and media personality Ernie Sigley (right).
tempt the tastebuds
LOCAL Youth
Vegetarian Lasagne 500g eggplant,; Olive oil spray; 300g cup mushrooms; 1 garlic clove, crushed; 100g baby spinach leaves; 125g light sour cream; 1 x 700g btl passata ; 6 fresh lasagne sheets; 250g chargrilled capsicum, ; 500g low-fat ricotta, crumbled; 1/2 cup chopped fresh basil; 80g sun-dried tomato pesto; 100g coarsely 3L (12-cup) capacity baking dish with oil. grated light mozzarella Spread 125ml (1/2 cup) of the passata Method over the base. Top with 2 lasagne sheets, overlapping slightly. Top with half the Preheat oven to 180°C. Spray the mushroom mixture, half the eggplant, half eggplant with oil. Heat a non-stick the capsicum, half the ricotta and half the frying pan over medium heat. Cook one-third of the eggplant for 1-2 minutes basil. Top with 2 more lasagne sheets and 160ml (2/3 cup) of the remaining passata. each side or until tender and golden. Continue layering with the remaining Transfer to a plate lined with paper eggplant, capsicum, ricotta, basil and towel. Repeat, in 2 more batches, with lasagne sheets. Spread pesto over the remaining eggplant. Spray the pan top and pour over the remaining passata. with oil. Cook the mushroom and garlic Sprinkle with the mozzarella. Cover with over medium-high heat for 3 minutes foil and bake for 30 minutes. Uncover and or until soft. Add the spinach and cook bake for a further 15-20 minutes or until for 2 minutes or until wilted. Remove golden and cooked through. from heat and stir in the sour cream.
The Mount Gambier Library is pleased to be again working closely with schools and local businesses in delivering Finding MY Place. Participants in this year’s program are students from Mount Gambier High, Grant Highand Allendale East Area Schools. The Finding MY Place program is coordinated by Terasa Nearmy, a staff member of the Mount Gambier Library, and aims to retain students in education by showing them how exciting learning can be. The program offers motivation, guidance and assists in building confidence and self esteem in students. Learning essential life skills are an underlying component of the Finding MY Place program.The program is staged in a series of workshops for secondary school students who can benefit from an alternative learning experience. Workshop presenters have been carefully selected to provide career guidance and to share their life ambitions and stories with the students. Students get the chance
Season with salt and pepper. Spray a
program continues to succeed
to explore careers in the arts, music, sports, dance, and traineeships in many occupations. Through motivational workshops, students are also made aware of the consequences of alcohol and drug abuse, the importance of health and wellbeing, and why it is better not to be “on the bad side of the law.” “The right attitude is so important to succeeding. Finding MY Place provides reinforcement messages around attitude as well as encouraging positive life choices,” Ms Nearmy said. Barry Many Group, Julie Howe at MEGT, Joanna Fincham, Hype Dance Studio, SAPOL, Ovation Performing Arts, Squash Brook Fitness and Leisure,
sudoku
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to arrange a FREE hearing test
Above - Hip hop participants - (back row from left) Jesse Brodie (GHS), Grace Millard (Allendale), Chloe Fensom (Allendale) and (front row from left) Kacee Glynn (Allendale), Michaela Ryan (Hype Dance), Brooke Axleby-Young
3 7
How to play: To solve this puzzle each 3x3 box, each row and each column must contain all the numbers from 1 to 9.
Call us now
Mount Gambier Martial Arts Academy and Mary Kay cosmetics are all supporters of the program. The program will finish with a graduation ceremony for the students which will highlight the success stories throughout the program and, thanks to Friends of the Library, one lucky participant will receive an iPad.
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come’n’try ALL DIGITAL HEARING “br inging s peech into focus ”
YOUR HEARING CENTRE PH: 1300 365 480 Mount Gambier • Warrnambool • Portland • Casterton • Hamilton • Naracoorte
Square Dancing is Fun - Come and Try - Allabout Squares Dance Club We are inviting new dancers to come and try Square Dancing in June. We meet at Glenburnie Hall, Casterton Road on Saturday evenings starting at 7.30pm. Over 2 hours of Entertainment from a live caller is provided followed by a delicious supper. Nominal cost. No experience necessary. Please call Andrea on 0417 509 144.
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your stars Pisces Ignorance could be bliss this week. You could make an amazing discovery simply because of something you didn’t know so don’t pretend you know what’s going on but rather embrace the journey of discovery. Aries You might like to think you’re a calm and measured person but this week will test that to the limits and then some. Passions will be high so try and take a step back when making big decisions so you don’t do something rash that you will later regret. And try not to let your pride get the better of you if a backflip is required. Taurus You really need to slow down and take stock this week or things could really start to spiral out of control. You need to take some time out to find some inner peace and just take time to take a breath. You could learn a lesson from history this week Gemini It’s all about image this week as you look to project how you see yourself while also changing what you believe to be the misguided perceptions of others. It could be less stressful though not to fight this battle - the more you try and prove you’re in charge the less likely it is colleagues will respect and like you. Cancer Make sure you’re listening this week so you know what it is others are after and can deliver. When it comes to finance and romance this week, honesty will be the best policy. Leo Keep it simple this week as you find the solution to a long standing issue closer and more obvious than you realised. You should see a smile return to your face.
Virgo You really need to stop living in the past and looking back but rather focus on shaping your future. If you would just open your eyes to the possibilities there are some inspiring and exciting times ahead. Libra This is a good week to open your ears and close your mouth. It really is time you started to listen to those around you rather than just becoming part of the cacophony of noise. This could lead to a special moment with someone dear to you.
LOCAL Windfall
for civic precinct makeover
Southern Grampians Shire Council would like to thank the State Government for its ongoing support to the Shire and the greater Hamilton region following two funding announcements made last week in Hamilton. Deputy Premier, the Hon Peter Ryan MP, Minister for Regional and Rural Development and Minister for State Development announced $30,000 to help design and cost revitalisation plans for a main entry precinct into Hamilton’s CBD in Cox Street and $30,000 for a new feasibility study into the expansion of Hamilton’s civic precinct. Both funding announcements are being provided through the State Government’s Putting
Locals First Program. Southern Grampians Shire Council Mayor Cr Albert Calvano said the funding for the two projects announced last week would support council’s long-term strategies to re-invigorate Hamilton and in particular the heart of the city. “The revitalisation of Cox Street is seen as integral to the development of the CBD as a place to shop and do business,” the mayor said. “It is a major entry point to the retail centre and its development will support council’s aims to continue to attract new development into the city, as well as improve safety, pedestrian access and overall amenity.” Similarly, the Civic Precinct study will further advance council’s
aims to maximise the development potential of Hamilton’s CBD. “The structure plan and economic development and retail strategies all focus on our wonderful CBD. We aim, as part of this study, to identify development opportunities whilst at the same time improve service provision to the community and add to the vitality and amenity of the city.” Cr Calvano said. “We are very grateful for the strong support provided to us by our State Government partners and look forward to working with them to ensure that the greater Hamilton region has a positive role to play in supporting the economic growth of the State.”
Below - The Hon Hugh Delahunty MP, Member for Lowan, Minster for Sports and Recreation and Minister for Veterans’ Affairs, Southern Grampians Shire Council Mayor, Cr Albert Calvano with the Hon Peter Ryan MP, Deputy Premier, Minister for Regional and Rural Development and Minister for State Development, discussing plans for revitalisation of Cox Street in Hamilton following last week’s funding announcements.
tempt the tastebuds
Chilli Con Carne 1 tablespoon olive oil; 1 brown onion, finely chopped; 2 garlic cloves, crushed 1 red capsicum, seeded, finely chopped; 500g beef mince; 1 tablespoon ground cumin; 2 teaspoons ground coriander; 2 teaspoons sweet paprika; Pinch of dried chilli flakes; 400g can kidney beans, rinsed, drained; 400g can Heinz Big Red tomato soup; 1 ripe avocado, halved, stoned, peeled; 2 teaspoons lime juice; Coriander leaves, to serve; Lime wedges, to serve; Corn chips, to serve
Scorpio Stop second guessing yourself at every turn and stop listening to the doubters who would rather throw a negative rather than a positive light on your recent decisions. The future is bright so trust your instincts. Sagittarius Whether it’s been financial, personal or professional - an issue you’ve been dealing with will come to a head and while there will be some loose ends to tidy up, it will be resolved and you can move on. Still be careful what you say to others as the dust settles. Capricorn Be very careful about not blurring the lines between being helpful and interfering this week and also don’t confuse someone taking advantage of you for genuine need. Sometimes your willingness to help others goes too far. Aquarius You seem to be agitated and unable to find true happiness and the only solution is a bit of harsh reality checking. There are things and people in your life that are not good for you and you need to have the courage to move on from them and focus on the good things.
Method Heat the oil in a large frying pan over medium heat. Add the onion, capsicum and garlic and cook, stirring, for 5 minutes or until onion softens. Add
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the cumin, coriander, paprika and chilli and cook, stirring, for 1 minute or until aromatic. Add the mince and cook, stirring with a wooden spoon to break up any lumps, for 5 minutes or until mince changes colour. Add the kidney beans and Heinz Big Red tomato soup and cook, stirring, for 5 minutes or until sauce thickens slightly. Meanwhile, place the avocado in a small bowl. Use a fork to mash until almost smooth. Add the lime juice and stir to combine. Taste and season with salt and pepper. Divide the chilli con carne among serving bowls. Top with avocado and coriander leaves. Serve with corn chips and lime wedges.
on this day
local story
JUNE 14 1907 - Women in Norway won the right to vote. 1953 - Elvis Presley graduated from L.C. Humes High School in Memphis,
Community health celebrations Members of the Mount Gambier community can find out more about the Rainbow Club and South East Regional Community Health Service at an open day on June 20. The Rainbow Club on James Street in Mount Gambier, run by the South East Regional Community Health Service, offers recreation, social activities and friendship in a safe environment. The open day will be held between 10.30am and 2.30pm and staff, Rainbow Club patrons and volunteers will be at the event. Activities will include: 10.30am – Board games; 11am – Exercises; 1pm – live music; 2pm – One year celebration. Light morning and afternoon tea will be available.The Rainbow Club is at 4 James Street.
on this day
Celebrating 100 YEARS Come & check out our newly renovated flooring in Tavern & Front Bar
Happy Hours Daily
JUNE 12 1839 Abner Doubleday was credited with inventing the game of baseball. There has since been some evidence of the sport being played prior to 1800.
ednesday s included Schnitzel Day$1W 3 - topping
Advertorial I JND FINANCIAL SOLUTIONS
Property versus shares Australian housing has become severely unaffordable and many investors and first home buyers are asking whether shares are a better option than bricks and mortar. According to the latest AMP.NATSEM report The Great Australian Dream - Just a Dream? median house prices have more than doubled to $417,000, while median after-tax incomes have only increased by 50 percent to $57,000. Every capital city in Australia is now considered “unaffordable” with Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide all “severely unaffordable”. As it becomes increasingly difficult for people to enter the property market, many are weighing up whether shares are a better bet. The pros and cons: •It’s cheaper and easier to invest in shares. While it may take many years to save enough for a deposit on a home, people only need around $1,500 to start a managed fund. The ongoing contributions are also more affordable than mortgage repayments, with most managed funds requiring a minimum top-up of just $100 per month. For people who already have their own home, investing in shares can also be a more affordable option than buying a second property. •How liquid do you want your investment to be? If an investor likes to be able to free up their cash in a hurry, shares are far more liquid than property. Selling a home can be an expensive and time consuming process, whereas shares can be offloaded or topped up quite easily. The portability of shares also gives people the flexibility to switch their investments around in response to the market. •Consider your risk profile. Since the global financial crisis, many people have become more risk averse. While property is a relatively stable investment, the sharemarket can be quite volatile. It’s important for people to consider their risk profile when deciding what type of investment is best for them. A financial planner can assist people in determining the level of risk they’re comfortable with. For example a younger person who has plenty of time of their side, may be more risk tolerant than an elderly person who is close to retirement. •Weigh up the tax benefits Landlords are able to claim a tax deduction for money outlaid on the general maintenance and upkeep of an investment property. However shares can be an even more effective way of minimising tax due to the franking credits that may be received. •Which performs better? There has always been a lot of debate about whether
property outperforms shares over the long term and it can depend on the statistics that are used. According to Shane Oliver, Chief Economist and Head of Investment Strategy at AMP Capital Investors, the share market can be a better performer than property over the short term. However, the long term performance of property can give shares a run for their money. •Shares can be more hassle-free Owning an investment property and all the responsibilities that come with it can be stressful. Attracting good quality tenants, ensuring the rent is paid on time and ongoing maintenance are just some of the potential issues. •The cultural factor Australians have a love affair with the property market and this gives it a certain advantage over shares. The other benefit being that property is a tangible asset that also fulfils a social need in the community. This makes investing in a home more desirable for some individuals. Whether investing in property or shares, the earlier people can start creating wealth for the future, the better. Before taking the leap either way, it’s important to weigh up all the pros and cons. By Robert Johncock Robert Johncock (pictured above) is an Authorised Representative of AMP Financial Planning Pty Ltd, ABN 89 051 208 327, AFS Licence No. 232706. Any advice given is general only and has not taken into account your objectives, financial situation or needs. Because of this, before acting on any advice, you should consult a financial planner to consider how appropriate the advice is to your objectives, financial situation and needs.
Weekend Drink Specials
Sundays $10 Pizza or Sch nit
*Conditions Apply
ing M 32 Modern Gam
OPEN FROM 9AM TILL LATE
72 George Street, Millicent. Phone 08 8733 2017
1991 The Chicago Bulls won their first NBA championship. The Bulls beat the Los Angeles Lakers four games to one.
(parking at the rear of the hotel)
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Advice in • Life Insurance • Superannuation • Shares & Investments • Home Loans • Self–Managed Super Funds
Providing • Financial planning • Retirement planning • Small business advice • Banking solutions
Call: 1800 195 546 Email: [email protected] Web: www.johncock.amp.com.au Rob Johncock Pty Ltd Trading as JND Financial Solutions Authorised representative of AMP Financial Planning Pty Ltd ABN 89 051 208 327, AFSL No. 232706
When you live in a region that has built much of its economic success and community spirit on the back of one industry, a downturn in that industry can really impact. Ask anyone who has lost their once stable mill job in the past few years, or the local business owners that have noticed a declining disposable income in the community. But since the South East Forestry Industry Roundtable worked overtime to minimise the predicted damaging impact of the sale of the region’s Forestry SA rotations and looked to ensure and build a brighter future that’s exactly what has happened. Long time industry advocate Trevor Smith was the chair of that now disbanded working party and he strongly believes the future is bright and that a renewed positive outlook, rather than the doom and gloom of the past couple of years will only ensure the proud industry is once again vibrant and strong.
Trevor Smith wears three timber industry hats at the moment. They are roles which give him confidence about the future of the timber industry and they are roles that complement one another with three separate projects that inadvertently will work hand in hand to rebuild and then further grow the industry and its workforce. His most recent appointment was to the South Australian Forestry Industry Advisory Board - a new entity which is a merging of a couple of previous industry bodies. Aside from the most critical role of the South East Forestry Industry Roundtable - securing the resource for this region - this was one of that group’s recommendations. “It is there to directly advise the Minister and while it has broad term of reference, it does have some clear goals,” Trevor said. It is set to develop a blueprint for the industry with a view to 2040. cont. page 28
did you know??
When Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone back in 1876, only six phones were sold in the first month.
PARTICLE BOARD MDF VENEER BOARDS LINING BOARDS The six official languages of the United Nations are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish.
DOORS & ACCESSORIES JAMES HARDIE PRODUCTS LAMINEX PRODUCTS
9 TOLMIE STREET, MOUNT GAMBIER PHONE 08 8725 9500 FAX 08 8725 7471 EMAIL [email protected] Lifestyle1.net - 027
talking timber MERRETT L O G G I N G ly business Locally owned and operated fami Merrett. am by Snow, Pat, Stuart, John & Ad then went Commenced post peeling in 1985 where to to machines in 1990 prgressing ting es we are today operating 12 Harv cks tru machines, 8 Forwarders and 12
From page 27...It is set to build on the government’s previous commitments towards advancing the industry,” Trevor said. “In particular, the South East region, given that we have ensured the ongoing resource to support the local industry.” The blueprint will map out where the local industry needs to be, to make it a healthy, viable forestry and forest products industry. “We are trying to bring to fruition the vision for the future that came out of the roundtable,” Trevor said. The second major priority of the newly formed advisory board is to develop a forestry policy, which is another crucial
2013
roundtable recommendation being implemented. It is a historical undertaking with this State’s forestry industry having never had such a policy in place or at work. “It will make sure government, the industry, the community and stakeholders are all committed to the same set of standards,” Trevor said. “I believe it really shows the long term view and commitment the government is making to the industry - it has to be seen as a tick.” He is hopeful the history making policy could be signed off on by the end of this year. cont. page 29
24 Ellen Street, Penola SA Phone (08) 8737 2343 Fax (08) 8737 2767
warneke kitchens • kitchens • cabinets • wardrobes • flatpaks
Cabinets of prestige • • • • •
kitchens cabinets wardrobes insurance claims project management
on this day MARCH 21 IS WORLD FORESTRY DAY What else has made history on March 21???? 1413 Henry V becomes King of England. 1685 Famous Baroque composer Johann Sebastian Bach was born.
Innovation kit-chens • • • •
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Ph: 8733 3856 or 0400 730 905 Lifestyle1.net - 028
1960 World champion Formula 1 driver Ayrton Senna was born. He died in a 1994 race crash. 1962 Controversial talk show host Rosie O’Donnell was born.
talking timber Aside from these planning and policy developments for the industry, there is also some more tangible support to its long term future and Trevor Smith is also part of that. The South East Forest Partnership Program, which is a $27 million State Government assistance package designed to encourage a viable and strong timber sawmilling industry. Funding is available to the private sector for capital investment in the timber industry, with the aim to create and secure jobs in the State’s South East. Successful applicants will be required to match the Government investment on at least a one for one basis. Applications will be assessed on criteria including their strategic importance for the State and/or South East region in the forest and forest products sector, for their positive and sustainable economic impact on the South East (through retaining or expanding regional timber processing), positive impact on employment and level of innovation. The program has received seven submissions with Trevor hopeful the successful applicants will be notified in the not too distant future about their windfall. Seeing a dollars and cents commitment from the government is yet another sign the government appears to be backing the struggling sector based on the belief a secured resource can de the basis for a secure future for the forestry and forest products industry. Trevor Smith believes these two major government initiatives combined with an improved community and industry outlook will see the industry return to the glory days. “We need to get rid of all the negativity of that past couple of years as it won’t
on this day 1980 US President Jimmy Carter announces a United States boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow to protest the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
2013
get us anywhere and we really need to be positive,” Trevor said. And with yet another government initiative on his radar, further investigating the industry and its future, Trevor believes things could continue to turn around. “This initiative could be the most important - it is a celluloid fibre study,” he said. “It is looking at the current status of the industry, the current levels of production, the current method of production and the ongoing viability of that and what needs to change in terms of technology and other innovation.” The first phase of the 12 month study has been completed with phase two well underway and set to make some recommendations. Things like bio-energy and bio-fuel are part of the study as it looks at how the industry might need to change. “I believe the government instigating these three major initiatives bodes well for the long term future of the industry,” Trevor said. “The roundtable has secured the resource and now it’s about planning what kind of future we are hoping to secure for the industry and the workforce and growing both.” Above - CFMEU’s Brad Coates; timber industry advocate Trevor Smith and then State treasurer Jack Snelling.
QUALITY TIMBER SALES Direct to Trade & Public • Posts, rails & garden sleepers • Hardwood & treated decking • Fence palings/pickets
• Lattice & framing
• Cubbies & dog kennels
• Treated & untreated pine
1980 JR Ewing was shot in the TV prime time series Dallas - it was one of the most watched episodes of television in history. 1987 U2 released its hugely successful single With Or Without You.
WHITEHEADS TIMBER SALES Portland, 611 Henty St. Ph 03 5523 2789 Lifestyle1.net - 029
08 8724 2130
2 Eucalypt Drive, Mount Gambier www.wtsales.com.au Ballarat, 831 Creswick Rd. Ph 03 5339 3081
64 Thompson Street, Hamilton Phone: (03) 5572 4857 www.theroxburgh.com.au
205 Commercial Street West, Mount Gambier Phone: (08) 8724 9588 - phone orders welcome
109 Gordon Street, Naracoorte Phone: (08) 8762 1106
99 Commercial Street East, Mount Gambier 48 Davenport Street, Millicent Phone: (08) 8725 1800 or 0413 405 770 Phone: (08) 8733 4566 www.gourmetindia.com.au Lifestyle1.net - 030
2$1
(2
2 7a Ferrers Street, Mount Gambier (Between Target - next to Fidlers car park) Phone: (08) 8723 9433
.#
8 George Street, Millicent Phone: (08) 8733 3682
59 Percy Street, Portland Phone: (03) 5523 7376 www.theteatreegallery.com.au
%.
1. Napoleon Perdis New Mattetastic Lipsticks Murray T Martin Pharmacy (08) 8725 8244
2. Cain baskets assorted sizes & prices. Absolutely Anything Ph (08) 8733 1433
3. Overload woolblend coat with detachable collar $190. Heaven On A Hanger Ph (08) 8733 2512
4. Esprit ELI55 eliptical trainer $999. Sportspower Millicent Ph (08) 8733 2433
Stockists: 1. Murray T Martin Pharmacy. 23-25 Commercial Street West, Mount Gambier.
85 Gordon Street, Naracoorte Phone: (08) 8762 0700
119 Percy Street, Portland Phone: (03) 5521 1111 www.royalhotelportland.com.au
2. Absolutely Anything. 74-76 George Street, Millicent. 3. Heaven On A Hanger. 35 Geogre Street, Millicent. 4. Sportspower Millicent. 29 George Street, Millicent.
tempt the tastebuds
Dine in and enjoy the view
55 Bentinck Street, Portland Phone: (03) 5523 4777
Memorial Drive, Coonawarra Phone: (08) 8736 3170 [email protected]
Chicken & Mushrrom Delight 2 teaspoons Alfa One rice bran oil 400g diced chicken breast 1 medium brown onion, chopped 2 rashers middle bacon, trimmed, chopped 250g button mushrooms, quartered 1/4 cup plain flour 1 tablespoon dijon mustard 1 cup chicken stock 1/2 cup thickened cream 2 tablespoons chopped fresh flatleaf parsley Lifestyle1.net - 031
Method Heat oil in a large frying pan over medium-high heat. Add chicken. Cook, stirring, for 5 minutes or until golden. Transfer to a plate. Add onion and bacon to pan. Cook, stirring, for 3 to 4 minutes or until onion has softened. Add mushroom. Cook, stirring for 2 minutes or until mushroom has started to soften. Stir in flour and mustard. Cook, stirring, for 2 minutes. Gradually stir in stock. Bring to the boil. Return chicken to pan. Cover. Reduce heat to low. Simmer for 15 minutes or until chicken is cooked through. Add cream. Season with salt and pepper. Cook, without boiling, for 3 minutes or until heated through. Stir in parsley. Serve.
classifieds 18TH BIRTHDAY
14 words only $6* AUCTIONS
Mac’s Auctions
BOTH AUCTION ROOMS FULL HAPPY 18TH BIRTHDAY Chloe Romanis. All the best for the future. Love from Jenny xxoo ------------------------------------------
PORT FAIRY BEACHFRONT - Luxury house with fantastic ocean views. 3 bedroom, spa, Austar. Ph 0448 652 586. www.alohaholiday.net F ------------------------------------------
ACCOMODATION
for all your cricket, football, netball, hockey & general sporting needs Phone 08 8725 7582 16 Commercial Street West, Mount Gambier
Inc. Three Quality Deceased Estates, plus downsizers etc. As new leather lounges, recliners, modern furniture, antique cedar etc furniture, cottage items, electrical, lovely lot of collectables inc, kerosene banquet lamps, china, crystal, silverware, jewellery, curios of all types. As new motor mower, lawn edger, outdoor items, ensembles, 2 Beale pianos etc.
MORE THAN JUST GOOD SPORTS
An absolute huge selection. Please see the Borderwatch, Friday, June 21 for listings & new viewing times. ROBE BEACHFRONT - Brand new two storey home on main beach. 4 bedrooms, amazing views. Ph 0448 652 586. www.alohaholiday.net F -----------------------------------------
Available online only at www.lifestyle1.net *Cash, cheque or credit card. 14 words for $6.
AUCTION MAC’S NEXT AUCTION ROOM SALE - SUNDAY, JUNE 23 AT 10.30AM MOUNT GAMBIER - Premium 2 and 3 bedroom apartments centrally located in the heart of city. Ph 0438 224 626. www.precinctonjardine.com.au F ------------------------------------------
Buy 1, get 2 FREE
MAC’S AUCTIONS (a division of Mac’s Furniture) 58 Commercial St West Phone 08 8725 7031 Mobile 0408 849 547 A/H 08 8725 3191 ------------------------------------------
ANTIQUES
COLLECTORMANIAC - Buying and selling rare ANTIQUES & COLLECTABLES including Militaria, Kitchenalia, Tin & Diecast toys, Live steam Toys, Garagenalia, Enamel & Tin signs, Vintage electrical, Pottery, Porcelain and Jewellery. Open everyday 12-4pm, 4.5km south of the Blue lake, 21684 Riddoch Highway (Bay Road). Look for signs on right at the old “Hills Blue Lake Plant Nursery”. Ph 08 8726 8340, email [email protected], facebook page Collectormaniac for map. OL-486 ------------------------------------------
CARAVANS & CAMPERS
CARAVAN AT BEACHPORT SA, 20 foot with solid annexe, needs to be relocated within 12 months, ideal for holidays or backyard room. $5500 O.N.O. Ph 0417 868 005. OL-484 ------------------------------------------
CARAVANS & CAMPERS
MAZDA T3500 CAMPERVAN - 3 way Fridge, H.W.S., shower, TV, 2 Burner stove. SSN-070. $19,000. Ph 03 5572 2949. OL-486 ------------------------------------------
CHURCHES
ANGLICAN CHURCH HALL - Bay Road, Mount Gambier. Every Thursday 10am - 4 pm. Winter stock out now. We’ve shorn our sheep for this seasons winter woolies, come on in and browse at what we have available. OL-486 ------------------------------------------
CLEANING
FOR PROBLEM septics, leachfields, greasetraps and drains, Use FLUSH-IT(R) and let nature do the work. Ph 1300 657 570 or 03 5158 1248. W -----------------------------------------MICHAEL’S WINDOWS. Professional window cleaning service. All windows, all areas. Ph Michael Baker 0434 463 975. OL-486 ------------------------------------------
COSTUME HIRE
CARAVAN ROMA 1994 12 months rego, excellent condition, 3 way fridge, electric brakes. $14,700. Ph 0438 234 484. OL-486 ------------------------------------------
STAR DRESSING ROOM - Wide range of quality hire costumes for men & women. Noon-7pm Friday, Saturday, Sunday, Monday,Tuesday. 23014 Bay Road (=Riddoch Highway). Outskirts of Allendale East approaching from Mount Gambier. Ph 0438 466 342. On Facebook. 484 ------------------------------------------
DINING
“The Western Tavern is committed to ensuring responsible service and promotion of alcohol & gambling in our venue”
Ladies & Mens Shoes 80 Smith Street, Naracoorte SA 5271 Ph 08 8762 3726
3/2A Mitchell Street, Mount Gambier SA 5290 Ph 08 8725 2574
EVERNEW TANDEM PopTop, full annexe, lots of extras. REDUCED $12,500. Ph 08 8724 7740. OL-485 ------------------------------------------
$9.90 MEALS EVERY DAY - 12.00 - 2.00pm & 6.00 8.00pm. In Sportsbar and now available in bistro. Monthly beer & premix specials. 178 Jubilee Highway West, Mount Gambier. Ph 08 8723 1200. 486 -----------------------------------------
BROOMIES FREIGHT
Door to Door Daily Service!
0408 838 027
EMPLOYMENT
BOOKKEEPER - Get all your bookkeeping needs up to date. No computer or office needed. Will enter all receipts etc. onto MYOB. Ph A.T.Bookkeeping on 0422 545 575. OL-486 -----------------------------------------
FLOWERS
SILK & FRESH Boxed $13 - $60. Bunches $6 - $35. $13 floral pots. $6 gift wrapped plants. Novelty baby born boxes. Wreaths. Orders welcome. Lennon’s On Lake Terrace. Orders welcome. 485 ------------------------------------------
FOR HIRE
MIDNIGHT RUNNERS DJ service. 60s 70s 80s music on the big screen. Fundraising, birthdays. We do it for free. Conditions apply. Ph 0418 230 005. OL-484 ------------------------------------------
FOR RENT/LEASE
FOR LEASE MOUNT GAMBIER Workshops/ undercover storage areas/ business & commercial depots etc... Large choice of multiple areas, fully self contained, individual and shared, big or small. – ideally centrally located at Mount Gambier woollen mills complex with easy access & ample parking. Flexible rates and terms. Ph 08 8725 3617 or 08 8723 8802. C&G-489 -----------------------------------------INDUSTRIAL SHEDS For Lease. At Niplag Close, Mount Gambier (Off Crouch Street North). Various sizes, suitable for most businesses. Long and short term lease available. Inspection invited. Apply 0427 976 681, 08 8723 8888 or 08 8725 3617. 485 ------------------------------------------
FOR RENT/LEASE
SHORT OR LONG TERM. 2 story heritage, centrally located Mount Gambier venue, for weddings, functions, seminars. 0418 838 684. 485 ------------------------------------------
FOR SALE
Mount Gambier - Millicent - Southend Beachport - Robe - Kingston
EDUCATION
TUTOR AVAILABLE – Registered primary teacher. Year 2, 3 and 4 preferred. Ph 08 8725 4511. 484 -----------------------------------------
• Large range of dog, cat & birds toys & accessories • Kennels, cages, beds • Large range of fish & plants • Low prices on premium foods & medicaƟons
08 8723 0941
OPEN 7 DAYS | 12A James Street, Mt Gambier
sonic Vision
New 10-seat Chrysler Stretch Limousine Available for weddings, graduations, formals, debs, winery tours - any special occasion.
LOCALLY OWNED AND OPERATED Book now to avoid disappointment Phone Jason on 0419 827 473 Lifestyle1.net - 032
FOR ALL YOUR GARDEN EDGING, DRIVEWAY KERBING & MUCH MORE Ph Paul: 0417 838 946 or 08 8725 7498 To arrange a Free Quote Licence No. 146964
1100 LITRE plastic bins with lids and castor wheels. Very good condition. $275. Ph 0408 856 273. 485 -----------------------------------------10FT FARM GATES $95ea, 6 rail sheep panels $100ea. Echo Farm, 249 Tollner Road, Mount Gambier. Ph 08 8725 1482. OL-486 -----------------------------------------5 X TREADMILLS & 2 x Ellipticals in excellent condition, commercial grade $1,800 O.N.O. Each. Ph 08 8725 3611. OL-485 -----------------------------------------AIRCRAFT HANGERS AT ROBE - 12m x12m $30,000. Many to choose from. Ph Ross 0419 009 442. OL-486 -----------------------------------------AQUAONE AQUARIUM includes cupboard, heater, built-in filter system, gravel, plants, ornaments. All you need is the fish! $500 O.N.O. Ph 08 8724 9592 or 0437 851 404. 484 -----------------------------------------DISCOUNTED EXHAUST SYSTEMS to suit most vehicles. Ph 08 8724 9273. W -----------------------------------------GO KART MONARCO 32mm chassis, 50mm axel, 125 Leopard. Ready to race. Excellent condition. Comes with trolley and spares. $3,300 O.N.O. Ph 0438 331 226. NC-487 -----------------------------------------EUROMAID compact oven with two hot plates $50. Ph 0438 870 430. OL-483 -----------------------------------------FIREWOOD - mixed Gum ute load delivered to Mount Gambier. $110. Ph 0408 258 209. OL-486 ------------------------------------------
classifieds FOR SALE
FOR SALE
KELVINATOR FRIDGE freezer, 350 litre in good condition. $200 O.N.O. Ph 0438 870 430. OL-483 ------------------------------------------
QTY 2 X BRAND NEW 6x4 Heavy Duty Box Trailers 750kg Rated. 45mm Axle with 9 Leaf Slipper Springs, Long Drawbar, LED Lights, New Sunraysia Rims and Tyres, 2Pak Primer and 2Pak Lead Grey Paint. Diverse Transport Fabrications. Ph 0438 351 760. 5 Cave Road, Mount Gambier SA 5290. OL-484 -----------------------------------------RABBIT TRAPS – Very good condition $8 each – some cheaper ones. Ph 0447 525 796 or 08 8738 4351. 484 -----------------------------------------RALLYE 4000FF Series Driving lights pencil and spread beam $275.00 pair. Ph 08 8723 1647. OL-483 ------------------------------------------
FOR SALE SPA – Hotspring Sovereign. Cover, steps, bench, housed indoors. Immaculate condition. $2,500 O.N.O. Ph 08 8762 2611. 483 -----------------------------------------WANTED – Collections of old Australian coins, bank notes or stamps. Old jewellery and any Australian memorabilia or collectables. Ph 0447 525 796 or 08 8738 4351. 484 ------------------------------------------
QUALITY TRAILERS GALVENISED & PAINTED - Tandem. Car Trailers.Trades man.Crates. Motorbike & More. Prices starting from $650. Barclays Tyre & Battery Centre 23 Hunter Street, Heywood Vic. Ph 03 5527 1622. ------------------------------------------
PRO-LITE OFF-ROAD BUGGY 1800cc Datsun engine. Balanced, cam, head work, twin 45mm webbers, Kombi gearbox with a full set of Albin gears, Albin diff. $13,500. Ph 0408 856 273. 485 ------------------------------------------
FREE DISPOSAL
Free to homes in South East SA & South West Victoria Online Classifieds www.lifestyle1.net Phone 08 8724 7111 or 03 5561 3141 HOME & GARDEN
MOWING, general gardening and handyman service. It’s time to prune your roses and fruit trees again. Phil and Deb’s Garden Care Plus. Ph 0429 012 990. OL-486 -----------------------------------------RAINWATER TANK CLEANING - Discounts for multiple tanks and group enquiries. Call for a quote. Ph 0429 518 169. OL-485 ------------------------------------------
MARINE
NOW STOCKING - Extreme Kayaks, limited offer only $399. Includes seat & paddle. Ph 08 8726 5200 or visit 349 Commercial Street West, Mount Gambier. W ------------------------------------------
MARRIAGE CELEBRANT
Waste Transport & Recycling
BIN IT - Free drop off disposal of All metals, Vehicle batteries & White Goods. Not accepted, televisions, computers, fluro globes, office equipement, fridges or freezers. Air conditioner De-Gas fee $22. Monday - Friday 7.45am 12.15pm & 1.30pm - 3.30pm. Ph. 08 87248121. 235 Lake Tce East, Mt Gambier. www.binitwasterecycling.com.a u. EPA Lic 23063. 491 ------------------------------------------
MARINE
CARIBEAN CALAIS 5.6m. Dunbier trailer , Mercury 150Hp. Travel covers, ski-pole, great fishing, skiing, family boat. Immaculate condition. $17,000 O.N.O. Ph 08 8762 2611. 483 ------------------------------------------
SOCIAL SKI - Velocity V5 300 Verodo 156HRS. Full fit out, carbon fibre seats, carbon fibre side pockets, infloor balast, infloor fuel tank. Fuel filter system, full race view dash, carbon fibre trim tabs, hydrolic 4” jacking plate, full boat covers, under boat cover, welded nose cone, rear lounge, bimy cover, full vinyl rapp graphic paint, plus more. Fully enclosed trailer. $59,800. Ph Andrew 0408 528 040. w-480 ------------------------------------------
ONLINE CLASSIFIEDS Buy 1, get 2 FREE On-line only at www.lifestyle1.net
CEREMONIES TO SUIT YOU Anywhere in the South East. Call Shayne McLean CMC. Ph 0457168 324. 484 -----------------------------------------WEDDINGS YOUR WAY Call Elizabeth Lill CMC. Ph 08 8738 7275 for marriage and other ceremonies. 484 ------------------------------------------
MOTOR BIKES
1988 BMW K100LT - 134,958 kms, good condition. 1000cc, extras, garaged, runs well. $4,700. Ph 08 8723 6480. OL-486 ------------------------------------------
YAMAHA WR450F 2007 Model, good condition + runs great, 3 months rego, comes with a few extra’s. $5,000 O.N.O. Ph 0407 787 451. ------------------------------------------
MOTOR VEHICLES
1998 FORD STATION WAGON 4WD – Automatic, 4.0L V6, very good condition, maroon and silver. $6,500. O.N.O. S665AUL. Ph 08 8725 5752. 484 ------------------------------------------
MOTOR VEHICLES
1999 MAZDA BRAVO, T/ diesel, D/cab, canopy, 4x4, v/ tidy, service history. WJO-912. $7,500. Ph 0429 662 193. OL-486 -----------------------------------------2000 FORD LASER HATCHBACK - Gold, manual, air conditioning, CD player, power steering. Excellent condition. Great 1st car. 164,000kms. WME-191. $5,990 O.N.O. Ph 0407 171 263. Available for viewing at www.carsales.com.au - ID Number: SSE-AD-948967. DE -----------------------------------------2003 CREWMAN HOLDEN VY II SS Ute, immaculate condition, black, 6 speed manual, air conditioner, cruise control. WYV-900. $16,000 O.N.O. Ph 0428 239 071. OL-483 -----------------------------------------2005 FORD F250 - 58,000 kms, very good condition, red, black interior, automatic, 4-door, air conditioner, cruise control, nav system, power locks, power steering, power windows, driver airbag, passenger airbag, CD changer, AM/FM radio. Runs on LPG & unleaded. S662AMV. $48,000 O.N.O. Ph Rob 0414 917 782. OL-486 -----------------------------------------2012 HOLDEN BARINA, red, 5 door, 4 speed manual, 1,000kms, $11,500 neg. ZFN041. Ph 0407 865 397. OL-483 -----------------------------------------FORD FALCON AU Sedan 1999. 200,000km, tinted windows, cruise control, towbar, silver, V.G.C. WGV-200. $2,950. Ph 08 8723 2207. OL-484 -----------------------------------------SUZUKI GRAND VITARA 1998 V6 Auto, black, p/s, p/w, a/c. Excellent condition. $6,200 O.N.O. Ph 0438 331 226. NC-487 -----------------------------------------TOYOTA LANDCRUISER 60 Series, SWB, 4WD, soft top, petrol, 6 cylinder, $4,500 O.N.O. 2F866416. Ph 03 5570 0504. OL-483 ------------------------------------------
MOTOR VEHICLES
VT COMMODORE SEDAN – Auto, air conditioning, new tyres, regularly serviced, well kept, been garaged, excellent condition. WHB-298. $4,000. O.N.O. Ph 08/ 8738 7294. OL-486 -----------------------------------------XW XY ZC ZD FALCONS, Fairmonts, Fairlanes wanted to wreck or restore. Complete cars or parts, private buyer. Ph 0409 838 048. LINC ------------------------------------------
MOTOR VEHICLES
WRECKING TOYOTA Hilux 85 4WD, Commodore wagon 97. Both LPG, all parts plus panels. Ph 03 5570 0504. 483 ------------------------------------------
MOTOR VEHICLES
1993 TOYOTA TARAGO Van – 8 seat, manual. XRG-716 $2,500 1997 VS II STATESMAN – V6 Supercharged. QLY-800 $3,750 1997 TOYOTA COROLLA – Auto, 175,000kms. YFV-497 $4,200 2001 MB 100 VAN – Ready for work, diesel. XRT-804 $4,950 2001 MITSUBISHI CHALLENGER – 4x4 wagon. QFT-648 $6,750 2004 NISSAN PULSAR Q – 5 Door hatch, only 104,000kms. S198ACD $7,200 2001 NISSAN NAVARA – Dual Cab, 4x4, powerful V6, alloy bar. WNY-111 $7,950 2006 FORD BF SEDAN – Black duco, 1 owner, gas, cruise control. UBT-589 $8,750 SSE-AD-948967. DE 0419 031 883 / 08 8725 8913 168 Jubilee Highway West, Mount Gambier. LVD 194576 E&EO ------------------------------------------
PETS & LIVESTOCK
BUFFALO RIVERINEX cows and calves for breeding, pets or meat. Western Victoria. Ph 0466 978 244. OL-486 -----------------------------------------BLACK SILKIE PAIR, 2 gray ganders, pair brown ducks $8ea. Ph 08 8725 1482. OL-486 ------------------------------------------
only $6
*
PET CREMATIONS & MEMORIALS ‘Say Goodbye With Love’ We realise ‘Goodbye’ can be the hardest word Book & pay online or mobile www.AngelAshes.com.au
Phone 1300 914 919 0419 589 229
ESPRESSO to go! MOBILE
classifieds EMPLOYMENT classifieds
PETS & LIVESTOCK
CURLY COATED Retriever pups. 1 male $400, 1 female $500. Ph 08 8733 1182 or 0438 831 182. 483 ------------------------------------------
Tenison Woods College Tenison Woods College is a dynamic Reception – Year 12 Catholic co-educational College with over 1300 students. The College is situated in picturesque grounds on the outskirts of Mount Gambier, SA.
r
We are seeking suitable candidates for the following positions
DINKY DI WASH ‘N’ DRY Dog Wash. Coin operated. Now Open - 28A Shephardson Rd. OL-485 -----------------------------------------LAYING HEN pullets 14wo $14 Echo Farm. 249 Tollner Road, Mount Gambier. Ph 08 8725 1482. OL-483 -----------------------------------------MALTESE X POODLE (Moodle) Puppies, 2 white males, lovely companions, ready 24/06, vac + wormed, $400. Ph 0415 302 449. OL-485 ------------------------------------------
OUT OF SCHOOL HOURS CARE (OSHC) ASSISTANTS • Qualified (Cert III in Children’s Services or equivalent) • Unqualified The OSHC Assistants will work as part of a team whose key function is to provide a safe and stimulating environment for children attending OSHC before school, after school, during holidays and/or pupil free days. They will have the knowledge, skills and capacity for the implementation and supervision of OSHC programs.
PRIVATE SALE
3 BR LARGE Stone home. Massive shed, plus attached granny flat. Quiet cul-de-sac. Priced to sell. $189,000 – Genuine interest only. Enquires Ph 0428 602 290. 483 ------------------------------------------
Hours will be negotiated with the successful applicants. Commencement date: 22 July 2013. EARLY LEARNING & COMMUNITY CENTRE (ELCC) DIRECTOR This is a full time (1.0FTE) position for a qualified Early Childhood educator looking for leadership experience within a supportive environment.
SPORTING NEEDS
The Director would oversee the development, implementation and operation of all programs and procedures put in place at the Tenison Woods College Early Learning Centre, commencing operation in 2014.
MORE THAN JUST GOOD SPORTS. Ph 08 8725 7582. 16 Commercial Street West, Mount Gambier. 492 ------------------------------------------
Commencement date: to be negotiated.
SPORTSPOWER
FLP CASE MANAGER This is a full time (1.0FTE) position for a qualified Teacher. The Case Manager will assist senior school students in completing SACE Stage 1 and 2 subjects to meet the requirements of SACE.
YOUR LOCAL EXPERTS. For All Your Sporting Needs Ph 08 8725 1004 42 Commercial Street West, Mount Gambier. 492 ------------------------------------------
TRADES & SERVICES
Commencement date: January 2014
TV ANTENNA INSTALL & TUNING, Free-to-air TV, home theatre installations, TV wall mounting, prompt service, quality work, free quotes. Call Ben 0417 670 362. [email protected]. 478 -----------------------------------------DRESS MAKING – Mending, hemming, zip replacements, alterations, patches, individual classes, make on patterns, measurements, finished sewing for beginners. Ph 0405 259 933. OL-486 -----------------------------------------SE Battery Service Pty Ltd South East Mobility Equipment South East Sustainable Energy Call into your licorice all sorts store We have it all! 120 Penola Road, Mount Gambier Ph 08 8725 9911 W -----------------------------------------PAUL’S LAWN MOWING SERVICE Cheap Rates! Free Quotes Honest & Reliable Pensioner Discount Call Paul 0437 812 115. ------------------------------------------
PERMANENT TEACHING POSITIONS (1.0FTE) • R-2 TEACHER • 3-5 TEACHER • 6-7 TEACHER (2 POSITIONS) • 8-12 MATHEMATICS TEACHER • 8-12 SCIENCE (PHYSICS) TEACHER Teaching staff require a current South Australian Teachers Registration and must be prepared to support the Catholic ethos of the College and participate in our Pastoral Care Programme. Commencement date: January 2014 Position Information Documents in relation to these roles may be obtained from http://www.tenison.catholic.edu. au/employment. Potential applicants must submit with their application, an Applicant Declaration Form, obtained from http:// www.tenison.catholic.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/ 03/ApplicantDecForm.pdf
Four copies of your application (of no more than six pages), including contact details of three recent referees should be addressed to Mary de Nys, HR Officer, Tenison Woods College, PO Box 965, Mount Gambier SA 5290 or email [email protected].
490
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STAR DRESSING ROOM Stylish garments for men and women you can buy or hire. Noon-7pm Friday, Saturday, Sunday, Monday, Tuesday. 23014 Bay Road (=Riddoch Highway). Outskirts of Allendale East approaching from Mount Gambier. Ph 0438 466 342. On Facebook. 484 ------------------------------------------
ALL APPLICATIONS CLOSE 4.00pm MONDAY, 17 JUNE 2013
WANTED
Cnr Shepherdson Road & White Avenue (PO Box 965) Mount Gambier SA 5290 t. 08 8725 5455 I f. 08 8724 9303 w. www.tenison.catholic.edu.au e. [email protected]
STALLHOLDERS WANTED Bubs2Teens Children’s Market Saturday 27 July, 10am - 2pm. Hamilton PAC.Ph 0438 643 451. OL-483 ------------------------------------------
WORK WANTED
Find us on Facebook. www.facebook.com/tenisonwoodscollege
LOOKING FOR BRICKWORK - Brick, stone & paving work wanted. Small or large jobs. Will travel. BLD 231035. Ph 0418 838 684. 485 ------------------------------------------
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Hill Student of the Year. “Year 12 involved a lot of late nights and stress but it was all worth it in the end,” Johannah said. “If there’s one thing I learnt last year it’s that there is no secret to success - just simply hard work and perseverance.” She thanked the Rotary Club for its generous donation. “I can’t wait for everything my future holds,” Johannah said. Grant High School principal Steven Phillips said the school was very appreciative of the generous sponsorship by Rotary. “This award has been offered for the last twelve years, and Johannah is a very worthy recipient of this prestigious award,” he said. Johannah has relocated to Adelaide to pursue a career as a radiologist, which includes the study of Medical Radiation Science (Medical Imaging) at the University of South Australia.
250 Jubilee Highway West, Mt Gambier Ph (08) 8725 2826
Grant High School student Johannah Pham was the winner of the 2012 Les Hill Rotary Award for Student of the Year, sponsored on an annual basis by the Rotary Club of Mount Gambier. Johannah opened her envelope containing her Year 12 results in December last year to find she had achieved an outstanding Tertiary Entrance Rank of 97.95, which was soon confirmed as the highest score in 2012 at Grant High. Named in honour of long standing Rotarian and historian Les Hill, the award is given to the Grant High School student who receives the highest academic result each year. With Year 12 results not known until just prior to Christmas each year, the award is formally presented at Grant High School Presentation Night, twelve months after Year 12 results are made public. This prestigious award comprises a $500 cheque, certificate and medallion, courtesy of the Rotary Club of Mount Gambier. Johannah recently attended a Rotary meeting to RLA62833 as the Les be acknowledged
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Above - Johannah Pham received her accolade from school principal Steven Phillips.
sport local
BASKETBALL Georgia
follows in footsteps of mentor Georgia Green has played a lot of her basketball alongside Melissa Russell at the Cougars Basketball Club. Russell has lived the dream the 17 year old is now working towards - playing in the Women’s National Basketball League. Russell played for the Adelaide Lightning and Townsville Flames. Russell, and her sister, Kirsty Egan, both tested themselves at a higher level by playing district basketball in Adelaide for West Adelaide and now Georgia Green has taken that all important step, earning a call up for the Eastern Mavericks senior team, the club she has represented at under 18 level for the past couple of seasons. The elevation to the senior team was a huge acheivement for the Mount Gambier based teenage sensation, who has one eye
GOLF St
Martins golf students shine
Earlier last month seven St Martins Lutheran College Golf students travelled to Adelaide to compete in the SSSSA/GolfSA Individual State Championship held on the North Adelaide South Course. Bryce Smith (Year 9 student) competed in the A Grade division playing off a handicap of nine. He had a huge day teeing off at 7am to complete the 36 hole stroke event by mid- afternoon. Bryce managed to put together two extraordinary rounds of 80 (net 71) and 80 (net 71) for a net score of 142. This incredibly consistent golf secured Bryce the third place medal behind
two much older competitors. In fact Bryce was one of the younger competitors in this very strong grade which include some scratch golfers and many single figure players.Matthew Morgan (18 handicap) and Jackson Bawden (16) both played in the B Grade division. Whilst Jackson (Year 7 student playing against secondary students) did not have his greatest day, Matthew played very solidly to win the B Grade runners-up medal with a net 76. Ben Robinson (30), Jake Tucker (36), Bronson Pfeiler (36) and Lee Axton (36) all participated in the C Grade division. Ben managed to beat
on a US college schoarlship and the other eye on making Australia’s top level competition - the WNBL. The senior action has seen her now playing alongside WNBL players, as well as against them and it is a great learning curve for the athletic guard/forward who wants to take her basketball as far as she can. Already Georgia and at least one of her parents, Lisa and Bryan, spend 26 of the 52 weekends of the year on the road. She now plays under 18s when required on a Friday night and then stays to play with the senior squad on Saturdays. Her commitment to basketball is paramount and while she is also a talented netballer, that always takes a back seat. “I love netball and I love playing with my friends but basketball is number one and
South East Coast Basketball League results
his handicap with a fine net 67 and win the runners-up medal. Jake went one better firing a superb net 64 to win the C Grade trophy. SMLCGOLF program coordinator Duncan Savage said it really was incredible to take seven golfers up to Adelaide to compete in a 100+ field of quality golfers from all round the State and come home with four medals. “I was very proud of how the boys stuck together and supported one anothe,” Mr Savage said. “It was also great to see Lee, Bronson and Jackson share the joy of the other boys who came home with a medal.”
Men Panthers 70 (M. Mott 22; J. Ryan 17; T. Brown 15) d Bulldogs 65 (S. Berkefeld 30; M. Berkefeld 11; S. Sochacki 10); Cougars 98 (S. Stafford 29; B. Tremelling 20; K. deWit 17) d Wizards 71 (N. Morrison 31; P. Loring 11; B. Rathjen 10). Women Cougars 42 (G. Green 24; K. Allen, B. Watson 7) d Roos 40 (M. Markiewicz 25; D. Jolley 8; R. Hines); Panthers 53 (B. Walters 17; S. Loughhead 13; N. Handreck 11) d Bulldogs 49 (S. Matchoss, T. Gray, wE. McDiarmid). Above - State junior representative Sam Stafford top scored for Cougars in their big win over Wizards last Wednesday night.
Lifestyle1.net - 037
netball is for fitness,” Georgia said. She is a 17 and under and A grade netballer with East Gambier Netball Club. Having just completed the last of her SA Coutnry State duties with the end of her under 18 career this year, Georgia is now setting her sights on the South Australian under 20s line-up - the first time regional and metropolitan based players suit up side by side to represent the State. Given her pedigree - representing SA Country since top age 14s, which is five years of wearing the tri-colours - Georgia looms as a genuine chance to continue to represent her State. The influence of Russell has been important, as has the coaching of Mount Gambier Basketball development officer Trevor Semmens. “Mel (Russell) is always giving me tips and
pointers and it’s been great to play alongside someone with all that experience,” Georgia said. “And Trevor (Semmens) has just been great and worked so hard with me to improve my game.” Her ability to attack the basket and her defensive pressure are already seen as her strengths with the Mount Gambier High School Year 12 student now looking to develop her outside shooting. She spent some time with the Tenison Woods College Titans Basketball Academy and has used that bexperience to enable her to make some good contacts in terms of attracting a US College scholarships.Murray brdige born AIS player Alex Wilson is a player Georgia is hoping to emulate as she looks to elevate herself into WNBL contention down the track.
INDOOR BOWLS Open
singles champions decided
The Mount Gambier District Indoor Bowls Association held the Commercial Club Handicap Mixed Open Singles Championship last Tuesday night, with 50 entries, of which five travelled from Casterton to compete. The title eventually went the way of Emilio Castignani, who plays with the St Martins team during regular competition. He defeated John Oakley (Commercial Club) who had defeated national representative Fiona Pearson in the semi finals.
Castignani defeated Andy Cornolo (Kongorong)in his semi final. Emilio emerged the 2013 Commercial Club Handicap Mixed Open Singles Champion, winning 7 shots to 0. The consolation final was taken out by Ron Cook, who defeated Lyn Nolte (Casterton), 7 shots to 4. Above - Runner up John Oakley, consolation winner Ron Cook, consolation runner up Lyn Nolte and winner Emilio Castignani.
Kowree-Naracoorte-Tatiara Football
on fire while Mid South East
flounder in interleague competition
Seniors KNTFL 3.5 7.6 16.9 22.10 (142) River Murray 2.4 5.11 7.11 7.16 (58) Goals - Kowree-Naracoorte-Tatiara: A. Merrett 8; B. Laurie 5; J. Turner, D. Clayfield 2; T. Ware, K. Cuthbertson, N. Clark, J. Bettoncelli, J. Jarrett. Best - Kowree-Naracoorte-Tatiara: L. Jones, J. McGrice, B. Laurie, N. Clark, R. Jaensch, A. Merrett.
After an even opening half, Kowree-Naracoorte-Tatiara Football League turned on the afterburners in the third quarter to put the result in its interleague clash with River Murray in Naracoorte on Saturday. Boasting class players and regular State representative Tyson Wait and Liam O’Neil, River Murray challenged the home side at every turn in the opening half and those two players were the key. KNT coach Adam Merrett was desperate to break the game open and at half time he implored his players to take the game on and play one on one footy. He also locked down on Wait and O’Neil with a couple of shutdown roles.
Senior Colts KNTFL 6.5 10.7 13.11 15.13 (103) River Murray 2.0 3.2 5.5 7.10 (52) Goals - Kowree-Naracoorte-Tatiara: Best - Kowree-Naracoorte-Tatiara:
Mid South East Football
Seniors Mallee 6.2 11.10 15.13 21.18 (144) Mid South East 1.5 3.5 8.7 11.8 (74) Goals - Mid South East: B. McGregor 2; T. Saunders, J. Sullivan, A. Stone, A. Hentschke, B. Hennink, D. Phillips, M. Kieselbach, D. Bromley, Z. Cocks. Best - Mid South East: B. McGregor, R. Povey, B. Saffin, B. Hennink, T. Pearce, Z. Williams.
Under 17 Mid South East 5.5 6.9 12.14 16.18 (114) Mallee 0.1 3.4 3.6 4.7 (31) Goals - Mid South East: R. Chant 6; R. Hein 4; J. Stark 2; M. Lowe, T. Sullivan, S. Zeitz, H. Schultz. Best - Mid South East: R. Chant, B. Ousey, J. Stark, S. Zeitz, R. Hein, M. Telford.
Under 14 Mallee 6.3 10.8 18.9 21.10 (136) Mid South East 0.0 0.0 1.0 2.1 (13) Goals - Mid South East: P. Mitchell, R. Rolph. Best - Mid South East: S. McManus, M. Sorella, L. MacGregor, B. Rowe, J. Feast, B. Squire.
Hampden Football League
A Grade North Warrnambool 5.5 7.10 15.15 22.20 (152) Hamilton Kangaroos 1.2 2.6 3.8 7.9 (51) Goals - North Warrnambool: D. Haynes 6; M. Murphy, M. Wines 3; A. McMeel, J. Lewis 2; D. Gavin, D. Keast, J. Myles, T. Batten, R. Gregg, M. Bowman. Hamilton: H. Douglas 3; A. Pepper, M. Lowe, C. Murrie, R. Newell. Best - North Warrnambool: D. Gavin, A. McMeel, J. Myles, S. McLachlan, X. Mills, D. Keast. Hamilton: J. O’Brien, R. Morris, A. Pepper, J. McIntosh, L. Crawford, K. Uebergang. Koroit 1.0 4.5 6.12 10.16 (76) Portland 2.2 7.4 7.5 8.7 (55) Goals - none supplied.Best - none supplied.
“It was definitely an even contest up to half time,” Merrett said. “But we really started winning the contested ball in that third quarter and blew them away.” Merrett’s Penola team mate Lachy Jones led the charge with a dominant third quarter in what ended up a best on ground display from the quality onballer. Jones was well supported in the one sided third quarter by fellow midfielders Jack McGrice (Mundulla); Billy Laurie (Kybybolite) and Nathan Clark (Bordertown). Four early goals from the boot of the coach made sure the third quarter dominance translated into scoreboard pressure. He finished the match with eight, leaving the field late in the third with the job done. Merrett was isolated in the goalsquare and used his leading smarts to great effect. “That third quarter meant the boys really had their tails up and just went on with it,” Merrett said. The nine goal to two third term clearly broke the back of the visitors who scored only five behinds in the final quarter as the home side added a further six to finish with a 84 point demolition of the River Murray Football League. The KNT was also dominant at the defensive end of the field with Ray Jaensch (Kybybolite) was the general, with Kane Cuthbertson (Bordertown) not only proving impassable in the last line but also snuck forward for a rare major. Penola’s Matt Merrett was the other key back who not only made life
Hampden Netball Results A Grade Koroit 52 d Portland 35 (L. Hockley, R. Skinner, J. Piergrosse); North Warrnambool 64 d Hamilton Kangaroos 39 (H. Huf, A. Huf, R. Sherlock) Right (top) - Port MacDonnell forward Dylan Bromley kicked the opening and only goal of ther first quarter for the home side. Right (centre) - The Mid South East team during the national anthem. Right - Glencoe’s Mark Kieselbach looks to give the Mid South East onballers like Tylah Saunders (right) first use of the football. Far right - Best on ground for the Mid South East was skipper Ben McGregor.
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tough for the River Murray forwards but also proved creative in rebounding the ball for the home side. “Once we got their onballers under control and started winning the ball and taking the game on we totally over ran them,” Merrett said. Things didn’t go according to script for the Mid South East Football League though, that took on the Mallee Football League at Kalangadoo. Wayward kicking, albeit with most shots under pressure, in the opening term, compared with the accurate finishing of the visitors saw the home side facing a 27 point deficit at the first break. The Mallee dominated the ruck, won the clearances and moved the ball with pin point accuracy to ensure the home side had little chance to assert any authority. By half time the contest was all but over with the visitors 53 points clear but the Mid South East, led by inspirational skipper and best on ground Ben McGregor, pout in a more competitive performance in the second half. “I certainly wasn’t disappointed with how we finished off,” coach Jeff Medhurst said. “They really stuck at it.” The home side struggled up forward all day,l while the backline was not disgracedgiven the amount of clean ball coming into the Mallee’s fifity metre arc, with Port MacDonnell’s Rohan Povey moving out of his comfort zone but standing tall in defence after quarter time. McGregor was the class act for the home side though. “When someone needed to stand up he did what all good captains do and did whatever he could to lift the boys,” Medhurst said. Turn overs when not under pressure cost the home side at different stages of the contest, while the Mallee continued to run hard for the entire contest. “They were a bit too classy with their ball movement in the end,” Medhurst said.
FOOTBALL First
time State call up for a quartet of the region’s young footballers Four of the region’s young footballers have earnt their first call up for State duties and in all four cases the players grabbed what were limited opportunities to impress with both hands. Glenburnie Primary School’s Henri Capewell and Mulga Street Primary School’s Beau Nunan will be joined by Lucindale Area School’s William Gould in the South Australian SAPSSASA team heading to Darwin in August for the national championships. While their metropolitan counterparts had been trialling in Adelaide, the two Mount Gambier based boys, Henri and Beau, had only a week of inter-regional games and a one-off showcase match in which to impress and all three made the grade. William had attended a week long school holiday trial prior to the carnival to begin to make
his impression on selectors. The fourth debutante State representative is Montana Carracher who has been selected in the Secondary School Sport SA 16 and Under Girls Football Team which is playing at the same School Sport Australia Australian Football Championships in Darwin as the three primary school boys. The championships run from August 10-18. Henri, 11, has been playing football for five years and spent the majority of the SAPSSASA carnival interchanging between centre half forward and the ruck. The South Gambier footballer is a Collingwood supporter and Scott Pendlebury is one of his favourite players. Beau, 12, wasn’t even going to play football this year. He is a gun soccer player as well and was away representing Western Border soccer in Adelaide this weekend and has been
talent identified for the round ball game. SAPSSASA coach Duncan Savage convinced him to pull on the boots though and Beau decided to play for East Gambier. A Geelong supporter, Gary Ablett and former Dartmoor local Jeremy Cameron are the football heroes of this onballer who also loves to kick a goal. William is a Lucindale footballer who plays in the ruck and rests at full forward. The 12 year old is a Geelong supporter who admires Joel Selwood and loves watching Steven Motlop play. The three boys, who are now State team mates, have three Sunday trainings coming up on the calendar as well as a week long training camp in the July school holidays and then a couple more Adelaide weekend sessions prior to the carnival kick-off on August 10.Montana, 15, is arguably the biggest surprise packet of the quartet. She has literally been playing football for a couple of months and has earnt a State call-up. “I just thought it would be something fun to try,” Montana said. “We did 9-a-side at school and I loved it.” Out of the school experience came the opportunity to play with the South East Female Football Academy and then came the suggestion that she should put herself forward for State selection. After two trials, Montana had made the grade and has been back in Adelaide almost every weekend for training. A talented dancer, who competes across the region as part of the Synergy Dance Studio, Montana is an Essendon supporter, having spent many hours watching the Bombers alongside her father and brother. Far left (top) - Beau Nunan. Far left (bottom) - Henri Capewell. Left - Montana Carracher.
More photos page 40
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SWIMMING Gould
takes out champion swimmer title
Michael Gould has ermeged as the cream of the crop at the Hamilton Olympic Swimming Club taking out the Summer Club Champion honour after a stellar season in the pool.
The club’s presentation night was held at the Melville Oval Function Room with more than 100 swimmers and their familiies attending the event. Trophy winners Summer Club Champion (awarded to the swimmer achieving the best overall results in the summer competitions) – Michael Gould Mimi Keen Memorial Trophy (Most improved swimmer award. This is presented to the swimmer who has improved in every area of their swimming, including training and sportsmanship) – Reuben Keyser Maroney Memorial Trophy (This is presented to a swimmer who has shown commitment to their sport,
displays a good, positive attitude and determination) – Michael Gould Kathleen Jones Memorial Award (A swimmer, parent, official or committee member who has made an outstanding contribution throughout the year) – Lyn Battista Coaches Trophies (Awarded to swimmers who have shown a consistently good work ethic at training and other club activities all season. They also display a positive attitude and good sportsmanship) – Jackson Talbot, Reuben Keyser, Casey White, Lily Kyle Encouragement Awards (These swimmers have
consistently worked on improving their skills and technique. They listen and work hard and have the potential to improve further by continuing their efforts and striving to achieve their goals) – Todd Dymke, Jack Sharp, Ruby Hill, Chella Biggin There were also Club Night Aggregate and Club Championships awards. The 2012/13 season saw continued improvement from the club’s swimmers with the club making its presence felt at a number of meets. The 2013/14 season is now the focus of the group.
Above - Wattle Range CEO Peter Harriott presents Kelsey Batt with a $200 cheque from the Wattle Range Youth Development Fund. Kelsey received the donation from the fund to assist with costs to attend and compete in the 2013 School Sport Australia Championships from August 10–18 in Darwin, NT. Kelsey has been selected to compete in this national competition as a member of the Secondary School Sport SA Girls 16 & Under Australian Football Team.
KNT Round 9- June 15
Above (anti-clockwise from top left)) - Summer Club Champion - Michael Gould; Maroney Memorial Trophy Winner Micahel Gould (centre) with Bob and Lesley Maroney; Coaches - Lesley Maroney and Maxine Baring; Kathleen Jones Memorial Award winner - Lyn Battista; Mimi Keen memorial Trophy winner - Reuben Keyser and all the club’s swimmers.
BADMINTON Anniversary It’s not a sport we hear a lot about but for a small group of seniors in Mount Gambier, badminton is their past time of choice and this Thursday, the Icehouse Badminton Club will celebrate 20 years. When the YMCA badminton Club was closed, keen players worked tirelessly side by side with past Basketball Mount Gambier president Wayne Scutter to establish a new club at the city’s premier basketball venue. The group meets every Thursday from 9.3011.30am, enjoying the game, as well as some social outings as well. It has also enjoyed inter-club matches with players from
celebrations for local club
KANIVA-LEEOR V PADTHAWAY KEITH V BORDERTOWN KYBYBOLITE V KINGSTON MUNDULLA V PENOLA NARACOORTE V BORDER DISTRICTS LUCINDALE - BYE
SWDFL Round 10 - June 15 WESTERNS V HEYWOOD SANDFORD V BRANXHOLME-WALLACEDALE COLERAINE V HEATHMERE TYRENDARRA V DARTMOOR CAVENDISH - BYE Hampden Football Netball League - June 15
Millicent. The club is always keen for new members and has opened up the anniversary celebrations as a come’n’try opportunity. They are also hopeful past members will also head along to the Icehouse, for a quick hit of badminton or the 11am celebration morning tea or, of course, both. The continued support
Above - Hatherleigh’s Matt Fabris looks to drive the ball deep into the fifty for the home side. Below - Glencoe forward Alex Hentschke spills this difficult chance early in the interleague contest.
of Basketball Mount Gambier’s Beth Serle and Karen Cunningham has also been critical to the club lasting to its two decade milestone. Anyone interested in getting involved in the Icehouse Badminton Club should contact foundation member Marjee Clark on (08)87 255198. Lifestyle1.net - 040
COBDEN V PORTLAND KOROIT V HAMILTON KANGAROOS MSEFL Round 10 - June 15 PORT MACDONNELL V KALANGADOO KONGORONG V MT BURR HATHERLEIGH V ROBE GLENCOE V TANTANOOLA NANGWARRY - BYE
WBFL Round 7 - June 15 WEST GAMBIER V MILLICENT CASTERTON V EAST GAMBIER SOUTH GAMBEIR V NORTH GAMBIER
TV GUIDE THURSDAY, JUNE 13
SEVEN SA TEN SA WIN SA ABC 1 6.00 Today 6.00 Sunrise 6.00 CBS This Morning 7.00 6.00 ABC News Breakfast 9.00 Mornings 9.00 The Morning Show Wurrawhy 7.30 Totally Wild 9.30 Business Today 10.00 11.30 Seven Morning News 8.00 Entertainment Tonight 8.30 11.00 National News Being French 10.35 Behind 12.00 The Midday Movie OMG! Insider 9.00 Bold & The 12.00 Ellen Degeneres Show The News 11.00 World’s Sweet Temptation Beautiful 9.30 Huey’s Kitchen Greenest Homes 12.00 Midday 1.00 The View 2.00 Winners & Losers 10.00 Bondi Vet Encore 11.00 Report 12.30 My Family 1.00 2.00 The Block Sky High 3.00 Surf Patrol Masterchef Encore 12.00 Dr Atlantis: The Evidence 2.00 3.00 National News Now 3.30 Take It All Phil 1.00 The Doctors 2.00 The Extraordinary Tale Of 4.00 Alive And Cooking Ready Steady Cook 3.00 Judge 4.30 National News William Buckley 3.00 Childrens 4.30 Seven News at 4.30 Judy 3.30 Everyday Gourmet Programs 5.30 ABC News: 5.30 Hot Seat 5.30 Deal Or No Deal 4.00 Scope 4.30 Bold & The Early 6.00 Time Team 7.00 ABC 6.00 National News 6.00 Seven News Beautiful 5.00 TEN News News 7.30 7:30 6.30 A Current Affair 6.30 Today Tonight 7.00 The Block Sky High 7.00 Home And Away 6.00 The Simpsons 8.00 Catalyst 8.00 The Block Sky High 8.00 House Rules 6.30 The Project 8:30 Kristie’s Home Village Unlocked 9.15 Once Upon A Time 7.30 Masterchef 9.20 Stephen Fry: 8.30 The Footy Show (AFL) 11.15 The Mindy Project 8.30 Law & Order: S.V.U. Gadget Man 10.30 The Footy Show (NRL) 9.45 TBA 11.30 TBA 10.30 TEN Late News 12.00 House Calls To the 10.20 Lateline 11.15 The Project Encore 12.30 National News Late Rescue 10.55 The Business 12.00 The Late Show 1.00 A Current Affair 1.00 Home Shopping 11.20 TBA 1.00 Home Shopping 1.30 Extra 2.00 Home Shopping 12.20 Movie: Blue Collar 4.30 It Is Written 2.00 Dangerman 7 MATE 1.00 Alphas: Anger ELEVEN 12.00 Charmed 1.00 Jag ONE HD 1.00 Frontiers of Management 2.00 Motor Mate 4.30 2.00 Star Trek Voyager 3.00 Infomercial Construction 2.00 Fear Factor 4.00 Dream Car Garage 5.30 Pimp My Ride 3.30 Cheers 4.00 The King of Queens Get Smart 4.30 Cops 5.00 I Fish 6.00 6.30 Seinfeld 7.30 Mounted In Alaska 4.30 Family Ties 5.00 Happy Days 5.30 M*A*S*H 6.30 Get Smart 7.00 Cops 8.00 American Stuffers 9.00 Hardcore The Brady Bunch 6.00 Sabrina 6.30 7.30 Who’s Line Is It Anyway? 8.30 Fast Pawn 9.30 Auction Kings Neighbours 7.30 Everybody Loves Forward 9.30 Brand X With Russell Brand
SBS ONE PRIME SC TEN WIN VIC 5.00 Korean News 5:35 Japa- 6.00 Sunrise 6.00 CBS This Morning 7.00 6.00 Today 9.00 The Morning Show nese News 6.10 Hong Kong Wurrawhy 7.30 Totally Wild 9.00 Mornings News 6.30 Chinese News 7.00 11.30 Seven Morning News 8.00 Entertainment Tonight 8.30 11.00 National News 12.00 The Midday Movie Hindi News 7.25 Italian News OMG! Insider 9.00 Bold & The 12.00 Ellen Degeneres Show Sweet Temptation (M) Beautiful 9.30 Huey’s Kitchen 8.05 Filipino News 8.40 French 1.00 The View 2.00 Winners & Losers News 9.30 Greek News 10.30 10.00 Bondi Vet Encore 11.00 2.00 The Block Sky High 3.00 Surf Patrol German News 11.00 Spanish Masterchef Encore 12.00 Dr 3.00 National News Now News 12.00 Arabic News 12.30 3.30 Take It All Phil 1.00 The Doctors 2.00 4.00 Alive And Cooking 4.30 Seven News At 4.30 Turkish News 1.00 The Food Ready Steady Cook 3.00 Judge 4.30 National News Lovers Guide To Australia 1.30 Judy 3.30 Everyday Gourmet 5.30 Hot Seat 5.30 Deal Or No Deal Tommy Fleming 2.30 My Family 6.00 Seven News 4.00 Scope 4.30 Bold & The 6.00 The WIN News Hour Feast 3.00 France 24 InternaBeautiful 5.00 TEN News 7.00 The Block Sky High 6.30 Today Tonight tional News 3.30 Al Jazeera 8.00 The Block Sky High 7.00 New Home And Away 6.00 The Simpsons News 4.00 The Journal 4.30 Unlocked 8.00 House Rules 6.30 The Project PBS Newshour 5.30 Global 8.30 The Footy Show (AFL) 9.15 Once Upon A Time 7.30 Masterchef Village 6.00 The Farm Fixer 10.30 The Footy Show (NRL) (Double Episode) 8.30 Law & Order: S.V.U. 6.30 World News Australia 7.30 11.15 The Mindy Project 10.30 TEN Late News 12.30 WIN News Hour Late Shane Delia’s Spice Journey 12.00 House Calls To The 1.30 Extra 11.15 The Project Encore 8.00 The Little Paris Kitchen Rescue 2.00 Dangerman 12.00 The Late Show 8.35 The Spice Trip 9.30 One 1.00 Home Shopping 3.00 Danoz 1.00 Infomercial Born Every Minute USA 5.30 Seven Early News 3.30 Good Morning America GO 1.00 Conan 2.00 16 And Pregnant GEM 12.00 Movie: Duel In The Jungle 7 TWO 12.00 Ruth Rendell Mysteries 3.00 Monsuno 3.30 Max Steel 4.00 Ben (PG) 2.00 Longmire 3.00 Alive & Cooking 1.00 Seachange 2.00 Movie: All The 10 4.30 Young Justice 5.00 Adventure 3.30 RPA 4.30 Customs 5.30 Ellen Kings Men 4.30 Homes Under the Time 5.30 The Block Sky High 6.30 The Degeneres Show 6.30 Friends 7.30 Hammer 5.30 Bargain Hunt 6.30 Movie: Middle 7.00 The Big Bang Theory 8.30 Where Are They Now? 8.30 Embarrassing The Next Karate Kid (PG) 8.45 Movie: Mike & Molly 10.30 All The Right Moves Bodies 9.30 Super Nanny USA Six Days, Seven Nights (M)
TV GUIDE FRIDAY, JUNE 14
SEVEN SA TEN SA WIN SA ABC 1 6.00 Sunrise 6.00 Today 6.00 CBS This Morning 7.00 6.00 ABC News Breakfast 9.00 The Morning Show 9.00 Mornings Wurrawhy 7.30 Totally Wild 9.30 Business Today 10.00 My 11.30 Seven Morning News 8.00 Entertainment Tonight 8.30 11.00 National News Place 10.20 What I Wrote 10.30 12.00 The Midday Movie OMG! Insider 9.00 Bold & The 12.00 Ellen Degeneres Show Seeking Refuge 10:35 Writers First Do No Harm Beautiful 9.30 Huey’s Kitchen On Writing 11.00 Stephen Fry: 1.00 The View 2.00 Winners & Losers 10.00 The Living Room Encore 2.00 The Block Sky High Gadget Man 11.30 One Plus 3.00 Surf Patrol 11.00 Masterchef Encore 12.00 3.00 National News Now One 12.00 Midday Report 12.30 3.30 Take It All Dr Phil 1.00 The Doctors 2.00 Last Of The Summer Wine 1.00 4.00 Alive And Cooking 4.30 Seven News at 4.30 Ready Steady Cook 3.00 Judge 4.30 National News Poirot 2.05 Bed of Roses 3.00 5.30 Deal Or No Deal Judy 3.30 Everyday Gourmet Children’s Programs 5.30 Hot Seat 6.00 Seven News 4.00 Lightning Point 4.30 Bold & 6.00 National News 5.30 ABC News 6.30 Today Tonight The Beautiful 5.00 TEN News 6.30 A Current Affair 6.00 Time Team 7.00 2013 AFL Season 7.00 The Big Bang Theory 7.00 ABC News 6.00 The Simpsons Carlton V Hawthorn 8.30 Friday Night Movie 7.30 7.30 (SA) 6.30 The Project 10.30 Better Homes & Music & Lyrics 8.00 Wild Life At The Zoo 7.30 The Living Room Gardens 10.35 Person of Interest 8.30 Silent Witness 8.30 Friday Night Movie 12.00 Celebrity Juice 9.30 Kidnap And Ransom The Devil Wears Prada 12.00 National News Late 12.30 Friday Night Rugby 10.20 Lateline 12.45 Desperate Housewives 10.50 TEN Late News Eagles V Bulldogs 10.55 Getting On 11.35 The Project Encore 1.45 This Rugged Coast 2.30 Friday Night Rugby 11.30 rage 12.30 The Late Show 3.00 Home Shopping 5.00 rage 1.30 Home Shopping 4.00 NBC Today 7 MATE 1.00 Alphas: Rosetta 2.00 ELEVEN 1.00 JAG 2.00 Star Trek ONE HD 1.00 Omnisport 1.30 Motor Mate 4.30 Dream Car Garage 5.30 Voyager 3.00 Infomercial 3.30 Cheers Diamond Divers 2.30 Fear Factor 4.00 Pimp My Ride 6.30 Movie: Beethhoven’s 4.00 The King of Queens 4.30 Family Get Smart 4.30 Cops 5.00 I Fish 6.00 4th (G) 7.30 Movie: G-Force (PG) Ties 5.00 Happy Days 5.30 The Brady M*A*S*H 6.30 Get Smart 7.00 Cops 7.30 9.30 Movie: Air Force One (M) 11.30 Bunch 6.00 Sabrina 6.30 Neighbours Undercover Boss 8.30 Law & Order 9.30 Warehouse 13: Insatiable 7.00 Everybody Loves Raymond 2:22 11.50 Fast Forward
SBS ONE PRIME SC TEN WIN VIC 5.00 Korean News 5:35 Japa- 6.00 Sunrise 6.00 CBS This Morning 7.00 6.00 Today 9.00 The Morning Show nese News 6.10 Hong Kong Wurrawhy 7.30 Totally Wild 9.00 Mornings News 6.30 Chinese News 7.00 11.30 Seven Morning News 8.00 Entertainment Tonight 8.30 11.00 National News 12.00 The Midday Movie Hindi News 7.25 Italian News OMG! Insider 9.00 Bold & The 12.00 Ellen Degeneres Show First Do No Harm (M) Beautiful 9.30 Huey’s Kitchen 8.05 Filipino News 8.40 French 1.00 The View 2.00 Winners & Losers News 9.30 Greek News 10.30 10.00 The Living Room Encore 2.00 The Block Sky High 3.30 Surf Patrol German News 11.00 Spanish 11.00 Masterchef Encore 12.00 3.00 National News Now News 12.00 Arabic News 12.30 4.30 Seven News at 4.30 Dr Phil 1.00 The Doctors 2.00 4.00 Alive And Cooking 5.30 Deal Or No Deal Turkish News 1.00 The Food Ready Steady Cook 3.00 Judge 4.30 National News 6.00 Seven News Lovers Guide To Australia 1.30 Judy 3.30 Everyday Gourmet 5.30 Hot Seat 6.30 Today Tonight Don Matteo 2.30 Closing the 4.00 Lightning Point 6.00 The WIN News Hour 7.00 Better Homes & Gap on Chronic Disease 3.00 4.30 Bold & The Beautiful 7.00 The Voice Gardens France 24 International News 5.00 TEN News 9.00 TBA 3.30 Al Jazeera News 4.00 The 7.30 2013 AFL Season 11.30 Extra 6.00 The Simpsons Carlton V Hawthorn Journal 4.30 PBS Newshour 12.00 National News Late 6.30 The Project 8.30 Friday Night Movie: 5.30 Global Village 6.00 TBA 1.00 Friday Night Rugby 7.30 The Living Room You Again (PG) 6.30 World News Australia 7.30 Manly Sea Eagles v 8.30 Friday Night Movie Coast 8.35 Love and Marriage 10.45 Friday Late Movie: Canterbury Bulldogs The Devil Wears I Love You, Man (M) 9.40 As It Happened 10.35 2.30 Fruday Night Rugby Prada (PG) 12.00 Celebrity Juice World News Australia 11.10 George Illawarra v North 10.50 TEN Late News 12.45 Desperate Housewives 11.35 The Project Encore Queensland Cowboys Film: Lower City GO 1.00 Conan 2.00 16 And Pregnant GEM 12.00 Movie: Folly To Be Wise 7 TWO 12.00 Ruth Rendell Mysteries 3.00 Monsuno 3.30 Max Steel 4.00 Ben (G) 2.00 Dallas 3.00 Alive & Cooking 1.00 Seachange 2.00 Movie: 1941 4.30 10 4.30 Young Justice 5.00 Adventure 3.30 Gorilla School 4.30 Where Are They Perfect Strangers 5.00 Homes Under the Time 5.30 Movie: Wild Wild West 7.30 Now? 5.30 Ellen Degeneres Show 6.30 Hammer 6.00 Bargain Hunt 7.00 Better T.B.A. 9.30 Movie: Detroit Rock City (M) Friends 7.00 Live Friday Night Football: Homes & Gardens 8.30 Escape to the 11.30 Two And A Half Men 12.00 Conan Dragons V Cowboys Country 9.30 Cowboy Builders
TV GUIDE SATURDAY, JUNE 15
SEVEN SA TEN SA WIN SA ABC 1 6.00 Saturday Disney 6.00 Totally Wild 7.00 Paradise 6.00 Bubble Guppies 6.30 Dora 6.00 rage 7.00 Weekend Sunrise 10.30 rage Guest Cafe 7.30 Shezow 8.00 H2O The Explorer 7.00 Weekend 10.00 The Morning Show Programmer - Just Add Water 8.30 Totally Today 10.00 Mornings 12.00 12.00 Man Up! 11.30 7.30 (SA) Wild 9.00 Scope 9.30 Good Cybershack 12.30 Gilligan’s 1.30 2013 AFL Season 12.00 Australian Story Chef Bad Chef 10.00 Canine Island 1.00 The Middle Richmond V Adelaide Angels 11.00 The Doctors 12.30 Catalyst 1.30 The Avengers 4.00 TBA 1.00 Three Men In More 12.00 The Living Room Encore 3.30 Anthony Bourdain: 5.00 Out of the Blue Than One Boat 1.00 The Afternoon Movie 3.00 No Reservations 6.00 Seven News 2.00 SANFL: Round 11 Tasmania: Surrounded By Sea 4.30 Discover Downunder 6.30 2013 AFL Season 5.00 Midsomer Murders: 4.00 What’s Up Down Under 5.00 News: First At Five Essendon The Balck Book (CC) 4.30 Everyday Gourmet 5.30 Getaway V Gold Coast 6.30 Gardening Australia 6.00 National Nine News 5.00 TEN News at Five 10.30 Canal Road 7.00 ABC News 6.30 The Saturday Movie 6.00 The Simpsons 11.30 Surveillance OZ 7.30 Death In Paradise 6.30 David Attenborough’s Shrek 2 (2004) 11.59 Seven’s V8 8.30 Injustice Penguin King 8.30 The Saturday Movie Supercars 2013 10.00 Adam Hills Tonight 8.15 T.B.A. Life As We Know It 1.00 Desperate 11.00 rage Guest 9.15 Saturday Night Movie (M) (2008) Housewives Programmer The Backup Plan 10.55 The Late Movie 2.00 House Calls 5.00 rage 11.25 Saturday Late Movie Poseidon (M) to the Resuce The Kids Are All Right 1.00 The Late Movie 3.00 Harry’s Practice 1.45 48 Hours Honky Tonk Freeway 7 MATE 12.30 Seven’s V8 Supercars ELEVEN 1.00 Star Trek Voyager ONE HD 1.00 Mega Factories 2.00 2013: Skycity 5.00 America’s Toughest 3.00 Infomercial 3.30 Cheers 4.00 Money Factories 3.00 71 Degrees North Jobs 6.00 AFL Pre-Game Show 6.30 Movie: Britain & Irelands Next Top Model 5.00 4.00 The WWE Experience 5.00 Escape Monsters Inc. 8.30 The Lost World: Jurassic America’s Next Top Model 6.00 Sabrina With ET 6.00 Before The Game 7.00 Get Park (PG) 11.10 Punk’d 12.00 Style in Steel 6.30 Masterchef 10.30 The Graham Smart 7.30 Wedding Band (PG) 8.30 Norton Show Cops 9.00 MotoGP 2013 Live
SBS ONE PRIME SC TEN WIN VIC 65.00 Korean News 5:35 Jap- 6.00 Home Shopping 6.00 Totally Wild 7.00 Paradise 6.00 Bubble Guppies 6.30 Dora 7.00 Weekend Sunrise anese News 6.10 Hong Kong Cafe 7.30 Shezow 8.00 H2O The Explorer 7.00 Weekend News 6.30 Chinese News 7.00 10.00 The Morning Show - Just Add Water 8.30 Totally Today 10.00 Mornings 12.00 - Weekend Hindi News 7.25 Italian News Wild 9.00 Scope 9.30 Good Cybershack 12.30 Gilligan’s 8.05 Filipino News 8.40 French 12.00 T.B.A. Chef Bad Chef Island 2.00 TBA News 9.30 Greek News 10.30 1.00 The Middle (PG) 10.00 Bump TV 5.00 Peter Mitchell’s: German News 11.00 Spanish 1.00 The Afternoon Movie 1.30 Movie: The Avengers Our Life And Times News 12.00 Arabic News 12.30 3.00 Tasmania: Surrounded (PG) 5.30 Coxy’s Big Break Turkish News By Sea 3.30 No Reservations 6.00 Seven News 4.00 What’s Up Down 4.30 Discover Downunder 1.00 Summer Night ConUnder 5.00 News: First At Five cert 2013 2.35 Piano Notes 6.30 Family Movie: Monster’s Inc. (G) 4.30 Everyday Gourmet 5.30 Getaway 2.45 Souvenirs de Serge 5.00 TEN News at Five 6.00 National Nine News 3.30 The Century of Cartier 8.30 Saturday Movie: The Lost World 6.00 The Simpsons 6.30 T.B.A. Bresson Jurassic Park 6.30 David Attenborough’s 9.30 T.B.A. 4.30 PBS Newshour 11.00 World’s Wildest Penguin King 11.00 Movie: Poseidon (M) 5.35 Who Do You Think Police Videos 8.15 T.B.A. 1.00 Honky Tonk Freeway You Are? 9.15 Saturday Night Movie: 3.05 The Avengers 6.30 World News Australia 12.00 V8 Supercars 2013 Highlights The Back Up Plan 4.05 Danoz 7.30 James May’s Man Lab 1.00 Desperate Housewives 11.25 Movie: The Kids Are 4.30 The Fresh Prince of 8.30 RocKwiz 2.00 Home Shopping All Right (M) Bel-Air 9.30 Film: Last Ride (M) GO 10.30 Ben 10 11.00 Flea Bitten GEM 11.20 The Syndicate 1.10 7 TWO 1.00 Sydney Weekender Postcards 1.40 The Man From Laramie 1.30 Coxy’s Big Break 2.00 Movie: The 12.00 A Gurl’s World 12.30 Adventure Trouble with Angels 4.30 Treks in a Wild Time 1.30 TV Home Shopping 2.00 3.50 Those Magnificent Men In Their World 5.00 Globe Guides 5.30 No Going The Block Sky High 5.00 Scooby Doo! Flying Machines 6.30 Secret Dealers Back 6.30 Heartbeat 8.40 Lewis 10.40 Pirates Ahoy 6.30 Suburgatory 7.30 7.30 Antiques Roadshow 8.30 CSI: NY The First World War 11.40 Movie: Batman - The Movie (1989) (M) 9.30 CSI 10.30 The Mentalist (M)
Lifestyle1.net - 041
TV GUIDE SUNDAY, JUNE 16
SEVEN SA TEN SA WIN SA ABC 1 6.00 Bubble Guppies 6.00 Fish Hooks 6.00 Life Today With James 6.00 rage 6.30 Children’s 6.30 Dora The Explorer 6.30 Jake And The Never Robinson 6.30 Hillsong 7.00 Programs 9.00 Insiders 10.00 7.00 Weekend Today Land Pirates Totally Wild 8.00 Koala Land Inside Business 10.30 Offsiders 7.00 Weekend Sunrise 9.00 Good Chef Bad Chef 10.00 10.00 Financial Review Sunday 11.00 Asia Pacific Focus 11.30 10.00 AFL Game Day The Bolt Report 10.30 Meet The 10.30 Wide World of Sports Songs of Praise 12.00 Landline 11.30 Wild Boys Press 11.30 The Doctors 12.30 11.30 The Footy Show (AFL) 1.00 Gardening Australia 12.30 2013 AFL Season The Afternoon Movie: T.B.A. 1.30 Annabel Langbein 1.55 1.00 Who Do You Think GWS V Port Adelaide 3.00 The Maori Guides 4.00 You Are? David Ireland Womens International Football: 3.30 Better Homes Places We Go 4.30 Meet The AUS v NZ 4.00 Metropolis 4.30 2.00 Gilligan’s Island & Gardens Press 5.00 TEN News at Five The Book Club 5.00 Wallace 2.30 Celebrity Apprentice 5.00 RSPCA Animal And Gromits Wolrd Of Invention 4.00 House Husbands 6.00 The Simpsons Rescue 5.30 Deadly 60 6.00 Australias’s 5.00 News: First At Five 6.30 Reef Doctors 5.30 SA Life Remote Islands 6.30 Compass 5.30 Customs 7.30 Masterchef 6.00 Seven News 7.00 ABC News 7.30 Grand 8.30 Elementary (M) 6.00 National News 6.30 Sunday Night Designs: Sothern Ireland 8.20 9.30 Graham Norton Show 6.30 The Block Sky High 7.30 Border Security Dream Build: Jilliby House 8:30 10.30 Hawaii Five-O (M) 7.30 60 Minutes 8.00 The Force 11.30 48 Hours 8.30 House Husbands (PG) The Time of Our Lives 9.25 On 8.30 A Place To Call Home 12.30 Home Shopping Borrowed Time 10.25 William 9.30 CSI (M) 9.30 T.B.A. Yang 11.25 Hidden Treasures 1.00 Home Shopping 10.30 CSI: Miami (M) 11.30 Fairly Legal 3.00 2013 Formula 1 11.30 The Block Sky High 12.25 The Big Steal 2.05 Movie: 12.30 Seven’s V8 Supercars Canadian Grand Prix 12.30 Rugby:Storm V Knights Same Time Next Year 7 MATE 12.00 Seven’s V8 Supercars: ELEVEN 12.30 So You Think You ONE HD 1.00 Golf Getaway 1.30 Skycity 5.00 Style in Steel 5.30 Can Dance - Encore 2.30 Neighbours M*A*S*H 4.00 Black Gold 5.00 What’s Mythbusters 6.30 Movie: Shanghai Noon - Special Encore Presentation 5.00 Up Down Under 5.30 I Fish 6.00 (PG) 8.40 Shanghai Knights (PG) 11.00 Merlin 6.00 Sabrina 6.30 Everybody M*A*S*H 6.30 Ironman 70.3 9.00 Operation Repo 11.30 Punk’d 12.30 Loves Raymond 7.30 The Simpsons MotoGP 2013 10.30 Cops 11.00 Coal Deadliest Warrior 1.30 Britain’s Greatest 8.00 Futurama 8.30 Movie: Galaxy Quest 12.00 Persons Unknown 1.00 M*A*S*H Machines: 1960’s Revolution 10.35 Wilfred 11.05 The Office 1.30 Omnisport
SBS ONE PRIME SC TEN WIN VIC 5.00 Korean News 5:35 Japa- 6.00 Home Shopping 6.00 Creflo Dollar Ministries 6.00 Bubble Guppies 7.00 Weekend Sunrise nese News 6.10 Hong Kong 6.30 Hillsong 7.00 Totally Wild 6.30 Dora The Explorer News 6.30 Chinese News 7.00 10.00 AFL Game Day 8.00 Seas Of Life 9.00 Good 7.00 Weekend Today 11.30 Wild Boys Hindi News 7.25 Italian News Chef Bad Chef 10.00 The Bolt 10.00 Financial Review Sunday 8.05 Filipino News 8.40 French 1.30 Possum’s Club Report 10.30 Meet The Press 10.30 Wide World of Sports 2.00 Sunday Afternoon News 9.30 Greek News 10.30 11.30 Everyday Gourmet 12.00 11.30 The Footy Show (AFL) Movie: A Child Lost German News 11.00 Spanish Australian Rally championship 1.00 TAC Cup Future Stars Forever (PG) News 12.00 Arabic News 12.30 1.00 The Doctors 2.00 T.B.A. 2.00 Gilligan’s Island 4.00 Better Homes And Turkish News 4.00 Places We Go (season 2.30 Celebrity Apprentice Gardens 1.00 Speedweek final) 4.30 Meet The Press 4.00 House Husbands 5.30 Coxy’s Big Break 4.00 2013 Superbike World 5.00 TEN News 5.00 News: First At Five 6.00 Seven News Champtionship 6.00 The All New Simpsons 5.30 Customs 6.30 Sunday Night 4.30 FIFA Futbol Mundial 6.30 Reef Doctors 6.00 National News 7.30 Border Security 5.00 Netball: ANZ Champion 7.30 Masterchef 6.30 The Block Sky High - New Episode ship Highlights 8.30 Elementary (M) 7.30 60 Minutes 8.00 The Force 5.35 Inspector Rex 9.30 Graham Norton Show 8.30 House Husbands 8.30 A Place To Call Home 10.30 Hawaii Five-O (M) 6.30 World News Australia 9.30 CSI (M) 7.30 Lost Worlds 8.30 The Ob- 9.30 T.B.A. 11.30 Moto GP 10.30 CSI: Miami (M) server Effect 9.30 Tyson 11.10 11.30 Fairly Legal 3.30 Home Shopping 11.30 The Block Sky High 12.30 V8 Supercars Film: Live and Become 1.45 4.30 Destined To Reign 12.30 Rugby: Melbourne 1.30 Home Shopping 5.00 Life Today Storm v Newcastle Knights Weatherwatch Overnight GO 12.00 Winx Club 12.30 Adventure GEM 10.00 Trent’s Last Case 12.00 7 TWO 1.00 Chefs: Put Your Money Time 1.30 TV Home Shopping 2.00 Texas Carnival 1.30 Getaway 2.00 Where Your Mouth Is 2.00 Home And Manly Surf 2.30 Same Name 3.30 The Sunday Footy Show (NRL) 4.00 NRL: Away Catch-Up 4.30 Movie: Carry On... Block Sky High 5.30 Movie: Spy Kids 3D Storm V Knights 6.00 Send In The Dogs Don’t Lose Your Head 6.30 The Vicar of Game Over (PG) 7.30 The Middle 8.00 6.30 Antiques Roadshow 7.30 The Great Dibley 7.10 Fawlty Towers 7.45 Homes T.B.A. 8.30 Two And A Half Men 9.00 The Barrier Reef 8.30 Conspiracy Theory Under The Hammer 9.00 Escape To The Big Bang Theory 9.30 Double Imapct 11.15 True CSI: Cold Blood Country 11.00 Neighbours
TV GUIDE MONDAY, JUNE 17
SEVEN SA TEN SA WIN SA ABC 1 6.00 Today 6.00 Sunrise 8.00 Entertainment Tonight 6.00 ABC News Breakfast 9.30 9.00 Mornings 9.00 The Morning Show 8.30 OMG! Insider 9.00 Bold Business Today 10.00 Backyard 11.00 National News 11.30 Seven News & The Beautiful 9.30 Huey’s Science 10.25 Atoms Alive 12.00 The Midday Movie Kitchen 10.00 Good Chef Bad 12.00 Ellen Degeneres Show 10.40 Inside Science 11.00 Fugitive Nights: Chef 10.30 Bondi Vet 11.00 Landline 12.00 Midday Report 1.00 The View Danger In The Desert Masterchef Encore 12.00 Dr 12.30 Midsomer Murders 2.00 2.00 The Block Sky High 2.00 Special Phil 1.00 The Doctors 2.00 Parliament Question Time 3.00 National News Now 3.00 T.B.A Ready Steady Cook 3.00 Judge 4.00 Alive And Cooking 3.00 Children’s Programs 5.30 4.30 Seven News at 4.30 Judy 3.30 Everyday Gourmet 4.30 National News ABC News: Early 6.00 Time 5.30 Deal Or No Deal 4.00 Totally Wild 4.30 Bold & 5.30 Hot Seat Team 7.00 ABC News 7.30 6.00 Seven News The Beautiful 6.00 National News 7.30 (SA) 6.30 Today Tonight 5.00 TEN News 6.30 A Current Affair 8.00 Australian Story 7.00 Home And Away 7.00 The Block Sky High 8.30 Four Corners 6.00 The Simpsons 7.30 T.B.A. 7.30 The Voice 9.20 Media Watch 6.30 The Project 8.30 Revenge 9.30 Major Crimes 9.35 Q&A 7.30 MasterChef 9.30 T.B.A. 10.35 Lateline 8.30 Hamish MacDonald’s 10.30 Footy Classified 11.30 Happy Endings 11.30 The Block Sky High 11.10 The Business The Truth Is? (PG) 12.00 T.B.A. 12.00 National News Late 11.35 Dalziel And Pascoe 9.30 The Americans 1.30 Home Shopping 12.30 A Current Affair 1.05 Parliament Question 10.30 TEN Late News 3.30 Sons & Daughters 1.00 Worst Case Scenario Time 11.15 The Project Encore 4.00 NBC Today 1.30 Extra 2.05 Movie: Force Of Evil 12.00 The Late Show 7 MATE 1.00 Seven’s V8 Supercars: ELEVEN 1.00 JAG 2.00 Star Trek ONE HD 12.30 Isle Of Man TT Skycity 3.00 Motor Mate 4.30 Dream Car Voyager 3.00 Infomercial 3.30 Cheers 2013 1.30 Omnisport 2.00 71 Degrees Garage 5.30 Who’s Still Standing 6.30 4.00 The King of Queens 4.30 Family North 3.00 Fear Factor 5.00 I Fish 6.00 Seinfeld 7.30 Ultimate Factories 8.30 Ties 5.00 Happy Days 5.30 The Brady M*A*S*H 6.30 Get Smart 7.00 Cops 7.30 Pawn Stars 9.30 American Restoration Bunch 6.00 Sabrina 6.30 Neighbours Diamond Divers 8.30 Movie: A Beautiful 10.30 American Pickers 11.30 Bid 7.00 Raymond 8.00 Raising Hope 8.30 Mind (M) 11.10 MooGP 2013 1.40 America 12.00 30 Rock Torchwood 9.30 Dexter MotoGP 2013
SBS ONE PRIME SC TEN WIN VIC 6.00 Sunrise 5.00 Korean News 5:35 Japa7.00 Wurrawhy 7.30 Totally 6.00 Today 9.00 The Morning Show nese News 6.10 Hong Kong Wild 8.00 Entertainment Tonight 9.00 Mornings News 6.30 Chinese News 7.00 11.30 Seven News 8.30 OMG! Insider 9.00 Bold 11.00 National News 12.00 The Midday Movie Hindi News 7.25 Italian News & The Beautiful 9.30 Huey’s 12.00 Ellen Degeneres Show Fugitive Nights: 8.05 Filipino News 8.40 French Kitchen 10.00 Good Chef Bad 1.00 The View Danger In The Desert Chef 10.30 Bondi Vet 11.00 News 9.30 Greek News 10.30 2.00 The Block Sky High 2.00 Special: Andrew Lloyd Masterchef Encore 12.00 Dr German News 11.00 Spanish 3.00 National News Now Webber: 40 Years Of Phil 1.00 The doctors 2.00 News12.00 Arabic News 12.30 4.00 Alive And Cooking Stage Musicals Turkish News 1.00 Eurovision Ready Steady Cook 3.00 Judge 4.30 National News Song Contest Junior 2012 3.00 3.00 T.B.A. Judy 3.30 Everyday Gourmet 5.30 Hot Seat 4.30 Seven News At 4.30 France 24 International News 4.00 Totally Wild 4.30 Bold & 6.00 The WIN News Hour 6.00 Seven News 3.30 Al Jazeera News 4.00 The Beautiful 5.00 TEN News 7.00 The Block Sky High 6.30 Today Tonight The Journal 4.30 FIFA Futbol 7.30 The Voice 6.00 The Simpsons 7.00 Home And Away Mundial 5.00 Massive Movies 9.30 Major Crimes 6.30 The Project 7.30 T.B.A. 5.30 Global Village 6.00 TBA 10.30 Footy Classified 7.30 MasterChef 6.30 World News Australia 7.30 8.30 Revenge 8.30 Hamish MacDonald’s 11.30 The Block Sky High 9.30 T.B.A. Mythbusters 8.30 Pleasure 12.00 WIN News Late The Truth Is? (PG) and Pain 9:30 Mad Men 10.25 10.30 T.B.A. 1.00 Worst Case Scenario 9.30 The Americans World News Australia 11.00 The 11.30 T.B.A. 1.30 Extra 10.30 TEN Late News Life and Times of Tm 11.30 The 12.00 T.B.A. 2.00 The Avengers 11.15 The Project Encore 1.30 Home Shopping Mighty Boosh 3.00 Danoz 12.00 The Late Show GO 1.00 The Bachelorette 3.00 GEM 12.00 Movie: The Duke Wore 7 TWO 12.00 Movie: Sherlock Holmes Monsuno 3.30 Max Steel 4.05 Ben 10: Jeans (G) 2.00 Secret Dealers 3.00 Alive 2.15 Movie: Reach for the Sky (G) 5.00 Alien Force 4.30 Young Justice 5.00 & Cooking 3.30 Antiques Roadshow The Hogan Family 5.30 Homes Under Adventure Time 5.30 The Block Sky 4.30 The Great Barrier Reef 5.30 Ellen The Hammer 6.30 Bargain Hunt 7.30 High 6.30 The Middle 7.00 The Big Bang Degeneres Show 6.30 Friends 7.30 Mighty Ships 8.30 Blue Murder 9.40 Theory 7.30 Two And A Half Men 8.00 Animal Emergency 8.30 Super Nanny Waking The Dead 11.50 The Shield Top Gear 9.30 Movie: The Hurt Locker USA 9.30 Embarrassing Teenage Bodies 12.50 Bargain Hunt
PRIME
David Attenborough’s Penguin King
Super Nanny USA
The Devil Wears Prada
Neighbours
Monday, 8.30pm A 25-year-old single woman with two boys (ages 4 and 6) brazenly abdicates her parenting responsibilities and completely relies on her mother and father.
Tuesday, 7.00pm Leonard seeks Penny’s counsel when his relationship with Stephanie takes off faster than he’d like. Sheldon’s hypochondriac tendencies get the better of him.
Friday, 8.30pm In New York, a naive young woman scores a job as the second assistant to one of the city’s biggest magazine editors, Miranda Priestly or Runway fashion magazine.
Monday, 6.40pm Brad realises he’s living vicariously through Joashua; Rani struggles with Callum’s jealousy; Sonja puts her past to bed, or so she thinks.
Seven’s V8 Supercars 2013: Skycity
Thursday, 9.15pm Dr. Whale is tasked with mending Hook’s wounds and performing surgery on the stranger whose car crashed upon entering Storybrooke. Cora attempts to reunite with daughter Regina.
Saturday, 6.30pm Follow the struggles of a lovelorn male bird wandering the sub-Atlantic islands of South Georgia looking for a mate to start a family.
Lifestyle1.net - 042
Saturday, 12.30pm Skycity Triple Crown Darwin. Race 17
TV GUIDE TUESDAY, JUNE 18 TV GUIDE WEDNESDAY, JUNE 19
SEVEN SA TEN SA WIN SA ABC 1 6.00 Sunrise 8.00 Entertainment Tonight 6.00 Today 6.00 ABC News Breakfast 9.30 9.00 The Morning Show 8.30 OMG! Insider 9.00 Bold 9.00 Mornings Business Today 10.00 Behind 11.30 Seven Morning News & The Beautiful 9.30 Huey’s 11.00 National Morning News The News 10.25 Get Into 12.00 The Midday Movie Kitchen 10.00 Good Chef Bad 12.00 Ellen Degeneres Show Textiles 10.50 Magic of Making Living Proof Chef 10.30 Bondi Vet 11.00 11.00 Big Ideas 12.00 Midday 1.00 The View 2.00 Winners & Losers MasterChef Encore 12.00 Dr Report 12.30 Compass 1.00 2.00 The Block Sky High 3.00 T.B.A. Phil. 1.00 The Doctors 2.00 2.30 The New Adventures Q&A 2.00 Parliament Question 3.30 T.B.A. Ready Steady Cook 3.00 Judge Time 3.00 Children’s Programs of Old Christine 4.30 Seven News at 4.30 Judy 3.30 Everyday Gourmet 3.00 National News Now 5.30 ABC News: Early 5.30 Deal or No Deal 4.00 Totally Wild 4.30 Bold & 4.00 Alive And Cooking 6.00 Time Team 6.00 Seven News The Beautiful 4.30 National News 7.00 ABC News 6.30 Today Tonight 5.00 TEN News 5.30 Hot Seat 7.30 7.30 7.00 Home And Away 6.00 National news 8.00 Croc College 6.00 The Simpsons 7.30 T.B.A. 6.30 A Current Affair 8.30 New Tricks 6.30 The Project 8.30 Packed To The Rafters 7.30 MasterChef 7.00 The Block Sky High 9.30 At The Movies 8.00 The Big Bang Theory 10.00 AThe A-Z Of Contem8.30 NCIS (M) 9.30 Border Security 8.30 Celebrity Apprentice poary Art: L-Z 9.30 NCIS: Los Angeles 10.30 Travel Unravelled 10.00 The Big Bang Theory 10.30 Lateline 10.30 TEN Late News 11.00 Cougar Town 10.30 Two And A Half Men 11.05 The Business 11.15 The Project Encore 11.00 The Mindy Project 11.30 Extra 11.30 Four Corners 12.00 The Late Show 11.30 Happy Endings 12.00 National News Late 12.20 Media Watch 1.00 Home Shopping 12.00 T.B.A. 7 MATE 1.00 V8 Supercars: Skycity ELEVEN 1.00 JAG 2.00 Star Trek ONE HD 1.30 The WWE Experience 3.00 Motor Mate 4.30 Dream Car Garage Voyager 3.00 Infomercial 3.30 Cheers 2.30 Omnisport 3.00 Fear Factor 4.00 5.30 Who’s Still Standing 6.30 Seinfield 4.00 The King of Queens 4.30 Family Get Smart 4.30 Cops 5.00 I Fish 6.00 7.30 Mythbusters 8.30 Family Guy 10.00 Ties 5.00 Happy Days 5.30 The Brady M*A*S*H 6.30 Get Smart 7.00 Cops 7.30 American Dad 10.30 Family Guy 11.30 Bunch 6.00 Sabrina 6.30 Neighbours Frontiers of Construction 8.30 Cops: American Dad 12.00 Crank Yankers 7.00 Everybody Loves Raymond 7.30 Adults Only 9.30 Mafia’s Greatest Hits 12.30 Chappelle’s Show Rules of Engagement 8.00 New Normal 10.40 Recruits 11.40 71 Degrees North
SBS ONE PRIME SC TEN WIN VIC 6.00 Sunrise 5.00 Korean News 5:35 7.00 Wurrawhy 7.30 Totally Wild 6.00 Today 9.00 The Morning Show Japanese News 6.10 Hong 8.00 Entertainment Tonight 8.30 9.00 Mornings 11.30 Seven Morning News OMG! Insider 9.00 Bold & The 11.00 National Morning News Kong News 6.30 Chinese 12.00 The Midday Movie News 7.00 Hindi News 7.25 Beautiful 9.30 Huey’s Kitchen 12.00 Ellen Degeneres Show Past Midnight (M) Italian News 8.05 Filipino News 10.00 Good Chef Bad Chef 1.00 The View 2.00 Winners & Losers 8.40 French News 9.30 Greek 10.30 Bondi Vet 11.00 Master2.00 The Block Sky High 3.00 T.B.A. News 10.30 German News Chef Encore 12.00 Dr Phil 1.00 2.30 The New Adventures 4.30 Seven News at 4.30 11.00 Spanish News 12.00 The Doctors 2.00 Ready Steady of Old Christine 5.30 Deal or No Deal Arabic News 12.30 Turkish Cook 3.00 Judge Judy 3.30 3.00 National News Now 6.00 Seven News News 1.00 Becoming Human Everyday Gourmet 4.00 Totally 4.00 Alive And Cooking 6.30 Today Tonight 2.00 Tropic of Cancer 3.00 Wild 4.30 Bold & The Beautiful 4.30 National News 7.00 Home And Away France 24 International News 5.00 TEN News 5.30 Hot Seat 3.30 Al Jezeera News 4.00 The 7.30 T.B.A. 6.00 The WIN News Hour 6.00 The Simpsons 8.30 Packed To The Rafters 6.30 The Project Journal 4.30 PBS Newshour 7.00 The Block Sky High 5.30 Global Village 6.00 TBA 8.00 Celebrity Apprentice 7.30 MasterChef 9.30 Border Security 6.30 World News Australia 7.30 10.30 Travel Unravelled 9.30 T.B.A. 8.30 NCIS (Season Final) FIFA World Cup 2014 Qualifier: 11.00 Cougar Town 11.30 Extra 9.30 NCIS: Los Angeles Australia v Jordan 10.10 12.00 WIN News Late 10.30 TEN Late News 11.30 Happy Endings Venice 24/7 10.40 World News 12.00 T.B.A. 1.00 The Block Sky High 11.15 The Project Encore Australia 11.00 Film: Winter in 2.00 Seaway 12.00 The Late Show 1.30 Home Shopping War Time 3.00 Danoz 1.00 Infomercial 5.30 Seven Early News GO 1.00 Conan 2.00 16 And Pregnant GEM 12.00 Movie: The Queen Of 7 TWO 1.00 SeaChange 2.00 3.00 Monsuno 3.30 Max Steel 4.05 Ben Spades (PG) 2.00 Baboon Bandits 3.00 Movie: White Line Fever (PG) 4.00 Mad 10 4.30 Young Justice 5.00 Adventure Alive & Cooking 3.30 Super Nanny About You 4.30 Perfect Strangers 5.00 Time 5.30 The Block Sky High 6.00 Two USA 4.30 Animal Emergency 5.30 Ellen The Hogan Family 5.30 Homes Under And A Half Men 6.30 The Middle 7.00 Degeneres Show 6.30 Friends 7.30 The Hammer 6.30 Bargain Hunt 7.30 The Big Bang Theory 8.00 Come Fly Planet Earth 8.40 The Mentalist 9.40 Highway Patrol 8.00 Motorway Patrol With Me 8.30 2 Broke Girls 9.30 Movie Person of Interest 11.30 The Closer 8.30 Air Crash Investigations
SEVEN SA 6.00 Sunrise 9.00 The Morning Show 11.30 Seven Morning News 12.00 The Midday Movie Silent Warnings 2.00 Winners & Losers 3.00 T.B.A. 4.30 Seven News at 4.30 5.30 Deal Or No Deal 6.00 Seven News 6.30 Today Tonight 7.00 Home And Away 7.30 T.B.A. 8.30 Criminal Minds (M) 10.30 Hannibal 11.30 Special 12.00 T.B.A. 1.30 Home Shopping 3.30 Sons & Daughters 4.00 NBC Today
SBS ONE 5.00 Korean News 5:35 Japanese News 6.10 Hong Kong News 6.30 Chinese News 7.00 Hindi News 7.25 Italian News 8.05 Filipino News 8.40 French News 9.30 Greek News 10.30 German News 11.00 Spanish News 12.00 Arabic News 12.30 Turkish News 1.00 FIFA World Cup 2014 Qualifier: Australia v Iraq 3.00 France 24 International News 3.30 Al Jazeera News 4.00 The Journal 4.30 PBS Newshour 5.30 Global Village 6.00 TBA 6.30 World News Australia 7.30 Sea Of Creepy Monsters 8.30 Toughest Place to be a ... 9.30 Borgen 10.35 World News Australia
TEN SA WIN SA ABC 1 6.00 Today 8.00 Entertainment Tonight 6.00 ABC News Breakfast 9.30 9.00 Mornings 8.30 OMG! Insider 9.00 Bold Business Today 10.00 For The 11.00 National Morning News Juniors 10.20 Cyberchase & The Beautiful 9.30 Huey’s Kitchen 10.00 Good Chef Bad 12.00 Ellen Degeneres Show 10.40 Behind The News Chef 10.30 Bondi Vet 11.00 Specials 11.00 Big Ideas 12.00 1.00 The View MasterChef Encore 12.00 Dr Midday Report 12.30 Nat. 2.00 The Block Sky High Phil 1.00 The Doctors 2.00 Press Club Address 1.30 At 3.00 National News Now Ready Steady Cook 3.00 Judge 4.00 Alive And Cooking The Movies 2.00 Parliament Judy 3.30 Everyday Gourmet Question Time 3.00 Children’s 4.30 National News 4.00 Totally Wild 4.30 Bold & Programs 5.30 ABC News: 5.30 Hot Seat The Beautiful Early 6.00 Time Team 7.00 ABC 6.00 National News 5.00 TEN News News 7.30 7.30 (SA) 8.00 QI 6.30 A Current Affair 7.00 The Block Sky High 6.00 The Simpsons 8.30 Adam Hills Tonight 8.30 The Big Bang Theory 6.30 The Project 9.30 Would I Lie To You? 8.30 Arrow 7.30 MasterChef 10.00 The Hollowmen 9.30 T.B.A. 8.30 Offspring (M) 10.30 Lateline 10.30 The Block Sky High 9.30 Beauty & The Beast 11.05 The Business 11.30 Extra 10.30 TEN Late News 11.30 Waking The Dead 12.00 National News Late 11.15 The Project Encore 12.25 Parliament Question 12.30 A Current Affair 12.00 The Late Show Time 1.00 New Adv.Old Christine 2.30 SANFL Round 11 1.00 Home Shopping 7 MATE 1.00 Alphas 2.00 Motor Mate ELEVEN 1.00 JAG 2.00 Star Trek ONE HD 12.30 Isle Of Man TT 2013 4.30 Dream Car Garage 5.00 Zoom TV Voyager 3.00 Infomercial 3.30 Cheers 1.30 Fear Factor 4.00 Get Smart 4.30 5.30 Who’s Still Standing 6.30 Seinfeld 4.00 The King of Queens 4.30 Family Cops 5.00 I Fish 6.00 M*A*S*H 6.30 Get 7.30 Pawn Stars 8.30 Hardcore Pawn Ties 5.00 Happy Days 5.30 The Brady Smart 7.00 Cops 7.30 White Collar 8.30 9.30 American Pickers 11.30 Rude Tube Bunch 6.00 Sabrina 6.30 Neighbours Burn Notice 9.30 Blue Bloods 10.30 Lie 12.00 Chappelle’s Show 12.30 Crank 7.00 Everybody Loves Raymond 7.30 To Me 11.30 Persons Unknown 12.30 Yankers 1.00 30 Rock The Simpsons 8.00 Futurama Fast Forward 1.30 Omnisport
PRIME SC TEN WIN VIC 6.00 Sunrise 7.00 Wurrawhy 7.30 Totally Wild 6.00 Today 9.00 The Morning Show 8.00 Entertainment Tonight 8.30 9.00 Mornings 11.30 Seven Morning News OMG! Insider 9.00 Bold & The 11.00 National Morning News 12.00 The Midday Movie Beautiful 9.30 Huey’s Kitchen 12.00 Ellen Degeneres Show Silent Warnings (M) 10.00 Good Chef Bad Chef 1.00 The View 2.00 Winners & Losers 10.30 Bondi Vet 11.00 Master2.00 The Block Sky High 3.00 T.B.A. Chef Encore 12.00 Dr Phil 1.00 3.00 National News Now 4.30 Seven News at 4.30 The Doctors 2.00 Ready Steady 4.00 Alive And Cooking 5.30 Deal Or No Deal Cook 3.00 Judge Judy 3.30 4.30 National News 6.00 Seven News Everyday Gourmet 4.00 Totally 5.30 Hot Seat 6.30 Today Tonight Wild 4.30 Bold & The Beautiful 6.00 The WIN News Hour 7.00 Home And Away 5.00 TEN News 7.00 The Block Sky High 7.30 T.B.A. 8.00 The Big Bang Theory 6.00 The Simpsons 8.30 Criminal Minds (M) 8.30 Arrow 6.30 The Project 10.30 Hannibal 9.30 TBA 7.30 MasterChef 11.30 The Lone Ranger: A 10.30 The Block Sky High 8.30 Offspring (M) Filmmaking Frontier 11.30 Extra 9.30 Beauty & The Beast 12.00 T.B.A. 12.00 WIN News Hour Late 10.30 TEN Late News 1.30 Home Shopping 1.00 The New Adventures 11.15 The Project Encore 5.30 Seven Early News of Old Christine 12.00 The Late Show with Natalie Barr 1.30 Gideon’s Way 1.00 Infomercial GO 1.00 Conan 2.00 16 & Pregnant GEM 12.00 Movie: Carry On Jack (PG) 7 TWO 1.00 SeaChange 2.00 Movie: 3.00 Monsuno 3.30 Max Steel 4.05 Ben 1.50 Gem Presents: Adam Brand Music The Ambushers (PG) 4.30 Perfect 10 4.30 Young Justice 5.00 Adventure Special 2.00 The Mentalist 3.00 Alive & Strangers 5.00 The Hogan Family 5.30 Time 5.30 The Block Sky High 6.30 The Cooking 3.30 Lion Country 4.30 Planet Homes Under The Hammer 6.30 Bargain Middle 7.00 The Big Bang Theory 7.30 Earth 5.30 Ellen Degeneres Show 6.30 Hunt 7.30 Border Security 8.00 SCU: Serious Crash Unit 8.30 Escape to the... Auction Hunters 8.30 Two And Half Men Friends 7.30 Customs 8.30 RPA 9.30 Longmire 10.30 Cold Case 9.30 Nina Conti - Talk To The Hand (M)
WIN SA
A Beautiful Mind
Revenge
Friday, 8.30pm Alex Fletcher lives comfortably in Manhattan off the residuals from his 80’s pop success. His gigs are declining so he jumps at the chance to write a song but needs help with lyrics from the girl who waters his plants.
Saturday, 9.15pm A woman who desperately wants children conceives twins through artificial insemination, only to meet the man of her dreams on the very same day.
Saturday, 7.30pm When an English tourist is found dead in her luxury villa, strangled by her own scarf, the crime scene initially indicated a robbery gone wrong. Starring Ben Miller
FIFA World Cup 2014 Qualifier
Friday, 8.30pm Successful PR pro Marni heads home for older brother’s wedding and discovers that he’s marrying her high school arch nemesis, who’s conveniently forgotten their problematic past.
Monday, 8.30pm After a brilliant mathematician accepts secret work in cryptography, his life takes a turn to the nightmarish. Now only his devoted wife can help him in this powerful story of courage and passion.
Monday, 8.30pm Truth - Part 1. In the first half of this dramatic season finale, a series of dangerous events has been set in motion and it all comes to a head in one catastrophic moment that will change everyone’s lived forever.
Wednesday, 1.00pm Australia V Iraq - A replay of the Socceroo’s 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifying match against Iraq. From ANZ Stadium Homebush, NSW.
Lifestyle1.net - 043
star safety the number one priority of new Holden
Today, more than ever, safety is one of the primary considerations for many new car buyers, and the
sophisticated VF Commodore, which uses more ultra highstrength steel in its construction than ever
before, is one of the safest new cars on Australian roads. Recently awarded a five-star ANCAP crash
Mount Gambier
SAVE $3,000 WAS $30,990
NOW $27,990 2010 JAYCO EXPANDA 14.44-3 Roll-out awning, privacy screen, wind-up TV Antenna. shower + toilet, amazing bench space.
SAVE $1,000 WAS $33,990
NOW $32,990 2005 JAYCO HERITAGE 21.65-5 Separate shower & toilet, 150L fridge, oven, annexe walls.
SAVE $1,000 WAS $6,500
$5,990 MILLARD POP-TOP Family bunk layout and large club lounge front seating, annexe walls, excellent condition.
SAVE $2,500 WAS $8,490
NOW $5,500 2007 X-TRAIL Real tailgate, kitchen, battery pack, plugs to run fridges, 2 burner gas, main bed on trailer.
SAVE $1,000
EVERNEW Front club converts to bed, annexe walls, 12 volt system, rear singles.
1994 SPACELINE POP-TOP Shower/toilet, annexe, tandem axle - great value.
WAS $16,490
the driver can check rear passengers are properly restrained. VF Commodore’s larger volume seatmounted airbag increases side impact protection by extending the area of body coverage. It incorporates an
$9,750
07 HOLDEN VE BERLINA
One owner, 149,000kms, cruise, ABS, traction control. XOH-661
NOW $15,990 1995 COMPASS GT POP-TOP Single beds, cooktop & oven, 3 way fridge, microwave, new awning.
SPECIAL OFFER All NEW Jayco models in stock
pack FREE solar Including battery Offer ends June 30
additional cell which inflates to a higher pressure to better distribute crash energy loads across the occupant’s pelvic area as well as the chest. The concept takes advantage of the pelvis’s ability to take higher loads while
WAS $20,500
NOW $5,990 SAVE $500
test rating, the body structure is stronger than ever. Passenger safety cage and rollover protection are reinforced by increased usage of advanced, high-strength and ultra high-strength steels, which now comprise 49 percent of Commodore’s robust crash-optimised body structure. The VF has also been engineered for improved frontal pedestrian impact performance, reducing the risk of serious injury to people both inside and outside the car. Its family car attributes are further enhanced by the addition of simple-to-use ISOFIX child seat anchorages. Commodore is one of the few cars on the road with the capability to accommodate three ISOFIX child seats across the rear seat, pending ADR approval. It also comes with seatbelt automatic locking retractors for firmer child restraint fitment, along with a rear seat belt reminder in the Driver Information Display, so
NOW $21,000
Restored to old world charm! Suit collector. S124APV
$8,950
$13,750
2011 JAYCO DOVE 11CP Dometic air conditioner, annexe walls, bed flys, battery provision, wind up TV antenna.
SAVE $3,990 WAS $18,990
06 SSANGYONG STAVIC SV270 . Turbo diesel, leather, auto, 7 seats S953AUD
$8,950
Auto, dual airbags, power windows, 4x4,112,000kms. SIS-034
$14,950
NOW $15,000 1994 VISCOUNT VOUGE Island double bed, oven, extra seating, 150L fridge, microwave, 2 gas bottles.
Jayco Mount Gambier
123 Commercial St East, Mount Gambier. Phone (08) 8725 6122
03 FORD BA FAIRLANE
te Leather, full luxury, CD stacker, clima control, tidy car. UYT-271
SALES HOTLINE
05 MITSUBISHI PAJERO GLX V6 engine, power windows, cruise control, 7 seats.
0419 031 883
168 Jubilee Highway West, Mount Gambier. Phone/ Fax 08 8725 8913
Lifestyle1.net - 044
LVD 194576 E&EO
MOTOR Five
limiting pressure on more sensitive thorax and abdominal areas. The thorax/pelvis airbag is located within the backrest frame of the vehicle’s front seats and will deploy within milliseconds of a detected side collision contact. The new front seat design also provides improved protection for whiplash in a rear impact. It includes a four-way adjustable head restraint. Holden’s Manager of Vehicle Structure and Safety Integration Steve Curtis said VF’s safety system was almost all new. “To balance all the changes driven by mass reduction imperatives in particular, we’ve touched everything – body structure, airbags, seatbelts, you name it - to deliver the best standard of injury risk protection yet,” he said. “We put VF Commodore through much more extensive crash scenario testing than ever before - it was very much a global activity because this vehicle is being sold in international markets and has to satisfy multiple requirements.” cont. next page.
MOTOR Five
star safety the number one priority of new Holden
The results exceed current 5-Star ANCAP rating requirements and satisfy broader and more demanding Holden safety engineering standards, including double rollover protection. “Development work covered a wide range of crash scenarios and occupant criteria, matched to real world
driving environments,” Mr Curtis said. “Demanding crash performance criteria drove the design to satisfy GM best practice and 5-Star ANCAP ratings in front, side and rear impact, whiplash and pedestrian protection and our test schedules for the VF Commodore safety development
MOTOR Technologically
program were even greater in number and complexity than the original VE program.” Physical testing involved 48 prototype vehicles and a total of 70 barrier crashes (versus 55 for VE) at Holden’s Lang Lang Proving Ground and GM’s Milford safety test facility in North America. Holden
engineers also carried out an additional 105 dynamic simulation sled tests on VF safety systems. Exponential growth in computing power made for a more extensive virtual crash modelling program. The virtual crash models employed for VF testing were far larger and more complex
and the time taken to simulate crash models – a 64 km/h offset frontal barrier crash for example – almost
halved, affording even more extensive virtual assessment of multiple crash test scenarios.
advanced
LVD 2447
The new VF Commodore is all about Australian made advanced technology firsts for Commodore. Auto Park Assist, which takes the guesswork out of reversing into tight spots or on busy thoroughfares, is just one of the many new features making driving safer and easier for Commodore drivers. There is also front and rear ultrasonic park assist. Another breakthrough feature is the Head-Up Display, which projects crucial information from the driver on the windscreen rather than averting their eyes to the dashboard. It is basically technology that has been in military aircrafts for many years. There is also a forward collision alert, lane departure warning, blind spot alert and reverse traffic alert. The new VF Commodore is also “keyless”, allowing drivers to unlock, start and lock the car simply by carrying a sensor key with them, as well as boasting a remote start system that operates from 100metres away and starts up the last known heating and cooling systems in the vehicle as well. There is also a rear seat belt reminder, power heated seats, reverse tilt mirrors, daytime running lamps and a reversing camera. Lifestyle1.net - 045
2010 HOLDEN COMMODORE VE II OMEGA
2008 MITSUBISHI LANCER CJ ES 6 speed automatic, ABS, air conditioning,
Automatic, 59,451km, 16” alloy wheels,
dual airbags, CD player, central locking,
anti lock brakes, 8 airbags, bluetooth,
cruise control, power windows. XUA-309.
CD player, central locking, cruise control, power windows. MCL-913.
Was: $11,990
2005 MAZDA 3 BK SP23
2007 HOLDEN STATESMAN WM
2010 MAZDA BT-50 B2500 BOSS DX
2011 FORD RANGER SUPER CAB HIGH RIDER
2008 HOLDEN COMMODORE VE SS
5 speed manual, 17” alloy wheels, cruise control, body kit, 8 airbags, central locking, power windows, CD stacker. JMO-799. Was $14,990.
Automatic, 17” alloy wheels, anti lock brakes, climate control, 8 airbags, bluetooth, CD stacker, central locking, cruise control, leather trim, power windows, rain sensors. S310AJZ.
5 speed manual turbo diesel, 15” alloy wheels, air conditioning, dual airbags, CD player, central locking, power steering, power windows, tinted windows. IPHQ086.
Automatic turbo diesel, mobile phone connectivity, 17” alloy wheels, anti lock brakes, climate control, 6 airbags, central locking, cruise control, diff locks, rain sensor, tinted windows, tow bar. S116AOE.
Automatic, 32,185km, 18” alloy wheels, anti lock brakes, air conditioning, 4 airbags, bluetooth, body kit, CD player, central locking, cruise control, power windows. WJB-308. WAS $25,990.
Internet ID: 20583
2011 HOLDEN COLORADO RC LT-R CREW CAB
2011 HYUNDAI i30 FD SX
2010 HYUNDAI iX35 ACTIVE
2008 FORD FALCON BF MK III XT
2010 SUZUKI SWIFT
5 speed manual turbo diesel, 16” alloy wheels, dual airbags, bluetooth, CD player, central locking, cruise control, fog lamps, power windows, side steps. S436AJZ.
Automatic, anti lock brakes, air conditioning, 8 airbags, bluetooth, CD player, central locking, power windows. 090-RRG. WAS $18,990
Automatic, anti lock brakes, air conditioning, 8 airbags, CD player, central locking, cruise control, power windows. YHF-12L. Was $23,990.
Automatic, anti lock brakes, air conditioning, dual airbags, CD player, central locking, power steering, power windows. 680SCX. WAS $15,990
Internet ID: 20495
Internet ID: 20493
Automatic, 1 owner, full service history, dual airbags, air conditioning, central locking, anti lock brakes, CD player, front power windows. AO8537. WAS $16,990
Internet ID: 20543
2011 HOLDEN COMMODORE VE SV6
2011 FORD FALCON FG XR6
2007 FORD RANGER PJ XLT CREW CAB
2011 FORD TERRITORY SZ TX SEQ SPORT SHIFT RWD
2004 FORD FAIRLANE BA GHIA
Automatic, 1 year left of NCW, 18” alloy wheels, mobile phone connectivity, bluetooth, climate control, CD player, cruise control, power windows. CJE-61J.
Automatic, 18” alloy wheels, climate control, cruise control, tow pack, body kit, CD player. S267ALK.
5 speed manual turbo diesel, 16” alloy wheels, air conditioning, 4 airbags, CD stacker, central locking, fog lamps, power windows, side steps. UQM-172.
Automatic turbo diesel, 1 owner, full log book records, bluetooth, climate control, 17” alloy wheels, 7 airbags, CD player, central locking, cruise control, power windows. MCL-617.
Automatic, 16” alloy wheels, anti lock brakes, climate control, 4 airbags, CD stacker, central locking, cruise control, leather seats, power steering, power windows. XCG-608.
Internet ID: 20556
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i don't know
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Sauerkraut is a type of German?
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Sauerkraut: Anti-cancer Fermented Food that Restores Gut Flora
Sauerkraut: Anti-cancer Fermented Food that Restores Gut Flora
by John P. Thomas
Health Impact News
Sauerkraut can be an important part of diets designed for healing cancer. Sauerkraut is a German word that simply means sour white cabbage. Lacto-fermented cabbage has a long history of providing benefits for many different health conditions, and now it is proving to be beneficial for cancer. Cabbage, by itself, offers a number of health benefits, but the fermentation process increases the bioavailability of nutrients rendering sauerkraut even more nutritious than the original cabbage.1
In 2005, a team of researchers from Poland and the United states observed a substantially higher rate of breast cancer among Polish women who immigrated to the United States. They compared Polish women who were living in and near Chicago and Detroit with women who were still living in Poland. They observed that the rate of breast cancer was three times higher for the Polish immigrants. They evaluated various factors and concluded that the consumption of lacto-fermented sauerkraut was a possible factor in the different cancer rates. Women in Poland ate an average of 30 pounds of raw sauerkraut each year, while the Polish women in the US were eating approximately 10 pounds per year.2
What are the qualities of sauerkraut that would make it a super food for cancer prevention, and to be included as a part of diets designed to treat cancer? Let’s take a look at some of the science.
Sauerkraut contains high levels of glucosinolates. These compounds have been shown to have anti-cancer activity in laboratory research.
“The observed pattern of risk reduction indicates that the breakdown products of glucosinolates in cabbage may affect both the initiation phase of carcinogenesis -by decreasing the amount of DNA damage and cell mutation -and the promotion phase, by blocking the processes that inhibit programmed cell death and stimulate unregulated cell growth,” said Dorothy Rybaczyk-Pathak from the University of New Mexico.3
Pathak, along with colleagues from Michigan State University and the National Food and Nutrition Institute of Warsaw, Poland, found that “Women who ate at least three servings a week of raw- or short-cooked cabbage and sauerkraut had a significantly reduced breast cancer risk compared with those who only ate one serving per week.” They discussed these findings at the American Association for Cancer Research’s Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research meeting in Baltimore, Maryland in 2005.4
A study published in 2012 in the journal Nutrition Cancer showed that consumption of cabbage and sauerkraut is connected with significant reduction of breast cancer incidences. Estrogens are considered a major breast cancer risk factor and their metabolism by P450 enzymes substantially contributes to carcinogenic activity.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cabbage and sauerkraut juices on key enzymes involved with estrogen metabolism in laboratory cell tissue. The 2012 study conducted by Hanna Szaefer, Et Al. showed that their research “supported the epidemiological observations and partly explain the mechanism of the chemopreventive activity of white cabbage products.” In other words their research supported the observation that the consumption of sauerkraut was a beneficial food for the prevention of breast cancer in women.5,6
The preceding studies do not show that sauerkraut by itself is a cure for cancer. They do show that eating sauerkraut has various health benefits, among which is the prevention of cancer, and that eating raw sauerkraut can be part of a natural treatment program for certain cancers.
Raw Fermented Cabbage is Traditional Healthy Sauerkraut
Not all sauerkraut has health benefits. In order for sauerkraut to have a preventative effect for cancer, it needs to be raw. Raw naturally fermented sauerkraut contains lactic acid and the living probiotic microorganisms that are the agents of fermentation. Canned sauerkraut, pasteurized sauerkraut, or fully cooked sauerkraut does not have this healing power, because the microorganisms have been killed by extended exposure to high heat. Cooking and pasteurization also damages other cancer preventative properties.
Naturally fermented cabbage is normally made from finely shredded cabbage and salt. The salt preserves the cabbage for a few days while the probiotic bacteria begin to grow. These probiotic bacteria are highly beneficial to human digestion and are the mechanism that turns cabbage into a super nutritious food. Naturally fermented sauerkraut does not contain vinegar. The sour taste comes directly from the process of fermentation. The sugar in cabbage is converted into lactic acid, which gives the cabbage its characteristic sour flavor. The lactic acid also preserves the cabbage and prevents it from rotting. Properly fermented sauerkraut can be kept for years without refrigeration as long as it is stored at a cool temperature. Containers of sauerkraut and other types of fermented vegetables were often stored in root cellars, caves, and sometimes even buried in the ground for long-term cool storage.
It may seem strange to us that, in earlier times, people knew how to preserve vegetables for long periods without the use of freezers or canning machines. This was done through the process of lacto-fermentation. Lactic acid is a natural preservative that inhibits putrefying bacteria. Starches and sugars in vegetables and fruits are converted into lactic acid by the many species of lactic-acid-producing bacteria. These lactobacilli are ubiquitous, present on the surface of all living things and especially numerous on leaves and roots of plants growing in or near the ground.7
Before the twentieth century, people throughout the world routinely fermented many types of foods to help with digestion and to preserve foods for long term storage. They had an awareness of how these foods could help them with specific health problems. For example, during long sea voyages, sailors used sauerkraut to prevent scurvy. Scurvy is a disease resulting from a deficiency of vitamin C, which is required for the synthesis of collagen in humans. Scurvy often presents itself initially as symptoms of malaise and lethargy, followed by formation of spots on the skin, spongy gums, and bleeding from the mucous membranes. Spots are most abundant on the thighs and legs, and a person with the ailment looks pale, feels depressed, and is partially immobilized. As scurvy advances, there can be open, suppurating wounds, loss of teeth, jaundice, fever, neuropathy and death.8 Sauerkraut contains enough vitamin C to prevent scurvy.
Other Health Benefits of Sauerkraut
Sauerkraut also has benefits for many other health conditions. Acne is not a life threatening disease, but for many young people, it is a source of extreme embarrassment and concern. Dr. Thomas Cowan states:
A strategy for dealing with acne begins with effective “bowel cleansing” and healthy bowel flora (the normal lacto-bacteria that live in our intestines). This has always been considered the cornerstone of every natural acne treatment. The best remedy for this is for your teenager to eat about 1/4-1/2 cup of fresh, unpasteurized traditionally made sauerkraut every day and then take one teaspoon of Swedish Bitters in warm water before bed. Sauerkraut, however, should be the cornerstone of treatment as the high sulfur content of the cabbage is especially valuable in skin cleansing. (Cabbage juice is valued in Irish folk medicine for giving a beautiful complexion.)
This treatment recommendation is part of Dr. Cowan’s comprehensive acne treatment discussed in his article.9
Acid Reflux can be an extremely painful condition, which can cause long term damage to the esophagus. This condition can be healed naturally with sauerkraut juice. Dr. Mercola states:
Sauerkraut or cabbage juice is one of the strongest stimulants for your body to produce acid. This is a good thing as many people have low stomach acid, which is the cause of their gut problems. Having a few teaspoons of cabbage juice before eating, or better yet, fermented cabbage juice from sauerkraut, will do wonders to improve your digestion.10
Conclusion
Sauerkraut and other raw lactic acid fermented vegetable products such as kimchi offer a number of health benefits. Their probiotic content helps with digestion and helps to heal damage to the digestive tract. Raw sauerkraut is a traditional part of a healthy diet.
The refrigerator section of most health food stores should have some variety of raw unpasteurized sauerkraut. Be sure you read the label before you make your purchase. You do not want to see the word “pasteurized.” The jar should have plenty of liquid so that the cabbage is completely submerged. It is fine if you see bubbles in the jar, this is proof that it contains living bacteria. The longer the sauerkraut ferments, the better the flavor. Some people say that the best flavor comes after about 6 month of storage.
When you open the jar, always use a clean utensil to remove the sauerkraut. You want to try and avoid introducing new bacteria into the jar. The sauerkraut should be crisp and feel clean. It should never feel slimy or smell rotten. Living sauerkraut has a distinctively fresh smell, which should remain the same down to the bottom of the jar.
See Also:
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Cabbage
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The technical term 'Wearing Course' is used in?
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How to Make Sauerkraut
Fido Jars
Sauerkraut
Sauerkraut is the German word for fermented, salted, shredded cabbage. In Poland it is known as kapusta kiszona, in Ukraine it is called kysla kapusta and in Russian kyslya kapusta. The sauerkraut manufacturing process is very simple and requires only salt, cabbage and time. The fermenting temperature will affect the quality of the product. In addition to salt other ingredients are sometimes added, for example apples, juniper berries or caraway seeds. In Asian countries such as China, Japan and Korea making fermented cabbage products is an art in itself. There, fermented cabbage is mixed with other vegetables, as well as with pickled shrimp and oysters.
Hot peppers are always added, a procedure that is usually not practiced in Europe. Sauerkraut was the most important vegetable in the Roman Empire and was thought to have medicinal values. Originally it was made by soaking cabbage leaves in vinegar or sour wine. In medieval times in Germany and Poland cabbage was fermented with salt, seasonings and berries. Sauerkraut made with quartered apples or sliced apples turns out particularly nice. Regardless of how it is made or called, all fermented cabbages share one factor together: they are very healthy. Sauerkraut is rich in vitamin C, an important fact that was known in the past. Barrels of sauerkraut were kept on ships to provide a supply of vitamin C and to prevent a nasty disease known as scurvy. Scurvy infected gums which resulted in a loss of teeth and eventual death. Between 1500 and 1800, it has been estimated that scurvy killed at least two million sailors. According to Jonathan Lamb, "In 1499, Vasco da Gama lost 116 of his crew of 170; In 1520, Magellan lost 208 out of 230; all mainly to scurvy." It has been recorded that when Captain Cook secured barrels with sauerkraut for his voyages, he did not lose one sailor to the disease. However, it was not until 1747 that James Lind formally proved that scurvy could be treated and prevented by supplementing the diet with citrus fruit such as limes or lemons.
In older times in Europe young children were walking barefoot on sauerkraut in huge oak barrels and that helped to release more juice. This should not come as a surprise because wine was made the same way. In large wooden casks, the children and young ladies were dancing on wine grapes in order to release juice from the grapes.
Fermented sauerkraut is considered a probiotic, a natural ingredient that is beneficial to one's health. Probiotics contain live microorganisms thought to be healthy for the host organism. Lactic acid bacteria are present in our intestines and are responsible for digesting food. They break down food by fermentation. Homemade sauerkraut is loaded with lactic acid bacteria, so is yogurt, which is another probiotic. A fermented cabbage contains living bacteria from the Lactobacillus family, the same bacteria are present in our digestive tract. Whenever we ingest sauerkraut we supply an additional army of bacteria which lends a helping hand to bacteria which are already present in our stomach.
Now our body gets a little break and can work less hard. Take for example a person that was very sick and accepted a heavy dose of antibiotics, or a person that has been under chemotherapy treatment. Those treatments kill all kinds of bacteria in our body, both the bad and the good ones. In such a case eating sauerkraut will speed up the rebuilding of the bacterial flora that was damaged by the medical treatments. In many German households a child had to eat sauerkraut on a weekly basis as it "was good for him."
A very important distinction must be made here, between a naturally fermented cabbage made at home and its commercially produced version. Only fermented and uncooked sauerkraut exhibits those beneficial characteristics. Cans of commercially manufactured sauerkraut are usually pasteurized (heat treated) in order to increase storage life. This process kills Lactobacillus beneficial bacteria and destroys some of the vitamin C, therefore such a product does not offer the same health benefits as homemade sauerkraut. The product becomes a sauerkraut flavored cabbage, but cannot be considered the probiotic anymore. What is left is just a can of fermented cabbage. Much of the commercial sauerkraut cabbage is not even fermented but only soaked in salt and vinegar to mimic the flavor of traditional sauerkraut.
Cabbage in all of its forms was and still is very popular in Europe and we find cabbage soup, stuffed cabbage with meat and rice or sauerkraut with meat and potatoes. It tastes great when served with a grilled sausage and you can find street carts that serve hotdogs with sauerkraut in the USA as well. It was the most important vegetable in the Roman Empire and was thought to have medicinal values. Originally it was made by soaking cabbage leaves in vinegar or sour wine. In medieval times in Germany and Poland cabbage was fermented with salt, seasonings and berries. Sauerkraut made with quartered apples or sliced apples turns out particularly nice. Today most sauerkraut is made with salt only and the manufacturing process is very simple.
Shredded cabbage is either packed in layers and sprinkled with salt or it is mixed with salt in a mixing bowl. The cabbage is packed with a pusher tool, hands or potato masher.
Shredded cabbage is covered with whole cabbage leaves or cloth and is weighted. The cabbage releases juice and it should be soon submerged in its own brine. The cabbage starts to ferment.
Note The process of making sauerkraut and pickled cucumbers is very similar. Both products are made with the same equipment. To fully grasp the subject it is advisable to read both sections.
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i don't know
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The word dinosaur is from Greek 'deinos saurus' meaning?
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Dinosaur Names Activity - Grades K–4 | American Museum of Natural History
Dinosaur Names Activity
Activity for Grade K-4
Introduction
Dinosaur names are often made up of combinations of Greek and Latin root words that describe characteristics or how the animal might have behaved. Other dinosaur names describe where the fossil remains were discovered or the name of the paleontologist who made the discovery. In 1841, Richard Owen, the first director of London’s Natural History Museum, gave the name dinosaurs to these giant prehistoric reptiles. The word dinosaur is from the Greek deinos (terrible) and sauros (lizard). Some dinosaur names are short; others are tongue twisters.
Objective
In this activity, students will be introduced to dinosaur names and their meanings.
Materials
List of Greek and Latin root words and their meanings written on the chalkboard or on chart paper
Pictures of various dinosaurs
Procedure
Tell students that dinosaurs were named using the Latin and Greek language. Explain that these languages are used by scientists to name both animals and plants. Dinosaur names can describe what the dinosaur looked like, how it might have acted, or where it was found. Have students look for the meaning of the Greek and Latin words used in the word “dinosaur” to discover the word’s meaning. Write the following on the chalkboard: dinosaur = dino + saur. Call on a volunteer to look on the chart to find the words dino and saur. Write terrible lizard on the chalkboard and explain that this was the name first given to dinosaurs
Write the following dinosaur names on the chalkboard. Have students use the chart to decipher the names.
Tyrannosaurus rex = tyranno + saurus +rex
Stegosaurus = stego + saurus
Triceratops = tri + cerat + ops
Apatosaurus = apato + saurus
Have students suggest other dinosaur names that they would like to learn the meanings of. Write the names on the chalkboard. Use the chart provided as a reference.
Download the PDF:
Dinosaur Names Activity
More About This Resource...
In this classroom activity, created to complement the Museum's Dinosaurs: Ancient Fossils, New Discoveries exhibit, young students explore the meaning behind dinosaurs' names.
The activity opens with background information for teachers about the Greek and Latin root words that are used in dinosaur names.
After discussing what they know about dinosaurs, students learn that dinosaur names can describe what the dinosaur looked like, how it might have acted, or where it was found.
Working as a class, students use a chart of root words and their meanings to decipher the names of four well-known dinosaurs.
Completion Time
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terrible lizard
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What is a 3D crystal structure in physics and a criss-cross pastry pie top?
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Dinosaur Names Activity - Grades K–4 | American Museum of Natural History
Dinosaur Names Activity
Activity for Grade K-4
Introduction
Dinosaur names are often made up of combinations of Greek and Latin root words that describe characteristics or how the animal might have behaved. Other dinosaur names describe where the fossil remains were discovered or the name of the paleontologist who made the discovery. In 1841, Richard Owen, the first director of London’s Natural History Museum, gave the name dinosaurs to these giant prehistoric reptiles. The word dinosaur is from the Greek deinos (terrible) and sauros (lizard). Some dinosaur names are short; others are tongue twisters.
Objective
In this activity, students will be introduced to dinosaur names and their meanings.
Materials
List of Greek and Latin root words and their meanings written on the chalkboard or on chart paper
Pictures of various dinosaurs
Procedure
Tell students that dinosaurs were named using the Latin and Greek language. Explain that these languages are used by scientists to name both animals and plants. Dinosaur names can describe what the dinosaur looked like, how it might have acted, or where it was found. Have students look for the meaning of the Greek and Latin words used in the word “dinosaur” to discover the word’s meaning. Write the following on the chalkboard: dinosaur = dino + saur. Call on a volunteer to look on the chart to find the words dino and saur. Write terrible lizard on the chalkboard and explain that this was the name first given to dinosaurs
Write the following dinosaur names on the chalkboard. Have students use the chart to decipher the names.
Tyrannosaurus rex = tyranno + saurus +rex
Stegosaurus = stego + saurus
Triceratops = tri + cerat + ops
Apatosaurus = apato + saurus
Have students suggest other dinosaur names that they would like to learn the meanings of. Write the names on the chalkboard. Use the chart provided as a reference.
Download the PDF:
Dinosaur Names Activity
More About This Resource...
In this classroom activity, created to complement the Museum's Dinosaurs: Ancient Fossils, New Discoveries exhibit, young students explore the meaning behind dinosaurs' names.
The activity opens with background information for teachers about the Greek and Latin root words that are used in dinosaur names.
After discussing what they know about dinosaurs, students learn that dinosaur names can describe what the dinosaur looked like, how it might have acted, or where it was found.
Working as a class, students use a chart of root words and their meanings to decipher the names of four well-known dinosaurs.
Completion Time
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i don't know
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The energy possessed by something due to its motion is called?
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What is Kinetic Energy?
Kinetic Energy
All moving things have kinetic energy. It is energy possessed by an object due to its motion or movement. These include very large things, like planets, and very small ones, like atoms. The heavier a thing is, and the faster it moves, the more kinetic energy it has.
Now let's see this illustration below.
There is a small and large ball resting on a table.
Let us say both balls will fall into the bucket of water.
What is going to happen?
You will notice that the smaller ball makes a little splash as it falls into the bucket. The heavier ball makes a very big splash. Why?
Note the following:
1. Both balls had potential energy as they rested on the table.
2. By resting up on a high table, they also had gravitational energy.
3. By moving and falling off the table (movement), potential and gravitational energy changed to Kinetic Energy. Can you guess which of the balls had more kinetic energy? (The big and heavier ball)
Let's see another classic example.
If you are in a hot room and you turn on the fan, what do you begin to feel? Air (wind). The speedy movement of the fan's blades has kinetic energy, which is then transferred into air (wind) that you now feel.
Other examples of Kinetic Energy include a moving car, moving wheel, and a moving arrow.
Click to see a good example of kinetic energy in use.
Can you give your own examples? Next, we shall look at Mechanical Energy.
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Kinetic
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Which famous archipelago comprises eight major islands including Maui, Oahu, Kauai, and Molokai?
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Kinetic and Potential Energy - Difference and Comparison | Diffen
Kinetic and Potential Energy
Diffen › Science › Physics
Kinetic energy is energy possessed by a body by virtue of its movement. Potential energy is the energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position or state. While kinetic energy of an object is relative to the state of other objects in its environment, potential energy is completely independent of its environment. Hence the acceleration of an object is not evident in the movement of one object, where other objects in the same environment are also in motion. For example, a bullet whizzing past a person who is standing possesses kinetic energy, but the bullet has no kinetic energy with respect to a train moving alongside.
Comparison chart
Kinetic Energy versus Potential Energy comparison chart
Kinetic Energy
Potential Energy
Definition
The energy of a body or a system with respect to the motion of the body or of the particles in the system.
Potential Energy is the stored energy in an object or system because of its position or configuration.
Relation to environment
Kinetic energy of an object is relative to other moving and stationary objects in its immediate environment.
Potential energy is not relative to the environment of an object.
Transferability
Kinetic energy can be transferred from one moving object to another, say, in collisions.
Potential energy cannot be transferred.
Examples
Flowing water, such as when falling from a waterfall.
Water at the top of a waterfall, before the precipice.
SI Unit
Height or distance and mass
Contents: Kinetic and Potential Energy
5 References
Interconversion of Kinetic and Potential Energy
The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be destroyed but can only be transformed from one form into another. Take a classic example of a simple pendulum. As the pendulum swings the suspended body moves higher and due to its position potential energy increases and reaches a maximum at the top. As the pendulum begins its downward swing, the stored potential energy is converted into kinetic energy.
When a spring is stretched to one side, it exerts a force to the other side so it can come back to its original state. This force is called restoring force and acts to bring objects and systems to their low energy level position. The force required to stretch the spring is stored in the metal as potential energy. When the spring is released, the stored potential energy is converted into kinetic energy by the restoring force.
When any mass is lifted, the gravitational force of the earth (and the restoring force in this case) acts to bring it back down. The energy needed to lift up the mass is stored as potential energy due to its position. As the mass is dropped, stored potential energy is converted to kinetic energy.
Etymology
The word "kinetic" is derived from the Greek word kinesis, which means "motion." The terms "kinetic energy" and "work", as understood and used today, originated in the 19th century. In particular, "kinetic energy" is believed to have been coined by William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) around 1850.
The term "potential energy" was coined by William Rankine , a Scottish physicist and engineer who contibuted to a variety of sciences, including thermodynamics .
Types of Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy
Kinetic energy can be classified into two types, depending on the type of objects:
Translational kinetic energy
Rotational kinetic energy
Rigid non rotating bodies have rectilinear motion. Thus translational kinetic energy is kinetic energy possessed by an object moving in a straight line. Kinetic energy of an object is related to its momentum (product of mass and velocity, p= mv where m is mass and v is velocity). Kinetic energy is related to momentum through the relation E = p^2 / 2m and hence translational kinetic energy is calculated as E = ½ mv^2. Rigid bodies which rotate along their center of mass possess rotational kinetic energy. Rotational kinetic energy of a rotating body is calculated as the total kinetic energy of its different moving parts. Bodies at rest also have kinetic energy. The atoms and molecules in it are in constant motion. The kinetic energy of such a body is the measure of its temperature.
Potential energy is classified depending on the applicable restoring force.
Gravitational potential energy – potential energy of an object which is associated with gravitational force. For example, when a book is placed on top of a table, energy required to raise the book from the floor and energy possessed by the book due to its elevated position on the table is gravitational potential energy. Here gravity is the restoring force.
Elastic potential energy – energy possessed by an elastic body like the bow and catapult when it is stretched and deformed in one direction is elastic potential energy. The restoring force is elasticity which acts in the opposite direction.
Chemical potential energy – energy related to arrangement of atoms and molecules in a structure is chemical potential energy. Chemical energy possessed by a substance due to the potential it has to undergo a chemical change by taking part in a chemical reaction is chemical potential energy of the substance. When fuel is used, for example, chemical energy stored in fuel is converted to produce heat.
Electrical potential energy – energy possessed by an object by virtue of its electric charge is electrical potential energy. There are two types – electrostatic potential energy and electrodynamic potential energy or magnetic potential energy.
Nuclear potential energy – potential energy possessed by particles (neutrons, protons) inside an atomic nucleus is nuclear potential energy. For example, hydrogen fusion in the sun converts potential energy stored in solar matter into light energy.
Applications
The roller coaster in an amusement park begins with the conversion of kinetic energy into gravitational potential energy.
The gravitational potential energy keeps planets in orbit around the sun.
Projectiles are thrown by a trebuchet making use of gravitational potential energy.
In spacecrafts, chemical energy is used for take off after which the kinetic energy is increased to reach orbital velocity. Kinetic energy gained remains constant while in orbit.
Kinetic energy given to cue a ball in a game of billiards is transferred to other balls through collisions.
References
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i don't know
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Trypanosomiasis technically refers to what sort of sickness?
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Trypanosomiasis - catch, body, contagious, causes, What Is Trypanosomiasis?
Trypanosomiasis
Trypanosomiasis
Trypanosomiasis (trih-pan-o-so-MY-uh-sis) is a disease found in Africa and the American continents that is caused by infection with a parasite. Forms of the disease may persist for many years and have several phases, with symptoms that can vary from one stage to the next.
KEYWORDS
for searching the Internet and other reference sources
Chagas disease
Tsetse fly
What Is Trypanosomiasis?
Trypanosomiasis refers to three types of infections caused by protozoa * and spread to humans through insect bites. There are two kinds of African trypanosomiasis, East African and West African. Both of these varieties also are known as sleeping sickness. The disease can affect people living on the African continent south of the Sahara Desert. American trypanosomiasis also is called Chagas (SHAH-gus) disease. It occurs only on the American continents, from Mexico to Argentina.
What Causes Trypanosomiasis?
The bite of an infected tsetse (SET-see) fly usually transmits the organisms that cause the African forms of trypanosomiasis. These flies live in the countryside in Africa, especially in bushes and thick vegetation near rivers and lakes. Tsetse flies infected with the protozoan Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (trih-pan-o-SO-mah BRU-see-eye ro-dee-see-EN-see) spread East African trypanosomiasis, the most severe form of the disease, to humans. The West African variety comes from a fly infected with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (trih-pan-o-SO-mah BRU-see-eye gam-be-EN-see).
* protozoa (pro-tuh-ZOH-uh) are single-celled microorganisms (tiny organisms), some of which are capable of causing disease in humans.
* feces (FEE-seez) is the excreted waste from the gastrointestinal tract.
Reduviid (rih-DO-vee-id) bugs (also called assassin, cone-nose, or kissing bugs) carry the Trypanosoma cruzi (trih-pan-o-SO-mah KROO-zee) protozoa that cause the American variety of trypanosomiasis, or Chagas disease, named for the Brazilian doctor who discovered it. These bugs hide during the day in the cracks in mud and adobe homes. At night they crawl across sleeping people and bite them, usually on the face but sometimes on the arms, legs, or trunk. They also leave behind their feces * , which contain the protozoa. Without knowing it, people can rub
The tsetse fly is responsible for spreading trypanosomiasis in Africa.
©Rob and Ann Simpson/Visuals Unlimited, Inc.
the infected feces into the bite, a cut or open sore, or even into their noses, mouths, or eyes.
How Common Is Trypanosomiasis?
Trypanosomiasis can infect people of every age and race, though it is uncommon in the United States. Since the late 1960s, fewer than 30 cases have been reported among U.S. citizens traveling to areas where the infection is found. In other parts of the world, however, the disease affects thousands of people. The World Health Organization estimates that as many as 500,000 people could have African trypanosomiasis, but because of poor monitoring most of these cases are not reported. Between 16 million and 18 million people in the Americas currently have Chagas disease. Approximately 50,000 may die from the disease each year.
Is Trypanosomiasis Contagious?
People cannot catch any form of trypanosomiasis in the same way that they catch a cold or the flu from other people. Only the tsetse fly spreads the African varieties, and the reduviid bug spreads Chagas disease. Rarely, a mother infected with the West African variety of trypanosomiasis or with Chagas disease can pass the illness to her unborn child. People who receive a transfusion * of blood or an organ transplant from an infected person also may contract the disease; this form of transmission tends to happen more often with Chagas disease than with the African types.
What Are the Symptoms of the Disease?
African trypanosomiasis
People who contract the African varieties of trypanosomiasis may start sleeping more, though this usually does not happen until the later stages of the disease. Sleeping sickness may start with the appearance of a sore called a chancre (SHANG-ker) at the spot where the person received the tsetse fly bite. Later symptoms include fever, extreme tiredness, severe headaches, rashes, itching, joint pain, and swelling of the hands and feet. The lymph nodes * on the back of the neck may become swollen as well. These signs typically appear 2 to 4 weeks after infection with East African trypanosomiasis.
* transfusion (trans-FYOO-zhun) is a procedure in which blood or certain parts of blood, such as specific cells, is given to a person who needs it because of illness or blood loss.
* lymph (LIMF) nodes are small, bean-shaped masses of tissue that contain immune system cells that fight harmful microorganisms. Lymph nodes may swell during infections.
* blood-brain barrier is a biological shield in the body that helps prevent germs or other potentially harmful materials in the blood from entering the brain and spinal cord.
* seizures (SEE-zhurs) are sudden bursts of disorganized electrical activity that interrupt the normal functioning of the brain, often leading to uncontrolled movements in the body and sometimes a temporary change in consciousness,
* chronic (KRAH-nik) means continuing for a long period of time.
* antibodies (AN-tih-bah-deez) are protein molecules produced by the body's immune system to help fight specific infections caused by microorganisms, such as bacteria and viruses.
Other symptoms can follow quickly, as the protozoa cross the blood-brain barrier * and start affecting a patient's mental functions. The later stages of sleeping sickness may bring mental confusion, changes in personality, problems with walking and talking, weight loss, and seizures * . The spleen and liver may become enlarged. Sleeping sickness gets its name from the later part of the disease, when the sick person has nighttime insomnia (in-SOM-nee-uh, an inability to sleep) but sleeps for long periods during the day. If the person does not receive treatment, the heart muscles may become inflamed or weakened, causing death from heart failure.
The early symptoms in West African trypanosomiasis are similar but may take longer to appear. Months or years may pass before an infected person becomes sick, and the disease develops more slowly, though it still can cause death if it is left untreated. The gap between infection and the start of symptoms can make this form of sleeping sickness difficult to diagnose.
Chagas disease
The first sign of Chagas disease may show up a few hours after infection, when a raised red spot called a chagoma (chuh-GO-mah) appears at the site of the insect bite. Most people have no other symptoms during the early, or acute, phase of the disease, which begins a few weeks later. People who experience symptoms may have fevers, rashes, extreme tiredness, vomiting, loss of appetite, or swollen lymph nodes. The side of the face where the infected feces were rubbed into an eye or a bug bite may swell. In most people these symptoms usually disappear within 4 to 8 weeks without causing problems, but infants can die in this early stage from brain swelling. About 10 to 20 years after this first phase, approximately one-third of infected people can show symptoms of the chronic * phase of Chagas disease. They may become constipated and experience trouble swallowing. The heart may become enlarged, and patients may have altered heart rhythms or heart failure leading to death.
How Do Doctors Diagnose Trypanosomiasis?
Because all types of trypanosomiasis are rare in the United States, it is important for people who have any symptoms of the disease to let their doctor know right away if they have been traveling in areas where the disease is common. To diagnose sleeping sickness or Chagas disease, a doctor will order blood tests to look for protozoa or antibodies * to the organism. In cases where the doctor suspects sleeping sickness, a sample drawn from fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord or tissue from swollen lymph nodes may be examined for evidence of the disease. If a patient has a suspicious-looking skin lesion * , a biopsy * will be performed to test for Trypanosoma cruzi protozoa.
Can Trypanosomiasis Be Treated Successfully?
There are medications available to treat all types of the disease. Doctors recommend that people with trypanosomiasis receive treatment as soon as possible. Treatment is given in a hospital. After leaving the hospital, patients typically are watched closely by a doctor for at least 2 years, to see whether they show any signs that they still have the infection.
Global Warming
The bite of an insect can transmit bacteria, protozoa, or even worms into a person's bloodstream, leading to a variety of illnesses. Trypanosomiasis is just one example of a tropical insect-borne disease. Here are a few others, along with the insects that spread them:
■ Malaria
or river blindness
black flies
Why are these diseases common to the tropics? It is because the hot and often rainy climate makes the tropics an ideal breeding ground for insects. Greenpeace, among other organizations dedicated to protecting the environment, has warned that global warming could create new breeding grounds for insects throughout the world. At the same time, rising temperatures could raise insect reproductive rates, increasing their numbers. As the climate in the United States and Europe becomes more "tropical," diseases such as yellow fever and malaria may become more common, bringing the tropics into our own backyards.
* lesion (LEE-zhun) is a general term referring to a sore or a damaged or irregular area of tissue.
* biopsy (BI-op-see) is a test in which a small sample of skin or other body tissue is removed and examined for signs of disease.
What Happens to People with Trypanosomiasis?
East African sleeping sickness can move through the body quickly, progressing in just weeks or months to the most serious phase of illness. West African sleeping sickness takes longer to develop. People may not
A microscopic view of blood infected with the protozoa that cause, trypanosomiasis. These symptoms cause a disease known as sleeping sickness in Africa and Chagas disease in Latin America.
Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.
reach the critical phase for months or even years. People who do not receive treatment for African trypanosomiasis can die from heart failure, and those who wait to start treatment may have permanent brain damage. Long-term complications of Chagas disease, which may not appear for 20 or more years after infection, include damage to the digestive and nervous systems, heart problems, and sudden death.
Can Trypanosomiasis Be Prevented?
There is no vaccine or medication that can prevent any form of the disease, so it is wise for people who travel in areas where the disease is common to take precautions. In Africa this includes wearing clothes of thick material, with long sleeves and long pants. Neutral colors, such as tan, are best because tsetse flies are attracted to dark and bright colors. Doctors recommend that travelers to Africa sleep under netting and avoid riding in the backs of open trucks, because dust from moving vehicles attracts the flies. It is also advisable to not walk through brush. In areas where Chagas disease is found, it is a good idea for people to avoid sleeping in mud, adobe, or thatch houses; to sleep under netting; and to use insect repellent.
See also
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Sleep
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What modern globally recognized symbol was created by British designer Gerald Holtom in 1958, based on the flag semaphore signals for N and D?
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A field guide for THE DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF AFRICAN ANIMAL TRYPANOSOMOSIS
LIFE CYCLES
Insects are usually involved in the natural transmission of the African pathogenic trypanosomes with which we are concerned in this field guide. When this is the case, the life cycle has two phases, one in the insect vector and one in the mammalian host. Transmission by insects may be cyclical by tsetse flies, 3 Glossina species, or mechanical by other biting flies (but apart from transmitting trypanosomes cyclically, tsetse flies can also act as mechanical vectors).
Cyclical transmission
When a tsetse fly hatches from its pupal case it is free from trypanosomes. Until its first bloodmeal, it is called a teneral fly. It acquires a trypanosomal infection when feeding on a parasitaemic (= having parasites in the circulating blood) mammalian host. The trypanosomes undergo a cycle of development and multiplication in the digestive tract of the fly until the infective metacyclic trypanosomes (metatrypanosomes) are produced. As indicated in Table 1 (p. 32), different trypanosome species develop in different regions of the digestive tract of the fly, and the metatrypanosomes occur either in the biting mouthparts or the salivary glands. The period from ingesting infected blood to the appearance of these infective forms varies from one to three weeks; once infective metatrypanosomes are present the fly remains infective for the remainder of its life. During the act of feeding the fly penetrates the skin with its proboscis. By the rupture of small blood vessels a pool of blood is formed in the tissues and the fly injects saliva to prevent coagulation. Infection of the host takes place at this stage, with infective metacyclic trypanosomes in the saliva.
Although no classical sexual processes in the life cycle of trypanosomes have been described, it has been shown that exchange of genomic material (DNA) between trypanosomes sometimes occurs in the tsetse fly, although it is not clear how significant this is.
Life cycle in the mammalian host. The infective metatrypanosomes undergo development and multiplication at the site of infection where a swelling or chancre may be detected in the skin, and finally the mature blood trypanosomes (or trypomastigotes) are released via lymph vessels and lymph nodes into the blood circulation.
Reproduction in the mammalian host occurs through a process of binary division, details of which are described in Morphology, p. 14.
Trypanosomes feed by absorbing nutrients, through their outer membrane, from the body fluids of the host. The proteins, carbohydrates and fats are digested by enzyme systems within their protoplasm. Oxygen dissolved in the tissue fluids or blood plasma of their host is absorbed in a similar manner, to generate the energy necessary for the vital processes.
Waste products are disposed of by a reverse process, through the outer membrane, into the body fluids of the host. They include carbon dioxide formed during respiration, as well as more complex metabolic products.
Life cycle in the tsetse fly. The site of the different trypanosome species in the fly is indicated in Table 1. Blood stream forms (trypomastigotes) ingested by the fly undergo considerable changes, in morphology as well as in their metabolism. They change into long slender forms called epimastigotes, which multiply and finally give rise to the infective metatrypanosomes. For a detailed account of the different forms and the development in the tsetse fly, the reader is referred to standard text books (see Further reading on p. 157).
Mechanical transmission
By biting insects. The process is purely mechanical. A biting insect passes the blood forms from an infected animal to another in the course of interrupted feeding. The time between the two feeds is crucial for effective transmission because the trypanosomes die when the blood dries. The importance of this mode of transmission is variable from place to place, depending on the numbers of hosts and biting insects present, and also on the species of trypanosome. Large biting insects such as tabanids carry more blood and are more likely to act as mechanical vectors than for example mosquitoes. (Tsetse flies themselves can of course also act as mechanical vectors.) This mode of transmission has proved to be sufficiently effective to maintain Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma evansi in South and Central America, and the latter species in North Africa and Asia as well. No tsetse flies occur outside tropical Africa, apart from small tsetse pockets in the southwest of the Arabian peninsula.
By iatrogenic 4 means. This can occur when using the same needle or surgical instrument on more than one animal, at sufficiently short intervals that the blood on the needle or instrument does not dry. It is not an uncommon occurrence when animals are vaccinated or treated by injection, or when blood is collected from several animals in a row, without changing or disinfecting needles or pins. It may also occur when several animals are subjected at short intervals to a surgical intervention (dehorning, castration, etc.) without properly disinfecting the instruments.
MORPHOLOGY
A sound knowledge of the basic features of the various trypanosomes enables the identification of each species and so the exact cause of the disease. Once the basic features possessed by all trypanosomes are appreciated, the diagnostic differences can be recognized and the species identified.
Figure 1 is a diagrammatic illustration of the fundamental features of a trypanosome (trypomastigote) as seen in a stained preparation made from the blood of an infected animal.
Figure 1
Diagram of a trypanosome
The parasite consists of a single cell varying in size from 8 to over 50 μm. 5 All the activities associated with a living organism take place within this unicellular organism — nutrition, respiration, excretion, reproduction. The substance of which all living cells consist, the protoplasm, comprises three parts, an outer protective and retaining layer, the pellicle = cell envelope = cell membrane, within which the cytoplasm forms the bulk of the contents. Suspended in the cytoplasm are various structures, the most prominent being the nucleus, which may be regarded as the command centre of the cell and which also plays a major part in reproduction. It contains DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), which is arranged in the form of genes and chromosomes; it represents the genetic information and is responsible for the manufacture of enzymes and other proteins of the cell.
Small granules (formerly called “volutin granules”) can sometimes be seen in the cytoplasm; they may have various origins, they may be food or nuclear reserves, or result from a reaction between the trypanosome and the host's immune system.
Trypanosomes are thoroughly adapted to living and moving in the blood plasma or tissue fluid of the host. They are elongated and streamlined, and tapered at both ends. The pellicle, the outer layer of the cytoplasm, is flexible enough to permit a degree of body movement, while retaining a definite shape. As shown in Figure 1, a flagellum arises near to the posterior end from a parabasal body, and runs the length of the trypanosome; it may be continued beyond the anterior end of the body as a whip-like free flagellum. Along the length of the body the pellicle and cytoplasm are pinched up into a thin sheet of tissue called the undulating membrane, through the outer margin of which runs the flagellum, as shown in Figure 1.
Among other basic morphological features, a distinct well-defined body, the kinetoplast, is seen near to the posterior end of the trypanosome and differs in size and position according to the species. It is adjacent to the parabasal body (from which the flagellum arises), and so close to it that it cannot easily be seen separately with the light microscope. The kinetoplast has important functions in reproduction and metabolism and is probably essential for cyclical transmission by tsetse flies. (It is sometimes absent in a proportion of.trypanosomes, especially of some strains of T. evansi, a species which has lost its ability of being cyclically transmitted.) The extent of the undulating membrane and the absence or presence of the free flagellum are also precious in specific identification of trypanosomes. Other morphological characters are the average length and the shape of the body.
Locomotion
Trypanosomes move actively and progress by movement of the undulating membrane and the free flagellum (when present), which acts as a kind of propeller, thus drawing themselves through the blood plasma or tissue fluid. (The free flagellum, when present, arises from the anterior [front] end of the parasite.) The movement pattern as seen with the microscope in fresh blood preparation can be of some help in identifying the species involved, particular for Trypanosoma vivax, which moves rapidly forward between the blood cells, whereas other species often just wriggle around without showing much forward progress.
Reproduction
This is by a process of division to produce two daughter cells. However, as stated above, it has been shown that exchange and recombination of genetic material may take place in the tsetse fly between two trypanosomes, but it is unknown how frequently this occurs.
The division into two daughter cells (binary fission) follows the sequence of events illustrated in Figure 2. The kinetoplast divides first. A second parabasal body develops, from which a second flagellum develops. The nucleus divides next, followed by the rest of the trypanosome body duplicating all the structures present in the cytoplasm. The body then divides into two daughter cells, beginning at the anterior end. The process is rapid, and may result in a vast population in the host within a short period of time.
Figure 2
Differential morphology
There are distinct differences in appearance, shape and size between the various species of trypanosomes, allowing specific identification. It must be remembered, however, that in any biological material there is some variability. Also, trypanosomes are not rigid and continuously change their shape slightly; the individual parasite seen in the stained preparation presents the shape it had at the moment of dying. It has also been subjected to the unnatural stresses of drying out and being fixed and stained. Many variations in appearance are therefore seen, differing somewhat from the drawings in textbooks. It is thus necessary to observe carefully and systematically all the features in a sufficiently large number of individual trypanosomes; only after such an examination is it possible to arrive at a reasonably accurate diagnosis. There will be examples where trypanosomes are so few, or the staining so inadequate, that identification may not be possible or only after a prolonged search. It is also essential to examine several individual trypanosomes, because even if one specimen is sufficiently perfect to establish its identity beyond any doubt, further search may reveal another species and thus a mixed infection. Mixed infections occur more often in the field than was previously thought, as new more sensitive diagnostic techniques have shown (see Chapter 3 - Diagnosis).
For specific identification, a number of trypanosomes should be examined systematically for the presence or absence, size and position of a number of features:
Presence or absence of trypanosomes of different appearance. If all individual trypanosomes are alike, the infection is called monomorphic (of one form); if there are distinctly different types it can be either a polymorphic (= pleiomorphic) species, or a mixed infection of different species.
Presence or absence of a free flagellum. In certain species there may be some trypanosomes with, and some without, a free flagellum.
Size of the trypanosome (expressed in μm).
The size and position of the kinetoplast. The position is related to proximity to the posterior extremity (rear end) of the organism.
The degree of development of the undulating membrane. It may be conspicuous or inconspicuous.
The shape of the parasite, particularly the shape of its posterior part. The posterior extremity may vary from blunt to pointed.
It is important to remember that the successful use of this simple key depends on the presence in the preparation of a sufficient number of individual parasites. It is not always possible to make an accurate diagnosis if only one or two parasites can be found after a prolonged search. The task is rendered more difficult or even impossible if the stained preparation is of poor quality.
TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE
Taxonomy is the classification and orderly arrangement of living organisms according to their structure and shape (morphology), their biological development (life cycles) and, more recently, their molecular structure, particularly that of their genome (molecular taxonomy). Nomenclature, the system of naming organisms, is based on their classification. Without going into great detail, let it be recalled that organisms are classified into large divisions called phyla (singular phylum), then into classes, orders and families. For example, the Diptera are an order of the class of insects, which belongs to the phylum of the arthropods, and the Glossinidae or tsetse flies are a family of the Diptera. The family Trypanosomatidae (which includes trypanosomes, but also for instance leishmanias) belongs to the order of the Kinetoplastida, the class Zoomastigophorea and the phylum Protozoa. Each species is furthermore given two names, the first, always spelled with a capital letter, places it in a relatively small group known as the genus (plural genera) and the last name, spelled with a small letter, indicates the species. The family Glossinidae comprises only one genus, Glossina, which includes over 20 species of tsetse flies. Sometimes a genus is subdivided into subgenera, and an additional name is sometimes added to denote a subspecies, when differences within one genus and/or species are so wide that a further breakdown is helpful (e.g. Trypanosoma [Trypanozoon] brucei gambiense, which is the causal agent of classical human sleeping sickness; details of this name will be explained a little further on). The genus (or subgenus), species (or subspecies) may be further defined by adding the surname of the person who first described it and the year when the description was published (e.g. Trypanosoma congolense Broden, 1904 indicates that Broden in 1904 published the first description of this important pathogenic trypanosome of cattle in tropical Africa).
Another subdivision of the genus Trypanosoma, into two sections, is mainly based on the way in which the infective forms leave the intermediate insect host after their cyclical development.
In the section Stercoraria, development in the vector ends with the formation of infective metatrypanosomes in the posterior part of the digestive tract and transmission occurs through the faeces of the insect, 6 while in the Salivaria, with which we are mainly concerned in this field guide, the usual mode of transmission is inoculative, through the biting mouthparts of the vector (except for dourine).
In higher organisms a species is defined as a group of organisms that can interbreed with one another to produce fertile offspring. In the case of viruses, bacteria, and many of the protozoa, where no (classical) sexual processes are known to occur, the definition of species is more arbitrary and some scientists adhere to the principle that a valid species is one that is recognized by a good taxonomist. In addition to morphological and biological characteristics, molecular taxonomy is now increasingly used.
Once the identity of an organism has been stated in a scientific paper or book, it is customary to shorten the genus name to its initial capital letter and omit the name and year of the person who first described it (e.g. Trypanosoma congolense Broden, 1904 becomes T. congolense.)
Taxonomy and nomenclature of trypanosomes
Trypanosomes are unicellular organisms (Phylum Protozoa) belonging to the genus Trypanosoma, the family Trypanosomatidae and the order Kinetoplastida. Many species of trypanosomes occur as parasites in a wide variety of animals, and even plants. For the purpose of this field guide we are concerned with those causing disease (the pathogenic trypanosomes) in domestic animals in Africa (African animal trypanosomosis = AAT). Some of these parasites have been spread by humans from Africa to other continents. For example, T. vivax had been introduced to the Americas, by the importation of West African cattle in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and it is likely that T. evansi had already “escaped” from Africa far earlier by animal movements (in particular camels) between Africa and Asia.
Trypanosomes are blood parasites (haemoparasites), from the word haem = blood, which in the vertebrate host occur in the blood and tissue fluid and within that group are known as haemoflagellates, as they progress actively by the movement of the thread-like filament called flagellum.
The trypanosomes causing AAT belong to three subgenera, as shown in Table 1. 7
The subgenus Nannomonas (the congolense group). T. congolense (see Figure 3). This is the smallest of the pathogenic trypanosomes, with a length of 9–22 μm.
Figure 3
Trypanosoma congolense as seen in a stained blood smear
The blood forms are monomorphic, in that they lack a free flagellum (in the longer forms the shape of the anterior extremity may suggest the presence of a very short free flagellum). The use of the term monomorphic is somewhat misleading in this species in that there is a variation in size and shape between strains. Generally two variants are to be seen, a shorter form (9–18μ), the typical congolense type and a longer form (up to 25μ), with individuals intermediate in length between the two. The proportion of long and short forms varies in different cases and, it has been said, localities of origin. There is evidence which indicates that strains with the most long forms, the so-called “dimorphic” strains, cause a more severe form of trypanosomosis.
Recent studies have now resulted in a subdivision of the species in several “types”, which can be distinguished by isoenzymatic differences 8 and molecular techniques. 9 Only one type has received a separate species name, T. godfreyi (see below), as it is also different in its pathogenicity for various hosts, while the others are designated as T. congolense savannah type, T. congolense Tsavo type, T. congolense forest type, T. congolense Kilifi type. For the purpose of this practical field manual we shall use only the name of T. congolense for these four types, but it should be remembered that from a scientific point of view this name encompasses rather different parasites and possibly more than one species.
In stained specimens of T. congolense the cytoplasm stains a diffuse, even, pinkish colour and is seldom granular.
The nucleus is centrally placed. The kinetoplast is of medium size and is usually situated at the margin of the body, just in front of the posterior extremity (marginal and subterminal).
The undulating membrane is poorly developed and inconspicuous.
T. simiae (see Figure 4). Trypanosomes of this species are polymorphic, with a length of 12–24 μm. In typical cases some individuals are with and others without a free flagellum.
Figure 4
Trypanosoma simiae blood stream forms
The kinetoplast is of medium size, marginal and subterminal, as in T. congolense. Three morphological types can be recognized:
Long stout forms, some of which may possess a free flagellum. Most parasites present in natural infections belong to this type. The undulating membrane is conspicuous and well marked.
Long slender forms, with sometimes a free flagellum, constitute a minority of the population. The undulating membrane is less prominent than in the preceding form.
A few short forms also occur, and are indistinguishable from typical T. congolense. (They are often called “congolense forms”.)
T. godfreyi. This species has been separated recently from T. congolense in the Gambia, on the basis of isoenzymatic and DNA differences, but also because the disease it causes is different. It is pathogenic for pigs, but the disease is more chronic than the one caused by T. simiae. Morphologically it is similar to T. congolense, with a length of 9–22 μm (mean 13.7), but the undulating membrane is described as being usually conspicuous.
The wart hog appears to be its normal host and constitutes a reservoir of infection for domestic pigs.
The subgenus Duttonella (the vivax group). T. vivax (see Figure 5). This trypanosome as seen in the blood of mammals is also essentially monomorphic, with a free flagellum. Its length, including the free flagellum, varies from 18 to at least 26 μm. The following description concerns typical specimens.
The kinetoplast is large and terminal or almost so. It is much larger than in any of the other pathogenic species, and this is a distinguishing feature.
The nucleus is centrally placed, but the bulk of the cytoplasm is found in the posterior part of the body as this is somewhat swollen.
The posterior extremity is swollen and blunt.
Figure 5
Trypanosoma vivax blood stream forms
The undulating membrane is inconspicuous.
A more slender form is sometimes seen, which possesses a more pointed posterior extremity and has been thought to cause a more severe form of the disease. Such forms are commonly seen when T. vivax is dividing rapidly in the blood and it has also been reported that T. vivax in Latin America is more slender than the typical African parasite.
T. uniforme. Small trypanosomes (from 12 to 20 μm), otherwise similar to T. vivax, have been given the name T. uniforme. It is not recognized as a separate species by all specialists; some regard it as a subspecies (T. vivax uniforme).
The subgenus Trypanozoon (the brucei group). This group comprises five members: T. brucei brucei, T. brucei gambiense, T. brucei rhodesiense, T. evansi and T. equiperdum. The three subspecies of T. brucei are normally transmitted by tsetse flies (in contrast to T. evansi and T. equiperdum) and are exactly similar in morphology, but only T. brucei gambiense and T. brucei rhodesiense are the cause of human sleeping sickness, the former mainly in West and Central Africa and the latter in eastern and southern Africa. T. brucei brucei is not infective to humans.
T. brucei (see Figure 6). T. brucei is polymorphic, with three main forms, all of which have a small kinetoplast and a conspicuous undulating membrane:
Long slender forms (23–30 μm in length) with a free flagellum, which may be up to one half of the length of the organism. The posterior end is pointed and the nucleus is central. The kinetoplast is placed up to 4 μm in front of the posterior extremity.
Short stumpy forms (17–22 μm in length) normally without a free flagellum, but in which there may occasionally be individuals with a short free flagellum. The kinetoplast is usually subterminal. The position of the nucleus varies greatly and it is in some cases in the posterior part of the cell, sometimes so far posterior that the kinetoplast is anterior to it (so-called postero-nuclear forms). There is considerable variation in appearance between short stumpy forms, from broad, squat types (which include the postero-nuclear forms) to a form similar to T. congolense, although longer. In stained specimens blue volutin granules are often present in the cytoplasm, often arranged in a line along the margin of the cell.
Intermediate forms, varying in length between the two previously mentioned types. A free flagellum, of varying length, is always present. The nucleus is centrally placed. The posterior end is somewhat variable in shape, but usually bluntly pointed. The kinetoplast is close to the posterior extremity. Volutin granules are occasionally present but neither as common nor as plentiful as in the short, stumpy forms.
Figure 6
Trypanosoma brucei blood stream forms
During the course of the infection, there is a change in the trypanosome population from the long thin forms, through the intermediate, to the short stumpy, and this altered appearance is accompanied by a change in the type of respiration, as the trypanosome prepares for its period within the tsetse fly. The short stumpy forms are adapted to living and developing in the tsetse, while long thin forms are the true mature blood forms which die in the gut of the insect. (Similar metabolic changes also occur in other trypanosome species, but there are no such obvious morphological changes associated with them as in T. brucei.)
As noted above, the species T. brucei is subdivided into three subspecies, T. brucei brucei, African trypanosome transmitted by tsetse flies, not infective to humans, T. brucei gambiense, the causal agent of classical or Gambian human sleeping sickness, and T. brucei rhodesiense, which causes the type of human sleeping sickness common in Zimbabwe.
T. evansi. 10 T. evansi cannot be distinguished on morphological grounds from the long slender forms of T. brucei, and it is almost certain that T. evansi has developed from T. brucei by continual mechanical passage (particularly through camels), the vectors being blood-sucking flies, especially those of the Tabanid family. The disease, often called surra in Asia and by a variety of names elsewhere, such as el debab (northern Africa), mal de caderas (Brazil), murrina (Central America), has spread over a wide area outside the tsetse belts in Africa, in the Near East, India, China and Southeast Asia, as well as in tropical America. Direct mechanical transmission has resulted in T. evansi losing its ability to undergo the developmental cycle in tsetse flies.
Its length is from 17 to at least 30 μm, and the description given for the long slender forms of T. brucei fits T. evansi. Nevertheless, short stumpy and intermediate forms may be seen rarely, irregularly and in very small numbers, including posteronuclear forms. A greatly varying proportion of individual trypanosomes may have no visible kinetoplast and there are even strains of T. evansi in which the kinetoplast is not apparent in any individual trypanosome, the so-called akinetoplastic strains (such strains have in the past been considered in Latin America as a separate species, T. equinum, but this name is no longer considered valid).
T. equiperdum. This is another trypanosome which is probably derived from T. brucei. Its morphology is identical to that of T. evansi and the long slender forms of T. brucei, but it is different in that it causes a natural disease only in animals of the horse family (horse, donkey, mule), among which it is transmitted by genital contact. The disease, dourine, is thus a venereal disease. As it is not dependent on insect vectors, it has spread as far north as Canada, Russia and other European countries, and as far south as Chile and South Africa. (It has since been eradicated in many countries.)
10 Because this trypanosome is believed to be derived from T. brucei brucei, the name T. brucei evansi is sometimes used for it. Nevertheless, this particular trinomial name is invalid according to the rules of the international code for zoological nomenclature, as the name evansi was created before the name brucei. In order not to cause confusion, we will stick to using the commonly accepted species names of T. brucei and T. evansi.
T. theileri and other species of the subgenus Megatrypanum (Stercoraria). T. theileri in cattle, domestic buffalo and various wild Bovidae (members of the family of bovines), and also related species such as T. ingens (antelopes and cattle), are normally non-pathogenic and only concern us because they can confuse the parasitological diagnosis of trypanosomosis. T. theileri is a cosmopolitan species (occurring all over the world), transmitted by tabanid flies and probably also by ticks. It is a large species (from some 30 to over 60, even 100 μm), normally very scanty in the peripheral blood, but it is encountered relatively frequently by careful observers. Its large size and its morphology are distinctive features. In stained smears it cannot be confused with the pathogenic species, because of its large size, the position of the kinetoplast (far from the posterior extremity), and its finely pointed posterior extremity. Even in the buffy coat, its large size and sluggish movements often allow the diagnosis of Megatrypanum sp. Of the other species of Megatrypanum only T. ingens is also sometimes found in cattle; it is also an unmistakable huge trypanosome, deeply staining with Giemsa, and with a typical band-like transverse nucleus. (Non-pathogenic species of Megatrypanum also occur in sheep and goats, but they are so seldom encountered in blood preparations that we will not discuss them.)
TABLE 1
Classification of the pathogenic African trypanosomes 11
Subgenus
The pathogenic trypanosomes
Table 2 indicates the occurrence of the pathogenic African trypanosomes in common domestic animals. Also included are the two non-pathogenic species of theileri group mentioned above, which may give rise to confusion; they belong to the subgenus Megatrypanum and the section Stercoraria.
Within each species there is a great variety of strains which may be classified in a number of ways. One way of classification is according to the pathogenicity, virulence, or disease-producing potential of the strain, and this can be extremely variable. The course and outcome of trypanosomosis is in addition influenced by a whole range of coexisting factors and influences, which combine and react to exert profound effects. No attempt therefore has been made to include a column in Table 2 summarizing the severity of the disease produced in each animal species by each trypanosome species. Such an attempt would be meaningless and misleading. The only indication of pathogenicity in Table 2 is that in the second column the list of livestock species is tentatively ranked in descending order of importance. In the fourth column the susceptibility of the common laboratory animals is indicated, which can be of some importance in certain diagnostic procedures, as will be seen in Chapter 4.
TABLE 2
The occurrence of African trypanosomes in domestic animals
Trypanosome species
EPIDEMIOLOGY 13
So many factors intervene in the epidemiology of African trypanosomosis that an entire book could be written on the subject. In the context of this guide we cannot possibly discuss all the possible scenarios and have to restrict ourselves to the main factors.
For general principles of epidemiology, we refer to books such as those by Putt et al. (1986) and Martin, Meek and Willeburg (1987). It is essential to be familiar with the fundamental terms used in epidemiology, for example, the difference between prevalence and incidence. It is also essential to distinguish between disease as opposed to infection; particularly trypanotolerant animals may be infected without having clinical disease, in other words, they may be healthy carriers. Prevalence is the frequency of existing cases of disease, or of infection, at a certain time. Incidence indicates the frequence of new cases within a certain period of time. Where it is possible to determine prevalence and incidence by certain tests, it is important to use a correct sample size, and for those with some statistical background considerations on sample size have been included at the end of this manual.
One all-important factor is whether we are dealing with tsetse-transmitted trypanosomosis or not. If so, much depends on the Glossina species responsible for transmission. There is a large body of experimental evidence to show that host preferences and vector capacity differ greatly between groups and species of Glossina. For example, recent laboratory experiments with teneral tsetse flies in Burkina Faso have shown higher mature infection rates with the savannah type of T. congolense in G. morsitans morsitans 14 and G. morsitans submorsitans (both belonging to the savannah group of tsetse) than in G. palpalis gambiensis and G. tachinoides (palpalis or riverine group). G. morsitans submorsitans was the best vector of both the savannah and the riverine-forest types of T. congolense, while G. m. morsitans had the lowest vectorial capacity for the riverine-forest type; G. palpalis gambiensis was the least effective vector for the savannah type of T. congolense.
Savannah species are on the whole better vectors of the pathogenic trypanosomes of livestock. Also, where savannah tsetse (morsitans group) are the vectors, the risk of contracting the disease is widespread, although their distribution area in the dry season decreases. When riverine species are the culprits (in many parts of West and Central Africa), transmission occurs particularly along rivers with dense vegetation along the banks (the so-called gallery forests). Some of the forest species (fusca group) are confined to dense forest and are therefore not normally in contact with livestock, but some also occur on the forest edge and may locally play a significant role as vectors of AAT.
Populations of savannah species feed mainly on mammalian hosts, particularly bovids (antelopes, buffalo, cattle, sheep, goats) and suids (wart hog and bush pig), while riverine tsetse have a very wide range of preferred hosts, including reptiles and humans. Zebras, certain antelopes and also carnivores have little attraction for tsetse flies. The proportion of a tsetse population found infected with pathogenic trypanosomes therefore depends not only on its vector capability, but also on the hosts on which it mainly feeds. For instance, reptiles do not carry pathogenic trypanosomes, 15 and there are also major differences between suids and bovids, as the former will infect the flies particularly with T. simiae and T. godfreyi, while bovids are mainly the source of T. vivax and T. congolense). 16
Herd management is also important. Daily activity patterns of the tsetse species involved and the grazing patterns of the herds are of great influence. If the herds graze on infested sites at the time of the day that the flies are most active, transmission will occur more frequently. In the Sahel zone, many of the cattle owners (e.g. the Baggara and the Fulani) are transhumant, because in the dry season the pastures and watering places in the Sahel are insufficient to maintain the large livestock populations. The zebu herds, accompanied by small ruminants, are then moved hundreds of kilometres to the south, where they may enter tsetse belts and contract AAT. Although the owners generally know the danger and recognize and associate tsetse flies with the disease, they are not always able to avoid infested areas. Particularly during dry years the southward migration is greater than usual, and the owners may deliberately choose between the risk of starvation of the herd and of tsetse-transmitted trypanosomosis. 17 At the beginning of the rainy season the transhumants start to move back to the Sahel pastures, in order to arrive when these are sufficiently lush. The animals infected in the tsetse belts are diseased by the time they reach the rainy season pastures, and may even die before, the physical effort of transhumance adversely affecting the outcome. Unless the animals are treated in time, great losses may occur and when there are large numbers of tabanids and other biting flies around during the rains, the infection may be further transmitted mechanically outside the tsetse belts.
Species and breed susceptibility are of course of great importance. Whereas in tsetse areas trypanosomosis is a very obvious problem in susceptible livestock, it may remain practically inapparent where trypanotolerant breeds are concerned (even if these breeds may not be very productive when challenge is high).
The risk to susceptible ruminants living in comparatively free areas surrounded by tsetse-infested regions, or at the edge of tsetse-belts, varies from year to year. Generally, tsetse fly populations during wet years will increase, spread, and persist during the dry season in areas from where they disappear in dry years.
Also, animals used for transporting persons or goods are sometimes particularly at risk. For example, although the classical breeding areas of camels in Africa are north of the tsetse belts, individual camels are used for the transport of merchandise to transhumant animal owners in their dry season grazing grounds in or near tsetse belts, and these camels risk contracting tsetse-transmitted trypanosomosis. The same applies to the riding horses of travellers and of the transhumant cattle owners. Interestingly, in recent years there has been a tendency in Kenya to start keeping camels as far south as the Masai areas, because of the great losses in cattle caused by the severe droughts in the 1980s; this will of course increase contact between camels and tsetse fly and result in more disease.
The epidemiology of non tsetse-transmitted trypanosomosis (T. evansi, T. vivax 18 ) is also influenced by many factors. There may be seasonal outbreaks, where the populations of biting flies (Tabanids, stable flies, etc.) are influenced by important seasonal climatic differences. The (chronic) disease sometimes becomes more clinically apparent during the dry season, when immunodepressive factors such the poor nutritional state of the animal diminish its defences, even when the initial infection occurred during the rains. The epidemiology is also greatly influenced by host preferences and diurnal (daily) behaviour patterns of the various local species of tabanids and other biting flies (e.g. whether the hours that they are active allow much contact with livestock or not).
The main reservoirs of T. vivax infection in Latin America are probably domestic ruminants themselves, but T. evansi has found new wild reservoirs such as blood-sucking vampire bats and the capybara, a giant rodent. The peculiar involvement of vampire bats in the transmission of T. evansi has been mentioned before in this field guide.
DISTRIBUTION
This section is to some extent a continuation of the previous one on Epidemiology, as many of the factors that determine the distribution of a particular trypanosome species are also involved in epidemiology; in fact, distribution dynamics form an integral part of the epidemiology.
As discussed in the previous section, trypanosomes that are normally cyclically transmitted by tsetse flies, can be transmitted mechanically (see Life cycles), and in the presence of large numbers of biting flies trypanosomosis in domestic animals may extend beyond tsetse belts. Horseflies (tabanids) and stable flies (Stomoxys species) are particularly important as mechanical vectors. Nevertheless, the distribution of nagana in Africa largely coincides with that of its biological vectors, the tsetse flies, and the disease tends to die out in their absence. The presently accepted approximate distribution of the genus Glossina is given in Figure 7; animal trypanosomosis is certainly present in the whole of this area, and in some cases extends to a variable degree beyond it. Within this huge area, the situation is far from uniform. Individual tsetse species (and/or subspecies) are limited to certain regions and have a geographical distribution pattern which is determined by their different climatic and host requirements (just think of the savannah group, the riverine group and the forest group). Trypanosome subspecies, types and even species also have different geographical distribution patterns. For example, T. godfreyi is (so far) only known in the Gambia, T. brucei gambiense occurs in western and Central Africa, T. brucei rhodesiense in eastern and southern Africa, etc.
As far as the individual trypanosome species are concerned, seasonal outbreaks of T. congolense infection have been reported outside tsetse areas in the southern Sudan, for example, associated with large numbers of tabanids, but normally this trypanosome species is confined to tsetse belts and their near surroundings. It has not managed to escape from its biological vector.
The same holds for T. simiae; although it is thought that mechanical transmission by stable flies may be important once the infection has been introduced by tsetse flies into a piggery, the infection is not propagated outside tsetse areas. Knowledge of T. godfreyi is still insufficient.
The case of T. vivax is different. The infection can be seen in Africa at some distance from the edges of tsetse belts, and the author of this book diagnosed the parasite in the late 1950s in sedentary cattle herds all along the White Nile from Malakal in the southern Sudan up into the semi-desert of Khartoum Province, hundreds of kilometres from any tsetse belt. A similar situation has been reported in Ethiopia, where T. vivax is commonly found in highlands too cold for tsetse survival. But the most remarkable fact is that T. vivax has been able to establish itself in the western hemisphere, in the absence of tsetse. These American strains of T. vivax are thoroughly adapted to mechanical transmission and all attempts to transmit them biologically through tsetse have failed. In the past, T. vivax has also been present on the Indian Ocean island of Mauritius, Without tsetse, but has been eradicated there. There are also indications that T. vivax may sometimes persist at a low level, because of mechanical transmission, after tsetse flies have been eradicated from an area.
The distribution of T. brucei seems to be closely associated with that of its Glossina vectors (Figure 7), but it should be remembered that T. evansi, and probably also T. equiperdum, appear to have been derived from T. brucei and have adapted to mechanical and venereal transmission, respectively. T. evansi has been spread widely by biting insects outside tsetse-infested regions in Africa, and also outside Africa; it is present in tropical and subtropical areas of Africa north of the equator, in Asia, and in South and Central America from Panama to Argentina. T. equiperdum infection, as a venereal disease, is even less restricted by climate and in the past has spread as far as Canada and Russia in the northern hemisphere, and as far to the south as Chile and South Africa. Its present distribution is not very well known; T. equiperdum is sometimes difficult to distinguish from T. evansi. It has been eradicated from North America and most of Europe. It is certainly present in northern and southern Africa, and in tropical Africa at least in Ethiopia and probably the Sudan. It has made a comeback (or perhaps has been rediscovered) in Europe (Italy, Russia, possibly other countries), and is still present in parts of Asia, including Ouzbekistan and China. It is also believed to be still present in parts of South America, but there is little reliable information.
Figure 7
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i don't know
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Bok Choy (US) or Pak Choi (UK) is a Chinese?
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Differences Between Pak Choi and Bok Choy | Difference Between
Differences Between Pak Choi and Bok Choy
• Categorized under Nature | Differences Between Pak Choi and Bok Choy
Pak Choi vs Bok Choy
Pak choi and bok choy are of the same plant. It is a leafy green Chinese cabbage which mostly grows in Asian regions like the Philippines, China, and Vietnam. Pak choi, or bok choy, is also called pe-tsai, petsay, Chinese white cabbage, and white celery mustard. It is a popular mainland crop that belongs in the Brassica family. Though pak choi or bok choy is commonly grown in the eastern world, it has also captivated westerners with its sweet and tender stalks. It comes in the scientific name of Brassica campestris L.
The Brassica family can be further subdivided into different varieties according to the color of the leaves’ petioles. The white petiole variety includes the Canton pak choi, prize choi, taisai, lei choi, joi choi, and pak-choy white. On the other hand, the green petiole variety includes the mei qing choi and the Chinese pak choi green.
Pak choi or bok choy is a small plant but can grow up to 12 or 18 inches in height. It grows upright from the ground. It has smooth and white stalks that look like celery. At the end of each stalk, the plant will spread to an oval-shaped leaf. Its leaves are green, smooth, and glossy. Some people have mistaken pak choi or bok choy as a collard or a mostaza because of their similar structures.
Eating pak choi or bok choy can bring you several health benefits. This leafy plant is actually very low in calories. If you eat even 100 grams of pak choi or bok choy, you don’t have to worry about gaining weight. Instead, it helps the body to burn your present calories which then leads to a weight reduction. It is also an abundant source of nutrients, vitamins, and minerals.
Pak choi, or bok choy, also has antioxidant properties. Its antioxidant properties, along with its fiber component, help to protect your body to fight against cancer-causing agents. The fiber component of the pak choi, or bok choy, acts as a sweeper of your bloodstream in eliminating the bad cholesterol of your blood. If you also prepare and eat fresh pak choi, or bok choy, your body will benefit from its vitamin C. We all know that vitamin C is necessary to boost our immune system and fight the common cold and flu.
Compared to its other vegetable families like cabbage and cauliflower, pak choi, or bok choy, contains more vitamin A and carotene. To be able to meet the required levels of vitamin A, eat 100 grams of pak choi. Aside from vitamin A, it is also rich in vitamin K, B-complex vitamins, calcium, and iron.
Pak choi, or bok choy, can be prepared and eaten as additives to healthy sandwiches and salads. This green, leafy vegetable helps give a crunchy, sweet taste. You can also add pak choi in your usual cabbage coleslaw recipe. Your coleslaw will become more delicious if you add pak choi. Pak choi is also great in stew recipes, soups, and stir fries.
Summary:
Pak choi and bok choy are of the same plant. It comes in the scientific name of Brassica campestris L.
Pak choi, or bok choy, is also called pe-tsai, petsay, Chinese white cabbage, and white celery mustard.
It is a Chinese cabbage with leafy, green leaves and white stalks.
Pak choi, or bok choy, mostly grows in Asian regions like the Philippines, China, and Vietnam.
Eating pak choi, or bok choy, can bring you several health benefits by being low in calories, rich in antioxidants, vitamin C, vitamin K, calcium and iron.
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Cabbage
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Meissen and Dresden of Germany, and Spode of England made high-quality?
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Bok Choy Seeds (Pak Choi) - Urban Farmer
Urban Farmer
Bok Choy
Bok Choy
Bok Choy, or Pak Choi, is Chinese green related to the cabbage family. There are several varieties that vary in color, shapes and thicknesses. Bok Choy has a slight mustardy flavor that works great with stir-fries, soups, and salads, Taste best when leaves are harvest young.
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i don't know
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A 'lustrum' refers to a period of how many years?
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Lustrum - definition of lustrum by The Free Dictionary
Lustrum - definition of lustrum by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/lustrum
(lŭs′trəm)
n. pl. lus·trums or lus·tra (-trə)
1. A ceremonial purification of the entire ancient Roman population after the census every five years.
2. A period of five years.
[Latin lūstrum; see luster.]
n, pl -trums or -tra (-trə)
(Units) a period of five years
[C16: from Latin: ceremony of purification, from lustrāre to brighten, purify]
lus•trum
(ˈlʌs trəm)
n., pl. -trums, -tra (-trə).
1. (in ancient Rome) a lustration or ceremonial purification of the people, performed every five years, after the taking of the census.
2. Also, luster ;esp. Brit., lustre . a period of five years.
[1580–90; < Latin lūstrum; compare luster 1]
lustrum, luster, lustre
1.
lustrum - a period of five years
period , period of time , time period - an amount of time; "a time period of 30 years"; "hastened the period of time of his recovery"; "Picasso's blue period"
2.
lustrum - a ceremonial purification of the Roman population every five years following the census
ceremony - the proper or conventional behavior on some solemn occasion; "an inaugural ceremony"
capital of Italy , Eternal City , Italian capital , Rome , Roma - capital and largest city of Italy; on the Tiber; seat of the Roman Catholic Church; formerly the capital of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire
antiquity - the historic period preceding the Middle Ages in Europe
Translations
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5
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The Afrikaans word 'pronk' refers to the distinctive arch-backed stiff-legged leap of a?
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Times, Time, and Half a Time.
Time, Times, and Half a Time?
One of the most misunderstood and misinterpreted time periods to be found in scripture is the time, times and half a time which is mentioned in Daniel and Revelation:
Dan 7:25 And he shall speak great words against the most High, and shall wear out the saints of the most High, and think to change times and laws: and they shall be given into his hand until a time and times and the dividing of time.
Dan 12:7 And I heard the man clothed in linen, which was upon the waters of the river, when he held up his right hand and his left hand unto heaven, and sware by him that liveth for ever that it shall be for a time, times, and an half; and when he shall have accomplished to scatter the power of the holy people, all these things shall be finished.
Rev 12:14 And to the woman were given two wings of a great eagle, that she might fly into the wilderness, into her place, where she is nourished for a time, and times, and half a time, from the face of the serpent.
The word time in this context refers to a period of a year. In the story of King Nebuchadnezzar, because of his pride, he went crazy for seven years and ate grass as an ox-
Dan 4:32 And they shall drive thee from men, and thy dwelling shall be with the beasts of the field: they shall make thee to eat grass as oxen, and seven times shall pass over thee, until thou know that the most High ruleth in the kingdom of men, and giveth it to whomsoever he will.
So on a literal level, time, times and half a time means time (1 year), times (2 years) and half a time (1/2 year) or 3 1/2 years. Most people who study Bible prophecy stop at this point and accept the 3 1/2 years only at face value. The period that this is generally attributed to by most people, is the last half of the 70th week of Daniel and the reign of the AntiChrist, which is proposed to be fulfilled at some time in the future.
A Day Equals One Year
The 70 week prophecy of Daniel 9:24, however, establishes a principle related to prophetic time that few completely understand. Virtually everyone acknowledges that the 70 weeks are not literally 70 weeks, but rather 70 weeks of years, or 490 years. The principle is that in Bible prophecy, you must substitute a period of a year in place of a day. This is the day=year principle. This equation is clearly established in scripture-
Num 14:34 After the number of the days in which ye searched the land, even forty days, each day for a year, shall ye bear your iniquities, even forty years, and ye shall know my breach of promise.
In this verse, a relationship between day and year is clear, each day will equate to a literal year. For the forty days that Israel spied in Canaan in unbelief, they would be punished by wandering forty years in the desert.
Ezek 4:6 And when thou hast accomplished them, lie again on thy right side, and thou shalt bear the iniquity of the house of Judah forty days: I have appointed thee each day for a year.
Here again, the equation is stated quite openly, a prophetic day represents a literal year. So to return to the 70 weeks of Daniel, you must first determine the number of days represented. Seventy weeks is 70 x 7 or 490 days, which will then equate to a literal 490 years in the fulfillment of the prophecy.
The Lunar Calendar
So now to apply this formula to the 3 1/2 times we must first establish just exactly how many days this represents. The Jews did not use a solar calendar as we do today, they used instead a lunar calendar, as indicated in Psalms-
Psa 104:19 He appointed the moon for seasons: the sun knoweth his going down.
The length of the lunar month can be determined from Genesis-
Gen 7:11 In the six hundredth year of Noah's life, in the second month, the seventeenth day of the month, the same day were all the fountains of the great deep broken up, and the windows of heaven were opened.
Gen 7:24 And the waters prevailed upon the earth an hundred and fifty days.
Gen 8:4 And the ark rested in the seventh month, on the seventeenth day of the month, upon the mountains of Ararat.
Note that the there were exactly 5 months from the point where the flood began and the ark came to rest on Ararat, and that this was a period of 150 days. This demonstrates that the lunar calendar set forth in the Bible has a 30 day month, therefore the year is counted as 360 days. (This 360 day lunar year also accounts for the reason that there are 360 degrees in the compass).
The 1260 Days
Returning to the 3 1/2 times, which we now know represents 3 1/2 lunar years of 360 days each, using the same methodology as is used for the 70 weeks of Daniel we calculate it to actually represent 1260 literal years. So, Time, Times and half a Time in prophecy is really 1260 years! To confirm this formula we need only to look to the 12th chapter of the book of Revelation-
Rev 12:6 And the woman fled into the wilderness, where she hath a place prepared of God, that they should feed her there a thousand two hundred and threescore days.
Here the woman represents the faithful church, who flees into the wilderness for 1260 days. Again using the day=year formula, this actually speaks of 1260 years that the church would be persecuted. Now look at this next verse from the same chapter-
Rev 12:14 And to the woman were given two wings of a great eagle, that she might fly into the wilderness, into her place, where she is nourished for a time, and times, and half a time, from the face of the serpent.
Here the exact same time of persecution is referred to as 3 1/2 times, again meaning the same period of 1260 days/years as found in verse 6. In the book of Daniel, this exact same period of persecution in church history is found-
Dan 7:25 And he shall speak great words against the most High, and shall wear out the saints of the most High, and think to change times and laws: and they shall be given into his hand until a time and times and the dividing of time.
This verse in context is referring to a period of time that the little horn or AntiChrist will persecute the true believers or true church, again for 1260 years. The same is true for this next verse-
Dan 12:7 And I heard the man clothed in linen, which was upon the waters of the river, when he held up his right hand and his left hand unto heaven, and sware by him that liveth for ever that it shall be for a time, times, and an half; and when he shall have accomplished to scatter the power of the holy people, all these things shall be finished.
The Two Witnesses
The exact same 1260 years is found in Revelation chapter 11-
Rev 11:3 And I will give power unto my two witnesses, and they shall prophesy a thousand two hundred and threescore days, clothed in sackcloth.
The commonly accepted interpretation of the verse is that the two witnesses are real prophets, perhaps Moses and Elijah. When you understand that the time period does not represent 1260 literal days, but rather 1260 years, it can be seen that it cannot be referring to real people as witnesses. One clue is in the next verse-
Rev 11:4 These are the two olive trees, and the two candlesticks standing before the God of the earth.
The two witnesses are also called two olive trees standing before God. This links us to-
Zec 4:2 And said unto me, What seest thou? And I said, I have looked, and behold a candlestick all of gold, with a bowl upon the top of it, and his seven lamps thereon, and seven pipes to the seven lamps, which are upon the top thereof:
Zec 4:3 And two olive trees by it, one upon the right side of the bowl, and the other upon the left side thereof.
Zec 4:4 So I answered and spake to the angel that talked with me, saying, What are these, my lord?
Zechariah sees a candlestick and two olive trees and asks what they are. Note the answer-
Zec 4:5 Then the angel that talked with me answered and said unto me, Knowest thou not what these be? And I said, No, my lord.
Zec 4:6 Then he answered and spake unto me, saying, This is the word of the LORD unto Zerubbabel, saying, Not by might, nor by power, but by my spirit, saith the LORD of hosts.
The candlestick and two olive trees are the word of the Lord! So the language used in Revelation 11:4 is prophetic and symbolic, the two witnesses actually representing the word of God, the Old and New Testament, that would "prophesy in sackcloth" or be suppressed during the very same 1260 years of persecution we are considering.
The 42 Months
This same period of persecution is found in the following verses-
Rev 11:2 But the court which is without the temple leave out, and measure it not; for it is given unto the Gentiles: and the holy city shall they tread under foot forty and two months.
Again as in Rev 12, we have a strong relationship between this 42 months of verse 2 and the 1260 days of Rev 11: 3. Forty two months calculates as 42 x 30 (30 days in a lunar month) which equals 1260 days/years. This verse is saying that the Gentiles or unbelievers would trample the people of God (the holy city) for 1260 years. Again this same time period of 42 months is found in Revelation 13-
Rev 13:5 And there was given unto him a mouth speaking great things and blasphemies; and power was given unto him to continue forty and two months.
Rev 13:6 And he opened his mouth in blasphemy against God, to blaspheme his name, and his tabernacle, and them that dwell in heaven.
Rev 13:7 And it was given unto him to make war with the saints, and to overcome them: and power was given him over all kindreds, and tongues, and nations.
This passage speaks of the great and terrible beast from the sea, which actually is the same as the little horn of Daniel, which is to say the AntiChrist power that would persecute the people of God for 1260 years.
So, here is a complete listing of the passages that deal with the same 1260 year time period of persecution-
3 1/2 Times - Rev 12:14, Dan 7:25, Dan 12:7
1260 days - Rev 11:3, Rev 12:6
42 Months - Rev 11:2, Rev 13:5
If you know much about what is called the Dark Ages, then you probably know who this persecuting power is already. So now, to find out exactly when this 1260 years is fulfilled, and the real identity of the little horn and beast from the sea in Revelation that persecuted God's people for those 1260 years, please continue to:
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i don't know
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What is the more common English/Western biblical name of Golgotha, the site of Christ's crucifixion?
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Golgotha: A Reconsideration of the Evidence for the Sites of Jesus’ Crucifixion and Burial
Golgotha: A Reconsideration of the Evidence for the Sites of Jesus’ Crucifixion and Burial
Expert - Jan 11, 2010 - by Joan Taylor
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Excerpt Currently, the most popular alternative site to traditional Golgotha, located in the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, Jerusalem, is the area of Gordon’s Calvary, with the so-called ‘Garden Tomb,’ but scholarly endorsement of this locality has never been very strong. Generally, the current consensus holds that Golgotha was located in the vicinity of the traditional site, somewhere north of the first wall of Jerusalem at the time of Jesus, and west of the second wall, though specificity is impossible. In this article, I would like to consider how specific we might be about the localizations of Jesus’ death and entombment... Continue reading
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This article was published in the Spring 2002 issue of Bible and Spade.
Currently, the most popular alternative site to traditional Golgotha, located in the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, Jerusalem, is the area of Gordon’s Calvary, with the so-called ‘Garden Tomb,’ but scholarly endorsement of this locality has never been very strong.1 Generally, the current consensus holds that Golgotha was located in the vicinity of the traditional site, somewhere north of the first wall of Jerusalem at the time of Jesus, and west of the second wall, though specificity is impossible. In this article, I would like to consider how specific we might be about the localizations of Jesus’ death and entombment.
In my book Christians and the Holy Places, I argued that Constantine chose to build his “Martyrium” basilica (dedicated AD 335) in honor of the cross on the site of the former Temple of Venus because of convenience, and that the Temple of Venus itself was built here (ca. AD 135–50) without any plan to cover up a Christian holy place (see Figure 1 for a visualization of Constantine’s church and surrounding areas) (Taylor 1993:113–42). I concluded that the evidence does not point us to the authenticity of the traditional site precisely as “Golgotha.” but rather to a site slightly further south. However, I have not been completely satisfied with my brief analysis, because it relies upon a basic preconception that Golgotha was primarily the place of the crucifixion, and that the tomb was very close by. As I have worked over the material again, I have noted that this understanding of “Golgotha” as the execution place alone, though a common one, is not supported by the combined evidence of the canonical Gospels. Moreover, the tomb is not said to be very near the site of the crucifixion. This has led me to a further reconsideration of all the available evidence, and the discovery of additional material in the New Testament apocrypha, which may bear upon the issues. In this article I will argue that the crucifixion was indeed further south than the traditional site would locate it, as I argued previously, but that the traditional tomb of Jesus may very well be authentic.
Figure 1: Constantine’s Martyrium basilica in honor of the holy cross, ca. AD 355: (a) tomb of Jesus, contained in the Edicule; (b) the rock of the cross; (c) the Martyrium; (d) the Cardo
Golgotha: The Place
Golgotha is mentioned in all four canonical Gospels as being the place where Jesus was crucified (Mk 15:22; 27:33; Lk 23:33; Jn 19:17–18). Luke in fact omits the Aramaic name “Golgotha” and refers to the locality only in Greek translation as “a place called ‘Skull’” (topon kaloumenon cranion). Properly, the Aramaic underlying this would have to be something like meqom-golgolta’, which translates as either “place of the skull,” or “the place of a skull,” or “the place of the skull”; the emphatic ending leaves us with three options. The complete accuracy of the Palestinian Aramaic form is impossible, given the paucity of Aramaic material from this period.2 However, with Hebrew and other Aramaic (including Syriac) equivalents, as well as the “sound” of the word as preserved in the Greek texts of the Gospels, we can suppose that the form was approximately this. Meqom is “place of,” the construct form, which is followed by the nominal emphatic form golgolta ‘(cf. Syriac gagulta’), “(the) skull.”3 In Hebrew the basic root glgl,4 is used in words such as “wheel,” galgal (cf. Is 5:28; Ps 77:19) (Brown, Driver, and Briggs 1996:165). Nouns formed from glgl have to be thought of as round things, which may roll or revolve, i.e., in modern Hebrew, roller skates are "galgilliyyot" In the Bible, a skull might be referred to as “gulgolet” (cf. 2 Kgs 9:35), presumably because it could roll along if it was dropped. Figuratively, however, it could refer to a “head” count: in Nm 1:16, men are counted “according to their skulls/heads”: laggulgelotam (Brown, et. al.: 166). Indeed, in modem Hebrew, gulgolet may mean “head”, in this way, like rosh.
Figure 2: Schematic diagram of the area of Golgotha according to the Gospel of John.
It is often pointed out that the Arabic equivalent to rosh, ras, can be used for a hill, rising up or sticking out of the ground like a “head.” However, this need not at all imply that what we should be looking for at Golgotha is a little knoll: the “hill of Calvary” is a traditional understanding not found in the New Testament. In Hebrew also, rosh can mean the “top” of a mountain, or a hill (2 Sm 15:32), but if gulgolet can mean rosh, in some sense, and rosh can mean summit, in another sense, it does not mean that gulgolet can mean summit, or, by analogy, a hill in general. The traditional site of the church of the Holy Sepulcher is located on the tilled saddle of part of the slope of a hill, possibly known once as Mount Gareb,5 but this would not have looked in any way like a hill. It would have looked like an elongated crater.
But are we talking about a general vicinity, or else a definite “spot” on the ground? Some scholars have the “spot” understanding, possibly borne of the traditional identification of Golgotha as the “Rock of Calvary” (from the Latin calvarius) in the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. This is a rocky protuberance, on the right of the present entrance of the Church, that may have been especially cut back in either the second century (for the Temple of Venus) or the fourth century (for the Martyrium complex), or simply left over as a rock column at the time the area was used as a quarry (ca. tenth-eighth centuries BC) (Gibson and Taylor 1994:55). Whenever it reached its present form as a kind of rock finger, it would have been logistically impossible for three people to have been crucified on the top of it (Taylor: 131–32). The tomb is often considered to be beyond “Golgotha” proper, but nearby.
However, the Gospel of John gives us the clear impression that Golgotha was not a small, specific locality, associated only with the death of Jesus, but a much larger region. Here we are informed that Jesus was crucified in the topos named Golgotha (Jn 19:17–18), but then
“in (en) the place (topos/Golgotha) where He was crucified there was a garden (kapos), and in the garden there was a new tomb in which no one had been laid.” (19:41).
Here the author gives us a visual image that may be shown pictorially as circles, the largest of which is Golgotha as a topos, a place or region (see Figure 2). Jesus was both crucified and buried here in two different spots that need not be side by side; the maximum distance between these two locations will depend on how large an area Golgotha was in the first place. No source tells us that the tomb and the place of the crucifixion were very close to one another.
The early Church tended also to imagine that Golgotha was a region rather than a specific, small place. When the Rock of Calvary was determined as the actual location of the crucifixion, it still did not become definitive “Golgotha” until about the sixth century. Before that, it was “the rock of the Cross”; (Egeria. Itin. 24.7; 25.9, 11; 27.3, 6; 30.1, 2; 31.4; 35.2; 36.4.5; 37.1.4, 5, 8; 39.2; Jerome, Ep. 58.3.) the basilica itself was “on Golgotha,” which was understood to be a large area.6
In our book Beneath the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Shimon Gibson and I explored the geographical features of the area of the Church and beyond, as these existed in the time of Jesus. We reviewed the archaeological findings and determined that the entire area had indeed been an Iron Age quarry, characterized by irregular rock cuttings, scarps and caves (pp. 51-63). The area itself is on a slope, but it had been substantially cut away by the quarrying.
If one were looking for a region that might be named and identified as having an integrity and nameable character on this side of Jerusalem, then one would easily identify the quarry as such. If one looked down on it from the city walls, it would have had clear demarcations around its perimeter, with cuttings becoming gradually deeper towards its central area. To speculate on how a given site might have been named may be pointless, but if, in the slanting light of morning and evening, the shape of the “crater,” and the rocks and caves, started to take on the appearance of a skull, or a human head, perhaps we have a reason for the location being called “the skull place.” The site seems too elongated to be considered a skull shape from a bird’s eye view (as shown in Figure 3). However, someone standing on part of the first wall nearby and looking north would have seen it from a different perspective, which would have contracted it considerably, and it may have been supposed that its actual shape was like a human head. An experiment with my children showed that if I drew an oval shape on a piece of paper and asked them what it was they thought of it as a head or an egg. The word golgolta would have indicated not simply a skull in its skeletal form, but a detached human head, and later Jerome would consider the meaning of “Golgotha” in the Jerusalem dialect of his own day to be “place of beheading” (Comm. in Matt 27:33). Whatever the case, the important thing is that we have here a region that can be identified as having a certain geographical character of its own: it might have been called something other than “the old quarry west of the walls.” If one were to reject the quarry as a whole as being Golgotha, and look for a feature within the quarry, then there would be the problem of reconciling this with the description given in the Gospel of John, which refers to Golgotha as an area large enough to contain a site of a Roman crucifixion and also a cultivated tract of land or garden (kapos) where there was a new tomb.
Returning to Jerome, I have previously suggested that we may look to his comment at the end of the fourth century that “Golgotha” meant “place of beheading” (Comm. in Matt 27:33) for the explanation of the name. Furthermore, Jerome noted that this was local Jerusalem jargon for “execution place” and the areas outside Jerusalem where criminals were executed were called “Golgothas” in his own day: perhaps it was simply a general euphemism (Taylor: 130; Gibson and Taylor: 59). It is possible, however, that local Christians later began to refer to execution places as “Golgothas” on the basis of an understanding that Jesus was executed at such a place of horror. I have noticed the tendency by the news media to refer to situations of atrocity and genocide as a “holocaust.” In this case, specific usage has become general usage. Furthermore, if at the time of Jesus the term was just a general one for “execution place,” then we really have no reason for the Gospel writers to record it so assiduously as a specific, identifiable area. Rather, it may be that the local usage had changed dramatically during the centuries. The Jewish population of the city had been killed or expelled by Hadrian following the Bar Kochba war of 132-35 (so Eusebius, Hist. Eccles. 4.4), and the genocide and desolation in Judea as a whole was so horrific as to be commented upon by Cassius Dio (Hist. Rom. 69.12-14). With such a case of ‘“ethnic cleansing,” it would not be surprising if there were some linguistic modifications, brought about when new population groups came to settle the area.
Figure 3: Area of Golgotha at the time of Jesus.
The Site of the Crucifixion
New Testament
John 19:20 has it that the topos where Jesus was crucified was near the city; many Jews read the titulus, “Jesus the Nazarene, the King of the Jews”. Mark 15:29–30 (=Mt 27:39) refers to people passing by on the road (hodos). In the Letter to the Hebrews (13:12), Jesus is described as being crucified “outside the gate.” Therefore, we are told specifically in the New Testament that the precise location of the crucifixion was close to a road and, of course, a gate.
Which gate? In fact, we do not have a huge number of alternatives. As in all walled cities, the roads led outwards from the gates in certain key directions. Walled cities do not generally have a large abundance of gates, because gates increase their strategic vulnerability. Gates served main routes only. If we are to look for a gate close to the region we have identified as Golgotha, there is only one known gate which would fit well for this locality. It is generally supposed that the likely gate was that which Josephus calls “Gennath” (Gardens) Gate (War 5. 146), located in the first wall. According to Josephus, it is here that the second wall began (and went on northwards and around to meet the fortress Antonia).
It is very likely that Gennath Gate is to be identified as being the gate discovered by Nahman Avigad in area X-2, in the northern end of the present Street of the Jews (see Figure 3).7 It is fairly common to site the second wall west of the Gennath Gate, so that another gate is required as an exit towards the west.8 In fact, nothing requires us to site the second wall west of the gate. If Josephus’ comments are accurate, the wall began at the gate, but without necessarily closing it up. It would seem much more logical if the gate remained an exit to the long-established west and north roads, and the new wall still allowed access to these exits from the northern part of the city. A road going west further north could not have traversed the uneven area of the quarry very easily, and further south a road west would have had to go down into the deep ravine running south of the present Citadel. It would have been more logical if the old road going west through the slight valley here remained. The Hasmoneans rebuilt sections of old Israelite walls, and a northern Israelite gate may well have been located here to connect with a main route going north. In Figure 3, I have drawn this road skirting the area of Golgotha. It is likely that access to the road was retained. It is probable that with the building of the second wall an additional northern access was created, and a new north road was developed to link with the old north road, connecting around about present-day Damascus Gate. The fact that there were “Upper Gates” (War 5.336) in the second wall seems most likely to indicate double, fairly grand, gates providing the main northern access for the new part of the city.
Figure 3 shows the probable location of Gennath Gate and the possible roads leading westward toward Emmaus, Lydda and Joppa, and northward to Samaria (and the present Damascus road) as well as a conjectural route for the second wall so that it meets the first wall at the gate itself in a way that means the gate is still an access point to the north and west.9 The road, from which passers-by saw Jesus’ execution, would most probably have been westward-leading, but people on the north road would also have been able to see the execution. Crucifixions were designed to be seen by the public, in order to act as deterrents. With the convergence of two roads at Gennath Gale, the site would have been quite appropriate.
It should be remembered that no remains of any dwellings from the first century have been found in soundings in the area of the old quarry or its environs, which means it is very likely that this area was outside the walls of Jerusalem, and the second wall proceeded further east. How far east is, of course, debated, but it would have been further east than Schick’s excavation of a cave (V in Figure 3) underneath present-day Khan ez-Zeit (Bet Habad) and Suq el-Atarin streets (Gibson and Taylor: 55–57).
Given the New Testament descriptions and the reconstruction of the gate and walls as presented in Figure 3, it seems very likely to me that Jesus was crucified approximately at the spot I have marked with an “x.” We may then imagine that it was both close to the gate, near to the road, and yet just within the region named meqom-golgalta’. This locality is a little over 200 m (220 yds) south of the traditional location for Jesus’ crucifixion (marked with a “y”) and entombment (marked with a “z”). It is some 25 m (80 ft) from the road. An experiment revealed that a sign with letters 10 cm (4 in) high could be read easily at 25 m (80ft). People walking past would almost unavoidably have looked down into the area of Golgotha, at the execution of the three men. Perhaps there was a common burial pit nearby. It would have been a gruesome sight and a miserable shock to thousands of Passover pilgrims, who were streaming into the city.
On the other hand, the traditional location is far from the probable road and not close to any known gate either; no one could read the titulus when passing by at such a distance. In order to endorse the traditional location one would need to suggest that there was a gate leading to the west somewhere in between Gennath Gate and the Upper Gates. However, no gate would take travelers westward through the uneven topography of a quarry, where there is, at any rate, no vestige of a road cut.
As I have argued previously, our earliest sources outside the New Testament seem to lead us to a similar conclusion for the siting of the crucifixion. I should emphasize before proceeding, however, that I am now discussing the precise location of Jesus’ crucifixion, and not his entombment. The question of the placement of Jesus’ tomb is a separate matter, and not dependent on the question of the setting of Jesus’ crucifixion. Most scholars, including myself in previous publications, have tended to force the locations together: if one is to the north, then both are; if one is to the south, then both are. This need not follow. As noted above, we are not told that the sites of the crucifixion and the resurrection were close together in the New Testament, only that these events both took place in “Golgotha.”
Melito of Sardis, Peri Pascha
The foremost evidence we have for the preservation of the memory of the site of Jesus’ crucifixion comes in Melito of Sardis’ Peri Pascha, written in about the middle of the second century (ca.160) (Hall 1979), a few years after Hadrian had built up this area outside the old walls into a forum for his new Roman city Aelia Capitolina, with a Temple of Venus on the northern side. Melito writes poetically of the crucifixion taking place epi meses plateias kai en mesô poleôs (94, 704), “in the middle of a plateia and in the ‘middle of a city.’”10 Elsewhere, he describes the murder of Jesus “in the middle of Jerusalem” (72, 506; 93, 692; 94, 694). What is clear is that a site in the middle of the city of Jerusalem was pointed out to him as the place where Jesus died. This would tally perfectly with the fact that the quarry was outside first century Jerusalem, but inside the city from the middle of the second century onwards.
I have commented previously that it is strange that Melito seems to envisage Golgotha as being a specific spot that could be pointed out in the middle of a city street (Taylor: 121–22). In fact, Melito does not tell us that “Golgotha” was such a small spot; he was referring only to the specific site of the crucifixion. He may well have imagined that Golgotha was a much larger area. Specifically, however, Melito’s evidence corroborates what we may adduce from the New Testament. Figure 4 shows a reconstruction of the layout of this area of Aelia Capitolina. The spot marked “x” corresponds to where it is placed in Figure 3 (“y” corresponds to the traditional location, on the Rock of Calvary, and “z” is the site of the tomb). As we can see, this places the site of the crucifixion in the middle of a main street, the Decumanus.
Figure 4: The area of Golgotha, c. 150-325 AD.
If we turn to the exact translation of Melito’s description, this is precisely what Melito tells us. In common usage, plateia generally means “wide street” (usually colonnaded) (Ibid: 117-8; Gibson and Taylor: 59) and would apply to either the Cardo Maximus or the Decumanus, which met the Cardo at a “T” intersection. Eusebius uses plateia precisely for the Cardo (Vita Const. 3.39); this is the principal plateia of Jerusalem/Aelia. Archaeological excavations have confirmed that the Cardo was 12.5 m (41 ft) wide in its central thoroughfare, with 5 m (16 ft) wide pavements on either side. It was colonnaded on both sides. The eastern main street of Aelia had one set of colonnades, and the Decumanus was probably not colonnaded at all. No columns were found when a part of the Decumanus was excavated in the easternmost end of the Street of the Chain (Geva 1993:762). Nevertheless, the Decumanus was still a wide street, and one of the plateiai of Aelia. We cannot know the precise route of the Decumanus. The northern Cardo is not at the same angle as the later southern Cardo, and sections of the Decumanus may not lie at right angles to either part of the Cardo. However, it seems quite likely that the Decumanus followed the line of present David Street, continuing on to the Street of the Chain, and that it was, while not as wide as the Cardo, wide enough to be impressive. In Figure 4, I have drawn its western section as being about 15 m (49 ft) wide, which may be a modest estimate.
While it is impossible on the basis of Melito’s remarks to say precisely which plateia is being referred to, what we can deduce is that his words would fit with our identification of the site of Jesus’ crucifixion on the basis of the New Testament, if Melito’s plateia is, in fact, the Decumanus.
Eusebius’ Onomasticon
More importantly, perhaps, is the evidence found in Eusebius’ Onomasticon,11 written late in the 3rd century or early in the fourth, some time before Constantine built his basilica on the site of the (destroyed) Temple of Venus. In his notes of various Biblical places he could still find in Palestine, Eusebius wrote of Golgotha: “Place of a Skull,” where the Christ was crucified, which is indeed pointed out in Aelia right beside (pros) the northern parts (tois boreiois) of Mount Zion.
This tends to suggest that the site of the crucifixion — which is what is specifically mentioned by Eusebius — was near the northern parts of “Mount Zion.” Today, Mount Zion is identified outside the southern wall of the city. However, strictly speaking, geographically Mount Zion is the whole of the south-western hill, the “summit” being just south of the present Citadel, where the ground height is 773 m (2536 ft) above sea level. The summit of current Mount Zion is 765 m (2510 ft) above sea level. The southwestern hill was the location of the legionary camp of Aelia, which was relocated to Eilat some time in the reign of Diocletian. It is fairly clear that this camp was generally thought to be outside Aelia; the geometrical street-plan of the city did not apply here. Aelia proper began just north of the camp, i.e. north of greater Mount Zion (Biddle 1994:100). The Bordeaux Pilgrim of AD 333 describes Mount Zion as this greater area, possibly divided by a wall. The pilgrim goes out of Jerusalem and sees the pool of Siloam “beside the wall” (Itin. 592) and then climbs up Mount Zion from there and then goes “inside Sion, within the wall” to see David’s palace, the area of the present Citadel. The pilgrim then passes through “the wall of Zion towards the Gate of Neapolis”; which walls are being referred to is not clear, but these are probably remains of the first wall. The pilgrim may have passed through old Gennath Gate, if it still remained in use. At some point, the extent of Mount Zion shrunk. Some clue as to the extent of Mount Zion in the Byzantine period is given by Eucherius, in the fifth century, who writes that
it is on the south, and over looks the city like a citadel. The greater part of the city lies on the flat tip of a hill which is lower than this Mount. Mount Sion is covered on the northern flank with dwellings for clergy and monks, and its summit, which is level, is occupied by monks’ cells round the church which is said to have been founded by the apostles in honor of the place of the Lord’s resurrection, because it was there they were filled by the Spirit once promised by the Lord... Mount Sion ... is approached by rising ground stretching north.12
This description fits with modern understanding of the extent of Mount Zion. A wall that separated out “Mount Zion” proper from the city was built approximately where the present wall runs, possibly some time in the early Byzantine period. Eucherius writes in the fifth century that a lengthy wall “now embraces Mount Sion, though this was once just outside.”13 This wall would have enclosed the south side of Mount Zion.
If Mount Zion is considered to have included the legionary camp, however, Eusebius’ identification of the site of Jesus’ crucifixion matches what we have already adduced from the evidence. At the end of the third century, the site of the crucifixion could well have been described as being in Aelia, right beside the northern parts of Mount Zion.
Martin Biddle has stated that this, again, is not the correct translation, asserting instead that pros tois boreiois tou Siôn orous means “to the north of Mount Zion” or “north of Mount Zion” (Biddle 99–100) which would fit better with the traditional siting of the place of the crucifixion some distance away. It should be remembered that the Greek preposition is given its exact meaning by the case of the word to which it relates. “To the north,” using pros, would actually have been pros borran, i.e. pros with the accusative form, not the dative. Pros tois boreiois is quite different grammatically. Here we have the preposition with the definite article and an adjectival neuter plural form. This cannot mean “to the north”; literally, it means “hard by/very near (pros) the northerns (tois boreiois).” In this case, “the northerns” are “of Mount Zion.” This construction is used only once in the whole of the Onomasticon: in the case of Golgotha. Interestingly, however, when definite articles with adjectival plural forms are found elsewhere, they refer to locations within city territories rather than directions (76.14-15, cf. 10.18-20; 30.6; 42.11; 54.27, 68.15-16). Pros means “very hard by” somewhere, in this case “the northern parts of Mount Zion.” It can be either inside or outside these northern parts, but it is close to borderline. We could perhaps even translate it as “by the northern edge of Mount Zion.” This gives us quite a specific location. If Eusebius had wanted to be vague, he could have indicated the location directionally, that Golgotha lay ‘to the north of Mount Zion’ somewhere, by employing the expressions he regularly used: pros borran, eis borran, and so on.
If we now combine the evidence of Eusebius with what we have in Melito’s Peri Pascha, then it does seem remarkably consistent, and a location within Aelia is surely right. As for the idea that if Golgotha was “pointed out” it had to be visible in some way (Biddle: 100), I am not sure that this is true. A site can be pointed out as being in a certain vicinity even though not seen. Plaques in London and elsewhere on modern buildings can tell us that a site was where the house of, say, William Blake once lived, and guides will point to the modern building as being on that location; it does not mean that anything of Blake’s house remains to be looked at. Anyone who has been on a guided tour will recall times when the guide may point to a courtyard, or a square, and identify that a certain event took place there. So here, Eusebius points to a location where a certain event took place.
The Site of the Burial
Up to this point, we have been considering the general region called “Golgotha” and the specific location of the crucifixion on the southern edge of that region. The site of the tomb of Jesus, however, might have been located anywhere in the area known as Golgotha, and need not have been close to a busy city gate and main road. Far from it, in fact, the mental image we gain from the Gospel accounts seems rather more peaceful and indicates a more isolated locality (Mk 15:46-16:8; Mt 27:60-28:8; Lk 23:53-24:10; Jn. 19:38-20:8). No one is looking on or passing by here. The fullest description, in the Gospel of John, indicates that in the area of the tomb there was a garden, and here there might even have been a “gardener” (Jn 20:15). The archaeological evidence uncovered in the excavations of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher indicates that topsoil was either thrown in or that it built up naturally in the pit of the quarry in various sections.14 “Gennath” (Gardens) Gate may have gained its name from the fact that this region was quite intensely farmed, despite the irregular features of the topography, with caves and rocky scarps and protrusions, interposed with areas of cultivation (Gibson and Taylor: 61). Tombs and cultivated areas could lie side by side, since the uncleanness of tombs need not affect cultivations (m.Ohol. 17.4, cf. m. Baba Bathra 2.9), and gardens and tombs were often located close by.
In other words, there is nothing to be said in any absolute or categorical way against the traditional site of the tomb of Jesus being genuine. I would still note that it remains a curious fact that no Christian source before Constantine noted the offensive conjunction of a Temple of Venus and the place of Jesus’ entombment (Taylor: 135). The convenience of the location for Constantine’s building program seems initially suspicious, for it would have been far better to build the new Christian basilica with its adjoining courtyards on the very site of the Temple of Venus, than further south on the forum itself, or in the midst of people’s private dwellings and shops; it is possible, one would suppose, that logistics might have played a part. Further excavations in this part of Jerusalem may yet bring to light other tombs from the Roman period; it was not as if the tomb identified as being that of Jesus was the only one in the entire vicinity. In the Church today there is another tomb which dates from the Roman period, known as the Tomb of Joseph of Arimathea. It is a typical kokhim type tomb, with a number of compartments for the decomposing of bodies.
That said, skepticism does not completely suffice. If we are to speculate on how the Jerusalem church sought to hold on to the memory of the locations of places, once they were covered over with buildings, we would probably have to imagine that witnesses of the mid-second century passed on the information that such and such a site was covered over by such and such a structure. The precise location could very well have been determined by people standing on the surviving walls and figuring this out by recourse to various landmarks still visible, like the rocky protrusion later known as the Rock of the Cross, which very likely did indeed have a statue of Venus at the top: a libation altar found in the excavations close to the Rock of Calvary indicates that some kind of shrine probably existed there (Gibson and Taylor: 67-9). Byzantine Christians would find the newly revealed conjunction a telling indication of Hadrian’s determination to wipe out the memory of sites important in the Christian story. Jerome wrote to his friend Paulinus of Nola that Hadrian had placed “an image of Jupiter on the place of the resurrection (the tomb) and a marble statue of Venus on the rock of the cross” in order to defile “our holy places (so that) they could deprive us of our faith in the Passion and the Resurrection” (Ep. 58.3). Polemic and a later consciousness of “holy places” aside, if Jerome is correct about the placement of the statues, as in the case of the statue of Venus, then a statue of Jupiter seems to have been located, very appropriately, just above where Constantine’s excavators found a tomb.15 A large favissa belonging to the Temple of Venus, where sacrifices were deposited, has been found close by the site of the tomb.
It is certainly very possible that the church preserved the information that the tomb of Jesus was located somewhere under the temenos of the Temple of Venus, even though no extant source ever mentions this or even alludes to it in covert form. If Jerusalem Christians could remember the site of the crucifixion as being in the middle of a colonnaded street, they could probably pass on the memory of the site of the tomb. Equally, if, with the innovations of Constantine, the site of the crucifixion could be moved northwards, then so too the site of a tomb might have been moved. Both traditionalists and skeptics have good reasons for their arguments.
It has been pointed out quite often that there remains the problem of how Constantine’s workmen (or the empress Helena) really identified that the tomb was genuine (Biddle wonders if graffiti on the walls might have identified it). Curiously, it was apparently self-evident.
How was it self-evident? One factor may be worth considering initially: the tomb is described as being a new one, in which no one had yet been laid, and one which had a ledge, seen from the entranceway in its totality: angels sat where Jesus’ feel and head should have been. The Biblical stories, though differing in details, are consistent in their presentation of the tomb. They do not give us the impression that the tomb was a kokhim type. In these, one would be able only to see the standing pit depression, and the feet of whoever might be laid in the kokh. Therefore, we can make a supposition that the excavators would have sought a tomb that conformed to the type of tomb, which we can imagine from the Biblical stories: an arcosolium tomb, with a ledge quite near the entrance. Cyril indicates that there was once a rock shelter before the entrance, which was cut away (Cat. 14.9); the traditional tomb must indeed have been of the arcosolium type.16 Perhaps this is why it was self-evident: it had to conform to the Biblical descriptions. If it did, then it was the tomb of Jesus.
The trouble with this explanation, as with any other that requires some sort of identifying character found in or about the tomb itself, is that none of the stories of the finding of the tomb tell us that anyone looked for physical features. This scrupulousness in fact may reflect a modem consciousness. The people of the time were more impressed by attesting miracles, but there is no story of an attesting miracle to prove that this tomb was the right one. Had there been the least element of doubt, or the need for proof beyond what was absolutely self-evident, an attesting miracle would undoubtedly have been required. It is precisely the miraculous which attested to the discovery of the True Cross in the substructural areas of the Temple of Venus, possibly with the assistance of the empress Helena.17
Upon further consideration of this matter, it seems to me that the fact that the tomb was considered self-evident is the one most important factor that points to the probable authenticity of the traditional site. The traditional view has one key element in its favor (though one that is usually completely ignored): it gives us a perfect reason why no physical proof or legitimating miracle was required for anyone to believe that the tomb was genuine. The reason it was genuine was that it was in precisely the right place, under the statue of Jupiter, as everyone in the Jerusalem church believed (though Eusebius of Caesarea may well have been more skeptical). People only had to remove the statue of Jupiter to find the perfect tomb just exactly underneath it. No further proof was required. It requires us to believe that Hadrian did indeed cover up the tomb purposely and placed a statue of Jupiter on top of it. Previously, I have felt that this course of action would not have occurred to Hadrian, who was hardly the most vociferous opponent of Christians and was among the more tolerant emperors. His enemy, Bar Kochba, had apparently persecuted Christians in Jerusalem during the Second Revolt; would Hadrian have conquered the city, only to serve the church there another blow?
However, only a few years before Hadrian recaptured Jerusalem, Tacitus could write that Christians were “hated for their abominations”, and that they believed “a pernicious superstition” which was “evil”. Such Christians were, during the Neronian persecution following the fire of Rome, tortured to death in public spectacles because of “hatred of the human race” (Tacitus, Annales 15.44). If “Chrestus” means “Christus,” as is generally thought, we learn from Suetonius that Jews were expelled from Rome during the reign of Claudius, for causing disturbances “at the instigation of Chrestus” (Suetonius, Vita Claudii 25.4). Trajan was responsible for the first imperial advice given concerning Christians, in replying to Pliny’s request for instructions from Bithynia, ca. AD 112 (Ep. 10.96). His instructions were that Christians were not to be sought out, but if they are informed against and the crimes associated with the name (flagitia cohaerentia nomini) are proven, then they must be punished unless they recant and prove this by worshipping the Roman gods, and honoring the emperor by offering a pinch of incense and wine.18 Hadrian wrote similarly to Caius Minucius Fundanus, Proconsul in Asia, replying in fact to a letter written by his predecessor. He reacts sharply against the slanderous accusations, whereby people were informing the authorities that certain persons were Christians out of malicious intent. Hadrian wanted proof that any of those so accused actually did anything contrary to the laws. If so, then they should have sentences fitting their crimes, but they should not simply be condemned because they were believed to be Christians (see Justin, Apol. 1.69). The problem for Hadrian was false accusations, but it was understood that if they really were Christians, they would do things contrary to the laws.
Christians did not do things according to the law in one matter above all else: they did not appear to give proper honor to the emperor, or the gods, and thereby threatened the pax decorum, on which the survival of the empire depended. Christians refused to offer the pinch of incense to the (divine) imperial genius or make any sacrifices for the gods, a matter that was impietas in principem, even maiestas, high treason. Their defense that they would pray for the emperor, even though not offer incense (see Tertullian Apol. 29–32), was considered feeble.
As for Hadrian, he showed special respect for Jupiter. In the temple of Zeus Olympius in Athens the statues were of Hadrian, and sometimes, for example at Prusias, he was directly identified with the god (Ferguson 1970:40-1). When Hadrian was planning his world tour some time after AD 120, he issued a coin depicting Jupiter as lord of the world, placing it under the emperor’s care. Towards the end of his life he issued coins honoring Jupiter under the titles of Victor, Protector, and Guardian. At his death a dedication to Jupiter as “Best and Greatest” seems to honor Hadrian himself, identified with the god after his death. In Jerusalem, he built a Temple of the Capitoline Triad - Jupiter, Minerva and Juno — probably on the north side of the Temple Mount.19 According to Cassius Dio (Hist. Rom. 69.12), the erection of a temple to Jupiter on the site of the Jewish temple was the key reason that Jews revolted under Bar Kochba.
It would, perhaps, have occurred to the emperor that to cover up the site where the “god of the Christians” was raised from the dead, and to place a statue of Jupiter over the site, would indeed be fitting. It might have been deliberately anti-Christian and provocative, but not necessarily. For Hadrian, it would have been quite appropriate, and almost an invitation to Christians to do the decent thing: i.e. to come and worship Jupiter and (perhaps) take the opportunity to honor the imperial genius. Furthermore, other local deities could be identified with Jupiter: why not the Christian god? And if a divine event had taken place at this site in Jerusalem, then what better site could there be for a new temple, with a shrine of Jupiter at the exact spot? We know from Eusebius” description that the Temple of Venus had more than one shrine. He writes always in the plural of the shrines there: pagans were honoring their “dead idols “ by “pouring out libations on profane and accursed altars” (Vita Const. 3.36). Christians themselves probably had no notion of the pagan concept of “sacred space,” for the material world was not the realm of the divine presence, either in totality or in miniscule zones (see Taylor: 1993, 295–332); sanctity resided in heaven. But Hadrian may have thought otherwise.
In addition, the evidence of knowledge of the site of the tomb in apocryphal literature needs to be considered, and has not been explored hitherto. In particular, we may look at two works coming from the mid-second century, possibly earlier. In the first place, we have in the Epistula Apostolorum a description of the crucifixion and burial of Jesus (paragraph 9) (Schneemelcher 1991: i, 249–84). Here it is said that he was buried (not crucified) at “Golgotha”: “he was buried at a place which is called ‘the place of a skull’” (kraniou topos). This fits with what we have concluded on the basis of John’s Gospel, but this is different from what is explicitly stated in the Synoptics, and whoever came to the conclusion that the tomb was at Golgotha would have had to make the same extrapolation on the basis of John 19:17-18 or have known the site independently.
In the second place, there is the evidence from the so-called “Akhmim fragment” of the otherwise lost Gospel of Peter.20 Here, it is stated that Joseph took Jesus, washed him, wrapped him in linen, and brought him to his own sepulcher “called 'Joseph’s Garden'” (6.24). This is an interesting name for the location, because it sounds very much like the sort of name that would have been applied to the site as time went by, in order to identity it precisely. In addition, it is a new name, not deriving from the canonical Gospels. It is certainly likely that if Joseph owned the tomb, he owned the garden outside it; the tomb had probably been newly cut in a plot of land he had purchased. That the tomb is named by reference to the garden is intriguing, and may reflect the language of the period after 41–44, when Agrippa I had included this area within his Third Wall. With this innovation, tombs would have been emptied, and tombs already cut would no longer have been used. However, the garden would still probably have been a garden. Within the walls of the city, people could easily have gone to “Joseph’s Garden” and looked into the unused cave/tomb. A further reason to suppose that some knowledge of the site is to be found behind the wording of the Gospel of Peter is the curious detail that when Mary Magdalene and her friends came to the tomb, they “stooped down and saw there a young man sitting in the midst of the sepulcher” (13:55). The doorway of Roman tombs is usually small, and would require people to stoop down. In the Gospel of Peter, we are to imagine the women stooping down to look just through the entrance, to see only through the doorway a little, where they see the young man. He then instructs them. “... stoop this way and see the place where he lay, for he is not here” (13:56). Again, on the basis of what we know of the traditional “tomb of Jesus” and Roman tombs in general, to see the ledge one would have needed to stoop further through the doorway and look to the right. It is a surprisingly accurate portrayal.21
The Acts of Pilate, dated possibly as early as the second century (Schneemelcher: 501–38), is indebted mainly to the Gospel of Luke in its presentation of the crucifixion and burial; Golgotha is not mentioned as the site. Here, the tomb is specifically described as a “cave” (xii, xiii, xv.6: “new cave”). Whether this reflects some knowledge of the fact that the tomb might be described as a cave is difficult to assess, but I include it for completeness.
Figure 5: Visualization of entrance to the tomb of Jesus on the basis of current information.
It seems that there may be only two alternatives here. In the first place, there is the argument against the authenticity of the tomb: Constantine chose the site of the Temple of Venus for his new basilica in honor of the cross (and the tomb) because it was a good location for redevelopment. Hadrian had built his Temple on the site for no other reason other than it was a prime building location. In this view, the Byzantine choice of the tomb as being that of Christ was arbitrary and dependent on the architectural layout of the new structure. This is the argument I presented in Christians and the Holy Places.
In the second place, there is an argument for the authenticity of the tomb. In this view, Christians in Jerusalem remembered the site of the tomb, and may have visited it from time to time to show visitors. Hadrian indeed covered up the tomb on purpose and placed a statue of Jupiter on the exact spot, as the focus of one of the shrines within a larger Temple of Venus, and this was remembered by the Jerusalem church and communicated in due course to Constantine, who saw fit to remove the Temple entirely and build his new Christian edifice instead. In this case, the authenticity of the tomb was self-evident because of its placement right under a statue of Jupiter. This is basically the traditional view, though the self-evident identification is not given sufficient weight. I would also like to absolve Hadrian from being primarily motivated by malice and avoid the suggestion that Christians themselves thought of the tomb as “holy” in the sense that a pagan might think of a shrine as such.
There is really nothing in-between these two alternatives regarding the tomb, for anything else would rest on amazing combinations of events and coincidences. It must be admitted that my previous suggestion does require a coincidence: that Hadrian built his Temple of Venus very close by the actual tomb of Jesus without knowing it. The traditional view has in its favor that the actions taken by both emperors. Hadrian and Constantine, were conscious and aware, and coincidences are avoided. In addition, one might wonder how likely it might have been that Constantine’s builders could have found another tomb fitting the Gospel description so precisely, in such an excellent position.
Conclusion
Therefore, in conclusion, Golgotha was an oval-shaped disused quarry located west of the second wall, north of the first wall. It was an area of an old quarry, seeming much like an elongated crater in appearance. Jesus was crucified in the southern part of this area, just outside Gennath Gate, and near to the road going west, but visible also from the road north. He was buried some 200 m (656 ft) away to the north, in a quieter part of Golgotha where there were tombs and gardens (see Figure 5 for a visualization of the tomb). The tombs of this region were emptied when the region was included within the city in AD 41–44, but the garden probably remained. Christians in the city may have visited the site and recalled events there in various ways. In the mid-second century, major changes took place in this part of the city, and the large Cardo Maximus was built on a north-south line, with the Decumanus running east-west. This obscured the site of the crucifixion. The site of the tomb was chosen by Hadrian (or his augurs) as a fitting place for a shrine in a Temple of Venus. In order to build this structure, however, the whole area of the old quarry was filled, and large substructural walls were built to support the new temple temenos. The tomb was buried beneath, though the top of the rocky ridge into which the tomb was cut may still have been visible. At any rate, Christians in Palestine knew that the emperor had covered the tomb over and placed a statue of Jupiter (as himself?) on the site. They also remembered the location of the site of the crucifixion beneath a plateia, most likely the Decumanus of Aelia, and told visitors such as Melito about this.
When Constantine captured the eastern Empire and sought to commemorate his victory with the building of a magnificent basilica in Jerusalem dedicated to the sign of the cross, local Christians could point to the site of the tomb and the Temple of Venus as a fitting building zone. The site of the crucifixion, on the other hand, seems to have been quietly forgotten. After all, with the miraculous discovery of the True Cross in the region of the temple temenos, there was convincing proof that everyone should look northwards to the site of the crucifixion anyway. For his localization, an attesting miracle was clearly necessary and thereafter those that pointed southwards could no longer be given credence. Nevertheless, Eusebius may not have been absolutely convinced of the re-siting of the latter placement; he never once calls the site of Constantine’s basilica “Golgotha.” For Eusebius, Golgotha was the place of the crucifixion; the place of the burial of Jesus, on the other hand, though proven absolutely genuine when it was indeed uncovered, was still not “Golgotha” to him.
For those who are interested in the precise location of the proposed site of the crucifixion in today’s Old City, the spot marked with an “x” is a little to the southwest of where David Street meets Habad Street, but north of St. Mark Street. As the Decumanus is plotted with greater certainty, and excavations take place in this area, the localization may become more accurate.
Bibliography
Biddle, M.
1994 The Tomb of Christ: Sources. Methods and a New Approach. Pp. 73–147, 98–9 in Churches Built in Ancient Times: Recent Studies in Early Christian Archaeology, ed. Kenneth Painter. London: University of London.
Brown, F. Driver. S.R., Briggs, C.A.
1966 A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament with an Appendix containing the Biblical Aramaic. Oxford: Clarendon.
Ferguson, J.
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Calvary
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The old French term 'eshec mat' is terminology in which game?
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A Physician's View of the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ: Spiritual Life in God
A Physician's View of the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ
By Dr. C. Truman Davis
Guest Writer
CBN.com - WARNING: MATERIAL IN THIS ARTICLE MAY BE UNSUITABLE FOR YOUNGER CHILDREN. PARENTAL DISCRETION IS ADVISED.
About a decade ago, reading Jim Bishop’s The Day Christ Died, I realized that I had for years taken the Crucifixion more or less for granted — that I had grown callous to its horror by a too easy familiarity with the grim details and a too distant friendship with our Lord. It finally occurred to me that, though a physician, I didn’t even know the actual immediate cause of death. The Gospel writers don’t help us much on this point, because crucifixion and scourging were so common during their lifetime that they apparently considered a detailed description unnecessary.
So we have only the concise words of the Evangelists: “Pilate, having scourged Jesus, delivered Him to them to be crucified — and they crucified Him.” I have no competence to discuss the infinite psychic and spiritual suffering of the Incarnate God atoning for the sins of fallen man. But it seemed to me that as a physician I might pursue the physiological and anatomical aspects of our Lord’s passion in some detail.
What did the body of Jesus of Nazareth actually endure during those hours of torture?
This led me first to a study of the practice of crucifixion itself; that is, torture and execution by fixation to a cross. I am indebted to many who have studied this subject in the past, and especially to a contemporary colleague, Dr. Pierre Barbet, a French surgeon who has done exhaustive historical and experimental research and has written extensively on the subject.
Apparently, the first known practice of crucifixion was by the Persians. Alexander and his generals brought it back to the Mediterranean world — to Egypt and to Carthage. The Romans apparently learned the practice from the Carthaginians and (as with almost everything the Romans did) rapidly developed a very high degree of efficiency and skill at it. A number of Roman authors (Livy, Cicer, Tacitus) comment on crucifixion, and several innovations, modifications, and variations are described in the ancient literature. For instance, the upright portion of the cross (or stipes) could have the cross-arm (or patibulum) attached two or three feet below its top in what we commonly think of as the Latin cross. The most common form used in our Lord’s day, however, was the Tau cross, shaped like our T.
In this cross, the patibulum was placed in a notch at the top of the stipes. There is archeological evidence that it was on this type of cross that Jesus was crucified. Without any historical or biblical proof, Medieval and Renaissance painters have given us our picture of Christ carrying the entire cross. But the upright post, or stipes, was generally fixed permanently in the ground at the site of execution and the condemned man was forced to carry the patibulum, weighing about 110 pounds, from the prison to the place of execution.
Many of the painters and most of the sculptors of crucifixion, also show the nails through the palms. Historical Roman accounts and experimental work have established that the nails were driven between the small bones of the wrists (radial and ulna) and not through the palms. Nails driven through the palms will strip out between the fingers when made to support the weight of the human body. The misconception may have come about through a misunderstanding of Jesus’ words to Thomas, “Observe my hands.” Anatomists, both modern and ancient, have always considered the wrist as part of the hand.
A titulus, or small sign, stating the victim’s crime was usually placed on a staff, carried at the front of the procession from the prison, and later nailed to the cross so that it extended above the head. This sign with its staff nailed to the top of the cross would have given it somewhat the characteristic form of the Latin cross.
But, of course, the physical passion of the Christ began in Gethsemane. Of the many aspects of this initial suffering, the one of greatest physiological interest is the bloody sweat. It is interesting that St. Luke, the physician, is the only one to mention this. He says, “And being in agony, He prayed the longer. And His sweat became as drops of blood, trickling down upon the ground.” Every ruse (trick) imaginable has been used by modern scholars to explain away this description, apparently under the mistaken impression that this just doesn’t happen. A great deal of effort could have been saved had the doubters consulted the medical literature. Though very rare, the phenomenon of Hematidrosis, or bloody sweat, is well documented. Under great emotional stress of the kind our Lord suffered, tiny capillaries in the sweat glands can break, thus mixing blood with sweat. This process might well have produced marked weakness and possible shock.
After the arrest in the middle of the night, Jesus was next brought before the Sanhedrin and Caiphus, the High Priest; it is here that the first physical trauma was inflicted. A soldier struck Jesus across the face for remaining silent when questioned by Caiphus. The palace guards then blind-folded Him and mockingly taunted Him to identify them as they each passed by, spat upon Him, and struck Him in the face.
In the early morning, battered and bruised, dehydrated, and exhausted from a sleepless night, Jesus is taken across the Praetorium of the Fortress Antonia, the seat of government of the Procurator of Judea, Pontius Pilate. You are, of course, familiar with Pilate’s action in attempting to pass responsibility to Herod Antipas, the Tetrarch of Judea. Jesus apparently suffered no physical mistreatment at the hands of Herod and was returned to Pilate.
It was then, in response to the cries of the mob, that Pilate ordered Bar-Abbas released and condemned Jesus to scourging and crucifixion. There is much disagreement among authorities about the unusual scourging as a prelude to crucifixion. Most Roman writers from this period do not associate the two. Many scholars believe that Pilate originally ordered Jesus scourged as his full punishment and that the death sentence by crucifixion came only in response to the taunt by the mob that the Procurator was not properly defending Caesar against this pretender who allegedly claimed to be the King of the Jews. Preparations for the scourging were carried out when the Prisoner was stripped of His clothing and His hands tied to a post above His head. It is doubtful the Romans would have made any attempt to follow the Jewish law in this matter, but the Jews had an ancient law prohibiting more than forty lashes. The Roman legionnaire steps forward with the flagrum (or flagellum) in his hand. This is a short whip consisting of several heavy, leather thongs with two small balls of lead attached near the ends of each. The heavy whip is brought down with full force again and again across Jesus’ shoulders, back, and legs.
At first the thongs cut through the skin only. Then, as the blows continue, they cut deeper into the subcutaneous tissues, producing first an oozing of blood from the capillaries and veins of the skin, and finally spurting arterial bleeding from vessels in the underlying muscles. The small balls of lead first produce large, deep bruises which are broken open by subsequent blows. Finally the skin of the back is hanging in long ribbons and the entire area is an unrecognizable mass of torn, bleeding tissue. When it is determined by the centurion in charge that the prisoner is near death, the beating is finally stopped. The half-fainting Jesus is then untied and allowed to slump to the stone pavement, wet with His own blood.
The Roman soldiers see a great joke in this provincial Jew claiming to be king. They throw a robe across His shoulders and place a stick in His hand for a scepter. They still need a crown to make their travesty complete. Flexible branches covered with long thorns (commonly used in bundles for firewood) are plaited into the shape of a crown and this is pressed into His scalp. Again there is copious bleeding, the scalp being one of the most vascular areas of the body.
After mocking Him and striking Him across the face, the soldiers take the stick from His hand and strike Him across the head, driving the thorns deeper into His scalp. Finally, they tire of their sadistic sport and the robe is torn from His back. Already having adhered to the clots of blood and serum in the wounds, its removal causes excruciating pain just as in the careless removal of a surgical bandage, and almost as though He were again being whipped the wounds once more begin to bleed. In deference to Jewish custom, the Romans return His garments. The heavy patibulum of the cross is tied across His shoulders, and the procession of the condemned Christ, two thieves, and the execution detail of Roman soldiers headed by a centurion begins its slow journey along the Via Dolorosa.
In spite of His efforts to walk erect, the weight of the heavy wooden beam, together with the shock produced by copious blood loss, is too much. He stumbles and falls. The rough wood of the beam gouges into the lacerated skin and muscles of the shoulders. He tries to rise, but human muscles have been pushed beyond their endurance. The centurion, anxious to get on with the crucifixion, selects a stalwart North African onlooker, Simon of Cyrene, to carry the cross. Jesus follows, still bleeding and sweating the cold, clammy sweat of shock, until the 650 yard journey from the fortress Antonia to Golgotha is finally completed. Jesus is offered wine mixed with myrrh, a mild analgesic mixture. He refuses to drink. Simon is ordered to place the patibulum on the ground and Jesus quickly thrown backward with His shoulders against the wood. The legionnaire feels for the depression at the front of the wrist. He drives a heavy, square, wrought-iron nail through the wrist and deep into the wood. Quickly, he moves to the other side and repeats the action, being careful not to pull the arms to tightly, but to allow some flexion and movement. The patibulum is then lifted in place at the top of the stipes and the titulus reading, “Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews,” is nailed in place.
The left foot is now pressed backward against the right foot, and with both feet extended, toes down, a nail is driven through the arch of each, leaving the knees moderately flexed. The Victim is now crucified. As He slowly sags down with more weight on the nails in the wrists, excruciating pain shoots along the fingers and up the arms to explode in the brain — the nails in the wrists are putting pressure on the median nerves.
As He pushes Himself upward to avoid this stretching torment, He places His full weight on the nail through His feet. Again there is the searing agony of the nail tearing through the nerves between the metatarsal bones of the feet. At this point, as the arms fatigue, great waves of cramps sweep over the muscles, knotting them in deep, relentless, throbbing pain. With these cramps comes the inability to push Himself upward. Hanging by his arms, the pectoral muscles are paralyzed and the intercostal muscles are unable to act. Air can be drawn into the lungs, but cannot be exhaled. Jesus fights to raise Himself in order to get even one short breath. Finally, carbon dioxide builds up in the lungs and in the blood stream and the cramps partially subside. Spasmodically, he is able to push Himself upward to exhale and bring in the life-giving oxygen.
It was undoubtedly during these periods that He uttered the seven short sentences recorded:
The first, looking down at the Roman soldiers throwing dice for His seamless garment, “Father, forgive them for they know not what they do.”
The second, to the penitent thief, “Today thou shalt be with me in Paradise.”
The third, looking down at the terrified, grief-stricken adolescent John — the beloved Apostle — he said, “Behold thy mother.” Then, looking to His mother Mary, “Woman behold thy son.”
The fourth cry is from the beginning of the 22nd Psalm, “My God, my God, why has thou forsaken me?”
Jesus experienced hours of limitless pain, cycles of twisting, joint-rending cramps, intermittent partial asphyxiation, searing pain where tissue is torn from His lacerated back as He moves up and down against the rough timber. Then another agony begins -- a terrible crushing pain deep in the chest as the pericardium slowly fills with serum and begins to compress the heart. One remembers again the 22nd Psalm, the 14th verse: “I am poured out like water, and all my bones are out of joint; my heart is like wax; it is melted in the midst of my bowels.”
It is now almost over. The loss of tissue fluids has reached a critical level; the compressed heart is struggling to pump heavy, thick, sluggish blood into the tissue; the tortured lungs are making a frantic effort to gasp in small gulps of air. The markedly dehydrated tissues send their flood of stimuli to the brain. Jesus gasps His fifth cry, “I thirst.” One remembers another verse from the prophetic 22nd Psalm: “My strength is dried up like a potsherd; and my tongue cleaveth to my jaws; and thou has brought me into the dust of death.” A sponge soaked in posca, the cheap, sour wine which is the staple drink of the Roman legionaries, is lifted to His lips. He apparently doesn’t take any of the liquid.
The body of Jesus is now in extremes, and He can feel the chill of death creeping through His tissues. This realization brings out His sixth words, possibly little more than a tortured whisper, “It is finished.” His mission of atonement has completed. Finally He can allow his body to die.
With one last surge of strength, he once again presses His torn feet against the nail, straightens His legs, takes a deeper breath, and utters His seventh and last cry, “Father! Into thy hands I commit my spirit.”
The rest you know. In order that the Sabbath not be profaned, the Jews asked that the condemned men be dispatched and removed from the crosses. The common method of ending a crucifixion was by crurifracture, the breaking of the bones of the legs. This prevented the victim from pushing himself upward; thus the tension could not be relieved from the muscles of the chest and rapid suffocation occurred. The legs of the two thieves were broken, but when the soldiers came to Jesus they saw that this was unnecessary.
Apparently, to make doubly sure of death, the legionnaire drove his lance through the fifth interspace between the ribs, upward through the pericardium and into the heart. The 34th verse of the 19th chapter of the Gospel according to St. John reports: “And immediately there came out blood and water.” That is, there was an escape of water fluid from the sac surrounding the heart, giving postmortem evidence that Our Lord died not the usual crucifixion death by suffocation, but of heart failure (a broken heart) due to shock and constriction of the heart by fluid in the pericardium.
Thus we have had our glimpse — including the medical evidence — of that epitome of evil which man has exhibited toward Man and toward God. It has been a terrible sight, and more than enough to leave us despondent and depressed. How grateful we can be that we have the great sequel in the infinite mercy of God toward man — at once the miracle of the atonement (at one ment) and the expectation of the triumphant Easter morning.
Are you moved by what Jesus did for you on the cross? Do you want to receive the salvation Jesus purchased for you at Calvary with His own blood? Pray this prayer with me:
Dear Lord Jesus,
I know that I am a sinner and need your forgiveness. I believe that You died on the cross for my sins and rose from the grave to give me life. I know You are the only way to God so now I want to quit disobeying You and start living for You. Please forgive me, change my life and show me how to know You. In Jesus' name. Amen.
Or you can call our CBN Prayer Counseling Center at (800) 759-0700. We would love to talk with you and send you some resources to help you begin your walk with the Lord.
How you can know you are forgiven:
The Bible, God's Word says: You were saved by faith in God, who treats us much better that we deserve. This is God's gift to you, and you have done nothing on your own (Ephesians 2:8).
For those who put their faith in Jesus: He gave them the right to be the children of God... God Himself was the one who made them His children (John 1:12-13).
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i don't know
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What English uprising ended with the death of one its leaders Wat Tyler in June 1381?
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Peasants Revolt - History Learning Site
History Learning Site
historylearningsite.co.uk . The History Learning Site , 5 Mar 2015. 20 Oct 2016.
Medieval England experienced few revolts but the most serious was the Peasants’ Revolt which took place in June 1381. A violent system of punishments for offenders was usually enough to put off peasants from causing trouble. Most areas in England also had castles in which soldiers were garrisoned, and these were usually enough to guarantee reasonable behaviour among medieval peasants.
An army of peasants from Kent and Essex marched on London. They did something no-one had done before or since – they captured the Tower of London. The Archbishop of Canterbury and the King’s Treasurer were killed. The king, Richard II, was only 14 at the time but despite his youth, he agreed to meet the peasants at a place called Mile End.
What were the peasants angry about and why had they come to London ?
1. After the Black Death , many manors were left short of workers. To encourage those who had survived to stay on their manor, many lords had given the peasants on their estates their freedom and paid them to work on their land. Now, nearly 35 years after the Black Death, many peasants feared that the lords would take back these privileges and they were prepared to fight for them.
2. Many peasants had to work for free on church land, sometimes up to two days in the week. This meant that they could not work on their own land which made it difficult to grow enough food for their families. Peasants wanted to be free of this burden that made the church rich but them poor. They were supported in what they wanted by a priest called John Ball from Kent.
3. There had been a long war with France. Wars cost money and that money usually came from the peasants through the taxes that they paid. In 1380, Richard II introduced a new tax called the Poll Tax. This made everyone who was on the tax register pay 5p. It was the third time in four years that such a tax had been used. By 1381, the peasants had had enough. 5p to them was a great deal of money. If they could not pay in cash, they could pay in kind, such as seeds, tools etc., anything that could be vital to survival in the coming year.
In May 1381, a tax collector arrived at the Essex village of Fobbing to find out why the people there had not paid their poll tax. He was thrown out by the villagers. In June, soldiers arrived to establish law and order. They too were thrown out as the villagers of Fobbing had now organised themselves and many other local villages in Essex had joined them. After doing this, the villagers marched on London to plead with the young king to hear their complaints.
One man had emerged as the leader of the peasants – Wat Tyler from Kent. As the peasants from Kent had marched to London, they had destroyed tax records and tax registers. The buildings which housed government records were burned down. They got into the city of London because the people there had opened the gates to them.
By mid-June the discipline of the peasants was starting to go. Many got drunk in London and looting took place. It is known that foreigners were murdered by the peasants. Wat Tyler had asked for discipline amongst those who looked up to him as their leader. He did not get it.
On June 14th, the king met the rebels at Mile End. At this meeting, Richard II gave the peasants all that they asked for and asked that they go home in peace. Some did. Others returned to the city and murdered the archbishop and Treasurer – their heads were cut off on Tower Hill by the Tower of London. Richard II spent the night in hiding in fear of his life.
On June 15th, he met the rebels again at Smithfield outside of the city’s walls. It is said that this was the idea of the Lord Mayor (Sir William Walworthe) who wanted to get the rebels out of the city. Medieval London was wooden and the streets were cramped. Any attempt to put down the rebels in the city could have ended in a fire or the rebels would have found it easy to vanish into the city once they knew that soldiers were after them.
At this meeting, the Lord Mayor killed Wat Tyler. We are not sure what happened at this meeting as the only people who could write about it were on the side of the king and their evidence might not be accurate. The death of Tyler and another promise by Richard to give the peasants what they asked for, was enough to send them home.
Walworth, bottom left hand corner, killing Tyler. Richard II is just behind Tyler and also addressing the peasants after Tyler’s death
By the summer of 1381, the revolt was over. John Ball was hanged. Richard did not keep any of his promises claiming that they were made under threat and were therefore not valid in law. Other leaders from both Kent and Essex were hanged. The poll tax was withdrawn but the peasants were forced back into their old way of life – under the control of the lord of the manor.
However, the lords did not have it their own way. The Black Death had caused a shortage of labour and over the next 100 years many peasants found that they could earn more (by their standards) as the lords needed a harvest in and the only people who could do it were the peasants. They asked for more money and the lords had to give it.
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Peasants' Revolt
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Which corporation operates the $multi-billion two-sided advertising service branded AdSense and AdWords?
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The Peasants Revolt
The Peasants' Revolt
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The Causes of the Peasants Revolt
The death of Edward III did not end the war with France, and taxation continued at very high levels. The poll taxes of 1377 (4d per head,) 1379 (the same,) and 1381 (12d per head) made the heaviest impact on the peasantry.
One response to excessive taxation was evasion: the Poll Tax returns of 1381 imply a one-third drop in the adult population since 1377.
Another response was resistance: London tax-collectors told the Exchequer that riots would erupt if attempts to levy the taxes were sustained.
Continued collection efforts finally sparked rebellion in south-east England and East Anglia.
The Geography of the Revolt
The first risings were in Essex and they rapidly spread to Kent and East Anglia. The disorder in these regions mainly involved the looting and destruction of landlords' property.
Large numbers of Kentish peasants assembled at Dartford (on the Thames) and then joined with Essex rebels and elected Wat Tyler as their leader. In June, they marched on London.
Secondary outbursts occurred in the North (York, Scaborough & Beverley), the West (Bridgewater, Salisbury and Winchester) and the Midlands (Leicester, Worcester and Northampton.)
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The rebels of Kent and Essex also found a spokesman in the person of John Ball. Ball was a priest who had been imprisoned by the Archbishop of Canterbury, and whom the rebels released from confinement. He preached a famous sermon to the rebels on the egalitarian theme "When Adam delved and Eve span, Who was then the gentleman?"
The rebels camped at Mile End fields (just east of London) 12 June 1381.
The next day they invaded Southwark, attacked Marshalsea prison, crossed London Bridge, and with the support of a London mob attacked John of Gaunt's palace - destroying everything of value that they could find.
The skull of Simon of Sudbury,
preserved in St Gregory's church, Sudbury, Suffolk ; work is now being done at the church, in conjunction with the College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, to have a facial reconstruction of Archbishop Simon produced from a CT scan of the mummified remains of his head. (Many thanks to Revd Jenny Seggar of St Gregory's for information about Simon of Sudbury, the skull, and the church).
On the 14th June (unopposed by the sizable garrison) the rebels entered the Tower of London and summarily executed the Archibshop of Canterbury, Simon of Sudbury (who was also Chancellor) along with three others.
His head was carried in triumph to London Bridge and displayed there.
Richard II at first made efforts to conciliate the rebels - offering them pardon if they would disperse to their homes. Richard rode out to speak to Wat Tyler, and two of Richard's followers killed him. Tyler's head replaced Sudbury's on London Bridge.
Deprived of their leader and enticed by promises of pardon, the rebellion collapsed. John Ball fled, but was captured and executed (July 1381.)
The Revolt's aftermath
Although the Peasants Revolt was brief in duration and did not achieve its aim of ending villeinage, its psychological impact was considerable. The broadness of its appeal and extent of its demands were quite exceptional.
The demands of the rebels for an end to villeinage, that all land should rent at 4d. per acre, and that the higher clergy should be abolished were extremely radical by the standards of the day.
The attack on the poll tax was the rebels' only success, for it was not reinstituted.
The rebels' radicalism did not extend to republicanism. They all insisted that they wanted to purge the traitors around the king - not harm the king himself. Wat Tyler and John Ball imagined a world where all were free and equal subjects of the king with no intermediate lords.
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Psychological tests which ask standardized questions, whose answers are assessed according to fixed measures are called?
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Chapter 3 Flashcards - Course Hero
The _____ of a test indicates the consistency of the scores it produces.
Reliability
Which of the following terms refers to how well a test measures what it is designed to measure?
Validity
Cathy is given the task of measuring the volume of water a wading pool will hold. Unfortunately, the instrument she chooses to use to accomplish this task is a thermometer. Cathy is carrying out a procedure that is NOT a _____ measure of volume.
Valid
Mr. Tate clearly specifies a test’s instructions for administration and scoring. He gives each individual in the room an hour to finish the visual-spatial task. Which of the following psychometric criterion has Mr. Tate used?
Standardization
A good psychological test is one that follows standardized procedures for scoring and...
...instructions for administration. (?)
Jonathan, a clinician, unintentionally makes generic and vague statements about his client Amy that do not specifically characterize her. The statements describe Amy as a strong person but also suggest that she could display fragility under difficult circumstances. This can be true for most people. Which of the following is Jonathan’s interpretation characteristic of?
"Barnum Effect"
Deciding which methods of assessment are appropriate for different types of clients in different types of situations is an aspect of:
Evidence-based Assessment (?)
A series of questions that clinicians administer in a face-to-face interaction with the client that enables the clinicians to make observations of their clients is known as...
...clinical interview
What type of interview relies on a set of open-ended questions designed to assess the client’s reasons for being in treatment, symptoms, health status, family background, and life history?
Unstructured interview
Dr. Sebastian is trying to determine Ralph’s reason for seeking treatment by asking him a series of open-ended questions. He wants to determine Ralph’s family background and life history. What type of assessment technique is Dr. Sebastian employing?
Unstructured interview
The _____ interview is a standardized series of assessment questions, with a predetermined wording and order.
Structured interview
In addition to noting the answers to questions in an unstructured interview, the clinician also observes the client’s _____.
Body language.
A clinician watches a client through a one-way mirror and records the number of times he engages in self-injurious behavior. This assessment method is commonly referred to as a...
...mental status examination (?)
When using the _____ interview, the clinician pursues specific lines of questioning based on the client’s answers to predetermined questions.
(SCID) Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Disorders (?)
Which of the following statement is true with regard to Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Disorders (SCID)?
Clinicians who administer the SCID modify the wording and order of questions to accommodate the particular individual whom they are examining.
Despite their names, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I and Axis II Disorders are actually which type of interviews?
Clinical Interview (?)
Which of the following is an advantage that the structured interview has over the unstructured interview?
The structured interview is a systematic approach that is less subject to variations from clinician to clinician than an unstructured interview. Also, anyone with proper training can administer the SCID. A SCID-based diagnosis of a mood disorder means the same thing regardless of who conducted the study.
A mental status examination ...
...assesses a client's current state of mind.
Which of the following is a structured tool that clinicians use as a brief screening device to assess dementia?
Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)
Which of the following areas assessed during a mental status exam is primarily relevant in terms of understanding a client’s receptivity to treatment?
Outcome = description of how the client looks, thinks, feels, and behaves. (?)
A(n) _____ is a method of objectively assessing a client’s behavior and functioning in a number of spheres, with particular attention to the symptoms associated with psychological disturbance.
Mental Status Examination
Mrs. Jones is 79 years old. She often forgets where she is and thinks she is a teenager. Doctors have diagnosed her condition as dementia. Which of the following structured tools will be used to assess her condition?
Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)
Which of the following is NOT one of the areas of functioning assessed by the mental status examination?
Features Assessed:
Appearance, attitudes, behavior, mood and affect, speech, thought processes, content of thought, perception, cognition, insight, and judgment.
Rachael’s therapist is trying to determine her current functioning by examining her behavior, thought process, mood and affect, insight, and judgment. The therapist is actually conducting a...
Mental status examination.
What kind of psychological test yields information about cognitive evaluation?
Blooms: Understand...
Through intelligence testing, clinicians can obtain standardized scores that...
...allow them to evaluate the cognitive strengths and weaknesses of their clients.
Who developed the first IQ test?
Alfred Binet
_____ is an index of intelligence derived from comparing the individual’s score on an intelligence test with the mean score for that individual’s reference group.
Deviation Intelligence (IQ)
The IQ score that is obtained by converting the client’s actual test score to a value that is a comparison of this score with other scores from individuals of a similar age and gender is referred to as the _____ IQ.
Deviation Intelligence
Which of the following IQ scores indicates average intelligence?
100 with a standard deviation of 15.
Which of the following tests provides an IQ score as well as measurements of other factors such as fluid reasoning, knowledge, and working memory?
SB5 (Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test)
Which of the following aspects of the Stanford-Binet 5 (SB5) indicate the ability to solve novel problems?
Fluid Reasoning
Jim was asked to assemble a three-dimensional puzzle while taking the SB5 Test. Which type of ability is assessed by SB5 in this situation?
Visual-Spatial Reasoning
The Stanford-Binet is to _____ as the WAIS-R is to _____.
Alfred Binet / David Wechsler (?)
Originally the Wechsler IQ test had two categories, verbal and...
...performance.
_____ measures visual-spatial and fluid reasoning
SB5 (Stanford-Binet 5)
Harvey is asked to recall a series of digits in forward order and backward order. Which of the following scales is being tested in Harvey’s case?
Working Memory
Which index of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV includes symbol search tests and coding tests?
Processing Speed
Which of the following is the main form of personality tests?
Self-Report and Projective Tests
A psychological test with standardized questions having fixed response categories that the test-taker completes independently is referred to as a
Self-report clinical inventory
Amelia takes a psychological test with standardized questions having fixed response category as “true” or “false.” She completes the test independently on the computer and reports the extent to which the responses are accurate characterizations. This test is objective in the sense that the scoring does not involve any form of subjective judgment on the part of the examiner. Which form of personality test did Amelia undertake?
Self-Report Test
Which of the following is the most commonly administered self-report inventory?
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) current version: MMPI-2
Recent efforts to revamp the MMPI-2 have involved the development of...
...restructured clinical scales (RC's) (?)
Which of the following self-report clinical inventories yields scores on ten “clinical” and three “validity” scales?
MMPI
Which of the following makes it possible to determine whether or not a person is lying on the MMPI-2?
L. Lie scale
Which of the following clinical scales of the MMPI-2 is designed to measure antisocial tendencies and moral attitudes?
4. Psychopathic deviat
The extent to which an individual ascribes to stereotypic sex-role behaviors and attitudes is measured by which scale of the MMPI-2?
5. Masculinity-feminity
Samantha has persistent delusions that the CIA is trying to kill her. Based on this information, on which subscale of the MMPI-2 would she be likely to score highly?
6. Paranoia (?)
A person who tends to worry too much and has unreasonable fears would probably score high on which scale of the MMPI-2?
7. Psychasthenia
Information about the test-taker’s defensiveness, misrepresentation of self, or confusion while taking the MMPI-2 can be gleaned from which scale scores?
8. Schizophrenia
Joshua is overactive and aggressive most of the times. He has an unrealistic sense of superiority and his behavior lacks substantial forethought. Which clinical scale of the MMPI-2-RF indicates Joshua's condition?
9. Hypomania
Which of the following is an advantage that the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) has over the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)?
One advantage of the PAI is that clinicians can use it with clients who may not have the language or reading skills to complete the MMPI-2.
Which of the following is an advantage of the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI)?
Unlike the MMPI, one calculates the validity scale independently of any of the content scales.
Which of the following indicates an advantage of SCL-90-R?
It focuses on the client's current status rather than asking about symptoms over a previous period of time.
Scott has just taken a self-report inventory that will indicate his scores on the five personality dimensions, or sets of traits.. The scales are designed so the test-taker can complete them as well as individuals who know the test-taker, such as spouses, partners, or relatives. Scott has just taken the...
NEO Personality Inventory (Revised)
The _____ technique requires the test-taker to comment on what he or she sees when presented with an ambiguous stimulus.
Projective
Why are,clients less guarded about their responses on projective tests?
Because they don't know how the assessor will interpret their answers.
Which of the following is the most famous projective technique?
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Which projective test consists of stimuli that are a series of black-and-white ink drawings and photographs portraying people in a variety of ambiguous contexts?
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Pablo’s therapist is telling him to look at black-and-white drawings that portray people in a variety of ambiguous situations. Pablo’s task is to tell a story about what is happening in each scene, focusing on such details as what the characters in the picture are thinking and feeling. Pablo’s therapist is administering the...
...Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
A person taking the TAT is asked to...
...tell a story about what is happening in each scene, focusing on such details as what the characters in the picture are thinking and feeling.
Measurement techniques based on objective recordings of an individual’s actions are referred to as...
...behavioral assessment.
Behaviors of interest or concern that the client and clinician wish to change are called...
...target behavior.
Which of the following records actions rather than responses to rating scales or questions?
Behavioral assessments
Process involving the recording of behavior in its natural context, such as the classroom or the home is known as _____ observation.
In vivo [observation]
Dr. Donahue is observing a hyperactive boy’s aggressive behavior on the playground. Dr. Donahue is engaging in...
...in vivo observation.
_____ take place in a setting or context such as a clinician’s office or a laboratory specifically designed for observing the target behavior.
Analog observations
Since some natural settings do not lend themselves to unobtrusive observation, many clinicians utilize the technique of...
...analog observations. (?)
Which method of behavioral assessment requires that the client provide information about the frequency of particular behaviors?
Behavioral self-report.
A behavioral self-reporting technique in which the client keeps a record of the frequency of specified behaviors is known as _____.
Self-monitoring.
Dr. Schwartz is requesting that his client keep a tally of the number of times per hour he says negative things to his wife. Which assessment technique is Dr. Schwartz employing?
Self-monitoring.
_____ is an assessment process in which clinicians ask questions about the target behavior’s frequency, antecedents, and consequences.
Behavioral interviewing
Dr. Winger questions her client about his drinking problem, focusing on events that precede and follow a drinking binge. This specific technique is called...
Behavioral interviewing.
An assessment process in which clinicians take into account the person’s cultural, ethnic, and racial background is known as _____.
Multicultural assessment.
Lian, a Chinese American, was asked by her clinician if she could speak English fluently. The clinician took into account Lian’s cultural, ethnic, and racial background. Which of the following was performed by Lian’s clinician?
Multicultural assessment.
The process of gathering information about a client’s brain functioning on the basis of performance on psychological tests is referred to as _____ assessment.
Neuropsychological [assessment].
Which of the following is true about neuropsychological assessment?
Clinicians use neuropsychological assessment measures to attempt to determine the functional correlates of brain damage by comparing a client's performance on a particular test with normative data from individuals who are known to have certain types of injuries or disorders. (?)
According to the clinicians, which of the following refers to the ability to formulate goals, make plans, carry out those plans, and then complete the plans in an effective way??
"Executive function"
...evaluates frontal lobe functioning, and focuses on attention, scanning of visual stimuli, and number sequencing.
Which of the following measures visuospatial ability?
Clock Drawing Test & Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST)
Which of the following is a test of executive functioning?
A test that evaluates frontal lobe functioning, and focuses on attention, scanning of visual stimuli, and number sequencing. (?)
Which of the following is assessed by the Boston Naming Test (BNT)?
Language capacity.
Alan, a child with learning disabilities, was assessed by a neuropsychologist. The test contained 60 line drawings of objects ranging in familiarity. Alan was supposed to choose from among four choices to correctly identify the object. Simple items were those that had high frequency. Which of the following tests was used by the neuropsychologist to assess Alan’s condition?
Boston Naming Test (BNT)
Which of the following tests is used to assess adults who suffer from brain injury and dementia?
Boston Naming Test (BNT)
Which of the following is assessed by the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test?
Auditory information processing speed, flexibility, and calculation ability.
The tasks on the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test require that the client...
...responds before hearing the next digit to score the response correctly.
Which of the following is used by clinicians to extensively assess the functioning of individuals with multiple sclerosis?
Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT)
Which neuropsychological test investigates a variety of memory functions that includes tests of working and long-term memory for visual and verbal stimuli?
Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS-IV)
Testing in which the client’s responses to earlier questions determine the subsequent questions presented to them is known as _____ testing.
adaptive
The Cambridge Neuropsychological Testing Automated Battery (CANTAB) consists of 22 subtests that assess...
...visual memory, working memory, executive function and planning, attention, verbal memory, and decision making and response control.
Which of the following describes the Glascow Coma Scale (GCS)?
A common test that clinicians use in cases of possible traumatic brain injury.
An assessment method that provides a picture of the brain’s structures or level of activity and therefore is a useful tool for “looking” at the brain is known as _____.
Neuroimaging.
Which of the following is a measure of changes in the electrical activity of the brain?
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
_____ activity reflects the extent to which an individual is alert, resting, sleeping, or dreaming.
EEG
Clinicians use EEGs to evaluate clients for conditions such as...
...epilepsy, sleep disorders, and brain tumors.
The _____ consists of a series of X-rays taken from various angles around the body that are integrated by a computer to product a composite picture.
Computed axial tomography (CAT or CT scan)
Which imaging method provides an image of a cross-sectional slice of the brain from any angle or level?
CAT / CT scan
A computed axial tomography (CAT or CT scan)...
...provide an image of the fluid-filled areas of the brain, the ventricles.
The use of radiowaves rather than X-rays to construct a picture of the living brain based on the water content of various tissues is known as _____.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Objective
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Al Jazeera means 'The (What?)'?
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Autism: Assessment Procedures
Assessment Procedures
Taken from APPENDIX B of:
Best Practices for Designing and Delivering Effective Programs for Individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorders: Recommendations of the Collaborative Work Group on Autistic Spectrum Disorders
Sponsored by the California Departments of Education and Developmental Services - July 1997
DIAGNOSTIC AND ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENTS APPROPRIATE FOR USE WITH CHILDREN WITH AUTISTIC SPECTRUM DISORDERS
The following instruments are used by educators, clinicians, and researchers to assess children suspected of, or previously diagnosed with, a pervasive developmental disorder. The instruments were selected for this list because they are used to measure specific dimensions of a child's development, environment, or family. The instruments listed provide measures of development in different domains of functioning. Rate of change in those domains is sometimes used as a baseline or as a follow-up measure of developmental progress or response to educational programming. Some of the instruments listed below are critically reviewed in Burros' Mental Measurement Yearbook. References are available on each device listed.
Diagnostic Assessment
Autism Diagnostic Interview - Revised
The Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) is a semi-structured, investigator-based interview for caregivers of children and adults for whom autism or pervasive developmental disorders is a possible diagnosis. Two studies (Lord, Rutter, R LeCouteur, 1994; Lord, Storoschuk, Rutter, R Pickles, 1993) were conducted to assess the psychometric properties of the ADI-R. Reliability was tested among 10 autistic (mean age 48.9 months) and 10 mentally handicapped or language-impaired children (mean age 50.1 months), and validity was tested among an additional 15 autistic and 15 nonautistic children. Results indicated the ADI-R was a reliable and valid instrument for diagnosing autism in preschool children. Inter-rater reliability and internal consistency were good, and inter-class correlations were very high.
A standard diagnostic interview is conducted at home or in a clinic. The ADI-R is considered by some professionals in the field as a measure of high diagnostic accuracy. It takes several hours to administer and score. The ADI-R is recognized as one of the better standardized instruments currently available for establishing a diagnosis of autism. It is a semi-structured interview administered to subjects' caregivers which determines whether or not an individual meets the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed., revised) criteria for autism. The authors of the ADI-R plan to update the scoring procedure so it reflects DSM-IV criteria. The assessment begins with a home visit by a therapist who interviews the child's parents. A home visit provides a chance to meet the child and to get a sense of the parents' priorities. This interview may be scheduled as part of the in-clinic assessment (Rutter, Lord, & LeCouteur, 1990).
Prelinguistic Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule
The Prelinguistic Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (PL-ADOS) (DiLavore, Lord, & Rutter, 1995) is a semi-structured observation scale for diagnosing children who are not yet using phrase speech and who are suspected of having autism. The scale is administered to the child with the help of a parent. This instrument provides an opportunity to observe specific aspects of the child's social behavior, such as joint attention, imitation, and sharing of affect with the examiner and parent. PL-ADOS scores are reported to discriminate between children with autism and children with nonautistic developmental disabilities. The resulting diagnostic algorithm is theoretically linked to diagnostic constructs associated with International Classification of Diseases (10th revision) and DSM-IV criteria for autism.
Childhood Autism Rating Scale
The Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) was developed by the Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication Handicapped Children (TEACCH) program staff in North Carolina to formalize observations of the child's behavior throughout the day. This 15-item behavior-rating scale helps to identify children with autism and to distinguish them from developmentally disabled children who are not autistic. Brief, convenient, and suitable for use with any child older than two years of age, the CARS makes it much easier for clinicians and educators to recognize and classify autistic children. Developed over a 15-year period, with more than 1,500 cases, CARS includes items drawn from five prominent systems for diagnosing autism. Each item covers a particular characteristic, ability, or behavior. After observing the child and examining relevant information from parent reports and other records, the examiner rates the child on each item. Using a seven-point scale, he or she indicates the degree to which the child's behavior deviates from that of a normal child of the same age. A total score is computed by summing the individual ratings on each of the 15 items. Children who score above a given point are categorized as autistic. In addition, scores falling within the autistic range can be divided into two categories: mild-to-moderate and severe. Professionals who have had only minimal exposure to autism can easily be trained to use CARS. Two training videos showing how to use and score the scale are available from Western Psychological Services (WPS) (Schopler, Reichler, DeVellis, & Daly, 1988; Schopler, Reichler, & Renner, 1986).
Autism Behavior Checklist
The Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC) is a general measure of autism. It is not as reliable as the CARS or ADI-R. Correlations between the ABC and CARS ranged from 0.16 to 0.73 in a study by Eaves and Milner (1993). The CARS correctly identified 98 percent of the autistic subjects; it identified 69 percent of the possibly autistic as autistic. The ABC correctly identified 88 percent of the autistic subjects, while it identified 48 percent of the possibly autistic as autistic. In two separate studies, teachers' ratings on the ABC failed to reveal a common set of characteristics of students with high functioning Autistic Disorder (Myles, Simpson, & Johnson, 1995) and Asperger's Disorder (Ghaziuddin, N., Metler, Ghaziuddin, M., Tsai, & Luke, 1993).
Checklist for Autism in Toddlers
The Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT) is a screening instrument designed to detect core autistic features to enable treatment as early as eighteen months. The most effective treatment currently available for autism is early educational intervention, beginning as soon as possible after a child's diagnosis. Unfortunately, intervention rarely begins before the age of three years because few autistic children are diagnosed before they reach preschool age. CHAT offers physicians a means of diagnosing autism in infancy so that educational programs can be started months or even years before most symptoms become obvious. According to the authors, "We stress that the CHAT should not be used as a diagnostic instrument, but it can alert the primary health professional to the need for an expert... referral."
This first study (Baron-Cohen, Allen, & Gillberg, 1992) using the CHAT re- vealed that key psychological predictors of autism at thirty months are showing two or more of the following at eighteen months: (a) lack of pretend play, (b) lack of protodeclarative pointing, (c) lack of social interest, (d) lack of social play, and (e) lack of joint-attention. The CHAT detected all four cases of autism in a total sample of 91 eighteen-month-old children. The authors recommend that if a child lacks any combination of these key types of behavior on examination at eighteen months, it makes good clinical sense to refer him or her for a diagnostic assessment by a specialist with experhse m auQsm.
A second study (Baron-Cohen, Cox, Baird, Swettenham, Nightingale, Morgan, Drew, & Charman, 1996) concluded that "consistent failure of three key items from the CHAT at eighteen months of age carries an 83.3 percent risk of autism, and this pattern of risk indicator is specific to autism when compared to other forms of developmental delay." In the second study, research data on 16,000 children suggested that children who failed three items on the CHAT are at high risk of being autistic. The items include protodeclarative pointing (pointing at an object to direct another person's attention to it not to obtain the item, but simply to share an interest in it); gaze monitoring (turning to look in the same direction as an adult is looking); and pretend play. The false positive rate for detection of autism using the CHAT is estimated at 16.6 percent.
Real Life Rating Scale
The Real Life Rating Scale (RLRS) (Freeman, Ritvo, Yokota, & Ritvo, 1986) is a scale used to assess the effects of treatment on 47 behaviors in the motor, social, affective, language, and sensory domains among autistic persons. The RLRS is applicable in natural settings by nonprofessional raters, is rapidly scored by hand, and can be repeated frequently without affecting inter-observer agreement. Data are presented on inter-rater agreement among novice and experienced observers. Instructions for the scale, target behaviors, and definitions are appended to the journal article.
Pervasive Developmental Disorder Screening Test
The Pervasive Developmental Disorder Screening Test (PDDST) (Siegel, 1996) is designed to be administered in settings where concerns about possible autistic spectrum disorders arise. Different "stages" of the PDDST correspond to representative populations in (a) primary care clinics; (b) developmental clinics; and (c) autism clinics. The PDDST is designed as a screening test and is a parent report measure. As such, it does not constitute a full clinical description of early signs of autism but does reflect those early signs that have been found to be reportable by parents and correlated with later clinical diagnosis.
Autism Screening Instrument for Educational Planning (2nd ed.)
The Autism Screening Instrument for Educational Planning (2nd ed.) (ASIEP- 2) (Krug, Arick, & Almond, 1993) is a major revision of one of the most popular individual assessment instruments available for evaluating and planning for subjects with autistic behavior characteristics. Standardized and researched in diagnostic centers throughout the world, ASIEP-2 uses five components to provide data on five unique aspects of behavior with individuals from eighteen months through adult- hood. The components of the ASIEP examine behavior in five areas: Sensory, Relating, Body Concept, Language, and Social Self-Help. The ASIEP-2 samples vocal behavior, assesses interactions and communication, and determines learning rate. In combination, ASIEP-2 subtests provide a profile of abilities in spontaneous verbal behavior, social interaction, educational level, and learning characteristics. Revisions to the ASIEP-2 include a new decision matrix, a new norming table section, and simplified administration of the Prognosis of Learning Rate Subtest. The author reports a strong intercorrelation among the ASIEP-2 subtests and the utility of the battery to distinguish among groups of subjects with a variety of disabilities. ASIEP-2 components have been normed individually. Percentiles and standard scores are provided for the five subtests.
Diagnostic Checklist for Behavior-Disturbed Children (Form E-2)
The Form E-2 Diagnostic Checklist (Rimland, 1971), developed at the Institute for Child Behavior Research, was proposed as an assessment instrument that differentiates between cases of "classical" autism and a broader range of children with "autistic-like" features. Questions on Form E-2 reference behaviors in children between birth and age six years. This questionnaire is completed by the child's parents. The form is intended to be used to identify autism for "biological research." Rimland is clear that Form E-2 is not designed to determine whether or not a child is autistic for the purposes of being admitted to an educational or rehabilitative program.
Gilliam Autism Rating Scale
Designed for use by teachers, parents, and professionals, the Gilliam Autism Rating Scale (GARS) (Gilliam & Janes, 1995) helps to identify and diagnose autism in individuals ages three through twenty-two years and to estimate the severity of the problem. Items on the GARS are based on the definitions of autism adopted by the DSM-IV. The items are grouped into four subtests: stereotyped behaviors, communication, social interaction, and developmental disturbances. The GARS has three core subtests that describe specific and measurable behaviors.
An optional subtest (Developmental Disturbances) allows parents to con- tribute data about their child's development during the first three years of life. Validity and reliability of the instrument are high. Coefficients of reliability (internal consistency, test-retest, and inter-scorer) for the subtests are all in the 0.80s and 0.90s. Behaviors are assessed using objective, frequency-based ratings. The entire scale can be completed in five to ten minutes by persons who have knowledge of the child's behavior or the greatest opportunity to observe him or her. Standard scores and percentiles are provided.
Developmental Assessment
Psychoeducational Profile-Revised
The Psychoeducational Profile-Revised (PEP-R) (Schopler, Reichler, Bashford, Lansing, & Marcus, 1990) offers a developmental approach to the assessment of children with autism or related developmental disorders. It is an inventory of behaviors and skills designed to identify uneven and idiosyncratic learning patterns. The test is most appropriately used with children functioning at or below the preschool range and within the chronological age range of six months to seven years. The PEP-R provides information on developmental functioning in imitation, perception, fine motor, gross motor, eye-hand integration, cognitive performance, and cognitive verbal areas. The PEP-R also identifies degrees of behavioral abnormality in relating and affect (cooperation and human interest), play and interest in materials, sensory responses, and language.
The PEP-R kit consists of a set of toys and learning materials that are presented to a child within structured play activities. The examiner observes, evaluates, and records the child's responses during the test. There are 131 developmental and 43 behavioral items on the PEP-R. The total time required to administer and score these items varies From 45 minutes to 1.5 hours. Because it is not a test of speed, variations in total testing time depend on the child's levels of functioning and any behavior management problems that arise during the testing situation. At the end of the session, the child's scores are distributed among seven developmental and four behavioral areas. The resulting profiles depict a child's relative strengths and weaknesses in different areas of development and behavior. The Developmental Scale tells where a child is functioning relative to peers. The items on the Behavioral Scale have the separate, but related, assessment function of identifying responses and behaviors consistent with a diagnosis of autism. The PEP-R provides a third and unique score called emerging. A response scored "emerging" is one that indicates some knowledge of what is required to complete a task, but not the full understanding or skill necessary to do so successfully.
The Adolescent and Adult Psychoeducational Profile (AAPEP) extends the PEP- R to meet the needs of adolescents and adults.
Southern California Ordinal Scales of Development
The Southern California Ordinal Scales of Development (SCOSD), which is available from Western Psychological Services, was developed by the California Department of Education, Diagnostic Center in Southern California (1985). The developmental scales of cognition, communication, social affective behavior, practical abilities, gross motor, and fine motor abilities are based on two fundamental principles. First, they draw extensively on the developmental theories of Jean Piaget. Each scale is divided according to the levels and stages that Piaget describes in his writings on human development. Second, the SCOSD incorporates assessment techniques that aim to minimize the constraints of traditional, standardized ability testing. When possible, the examiner is encouraged to observe the child in his or her natural environment, using materials that are readily available and familiar. In interpreting the results of assessment, the examiner arrives at a total picture of the child's abilities in terms of the particular developmental scale.
The SCOSD is criterion-referenced rather than norm-referenced. Assessment procedures are flexible, rather than fixed, and the scoring system takes into account the quality as well as the quantity of responses.
Developmental Play Assessment Instrument
The Developmental Play Assessment Instrument (Lifter, Sulzer-Azaroff, Ander- son, R Edwards-Cowdery, 1993) is an instrument used to assess the play develop- ment of children with disabilities relative to the play of nondisabled children. The developmental quality of toy play is evaluated according to the level of pretend play and the frequency and variety of play activities within the level identified.
Brigance Inventory of Early Development
The Brigance Inventory (Brigance, 1978) is criterion-referenced rather than norm-referenced. While useful for assessment purposes, its value is in identifying instructional objectives, serving as a guide for measuring those objectives, and providing an ongoing tracking system. The Brigance Inventory is intended for informal assessment of several aspects of child development and is for children functioning at developmental levels from birth to seven years of age. Major areas assessed include general knowledge and comprehension, speech and language, preacademics, self-help, and psychomotor skills. Within these major areas, there are 98 subtests of sequenced developmental skills.
The Brigance Inventory permits different administrations to be used, such as observation, direct testing of the child, or reports from caretakers, child-care workers, or teachers. To elicit the child's maximum performance, clinicians are encouraged to allow children to respond in any possible fashion, such as pointing, eye localizations, or verbalizing. Clinicians are encouraged to adapt materials to best meet the needs of the child to get a response.
Reliability and validity measures of the Brigance Inventory are limited, as is true of most criterion-referenced instruments. There is no reported reliability or validity data in the manual.
The value of the Brigance Inventory lies in its ability to identify a child's pattern of strengths and weaknesses in several areas. The items are representative of a curriculum appropriate for an early childhood program and thus are easily linked to instructional planning and intervention (Bagnato, 1985). Another benefit of relating items to teaching and planning is that repeated assessments with the Brigance Inventory can pinpoint areas of gains and losses. The obvious caution here is to avoid teaching to the test since the items are so very specific. (See an article by Gory, 1985, for a review of the Brigance Inventory.)
Adaptive Assessment
Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales
The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS) (Sparrow, Balla, & Cicchetti, 1984) comes in three forms varying in degree of detail and proposed setting. There is the Survey Form, the Expanded Form, and the Classroom Edition. The VABS is administered by interviewing the child's parents, teachers, or care providers. The scales range in age from birth to nineteen years. Raw scores from communication, daily living skills, socialization, motor skills, and maladaptive behaviors are converted to standard scores with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. The Adaptive Behavior composite score includes the domains noted above and reflects overall adaptive ability.
Questions have been raised about the scales' standardization and the accuracy of standard scores across the age range. One problem is lack of uniformity of scores across various ages. Depending upon the child's age, means and standard deviations differ. Thus, comparing the same child's performance on reassessment is compromised, as is the accuracy of any composite score. Differences among domain scores may be more apparent than real because of variable scores. There is considerable over- lap among the various domains with both communication and daily living domains containing questions about the child's language ability.
Communication Assessment
Sequenced Inventory of Communication Development (Rev. ed.)
The Sequenced Inventory of Communication Development (Rev. ed.) (SICD- R) (Hedrick, Prather, R Tobin 1984) tests a variety of early communication skills, giving a broad perspective of the semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic aspects of a child's receptive and expressive language. It combines parental report items with behavioral items that incorporate materials and methods to keep children's attention. The test provides for assignment of communication ages and for determining initial goals in communication programming. (Available from University of Washington Press, Seattle, Wash.)
The Nonspeech Test for Receptive/Expressive Language
The Nonspeech Test (Huer, 1988) is designed to provide a systematic way for observing, recording, and summarizing the variety of means in which an individual may communicate. This tool determines a person's skills as a communicator, whether speech or nonverbal means are used for communication. It allows for easy development of IEP objectives from the test response forms. (Available from Don Johnston Developmental Equipment, Inc.)
Assessing Semantic Skills Through Everyday Themes
The Assessing Semantic Skills Through Everyday Themes (ASSET) (Barrett, Zachman, & Huisingh, 1988) is a test of receptive and expressive semantics for pre- school and early elementary children. It is built around six common themes, which represent aspects of everyday life that are familiar and important to preschool and early elementary children. Test items emphasize vocabulary that is meaningful and relevant to the experiences of young children. There are five receptive and five expressive subtests, which are designed to elicit responses by questions or directions from the examiner, that refer to the illustrations in the picture stimuli book. Nonverbal performances on receptive vocabulary tasks can be compared to verbal responses on the expressive subtests. This evaluation instrument provides standardized analyses of receptive, expressive, and overall vocabulary abilities. (Available from LinguiSystems, Inc., Moline, Ill.)
Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test CRev. ed.)
The Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test (Rev. ed.) (Gardner, 1990) measures the child's ability to verbally label objects and people. The child must identify, by word, a single object or a group of objects on the basis of a single concept. This is a standardized test that provides age equivalents, standard scores, scaled scores, percentile ranks, and stanines. (Available 6om Academic Therapy Publications, Novato, Calif.)
Receptive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test (Rev. ed.)
The Receptive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test (Rev. ed.) (Gardner, 1990) obtains an estimate of a child's one-word hearing vocabulary based on what the child has learned from home and school. It provides information about the child's ability to understand language. This is a standardized test that provides age equivalents, stan- dard scores, scaled scores, percentile ranks, and stanines. (Available from Academic Therapy Publications, Novato, Calif.)
Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals Preschool
The Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals Preschool (CELF-P) (Wiig, Secord, R Semel, 1992) is a tool for identifying, diagnosing, and performing follow-up evaluations of language de6cits in preschool children. It assesses receptive and expressive language ability, including semantics, morphology, syntax, and auditory memory. It is standardized for ages three years and zero months through six years and eleven months. (Available from The Psychological Corporation, San Diego, Calif.)
ECOScales
The ECOScales Manual (MacDonald, Gillette, R Hutchinson, 1989) provides a model for evaluating the interactive and communication skills of preconversational children and their caregivers. The model is designed for both program planning and progress monitoring as well as for determining the child's performance. The ECOScales assessment approach assumes the adult is an active participant in the child learning to communicate. The ECOScales is an interactive approach which charts development from early play to conversations. Five levels of interactive development and delays are considered. The ECOScales Manual identifies disorders, not in terms of linguistic performance alone, but in terms of interaction skills and their role in fostering communication.
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (III)
The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (III) (PPVT-III) (Dunn & Dunn, 1981) measures an individual's receptive vocabulary for standard American English. It measures one facet of general intelligence: vocabulary. It takes a relatively short period of time to administer and may be used as an initial screening device. (Available from American Guidance Service, Circle Pines, Minn.)
Reynell Developmental Language Scales
The Reynell Developmental Language Scales (Reynell, 1987) is a language test for children from one to seven years. The Reynell measures comprehension (receptive language) and expressive language and is widely used with language-delayed children. This test will be given to all subjects at intake, at 12 months into treatment, at 24 months into treatment, and at follow-up to provide an index of the rate of growth in language functioning.
Preschool Language Scale (3rd ed.)
The Preschool Language Scale (3rd ed.) (PLS-III) (Zimmerman, Steiner, & Pond, 1992) has two standardized subscales, Auditory Comprehension and Expressive Communication, which allows evaluation of a child's relative ability in receptive and expressive language. When comparing scores, one can determine whether deficiencies are primarily receptive or expressive in nature or whether they reflect a delay or disorder in communication. Precursors of receptive skills (with a focus on attention abilities) and precursors to expressive skills (with a focus on social communication and vocal development) are also assessed. Supplemental measures include the Articulation Screener, the Language Sample Checklist, and the Family Information and Suggestions Form. (Available from The Psychological Corporation, San Diego, Calif.)
Infant/Toddler Assessment
Bayley Scales of Infant Development (2nd ed.)
New norms were recently developed for the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (2nd ed.) (BSID-II) (Bayley, 1993). The BSID-II allows diagnostic assessment at an earlier age. The BSID-II was designed to identify children who have a cognitive or motor delay and suggests needed forms of intervention. The BSID-II has been renormed on a stratified random sample of 1,700 children (850 boys and 850 girls) ages one month to forty-two months, grouped at one-month to three-month intervals, closely paralleling the 1988 U.S. Census statistics on the variables of age, sex, region, race and ethnicity, and parental education. The Behavior Rating Scale (formerly the Infant Behavior Record) was revised in both structure and content. The Mental Scale yields a normalized standard score called the Mental Development Index, evaluating a variety of abilities, including sensory-perceptual acuities, discriminations, and response acquisition of object constancy memory, learning, and problem solving, vocalization, beginning verbal communication, mental mapping, complex language and mathematical concept formation. The Motor Scale assesses degree of body control, large-muscle coordination, fine motor manipulatory skills, postural imitation, and motor quality.
The Behavior Rating Scale provides information to supplement the Mental and Motor scales. The 30-item scale rates the child's relevant test-taking behaviors and measures attention, arousal, orientation, engagement, and emotional regulation.
Mullen Scales of Early Learning
The Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) (AGS Edition, 1997) assesses early cognitive ability and motor development. This new standardized version of the MSEL combines the old Infant Mullen and the Preschool Mullen into one instrument that allows comprehensive assessment of language, motor, and perceptual abilities for children of all ability levels. Test ages range from birth to five years, eight months. This revised and updated version includes five additional scales, including Gross Motor, Visual Reception, Fine Motor, Expressive Language, and Receptive Language. Test scores provide an objective foundation for intervention planning and serve as baseline data for a continuum of appropriate teaching methods and interactions. The MSEL evaluates visual and language abilities at both receptive and expressive levels and provides a framework in which to examine infant development and interactional patterns. This test identifies uneven learning patterns and children who need support (visual and auditory) for weaknesses in reception and memory and indicates when input should be reduced because of sensory overload. The scale helps facilitate appropriate parent/child interactions, and assists in identifying the instructional approach, which links the ISP to the IFSP.
The publisher reports that it takes 15 minutes to assess a one-year-old using all five scales; 25-35 minutes to assess a three-year-old; and 40-60 minutes to assess a five-year-old. Mullen ASSIST computer software is available for scoring and report writing. (Available from American Guidance Service, Circle Pines, Minn.)
Early Coping Inventory
Early Coping Inventory (Zeitlin, Williamson, & Szczepanski, 1988) is an observation instrument to assess the coping behaviors that are used by infants and toddlers in everyday living. Analysis of a child's scores provides information about level of coping effectiveness, style, and strengths and weaknesses. The inventory has 48 items divided into three categories: sensorimotor organization, reactive behavior, and self- initiated behavior. It is designed to be used for children between ages four to thirty-six months, or for older children who function within this developmental range. (Avail- able from Scholastic Testing Service, Inc., Bensenville, Ill.)
Standardized Tests of Intelligence
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (Rev. ed.)
The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (Rev. ed.) (WPPSI- R) (Wechsler, 1989) is a frequently used intelligence test for children from three to seven years of age. It represents the gold standard for assessment for a multitude of situations. In addition, use of the WPPSI-R during preschool years dovetails smoothly with use of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (Rev. ed.) as children enter school and require reassessment.
The WPPSI-R contains the 11 original WPPSI subtests and an additional performance subtest, Object Assembly, which consists of colorful, appealing puzzles. Animal Pegs (formerly Animal House) and Sentences are now optional subtests. A design-recognition task was added to the Geometric Design subtest so that it now has two parts: Visual Recognition/Discrimination for younger children and Drawing of Geometric Figures for older children. The WPPSI-R provides norms for 17 age groups divided by three-month intervals from three years through seven years, three months. The norms are based on a standardization sample of 1,700 children stratified by age, race, sex, geographic region, parents' education, and parents' occupation. Subtest scaled scores are expressed as standard scores with a mean of 10 and standard deviation of 3.
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (3rd ed.)
While retaining the basic structure and content of the revised edition, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Third Edition (WISC-III) (Wechslgr, 1991) has up- dated normative data, improved items and design, and an added optional subtest. The WISC-III includes numerous additional statistical tables and relevant validity information. The WISC-III continues Wechsler's concept of intelligence as a global but multifaceted entity that can be inferred from a child's performance on a series of tasks. It is valuable for psychoeducational assessment, diagnosis, placement, and planning. WISC-III can be used to diagnose exceptionality among school-aged children and has a strong place in clinical and neuropsychological assessment and in research. Like the WPPSI-R, the WISC-III is widely used and generally regarded as the best standardized measure of intelligence. (Available from The Psychological Corporation, San Diego, Calif.)
Differential Ability Scales
The Differential Ability Scales (DAS) (Elliott, 1990) measures overall cognitive ability and specific abilities in children and adolescents. It is better suited for intellectually higher-functioning children with autism. The DAS assesses multidimensional abilities in children ages two years and six months to seventeen years and eleven months. It is administered individually and takes 45 to 65 minutes for the full cognitive battery. The achievement test takes 15 to 25 minutes to administer.
The seventeen cognitive and three achievement subtests yield an overall cognitive ability score and achievement scores. The three achievement subtests are Basic Number Skills, Spelling, and Word Reading. The DAS allows the examiner to explore differences among the various cognitive abilities as well as differences between cognitive abilities and academic achievement. Colorful, manipulative materials enhance the testing for preschoolers. The Preschool Level measures reasoning as well as verbal, perceptual, and memory abilities and is suitable for ages two years and six months to six years. The school-age level contains a variety of tasks suitable for children ages seven years to 17 years and 11 months.
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (4th ed.)
The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (4th ed.) (SBIS-IV) (Thorndike, Hagen, & Sattler, 1986) has a new format and scoring system, mostly new items, and a new national standardization. The SBIS-IV is for individuals ages two years to adult. It provides scores in four areas: Verbal Reasoning, Abstract and Visual Reasoning, Quantitative Reasoning, and Short-Term Memory; and a Composite Score that is equivalent to the Wechsler Scales Full Scale IQ. Standard scores with means of 100 and standard deviations of 16 are available for each of the four areas. The areas are composed of one or more subtests; the exact subtests administered depend on the individual's age and his or her performance. The subtests have a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 8.
Tests of Nonverbal Intelligence
Columbia Mental Maturity Scale (3rd ed.)
The Columbia Mental Maturity Scale (3rd ed.) (CMMS-III) (Burgemeister, Blum, & Lorge, 1972) is useful in evaluating children who have sensory or motor defects or who have difficulty speaking and, to some extent, reading. The test does not depend on reading skills. It provides age deviation scores (standard scores) for chronological ages between three years and six months and nine years and eleven months. The age deviation scores range from 50 to 150, with a mean of 100 and standard deviation of 16. A second score, the Maturity Index, indicates the standardization age group most similar to that of the child in terms of test performance.
The task is to have the child select the one drawing that is different from the others on each card. However, autistic children may have difficulty understanding the concept of pointing to the "one that does not belong." This untimed test usually takes 15 to 20 minutes to administer and is simple to score. The child is required to make perceptual discriminations involving color, shape, size, use, number, missing parts, and symbolic material. Tasks include simple perceptual classifications and abstract manipulation of symbolic concepts. The CMMS-III appears to measure general reasoning ability, although there is some evidence that it may be more of a test of the ability to form and use concepts than a test of general intelligence (Reuter & Mintz, 1970).
The scale provides a means for evaluating intelligence through the use of non- verbal stimuli. It can be useful as an aid in evaluating children with disabilities and may be less culturally loaded than some other intelligence tests. However, the scores obtained on the CMMS-III are not interchangeable with those on the SBIS-IV, WISC- R"or WPPSI-R.
Merrill-Palmer Scale of Mental Tests
The Merrill-Palmer Scale of Mental Tests (MPSMT) (Stutsman, 1931) is for children from one year and six months to six years. The MPSMT is widely used as a nonverbal test instrument for assessing visual-spatial skills (e.g., Howlin & Rutter, 1987) and can be used for young autistic children at the beginning of intervention, at 12 months, and at 24 months into the intervention. Visual-spatial skills are an area of strength for many children with autism. The MPSMT enables a more detailed assessment of visual-perceptual functioning than is provided by the BSID-II or WPPSI=R
Leiter International Performance Scale
The Leiter International Performance Scale (LIPS) (Leiter, 1948) measures intelligence independent of language ability for children age three years and older. Administration time is 30 to 45 minutes. Because directions are communicated by pantomime, the LIPS is widely used with non-English-speaking subjects, illiterate or disadvantaged individuals, and those with speech, hearing, or other medical disabilities. The LIPS provides activities which foster attention and allow observation of a student's approach to problem solving and his or her emotional reactions. The subject matches blocks with corresponding characteristic strips positioned in the sturdy wooden frame. Level of difficulty increases at each age level. The LIPS yields a Mental Age and IQ data. The LIPS scale has four tests at each year level. The scale has a number of limitations, including uneven item difficulty levels, outdated pictures, a small number of tests at each year level, and use of the ratio IQ. The most serious difficulties are the outdated norms, inadequate standardization, and lack of information about the reliability of the scale for various age levels. Because the norms underestimate the child's intelligence, Leiter (1959) recommended that five points be added to the IQ obtained on the scale.
While the LIPS has a number of limitations, it does merit consideration as an aid in clinical diagnosis (rather than as a measure of general intelligence), especially in testing language-handicapped children who cannot be evaluated by the SBIS-IV, WISC-III, or WPPSI-R. However, although the test may be less culturally loaded than some other intelligence tests, there is no evidence that it is a culture fair measure of intelligence.
Test of Nonverbal Intelligence (2nd ed.)
The Test of Nonverbal Intelligence (2nd ed.) (TONI-II) (Brown, Sherbenou, & Johnsen, 1990) is a language-free measure of cognitive ability. It measures abstract figural problem solving in children age five years and older. Administration time is 10 to 15 minutes. The TONI-II contains 55 problem-solving tasks that progressively increase in complexity and difficulty. Each item presents a set of figures where one or more of the items is missing. The child with autism must be able to examine the differences among the figures, identify problem solving rules that define the relationship, and select a correct response.
The TONI-II is a language-&ee measure of intelligence, aptitude, and reasoning. Because the subject does not have to read, write, speak, or listen during test administration, it is ideal for assessing (a) individuals with speech, language, or hearing impairments; (b) those who have suffered brain injury or have other academic handicaps; and (c) those who do not speak English. Two equivalent forms make the TONI-II ideal for situations where both pre- and postmeasures are desirable.
The TONI-II yields quotient scores and percentile ranks. It was normed on more than 2,500 subjects. Reliability and validity data are provided for normal, mentally retarded, learning disabled, deaf, and gifted subjects.
Academic Screening
Wide Range Achievement Test 3 (WRAT3)
The Wide Range Achievement Test 3 (WRAT3) measures reading, spelling, and arithmetic in persons from five to seventy-four years old. Two equivalent forms make pre- and post testing possible. The test takes 10 to 15 minutes to administer. The WRAT3 provides a good method for measuring basic academic skills in children who perform below their peers.
Behavior Assessment
Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist
The Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (ACBC) is for children four to eighteen years old and is completed by an adult informant. It has two major scales externalizing and internalizing behaviors each of which has four subscales. It has been used as a follow-up measure. The child's primary caregiver (in most cases, the client's mother) serves as the informant. There is a separate version of this test developed for teachers, the Teacher Report Form (Achenbach, 1991).
Analysis of Sensory Behavior Inventory (Rev. ed.)
The Analysis of Sensory Behavior Inventory (Rev. ed.) (ASBI-R) (Morton & Wolford, 1994) is designed to collect information about an individual's behaviors as they are related to sensory stimuli. Six sensory modalities are assessed: vestibular, tactile, proprioceptive, auditory, visual, and gustatory-olfactory. Ratings can be made about both sensory-avoidance and sensory-seeking behaviors within each modality. Information obtained from this tool may be helpful in completing a functional analysis of behavior and in designing effective intervention strategies, including accommodations and reinforcers for the individual.
Sensory processing differences are frequently seen in persons with severe disabilities and problem behaviors. Analyzing these differences may assist in understanding puzzling behaviors which have proven difficult to change. Interventions which accommodate to individual differences frequently result in improved adaptive functioning. (Available from Skills with Occupational Therapy, Arcadia, Calif.)
Family Assessment
These measures focus primarily on aspects of the family. These instruments are used to determine pre- and posttest changes and are not specifically used to tailor the course of individual programming for a family or child.
Behavioral Vignettes Test
The Behavioral Vignettes Test (BVT) is a multiple-choice test (20 items) used to evaluate a parent's, school therapist's, or special education teacher's functional knowledge of behavioral principles. The BVT can be used as a pre- and posttest measure of change in persons undergoing training in teaching self-help, social, and play skills. (Baker, 1989)
Parenting Satisfaction Scale
The Parenting Satisfaction Scale (PSS) (Guidubaldi & Cleminshaw, 1996) facilitates clinical assessment of parent-child relationships. The PSS assists in identifying a troubled parent-child relationship and can be useful in assessing a parent's response to the effect of intervention and, if suggested, conducting family therapy. The PSS is a 45-item standardized assessment of parents' attitudes toward parenting. Scores derived from this scale allow a clinician or researcher to define, compare, and communicate levels of parenting satisfaction in three domains: (a) Satisfaction with the spouse's or ex-spouse's parenting performance in the parenting role; (b). The parent's satisfaction with the relationship with her or his own child; and (c) Satisfaction with the parent's own performance in the parenting role. To improve family communication and increase empathy toward family members, teachers may have a parent's spouse or children complete the scale as he or she believes the parent would respond. Information derived from family members can then be compared with the parent's own responses to identify areas of concordant or discordant perceptions and determine areas in which clinical intervention could improve relationships. The PSS can be completed for siblings of the child with autism. The PSS can be administered in 20 minutes.
Parenting Stress Index (3rd ed.)
The Parenting Stress Index (3rd ed.) (PSI-III) (Abidin, 1983) identifies stressful areas in parent-child interactions. It is administered individually and takes 20 to 30 minutes to complete. There is a short form that takes 10 minutes. This screening and diagnostic instrument assumes that the total stress a parent experiences is a function of child characteristics, parent characteristics, and situations that are directly related to the role of being a parent. Child characteristics are measured in six subscales: distractibility, hyperactivity, adaptability, reinforces parent, demandingness, mood, and acceptability.
The parent personality and situational variables component consists of seven subscales: competence, isolation, attachment, health, role restriction, depression, and spouse. The PSI is particularly helpful in assessing early identification of dysfunctional parent-child systems, prevention programs aimed at reducing stress, intervention and treatment planning in high stress areas, family functioning and parenting skills, and assessment of child-abuse risk.
The PSI Short Form is a derivative of the full-length test and consists of a 36- item, self-scoring questionnaire-profile. It yields a Total Stress score from three scales: parental distress, parent-child dysfunctional interaction, and difficult child.
The Parental Stress Scale
The Parental Stress Scale (PSS) (Berry R Jones, 1995) is a newly developed general measure of stress. Analyses of responses completed by 1,276 parents suggested that the PSS is reliable, both internally and over time. Initial evaluation of the PSS showed a stable consistency for assessing stress across parents of differing parental characteristics. The validity of PSS scores was supported by predicted correlations with measures of relevant emotions and role satisfaction and significant discrimination between 129 mothers of children in treatment for emotional-behavioral problems and developmental disabilities compared with mothers of children not receiving treatment. Factor analysis suggested a four-factor structure underlying responses to the PSS.
Questionnaire on Resources and Stress
The Questionnaire on Resources and Stress (QRS) (Holroyd, 1974; 1987) consists of 55 items on 11 scales: parental affliction, pessimism about child development, overprotection/dependency, anxiety about the future of the child, social isolation, burden for members of the family, financial problems, lack of family integration, intellectual incapacitation, physical incapacitation, and need for the care of the child. The QRS contains 285 items in 15 rational nonoverlapping scales. It was administered to parents of 43 individuals with disabilities four-sixteen years old evaluated in an outpatient psychiatry clinic. The QRS is used in research to assess ecological causes of stress and general levels of stress in families. There is a short form of the QRS (see Randall, Sexton, Thompson, & Wood, 1989). Holroyd (1988) reviewed studies that have used the QRS for families with members with disabilities to compare parents of clinical groups with normal controls, parents of children with different clinical conditions, and pre- and postintervention. These studies are examined in terms of the relationship of 15 QRS scales to child variables (e.g., age, degree of disability); parent variables (e.g., marital status, educational level); and family variables (e.g., nationality/culture). It is concluded that the QRS fulfills requirements for an acceptable level of validity.
Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales III
The Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale (FACES III and FACES IV) (Olson, 1986; 1994) provides measures of perceived cohesion and adaptability of families. This instrument is relatively well researched. It has been used to assess, for example, the differences between "the ideal and the real representation of family," as perceived by parents and adolescent children. FACES has been used to assess marital satisfaction. Combined with the Clinical Rating Scale, a related family assessment in- strument, these two assessment tools can be used for making a diagnosis of family functioning and for assessing changes over the course of treatment.
Family Assessment Interview
The Family Assessment Interview (FAI) (Koegel, Koegel & Dunlap, 1996) is a simple protocol for collecting information from families in preparation for selecting and designing an intervention plan. Items in this brief instrument are designed to enable a "good contextual fit" for the intervention strategy. Interview data based on family members' ideas and reactions to the function of problem behaviors, support strategies, and issues for implementation are actively solicited throughout the assessment and support plan development process. The family assessment interview focuses on information about the ways in which the family structures its daily patterns and routines. It helps identify the family's successful strategies for addressing problem behaviors. Sources of stress for the family are identified and discussed.
Child Improvement Locus of Control Scale
The Child Improvement Locus of Control Scale (CILC) (DeVellis, DeVellis, Revicki, Lurie, Runyan, & Bristol, 1985) assesses belief about a child's ability to improve. The instrument is based on two research studies to develop and validate the CILC scales. In the first study, 145 parents (average age 37.8 years) of autistic children completed a questionnaire tapping beliefs about their children's improvement. In Study 2, 175 parents of physically ill children were given the CILC items. The following relationships were observed: (a) parental beliefs in child influence increased with child age; (b) belief in external factors (chance and divine Influence) was greater among African American parents; and (c) belief in parent influence decreased with illness severity.
Family Environmental Scale
The Family Environmental Scale (FES) (Moos & Moos, 1981; Moos, 1974) is an inventory which assesses behavior patterns within the family on subscales, such as control, active-recreational orientation, intellectual cultural orientation, and cohesion. Norms are available on large national samples of distressed families as well as smaller samples of families with autistic children. The FES can be given to parents at the beginning and middle of the child's intervention program. It assesses family dynamics at key points during the intervention process. The questionnaire can be completed by both of the child's parents if both participate in the child's care.
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i don't know
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Chatsworth House gardener, engineer and greenhouse expert, Joseph Paxton, created which iconic 1851 London building?
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Joseph Paxton
Joseph Paxton
Sir Joseph Paxton
Sir Joseph Paxton (3 August 1803 – 8 June 1865) was an English gardener , architect and Member of Parliament, best known for designing the Crystal Palace , and for cultivating the Cavendish banana , the most consumed banana in the western world.
Contents
10 External links
Early life
Paxton was born in 1803, the seventh son of a farming family, in Milton Bryan , Bedfordshire. Some references, incorrectly, list his birth year as 1801. This is, as he admitted in later life, a result of misinformation he provided in his teens, which enabled him to enrol at Chiswick Gardens. He became a garden boy at the age of fifteen for Sir Gregory Osborne Page-Turner at Battlesden Park , near Woburn . After several moves, he obtained a position in 1823 at the Horticultural Society’s Chiswick Gardens.
Chatsworth
The Conservative Wall at Chatsworth
The Horticultural Society’s gardens were close to the gardens of William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire at Chiswick House . The duke met the young gardener as he strolled in his gardens and became impressed with his skill and enthusiasm. He offered the 20-year-old Paxton the position of head gardener at Chatsworth , which was considered one of the finest landscaped gardens of the time.
Although the duke was in Russia, Paxton set off for Chatsworth on the Chesterfield coach arriving at Chatsworth at half past four in the morning. By his own account he had explored the gardens after scaling the kitchen garden wall, set the staff to work, eaten breakfast with the housekeeper and met his future wife, Sarah Bown, the housekeeper’s niece, completing his first morning’s work before nine o’clock. He married Bown in 1827, [1] and she proved capable of managing his affairs, leaving him free to pursue his ideas.
He enjoyed a friendly relationship with his employer who recognised his diverse talents and facilitated his rise to prominence.
One of Paxton’s first projects was to redesign the garden around the new north wing of the house and expand Chatsworth’s collection of conifers into a 40-acre (160,000 m2) arboretum which still exists. He became skilled at moving mature trees. The largest, weighing about eight tons, was moved from Kedleston Road in Derby. Among several other large projects at Chatsworth were the rock garden , the Emperor Fountain and rebuilding Edensor village.
While at Chatsworth, he built the Emperor Fountain in 1844, [2] it was twice the height of Nelson’s Column and required the creation of a feeder lake on the hill above the gardens necessitating the excavation of 100,000 cu yd (76,000 m3) of earth. [3]
Greenhouses
Annie Paxton standing on a Victoria amazonica leaf in the lily house; Paxton’s design for the Crystal Palace took its cue from the organic structure of this plant.
In 1832, Paxton developed an interest in greenhouses at Chatsworth where he designed a series of buildings with “forcing frames” for espalier trees and for the cultivation of exotic plants such as highly prized pineapples. [4] At the time the use of glass houses was in its infancy and those at Chatsworth were dilapidated. After experimentation, he designed a glass house with a ridge and furrow roof that would be at right angles to the morning and evening sun and an ingenious frame design that would admit maximum light: the forerunner of the modern greenhouse.
The next great building at Chatsworth was built for the first seeds of the Victoria regia lily which had been sent to Kew from the Amazon in 1836. Although they had germinated and grown they had not flowered and in 1849 a seedling was given to Paxton to try out at Chatsworth. He entrusted it to Eduard Ortgies , a young gardener and within two months the leaves were 4.5 ft (1.4 m) in diameter, and a month later it flowered. It continued growing and it became necessary to build a much larger house, the Victoria Regia House. Inspired by the waterlily’s huge leaves – ‘a natural feat of engineering’ – he found the structure for his conservatory which he tested by floating his daughter Annie on a leaf. The secret was in the rigidity provided by the radiating ribs connecting with flexible cross-ribs. Constant experimentation over a number of years led him to devise the glasshouse design that inspired the Crystal Palace.
Named after William Cavendish , Cavendish bananas were cultivated by Paxton in the greenhouses of Chatsworth House in 1836. [5] They account for the vast majority of bananas consumed in the western world. [5]
With a cheap and light wooden frame, the conservatory design had a ridge-and-furrow roof to let in more light and drain rainwater away. He used hollow pillars doubling as drain pipes and designed a special rafter that acted as an internal and external gutter. All the elements were pre-fabricated and, like modular buildings , could be produced in vast numbers and assembled into buildings of varied design.
Great Conservatory at Chatsworth , built from 1836 to 1841 and demolished in the 1920s.
In 1836, Paxton began the Great Conservatory or Stove, a huge glasshouse, 227 ft (69 m) long and 123 ft (37 m) wide. The columns and beams were made of cast iron , and the arched elements of laminated wood. [6] At the time, the conservatory was the largest glass building in the world. The largest sheet glass available at that time, made by Robert Chance, was 3 ft (0.91 m) long. Chance produced four-foot sheets for Paxton’s benefit. The structure was heated by eight boilers using seven miles (11 km) of iron pipe and cost more than £30,000. It had a central carriageway and when the Queen was driven through, it was lit with twelve thousand lamps. It was prohibitively expensive to maintain, and was not heated during the First World War. The plants died and it was demolished in the 1920s.
In 1848 Paxton created the Conservative Wall, [7] a glass house 331 ft (101 m) long by 7 ft (2.1 m) wide.
Crystal Palace
The 1851 Great Exhibition in Hyde Park .
The Great Conservatory was the test-bed for the prefabricated glass and iron structural techniques which Paxton pioneered and would employ for his masterpiece: The Crystal Palace of the Great Exhibition of 1851. These techniques were made physically possible by recent technological advances in the manufacture of both glass and cast iron, and financially possible by the dropping of a tax on glass.
Sir Joseph Paxton (1803–65), Facsimile of the First Sketch for the Great Exhibition Building, About 1850, Pen and ink on blotting paper V&A Museum no. E.941–1983 [8] Victoria and Albert Museum, London
In 1850 the Royal Commission appointed to organise the Great Exhibition were in a quandary. An international competition to design a building to house the Exhibition had produced 245 designs, of which only two were remotely suitable, and all would take too long to build and would be too permanent. There was an outcry by the public and in Parliament against the desecration of Hyde Park .
Paxton was visiting London in his capacity as a director of the Midland Railway to meet the chairman John Ellis who was also a member of parliament. He happened to mention an idea he had for the hall, and Ellis promptly encouraged to produce some plans, provided they could be ready in nine days. Unfortunately he was committed for the next few days, but at a board meeting of the railway in Derby, it is said he appeared to be spending much of his time doodling on a sheet of blotting paper . At the end of the meeting he held up his first sketch of the Crystal Palace, very much inspired by the Victoria Regia House. The sketch is now in the Victoria and Albert Museum .
He completed the plans and presented them to the Commission, but there was opposition from some members, since another design was well into its planning stage. Paxton decided to by-pass the Commission and published the design in the Illustrated London News to universal acclaim.
Its novelty was its revolutionary modular, prefabricated design, and use of glass. Glazing was carried out from special trolleys, and was fast: one man managed to fix 108 panes in a single day. The Palace was 1,848 ft (563 m), 408 feet (124 m) wide and 108 feet (33 m) high. [9] It required 4,500 tons of iron, 60,000 sq ft (5,600 m2) of timber and needed over 293,000 panes of glass. Yet it took 2,000 men just eight months to build, and cost just £79,800. Quite unlike any other building, it was itself a demonstration of British technology in iron and glass. In its construction, Paxton was assisted by Charles Fox , also of Derby for the iron framework, and William Cubitt , Chairman of the Building Committee. All three were knighted . After the exhibition they were employed by the Crystal Palace Company to move it to Sydenham where it was destroyed in 1936 by a fire.
Publishing
Jacaranda jasminoides, plate by Paxton, published in his “Magazine of Botany”
In 1831, Paxton published a monthly magazine, The Horticultural Register. This was followed by the Magazine of Botany in 1834, the Pocket Botanical Dictionary in 1840, The Flower Garden in 1850 and the Calendar of Gardening Operations. In addition to these titles he also, in 1841, co-founded perhaps the most famous horticultural periodical, The Gardeners’ Chronicle along with John Lindley , Charles Wentworth Dilke and William Bradbury and later became its editor.
Political career
Paxton was a Liberal Member of Parliament for Coventry from 1854 until his death in 1865.
In June 1855 he presented a scheme he called the Great Victorian Way to the Parliamentary Select Committee on Metropolitan Communications in which he envisioned the construction of an arcade, based on the structure of the Crystal Palace, in a ten-mile loop around the centre of London. It would have incorporated a roadway, an atmospheric railway , housing and shops. [10]
Later life
The Paxton Memorial at London Road Cemetery , Coventry
Although he remained the Head Gardener at Chatsworth until 1858, he was also able to undertake outside work such as the Crystal Palace and his directorship of the Midland Railway. He worked on public parks in Liverpool , Birkenhead , Glasgow, Halifax (the People’s Park ) and the grounds of the Spa Buildings at Scarborough . In October 1845 he was invited to lay out one of the country’s first municipal burial grounds in Coventry . This became the London Road Cemetery , where a memorial to Paxton, by Joseph Goddard, was erected in 1868.
Between 1835 and 1839, he organised plant-hunting expeditions; one of which ended in tragedy when two gardeners from Chatsworth sent to California drowned. [11] Tragedy also struck at home when his eldest son died.
Mentmore Towers
In 1850 Paxton was commissioned by Baron Mayer de Rothschild to design Mentmore Towers in Buckinghamshire. This was to be one of the greatest country houses built during the Victorian Era . Following the completion of Mentmore, Baron James de Rothschild , one of Baron de Rothschild’s French cousins, commissioned Château de Ferrières at Ferrières-en-Brie near Paris to be “Another Mentmore, but twice the size”. Both buildings still stand today.
Chateau de Ferrieres
St Peter’s Churchyard, Edensor – grave of Sir Joseph Paxton (1803–1865)
Paxton also designed another country house, a smaller version of Mentmore at Battlesden near Woburn in Bedfordshire. This house was bought by the Duke of Bedford thirty years after its completion, and demolished, because the Duke wanted no other mansion close to Woburn Abbey .
In 1860, he also designed Fairlawn No.89 Wimbledon Southside for Sir Edwin Saunders, ( Queen Victoria ‘s dentist). [12]
Paxton was honoured by being a member of the Kew Commission which was to suggest improvements for Royal Botanic Gardens , and by being considered for the post of Head Gardener at Windsor Castle .
On 17 March 1860, during the enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement , Paxton raised and commanded the 11th (Matlock) Derbyshire Rifle Volunteer Corps . [13]
He became affluent, not so much through his Chatsworth employment, but by successful speculation in the railway industry. He retired from Chatsworth when the Duke died in 1858 but carried on working at various projects such as the Thames Graving Dock. Paxton died at his home at Rockhills, Sydenham, in 1865 [14] and was buried on the Chatsworth Estate in St Peter’s Churchyard, Edensor . His wife Sarah remained at their house on the Chatsworth Estate until her death in 1871.
The standard author abbreviation is used to indicate this individual as the author when citing a botanical name . [15]
Bust of Paxton in Crystal Palace Park .
Notes
^ page 41, A Thing in Disguise: The Visionary Life of Joseph Paxton, Kate Colquhoun, 2004, Fourth Estate
^ page 30, The Works of Sir Joseph Paxton 1803–1865, George F. Chadwick, 1961, Architectural Press
^ page 31, The Works of Sir Joseph Paxton 1803–1865, George F. Chadwick, 1961, Architectural Press
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Crystal Palace
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Brahmanism is an ancient formative religion of?
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Greenhouses | Garden Design
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If there is an archetype of a greenhouse, it is surely Joseph Paxton’s masterwork. Built to house the 1851 Great Exhibition in London, the famous Crystal Palace covered 19 acres of the city, making it the largest greenhouse ever built. Though the building was primarily an exhibit space, Paxton was a gardener before he was an architect and developed his technologies to keep exotic plants alive through British winters. His innovation of prefabricated wrought iron hung with plate glass (the Crystal Palace used 293,655 panes — one-third of the glass produced in England that year) dominated greenhouse design for a century.
In a crowded Japanese cityscape, glass boxes by ON Design Partners are stacked like the urban towers that surround them. Inside, discrete plantings provide a connection to nature and fresh vegetables for nearby restaurants. Photo by: Koichi Torimura.
Today, architects, artists, and design firms have reimagined these indoors-in-the-outdoors spaces, creating innovative structures through a smart use of materials and a creative approach to available space. While wide-open yards with ample sunlight are ideal, they’re not always part of a gardener’s reality, so thoughtful engineering has brought modern structures to rooftops, rock faces, and urban environments.
If you have just a few sun-drenched square feet—in a yard, on an exterior wall, or on a roof—you have space for your own botanical paradise. In Japan, ON Design Partners created a set of small stacked iron-and-glass cases in 2010 for an urban farm in central Tokyo’s tightly packed Roppongi district. (Above.) The food that grows inside makes its way to the restaurant next door. And when Amaury Gallon of Jardins de Babylone teamed up with the Flower Council of Holland, he designed four pop-up gardens to be sprinkled throughout Paris. For the three-day installation, he created a series of translucent plastic domes that were easy to assemble and take down. The largest of the series was a 430-square-foot enclosure in the Place Colette filled with orchids. He’s since gotten requests for temporary bubble gardens in the United States and London.
The versatility of plastic and its high strength-to-weight ratio make it a favorite of today’s designers, and it’s typically a better insulator than glass—even double-paned, sheet glass has a tiny fraction of the insulating value of a material like polycarbonate. But for durability, longevity, and clarity, tempered glass is hard to beat, and the technology continues to advance. New low-emissivity glass, developed in the last decade, is better at trapping thermal energy while still allowing enough light for plant growth. Even standard glass can be strengthened with coatings and made into a better insulator with layering.
In a weather- and sunlight-challenged courtyard in Sweden, a strikingly modern greenhouse by Gora Art & Landscape offers a tropical oasis. Photo by: Ake Eson Lindman.
Laminated glass is the star of a greenhouse built in a windy and shaded space by the sea in Malmö, Sweden. Monika Gora of Gora Art & Landscape created an airy structure—inspired, she says, by the Crystal Palace—for residents of a retirement community. (Above.) In a narrow and dark courtyard, her glass-and-steel arch provides enough light for the palms, magnolias, and lemon trees inside while also blocking the strong wind from the courtyard behind it. “They wanted to make something spectacular because there are a lot of people passing by,” says Gora. “They wanted to show off a little.”
In environments where densely packed buildings have squeezed out backyards, roofs have stepped up as a place for plants. When Pittsburgh’s Studio d’ARC architects were asked to replace a dilapidated 1970s greenhouse built atop a downtown Victorian, they created a saw-toothed top to maximize solar gain. “The windows on the side are like little gills,” says Gerard Damiani, president of the firm. “Open them on a hot summer day and air will rush out.” In order to keep the space warm during the cooler months, Studio d’ARC put glass where it would maximize sun and topped the room with super insulated zinc panels. An energy recovery ventilator pipes the sun-warmed air down to the two apartments below, pulling fragrant air from, say, rosemary in the edible garden into the living spaces. The result is a green and modern space for both plants and people.
Greenhouses can be more than a means to grow fresh produce, protect sensitive plants, and get a head start on spring. They also allow an avid gardener to cultivate a personal paradise year-round, no matter what the local hardiness zone.
Greenhouses not only create growing spaces for gardens but for gardeners, blurring lines between indoors and outdoors, as in this whimsical inversion by Phillippa Probert at the Royal Horticultural Society Tatton Park Flower Show. Photo by: Liz Eddison.
Clear Directions
New materials and innovative designs mean just about anyone can have a room full of the tropics at their disposal, but there are basic guidelines for creating a successful greenhouse. A landscape architect with a love for orchids and oranges will be an invaluable source of wisdom.
Sunlight: Greenhouses need six to eight hours of light per day, all year long. Ideally, at least one glass side points south, though west and east can work with some clever engineering.
Obstacles: Remember that trees and buildings along the horizon cast deeper shadows in the winter when the sun is lower.
Ventilation: Experts say 15 to 20 percent of exterior surface area should be vented. Control can be manual, automatic, or miraculous (as in heat-sensitive materials that expand in heat to open panels). Poor ventilation creates a host of expensive and plant-killing problems, so consult an expert.
Heating: In moderate to cold regions, you’ll need at least a small electric heater.
Materials: Glass is clear. Most plastics aren’t. But plastic is the better insulator, and plants don’t need the view—diffused light works just fine for them.
Seating: If you have the room, factor in a place for yourself as well as your plants.
Prefabricated parts—a greenhouse technology that debuted with the Crystal Palace—make for stylish designs such as this rooftop model by BC Greenhouse Builders, putting a year-round garden in reach of anyone with a source of sunshine. Photo by: Jim Gregory.
Getting Green
Clearly, a greenhouse would make your gardening life complete—at least through the next frigid winter—but if you’d like to know exactly what you’re getting into before you start pouring concrete, look to the following companies. In addition to custom greenhouses, U.K.-based manufacturer Hartley Botanic ( hartley-botanic.co.uk ) sells a variety of structures in styles ranging from grand Victorian to the compact patio model, ideal for urban dwellers with limited space.
Though installation is an option, BC Greenhouse Builders ( bcgreenhouses.com ) offers DIY greenhouse kits available in both free-standing and home-attached form. For those unsure of their carpentry skills, the kits arrive with written instructions and a how-to DVD. The finished products are made to withstand 30 pounds of snow per square foot and 80-mile-per-hour winds.
Tanglewood Conservatories ( tanglewoodconservatories.com) designs bespoke greenhouses; it has crafted old-world conservatories made to fit trees more than 20 feet tall as well as modern, geometric structures of cedar, glass, and stone. See some of their custom-designs here .
Amdega ( amdega.co.uk ) builds greenhouses in the tradition of the classic orangery—a glass building where citrus trees are brought to overwinter—in both iconic Victorian and contemporary models.
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i don't know
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Which punningly alliteratively named professor drove the No3 Convert-a-Car in Wacky Races?
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CityPages October 2014 Issue by CityPages Kuwait (page 170) - issuu
issuu
Issuu on Google+
HOMEWORK FOR GROWN UPS EVERYTHING YOU LEARNED AT SCHOOL... BUT CAN YOU REMEMBER? General Knowledge Quiz 1. Al Jazeera means 'The (What?)'? 2. PDF, Adobe's universal computer document format, stands for what?
Test Your Vocabulary Don Quixote offered to mount guard over the castle lest they should be attacked by some giant or other malevolent________, covetous of the great treasure of beauty the castle contained.
1. survivor 2. investigator 3. patriot 4. scoundrel
3. Chatsworth House gardener, engineer and greenhouse expert, Joseph Paxton, created which iconic 1851 London building? 4. What was a originally an ancient Greek post-banquet drinking party, and nowadays
6. Brahmanism is an ancient formative religion of: Hinduism; Islam; Catholicism; or Mormonism? 7. Bundes in the German 'Bundesliga' soccer league refers to: Old; Federal; Competition; or Professional?
ANSWER: 4. In this question, scoundrel is a noun that means someone who does evil deliberately.
tailwind; With a crosswind; or Sun behind?
A scoundrel is a person who does deliberately evil things. If your brother hides a fake mouse in your shoe and you therefore almost have a heart attack while getting dressed, you have every right to call him a scoundrel.
5. Runway selection for aircraft take-off and landing is generally: Into headwind; With
Though the term scoundrel isn’t used as much as it once was, it’s the perfect way to describe someone who breaks the law, has no morals, or someone like your sneaky sibling who loves to play practical jokes. Most villains in movies and on television can be put in this category. Interestingly, though women are quite capable of equally wicked behavior, this particular term is usually reserved for men.
refers to a researchers/academic conference?
8. Which punningly alliteratively named professor drove the No3 Convert-a-Car in Wacky Races? 9. What Anglicized Italian term from Latin 'not known' refers to a person's having a
Tricky Mathematician Problem
concealed or false identity? 10. In 1849 US mechanic Walter Hunt patented what multi-billion-selling and punk
I have a huge bed-sheet of 1 meter long.
rock device?
I want to cuts this role into pieces of 20 centimeter long
11. Which multi-award-winning 1982s movie is considered to have included the
cloth.
biggest ever crowd of extras? 12. What potent plant is called technically Papaver somniferum?
How long will it take me to cut the bed sheet if each 20
13. Burlap is an old material traditionally used in making: Hats; Scarves; Sacks; or
centimeter cut took me 5 minutes ?
Socks? 14. In constitutional terminology, put these structures in order of power-
so 49x5 => 245 minutes
centralization, most to least: Confederation; Unitary; Federation?
It will take 49 cuts not 50. ANSWER: 245 minutes
15. What community-support focused branch of Christianity grew from the work of brothers John and Charles Wesley and George Whitefield? 16. Appearing in many food/drink names, what is produced when cereal grain germination is halted by hot air drying? 17. In 2014 the EU introduced a maximum 1600watt power rating for: Vacuum
JUMBLED WORDS L I Q T U
cleaners; Mobility scooters; Buskers; or Residential Xmas lights? 18. In 2014 Russia closed branches of what global brand amidst East-West sanction? 19. The fin whale, second largest animal after the blue whale, excretes approximately how many litres per day: 3; 15; 100; or 1,000? 20. The old English profession 'cofferer', typically employed in a royal household,
Z A G E L N I N E E G F O R T P I
equates nowadays to a: Gardener; Tea-maid; Accountant; or Hairdresser?
citypageskuwait.com
ANSWERS:QUILT, GLAZE, ENGINE, PROFIT, NEGATE
ANSWERS:1.Island (referring to the Arabian Peninsular), 2.Portable Document Format, 3.Crystal Palace, 4.Symposium (from sun, together, and potes, drinker), 5.Into headwind, 6.Hinduism, 7.Federal, 8.Pat Pending, 9.Incognito, 10.Safety pin (reportedly he sold the patent to repay a modest debt, and thereby failed to benefit greatly from his invention), 11.Gandhi (over 300,000 for the funeral scene), 12.Opium poppy, 13.Sacks (it's rough, made typically of jute or hemp), 14.Unitary; Federation; Confederation (respectively: mainly centrally governed; a balance between central and local member autonomy; and a membership agreement between independent bodies), 15.Methodism, 16.Malt, 17.Vacuum cleaners, 18.McDonald's, 19.1,000, 20.Accountant (derived from coffer - a strongbox for money - hence 'coffers' has become a word for funds held, and a reference to personal savings/funds)
170
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Pat Pending
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In 1849 US mechanic Walter Hunt patented what multi-billion-selling and punk rock device?
|
CityPages October 2014 Issue by CityPages Kuwait (page 170) - issuu
issuu
Issuu on Google+
HOMEWORK FOR GROWN UPS EVERYTHING YOU LEARNED AT SCHOOL... BUT CAN YOU REMEMBER? General Knowledge Quiz 1. Al Jazeera means 'The (What?)'? 2. PDF, Adobe's universal computer document format, stands for what?
Test Your Vocabulary Don Quixote offered to mount guard over the castle lest they should be attacked by some giant or other malevolent________, covetous of the great treasure of beauty the castle contained.
1. survivor 2. investigator 3. patriot 4. scoundrel
3. Chatsworth House gardener, engineer and greenhouse expert, Joseph Paxton, created which iconic 1851 London building? 4. What was a originally an ancient Greek post-banquet drinking party, and nowadays
6. Brahmanism is an ancient formative religion of: Hinduism; Islam; Catholicism; or Mormonism? 7. Bundes in the German 'Bundesliga' soccer league refers to: Old; Federal; Competition; or Professional?
ANSWER: 4. In this question, scoundrel is a noun that means someone who does evil deliberately.
tailwind; With a crosswind; or Sun behind?
A scoundrel is a person who does deliberately evil things. If your brother hides a fake mouse in your shoe and you therefore almost have a heart attack while getting dressed, you have every right to call him a scoundrel.
5. Runway selection for aircraft take-off and landing is generally: Into headwind; With
Though the term scoundrel isn’t used as much as it once was, it’s the perfect way to describe someone who breaks the law, has no morals, or someone like your sneaky sibling who loves to play practical jokes. Most villains in movies and on television can be put in this category. Interestingly, though women are quite capable of equally wicked behavior, this particular term is usually reserved for men.
refers to a researchers/academic conference?
8. Which punningly alliteratively named professor drove the No3 Convert-a-Car in Wacky Races? 9. What Anglicized Italian term from Latin 'not known' refers to a person's having a
Tricky Mathematician Problem
concealed or false identity? 10. In 1849 US mechanic Walter Hunt patented what multi-billion-selling and punk
I have a huge bed-sheet of 1 meter long.
rock device?
I want to cuts this role into pieces of 20 centimeter long
11. Which multi-award-winning 1982s movie is considered to have included the
cloth.
biggest ever crowd of extras? 12. What potent plant is called technically Papaver somniferum?
How long will it take me to cut the bed sheet if each 20
13. Burlap is an old material traditionally used in making: Hats; Scarves; Sacks; or
centimeter cut took me 5 minutes ?
Socks? 14. In constitutional terminology, put these structures in order of power-
so 49x5 => 245 minutes
centralization, most to least: Confederation; Unitary; Federation?
It will take 49 cuts not 50. ANSWER: 245 minutes
15. What community-support focused branch of Christianity grew from the work of brothers John and Charles Wesley and George Whitefield? 16. Appearing in many food/drink names, what is produced when cereal grain germination is halted by hot air drying? 17. In 2014 the EU introduced a maximum 1600watt power rating for: Vacuum
JUMBLED WORDS L I Q T U
cleaners; Mobility scooters; Buskers; or Residential Xmas lights? 18. In 2014 Russia closed branches of what global brand amidst East-West sanction? 19. The fin whale, second largest animal after the blue whale, excretes approximately how many litres per day: 3; 15; 100; or 1,000? 20. The old English profession 'cofferer', typically employed in a royal household,
Z A G E L N I N E E G F O R T P I
equates nowadays to a: Gardener; Tea-maid; Accountant; or Hairdresser?
citypageskuwait.com
ANSWERS:QUILT, GLAZE, ENGINE, PROFIT, NEGATE
ANSWERS:1.Island (referring to the Arabian Peninsular), 2.Portable Document Format, 3.Crystal Palace, 4.Symposium (from sun, together, and potes, drinker), 5.Into headwind, 6.Hinduism, 7.Federal, 8.Pat Pending, 9.Incognito, 10.Safety pin (reportedly he sold the patent to repay a modest debt, and thereby failed to benefit greatly from his invention), 11.Gandhi (over 300,000 for the funeral scene), 12.Opium poppy, 13.Sacks (it's rough, made typically of jute or hemp), 14.Unitary; Federation; Confederation (respectively: mainly centrally governed; a balance between central and local member autonomy; and a membership agreement between independent bodies), 15.Methodism, 16.Malt, 17.Vacuum cleaners, 18.McDonald's, 19.1,000, 20.Accountant (derived from coffer - a strongbox for money - hence 'coffers' has become a word for funds held, and a reference to personal savings/funds)
170
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i don't know
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Which multi-award-winning 1982s movie is considered to have included the biggest ever crowd of extras?
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The 15 Best British Films of The 1980s « Taste of Cinema - Movie Reviews and Classic Movie Lists
01 October 2014 | Features , Film Lists | by George Cromack
8. Rita, Sue & Bob Too (1987)
This bawdy comedy directed by Alan Clarke and adapted by Andrea Dunbar (from her own play), sees well heeled husband and father Bob (George Costigan) embark on an affair with two babysitters Rita (Siobhan Finneran) and Sue (Michelle Holmes) both from a less well off area of Bradford in West Yorkshire. As the plot escalates Bob’s wife becomes suspicious of his activity and Sue begins another relationship with Pakistani taxi driver Aslam (Kulvinder Ghir).
A cult favourite, the film keeps its pace and humour with enjoyable elements of farce throughout. However, there are more cutting and gritty social issues within the narrative. Sue’s relationship with Aslam can be considered as a timely portrayal of interracial relationships in British cinema, unfortunately this ends in domestic violence rendering its depiction as a negative one.
Bob is portrayed as something of a ‘Jack-the-Lad’ character fitting to the comedic slant of the story but his covert sexual antics with two school girls (both 16) could also be viewed very differently. Dunbar herself (who died in 1990 aged only 29) came into conflict with residents from the area of Bradford portrayed in the film (where she herself lived). A continuation of the ‘kitchen sink’ social realism of the 50’s & 60’s but arguably for an audience with an awareness of 70’s sex comedy, the film provides a snap shot of various social divisions within 1980’s Britain.
7. Mona Lisa (1986)
Neil Jordan’s drama sees recently released career criminal George (Bob Hoskins) accept a job driving high-class prostitute Simone (Cathy Tyson) from client to client. Falling ‘in love’ with Simone; George descends into the underbelly of London’s sex trade as he searches for her lost friend Cathy (Kate Hardy).
In the wake of Hoskins’ role in The Long Good Friday (1979), and coupled with Mona Lisa’s subject matter, there is a temptation to view the film as a possible companion piece to Get Carter (1970). However, it is better read as more of a conscious 1980’s echo or response following social change.
The audience can note how the world George knew before prison has altered, the Mk2 Jaguar (iconic of 60’s/70’s crooks) he ferries Simone around in no longer cuts a dash and seems out of place, his clothes are dated, he is dated –‘romantic’ – and his family have moved on. It is here where Hoskins’ character grabs the audience’s empathy and keeps them following him throughout the film. Tyson too puts in a fine performance along with the supporting cast which includes Robbie Coltrane, whose character Thomas’ appearance serves to lift the mood.
6. Time Bandits (1981)
The first in director Terry Gilliam’s ‘Trilogy of Imagination’ ,Time Bandits entry on the list can be considered interchangeable with Brazil and to a lesser extent The Adventures of Baron Munchausen (Muchausen is slightly too disjointed and was less well received). The trilogy explores imaginative escapism through the eyes of a child, a middle aged man and that of an old man.
A gang of dwarves appear in 11 year-old Kevin’s (Craig Warnock) bedroom on the run with a map of holes in time they have stolen from the Supreme Being (Ralph Richardson). Co-written with fellow Python Michael Palin (who also appears in the film), the concept of the universe being a ‘rushed job’ leaving various holes one might, if they have the map, journey through is a exiting one.
Whilst it might lack the more mature artistic endeavour and visuals of its ‘sequel’ Brazil, Time Bandits projects a true, if slightly dark, fantasy arena of fun and infinite possibility (like childhood imagination). Not the first film to receive finance from Handmade Films, it was the first to be started by the British production company co-founded by George Harrison. Time Bandits also features the performance David Rappaport will be most recognised for as Randall, the self-appointed leader of the gang.
5. Gandhi (1982)
This multi-Award winning biopic of the life of Mohandas Karamchand ‘Mahatma’ Gandhi (Ben Kingsley) directed by Richard Attenborough, was the result of years of struggle to gain finance.
The film begins with Gandhi’s assassination and funeral before cutting back to a defining moment when the young Gandhi is thrown off a train for being an Indian sitting in a first class compartment. The narrative then follows his struggles to bring independence and peace to India.
Running to over 3 hours, there are many accomplished moments. For the funeral scene, shot in a time long before CGI, newspaper notices and signs calling for extras drew the biggest crowd in film history, estimated at over 300,000. Now almost impossible to picture anyone else in the title role but Attenborough had considered John Hurt and Anthony Hopkins until son Michael suggested relative unknown Ben Kingsley. The film is also noteworthy for inspiring a popular interest in the British Empire in India with TV series The Jewel in the Crown and David Lean’s A Passage to India following in its wake.
4. Excalibur (1981)
Director John Borman had originally wanted to make an adaptation of Lord of the Rings but his script was turned on grounds of cost. Borman returned to an earlier idea for a Merlin based project which became the Arthurian epic Excalibur.
Warlord Uther Pendragon (Gabriele Burn) receives Excalibur from the Lady of the Lake, the sword his son Arthur (Nigel Terry) eventually draws from the stone. The narrative follows Arthur through prosperity and pestilence and the turning of an age of magic into an age of men.
Whilst it may not be ‘historically’ accurate, with Dark Age knights in full plate armour (and despite cherry picking its source material), the film is remains true to the romantic mythology at its core. Atmospheric and visually striking throughout, aided by its use of smoke and tinted lighting – factors which later influenced TV’s Robin of Sherwood but are themselves influenced by Terry Gilliam’s 1976 film Jabberwocky.
There is a broad spectrum of emotion throughout , from enraged macho action and knowing humour (mostly delivered by Nicol Williamson as Merlin) to a genuine sense of loss and hope – Merlin’s reappearance to a wakening Arthur before his final battle remains haunting even after the film’s rousing close. The quest for the grail (at no point referred to as ‘holy’) sequence is an engaging mini-epic in itself, something the viewer lives through; as a more elemental Pagan world passes into a Christian one. Watch out for Helen Mirren as Morgana, and also Liam Neeson. Neil Jordan is credited as a ‘creative associate’.
3. Gregory’s Girl (1981)
Bill Forsyth wrote and directed this hugely successful coming of age comedy set in Scotland. Clumsy teen, Gregory (John Gordon-Sinclair), falls for Dorothy (Dee Hepworth) when she tries out for the school football team. Despite misgivings she turns out to be their star player and object of desire for many, causing Gregory much frustration. Eventually Gregory asks her out on a date.
A runaway success, particularly in the U.S (where the Scottish accents were dubbed on its original release), this rather innocent film makes an interesting counterpoint to more crude Stateside teen escapades of the time and also a companion piece to Jack Rosenthal’s 1982 TV film about first love P’Tang Yang Kipperbang. Gregory’s Girl provides a slice of British life in the 1980’s with interesting backdrop views of a then newly built modern housing estate.
Clair Grogan, then front women of Altered Images (and original Kochanski in BBC series Red Dwarf) plays a prominent role with great performances from Allison Forster (Gregory’s younger sister) and Robert Buchanan as best friend Andy. A random child in the penguin suit was the son of the film’s production manager. An awkward sequel Gregory’s Two Girls (1999), catching up with a 30-something Gregory, was far less successful and remains less well known.
2. Withnail & I (1986)
Written and directed by Brue Robinson (based on his own youth living with actor Vivien McCarrol), this film is a cult favourite for many. London 1969, unemployed actors Withnail (Richard E Grant) and Marwood, the ‘I’ of the title, (Paul McGann) live an increasingly aimless and squalid life. Desperate to escape, Withnail secures them a short holiday at a remote Cumbrian farmhouse, owned as a retreat by his eccentric uncle Monty (Richard Griffiths). However, their holiday isn’t the rural ideal they expected. When Monty pays an unexpected visit Marwood soon discovers how Withnail managed to bargain a loan of the farmhouse.
This low budget film did little at the box office, only through repeated home viewings has it grown to the stature in enjoys today. Drugs, alcohol and reckless behaviour help the film retain its cult appeal. Less referenced is the running theme of time: pictures of Harold Lloyd dangling helpless from a clock face, Marwood’s repeated thoughts on time inviting the audience to share his realisation that all the characters within the film are existing out of step with time whilst all the while time itself is moving on – drug dealer Danny (Ralph Brown) laments that the 1960’s are passing whilst Withnail curses his luck as he approaches 30.
The film also features some fantastic shots of the Cumbrian countryside; the score drifting in as Marwood optimistically strides out on his first morning in the country is a gem. Regardless of its rebellious swagger and quotable dialogue, the film also has a heart; at it is the friendship between Withnail and Marwood. There is also something to be said here for an exploration of heterosexual male friendships (and friendship in general).
An original (unfilmed) ending juxtaposed Marwood on stage with Withnail pouring wine down the barrels of a shotgun before turning it on himself. Thankfully, a rather less finite and more touching ending was used, one which doubtless helps the film to live on in cult popularity.
1. My Beautiful Laundrette (1985)
Directed by Stephen Frears with a script by author Hanif Kureshi, this comedy drama set in London and shot in 6 weeks was originally intended as a TV movie.
British Pakistani Omar (Gordon Warneke) is sent to work for his entrepreneurial uncle; he is soon allotted the task of managing a run-down laundrette. Omar becomes reacquainted with unemployed ‘hooligan’ Johnny (Daniel Day-Lewis), encouraging him to assist in refurbishing the business premises. The two also (covertly) rekindle a sexual relationship amid a backdrop of family and racial tension.
Covering a range of socio-economic issues and featuring solid performances from the lead and supporting cast, there is also an equally bold depiction of (interracial) male homosexual relations which raised controversy at the time of its release – perhaps more so had it first aired on national TV as intended. In 1987 Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher would state ‘there is no such thing as society, only individual men and women’ and here we see a film reflecting aspects of this statement in reality with changing lives and loyalties in 1980’s Britain as Omar begins to make his own way amid various social, cultural and family expectations.
Author Bio: George Cromack is a tutor at the University of Hull’s Scarborough Campus, with a BA in Scriptwriting he also teaches evening classes in Scriptwriting and Film Studies for the WEA. Whist also working towards his PhD, he is a keen writer of both prose and script, Cold Calling, a film short written by George premiered in October 2013. Follow him on Twitter @MadBasil.
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Mahatma Gandhi
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What potent plant is called technically Papaver somniferum?
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CityPages October 2014 Issue by CityPages Kuwait - issuu
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ISSUE No.
58 OCTOBER 2014
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contents ISSUE 58, VOLUME 4, OCTOBER 2014
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86. SOS Sensitive Skin 88. Sea Notes 90. Women's Picks Of The Month
ENTERTAINMENT 94. October Movie Releases 96. Top Music Charts 97. Music With MJB
126 FASHION
126. Latest Fashion Trends 128. Maya Hansen - Birth 132. Marina Rinaldi Collection 142. Fashion News
24 FEATURE 24. 28. 30. 32. 34. 36. 38. 40. 66. 82. 92. 98.
The Lost Wars of Elbert Einstein العطاء أم التضحية The Art Of Saying No! Me, My Selfie, And I Ethics Of The Road Beauty Is In The Eye Of The Beholder Watery Tales The Mayonnaise Jar Seemingly Crazy Spa Treatments Fighting Cancer With An Attitude Art Salon Kuwait British Cinema History
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The Professionals in Optics and Hearing Care
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ISSUE 58, VOLUME 4, OCTOBER 2014
contents 52
92
52. The Arnold Classic Europe
112. Live-Love-Eat With Sherifa Alasousi 118. Nat's Kitchen Tales... With Love 42. Understanding Cholesterol 44. Making Work Work For You And Your Baby 46. Line The Jawline 50. Natural Remedies To Beat The Flu 62. Dr. Sarafudheen Villan 68. One-On-One With Kinda AlFaris 70. Riham AlReshaid 78. Ahmed Nasser AlNowaibet 100. Aysha AlRowaished 114. Saud AlAnazi 130. Claudia Fantuzzi 166. Kids Pages
LITERATURE
104. Writing Tips By Nada Faris 107. Arabic Poetry By Tasnim Hassoun 108. The English Woman In Saudi Arabia 110. October 2014 Book Releases
NUTRITION
48. Food Addiction 54. Eating Right For More Energy
TECHNOLOGY 120. Cool New Gadgets 122. Tech Update & News
REGULARS 56. 74. 76. 111. 124. 145. 156. 162. 164. 169. 170.
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Dear Readers… Dhari Al-Muhareb Editor-in-Chief
Jameel Arif
General Manager & Editor Eng. Homoud AlMuhareb Publishing Director
Abeer Al-Abduljalil
Welcome to the October issue of CityPages magazine. This is our 58th issue and we are just 2 issues away from our 60th. This is an important milestone for us and we have great plans in store to celebrate it. October is my favorite month of the year. As the weather gets beautiful in Kuwait, the cooler temperature allows us to enjoy the open air, and begin to contemplate our new wardrobes for the autumn winter season. What better way to satisfy your style needs than your favorite monthly lifestyle magazine –CityPages.
Managing Editor
At CityPages we take our social responsibility very seriously and we don’t miss any opportunity to support a
Kinda Al-Faris
social cause because we believe that every effort to spread awareness counts. As October is Breast Cancer
Executive Editor
Muhammed Altaf Sr. Sales Manager
Claudia Farias
Awareness Month and though we spend this month every year steadfastly supporting breast cancer education, this year we planned something different. It is evident from our cover theme which is #GoPinkWithCityPages. Four of our female team members came forward to spread breast cancer awareness and we featured a heartfelt
Content Supervisor
true story on page 82. There is one simple way in which you can also help us spread the awareness by
Christine Alford
spreading the message to at least one person in your family, your office or your loved ones.
Editorial Assistant
Tanya Burns
Creative Director Graphic Designers Mohammed Syed Khaled Al-Enezi Contributing Team Nadia Al-Hassan Abdullah Y. Shams AlDeen Abdulaziz Al-Khamis Nada Soliman Abdalla AlMuzaini Nada Faris Adnan Najeeb Al-Abbar Nour Al-Zaabi Ali - DJ RAVEN Oussama T. Hussein ARTRONAUTS Paul Tunbridge ASAMA Perfumes Reshmi Revi BirthKuwait Deema DeCaux Sanaa Abdul Hamid Dr. Nazia Nausheen Sandra Bakhamian Faisal Al-Dhofari Sherihan A. Hassabo Erika Habig Talah Alabdulaaly John McArthur Tassnim Hassoun Khaled Al-Zawawi Zahra Ashkanani Layla Harmony Zahra Taqi Maha Al-Rashed
We’ve also got you covered if you’re looking for good things to eat and drink, gadgets that ease the connections in your life and the latest from the worlds of the fashion, wellness, and style.
Enjoy the read!
Jameel Arif General Manager & Editor
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Photography Team Abdulaziz AlSoraya Shahbaz Hussain Abdulaziz AlShayaji Abdullah Hamadah Ahmad Emad Othman AlMishaan Natalia Sitcai Bulk Distribution Team V. Rajan S. V. Gopal
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DISCLAIMER Extra care has been used to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this magazine. However, the publisher will not accept responsibility for errors and omissions in the publication. In addition, the views expressed in this magazine are not necessarily those of the publisher. Photos have been altered to comply with the Laws of Kuwait.
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#58 OCTOBER 2014
Dear CityPages Readers, Greetings to you from Beirut where I have decided to spend my long Eid Al Adha break. I must say the climate is cooling off, so I can walk around the city more without being distracted by the terrible humidity that takes over the summer months. Perfect. October is a great month to spend the break in Kuwait, the weather gets better, people are outdoors and look happier to leave the hot summer behind them. I’ve also seen lately that people are more frequently engaging in different ways to exercise, such as rollerblading. That’s something I hope to do more of this month as well, fingers crossed that the terrain at the scientific center walkway co-operates. Of course I won’t mention that it’s been a whole lot of years since I was on anything that resembles a roller skate. This month issue is packed with interesting articles featuring The Art Salon who put together this years Peace One Day event and an interview with the funny Indian Rajiv Satyal whom I became good friends with. We are also meeting with Ayesha AlRowaished author of a new book.
ON THE COVER: CityPages Team Members From Left:
Tassnim Hassoun Talah Al Abdulaaly Sanaa Abdul Hamid Sherihan Hassabo PHOTOGRAPHY Abdulaziz AlShayiji @azizvito
STYLING: Talah AlAbdulaaly @talahstyles
So many local events took place this month, our team is exhausted to say the least, but we do it all so that our readers get to see a snapshot what goes on in Kuwait. It breast cancer awareness month, so ladies make sure you do that thing that entails a rather uncomfortable encounter with a funny looking x-ray machine, but it'll be worth it…….
Hello Our Beautiful Readers!
So, here we are with the October issue of your favorite CityPages magazine. October marks Breast Cancer Awareness and we at CityPages have a lot to offer you with relevance to the subject. Like all previous October issues, CityPages is featuring interesting articles on this subject. Even our cover this month is highlithing the cause. I hope you had great time during the Eid and have enjoyed the Eid Holidays as well. You must had great time with your friends, relatives and the other people around you. Few words about the September issue which proved to be more than a success. Your valued feedback and your liking of the issue truly made us proud. So keep sending us your thoughts and ideas which show that how much you own the CityPages magazine.
I love October for its the month I officially joined the CityPages team, and we are three years strong together.
Till the next issue.
I wish everyone a Eid Mubarak, and a very happy long break!
Abeer M. Alabduljalil
Kinda Al Faris Executive Editor
Managing Editor
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In a previous life, I used to call myself a scientist. I wasn't really. I dutifully served up the work of others in forms palatable enough for the unenlightened and frequently indifferent adolescent to comprehend. Newton once remarked 'If I have seen further, it is because I have stood on the shoulders of giants.' People like me peeped out from between their knees, occasionally catching a glimpse of horizons too far away to visit. My son is a professor of mathematics at a prestigious British university. I look at him sometimes in quiet amazement, as if he was a different, almost an alien specie, since the substance of his work is beyond my ability to understand. I know what he does but have no idea whatever how he does it. Scientists and mathematicians are people who are able to think beyond the reach of their fellows, in strange, esoteric ways, who wonder about the world's insolubilities and use an impressive armament of mathematics, philosophy and reason to try to break into them. Why, one might ask? Because they are there, just as mountains are, clamouring to be climbed. Also, because they can. If asked to name one famous scientist, an average twelve-year-old would almost certainly come up with Albert Einstein. One of the problems Einstein was fascinated by but was ultimately unable to solve was the enduring persistence of popular interest in himself and his theories, as if by some strange intellectual proximity, some of the brilliance might rub off on his legions of admirers. If the public had run true to form, its attitude should have been one of profound indifference. People aren't interested in things they can't understand. The general public, by and large, had never heard of Nikolai Tesla, whose achievements at the time ran Einstein's a close second. The theories of Albert Einstein, in fact, are almost as great a landmark in sociology as in astronomy or physics; it revealed in the man in the street an unsuspected craving to get his teeth into the red meat of mathematics despite its enduring incomprehensibility. Who was this man who captured the imagination of a century? Stories are told about his early years, oft-repeated by teachers who fall for the legend rather than
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the truth. His father once showed him a pocket compass. Einstein realised that there must be something causing the needle to move, despite the apparent "empty space". Five years later, he wrote a ground-breaking essay on the subject. Teachers reassure their students that the sixteen-year-old Einstein failed his examinations to ZĂźrich Polytechnic, omitting to mention that his failure was because of woeful ignorance of general subjects - a pass being a requirement for entry - but he excelled in the physics and mathematics parts of the examination. Those with an interest in such things can find endless explanations of the General and somewhat more accessible Special Theory of Relativity, hence the reader will not be wearied with them here. Instead, a question. How on earth did an obscure and fiendishly difficult idea become such a part of public consciousness? Quite simply, marketing. In the same way as Gangnam Style captured the attention of almost half the planet in our day, going viral on the Internet, over a century ago, the maniacal enterprise of the newspapers had much to do with the mob clamour for cosmic knowledge. The chief agent in making Einstein the idol of the masses was Carr V. Van Anda, the great American editor of the period. Van Anda had a genius for compelling millions to share his own passions. He was a student of higher mathematics and, it is said, "had a hunch" that Newton's towering theories might be incomplete, whereupon this mild-mannered, inconspicuous little Swiss physicist showed up and became the icon he had been looking for, the Holy Grail, the tablets of stone as defined by that pinnacle of journalistic excellence, the New York Times. In "Twelfth Night", Shakespeare enjoins us not to be afraid since 'some are born great, some achieve greatness and some have greatness thrust upon them'. When he first became famous, Einstein was a strange amalgam of intelligence on a galactic scale, cosmic wisdom and complete lack of savoir-faire in the ways of the world. Presented by Lord Haldane to the Royal Society in England as a man of 'unparalleled intellectual boldness', when staying at the Haldane's, Einstein was overwhelmed, almost intimidated, not least by the befrogged livery of the household servants. Mrs. Einstein wanted to summon the butler to fix a window. Einstein muttered 'he is too formidable' and tried fixing it himself. When he was invited to visit the Queen of the Belgians, Einstein imagined that the welcoming party at the railway station must surely be in honour of someone else and surprised the royal household by walking unaccompanied down the platform, his luggage in his hand. Einstein knew things that everybody else was ignorant of, and was ignorant of things that everybody else knew. For example, the name of John D Rockefeller, the richest man in the world at the time, meant nothing to him. He used a $1,500 check from the Rockefeller Foundation as a bookmark, lost the book, and couldn't remember who had sent him the check. Mrs Einstein, inevitably, cleared the matter up and got hold of a duplicate check which was needed to pay the salary of one of Einstein's assistants. At a carnival dinner in Berlin in honour of Max
Planck, a luminary of almost equal stature to his own, Einstein talked about his working methods. No act of superhuman will and agony of toil, but an intellectual imperative to get to the heart of the problem, driven only by the satisfaction of ultimate success, was his stated modus operandi. He said at the time “This daily striving is like a demonic possession, dictated by no principle or program, but arises from immediate personal need." No effort of will, such as the effort required to marshal one's thoughts when writing a letter or, indeed, an article like this for a magazine, seemed to be required. The emotional condition which renders possible such achievements filters out the mundane, unimportant and unnecessary. Like almost all of his pronouncements, his theory about himself must surely be right; nothing else could account for his inexhaustible energy in the esoteric world of his own imagination and his almost complete helplessness in ordinary, everyday matters, his lost wars of everyday life. He was, like another stellar but fictitious intellect, Sherlock Holmes, a more than competent violinist. For a long time, he refused to play the violin at charity concerts because he didn't think he was good enough, and because he thought it unfair to professional players. He had to be pressed hard to play and indeed gave a number of recitals. When an admirer tried to press upon him a gift of a Guarnerius violin, valued at over thirty thousand dollars at the time, he refused, saying he was not enough of a musician to do it justice. He at first declined a deluxe cabin on a trip to America because of his frugally Germanic nature, but subsequently accepted when informed that he was hurting the feelings of the steamship line. When visiting India, at first he refused to travel in a rickshaw because he thought it degrading to use human beings as if they were donkeys. He reconsidered, however, on the grounds that he understood that this was how the rickshaw boys had to make their living, and he patronised them extensively thereafter. Hating flap and feathers, he once compared the adulation heaped upon him by press conferences and newspaper interviews to being 'savaged by wolves'. Einstein won the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics, receiving it in 1922. He gave the money away. When appointed to the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, he complained that the salary offered was double what he was worth and only agreed to take the job if they halved it. There was in truth, so very little for the demons of temptation to work on. He never really understood why people were fascinated by his ideas, and therefore, by association, himself. He used to speculate extensively on the matter once remarking that all of history could be rewritten in order to allow a place in how events turn out for 'mass psychology', as he put it, an unknown factor without which things might very well turn out differently. With the calm perspective of a century, it seems that he might have had a point. Imagine if the herd had refused to fight in Europe in 1914, Hitler's Germany had not embraced Fascism en masse and even in our day, people's religious convictions urge them into acts of suicidal violence. What a very different place the world might have become.
العطاء أم التضحية
" اسمح للحب بأن يخرج منك" د .وين داير الحب كلمة من حرفين هما أساس أي حياة وأي عمل ،و ال يقتصر الحب على األزواج أو بين األشخاص ،بل يصل الى الحيوانات ،النباتات، البيئة ،العمل ،رب العالمين والشخص ذاته وقائمة طويلة لن تنتهي. وال يمكن أن يتم حب بال عطاء ،والعطاء يكون لنفسك ولآلخرين دون شروط أو مقابل ،فبمجرد مساعدتك لآلخرين وإسعادهم دون أن تنتظر مقابل هو عطاء رائع ستشعره بالسعادة على نفسك ،ويكون بإرادتك وبحب. وبالعطاء الالمشروط تنخفض األنا الزائفة ( األنا العليا) ألنك أصبحت الشخص المتحكم فيها ،فال تكبر وال غرور وال تبرير ، .فـ األنا العليا أكثر ما يهدم من ذات الشخص وانسانيته ،وهي من تضع حواجز وعوائق في حياة الشخص تجاه اآلخرين ونفسه وأهدافه. وهناك من يعتقد أن التضحية من أجل اآلخرين هو أفضل أنواع العطاء وأرقاها وهو اعتقاد خاطئ ،فهناك فرق بين العطاء والتضحية. التضحية هو أن تقوم بإرهاق نفسك أو إجبارها لعمل شيء لآلخرين ،كمساعدتهم ألمر فوق طاقتك وال تتحمله ،وقد تنتظر مقابل لذلك ،وتتوقع أن يقوم الشخص الذي قمت بمساعدته على إعادة هذا الجميل لك وتتفاجئ بالعكس تمامًا ،هنا تعيش بتدمير ذاتي لنفسك ولن تشعر بالسعادة أبدًا .فهنا ترتفع ( األنا العليا ) لتوضح لك أنك شخص عمل بجد وتستحق التقدير من اآلخرين ،وتدخل معهم بنقاشات وعتابات لن تنتهي وقد تخسر البعض ،مع أن الواجب واألفضل أن يكون التقدير منك لذاتك وال تنتظره من اآلخرين. ابدأ بمالحظة أعمالك وانتبه هل تقوم بعمل ذلك عطاء أم تضحية؟ إن كان عطاء فأنت بالطريق الصحيح أما ان كان تضحية فعليك أن تقف مع نفسك وتقرر اليوم بالتوقف عن هذا الدور وتغييره الى عطاء رائع.
Nour AlZaabi
Nour holds a Master in Business Administration and a Bachelor in Marketing and is a Member at The Kuwait Economic Society and British Council Entrepreneur Network in Kuwait. Stay tuned for her articles and features in the CityPages magazine.
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The Art of Saying NO! Most people hate saying no and feel extremely uncomfortable with the word, leading them down the fastest route to burnout out. To some individuals, their fear of disappointing other people fuels them to say no; to others it's a need to experience everything and feel invincible.
1.Understand that saying No is okay. We think that saying no, makes us bad people, we make others feel angry and that we disappoint the people around us. However, saying yes and no is simply a part of life and if you are dealing with a mature, open minded person, then he/she will completely understand, provided that you are respectful in your communication.
Whatever your reason for not saying no, the results are always the same: frustration, burnout and disappointment. You are frustrated because you seem to always be running in a circle and never getting anywhere. You are burnt out because you are simply tired and exhausted from taking on too much. And lastly, you are disappointed as you become unable to reach your goals. The end point is simply unsatisfactory and that's why more and more people need to learn the art of saying no.
2.Keep it simple. You do not need to give a million reasons on why you cannot take on another responsibility at work or in your life in general. A simple “Thank you for your trust in me, but I am afraid I am unable to deliver your request at this time” will suffice.
Many of us, when requested, will jump at saying yes, mostly because we do not like to leave people staggering and would rather be helpful. Another reason is that we do not want to disappoint people. However, keep in mind that when you continually say yes this is what you are essentially doing: lWhen you say yes to something you do not enjoy doing, you are essentially saying no to things you love and are passionate about. lWhen you say yes to a job you don't love, you are saying no to your dreams. lWhen you say yes to someone you do not necessarily like but do not want to hurt their feelings, you are essentially saying no to a fulfilling relationship. lWhen you say yes to working over time, you are saying no to your family and social life. When you learn to say no to things you do not value, or enjoy or simply have time or energy for, then you open up yourself to a whole new world of yes; to your dreams, your aspirations and prospect! Still not sure how to say no; here are a few tips to help you: Zahra Taqi Zahra is a Certified Professional Coach and the President of Milestones Coaching. She would love to hear back from you. So please feel free to drop her a line on her email: [email protected] or find her on FB: http://www.facebook. com/MilestonesCoaching or twitter: @ MilestonesCoach
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interest. 4.Know your priorities. What are your goals this year? Knowing your goals and the path you need to take to attain your goals will make it easier to say no. Chances are, what you are about to say yes to will only hinder your own progress.
A wise Spanish proverb says “Take what you wish and pay for it”; so next time when you know you should say no but automatically get the urge to say yes, remember that every choice we make comes with a price. When you learn that your “No” is more helpful to 3.Do not feel guilty. Know that you cannot you than your “Yes” you will understand that say yes to everything and that saying no at you have taken what you wished, and as the this point in time is genuinely in your best proverb said, have paid for it.
THE FLYING START TRIATHLON
The Flying Start is a triathlon race organized in Kuwait on annual basis, this year to be held on 25th of October, at Khiraan Pearl. The Race is for anyone who can SWIM, BIKE and RUN. Open to individuals and Teams over two main distances: Sprint and Olympic. Registration is open at all Extreme Sports outlets and online on www.theyingstart.com
Register Now!
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Me, My Selfie, And I Avanti Dalal
Oh, the selfie. Oxford Dictionary named it the word of the year in 2013. It has its own place there now, sandwiched between “self” and “selfish.” Books have been written about it (“How to Take the Best Selfies – Smartphone Photography with Sarah Sloboda” is being sold on Amazon for $4.99) and anthems have been chanted in appreciation of it—“I don’t know if I should go with XX Pro or Valencia?” croons a band called The Chainsmokers in a song entitled “#Selfie.” Ellen DeGeneres broke the Twitter record for most retweets for the star-studded selfie she took with celebs the likes of Bradley Cooper, Meryl Streep, Jennifer Lawrence, Brad Pitt, and Julia Roberts at the Oscars. Heck, even the Mars rover is programmed to be able to take photos of itself. From Kim Kardashian and President Obama to the Pope, everyone has jumped on the bandwagon. And, the 60 million (and counting!) #selfies tagged on Instagram alone would seem to indicate that this trend is going absolutely nowhere anytime soon. But why are they so bad? They seem harmless at face value. This is because selfies are all about you. Your selfie with your bagel in the morning, your outfit of the day selfie, your selfie in the car on the way to school. Indulging in this much ‘you-ness’ is the reason some experts frown upon selfies. According to some, they may be evidence of an unnatural obsession with your physical looks and take away concentration from other, more important life matters. There is also a very real danger that selfesteem may start to be tied to the comments and likes received when selfies are posted, a problem considering they aren’t based on 32
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who you are, your personality, or the way you think or feel—they’re based solely on what you look like. But with social networks like Instagram or Facebook, where it’s easy to get quick approval almost all the time, selfies can be a slippery slope. 205 likes on your newest picture means you’re up, but only 10? Confidence plummets fast and furiously. Selfies haven’t just stopped at the ‘flip the phone, hold it high, suck in cheeks, turn to your best side and smile wide’ innocent definition. They’ve turned into the “#healthie,” (selfies that allow gym rats to publicize the fruits of their labor) and the “#bikinibridge,” which involves pictures of girls showing the space created by her hip bones suspending bikini bottoms. Not to mention the “#thighgap” which encourages girls to show off the space between their legs. It goes without saying that there’s a fine line between pride and true body image issues. On the flipside however, selfies help normalize how people look in their everyday lives. While pop culture and mass media convey the message that all women should look like supermodels in fancy circumstances, selfies show us ‘real people’ in real situations. And because everybody is using Facebook and Twitter and Instagram and Snapchat, we’re all being exposed to more ‘real people’ of all shapes, sizes, colors and skin tones than ever before—and that’s a good thing. Another positive outcome? An article published by Psychology Today suggests that selfies are just a creative outlet. They allow young girls and boys to develop an identity for themselves and portray it as they wish. If people can claim their online identity via selfies on social media (like Lena Dunham does), perhaps it’ll help them shape their own selves without relying on preconceived labels.
October, 2014
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ETHICS OF THE ROAD A few days ago, as I was heading back to Khaldiya, something very nice and noble happened to me. I was driving on the left lane and wanted to shift to the right lane. So I signaled right, and switched lanes. The car that was behind me going on the left lane remained at its speed. I realized after a few seconds that there was a warning sign in front of me on the right lane. It didn’t worry me because I was driving slowly, at maybe 60 km/h. I slowed down to a stop, and signaled left. The Indian driver that was behind me instead of speeding up, stopped, and motioned with his hand allowing me to go, so I passed, and raised my hands in gratitude. This, now, may be something very trivial, but I think we all agree that it is something seldom seen nowadays. And it has certainly made me regain some of the hope I once had for the tranquility of the road. This incident made me wonder why people have grown to disrespect traffic laws, and why they have ceased to Adnan Najeeb Al-Abbar Adnan is studying Theoretical Physics at the college of Sciences and Technology in Kuwait University. His Hobbies include Anime, manga, heavy metal, jazz, gaming, writing, and reading. In Writing field he is into Reviews, critiques, essays, plays, and short short-stories. Adnan can be contacted by email: [email protected]
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drive respectfully. Is it because the roads are broken and bumpy? Or because a lot of streets are narrow and ill-designed? Is it because of the scorching sun? Or is it something that isn’t related to traffic or weather at all? Is it morality that we are oblivious of? The more I think about it, the closer I become to the conclusion that all the maniacs on the road do not misbehave solely because the roads are bad. In fact, that may only be a small part of the problem. Or an excuse. I realized that they drive badly because they are either distracted, untaught the laws of traffic, or simply selfish. Some people are very distracted by their phones, or a conversation they’re taking part in, or they’re lost and trying to find the way. Some are unaware of most of the laws, in which they only got the driving licence based on experience, without intuition of the rules. And some, let’s say the minority, are selfish, and just want to reach their destinations quickly, using any means possible ranging from cutting in line, forcing themselves into a second, third, or fourth lane, speeding crazily, taking turns they aren’t supposed to, or parking at places they shouldn't park in. And all threse drivers contribute to the massive traffic jams we have, which tells us that the government isn’t the only reason there are jammed roads. Now, we may understand why some people break the law, and we, on some level, tolerate and sympathize with them because we were put in similar situations one time, but we often forget that this tolerance is not in its place. This isn’t constructive behaviour. It isn’t helping in making society more peaceful. It is doing the exact opposite. It’s enraging drivers even more, and it is encouraging drivers to exploit all the rules to their advantage. That’s obviously destructive, but most of us can’t see that very well. We may tolerate those crazy drivers whose mothers are sick at home, but we don’t see how the same crazy drivers are endangering all of our lives for their sakes. That isn’t thoughtful, it’s selfish. Had they thought of all the others who may have similar problems but aren’t speeding, they might have refrained from their recklessness. But that’s the major problem in driving: The
estrangement driving puts us in. Once we get behind the wheel, it’s hard to distinguish other cars as human beings like us, rather than just the cars we see containing the lifeless passengers within. And that very much explains all the antisocial behaviour we have inside our cars, that we may never do outside of them. We would be too ashamed or embarrassed. But the car offers us this state of incognito, making us invisible to others, thus immune to shame and embarrassment. And that allows most of us, sadly, to misbehave. Most people have inherent good and bad traits. If we don’t encourage their good traits, or discourage the bad ones, it’s hard for them to remain good. It’s always good for the government to raise awareness on these issues, especially that driving accidents can be fatal. Driving is not a game, and so everyone should take it seriously, and everyone should respect other drivers as if they were looking at them directly. There should also be more traffic police scattered around the streets to ensure everyone respects the law. Drivers should be punished if they forgot to signal before they turn, or speeded especially when the traffic light’s flashing yellow. All traffic, in general, should be more surveilled, and more secure, because it is quite known that if you do not punish bad people, they will continue doing what is wrong. That is because, the same people who would do wrong to others would not do good unless you punish them if they didn’t. If a driver was to speed, he should consider all the other drivers who are now his victims. Why speed, in the end, when you can wake up early, get ready, and get out at least an hour before work or school? It’s definitely a better alternative. Or why park illegally when a 5 minutes’ walk isn’t harmful at all? Laziness is not an excuse. It is also highly advised that all people be well-aware of the rules. They should read them online on their free-time. And finally, drivers should respect one another, and help each other out instead of fighting savagely. In the end, we must remember that the ethics of the road only reflect what we hide underneath our skins. A reckless driver is not only a reckless driver, but also a disrespectful person.
BEAUTY IS IN THE EYE OF THE BEHOLDER
Who sets the standards?
Once upon a time, a beautiful woman was defined by her symmetrical facial
proportions, a black eye paint and red lip color, and excessive jewelry, creating the pharaonic beauty we see on ancient Egyptian women statues. And that was it. All that defined a fine looking woman was the amount of “Kohl� in her eyes, her red lips, and black thick hair.
Sherihan A. Hassabo Sherihan A. Hassabo is a passionate writer who started expressing her opinion about controversial subjects when she was 14. When she is not directing events, she likes to investigate the interesting relationships' controversy in our Eastern society. Every month, and from real life experience; Sherihan will share a story, an idea, opinion, or a simple advice for men and women to live happily ever after.
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In the 1500s, The Renaissance age, full-figured women were found extremely attractive. Why? Because their “full-figure” was not perceived as anything but a proof of their rich origins.
In the late 19th century,
The emphasis was really on women’s facial features. And ankles started to get some attention.
In the 1930s,
Women were once and for all released from the laws of the Victorian beauty. Fashion has changed and this is when “slim” first became the perfect body shape.
Enters Marilyn Monroe… The ideal body image for women regained some fullerfigured rules. The hourglass look was praised like no other. It was the super models figure.
1970s... Pretty=Thin Celebrities used to diet at starvation levels and diet pills were introduced to the public dreaming of being as skinny as ever.
Where are we today? The universal extreme dissatisfaction with weight is what defines us today. Studies even show that girls as young as 6 years old are commonly unhappy with their weight. Which age would you rather live in? October, 2014
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WATERY TALES Peregrine Spode
Dentally challenged. Still single.
Oh, gentle, dearest reader. What a dreadful month it's been for me. No real news on the social horizon; I'm still looking for the perfect Mrs Spode but I can't quite claim that there's a queue of eager candidates for the job stretching around the block, yours truly sitting at a desk with a sheaf of photographs and a pencil. Should any lady readers, unattached and of a kindly disposition, care to drop me a line, all correspondence will be answered. I haven't quite plucked up the courage to start my own FaceBook page yet - there are a lot of trolls out there. Including my editor who is quite fearsomely large and muscular, so one hesitates to offend him.
and everyone was scrambling to get in the Ark.
Why, then, has my golf swing developed such a profound slice into the Slough of Despond. All summer, there you all have been, dipping your toes in the sea, perhaps, sipping something cool and tinkling by bluegreen pools, aimlessly wandering, designer-clad, in airconditioned marbled malls...
And this is fall in the South of France. Might as well be Scotland, plus a few degrees. Having a thimbleful of Scottish blood, I followed the recent independence debate with some small enthusiasm. In fact, to get me in the mood, I overcame my aversion to Mel Gibson's impossibly contrived, woad-stained accent and watched 'Braveheart' for the umpteenth time, the tune of "Flower of Scotland" turning endlessly in the back of my mind.
Me? I have been sitting in the rain. You guys don't get a lot of it, so I thought you might like to know what it feels like. I had forgotten how depressing rain can be. The kind that falls, straight down like a flat head of greasy, adolescent hair. Unremitting, continuous, the surroundings lose definition and become featureless, like a grey mist that washes colour from the sky. Here, our swollen waterfall cascades angrily, growlingly advertising its disquiet from over a hundred metres away. What used to be a gently swirling tree-lined pool has become a maelstrom and rocks the size of basketballs are tossed carelessly over its rim. When my swimming pool overflows it means that some twenty centimetres of water has fallen rather rapidly, without an exit strategy. Rivulets find their way downhill, gravelly ruts are carved in the road. Lightning doesn't just rumble like a badly-behaved dinner guest, it bangs and clashes as if the skies are filled with angry warriors in battle, occasionally sparking spectacularly closely, leaving a crackling, ozone-laden odour and producing clouds of steam. Here, campsites were washed away, cars overturned in river beds and collapsed stone walls blocked the road. The French called it "alert rouge". It felt like the scene from "Noah" where the fountains of the great deep were unleashed 38
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Indoors, the electrical supply dims inexplicably and the surge protectors blank the TV screen. This is not good. Not good at all. For delicate electrical components in particular. Internet routers were not meant to be in such proximity to all that electromagnetic rage. Neither were telephones plus their fragile connecting wires, some of which in this part of the world are unsafely draped above ground, instead of being securely cocooned below the surface. Electric charge, desperate to find the path of least resistance, envelops the wire. The jolt of energy caused my router to light up like a Roman candle then lapse mutinously into a stubborn, rebellious silence, smoking gently, the phone screens mutely dark.
The Scots had their chance. The once in a generation opportunity to sever the three hundred year old umbilical, to slip their English moorings and leave the Sassenach behind. They almost did, at least some of them. But, they followed the money instead, led by the business strongholds of Edinburgh and Aberdeen. For the bankers, insurance companies and asset managers headquartered in Scotland, the risks of independence were large, obvious and manifold. They chose the last minute to speak out, leading the ace on the last hand with phrases like 'capital flight' which very probably swayed the floaters and delighted the Queen who might have had to get a passport to visit Balmoral. David Cameron, unwisely, let slip that when the result was known, HRH 'purred' down the phone. The Scots are still the unwilling janitors of a nuclear arsenal, they have lost an able First Minister who very sportingly stepped down after losing and still have little time for the Eton toffs in Westminster. And, it rains there. Almost every day. In the winter, it freezes as well. Getting wet can't be much of a novelty any more. Especially when the water is unbearably
cold, as it surely must have been when either jumping off the upended stern of the 'Titanic' or when some clown on FaceBook challenges you tip freezing water over your head then having done so, give people money. It would seem that the ALS icewater challenge, like the Hunger Games, has gone viral. Perhaps everyone is buying in to the Tribute mentality. I've been asked to do one, more than once - and thank you to the friends who were kind enough to include me. My instantaneous reaction was, 'Yeah, go ahead, why not?' But, then I gave it a little thought and as a result, I'm not going to, nor do I feel compelled to give whatereveritis to the nearest ALS foundation. Just so as to be clear, I hate iced water on my head the same as the next man, but it's quite bearable. I know. I spent five years at public school and cold showers were often used as punishments for not turning up to play rugby on a bone-hard pitch on freezing February afternoons. I have two basic reasons why I'm not going to take part, both of which I think are compelling in themselves. This is supposed to be the serious bit, so, do pay attention. First, I am told, ALS research, due to the very nature of the disease, requires both adult and embryonic stem cells as biological raw material. Embryonic cells are the harvest of abortions. Go ahead, Sherlock. Join the dots. But, this is the weaker of the two reasons. Secondly, and more importantly, the speed with which my gut agreed and screamed out 'go ahead' in itself gave me pause. Putting the bucket down for a few minutes, I began to consider the effect that social media activism is having on our culture – and my/ourselves as actors and consequently participants in it. It may surprise you, dear reader, to learn that old Peregrine has a little bit of a political edge to him, consequently it's clear to me that this medium’s capacity for acting as a vehicle for good is beyond doubt, and yet the principle of instant, do-it-now connectivity has a flipside. Anyone who has ever commented on a social activism website sees how easy it is for a herd mentality to develop, where everybody is nodding in furious agreement and dissent is shouted down, often quite violently. This is, of course, absolutely OK, I suppose, so long as the herd is headed in the right direction and so we meekly trot along mooing and lowing with everybody else. Peer pressure has a nasty habit of distorting perspective. We're all racing to belong without first pausing to think through all of the options before clicking “like”. We've all probably read Richard Bach's passport-to-freedom novel 'Jonathan Livingston Seagull'. It's the story of a seagull who doesn't want to be part of the flock anymore and so he goes out on his own, finding his own path and learning to do the impossible. How many, apart from Jonathan Livingston, have elected to fly against the wind out to the far rocks because they don't like being just another seagull in the flock as well as stopping to investigate exactly how the money's being spent before emptying the ice cube trays? Exactly. I don't think anyone needs to beat themselves up over it - that's not the point. It's OK to feel a little excluded, even strange, and, perhaps more than a little prone towards caution and selfawareness in the future. I should know, of course. I've felt strange all my life. October, 2014
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Paul Turnbridge
When things in your life seem almost too much to handle; when twenty-four hours in a day is not enough; remember the mayonnaise jar and two cups of coffee... A professor stood before his philosophy class and had some items in front of him. When the class began, without speaking he picked up a very large and empty mayonnaise jar and proceeded to fill it with golf balls. He then asked the students if the jar was full. They agreed that it was. The professor then picked up a box of pebbles and poured them into the jar. He shook the jar lightly, and the pebbles rolled into the open spaces between the golf balls. He asked the students again if the jar was full. They agreed it was. The professor next picked up a bucket of sand and poured it into the jar. Of course, the sand filled up everything else. He asked once more if the jar was full and the students responded with a unanimous 'yes.' The professor then produced two cups of coffee from under the table, and poured the entire contents into the jar, effectively filling the empty space between the sand. The students laughed. 40
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'Now,' said the professor as the laughter subsided, 'I want you to recognise that this jar represents your life. The golf balls are the important things - family, children, health, friends, and favorite passions - things that, if everything else was lost and only they remained, your life would still be full. The pebbles are the other things that matter, like your job, house, and car. The sand is everything else ... the small stuff. 'If you put the sand into the jar first,' he continued, 'there is no room for the pebbles or for the golf balls. The same goes for life. If you spend all your time and energy on the small stuff, you will never have room for the things that are important to you. So ... pay attention to the things that are critical to your happiness. Play with your children; take time to get medical checkups; take your partner out to dinner. There will always be time to clean the house and fix the disposal. Take care of the golf balls first ... the things that really matter. Set your priorities ... the rest is just sand.' One of the students raised her hand and enquired what the coffee represented. The professor smiled. 'I'm glad you asked. It just goes to show you that no matter how full your life may seem, there's always room for a couple of cups of coffee with a friend.'
MAYONNAISE
INSURE YOUR CAR FOR ONE YEAR & GET
THE SECOND YEAR FREE
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UNDERSTANDING
CHOLESTEROL While cholesterol is too complex to categorize so easily, the widely known complications of high cholesterol make it easy to generalize cholesterol as something detrimental to human health. However, there is more to cholesterol than meet the eye. Where does cholesterol come from? The human body makes all the cholesterol it needs and circulates it through the blood. However, foods, including meat, certain dairy products and poultry, also contain cholesterol, and the liver actually produces more cholesterol if you eat a diet that is high in saturated and trans fats. Why is cholesterol potentially dangerous? According to the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, high blood cholesterol is a major risk factor for heart disease. If your body has too much cholesterol in its blood that excess cholesterol can form plaque in the walls of your arteries. Narrow arteries slow blood flow to the heart, which needs both the blood and the oxygen that blood carries in order to function at full strength. If plaque buildup in the arterial walls slows or blocks off that blood flow, a heart attack may result. Bad vs. good? Cholesterol does not dissolve in the blood, so carriers known as lipoproteins must transport it through the bloodstream. Two types of lipoprotein perform this function, low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and highdensity lipoproteins (HDL). LDL is what’s commonly referred to as “bad” cholesterol because it contributes to the buildup of plaque, the thick and hard deposits that can line the arterial walls and impede blood flow. HDL is the “good” cholesterol, as it helps remove LDL from the arteries. Medical experts believe HDL gathers LDL before Dr. Nazia Nausheen Dr. Nazia Nausheen is a Certified Medical Doctor. She also holds a Masters Degree in Business, Specializing in Sales and Marketing. Disseminates valuable information in her extensive medical seminars and workshops. Readers should look forward to her regular articles on women health and other general health related issues.
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carrying it away from the arteries and back to the liver, where it is ultimately broken down and passed from the body. What affects cholesterol levels? Cholesterol levels are affected by lifestyle choices you can control and additional factors you cannot. Diet is entirely within your control. A diet that is high in saturated fat is unhealthy, and doctors recommend a diet that emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy products, poultry, fish, and nuts. Avoid red meat, sugary foods, and beverages as much as possible. Weight is another controllable risk factor for high cholesterol. Losing weight can lower LDL while increasing HDL. Exercise. Regular physical activity can lower LDL and raise HDL levels. 40 minutes of aerobic exercise performed at moderate to vigorous intensity three to four times per
week is enough to lower LDL and high blood pressure. Age. Cholesterol levels rise with age. You can make healthy lifestyle choices to combat the impact that aging has on your cholesterol levels. Gender is another uncontrollable factor that affects cholesterol levels before reaching the age of menopause; women have lower total cholesterol levels than men of the same age. However, after they reach the age of menopause, women’s LDL levels typically rise. Heredity. High blood cholesterol can run in families, so your genes might just be influencing how much cholesterol your body is making. How great is my risk of heart disease or heart attack? The more risk factors, including high LDL levels and factors listed above, you have, the greater your risk of developing heart disease or having a heart attack. Monitoring cholesterol levels and making healthy lifestyle choices can greatly reduce your risk of heart disease and heart attack.
ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼـﻮن ﺑﺼﺤﺘـﻚ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴﻞ واﻟﻌﻼج اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ د .ﺷﺮف اﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻓﻴﻼن
اﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ ﻋﻼج ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ وإﻋﺎدة ﺗﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﺮاﺣﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ زﻣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺒﻮرد ا�وروﺑﻲ
اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ : إﻋﺎدة ﺗـﺄﻫﻴﻞ اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻲ واﻟﻌﻀﻠـﻲ وﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞاﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ. إﻋــﺎدة ﺗﺄﻫﻴــﻞ ﻣـــﺎ ﺑﻌـــﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـــﺎت اﻟﻜﺴـــﻮر و ا�ﺻﺎﺑـــﺎتاﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ. ﻋﻼج إﺻﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﻨﺨﺎع اﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ. اﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺴﻜﺘﺎت اﻟﺪﻣﺎﻏﻴﺔ ،اﻟﺸﻠﻞاﻟﻨﺼﻔﻲ ،ﺷﻠــﻞ ﻋﺼــﺐ اﻟﻮﺟـــﻪ ،اﻟﺒﺎرﻛﻨﺴـــﻮن ،إﺻﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﺮأس وإﺻﺎﺑﺎت ا�ﻋﺼﺎب اﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﺔ. ﻋﻼج ا�ﻻم اﻟﺤﺎدة واﻟﻤﺰﻣﻨﺔ. ﻋﻼج اﻟﺘﺸﻨﺠﺎت ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺣﻘﻦ اﻟﺒﻮﺗﻜﺲ. -ﺗﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﻣﺒﺘﻮري ا�ﻃﺮاف.
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Brought to you by:
MAKING WORK WORK FOR YOU AND YOUR BABY How to continue breastfeeding after returning to work As you prepare for the birth of your baby, don’t forget to prepare for life after your baby is born. Many mothers return to work during the first year of their baby’s life. Prepare for success by following these tips for successful breastfeeding once you return to work.
Prepare for breastfeeding after you return to work while you are still pregnant nEducate yourself. Enroll in a breastfeeding education class. Some childbirth education classes touch lightly on breastfeeding, but you might find it helpful to enroll in a class entirely devoted to breastfeeding. If you read about breastfeeding on the Internet or from books, make sure they are reliable sources. For example, www.womenshealth. gov has excellent resources and information for breastfeeding women, in addition to www.llli.org and www.kellymom.com. These websites each have great reading lists if you are looking for additional books to read. nGather support and resources. Find your local peer breastfeeding support group and peer breastfeeding counselor. You can begin attending and asking questions while Sarah Paksima
Sarah Paksima is BirthKuwait Co-Founder and President Emeritus and a Doula, Childbirth Educator.
BirthKuwait is a non-profit organization operating as part of The Voluntary Health Association.For more information, visit their website: www.birthkuwait.com or Instagram: @birthkuwait
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you are pregnant to help you prepare. This will also help you to build a relationship with experienced mothers so you know whom to call when you have questions after your baby is born and help you develop realistic expectations for what to expect. One experienced executive successfully breastfed three babies by thinking creatively: “I've pumped on international flights, in the backs of cars on work trips, airline hangars in Germany, countless US military bases, airport lounges, public bathrooms, buses, trains, and I'm sure other obscure places I've chosen to forget. I've never dumped out milk on a trip - I've always been able to bring it home!” BirthKuwait runs the only peer Breastfeeding Counselor Support program in Kuwait. To learn more or to contact a breastfeeding counselor, email [email protected] or visit the website www.birthkuwait.com for more info. nCommunicate and plan with your employer and family. It’s important to communicate with your employer about your intention to breastfeed. Express your desire to be a good mother and employee. Ask your employer to provide you with a private space and regular breaks for expressing or pumping. Also speak to your family about your intentions.
Arrange for extra support for your decision to breastfeed, and perhaps assistance in bringing your baby to you to breastfeed during your break times. As you take the time to explain the benefits of breastfeeding to your family and employer, you will find that they are more willing to be supportive. If your employer needs more convincing about the benefits of supporting breastfeeding in the workplace, www.womenshealth.gov has a presentation titled: The Business Case for Breastfeeding. This document outlines the benefits to employers, including more loyal and satisfied employees, cost savings from healthier employee families, lower insurance costs, and higher retention rates. Take the time to educate our employer.
nChoose childcare with care. If you have available childcare right next to your work, you can breastfeed and reconnect with your baby regularly rather than expressing and bottle-feeding. If you choose to use a care provider in your home or at a child center further away from your work place, be sure to learn everything about their infant feeding policies. Choose a provider who respects your right to determine what and how often your infant will eat, in addition to how your infant will eat.
Prepare for breastfeeding after returning to work while you are still on maternity leave. nTake your time. Take as much time as you can to be with your baby. Establish a healthy and easy eating routine. Work through any challenges you might encounter as you learn to breastfeed. Build your milk supply. Enjoy this precious time with your infant, the time goes by faster than you realize. Before you return to work, make sure feeding your infant is second nature. Breastfeeding should be such a regular part of your life that by the end of the day, you don’t remember how many times you fed your baby. Breastfeeding should be like brushing your teeth or taking a shower; that is, it should become part of your everyday routine, just something you do together with ease. nFind the right pump. Not all pumps are created equally. There are many bad pumps in the market. If you have a rotten pump, you may: have more difficulty expressing your milk, become sore, not be able to express all of the milk you would be able to with a better quality pump, take a much longer amount of time than it would with a better quality pump. One of the most reliable brands is Medela. The Medela Pump-n-Style is efficient and usually effective, and is a favorite among moms. However, some mothers may prefer a hospital-grade pump if they will be pumping more than just a few times a day. Also, the Pump-n-Style only comes with one size cup as standard, and it is often too small. The cup of your pump should fit comfortably on your breast. When pumping, the sides of your nipple should not touch the sides of the cup. This will cause discomfort, cracked nipples, and hinder your milk expression. You may want to order several different sizes to experiment and find the right size for you. www.ExpressedMilk.com has several posts and images on finding the right fitting for your pump. nPractice. Try out your pump and make sure it is going to be comfortable, effective at expressing your milk, and easy to clean and store. Try feeding your baby pumped milk from a bottle. Figure out how you will label and store your milk. nFind support. Talking to other moms through a breastfeeding peer support group
will be helpful as you work through the some of the details. You may learn that there are many different ways that mothers have solved various challenges. One working mother recently shared: “I have no idea what kept me going, sheer determination..... awesome sisters…but my babies stopped taking a bottle completely so we had to figure out how to feed my babies with cups and syringes. My biggest challenge was that I had no where to pump at my work and I ended up in my car with a car adapter charger which wasn't super private and was FREEZING in the winter. Also going on breaks at the right time was challenging especially because my coworkers didn't understand that my body was on a strict schedule and that "waiting" was not something I could control and was really uncomfortable.” This can inspire and encourage you if you encounter any roadblocks. You also have the opportunity to develop friendships with other moms, breastfeeding counselors, and lactation consultants to draw on for support. Email [email protected] to learn more about your local support groups and connect with other breastfeeding mothers.
Make a smooth transition back to work. nCommunicate. Continue to clearly express your intention to breastfeed to your employer, and ask for any accommodations or extra support you may need. One nursing mother shared that what helps her most at her work was “understanding co-workers and boss and having a specific place to pump. At the hospital where I work, they have a specific room with actual hospital grade pumps for employees only to use. You could buy a kit from the gift shop. They had a small refrigerator there for storage as well and a communications board for any mothers who had questions or concerns. It was fabulous... And very essential for breast feeding mothers working 12 hour shifts!” nSet up your private, secure, and comfortable place to express. Think of things you might need to make it more comfortable, such as a scarf or blanket, some bottles of water, or a pillow. To help your milk let down when you begin to pump, try looking at pictures of you baby on your phone or play some relaxing or soothing music. You may also find that you enjoy spending time with other mothers who are also expressing. One mother shared: “For me, being in a pumping room with other pumping mom's was priceless. Their advice as well as having someone to just commiserate with about exhaustion and how to travel and pump was amazing. Hardest thing for me was I got very very little milk when I pumped. It was frustrating.”
to pump and nurse around the same times each day, but don’t worry if you can’t. Your body is flexible. nNurse baby immediately after childcare if possible. After work, you’re tired; your babies tired. You are both hungry and you might have errands to run. So sometimes it might seem tempting to just feed your baby a bottle right after childcare. Try instead to take the time to nurse your baby immediately after picking her up from childcare. This helps you both reconnect and bond, while also reinforcing your breastfeeding relationship. nMake sure your care provider knows how to bottle-feed a breastfed baby. Milk flows out easier from a bottle than it does from a breast. When babies nurse, they have to put forth considerable effort to draw the milk out of the breast. When they drink from a bottle, the milk simply pours out. If a care provider is not careful, it is easy to overfeed infants. Many mothers complain that once their baby started childcare their milk supply dropped. In actuality, their milk supply is the same, but the baby is being overfed. To prevent this, train your provider to do paced bottlefeeding. This is a brief description: First, use a slow-flow nipple. Second, hold your baby in a semi-reclined position, but not laying completely horizontal. Allow your baby to suck from a bottle tipped at a 45 degree angle. After a few sucks slowly draw the nipple out so that it is touching your baby’s cheek. When your baby is ready for more and begins rooting, allow your baby to draw the nipple of the bottle back into her mouth and suck and swallow a few more times. Continue to repeat until your baby no longer roots for the bottle, or she has finished between 2-4.5 ounces per feeding. For a more detailed explanation and to see a video of paced bottle-feeding visit look up “Paced Bottled Feeding” by Lactation Consultant (IBCLE) Jessica Barton on YouTube. Also see “How to Feed the Breastfed Baby” on www.kellymom. com for a printable document to share with your provider that explains the best way to bottle-feed a breastfed baby. nTalk to other mothers.
nEstablish a routine. Be sure to pump and breastfeed between 10-13 times per day if our baby is still exclusively drinking breastmilk. Sometimes it is helpful to try October, 2014
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LINE THE
JAWLINE
The lower third facial problems such as bad neck, weak chin, double chin, or sagging jowl are very common aesthetic complaints that directly or indirectly lead to aging heavy face or detract from beauty of the face &neck. A strong jawline implies youth, vigor, and attractiveness. Having a “great jawline” usually means having a visible mandibular border that is straight from the mandibular angle to the chin point, an acute cervicomental angle, and the absence of fat, sagging, dyspigmentation, and wrinkles, and clearly defined mandibular angle. Goal of producing a great jawline like that of Angelina Jolie or Nefertiti is now achievable. Obtaining superior aesthetic results in neck rejuvenation requires accurately diagnosing the underlying anatomic abnormality. The aging neck results from the triad of accumulated submental fat, platysmal banding, and redundant dyspigmented skin. These physical attributes are the result of the intrinsic aging process compounded by the extrinsic environmental factors affecting all tissues and structures in the submentum and neck area. Many women try to tighten neck skin and decrease fatty deposits through diet, exercises or creams. These are usually met with disappointing results, because they fail to target the underlying abnormalities of the neck. The cosmetic surgeon can provide the woman with a wide range of effective options. These treatments include, liposuction, laser assisted lipoplasty, botox, fillers, and neck lift. Ideal candidates for neck liposuction as a primary procedure are those who demonstrate fat deposition, an obtuse cervicomental angle, and early signs Dr. Nadi Ragab Sakr Plastic Surgeon
Specialized Boushahri Polyclinic
Baghdad Street, Building # 38, In front of Suleiman Al-Luhaib Mosque. Tel: 1888877 Ext: 141 E-mail : [email protected]
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of aging in the neck structures. Good candidates have good skin elasticity and tone and are of average weight for their height. Liposuction neck can be performed under local anesthesia. Before starting the procedure, special solutions to reduce the bleeding are administered to area. Thus bleeding is either completely prevented or significantly reduced. This application also significantly reduces the pain after the surgery. We just open holes on the skin with enough diameters to slide the cannula. Those holes usually have 3-5 mm diameter and on invisible places such as behind the ears or under the chin. We close them at the end of the procedure with a few small sutures. Since we open the holes on the invisible places, prominence of these holes is gradually faded. There may be mild pain on the first day following the surgery and that is normal. You can walk with a little help 2 -3 hours after the surgery. After the procedure, the chin is firmly wrapped to help reduce swelling, bruising, and pain. Fluid may drain from the incision sites for
several days. You may be given antibiotics to reduce the risk of infection. Patients can notice good results immediately but the neck continue to improve over two months after liposuction. Laser liposuction has made a big stride in the plastic surgery field since its introduction many years ago. After long research, a few types of laser were found to have the specific wavelength that melts fat & tightens collagen without harming other tissues. Currently, there are two very popular types of laser liposuction in the market, SmartLipo and SlimLipo. They both operate on the same basic principle; using very specific laser frequencies they “melt” fat cells making them easier to remove, while stimulating collagen production. Whereas SmartLipo uses a rigid metal wand and higher wave length laser, SlimLipo uses a flexible wand and two types of laser; one for melting fat and one for tightening skin. Botox (botulinum toxin, type A) is a safe product for local injection into muscles. It relaxes the taut muscle leading to smoothing out the contour irregularities resulting from excessive muscle contraction. Applications of botox in the neck include increasing definition of jawline, abolishing platysma bands (turkey neck) and decreasing neck creases. A wide range of modern fillers, are now available to fill any dents in lower face and to smooth neck and lower facial contour. The surgical intervention in the form of facelift and necklift is resorted to only in cases with severe redundancy, loss of muscle tone, or when other less invasive methods are less likely to be effective. At Bushahri Specialized Polyclinic we provide you a wide spectrum of safe and less invasive therapeutic options. These include state-of-the art liposuction& laser machines (SlimLipo, SmartLipo), modern fillers, botox, and surgical operations. The plastic surgeon will choose upon your request the option that is proper and safe for you and the one that will offer you the young youthful face and neck that you always dreamt of. All this is provided by friendly staff who consider your safety and privacy to be a priority.
Baghdad Street – Building 38 same as Boushahri Seema Pharmacy, Opposite Suleiman Al-Luhaib Mosque - Tel : 1888877
www.boushahricp.com
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FOOD ADDICTION Has anyone heard of the term food addiction before? Well, between 2000 and 2007 there were only 2 publications about food addiction. In 2012 alone, there are 34 publications. A huge interest was directed to this area due to the bio-behavioral evidence that highly palatable foods rich in sugar, fat, and salt have an abuse potential similar to addictive drugs like cocaine and alcohol. This was also proven by the human brain neuro-imaging studies and behavior genetic research. There are some symptoms associated with food addiction such as spending the day for grocery shopping and eating almost half of the list at the same day. Other symptoms including the failure attempts to cut back on specific products or eating habits. Withdrawal symptoms are also accompanied with food addiction but to much less extreme than drug abuse. Those withdrawal symptoms vary from one person to another; some people fix anxiety by eating something crunchy, like chips or crackers. Others choose eating processed snacks to correct being tired and/or depressed. Ahmad Alfailakawi Clinic Manager
Ahmad Alfailakawi works as Clinic Manger at Diet Care. He holds a BSc in Food Studies and Nutrition and a Master’s degree in Food Science. He is an expert in weight loss management and sports nutrition. Ahmad has previously worked as a teacher at Kuwait College of Health Sciences.
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Binge eating is somehow correlated with food addiction. The low end of obesity could be attributed to binge eating, the higher end could resemble a more aggressive pattern resulting in food addiction. However, studies have shown that not all people with food addiction have binge eating disorder, but most of them do. Binge eating can be defined as recurrent episodes (‘binges’) of uncontrolled, often rapid consumption of large amounts of food even in the absence of hunger and sometimes despite physical discomfort. Research has shown that any wholesome food would activate the reward system of the brain by the release of dopamine, as well as other neurotransmitters and hormones. However, highly palatable food were found to activate the signals the most. Recent findings also indicate that food deprivation and repeated consumption of highly palatable food can alter the signals in the brain which promote an increase intake. The marketing power of palatable foods is not only seen by the high consumer demand for pizza, ice-cream, chocolate or chips, but by the invocation of food images to sell a host of other non-edible products such as perfumes, cologne and soaps. We can see perfumes of lemon or vanilla aroma and soaps of honey macaroon style. So is it obesity leading to food addiction? Or is it food addiction leading to obesity? It is indeed very wide and interesting field, still under research.
Natural Remedies to beat the Flu As schools have started and our kids are exposed to all kinds of things on the playground, that vicious cycle of the never ending flu has begun. Though some may choose to go the allopathic route and just get a flu shot; some might just want to avoid the drama of the kids screaming in fear of an injection. So to avoid the screaming, Take a look at some options to naturally avoid or even cure the common cold or flu.
Garlic would be another option. It is a great immunity booster. With adding garlic to your food, you will find that you aren’t getting sick as often as you used to. However, make sure that you are not over cooking the garlic when adding it to your dishes. Sage, would be the herb to use when dealing with a sore throat. Using sage in a tea to gargle, or drink it as a tea with honey that will help clear up your throat. However, make sure to avoid sage while breastfeeding, as it may stop milk production.
Throughout history, our ancestors have used nature to cure many ailments, and there is no reason for us to do the same today. First, we have Thyme, also known as Za’atar in the Arab world. It is a great expectorant to clear out your sinuses and lungs. Now how to use it? It is best to use Thyme essential oil, the more organic the better, and add either to boiling water to create steam or to use loose thyme leaves and drink it as a tea.
Finally, there is oregano oil; this by far has the most benefits for us. Oregano oil is taken orally and is used to help with coughs, asthma, croup and bronchitis, as well as many other ailments. Also when applied topically it helps with many skin conditions such as acne, sores, rosacea and psoriasis; oregano oil is a natural antibacterial that, though doesn’t taste very good but has been one of the best natural remedies that I’ve personally used.
Maha AlRashed
Maha AlRashed is a CHEK Certified Exercise Coach and a regular contributor for CityPages magazine.
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Natural remedies make our lives a lot healthier and help to reduce the side effects of allopathic medicine. However, this is not an article to pull you away from modern medicine, it is one to show that you also have options that are natural.
Why you should attend one of the biggest fitness festivals in the world
I love fitness conventions!
showcased last weekend?
They remind me of Disneyland except the costumes are far less skimpier, everyone’s buzzing on endorphins and adrenaline and one can actually find a healthy meal or 2 (even protein ice cream!).
lWell fitness is ever-evolving, however, bodybuilding in Europe still has a strong hold within the fitness community. The pro and amateur shows were the big drawcards to this event and most of the fitness brands at the expo were geared towards this mainstream audience.
I am absolutely blessed and humbled at the fact I got to compete at this year’s Arnold Amateur Bodybuilding show at the prestigious Arnold Classic Europe (ACE). Set in beautiful Madrid, Spain, the ACE event occurred on the 26th-28th of September and is one of the biggest bodybuilding shows outside of the United States, drawing in thousands of visitors, spectators and competitors interested in various disciplines of fitness to the beautiful Spanish capital. What began as a sports festival back in 1989 in Columbus, Ohio; ACE is named in honour after the famous bodybuilder, actor and now Governor, Arnold Schwarzenegger and now has several inter-continental festivals around the globe with Spain being its biggest and main international event. Aside from bodybuilding, ACE also showcased brands, fitness demonstrations, sporting institutions and competitions for Mix Martial Arts, Olympic Lifting, Crossfit, StrongMan and even Cheerleading!
What were some of the fitness trends Reshmi Revi Certified Professional Trainer
Reshmi Revi is the Deputy General Manager for MultiWorks Personal Training. She is also an IFBB Bikini Competitor and passionate about fitness! Follow her on Instagram @Q8MissFit
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lThere are no boundaries or competition within the interdisciplinary fields of sports. I had spectators from the Eleiko or Olympic Lifting division ask me who I was and what I was doing this weekend at the expo, I cheered on participants who had entered a crossfit throwdown, you could see bodybuilders who had done their comps looking on in amazement at the folks who were doing the capoeira demonstration; everyone at the Madrid Arena was united together by their passion for sports and fitness. lYou’re here to have fun! I initially was utterly nervous but speaking to some of the competitors there, they made me realize that yes training and competing should be taken seriously, but you’re due to have some fun too in this game.
All in all, I had an amazing time in Spain. I competed in my Bodybuilding Bikini class (that’s 160cm and under), took in some of the sights of Spain (if you ever get a chance to visit, the Gran Via and Sol are my 2 favorite places) and did some serious fitness shopping (when you visit these expos, they tend to premier the latest clothing and fitness accessories at a competitive price. If not, I absolutely loved Madrid’s Nike Store, Footlocker and the House of Hoops!).
We all without doubt lead a busy lifestyle which revolves around work, meeting deadlines, family commitments, studies and so on. It’s no surprise sometimes we hit a wall of fatigue and struggle to get going. If this sounds like something you experience then you may want to evaluate your eating habits and food choices. Even at your busiest, you need to make healthy food choices that can assist your body to fight off daily stress and fatigue of life.
What you need to know about food and energy Our body utilises energy from the food and fluids we choose to eat and drink by breaking it down into smaller units and then absorbing them to use as fuel. This process is called metabolism. The three main sources of energy are carbohydrates, being the most important source followed by protein and fat. Energy derived from protein and fat is only used when carbohydrates are depleted. A diet rich in complex carbohydrates such as wholegrain (sources include bulgur, whole Sanaa Abdul Hamid Sanaa holds Masters of Clinical Dietetics from University of Queensland, Australia and is a Clinical dietitian. Sanaa is a also a blogger and very active on Instagram. Read more from Sanaa at: Blog: www.fit-n-fancy.com , Instagram: Sanaa_dietitian
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wheat flour, brown rice, buckwheat, quinoa, oats) beans and pulses, high-fibre cereals, starchy vegetables (for example parsnip, pumpkin, squash, peas, corn etc.) are foods that provide prolonged energy. These foods are rich in fibre and are digested at a slow, steady rate, keeping you full for longer. Since complex carbohydrates stabilize your blood sugar levels, our pancreas secrete less insulin, thus making you feel less hungry. Healthy protein (such as chicken, fish, turkey, legumes) and moderate amount of healthy fats (such as nuts, seeds, olive oil, and avocados) are also important to include in your daily diet. Keeping your body hydrated is also equally important. Since water is essential for digesting, absorbing and transporting nutrients for energy, being dehydrated leads to energy deprivation. Processed carbohydrates such as white pasta, white rice, baked goods all lack fibre and nutrients, they get digested and absorbed quickly leading to quick rise in blood sugars followed by a crash. Refined sugar also works the same way, zapping your energy levels. It’s best to avoid sodas and other sugary drinks. Consuming excess caffeine in the form of coffee or energy drinks also negatively impacts your energy levels as they are mild diuretics which means it triggers water loss and can contribute to dehydration leading to fatigue. In addition, once the caffeine wears off you tend to feel down. To keep your energy levels up, follow the tips
below when planning your meals.
5 tips to boost your energy level 1.Balance your plate with complex carbohydrates, protein and healthy fats. For example ½ your plate can be fresh salad served with olive oil dressing; ¼ of your plate should be a source of complex carbohydrate and the remaining ¼ plate should be lean protein. 2.Include power snacks to eat between main meals. This snack should be source of protein and fibre. For example a piece of apple and a small handful of nuts OR a slice of wholegrain bread with natural nut butter of your choice. 3.Eat every 3-4 hours to keep your body supplied with constant energy and to maintain blood sugar levels 4.Keep yourself well hydrated by drinking plenty of water throughout the day 5.Avoid excessive caffeine intake, simple sugars and processed foods which cause quick spikes in energy levels followed by an energy crash.
This October...
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Early detection can save lives. Commit to your regular checkups because you owe it to yourself.
#GoPinkWithCityPages
Sherihan Hassabo
CityPages Team Member Motivation & Self Development Editor
My family has a long history of breast cancer, a disease which I have lost many of beloved family members to. We can minimize the risk of breast cancer by following a healthy and balanced lifestyle that starts with a positive and strong outlook on life, resulting in a healthy and strong body. Stress is a major contributing factor to this disease and by staying positive and regularly exercising our chances are reduced. Love your body, believe in the strength of each part of it and stays stress free as possible. Most importantly we must encourage women to take initiative and periodically have health checks including and not limited to breast cancer screening. Early detection means more effective treatment. Make sure you do what makes you happy as a healthy body is a reflection of a happy life. Go pink with Citipages.
Tassnim Hassoun
CityPages Team Member Arabic Editor
#GoPinkWithCityPages
As a health professional I believe "prevention is better than cure" So my message to all the lovely ladies out there is to schedule your mammograms timely, be aware of the signs, and educate and motivate other women in your family to do the same. Early detection can save a life!
#GoPinkWithCityPages
CityPages Team Member Health & Nutrition Editor
We promote breast cancer awareness at CityPages because we care.
Talah Al Abdulaaly
CityPages Team Member Fashion Editor & Stylist
#GoPinkWithCityPages
Dr. Sarafudheen Villan Focusing on alleviating pain, maximizing function and improving lives
Please introduce yourself to our readers: I work as a Specialist Physiatrist (Medical Doctor in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) at Taiba Rehabilitation Centre, Taiba Specialized Clinics in Fintas. I have been working in Kuwait since March 2011. Prior to moving to Kuwait, I have been working as a Consultant in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Medicine at University Hospital of Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust in Britain.
As a physiatrist I am able to identify the problems and provide alternative treatments including a variety of medical injections, medical acupuncture treatment along with physical therapy to help the patient have better pain control with less drug dependency and better coping mechanisms to deal with his or her problem. In this specialty, the person as a whole is considered while treatments are formulated for their disabling problems rather than treating their medical condition alone.
Tell us about your education: I graduated from Calicut Medical College (1991 – 1997), Calicut, India. I completed postgraduate training in Orthopaedics at JNMC, AMU, India in 2001. I did further postgraduate trainings in the United Kingdom. I got Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh in March 2004 and associate Fellowship of Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in June 2004. I then pursued higher specialist training in Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine at London Deanery from 2005 and got Higher Specialist Qualification called CCST in 2009. I also got Fellowship of European Board of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine in 2009.
What does a physiatrist do and what is a typical day like for you? In simple terms, physiatrist is a medical doctor with higher specialist training in a specialty of medicine called Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation who helps patients become as functional and pain free as possible so they can enjoy life as before. Elaborating on it, a physiatrist manages a patient’s medical issues as they participate through the rehabilitation process. A physiatrist assesses the patient and assures that the patient is medically stable to participate in therapies. Medical issues specific to rehabilitation include pain management, neurogenic bowel and bladder, spasticity management, and disease education. Furthermore, a physiatrist will manage other co-morbid conditions (e.g., hypertension, diabetes, heart diseases, lung diseases, etc.) of the patients who need rehabilitation in order to prevent further medical complications. A common misconception about physiatrists is that they are the ones who are actually performing the therapies. Physiatrists and physical therapists treat patients with the same types of conditions. In general, physical therapists are trained in the clinical features of common musculoskeletal pathology, musculoskeletal examination, developing a treatment plan and exercise regimen, and physical modalities (including heat, cold,
Why did you choose your specialty? Physiatry is a very interesting field with a broad range of sub-specialties focused on handling issues such as pain management, rheumatological conditions, sports medicine, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, neurological conditions and stroke rehabilitation. During my time working in hospitals I witnessed many patients’ frustrations as they went from physician to physician seeking a solution for their conditions and all they received were medications to mask the pain. 62
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TENS). Physiatrists, on the other hand, are medical doctors who assess patients, make and manage medical diagnoses, prescribe medications, do interventions such as specialized injections (botulinum toxin, steroids with local anaesthetics, hyaluronic acid etc.) into soft-tissues, muscles and joints and prescribe the therapies that physical therapists will subsequently perform. Physiatrists formulate the overall management plan for the patients who need rehabilitation and collaborate, coordinate and communicate with therapists to ensure patients are receiving appropriate treatment. On a typical day, I would be evaluating patients in outpatient clinic or on inpatient wards, managing the diagnosis, comorbidities and associated medical problems. I see a variety of patients with issues primarily related to neck, back, joints and neurological problems. What sports injuries do you treat most often? I treat almost all types of sports injuries. Commonest sports injuries I get to treat are injuries of knee, ankle, hip, elbow, shoulder, wrist, neck and back sustained from sports ranging from football, basket ball, health club work-out, swimming, tennis, squash and badminton to volley ball. What is one of the biggest challenges that you face in your job? One of the biggest challenges I face is ensuring that every patient is receiving the ideal treatment for their specific condition. Most patients require a multi-disciplinary approach with multiple specialty health care providers to ensure they are receiving the care they need and deserve. Dealing with each patient as an individual with a unique set of circumstances and being able to
provide the ideal treatment for their problem can be a challenging task. What's the most exciting recent medical advancement in your field? Stem cell treatment technology for the recovery/ rehabilitation of chronic pain problems, spinal cord injuries, brain injuries, and disabling neurological conditions is one of the most exciting medical advances which is emerging now. Robotic rehabilitation therapy, modern assistive devices, computerized communication systems, implanted devices, FES based functional devices, wearable technology, high end gadgets, and new generation prostheses and orthoses are a few other advances to name in terms of technological advancement in the specialty. Another development is gait retraining in suspended harness which has been reported as an effective rehabilitation technique in some neurological conditions. How would you describe the Taiba Rehabilitation & Physiotherapy Center in Fintas and what makes it unique and different? Taiba Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy Center is the only hospital or rehabilitation centre in Kuwait that is staffed with all the rehabilitation medical professionals such as medical doctor specialized in physical medicine, rehabilitation and orthopaedics; chiropractor and physiotherapists. It is like the only ‘one stop solution’ rehabilitation center in Kuwait. The center is very well equipped with all the modern instruments as well. Also it is the only center in Kuwait that offers chiropractic service by the only chiropractor in Kuwait. Were you athletic growing up? I used to play football and shuttle and ball badmintons during my younger age. Apart from these usual sports activities, my growing up was not athletic. What can people do in their everyday lives to keep their spines healthy? Correct Postures and Proper Ergonomics: Adopt, practice and maintain good postures in standing, walking, sitting, lifting and lying in positions where the least strain is placed on supporting muscles and ligaments. Standing: Keep one foot slightly in front of the other, with your knees slightly bent. This position helps to take the pressure off your low back. We need to stand up, walk and sit straight or upright. We spend a lot of our time sitting and sleeping, so make sure you are adequately supported. Invest in a good supportive chair, pillow and mattress. Sitting: Stretch your legs and back after each hour of sitting and avoid sitting (at desk or in car) for prolonged periods without breaks. Regular breaks and stretches help to maintain healthy spine, joint and muscular function. Sleeping: Sleeping on our stomach puts too much pressure on the spine. Sleep on your back or side, and never your stomach. We need to use October, 2014
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supportive mattress as well as a pillow that promotes proper alignment of our back and neck. Be sure to turn your mattress regularly so that it wears evenly. Placing a pillow under your knees while lying on your back cuts the pressure on your spine roughly in half. Lying on your side with a pillow between your knees may also reduce the pressure on your back. Never sleep in a position that causes a portion of your spine to hurt. Most often, your body will tell you what position is best. Reaching and Bending: When reaching for something above shoulder level, stand on a stool. Straining to reach such objects may not only hurt your mid-back and neck, but it can also bring on shoulder problems. Do not bend over at the waist to pick up items from the floor or a table. Lifting: Kneel down on one knee with the other foot flat on the floor as near as possible to the item you are lifting. Lift with your legs, not your back, keeping the object close to your body at all times. If you must lift a heavy item, get someone to help you. Moving Heavy Items: Pushing is easier on your back than pulling. Use your arms and legs to start the push. Carrying: When carrying objects, particularly if they are heavy, keep them as close to your body as possible. Carrying two small objects—one in each hand—is often easier to handle than one large one. Don’t overload your backpack and it is advised to carry less than 10 per cent of our body weight in a backpack and this is applicable to children’s school bags as well. Body Weight: Maintain a weight that is appropriate for your height and frame. Diet: Eat healthy food and also diet to the body weight requirement. Drink plenty of water. Staying hydrated is important to maintaining soft tissue elasticity and fluidity in joints. Our intervertebral (spinal) discs are vulnerable to loss of hydration and can begin to lose height. As the discs begin to 64
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shrink, we are more vulnerable to painful disc conditions such as bulging or rupture. In addition, as the spine begins to lose its protective padding, it further contributes to the loss of structural health of spine. Stay active. Whether you make regular visits to the gym, walk, bike, swim, or play with your kids, staying active and keeping your body moving helps maintain the health of your spine. The best exercise routine for your back and neck is one that combines stretching, strengthening, and aerobic activity. Exercise also helps you to lose weight or maintain a proper weight. Being overweight, especially if you have pot belly or belly fat, can put added stress on the muscles, ligaments, tendons and discs in your lower back. Regular Exercises: Take part in regular stretching, strengthening and aerobic exercises to improve your fitness level and this will make you more resistant to injury, and speed recovery if you are injured. It is recommended to do 30 minutes minimum of moderate intensity exercise on all or most days of the week and this will give you general health benefits as well as keeping your spine strong and healthy. Do general warm up and stretch your spine before sports and exercises; and warm down and stretch after. Shoes: Wear shoes that are well balanced, supportive, flexible and comfortable. Stop smoking: Smokers experience more spine pain and heal more slowly. Also smoking predisposes to disc degeneration. Consult a health professional: If you have chronic stress or pain, consulting the experts is essential, so don’t delay. Don't ignore spinal problems or pain. Although it is common to have back pain once in a while, it can indicate a more serious problem. Left untreated, problems with your spine can worsen and become quite serious. Listen to what your body is telling you. Don't overdo it at the gym or at work, or self-medicate for
a problem. Seek professional care to learn about your spine and the correct treatment for your symptoms. What are some of the most common injuries you treat and what can people do to prevent them? As I mentioned before, the commonest sports injuries I get to treat are injuries of knee, ankle, hip, elbow, shoulder, wrist, neck and back sustained from sports ranging from football, basket ball, health club work-out, swimming, tennis, squash and badminton to volley ball. Here are some tips to prevent sports injuries: Be in proper physical condition to play a sport by following a regular conditioning program of exercises. Always warm up before you play or exercise. Take a light jog for 5 to 10 minutes, and then go through some of the movements you do when playing. Stretch specific muscles that tend to be tight and that you’ll use in the activity. A proper warmup can help prevent injury and improve your level of play. Don’t do too much too soon. Gradually increase the level and amount of time you exercise. We need to know and abide by the rules of the sport. The rules are designed, in part, to keep things safe. Don’t play or exercise when you’re fatigued or in pain. Pay attention to your body, and don’t push yourself unnecessarily. Wear the right shoes for your sport. Make sure they fit properly, are stable, and absorb shock. Learn proper form. This can reduce your risk for overuse injuries in sports such as tennis and golf. Always use proper safety gear and protective equipments. This includes helmets, goggles, protective pads, gloves, joint supports, bands and mouth guards depending on the sport. Helmets, the most common safety gear, protect you when you’re playing team sports, as well as when you are biking, skateboarding, and skating.
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Seemingly Crazy Spa Treatments Spas are the places to which you go in order to get away from it all, rejuvenating your mind body and soul. If you need to completely relax and empty your mind of all the day to day issues that life throws at you, many folk will tell you that there is no better way than with a fantastic spa trip. It makes you feel healthy and good about yourself. Paul Turnbridge
There are spas in all corners of the globe, and some really great ones here in Kuwait, but finding the best can be tricky and we all know that the usual spas involve a good massage or facial, but some of the spas out there have some very unusual treatments then you may never even have heard of. Many spas have created their own treatments based on local traditions and cultures that completely change the idea of many spa treatments, yet still offer incredible health benefits. Let us introduce you here to a few of the craziest spa treatments from around the world...
Cryotherapy In European countries such as Slovakia and Finland the winters are very long and cold, which became the inspiration for the treatment known as cryotherapy. Cold treatment has a long history and it has been used for centuries to provide pain relief and as a treatment of rheumatic diseases, and is still used to ease swelling and pain. Cold treatment is now also widely used to counter against sleeping disorders, stress symptoms and skin diseases like psoriasis. People who have tried cold treatment report that it made them feel energetic. Super cold treatment is safe and suits most people. During the treatment you wear bathing suit, headgear to protect your ears, mittens, socks and felt footwear! The treatment involves entering a chamber that is chilled to a temperature of approximately minus 110 degrees celsius for a couple of minutes. This is about as long as any human could stay in the chamber safely, as any more and it could cause hypothermia or even death! However, It is believed that the benefits of cryotherapy include the removal of toxins from the entire body and the strengthening of the immune system.
Geisha Facial A spa in Manhattan, New York, received a huge amount of interest back in 2008 when it announced a new treatment called a “Geisha Facial” or now more commonly known as the “bird poop facial”. This facial treatment, that reportedly unlocks the secrets of Geisha beauty, uses traditional and natural Japanese ingredients to soften, brighten and nourish the facial complexion. The most crucial ingredient in these unique facials is uguisu no fun (powdered nightingale droppings), once a secret known only to traditional kabukiactors and the Geisha themselves. Uguisu no Fun is perfectly safe to use on the facial skin, sanitized through exposure to ultraviolet light before being milled to a fine powder. During the facial, nightingale droppings are mixed with delicate Japanese rice bran to enhance their inherent exfoliating and facial lightening properties.
Beer Baths Beer is taken very seriously in the Czech Republic. There are regular festivals dedicated to beer, and breweries at every corner. In some places the beer is even used to soak your body in, because it is believed that such treatment has curative effects on the complexion and hair, relieving muscle tension, warming up joints and supporting the immune system! Real Beer Baths are an original curative spa therapy combining remedial effects of warm mineral water, beer, ingredients for brewing beer, products of the brewing process and classical as well as special massages. The aim of the baths involves harmonizing functions of the organism, mental rest, recondition and relaxation.
Snake Massage Ada Barak’s Carnivorous Plant Farm and Spa in Northern Israel offers a uniquely strange treatment to its visiting guests. The spa offers a snake massage, where you lie down and have your face and body covered
in snakes! Apparently they help to ease migraines and also help to soothe any aches and pains or sore muscles. If you are scared of snakes then this treatment may actually end up having the opposite effect, of course, and leave you feeling tense and anxious after such an ordeal. A snake massage is clearly not for the faint of heart, as visitors are draped with a variety of non-venomous serpents. Larger ones, like the corn and king snakes, provide a deep, kneading massage, whereas smaller milk snakes flicker over the skin for a soothing, fluttering sensation (if you're the sort of person who calls dozens of snakes crawling on your body soothing, that is).
Fire Massage Known widely as a traditional Chinese acupuncture process, fire cupping is supposed to alleviate many different illnesses whether you have muscular pain, lung problems, or even just a common cold. By heating glass cups, a suctioning effect is created on the patient’s body, which results in large circular looking bruises. Those who have experienced the treatment have reported a variety of benefits, from just a feeling of deep relaxation to pain relief, and even to a common cold actually being completely cured. Taking this to another level, however, reports form China suggest that Fire Massage is now available in a seemingly more extreme form. One news network recently provided a detailed description of a new practice which includes a “fire rope”, which is made out of some 20 different types of Chinese herbal grasses. The rope is placed on the participant’s naked body, then covered with plastic wrap to prevent burning during the process. A couple of wet towels are then placed on top of this pile of protection, and doused in flammable alcohol. Then, the therapist ignites the soaked towels to set your body (on back or chest) on fire. The entire process is repeated three times per session! Unsurprisingly, these reports are as yet unconfirmed and discussion around the therapy is quite heated. As for me? I think I shall stick with traditional massages. But what would you choose?
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Satyal
Kuwait laughs with the Funny Indian
Rajiv Satyal Rajiv Satyal is one of the most serious poker faced comedians I've ever met yet once he started cracking jokes two things happened, the first was I couldn't stop laughing and the second was I couldn't stop laughing. Originally from India, Rajiv was born in Cincinnati Ohio to two loving parents, who as much as they wanted him (for about a minute) to remain in the corporate world and live the standard life also supported his decisions . Rajiv realized his life had more to it, and since his forte was making people laugh, he decided to quit his job with Fiji Water and Procter and Gamble (before that) put together a life plan after taking the advice of his mentor and started to hit the mikes in Los Angeles. He did one five minute set at the Comedy Factory and that one stint was key in catapulting him into the world of comedy. So he started the Funny Indian Web Site, and used it as a platform to become further recognized. He did eventually figure out a winning formula to be recognized and being the smart ex-corporate world member where he avoided the reliance on agents to book his engagements for him. The thing I also noticed was that Rajiv was also very wise, and in my opinion can easily wear two hats the second being an inspirational speaker. His demeanor is calm and his patience seems to go on for ages, probably do too to the meditation and yoga which he says grounds him. The other wonderful thing about Rajiv is that he travels everywhere with his wonderful dad, whom we had the pleasure of meeting . (Everyone should have a dad like his) . Rajiv is currently doing comedy tours yet has booked a couple of tv pilots in California, where he calls home and loves being in the US where he feels that most things just work while the rest of the word is still in his opinion dangerous. However, after having visited Kuwait to perform at yet another one of our Mad stand comedy shows, i’m sure he has changed his mind a little bit. My meeting with Rajiv took us on quite a few conversations, and after spending a whole hour with him, I can honestly say that he is a great guy, with a funny take on life and is grounded enough not to suffer from the issues that fame brings. We became good friends exchange contacts and promised to stay in touch. I walked away with some pretty substantial advice . The team at CityPages were yet again lucky enough to meet another great person, what a n awesome job we have. You can catch Rajiv on rajivsatyal.com and on youtube. October, 2014
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Al-Reshaid An artist with compassion
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Who is Riham Al-Reshaid? Riham Al-Reshaid is a self-taught Kuwaiti artist and mental health advocate living and working in Kuwait. As an artist, I work in a variety of styles and mediums ranging from detailed pen and ink drawings to abstract mixed media paintings. Through my artwork and advocacy work, I tackle attitudes about mental health problems. My aim is to break down the stigma and discrimination by opening up communication between those with and without experience of mental health problems.
At what time in your life you knew that you will be an artist? My mother is an artist, so I grew up around art. I was a creative child with a big imagination and she always gave me ways to express that, whether it was through drawing or some sort of art project she would come up with. I knew I had an interest in art, but didn’t really realize this was something I wanted to do full time, until I realized that I could use this talent to help others in my community.
What was the inspiration behind becoming an artist? I have always felt like I had a lot to say and express to others. I find that I have always been best at doing that through creativity and art.
How would you describe your art? Each piece I create represents a certain story, event or emotion I have gone through. I draw inspiration from others stories as well. The type of media I use in paintings also changes based on the subject. I enjoy experimenting as much as I can.
How do you decide the subject of your painting? I find that the subjects usually come up as I am observing people or things around me. I will see something that catches my eye, or makes me feel a certain way. Those small things often lead to bigger and better ideas.
When did you decide to continue with this as a full time work? In 2012, I decided to focus on my art and I have been so lucky with the amount of support I have received. It makes me incredibly happy to see others enjoying my work. I also feel very blessed that I am able to help others by doing something I love to do.
Who encouraged you most from the family to carry on? My whole family has been very supportive from the beginning. They are always encouraging me to continue creating.
What type of collaboration you have with Fawzia Sultan Rehabilitation Institute? Currently, 20% of sales made from my art are
donated to the Fawzia Sultan Rehabilitation Institute (FSRI). The proceeds will be used to help individuals receive treatment for mental health issues, as well as promoting mental health awareness through a variety of activities in Kuwait.
Where can one paintings from?
purchase
your
You can check out my facebook and instagram sites for paintings available for sale, as well as Saatchi online. www.facebook.com/ artworkbyrihamalreshaid Instagram @rihamart www.saatchiart.com/rihamart Also contact [email protected] for more information.
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By Tamara Qabazard There is a concept that we study in veterinary medicine called “One Health” which ties together the human-animal bond with the environment. Generally it is a way to assess synergism between two species and create a better life for both since humans and animals carry the same traits and can share the same diseases. By understanding the way a disease is transmitted between animals can help us prevent its spread inter- and intra-specially. A main point though is the fact that we can also use animals to understand human behavior better. One of the examples we were given was the way medical students were learning how to work with horses to improve their bedside manner since equines are very social creatures that respond to body language and energy. We use seeing eye dogs for the blind. Horses are now being used in behavioral health facilities in the treatment of substance abuse and eating disorders to help teach how one persons actions can affect another living being. Once we start looking at animals as our equals who deserve the same comfort and care that we humans do, we can start treating each other better. Gandhi once said “the greatness of a nation and its moral progress can be judged by the way its animals are treated”. I believe this means that Kuwait has not experienced moral progress in quite a while. Our corruption starts at a governmental level. 1.The public poisoning of stray animals. Instead of implementing a trap-neuterrelease program for population control, the government decided that the slow agonizing death of bleeding out into your body cavities would be more fitting. Not only that, but
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there was no medical equipment available in the veterinary hospitals in case an actual pet accidentally ate the readily accessible poison because of several import restrictions at customs. 2.Turning a blind eye and therefore supporting the public massacre of stray animals. When a young child was attacked by stray dogs in Khiran (where were her parents?) and three nation team shooters went out to massacre the innocent stray dogs around Kuwait, how did the government respond? With silence. Following suit, many civilians trying to prove their “masculinity” and pseudo-nationalism and obvious lack of humanity ventured out to only further exacerbate the situation by decapitating – yes decapitating – stray dogs with axes or running them over with cars and taking photos of it to post on social media, where was the law enforcement? After days/weeks of public outcry a shelter was promised. I guess there may still be some sort of blueprint – somewhere. 3.The Friday market. I don’t even know where to begin with this one. The obvious malnourished neonatal animals, the monkeys, cheetahs, lions, etc.. Again, where is law enforcement? This area is literally a five minute drive from PAAFR. Where are the laws that should be implemented against this animal abuse? Aren’t they aware that many diseases animals carry are zoonotic and can affect humans along with our agriculture (food & drinking systems) as well? 4.Random animal abuse that occurs on the side of the road. Children throwing rocks at dogs. Lighting cats on fire. Sticking needles into animals. One of the largest signs of psychopathy is a history of animal abuse. We are breeding little future serial killers who are heartless and inhumane and will eventually kill your children. We are raising a numb, jaded, technologically dependent nation with no idea of empathy.
5.The zoo. The promised “new elephant cage” that had funding set aside from the government which then was mysteriously reallocated. Or the fact that most of the animals are living in putrid conditions because they are overpopulated and their cages are too small. The new safari is now on a standstill. The people who feed the animals socks and firecrackers and plastic. The parents that let their children do this without even having a second thought that they are destroying another life. Working at the zoo showed me how selfish and disgusting humans can be. A coworker once asked a visiting woman to stop letting her child feed the monkeys potato chips and the woman yelled at my coworker. I have seen younger boys throw stones at Malek – the elephant. I have seen younger boys tell the Egyptian security guards that they will get the guard deported. Why are we allowing this type of misconduct to continue? If corruption is coming from the top we will be more inclined to let it slide whence it is happening from the bottom. If those in power can get away with dishonesty why can’t a regular civilian? There happens to be a lack of morals due to the fact that we are living in a simulated world where we can hide behind the mask of a computer screen and not hold each other responsible for our actions. When has it been acceptable to take another life for leisure? We need to reevaluate our relationships with other living beings whether it be animals or other humans. Start small: leave a bowl of water or food for the strays outside. Smile at a stranger. If you see someone abusing another soul try to stop it and educate them. The failure is not only because we see others get away with immoral actions, the failure is in the fact that we don’t educate our children why it is incorrect and what we can do to stop it.
By Tamara Qabazard
What to see
Athens
A city worshipped by gods and people, a magical city: Athens, the enchanting capital of Greece. Many five-star hotels will offer you the best accommodation so you can enjoy your stay in Athens. Here are some of the greatest: Electra Palace Hotel, Amalia Hotel, New Hotel, King George Hotel, The Athens Gate hotel, Hotel Grande Bretagne…
Acropolis, Erechtheion and Parthenon: Be one of the three million visitors who come yearly to discover the story of these three historical monuments: Acropolis, Erechtheoin and Parthenon.
A large number of museums and galleries are ready to welcome all the Greek art lovers: Acropolis museum, Benaki Modern Art Museum and National Archeological museum.
For a relaxing afternoon, the National Gardens will be the perfect place: the Athenians will have the pleasure to host you in their former kings’ garden.
Looking for Antiques? Martinos is an antique shop located in a mansion from the 19th century: swords, coins, Venetian glass… a great collection awaits the antiquarians. Looking for books? Eleftheroudakis is an eight-floor paradise for all the book lovers. Great amount of books, CDs and even a café; someone will surely be happy in this place. Looking for some Greek specialties? Bachar is one of the best spice shops: a large amount of aromatic and pharmaceutical herbs to flavor your mixtures. Create the perfect mix, whether for health or food.
What to do
Mount Hymettus: An incredible view awaits the adventurous ones in Mount Hymettus: stunning sunset, all of Athens, the airport and the mountains of Parnitha. Spend a great moment of pure pleasure and relaxation. Ancient promenade: A walk through the city is the best way to discover some of its most well-known sights. You will enjoy seeing modern and ancient Athens side by side; this is what makes its splendor. Greek islands: companies organize cruises around Greek islands so you can enjoy all the beauty of this country not only its capital.
Where to Eat
Monopolio Athinon: At reasonable prices, you can enjoy great Greek food in Monopolio Athinon restaurant. Don’t wait so much to taste the best regional dishes you now know where to go Trata O Stelios: For the fish lovers, this restaurant is perfect. Trata O Stelios offers a vast variety of fish meals: from deep-fried calamari to battered prawns, everyone will be satisfied. To Bakaliko: Even in Greece you can still have the best French food at To Bakaliko. Its owner Eric Artigaud offers you great dishes of his French gastronomy.
Where to shop
For all the shopaholics you will find what you’re searching for here in Athens.
Looking for some new outfits? Carouzos is where all the great fashion labels meet: clothes by Prada, Donna Karan and Valentino. So it’s all about finding the perfect outfit for you. 76
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Ahmed
NASSER AL-NOWAIBET Bringing fresh energy and new perspective to PR
Please introduce yourself to our readers: I am Ahmed Nasser Al Nowaibet, 25 years old, married, and work as PR specialist in one of the leading companies in the private sector. I like to interact with others and stay connected socially. I was also the President of the National Union of Kuwait University Students.
Tell us about your education: I earned my bachelor's degree in political science and psychology from Kuwait University.
How did you get interested in PR field? I was interested in PR since my early days at the university but it really caught my attention during the union elections that is when I decided to enhance my knowledge by joining PR classes, workshops and courses. Though a PR specialist is usually required to have a relevant type and level of education, however, is not enough to become a PR and much less to become a successful PR. In my point of view, a PR specialist needs certain skills like excellent communication skills, stay socially active through work, travel, hobbies, family and friends, be open to new experiences, must know to work under pressure etc.
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What does your role entail at your current position? My role is to enhance the company image through PR activities and events.
What is a day at work like for you? Busy Busy Busy! Yet enjoying every moment of the experience, relations, and people I work with. And that is because I am passionate about PR and I love what I do.
What do you love most about the job? Everyday challenges, meeting new people, and new learning experiences.
Which particular project or campaign has remained indelible in your mind and why? I work in a very dynamic sector and every moment counts, however, I am especially proud of VIVA’s sponsorship of Real Madrid Football Club; one of the most successful football clubs in the world, and Manchester United Soccer School camp. I would also like to mention VIVA success event 2014.
Change is imminent. In your field how do you cope with new trends how do you remain relevant? For me as a person, I am very aggressive when it comes to self-development. I like to stay active socially and continuously update myself in all the latest trends in different sector, apply these trends to my work and always try to adopt new trends.
Could you have been in any other career rather than this? This is just a start for me, I am passionate about what I do and I am trying to get the needed experience to help build my career.
What are you most proud of in your career so far? I am proud to work in one of the most dynamic sectors, especially that VIVA telecom is relatively new with major success story and the achievements by the people behind it. I feel so proud to be part of this success.
What are your personal goals and future plans? I would like to have an extensive experience in PR that I can share and influence others in their own careers. And establish my own PR firm to work locally and internationally.
When and how do you relax? Weekends are very important for me in terms of spending time with family and friends. Also, I like to travel to get away and to relax.
What advice would you give to the fresh PR graduates starting their career? My advice to them is to love what you do in order to excel in it.
Your message for us at CityPages magazine and our readers: Firstly, I would like to thank you for choosing me among other wonderful people to be featured in your lovely magazine. Secondly, I would like to thank you for your efforts to support the youth of Kuwait. 80
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FIGHTING
CANCER WITH AN ATTITUDE Batul Tarawala
DEALING WITH 'THE NEWS' The moment a person hears they have cancer or tumor, what one goes through is shock, disbelief, anger, grief, depression and other negative feelings. But I felt relieved; I now knew what ailment I was suffering from. Now, I can only get better with time. I had heard how horrible chemotherapy was and I also knew about the hair loss. It is harder for people with less obvious symptoms to accept the news; but then your treatment time will be much shorter and trust me you do not want to suffer the pain that cancer or a tumor can cause (*shudder*). The news is devastating but it is not the end of the world unless you make it the end of your world. Take a deep breath and tell yourself: I will survive this. I know it is easier said than done but I have been there and trust me it is better to accept it. Acceptance makes it easier. It frees you - mentally and spiritually. It makes dealing with the disease much easier and it makes the long road to recovery a lot less daunting. Another thing that took me a long time to realize is and this advice is gold: "You could have done nothing; I repeat nothing to avoid it." People living completely healthy lives are still susceptible to cancer. Most cancers are chromosomal defects (that's tiny part of your cell), you can't do anything to prevent it. So, just sit tight and get ready for this new journey of life.
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chemotherapy session, no matter what you read about it or think it will be like. It will frustrate, agitate and aggravate you. I was ready to give up after the first session of chemotherapy as it was by far the hardest thing I’d ever gone through, but I kept telling myself it can’t get any worse than this. Take one day at a time. And soon you will fall into the rhythm of things. Think of yourself as a solider and the cancer is by default your enemy. You are fighting the most important battle of your life for your life. The side-effects of chemo are your battle scars, wear them with pride. You are a hero. Be an inspiration to yourself and others around you. One thing I realized during my battle was that happiness is a choice you make. Let me explain – I was sick, and in extreme pain and bedridden but I had a choice to make, whether I was going to take it down and cry about it all along or I could just look at all the wonderful things I still have in life and thank the Almighty for them. I chose to be stubbornly happy because nobody takes that choice away from you, but you. A happy person will radiate happiness. Be radiant.
DEALING WITH CHEMOTHERAPY
It is natural to feel sad and even cry. You don't need to be strong all the time. Call a friend or a family member that you are close to and bawl your eyes out but before crying decide how long you are going to cry - give yourself 10 minutes, 1/2 an hour or an hour for grieving and then start counting your blessings.
Nothing can prepare you for your first
There will be days when you are feeling
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healthy. Have fun on those days - watch movies, go shopping, invite your friends or family over and have a party or meet your friends for coffee. Have a date with your spouse. Spend time with your child. Pamper yourself with a massage especially a day before your next chemo. It will take your mind off it and you'll be relaxed and energetic. When you are out don't think about the inevitable.
WHAT'S LIFE GOING TO BE LIKE? Initially, you will feel extremely tired, depressed, angry and emotional. It's your body getting used to the drugs and its sideeffects. You'll take longer to get over the earlier sessions but as your chemo treatment progresses these side-effects will reduce. When you are ready, go to school or work and resume your daily routine if you can. Just as the saying goes, “An idle mind is a devil's workshop”, so try to keep busy. Take a break if you like to, however try not to brood. “Why did this happen to me?” This is a futile question. Try not to think too much about it. Be alone if you prefer that or come to AlSidra. Talk to a survivor and think "I'm going to get through this, Inshallah." Your life will change as much as you want it to change. You alone make that decision.
SHOULD I TELL OTHERS OR NOT FAMILY: Your family and closest friends will obviously know about the disease and they will suffer with you. It is sometimes just as hard to watch your loved ones suffer as it is to suffer
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appreciate it and grow closer to you. Do not dismiss your child's questions, s/he might feel isolated and scared. When my 3 year old daughter first saw me bald, (she wasn't with me for the first month of treatment), she got scared. So, I wore a skull cap and called her in the room and asked her if she liked seeing me in the cap or was it ok to see me bald. She told me that she didn't like seeing me bald, so I said, "Ok, cap it is." And I hugged her. After a few days she came in the room and I didn't have my cap on and was searching for it and she said, "Mama, it's ok, I don't mind seeing you like this." I took her in my arms and told her I was very proud of her and how brave she was!.
yourself. Allow them to help you as it will make them happy. It is next to impossible to go through this alone, don't try it. Ask for help. In doing so you’ll help not only yourself but also the people who love you. It is a humbling experience and not a sign of weakness.
OTHER PEOPLE: This is entirely your decision but if the tumor or cancer has significantly changed your appearance and it will; I would advise you to tell people. There are other pros to telling people 1. People become more helpful towards you. 2. If you don't pity your condition no one else will (Firsthand experience). 3. People will pray for you. 4. You can help other people in the same condition as you and also ask others for help. 5. And most importantly, don't feel ashamed of your disease, would you hide yourself from others if you had a fever or a cold? This is a much worse disease but that's all it is, don't give it power over you.
CHILDREN: How do I break the news to my child or younger siblings? The fear of the unknown is the biggest fear. How did you feel when you didn’t know what you had? Don’t make your child suffer that. Children are very smart; they will know if you are sick. If your child is sensitive, it is imperative to tell them. Make them comfortable with it. You can do so by including them in your treatment, they'll
She was in charge of giving me medicines every day and "help" me exercise by counting 1-10. She would remember the time and feel so happy that she was doing something to make her mama feel better. But the downside to my daughter's sensitivity was that she had become more reserved and shy and but this happened because I wasn't well and not because I told her my about my illness. Please don't hide your disease from your child since you won't be good at it anyway and you have no idea how therapeutic a child's support can be during this time. Answer his/her questions as honestly as you can and kiss and hug them to make them feel loved.
HOW TO COPE WITH HAIR LOSS Ah! The knowledge that scares, terrifies and depresses women more than the chemotherapy itself is when you hear about losing your precious hair. It's almost worse than the chemotherapy. Hair is such an integral part of our beauty regime. It is our vanity, our pride. I had really nice hair and I loved experimenting with it. And I so long to have my healthy locks back! This is just to let you know that this wasn't easy for me. I waited to shave it all until I had a bald spot the size of the Asian continent. And my hair was falling all over the house but I just wasn't ready to shave it all off. But one day, I just decided to take that plunge. Before I turned on that electric plug on the razor, I decided to mourn for my hair for half an hour, although I only cried for 10 minutes and eventually got over it. Till today my missing hair sometimes sadden me but I just got used to it. To cover my baldness I used a wig first. It felt amazing because it is as close as getting your hair back. But the itchness from it was quite annoying. Later, I discovered scarves as they are lighter on your head than wigs and you can tie wicked styles with them. I have learnt a lot of styles on YouTube. The best part about living in the Middle East is that you can tie a simple hijab and no one will know you've lost your hair.
POSITIVE ATTITUDE Life is too short not to be happy. Cancer can affect your body but don't let it affect your mind. Smile and be happy. Have fun. Be positive. Try these exercises when you feel particularly sad (after chemo or when your counts are low and you want to avoid going out) 1. Think of 10 things in your life that make your life wonderful. Your spouse, children, parents, family, etc. Find a reason smile. 2. A lot of people meditate to find peace, it works miraculously if you know how to. 3. Watch a funny video or watch a comedy movie or read a hilarious article or book, instant mood changer. 4. Talk about funny things you or siblings did growing up.
SPECIAL MENTIONS My family was and will always my backbone throughout this journey. Each and every one of them arming me with so much strength and mental resolve to become better, I am extremely fortunate to have you all in my life. Besides my family, the doctors and staff at Sheikha Badriya Hospital, especially Dr. Mohammed Khalid, who always had time for me and Dr. Reem, my Physiotherapist who aided my walking and gave me mental strength to get better physically. The best part about the hospital Al-Sidra, just going there used to make me forget I’m at a hospital. Karen, Shebina, Fey and Altaf are incredibly supportive and are just remarkable people. It is an excellent service provided by the State of Kuwait.
FINALLY…IT'S LOOKS.
THAN
IT
ABOUT THE WRITER Batul Tarawala, a business graduate from American University of Kuwait, a wife and a mother to a four year old. She shares her real life experience and hopes to reach out to others in similar situation; to inform and educate people in need of help and others around them. October, 2014
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When your skin is feeling itchy, irritated, dry and taut you are likely to be categorized under the skin type “SENSITIVE”. Your skin is punished with inflammation and redness all year round either with warm dry air or extremely cold winters. More than 50% of women and even men feel their skin is sensitive but accurately identifying the underlying reason can be tricky as there are many factors influencing it. Unlike any other part of our body, our face is exposed to environmental influences every day through the changing seasons and with the fluctuation between warm Anisaa New LaFem Salon & Beauty Co.
Anisaa is an Aesthetic Consultant and Trainer with New Lafem Salon & Beauty Co. You can follow them on Facebook and Instagram at: @lafemsalonq8
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SOS
Sensitive Skin and cold, a balanced skin undergoes a roller coaster ride. The epidermal layer of the skin gets impaired; Sebum production declines, causing dryness and tautness while losing its tolerance to normal skincare products. The barrier function of the skin gets imbalanced and the skin gets more vulnerable to external irritants that come from environment (pollution, wind, climate) or from the daily use products (cleansers, creams, perfumes, makeup) that can penetrate and disrupt nerve endings and blood vessels
causing eczema, psoriasis, rosacea or even coupérosé. Additionally, internal factors such as stress, improper sleep patterns, unhealthy diet, smoking, medication and certain health issues also have an impact on the skin. For this reason, it is important to strengthen the skin’s barrier function which will prevent foreign matter from the outside like bacteria, viruses or fungus, chemical ingredients and allergens to penetrate the body triggering allergies and irritation.
REBALANCING CARE FOR STRESSED, HYPERSENSITIVE SKIN lUnlike other skin types, it is important to know that sensitive skin needs emergency help and for this reason Dr.med.Christine Schrammek developed the SOS helpers that have a high level of tolerability as they contain no parabens, fragrance, coloring agents or mineral oils. Using the right skin care products is very critical for sensitive skin.
lTreat your skin professionally with effective sessions of dermatological treatments specially developed by Dr.med. Christine Schrammek for sensitive, reddened and irritated skin :
lAdapt
the NO STRESS RULE. With the modern day hectic life
and multi-tasking to ensure every job gets done either at home or at work, you are bound with get thin-skinned. It is in your hands to reduce your stress level. Try a 10 minute meditation to relax and calm your mind or engage in doing something that you enjoy. lSensitive
Sensiderm Treatment
skin react to certain food by making you feel warm
suddenly as if you were experiencing hot flashes and you turn red.
Roscea Soft Treatment
Spicy food, coffee or black tea should be consumed in limit in order
Stress Protect Treatment
not to stress the skin.
Herbal Beauty Relax Treatment
n
lExcessive sweating can also trigger the skin condition. If you sweat
Avoid any kind of mechanical peels or harsh exfoliating scrubs that will exaggerate the skin condition. Rather use products with active enzymes to remove the dead skin.
while working out, taking a walk or even cooking, do not rub your face harshly with a towel; instead gently dab the skin to get rid of the sweat. If possible flash your face with cold water. Also carry a facial mist spray and refresh your skin instantly, it will not only calm the skin but will hydrate back the moisture loss through the sweating. lSensitive skin needs lots of moisture. For this reason, restore the moisture content of the skin by drinking at least 1.5 liters of water and/or herbal tea. lProtect the skin from the harsh UV rays by using a sun protection cream generously and re-apply if you are outdoors. lTap & Dab - Apply creams with a gentle touch instead of massaging it vigorously. The toner should be patted on the skin using cotton and not rubbed against the skin. While applying mask use a soft bristle mask brush. To rinse, use lukewarm moderate temperature. October, 2014
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SEA NOTES
Water is the source of life, surrounding us from all different corners of the world and in many different forms. Depending on its cycles, it can be liquid, solid, or even almost invisible in the form of a mist. The largest surface of our planet is covered with water as much as 71%! The world is composed ASAMA Perfumes The creative method gave ASAMA Perfumes the time and the opportunity to craft fragrances while working with the highest quality ingredients in a bottle and using Arabic and Western scents as a unique concept point for the fragrances. They welcome your comments at [email protected] Follow them on Instagram and Twitter @ ASAMAPerfumes
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of oceans and seas linked together in a mysterious blue watery carpet that covers a large part of our world. Marine fragrances, graced with sensual and salty note of sea water, are most appropriate for hot summer days. Sea note is used in various perfumes to create a fresh composition and lend a distinctive sea water aroma that refreshes our mind and our senses. It is not unusual to find new versions of some old fragrances offered in a special edition that delivers a refreshing sea water twist. This is something that many famous perfumers often do each summer, when they introduce new watery compositions to cool down and invigorate our spirits.
Sea water note is usually found in the top notes of a fragrance with a purpose to introduce fresh and clean composition right from the opening. Sea water note is often combined with other fresh and clean notes, while fragrances for men often include fruity notes, herbs or flowery bouquet. Cool and fresh interpretation of sea water is found in men’s editions such as Davidoff Cool Water and Acqua di Gio. Other interesting and fresh marine fragrances for men include Antonio Banderas Blue Seduction for men and Jil Sander Sun Men Fresh. This note is also used in niche perfumery. For example, the house of Montale offers two interpretations of sea water note in Embruns d'Essaouira and Sandflowers.
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Art Salon Kuwait - The Kinda AlFaris
One of the most fulfilling things about working with CityPages is that I have a segment which allows me to interview some very interesting people; what I have come to discover along the way is that Kuwait is overflowing with exceptional individuals gifted with all sorts of talent, whose only wish is to enlighten Kuwait through some very ambitious and heartfelt causes via art, music and education - in its many forms. The Art Salon is one such example of a small consortium of like minded people achieving big things by sponsoring the Peace One Day initiative in Kuwait, which after four years it has automatically morphed into the official Kuwait chapter for the cause. Founded by
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Amira Behbehani and joined by Shurooq Amin Reza Akvan, Basil AlHadi, Dalia Vekiloglu, Abed AlKadiri Shady AlHady and Sheikha AlNafisi forming the core members, this group is what forms the backbone behind the Peace On Earth event that takes place yearly and commences on the 21st of September. Each one of these members is by day a professional who brings their expertise to the table ensuring that all bases are covered, from set design, and event design via Reza, to music via Hadi, to PR and social media via Sheikha , not to mention the talented puppeteer Dalia, and of course artistic expertise which is what is required when vetting which artwork to feature at the art show via Amira and Shorouq. The wonderful Abed Al Kadiri, Director at the
ambassadors of ‘Peace One Day’ Contemporary Art Platform also forms an integral part of the success of the event for hosting the teams event every year at the perfect place we call CAP. 2014’s event launched with an art show held at the gallery, (featuring an array of work flown in by artists from around the world as well as from Kuwait). What is so special about this year is that the Peace One Day movement seems to have earned traction and recognition proven by the number of visitors which this time reached along the lines of 500 people. This is testament to the idea that hard work and persistence pays off. The Art Salon teams formula for a successful event is in their unique events program, that is aimed at reaching out to people from all walks of life and
includes very different mediums to spread the message. Featured are the art show, a puppet show and the Kuwait Riders annual bike ride . This year the show will take place in phases rather than altogether as was originally done in the past, and this means that the cause will be honored throughout the year rather than in one go. Those of you who are wondering what the Peace One Day movement is all about are going to be surprised to hear that it all started by the concern of one man, Jeremy Gilley a filmmaker who couldn't understand why the world was such a vicious place and decided to start a dialogue with the world calling for a day of ceasefire and non-violence across the world. He succeeded in a big way and managed to convince the member states of
the United Nations to declare September 21 the day of global ceasefires and peace. The story is poignant and warrants a visit to the site www.peaceoneday.org. As for the Art Salon Kuwait, their story is still unfolding, we are all expecting even greater things from this eclectic bunch of artists and visionaries who are clearly very dedicated to creating a comfortable place for the expression of freedom to occur, and judging by the great success of this year, I doubt they're going to be allowed to slow down by the growing community of people who have found a place of refuge in a country that doesn't necessarily appreciate all forms of expression. October, 2014
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OCtoBER Movie Releases ONE CHANCE
JESSABELLE
Director: Kevin Guillermo del Toro Director: Greutert
Starring: James Corden, Colm Meaney, Mackenzie Crook, Julie Walters, Jemima Rooper, Alexandra Roach
Starring: Sarah Snook, Mark Webber, Joelle Carter, David Andrews, Amber Stevens, Larisa Oleynik
Genres: Comedy, Biography, Drama, Music
Genres: Horror, Supernatural
Synopsis: True story of amateur opera
Synopsis: Returning to her childhood
singer and mobile-phone salesman Paul Potts, who was riddled by a streak of bad luck when, on a lark, he auditioned for "Britain's Got Talent" in 2007. His on-air performances ended up bowling over audiences and judges,
home in Louisiana to recuperate from a horrific car accident, Jessabelle (Sarah Snook of Sleeping Beauty) comes face to face with a long-tormented spirit that has been seeking her return -- and has no intention of letting her escape
including Cowell. He went on to win the show and become a media and YouTube sensation, eventually going on a global music tour and releasing an album.
FURY
Director: David Ayer Starring: Brad Pitt, Shia LaBeouf, Logan Lerman, Michael Pena, Jon Bernthal, Scott Eastwood Genres: Adventure, Drama, Historical, War Synopsis: At the end of World War II, April 1945, the Allies make their final push in the European Theater, a battle-hardened army sergeant named Wardaddy (Pitt) commands a Sherman tank and his five-man crew on a deadly mission behind enemy lines. Outnumbered and outgunned, Wardaddy and his men face overwhelming odds in their attempt to strike at the heart of Nazi Germany.
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Director:Bobby James Farrelly, Wan Peter Farrelly Director:
Director: Gary Shore
Starring: Matthew Montgomery, Anne Hathaway, Jessica Chastain, Michael Caine, Bill Irwin, Matthew McConaughey
Starring: Jim Carrey, Jeff Daniels, Kathleen Turner, Brady Bluhm, Rob Riggle, Rachel Melvin
Starring: Luke Evans, Sarah Gadon, Zach McGowan, Samantha Barks, Dominic Cooper, Charlie Cox
Genres: Adventure, Fantasy, Action
Genres: Comedy, Sequel
Genres: Horror, Remake, Vampires
Synopsis: The film will depict a heroic interstellar voyage to the furthest reaches of our scientific understanding.
Synopsis: The plot will follow Harry
Synopsis: The first vampire was once a
Dunne and Lloyd Christmas 20 years later
young prince who risked his soul to save his
trying to track down one of their children.
wife and child from a bloodthirsty sultan
A sci-fi film that delves into Caltech physicist Kip Thorne's theories of gravity fields. A space travel story about a group of explorers who travel through a worm hole and into another dimension. Based on real science, the film will explore the mind-bending territory of black holes and gravity waves and touch on some of the hypotheses that Albert Einstein chased but never could prove.
NIGHTCRAWLER
Starring: Michelle Monaghan, James Marsden, Liana Liberato, Jon Tenney, Sebastian Arcelus, Bailey Winston
Starring: Jake Gyllenhaal, Rene Russo, Bill Paxton, Kevin Rahm, Ann Cusack
Genres: Romance, Drama, Adaptation Synopsis: Based on the bestselling novel
Genres: Crime, Thriller Synopsis:Nightcrawler stars Jake Gyllenhaal
by acclaimed author Nicholas Sparks, The Best of Me tells the story of Dawson and Amanda, two former high school sweethearts who find themselves reunited after 20 years apart, when they return to their small town for the funeral of a beloved friend. Their bittersweet reunion reignites the love they've never forgotten, but soon they discover the forces that drove them apart twenty years ago live on, posing even more serious threats today. Spanning decades, this epic love story captures the enduring power of our first true love, and the wrenching choices we face when confronted with elusive second chances.
DUMB AND DUMBER TO
as Lou Bloom, a driven young man desperate for work who discovers the high-speed world of L.A. crime journalism. Finding a group of freelance camera crews who film crashes, fires, murder and other mayhem, Lou muscles into the cut-throat, dangerous realm of nightcrawling -- where each police siren wail equals a possible windfall and victims are converted into dollars and cents. Aided by Rene Russo as Nina, a veteran of the bloodsport that is local TV news, Lou blurs the line between observer and participant to become the star of his own story.
Follows a young prince who, when the lives of his wife and child are put in danger by a bloodthirsty sultan, risks his soul to save them, and in the process becomes the first vampire.
BIG HERO 6
Director: Don Hall Starring: Maya Rudolph, James Cromwell, Damon Wayans, T.J. Miller, Alan Tudyk, Jamie Chung Genres: Horror Synopsis: A computer-animated super
hero film set in a fictional city called San Fransokyo. Hiro Hamada, the young prodigy, and his self-created robot, Baymax, uncover a criminal plot and must join a team of inexperienced crime fighters. An action-packed comedy-adventure about robotics prodigy Hiro Hamada, who learns to harness his genius—thanks to his brilliant brother Tadashi and their like-minded friends: adrenaline junkie Go Go Tamago, neatnik Wasabi, chemistry whiz Honey Lemon and fanboy Fred. When a devastating turn of events catapults them into the midst of a dangerous plot unfolding in the streets of San Fransokyo, Hiro turns to his closest companion—a robot named Baymax—and transforms the group into a band of high-tech heroes determined to solve the mystery.
THE BOOK OF LIFE
Director: Jorge R. Gutierrez Starring: Kate Del Castillo, Channing Tatum, Danny Trejo, Zoe Saldana, Ron Perlman, Christina Applegate Genres: Romance, Animation, Fable Synopsis: Set in a fantastical, colorful world, The Book of Life is the story of a young man who must face his greatest fears and follow his heart in order to rewrite his destiny. Filled with love, laughter, music and suspense, this big adventure for the whole family will warm the hearts of audiences as it reminds everyone of the importance of honoring the past while embracing the future.
Travel Made Easy OUIJA
Starring: Olivia Cooke, Douglas Smith, Daren Kagasoff, Vivis Colombetti, Ana Coto, Bianca A. Santos
Starring: Adam Sandler, Jennifer Garner, Rosemarie DeWitt, Judy Greer, Dean Norris, Emma Thompson
Genres: Suspense, Horror, Adventure
Synopsis: Follows a group of friends
Synopsis: The film follows the story of
attempting to make contact with a recently deceased classmate through a Ouija board who awaken a dark and terrifying presence.
BEFORE I GO TO SLEEP
Director: Peter Glanz Starring: Olivia Wilde, Jason Bateman, Billy Crudup, Janet Montgomery
a group of high school teenagers and their parents as they attempt to navigate the many ways the Internet has changed their relationships, their communication, their self-image, and their love lives. The film attempts to stare down social issues such as video game culture, anorexia, infidelity, fame hunting, and the proliferation of illicit material on the internet. As each character and each relationship is tested, we are shown the variety of roads people choose - some tragic, some hopeful - as it becomes clear that no one is immune to this enormous social change that has come through our phones, our tablets, and our computers.
FRONTERA
Director: Michael Berry Starring: Ed Harris, Michael Peña, Amy Madigan, Eva Longoria, Aden Young
Genres: Drama, Comedy
Genres: Drama
Synopsis: An immature man-child still lives with his parents in a chic Manhattan hotel but suddenly finds himself evicted, disinherited and hopelessly in love with his best friend’s girlfriend.
Synopsis: Frontera is set in the dangerous
area between the United States and Mexico. After crossing the border illegally for work, Miguel (Pena), a hard-working father and devoted husband, finds himself wrongfully accused of murdering a former sheriff’s (Harris) wife. After learning of his imprisonment, Miguel’s pregnant wife (Longoria) tries to come to his aid and lands in the hands of corrupt coyotes who hold her for ransom. Dissatisfied with the police department’s investigation, the former sheriff tries to uncover the truth about his wife’s death and discovers disturbing evidence that will destroy one family’s future, or tear another’s apart.
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DJ Raven
Star of the Month QUICK FACTS
with MJB
NAME: Katy Perry OCCUPATION: Singer, songwriter BIRTH DATE: October 25, 1984 (age 29) EDUCATION: Dos Pueblos High School PLACE OF BIRTH: Santa Barbara, California FULL NAME: Katheryn Hudson ZODIAC SIGN: Scorpio
Here are some albums that you can pre-order on iTunes: Album title: Four Artist: One Direction Katheryn Hudson was born in October 25, 1984, in Santa Barbara, California. Katy Perry grew up in a very conservative family. both of her parents were pastors, as a kid, her parents refused to let her listen to any rock songs or watch channels like MTV or VH1. Perry took singing lessons when she was 9 and knew how to play guitar from 13 years old only. Around this time, Perry became interested in the music industry. She made several trips to Nashville to record a gospel album under the name “Katy Hudson”. However, this album did not succeed and the label went bankrupt. When she was 17 she got her GED and moved to L.A. to work with producer and songwriter Glen Ballard, who had worked with Christina Aguilera and Alanis Morissette. “It was five years of living in L.A. with no money, writing bad checks, selling my clothes to make rent, [and] borrowing money,” she told seventeen magazine. “She and Ballard were unable to find a record company willing to take them on, and her 2004 collaboration with music producers-turned-performers The Matrix was scrapped shortly before the project was to be released. After having three record deals fall apart, Perry finally signed with Capitol in 2007” (Biography). The same year, Katy Perry released her first
single, Madonna became a fan of this song
Expected: Nov 17, 2014
stating that this song was her favorite at that time. Her second single “I Kissed A Girl” gained huge success which helped her in her music career. Not only this song gained success but the song also earned Perry a
Album title: Reflection Artist: Fifth Harmony Expected: Nov 17, 2014
Grammy Award nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. Her debut album.
Album title: 1989
One of the Boys made it into the Top 10 on
Artist: Taylor Swift
the Billboard Hot 100 Chart. In 2010 Perry
Expected: Oct 27, 2014
released her second album “Teenage Dream” including the single “California Gurls” which earned a Grammy nomination for record of the year for her hit “Firework”. In 2012, Perry released her documentary that talks about
Some interesting facts!
the breakup of her marriage to Russell Brand and what happens behind the scenes of her
1-You don't like the original versions
world tour concerts. In 2013, Perry released
of a song because it's better. You like
her fourth album “Prism” which includes her
it because it's the one you heard first.
hit Roar; 286,000 copies were sold in the first week of the release date. Source: biography.com
2-None of the Beatles could read music. October, 2014
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Emergent British Cinema 1880-1900 Modern cinema is generally regarded as descending from the work of the French Lumière brothers in 1892, and their show first came to London in 1896. However, the first moving pictures developed on celluloid film were made in Hyde Park in 1889 by William Friese Greene, a British inventor, who patented the process in 1890. The film is the first known instance of a projected moving image. At the end of the 19th America had started to experiment in how to get a moving image onto a screen and in Britain Friese-Green was working hard at doing much the same thing on a commercial basis. The first people to build and run a working 35 mm camera in Britain were Robert W. Paul and Birt Acres. They made the first British film ‘Incident at Clovelly Cottage’ in February 1895, shortly before falling out over the camera's patent.
Early British Cinema 1900 - 1920 Another British fellow called George Albert Smith devised the first colour system, Kinemacolor, in 1908. But even now there was competition - Gaumont and Pathe had both opened film companies by 1909 and there were now films coming into England from Europe. America was advancing at a similar pace to Britain at around this time (pre –war) and two Americans, Jupp and Turner, were staring to make American films in Britain. This of course was all halted by the Great War in 1914 and efforts were directed elsewhere. By this stage Britain was starting to lag behind the US. Post war saw the nearly the death knell of British cinema as the desire for American films, and lack of money in Britain saw the industry slow down and by the mid twenties it had practically stopped.
The desperate 20’s and developing 30’s But there was several embers of hope the careers of Ronald Coleman, Victor McLaglen, Leslie Howard and Charles Laughton were starting and although Howard was to be a casualty of WWII these actors along with Balcon and Wilcox were determined that British pictures should survive. Even the son of the Prime Ministers Anthony Asquith joined in to keep the industry alive. But in 1927 Parliament brought in an important piece of legislation the Cinematographers Trade Bill, designed to ensure there was a guaranteed home market for British made films. This meant that 5% of the total number of movies shown in theatres had to be from Britain this figure rose to 20% by 1936. Alfred Hitchcock's Blackmail (1929) is regarded as the first British sound production. All was not lost and in the 30’s the British Cinema Industry would start to rise from its knees. The advent of sound offered more challenges to the Abdulaziz AlKhamis
Abdulaziz is a Kuwaiti Film Maker, Visual Artist and a Script Writer. He graduated from the UK, with a passion to mix art and visuals.
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British Film Industry's financial stability., Some of the films that Britain was to make were pretty bad some of the exceptions were Juno and the Paycock (1930); Hindle Wakes, Tell England; (1931), Rome Express, (1932) and the brilliantly successful Korda production The Private Life of Henry VIII with Charles Laughton. ‘Wings of the Morning’ (1937) is widely accepted as Britain's first colour feature film. Korda had failed in Hollywood, and when the boom started in the UK, he decided to try his luck there. He founded London Films and built, reputedly, the finest studios in the world at Denham. Here he made Katherine the Great; Don Juan, with Douglas Fairbanks Jr. The Scarlet Pimpernel, Raymond Massey and Leslie Howard; Things to Come Massey and Ralph Richardson; the Man Who Could Work Miracles; Rembrandt with Laughton John Maxwell's British International Studios trained many of this period's notable directors, writers and cameramen. Among them were Sidney Gilliat, J. Lee Thompson, Ronald Neame, Jack Cardiff and Charles Frend. He also had some high calibre artists appearing with him, including Richard Tauber, Douglas Fairbanks Jn, Will Hays, John Mills and Carol Reed was one of Maxwell’s directors. In 1933 J. Arthur Rank, who had started by making religious films, founded British National. In 1935 he went into partnership with Woolf to take over Pinewood Studios. Boom turned to slump in 1937. The year before, the British film industry had over produced, making 220 pictures. Studio space had increased seven fold in ten years. This mean that the overproduction gave rise to poor quality films and this in turn opened up the door to the American industry, and American companies moved into the UK to make quality British films that would qualify them for the home market quota. All the major film producers started to take over studios. MGM-British, Warner, Radio, 20th Century Fox, they all moved in to virtually swallow up the failing industry. This was a period of classic movies. Some of these included The Citadel with Robert Donat and Rosalind Russell, Goodbye Mr Chips also with Donat; Pygmalion with Leslie Howard and Wendy Hiller; Victoria The Great, Nell Gwynn and Glorious Days all with Anna Neagle; The Man Who Knew Too Much; The 39 Steps; The Secret Agent; Sabotage; The Lady Vanishes; and Jamaica Inn. The British Board of Film Censors had been founded in 1912 primarily to keep the foreign imports ‘acceptable in terms of content and to be able to control their numbers on the pretext of unsuitability. Home grown productions had an easier time passing the censors. It was now that the certificates U, for universal and A, for Adult were introduced. During the 1930's two other valuable assets came along; the British Film Institute and the National Film Archives. They maintained, and still do, a film library not just of British films, but International ones too. They restore damaged prints and transfer nitrate stock onto safety film, as well as funding projects. Without them, many classics would be lost today.
The War Years 40’s
The Second World War caused a minor miracle to happen to movie making in the Britain. A new spirit of enthusiasm coupled with strenuous work led to the abandonment of the stupidity and extravagance of the previous decade. After a faltering start, British films began to make increasing use of documentary techniques and former documentary film-makers to make more realistic films, like In Which We Serve (1942), Went the Day Well? (1942). With many of the employees being engaged in war work, available manpower was reduced to one third and half of the studio space was requisitioned, only sixty films were produced annually. New realism in wartime pictures and a demand for documentaries gave a whole new look to British films. Initially, many cinemas closed down for fear of air raids, but the public needed a way of escaping the reality of war, and turned to the more genteel, sanitized versions available in the cinema. The majority was war related, The Stars Look Down; 49th Parallel; Convoy and This Happy Breed. Some of the finest British work came out of the period including Brief Encounter; The Wicked Lady; The Man in Grey; Olivier’s Henry V. New directors, artists and writers came to the fore, David Lean as a director, Frank Launder and Sidney Gilliat as writers and Richard Attenborough, Michael Redgrave, David Niven and Stewart Granger were elevated to stardom. In post war Britain, during the period 1945-1955, the Rank Organization, with Michael Balcon at the helm, was the dominant force in film production and distribution. It acquired a number of British studios, and bank-rolled some of the great British film-makers which were emerging in this period. Their rivals, Korda's London Films continued to expand, taking over the British Lion Film Corporation in 1946 and Shepperton Studios the following year. 1949 was a bad year financially partly due to a series of good, but big budget movies. The Red Shoes; Hamlet; Fallen Idol; Great Expectations and Oliver Twist. Smaller budget productions also left there mark with Passport to Pimlico; and the very successful Kind Hearts and Coronets that established Alec Guinness as a star.
The British Watermark 1950 – 59 It was symptomatic of the changing entertainment habits of the general public that Rank sold their Lime Grove Studios in West London to the BBC in 1949. Television was just beginning to have an effect on the film industry. During the 1950' and early 60's Films had to learn to be more exportable and welcome to foreign audiences. Many achieved both of these criteria among them works by David Lean and Carol Reed. Then in 1947, Ealing's comedy Hue and Cry, was a surprise hit. An entertaining story of a criminal gang foiled by an enthusiastic army of schoolboys, the film met a public desire for relief after years of fighting and continuing hardships. The studio released many comedies before and during the war but 'Ealing Comedy' proper began in 1949, with the consecutive release of Passport to Pimlic, Whisky Galore! and Kind Hearts and Coronet. The Lavender Hill Mob was also very successful, in which a mild-mannered bank clerk
masterminds a robbery of the Bank of England's gold reserves. There were important newcomers in the acting field that had international appeal, Jack Hawkins, Kenneth More, Richard Todd, Richard Burton and Peter Finch. British actresses of this calibre remained scarce. Films like The Lady Killers; Genevieve; The Cruel Sea and The Colditz Story helped to keep the UK's reputation high. Funding was also kept up by well made popular, but erring on schoolboy bathroom humour series. Which included the Doctor and the Carry On series. An unusual success in this decade The Blue Lamp which was a documentary on life in Britain at the time. Interestingly it actually was more of a tribute to the police written by won of their own. Also the fifties saw the beginning of Hammer Horror studios which went to be by far the most successful studio in the History of the British Isles. It launched the careers of Christopher lee and Peter Cushing and the directorial success of Terence Fisher.
British New Wave 1959- 63 British New Wave or Free Cinema, describes a group of films made between 1959 and 1963 which portray a more gritty realism. They were influenced by the Angry Young Men of the mid50s along with the documentary films of everyday life commissioned by the Post Office during and after the Second World War, and are often associated with kitchen sink drama. The group was established around the film magazine Sequence that was founded by Tony Richardson, Karel Riesz and Lindsay Anderson who together with future James Bond producer Harry Saltzman established the company Woodfall Films which made their early films. These included adaptations of Richardson's own stage productions of Look Back in Anger and The Entertainer. Other significant films in this movement include Saturday Night and Sunday Morning (1960), A Kind of Loving (1962), and This Sporting Life (1963). The Free Cinema films also made stars out of their leading actors Albert Finney, Alan Bates, Richard Burton, Rita Tushingham, Richard Harris and Tom Courtenay.
The 60’s Boom??? The boundaries were pushed further by Alfie; Up The Junction and Women in Love. New, young actors were needed; Richard Harris, Julie Christy, Peter Sellers, Terrence Stamp, David Hemmings, Donald Pleasance and Paul Scofield. Brian Forbes and Richard Attenborough began to make names for themselves as up and coming directors. Not all movies were of this genre David Lean made Bridge over the River Kwai and Lawrence of Arabia amongst others there was Oliver!; and the beginnings of the James Bond series of movies. Overseas film makers began to come to London too, including Roman Polanski and Michelangelo Antonioni. Blacklisted in America Joseph Losey had a significant influence on UK Cinema in the 60s as did Stanley Kubrick, especially in the decade to follow. The sixties were perhaps the ‘holding era’ for British cinema with an expansive 50’s directors like Lean really held the reins and the industry charged on. Commercially the bond movies were highly successful and quality films were also directed by Basil Dearden. Actors and actresses were aplenty and in much demand. Four of the decade's Academy Award winners for best picture were British productions.
The Stagnation of the 70’s With the film industry in both Britain and the United States entering into recession, American studios cut back on domestic production, and in many cases withdrew from financing British films altogether. Major films were still being made at this time, including Anne of the Thousand Days (1969), Battle of Britain (1969), and David Lean's Ryan's Daughter (1970), but as the decade wore on financing became increasingly hard to come by. Also in the 70’s, spurred on by his success with Women In Love, Ken Russell challenged the censors wildly with ‘The Music Lovers’ and ‘The Devils’ only just managing to get a certificate. Likewise Roegs ‘Performance’ with James Fox was a shock to the system for many who saw it. But boundaries were gone by now and a couple of years later ‘The Exorcist’ was to hit the screens only to be banned after to many people fainted or were sick in the cinema! The British horror boom of the 1960s also finally came to an end by the mid-1970s, with the leading producers Hammer and Amicus leaving the genre altogether in the face of competition from America. Films like ‘The Texas Chainsaw Massacre’ (1974) made Hammer's vampire films seem increasingly tame and outdated, despite attempts to spice up the formula with added nudity and gore. Stanley Kubrick made Clockwork Orange, just about getting a certificate, Dr Strangelove and 2001: A Space Odyssey. In mainstream terms pure British cinema was diminishing and was to get worse before it got even worse.
The 80’s decline and re-emergence The 1980s began with the worst recession the British film industry had ever seen. In 1980 only 31 UK films were made, down 50% on the previous year, and the lowest output since 1914. This decade also started the downward trend in self financing British movies – the Americans began to take over and really never looked back. When movies were made in Britain they were either American financed or had American directors / producers. This was in part because the market potential in Britain is too small to produce a profit return on anything more than the most modestly budgeted production. However, the 1980s soon saw a renewed optimism, led by companies such as Goldcrest (and producer David Puttnam), Channel 4, Handmade Films and Merchant Ivory Productions. Under producer Puttnam a generation of British directors emerged making popular films with international distribution, including: Bill Forsyth (Local Hero, 1983), Hugh Hudson (Chariots of Fire, 1981), Roland Joffe (The Killing Fields, 1984), Alan Parker and Ridley Scott. Handmade Films, part owned by George Harrison, had produced a series of modest budget comedies and gritty dramas such as The Long Good Friday (1980) that had proven popular internationally. Also in this era Sir Richard Attenborough was directing Gandhi (1982) and Lewis Gilbert Educating Rita (1983). The later half of the decade saw general decline. That said there were still successful British actors and actresses around but the big budget blockbusters were now being populated by mainly Americans. Following the final winding up of the Rank Organisation, a series of company consolidations in UK cinema distribution meant that it became ever harder for British productions. Another blow
was the elimination of the Eady tax concession by the Conservative Government in 1984. The concession had made it possible for a foreign film company to write off a large amount of its production costs by filming in the UK — this was what attracted a succession of blockbuster productions to UK studios in the 1970s. With Eady gone many studios closed or focused on television work.
Divergent 90’s Film production in Britain hit one of its all-time lows in 1989. While cinema audiences were climbing in the UK in the early 1990s, few British films were enjoying significant commercial success, even in the home market. Among the more notable exceptions were the Merchant Ivory productions Howards End (1992) and The Remains of the Day (1993), Richard Attenborough's Chaplin (1992) and Shadowlands (1993) and Neil Jordan's acclaimed thriller The Crying Game (1992). The surprise success of the Richard Curtisscripted comedy Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994), especially in the United States, lead to renewed interest and investment in British films, and set a pattern for British-set romantic comedies, including Sliding Doors (1998), Notting Hill (1999) and the Bridget Jones films. Several of these were also written by Curtis, who went on to make his directorial debut with Love Actually in 2003. Working Title Films, the company behind many of these films, quickly became one of the most successful British production companies, with other box office hits including Bean (1997), Elizabeth (1998) and Captain Corelli's Mandolin (2001). Note should also be made of Channel 4’s own production company ‘Film on four’ which soon became ‘FilmFour’ turning out some classic cinema such as ‘Trainspotting’, ‘Brassed Off’ and ‘Lock Stock and Two smoking barrels’. By July 2002 Channel 4 had regained power over its subsidiary and decided to return to commercial TV. With the introduction of public funding for British films through the new National Lottery something of a production boom occurred in the late 1990s, but only a few of these films found significant commercial success, and many went unreleased There was no shortage of acting talent around at this time with actors like Ewan McGregor and Ralph Fiennes truly cutting their teeth. Directors to like Sam Mendes and Anthony Minghella began to come to the fore.
21st Century So what does the first decade of the 21st century hold for truly British Cinema – I would have to speculate rather depressingly. In terms of actors and actresses there are plenty still begin discovered and Jude Law, Clive Owen, Keira Knightly Christian Bale, Ioan Gruffudd and Damian Lewis carry the candle. In terms of quilt British film making Billy Elliott and Bend it like Beckham are two that would make it onto my short list. The government needs to be serious about funding and plough a great deal more into the film industry and establish a quality British production company. The turn of the new century also saw a revival of sorts of the British horror film, with The Hole, 28 Days Later, Dog Soldiers and the comedy Shaun of the Dead being among the more successful examples.
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Aysha Al-Rowaished Paying tribute to Michael Jackson’s music through her debut novel, 'Is It Scary?'
Please introduce yourself to our readers? My name is Aysha, I am 26 and work as a programmer for a bank’s IT department but I spend my free time writing poetry and stories. Tell us about your education? I graduated from the American University of Kuwait with a B.S. in Information Systems. What was the inspiration behind writing horror novel at the debut? I have had this idea of horror scenes in my mind for a long time, but as they grew I made a connection which was built into a story. The more I looked deeper into these horror scenes the more I liked the idea of writing novel. To be honest it wasn’t planned to be a debut novel, but it just came easier to me than any other theme or genre. Is this novel a sort of tribute to Michael Jackson’s music? It can be viewed as a tribute, since I am a fan, but it’s more of how I imagined the stories behind his lyrics as well. Do you think that the revenge of Michael is justified with Diana’s family? Michael’s revenge is a metaphor for karma and a person subconscious, but I wrote this story so that everyone has their own opinion about who was done right and was done wrong. In your opinion how well the plot of the novel is knitted? The plot of the story is a mystery at the beginning and as it continues it starts to unveil to the reader and they can make the connection and understand the message behind my plot. What type of feedback did you get from other writers and readers? Everyone answered the title question some said it was scary and some said it was more of a thriller. The majority loved the idea of connecting it to Michael’s music and also the issues that were talked about such as bullying and karma. The feedback came from different ages, reader as well as non readers, and they all thought it was enjoyable.
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AYSHA AL-ROWAISHED
“Literature is the mirror of society”, how well this statement has been justified in your novel? My novel is exactly that because it has a message to the way people treat others. Some people say certain things to others without thinking twice about what the other person might be going through emotionally or personally. Sometimes it takes one sentence that can make a person breakdown. There are so much more messages but that’s up to the reader to conclude. How sensitive a writer is in his routine life according to you? A lot of writers I know have written out of experience and to me it’s also true. It might not be sensitivity as much as it’s how you turn a sensitive moment out of reality and into your imagination. As a writer, we do get emotional especially when we have what is called ‘writer’s block’ that is the most frustrating part of the process. Are you working on any other books at the moment? I love to write whenever I have time. I carry a notebook wherever I go in case an idea comes to mind and hopefully I will have other books in the future. What changes you would like to bring in your writing style or are you satisfied with it? I am satisfied with my writing style because that’s the one thing I was not criticized on, but maybe the storyline could be more mysterious and exciting. Do you have any plans to go for poetry or drama or you will be sticking with novels? In general I love writing and have ideas for a drama, comedy, romance and even a combination of all, but the problem is my ideas are still shattered to begin another novel or story. I write poetry a lot but I have no plans of publishing them yet. Why did you not launch your novel in Kuwait? I published my book on Amazon.com because of its worldwide access. It makes it easier to talk about the book and then show people its details on Amazon wherever I am. Who is your all time favorite literary figure? I like reading a lot of writers such as John Steinbeck, E.L. James, but my favorite I’d have to say is the writer of the ‘Princess Diaries’, Meg Cabot. When will this novel will be available in Kuwait’s book stores? I have spoken to Jarir bookstore and other local ones to sell my book and it will be available soon hopefully after the Eid holiday. What is your message for the people who want to write? Don’t stop writing and listen to other people’s opinions about your writing because that can help you either enhance your writing or give you more to write about (Kill the writer’s block). Your message for the readers of CityPages magazine: Go get you copy of ‘Is It Scary?’ available in paperback and Kindle on Amazon.com and write a review of what you think on Amazon or my Instagram page: @isitscary54. I love hearing people’s honest feedback. Your message for us at CityPages magazine: Thank you so much for your time and support. I really appreciate this opportunity to be a part of your magazine. October, 2014
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5 Things to Keep in Mind when Writing in English in the Arab World 2 - How to Use the English Language
In September, I spoke about ideas: where they come from and how to generate relevant versions you could turn into stories, or poems, or articles, or other creative attempts, such as music, photography, or painting. Today I’d like to talk to you about language. Be careful of people who speak of language as Nada Faris Nada Faris is a Kuwaiti who writes poetry, articles, and fiction in English. Her latest book, Before Young Adult Fiction, is a collection of short, award-winning articles, poems, and short stories that shaped her writing voice. Reach her at: www.nadafaris.com or @nadafaris
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though it were transparent, as though it were neutral or organic. It is none of these things. The English language, in particular, came to Kuwait on Western ships. It did not come to us via Muses. It did not come to us in dreams or prayers. It came with missionaries teaching Kuwaitis Christianity and Colonialism. Over time, the religious and political burden of the English language dissipated and English crossed over into Kuwait’s modern era with more secular, commercial and professional routes that became more important in the era of globalization. Because of the increasingly integrated nature of the modern world, it makes perfect sense to spray English—the lingua franca—on boards, governmental documents, medicine bottles, and on anything else that might facilitate communication and progress.
Today, schools that teach American and British English do so to offer students more job opportunities in the future. Whether they accomplish this task on the ground or by sending students abroad (on scholarships, for training courses, for work experience, or creative showcases, etc.) the emphasis is laid on the neutrality of the English language. In private schools, American and British English appear as a slight variation of the same system, because even words with different spellings carry the same meanings. However, British English is spoken and is written in a manner that is different from American English. The cadence, the emphasis, even the choice of words and their arrangement varies from one system to another, and even more so when thinking
of dialects and accents. This may not be an issue in the job market, but it is a subtly to which authors of Anglowaiti literature must attend. Understand that by talking about Anglowaiti literature I am not referring to oriental texts published for Western or ‘international’ readers. Anglowaiti literature is written by Anglowaitis for an Anglowaiti audience. Hence, authors’ employment of the English language should be particular. Like themes or characters or other features of the plot, the English language itself needs to be explored and deconstructed while writing Anglowaiti literature. So yes, whereas it is extremely important to learn vocabulary and grammar, it is also an Anglowaiti author’s duty to experiment with the English language as it appears to us in Kuwait. I have identified three major settings that provide the public with knowledge of the English language.
1-Education: Most schools and universities teach English in Kuwait. Other facilities abound that offer language degrees or courses, such as the British Council or Amideast. Some educational methods prioritize the English language over others; such is the case, for instance, with American, British, or Indian private schools. Others prioritize a bilingual upbringing, adding English to Arabic, or to Indian, or to French. Finally, there are the predominantly Arabic schools that teach English as a secondary language. The English that you pick up from school varies from one schooling system to another. It is thus important to bring that to your Anglowaiti text as an exploration of socioeconomic conditions and the manners in which they influence your writing style and content. If you were taught ethics in English, for example, you would write differently from a person who learned English only as a commercial appendage: “Can I have a glass of milk?” “How much does this cost?” I am referring to the actual language. The way words are arranged, the places in which stress is laid, the sound, its appearance on the page, and the overall structure of the language, all differ dramatically according to whether one was educated in British systems or in Arabic public schools. These uses of the English language ought not to deter the Anglowaiti writer or make him or her feel less competent than the writer of international English; they should, instead, reassure the Anglowaiti writer of the particularity of his or her task. Anglowaiti writers are telling their stories in their voices to their compatriots. And why? Because the current national scope of literary production does not represent the majority of Kuwaiti nationals and longtime expats. Before I move on to the next point, I want to emphasize education. One must learn vocabulary and grammar. I am not at all proposing that one writes ‘bad English;’ I am only stressing the importance of paying attention to the subtle differences in various schooling methods and the ways
in which they cultivate class, behavior, and beliefs, in general, and specifically, the ways in which they influence one’s own writing form and content.
2-Culture: In addition to education, English continues to seep into the country via cultural productions. Our cinemas import Hollywood movies, our internet welcomes YouTube channels, our satellite dishes broadcast Western TV shows, our radios blast out Europe’s Top Forty. In restaurants, servers speak in English and offer English menus. In malls, English music plays in the background. English books are available in bookstores, various groups (such as The Kuwait Little Theater, Shabab Theater, One World, etc.) act and perform in English, and cafés offer English magazines to guests. Not all cultural products bear the same weight, however, and they don’t all use English in the same manner. Most of our imported culture is American. Only a small portion of it is British. And it should be noted that our social labor force is composed mostly of expats of Asian origins, and it is these people, for example, that sing along to Backstreet Boys songs playing in coffee shops and restaurants. Even magazines in the same café target different audiences. I think it is thus crucial to be aware of the ways in which our culture introduces us to various features of the English language. How one develops one’s English, whether by reading science fiction books purchased from Jarir Bookstore or by bingeing on the latest TV shows offered on iTunes, will seep into the fabric of the Anglowaiti text. Again, this is no excuse to write badly. I am, however, saying that in writing English, Anglowaiti writers should be mindful of the clusters of English available to the public and to wonder, for example, whether or not the English offered in one cluster provides more information about the way things take place in Kuwait than another. I encourage a closer relationship with the English language in order to help us write more honest tales.
and Stephen King (and others of course, but I am highlighting both figures as emblems of literary and genre writing). I am saying that these great writers are admirable. I am saying that their theories on writing are applicable to American and ‘international’ writers. I am also saying that we, Anglowaitis, don’t need to adhere to their philosophies. Next month I’ll tell you more about “voice” and how you can particularize your own writing style, but for now, let me finally emphasize that writing in the international style (which is clear, sparse, journalistic, etc.) conceals the materiality and the historical aspect of language. It is important to locate the instructors’ statements (“remove adjectives,” “use active verbs,” “never write long words if shorter ones exist,” etc.) in the historical and geographical contexts from which these statements emerged. It is also imperative to understand what these statements imply and what they might achieve if everyone else writes the same way. In short, be cognizant of your use of the English language. Know the clusters that taught you the language, because in Kuwait, English (like Arabic) does not fall down from trees. It is picked up laboriously, it is strung together with intent, it is sculpted and graven with inconsistency. In Kuwait, you don’t just know English. You learn it. Make sure you understand what it means to learn English the way you have, and then deconstruct or examine the implications of your discovery in your writing. Because at the end of the day, you are writing your story in your voice. Next month, we’ll talk some more about voice.
Good luck.
3-Upbringing: We are also introduced to the English language at home and in the company of friends and relatives. A hybrid (for instance, a child born to a Kuwaiti father and an American mother) will use English differently from a non-hybrid. The English of someone born and raised in Kuwait to Egyptian parents will contain subtle differences from the English of someone born and raised in Kuwait to Indian parents. Nationals who are raised by Western-educated parents will use English differently from the stateless Kuwaitis raised in conservative homes. *** Many creative writing instructors today will teach you to write in the ‘international’ method, which is actually American, inspired by the writing theories of Ernest Hemingway October, 2014
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َ غيابك اعتدت َ غيابك اعتدت بركان ثائر كفراشة اعتادت النوم على كتف ٍ ٍ توافد الثلج على سعفها كنخلة اعتادت ٍ َ كشمس اعتادت حضور جحافل الشتاء اليتْ م!!.. وكعجو ٍز اعتادت ُ **** برح غيا ُبك ُم ٌ جثة وطن كقبيلة من الخونة تتوافد على ِ ٌ نهاية قاحل ،كصحراء بال ٍ نبي.. كلسعة السوط على ومؤلم ٍ ِ ٌ جسد ِّ **** ألقوى على الحياة ُ أتلحف كل ليلة برائحتك المتواطئة قسرًا مع الليل ارتدي وحدتي المتخمة بالنشوة آخذ دور المرأة األقوى وأرقص بال اكتراث َ أنفاسك في أرض امرأة أخرى على وقع **** مر ِ بمرارة ما مضى من ُ الع ِ ُ ض الدمع عن ليلي أنف ُ قت على طرفه وبعض ٍ كلمات ع ِل ْ ضره بما يليق بحزني وأح ّ َ شمع محترقا .. موسيقى لوللي التراجيدية ورد لم يكن... وبعض ٍ أعتلي وحدتي برشاقة بجعة ْ الحب والوفاء ألخونك بكل ِ بكل الحنين المتراكم في ذاكرتي مع غيابك.. Tassnim Hassoun
Tassnim is an accounts specialist. She has been writing poetry and short stories since she was twelve and currently is in the process of writing a book, needless to say she loves reading. Additionally Tassnim is a gym and nutrition junky.
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THE ENGLISH WOMAN IN SAUDI ARABIA Part 3
I wanted to get married to him. I couldn’t imagine my life without him and I always knew that he was the one I wanted to get married to. But I never had expected that I would travel all the way to Saudi Arabia and get married on the first day of arriving. I was excited, my heart felt like it was going to fall out of my chest. But I was nervous and scared. I knew very little about Saudi Arabia, in fact I knew nothing at all. My family would be wondering where I am and all thoughts started to rush through my mind. I started to panic. What if I never get to go home again? I doubt though Yousef would ever do that to me. He was kind, caring and loving. When I looked at him, I knew that I would be okay. That same day we got married. I was in the clothes that I had travelled in, no wedding dress or fairytale wedding. I was in my Nadia AlHassan
Nadia Al-Hassan is a student in Ireland, studying Journalism. She is passionate about writing stories and poetry. Nadia loves helping people with her stories. She believes that words are beautiful and powerful.
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trainers and I was very far from looking glamorous. But I didn’t care. It was romantic. I was finally married to the love of my life and it felt special. I couldn’t stop admiring the way of life here. It was so laid back and relaxing. Most the women were all covered up but they had this elegance about them. Yousef wanted me to meet his family, I couldn’t wait to meet them but I wasn’t sure if they would like me very much. “Darling, they will love you,” he whispered. When we approached his parent’s house, I couldn’t help but think how beautiful their house was. It was big and there were at least 5 cars parked outside, very expensive cars. As I walked in, it was like walking into a billionaire’s home. I couldn’t hide how surprised I was and Yousef started to laugh. We took off our shoes and two Indian women greeted us, they helped us with our bags and gave a warm smile. As we walked into one of the living rooms, people got up to greet me. The women were so beautiful, they weren’t wearing any headscarves, they had hair down their back, they were wrapped in beautiful clothes and
jewelry that sparkled. I felt so under dressed and out of place. They came over and said hello, with two kisses on both side of my cheeks. And the men nodded their head at me and said hello. They all seemed happy to see me, one of his sisters told me how she was so looking forward to meeting me as Yousef always had good things to say. I noticed an elderly man sitting in the corner of the room, he had not muttered a word to me, and throughout the time that I was there, he stared at me with such anger on his face. Yousef went over to kiss him on the head and this elderly man started to shout. I was a little afraid as I did not know what he was saying, but he really didn’t look happy. Before I knew it, Yousef took me by the hand and we left the house. “Yousef, what is wrong?” I said with such worry in my voice. Yousef put his hand to my face and said, “ Don’t worry my love. My father is just angry that I have married a non-Muslim and not one of our own people. But I love you and I don’t need his approval,” he said gently. But I could see the sadness in his eyes.
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OCTOBER Book Releases
This month you can return to a beloved Iowa town, take a trip to another planet or glean wisdom from a one of our favorite funny women -- and I haven't even mentioned the books by favorite authors such as Anne Rice and Jodi Picoult. Find the scoop on the biggest book releases for October in this new release highlights calendar.
Leaving Time
Jodi Picoult
Sophie Kinsella
Jodi Picoult is known for her books that pick a controversial topic and then weave it into a character's story. Her novels usually have chapters written from the viewpoints of different characters, often involve a trial and are always heavy on emotion. In her latest novel, Picoult's main character is Jenna, a girl whose mother disappeared when she was young. Determined to find her, Jenna pours through her mother's journals, which are about her research with elephants. She also enlists the help of a psychic and detective.
Sophie Kinsella first introduced readers to Becky Bloomwood in her 2000 book, Confessions of a Shopaholic. More than a decade later, Becky has stormed Manhattan, married and had a baby. In the seventh book in the series, Becky and family move to Los Angeles and she decides to become a stylist. The shopaholic books are stressful to read for a spendthrift like me, but Kinsella's fans are sure to be delighted by this latest comic novel.
Lila
Marilynne Robinson
Yes Please Amy Poehler
Lila is the third of Robinson's books to visit the town of Gilead, Iowa. Her first, Gilead, won the Pulitzer-prize. In this latest novel, the title character, Lila, takes shelter from the rain in the town's church and ends up becoming the minister's wife. Lila must come to terms with her hard past of abandonment and life on the road, and both she and her husband slowly learn how to reveal themselves to each other and how to love.
Nora Webster
Colm Toibin invites readers to meet Nora Webster -- a forty year old
time in years.
Prince Lestat
Burying Water
Anne Rice's fans are thrilled that after a long hiatus she is returning to the characters and storyline that made her famous -- The Vampire Chronicles. Prince Lestat opens with the vampire world in chaos. It moves all over the world, through place and time, with Prince Lestat at its center. The perfect book just before Halloween!
The top-selling, beloved indie author of Ten Tiny Breaths returns with a new romance about a young woman who loses her memory—and the man who knows that the only way to protect her is to stay away. Left for dead in the fields of rural Oregon, a young woman defies all odds and survives—but she awakens with no idea who she is, or what happened to her. Refusing to answer to “Jane Doe” for another day, the woman renames herself “Water” for the tiny, hidden marking on her body—the only clue to her past.
battles heavy grief at the loss of her husband and pride in the midst of her neighbors, she finds solace when she begins to sing again for the first
Anne Rice
The Book of Strange New Things
Michel Faber
Michel Faber's Book of Strange New Things is a genre-bending book about a missionary to another planet. His new congregation refers to his Bible as "the Book of Strange New Things." While he cares for the new converts, galaxies away earth if crumbling, and the letters he receives from his wife at home are concerning.
widow with four children and little money in a small Irish town. As Nora
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Amy Poehler (of Saturday Night Live and Parks & Rec fame) is releasing her first memoir, and fans are hoping it is as funny as her pal and fellow comedian, Tina Fey's, Bossypants. Yes Please is short, but contains stories about love, sex, parenthood and friendship, along with some humorlaced advice.
K.A. Tucker
BOOK CLUB
I Think Therefore I Play I am over the top excited this month to be able to share with you one of the best books I have read this year. I Think Therefore I Play (2014) is a biography that tackles the life of famous Italian footballer Andrea Pirlo. The book is written by famous Italian sports writer and journalist Alessandro Alciato, who previously worked on famous sports biographies with current Real Madrid coach Carlo Ancelotti, and Inter Milan coach Walter Mazzarri. He also co-wrote Carlo Ancelotti: The Beautiful Games of an Ordinary Genius that was published back in 2010 alongside former Italian footballer Paolo Maldini. Pirlo is a legend in the Italian football, as well as the world. He has received many international awards such as Series A Player of the Year: 2012, 2013, Series A Italian Player of the Year: 2012, Series A Midfielder of the Year: 2012, UEFA Best Player in Europe Award 2012 (4th place) and Juventus Player of the Season: 2011–2012. Moreover, he participated with Natioanl Italian football team in four World Cups: 2006, 2010 and 2014. Also, he is still playing for Italy national team as well as Juventus Italian football club. Nada Soliman
[email protected]
Meet Nada, our team member is simply a book savvy. Every month Nada picks her favourite book and shares with you its review. Please feel free to contact Nada to discuss your opinion or ask her opinion on your favourite book or author.
The book starts with a brief story by former Italian team coach Cesare Prandelli about his opinion of the genius Pirlo, since the midfielder started his career as a young boy in the ranks of Brescia until he reached the Italian national team. It then speaks about different timelines from the mind of Andrea himself about the most memorable moments in his football career, such as winning the 2006 World Cup, losing the famous Istanbul 2005 Champions League final to Liverpool in what he called “The Istanbul Miracle”, and his time under different coaches and most recently Antonio Conte’s Juventus. He never forgets to mention some laughs here and there with the time he spent with who he considers their closest friends, such as Rhino Gattuso who is the Italian football manager and is a former football player. In conclusion, the book is very enjoyable as it keeps you hooked wanting to learn more about this football philosopher (a true philosopher on and off the football pitch). It’s a must read for all football fans, as Pirlo is “a player who belongs to everyone”. And with Pirlo still part of the team, we can still hope for more legendary games and goals. And as former Italian team coach Lippi said, “Pirlo is a silent leader. He speaks with his feet.” October, 2014
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My name is Sherifa AlAsousi. I am a chef and owner of Sugar Box Bakery. My concept is to travel the world looking for exotic flavors. I plan to make a change in one dish at a time. I live, love, eat, and enjoy every moment and that's how I do it!
From the City of Lights: Location: NYC, USA Inspiration: Fast Food Dish: Time Square Sliders
New York, New York! The city that never sleeps... A place where you can see people from all around the world, eat all type of food and enjoy the fast life of the New Yorkers! I was inspired by the concept of living in NYC, everything so vibrant and delightful... So, I thought Sliders! and what better name to give it than New York's one and only Time Square! Hope you'll love it! 112
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Time Square Sliders You will need:
Directions: 1. In a mixing bowl, combine the ground beef, bread crumbs, worcestershire sauce, egg, yogurt , garlic and onions.
The Patties: n1
1/2 pounds of ground beef
n1/2
nMini
burger buns
2. Using your hands or a wooden spoon, mix all the ingredients until they are well combined. I find it best to use my hands because I can massage all the ingredients into the meat thoroughly. 3. Pick up a handful of the mixture and roll into a ball. Using the palm of your hand, press down on the top of the ball and make it into a disk. Using your fingers, smooth and shape the outside edges until it is perfectly round. *keep your patties in the fridge well covered & sealed for 15 min before cooking.
4. Preheat the grill plate over medium-high heat and add some cooking oil to it. Place the burger patties on and cook them on each side for about two to three minutes. This will cook your burgers to medium. Of course, the cooking time will vary according to the thickness of your burger. 5. Before your burger patties are done, brush with the honey/BBQ sauce and a little pepper to give it that smoky outdoor grill flavor. 6. Place your patties on the buns and add your favorite vegetables and sauces to give it a rich andcreamy taste. *give your bun a little tan on the grill for an original NYC burger taste.
Here are some of the sauces I use:
The sauces: 1. Manhattan Sauce: BBQ sauce, peanut butter, oyster sauce. 2. ChinaTown Sauce: Mayonnaise, chopped red chillies, radish, lemon juice. 3. 5th Avenue Sauce: Cream cheese, chopped pineapples, green chili sauce, avocado puree. * the ingredients in the sauces are mixed according to the quantity you need & to the taste you like.
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Saud A. AlAnazi Building the brand and making a mark
Please introduce yourself to our readers: I am a Kuwaiti, married with two kids and I am the PR manager for A'amal Holding and marketing manager for Café Bazza.
Can you tell us about your previous work experiences? I joined A'amal Holding three years ago as a marketing coordinator and started working for Café Bazza three months before its actual launch. Prior to this, I was working with KUC group as a PR manager. During my tenure at KUC group, I worked as a writer and as an interviewer as well. And before that, I worked with Special Forces for 11 years.
What or who inspired you to food and beverage field? Food is a very important part of our culture and in every household there is at least one person who takes food very seriously every day, I am THAT person. This connection with the food grew even stronger when I attended events and restaurants launches as a part of my previous job. I always felt that this is the place where I should be.
Can you tell us a bit about Café Bazza, how it came about and how many branches do you have, and where did you open your first branch in Kuwait? The concept of Café Bazza was conceived in late 2010, with the first outlet opening in 2011 in Bneid AlGar. We wanted to honor the rich culture of the Kuwaiti food tradition by giving it a modern twist and presenting it in a new and innovative way. It is a concept that blends the old heritage of Kuwait and modernity. One of our main objectives was to pay a lot of careful attention on the healthiness of the food; as well as to ensure that highest quality ingredients are used in preparation. Hence, we are the only HACCP and ISO Certified restaurant. Because we believe health and safety comes first. We presently have 17 branches in Kuwait. 114
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Café Bazza blends the old heritage of Kuwait with the new concept of modernized culture. Do you face any difficulties in marketing this concept? No, we don’t face any particular difficulties in marketing as we are a unique concept, an authentic Kuwait legacy mixed with western styled operational model. People are nowadays more appreciative of local concepts than they are of franchises.
The Gulf is full of cafes and restaurants working on the same concept, what are your key distinguishing factors that set you apart from the rest of the crowd? We believe that our concept is an answer to the increasing demand for healthier and more authentic Kuwaiti food, delivered in the most convenient and friendly manner, with the highest commitment to quality and in an environment that is familiar. We offer a wide selection of food items including Kuwaiti traditional dishes as well as other dishes such as pasta and burgers to cater all kind of customers but still a trendy twist is present and international standards are followed in each step to guarantee that the best quality service is provided in an efficient manner. Also, our background in the hospitality industry gives us an edge over other restaurants. On regular basis we keep training our staff on how to provide our valued customers a good ‘customer service’.
What are the motivating factors that inspired the company to opt the franchise model for the brand's expansion? After establishing a comfortable following within the local community, Café Bazza decided to share the love of good living through the sharing of great tasting, uniquely flavored food and beverage with as many people as possible, throughout the world. We at Café Bazza felt that it needed to extend its really satisfying, fresh and affordable Kuwaiti cuisine with a modern twist in an enjoyable setting. The brand wanted to offer the visitors a place they could call their own and feel pride in recommending it to their friends and loved ones. Therefore, the brand started franchising to reach out to more people.
What are the qualities you look for in the franchisees? The first and the most important quality we seek is whether the franchisee has a 'leadership and entrepreneurial skills' to take the brand forward. Second, they should have a substantial experience in F&B business not less than 5 years and third is location.
What are your expansion plans for the region in terms of target locations, number of franchisees? Dubai is now becoming the model metropolis for Middle East's new economic boom. We are just about to launch our franchise there. We have already signed a deal for 5 outlets and in Saudi Arabia our deal is in the final stages. Qatar and Bahrain come next.
What other international markets you are looking at for launching the concept and could you share the time line? As we are firmly established in Kuwait with our existing infrastructure, we would like to extend our footprints in different parts of the world, including America and Europe.
What’s your favorite menu item? My favorite dishes would be the Tanoor burger and Wafra egg. It is so amazing that I want to swim inside it. And of course our very special item, Vimto.
What is a typical day for you like? Get up in the morning, go to work, take English language classes after work, and then Cross Fit.
What are your hobbies? Cross Fit, football and diving.
Your message for us at CityPages magazine: I would like to thank you for the interview, this is my first interview for a magazine. Wish you best of luck and would like to see CityPages expanding in the GCC and rest of the world. 116
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SOUTH AFRICA This month we take you HOME… since I am feeling a bit homesick and because South African food is phenomenal and great for the cool weather, which is on the way. Bobotie is a Cape-Malay creation, and we spice it up even more with cumin, coriander and cloves.
Follow us @nats_treats for amazing sweets and desserts… always made with LOVE
BOBOTIE INGREDIENTS
• minced lamb or beef, or a mixture of the two • butter, vegetable oil • 2 onions, chopped • 2 ml (1/2 teaspoon) crushed garlic • 15 ml (1 tablespoon) curry powder • 5 ml (1 teaspoon) ground turmeric • 5 ml (1 teaspoon) cumin • 5 ml (1 teaspoon) ground coriander • 2 cloves • 2 slices bread, crumbled • 60 ml (1/4 cup) milk • finely grated rind and juice of 1/2 small lemon • 1 egg • 5 ml (1 teaspoon) salt, milled black pepper 118
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• 100 g (3 ounces) dried apricots, chopped • 1 Granny Smith (green) apple peeled, cored and chopped • 60 ml (1/4 cup) sultanas (golden raisins) • 50 g (1 1/2 ounces) slivered almonds, roasted in a dry frying pan • 6 lemon, orange, or bay leaves
TOPPING
• 250 ml (1 cup) milk • 2 eggs • 2 ml (1/2 teaspoon) salt
METHOD:
MILKTART INGREDIENTS
• 400 g (14 ounces) puff pastry or flaky pastry (see tips, below) • 500 ml (2 cups) full-cream milk (whole milk) • 1 stick cinnamon • 3 eggs, separated • 80 ml (1/3 cup) cake flour • 15 ml (1 tablespoon) cornflour (cornstarch) • 80 ml (1/3 cup) castor sugar (superfine sugar — regular sugar may be substituted) • 2 ml (1/2 teaspoon) baking powder • 30 g (30 ml) (2 tablespoons) butter • 15 ml (1 tablespoon) vanilla essence (vanilla extract) • ground cinnamon
1. Set the oven at 160°C (325°F). Butter a large casserole dish. Heat butter and oil in a saucepan and fry the onion and garlic until
METHOD
translucent.
CRUST • Set the oven at 200°C (400°F). Lightly grease a 24-cm (10-inch) shallow enamel plate or quiche tin. • Roll out the pastry and line the baking plate or tin. Press in a piece of oiled foil and bake for 10 minutes. • Remove foil and bake the crust for about 5 minutes more until crisp and golden. Allow to cool.
2. Stir in the curry powder, turmeric, cumin, coriander and cloves, and cook briefly until fragrant. Remove the pot from the heat.
3. Mix in the minced meat. 4. Mix together the crumbs, milk, lemon rind and juice, egg, salt, pepper, apricots, apple, sultanas (golden raisins) and almonds and mix in. Pile into the casserole and level the top.
FILLING
5. Roll up the leaves and bury them at regular intervals. Seal with
• Measure three-quarters of the milk into a saucepan, add the cinnamon and heat to just below boiling point. Set aside to infuse for about 15 minutes. • Mix together the remaining milk, egg yolks, flour, cornflour (cornstarch), castor sugar (superfine or regular sugar) and baking powder. • Strain the cinnamon-flavoured milk, pour into a clean saucepan and cook, stirring, until the custard thickens. Remove from the heat, and whisk in the butter and vanilla essence. • Cool to room temperature. Reduce oven temperature to 180°C (350°F) • Whisk the egg white stiffly and fold into the custard. Pour into the pastry shell and bake for 10 minutes. • Reduce oven temperature to 160°C (325°F) and bake for about 30 minutes more, until the filling is set. Slide the hot tart onto a plate, sprinkle with ground cinnamon and serve warm.
foil and bake for 1 1/4 hours. Increase the oven temperature to 200°C (400°F).
6. Mix together the topping milk, eggs and salt (you may require extra topping if you've used a very large casserole dish), pour over and bake uncovered for a further 15 minutes until cooked and lightly browned. Serve with Yellow Rice and Chutney .
Our dessert comes from our Dutch heritage in South Africa, as the country is so diverse and cosmopolitan with influences from all over the world. This sweet custard like pie is so moreish that you keep going back for more. October, 2014
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to add to your wishlist
Check out the App. that almost makes you want to lose your phone.
Maui Jim’s Bamboo Forest Sunglasses Nine layers in these lenses work to protect your eyes while enhancing the colors, contrast, and clarity of what you see. Polarizing films reflect glare, bigradient mirrors deflect light from above, and two ultrathin layers absorb light at different wavelengths.
Craftsman 2-in-1 Pliers
Clear some space in that toolbox with a set of transforming pliers. After a 180-degree rotation, the long-nose pliers become diagonal, so users can cut wire, grip, and turn without switching tools.
Marco Polo
Imagine, an app that almost makes you want to lose your phone. When your iPhone goes missing, call out “Marco,” and the phone—using one of 30 voice recordings—responds “Polo” until you locate the device. 120
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Jumping Sumo Parrot’s new rolling mini drone is piloted through an app with help from an onboard camera. Sumo can hop into your hand and kick over objects on the ground.
KORG DSN-12 TI CC3200
The “first single-chip programmable microcontroller platform” is a technical way of saying this little piece of hardware could help add your household devices to the Internet of Things. Part of a family of Texas Instrument products, SimpleLink connects via Wi-Fi.
Samsung NX1 perfectly blends DSLR, compact camera features
Looks like Samsung's efforts have paid off! Introducing the NX1 Smart Camera, a device that combines all the good points of a DSLR and a compact in one.
The latest synthesizer software from KORG turns the Nintendo DS into a handheld music-production device. Twelve monophonic synths feature a range of effects (such as delay or reverb), and a 3-D oscilloscope gives the music-making process an immersive feel.
Sennheiser Urbanite headphones aim to push Beats out of tune
Sennheiser has released the on-ear and over-ear Urbanite headphones, which will look to challenge Beats by Dr Dre. The headphones are not only sturdy and durable, but also high on comfort.
Garmin Approach S6 This watch could put your golf pro out of business. Garmin packed a group of sensors into its most advanced golf watch yet. It measures wannabe Phil Mickelsons’ upswings and downswings for strength and tempo.
LEGO Fusion Give your LEGO creations a digital home with this new game. Unlike similar hybrid games, Fusion was designed by the folks at LEGO to balance playtime between physical blocks and a tablet screen.
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"Apple Watch” Your Next Personal Device. “Our most personal device yet.” That`s what they call it and what we will call it as well. Its a new chapter in strengthening the bond between people and technology. The hardware technology in this small device is just unbelievable. Its shows a great engineering capability and that software that powers the watch. What we really love is that digital crown that every other company discard from their watches. That crown can be used as a multifunctional input device that lets you zoom, scroll, and select without covering the screen with your fingers. With a home screen that let you find your favourite apps easily while they are lying there perfectly. And for the health freaks, you hit your perfect spot. With a lot of health features that tracks your life`s movement and exercises. Apple Watch comes in three deferent styles. “Apple Watch”, “Apple Watch Sport”, “Apple Watch Edition”. With two sizes for all of the styles with 38mm OR 42mm height. There are tens of features to cover here, you know that you will find what you are looking for in this watch. It will work with your iPhone 5, 5s, 5c, iPhone 6 and 6+ . All watches tell time, this one helps you make the most of it. It will be available early 2015 with a starting price of 349$.
.“ساعة أبل” جهازك الشخصي القادم “ إنه.جهازنا األكثر شخصية حتى اآلن” هذا مايطلقونه عليه كما نفعله نحن ال يمكنك أن تصدق تلك.التكنولوجيا، فصل جديد في الترابط بين الناس فهو يرينا قدرة هندسية.التكنلوجيا المستخدمة في هذا الجهاز الصغير ً الذي أحببناه فع.كبيرة ببرنامج يشغل هذه الساعة ال هو تاج الساعة الرقمي هذا التاج يمكن استخدامه كوحدة.الذي تخلت عنه كل الشركات من ساعاتها إدخال متعددة الوظائف مثل التكبير والتصغير واستعراض المحتويات دون ومع الشاشة الرئيسية يمكنك إيجاد.الحاجة لتغطية الشاشة بأصابعك هذه الساعة مصممة لكم، ولمهووسي الصحة.برامجك المفضلة بسهولة تأتي.بالعديد من الخصائص التي تتابع نشاطك اليومي وتمريناتك الرياضية ساعة أبل بثالث تصاميم. "Apple watch" " وApple watch sport " " وApple watch edition". مم و٣٨ وكل تصميم يأتي بحجمين مختلفين باالرتفاع وسوف تجد ماتبحث عنه، هناك العديد من المزايا اليسعنا تغطيتها.مم٤٢ ستعمل هذه الساعة مع. في هذه الساعةiPhone 5، 5s, 5c, 6, 6 Plus. جميع ستكون. هذه الساعة ستساعدك باالستفادة منه.الساعات تخبرك بالوقت 349$ بسعر يبدأ من2015 متوفرة في بدايات.
Yousif AlSaeed Yousif holds a BSc. in Information Technology & Computing Degree and is a Teacher and Software Developer. He loves sharing the latest technology news and gadgets with people. Yousif believes that behind everything in the tech-world is a great story. He spends most of his time reading technology blogs and self development.
Saad Almseikan A burger lover who works as a Computer Technician during the day. Saad has a curious mind that likes to discover everything new that's related to computers, hardware, gadgets and technology. You'll most probably find him holding a burger while playing with a new gadget. He is 27 years old, loves Mixed Martial Arts. Music is what keeps him going especially Rock & Roll.
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Important iOS8 Features You Might Didn`t Know About lLocate Your App`s Battery Usage and know your own consumption:
Setting > General > Usage > Battery Usage… lYou can recover deleted photos in the photo app: In the app, go to the albums and you will find the deleted album which where you can recover your deleted photo from. lSafari now add RSS feed to your shared link. To add: in Safari, open up your shared links, go to Subscriptions and tap “Add Current Site.”
Microsoft Paid 2.5$ Billion to buy a game. Back in June 2014, Microsoft said it has more than $90 Billion for investments. But, is it worth to pay a massive amount like this for 1980s-style game? It’s not clear what is the strategy of Microsoft behind it but Mr. Nadella (CEO of Microsoft) has identified games as core to Microsoft’s future, and this game may just be the hottest game right now with more than 100 million users. Tax is another reason. Mojang which is the company behind the game is based on Sweden. According to annual reports, Microsoft paid to US Government income tax of $5.5 billion in 2014!
“Bash” the most dangerous security flaw so far Bash is an interpreter that allows user to command UNIX systems. It’s been around since 1980s. it’s being described as "one of the most installed utilities on any Linux system”. Half of servers and networks running Appache (found in Linux) and this is a massive security hole allows remote attackers to execute code. There is no authentication required! Most of our devices runs embedded Linux with Bash (like routers). You should be worry if your devices not getting patch or update frequently. Careful of emails request information or want you to run a software like “Fix Bash”!
Fall immediately in love with Kindle Voyage Amazon announced the next generation of Kindle. 6 inch touch screen supports 330 pixels per inch. The text should be good as you real books. Moreover, Amazon bumped the storage from 2GB to 4GB. Comparing to the old models, Voyage is thinner and lighter with new buttons on the side called “PagePress”. This buttons allow you turn the pages by squeezing it while you hold Kindle. How about the battery? Thanks to the new adaptive backlight system, the battery will lasts weeks like the old generation. Is it worth to buy it? YES, If you buy e-reader for the first time.
October, 2014
THE PLANET'S ULTIMATE FASHION SHOW
IN THE CITY
By: HAMAD J. ALKULAIB
Angiosperms or flowering plants have graced our planet for a relatively short period of time - about 90 million years, mere seconds in human life terms. A flower holds principles of marketing that human delusion took credit for introducing. Blooms are the world’s ultimate PR agents with pollination as their target. Blooms are the branding and marketing strategy that plants use in a very competitive world, diversifying into using every marketing principle great minds have recently come up with and some we have yet to discover. Their intended target was not humans rather the insect and bird world as pollen carriers. The beauty flowers hold has transcended the human race and now some flowering plants utilize us in their quest for survival. The mystery blooms hold has captivated the imagination and fancy of past generations and many yet to come. Their beautiful colors, shapes and fragrances have done a great job at masking the deep biomechanics of flowers.
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If you know the language of flowers, you can easily have your garden production; most bedding plants require at least 6 hours of light a flourish with colors like never before. If you have the will, there is a way. day to produce abundant blooms. Plants need food, just like animals, in addition to water. The building Feeding your plants: blocks of flowers are mainly Potassium and Phosphorus elements that There are couple of options here each with its pros and cons: are available in many forms in fertile soils. However, Kuwait is a desert and sand does not have the required nutrient content. Spraying your garden with organic liquid concentrates or dry soluble fertilizers specified for blooming or fruits shows In Kuwait, spring and fall equinox (where day becomes shorter than instantaneous results. Liquids are great as they are fast acting, night) is when most plants decide to strut their stuff. although the emphasis on use as directed is important. Timing is crucial in the plant world and can mean the difference Dry formulations are actually composted manure or crushed between survival and extinction. We learn from its cues to understand minerals. Mixed in the topsoil layer 10-20 cm, dry plant food has their signals where the plant reacts to bloom providing the needed slower dispersion and ultimately less instant availability to the building material and enjoying one of nature ultimate fashion shows. flower machine. They are slower acting and not consistent but Got sun? To make flowers, sun is the catalyst that aids in bud build a soil ecosystem if the source is good.
Top 20 Blooms
B -- Bright sun – Needs min. of 6 hours direct sunlight to bloom profusely
H --
P -- Partial sun or shade
M -- Medium – Medium care and fertilization for great blooms
BP -- Bright or partial sun
L --
D -- Difficult, You gotta love it to have it.
EM -- Easy to Medium
E -- Easy – Hardly any care required
MH -- Medium to High
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Coverless is the representation of all of this cogitation, using the clothes as a canvas, proposing languid silhouettes, full of geometry, contrasting with broad pieces that reflects the great work done with the volume. Both work as a fusion of the nomad life, recreating femininity through dresses inspired in nightgowns, which empathizes the fluidity of more simples and vaporous shapes that opposes the harshness and stiffness in the textiles of the more laidback and organic counterpart. This outer silhouette hides the figure and gets his name by the so called “Homeless� style. 126
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This proposal is completed with backpacks and bags inspired in sleeping bags, which, by the means of zippers, are able to be used separately or attached to the clothes and able to be retracted within themselves, demonstrating mindfully through the design the nomad essence of the individual. Fabrics and materials reminiscent of an urban culture or trend, as the mesh, denim, membrane panel, impermeable and neoprene are used opposing the delicacy of more subtle textiles
like gauze. Tells a story, piece by piece, through the collection which reflects the great work of experimentation through hot melted glue bounding, the superposition of stitched layers, clippings, patches and the absence of material that recreates that decadence effect. The canvas is completed by pastel colours as Cheeks Pink, Prince Blue and Bile Yellow opposing strong saturated tones such as Nuisance Blue, Cloudy Grey and subtle brushstrokes of Traffic Fluor.
BE DIOR New urban attitude The B " e Dior"flap bag has a new, elegantly urban attitude. Its modern silhouette that’s both supple and structured was unveiled at the Autumn-Winter 2014 fashion show.
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Maya Hansen (Birth) Profesional biography Maya Carbajal Alex-Hansen was born in Madrid of an Argentinean father and a Danish mother. She graduated from the Higher Centre for Fashion Design of Madrid with distinction. The Maya Hansen brand was founded in 2006 and, since the year 2010, Maya Hansen’s collections have been presented at Madrid Fashion Week. She took part initially at El Ego de Cibeles, where her collection entitled “Lace Wings” won the L’Oréal Award for Best Collection from a Newcomer. Then in September 2011 she was incorporated into the established designers’ fashion show schedule, which makes up Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Madrid today. In 2012 she was admitted as a member of the Fashion Designers’ Association of Spain (ACME) and was chosen amongst the 15 Finalists at Vogue’s “Who’s On Next” Competition in the years 2012 and 2013. In 2014 Maya Hansen has been selected as a finalist for the Young Designer National Fashion Awards. Maya Hansen’s unique style always departs from the feminine silhouette of the corset, the clothing item around which her collections revolve. She has also developed tight silhouettes in other kinds of clothing, as well as some entirely cutting-edge creations, for which she habitually collaborates with artists and craftsmen in different disciplines. After having taken part at various fashion fairs abroad, including the Salon International de la Lingerie & du Swimwear de París and the Semaine des Créateurs de mode Paris, the Maya Hansen brand can now be found at shops throughout Spain, Netherlands, Poland, Brazil, the United States, Canada, Japan and Kuwait. The stage designs she uses for her shows, together with dramatic make-up and the introduction of fashion films on the catwalk, are all characteristic features of Maya Hansen fashion shows. She has dressed celebrities such as Lady Gaga, Nieves Álvarez, Rossy de Palma, Jessie J, Alaska, Paz Vega, Mónica Cruz and Pilar Rubio, among others. Fashion editors of the stature of Edward Enninful, B Akerlund, Carine Roitfeld, Giovanna Battaglia and Jessica Diehl, together with
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photographers as prestigious as Mario Testino, Eugenio Recuenco, Paco Peregrín, Chino Moro, Norman Jean Roy and Mert and Marcus, have all requested Maya Hansen designs for their productions.
-The Exhibition entitled “Made in Spain” at the Spanish Embassy in London, 2013.
At the same time, Maya Hansen has worked on different design and exhibition
-The Exhibition entitled “Fashion Is a Dream: 25 Years of Spanish Talent”, at the Cerralbo Museum, 2012, Spain.
projects, including the following: -Collaboration with Samsung, ‘Cameracorset project’ in 2013. -Collaboration with Mercedes-Benz, ‘Mercedes-Benz Open Fashion’: Personalisation of a Tennis Ball for the Madrid Open in 2013. -A Footwear and Accessories Capsule Collection for FOSCO, Spring/Summer 2013. - A Maya Hansen Home Textiles Collection -The Exhibition entitled “Made in Spain: La Mode au-delà des frontières” at the Spanish Embassy in Paris, 2014.
-The Exhibition entitled “Behind the Scenes: Art and Fashion” at IVAM (Institut Valencià d’Art Modern), 2013, Spain.
- The Exhibition “Cazadores de Tendencias” (“Coolhunters”) at Centro, 2012, Spain. - The Exhibition “Lady Gaga Costumes” at Lane Crawford, 2012, Hong Kong. Nichola Formichetti, the Creative Director of House of Gaga, exhibited some of the looks that he has chosen for Lady Gaga. The singer has used Maya Hansen designs on various occasions. The designer created a coat and a corset that were shown at this exhibition. -Feria Vintage (Lorenzo Caprile and Yo Dona, 2010 and 2011). - Wedding Fashion Night (2011). - Vogue Fashion Night Out (2010, 2012)
The collection Inspiration: Birth. To born. Back to roots. Give birth. In and out concept. Embryo development into foetus and into human being. Gynaecology and obstetrics. Mother and foetus physic and psychological conditions. In utero communication. Printings inspired by the anatomist William Hunter drawings, obstetrician specialist.
Fabrics: Heavy weight fabrics (300 and 400 g/m2). Printed and solid satin and elastic taffetas. Brocades. Chantilly laces and dyed laces. Elastic and sequined fabrics. Transparent fabrics in front of opaque fabrics. Vintage printings with a naive touch, mixed with lingerie aesthetic, architectural models and retro-futuristic wave.
Colours: Ink blue, dusted pink, black, off-white. Toile de jouy digital printing over heavy weight taffeta stretch with drawings inspired by the illustrator William Hunter, obstetrician specialist.
Silhouettes: Metal and plastic bones corsets made with both rigid and elastic fabrics. Softer silhouettes tan previous collections. Long dresses and cocktail dresses in elastic fabrics and bolero jackets. Skirts with volume pieces and leggings. Ultra soft and feminine garments with and architectural touch.
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Claudia Fantuzzi
Tell us a little bit about yourself and Tell us more about the Marina Rinaldi brand. When was it established and your passion for fashion. Born and raised in Reggio Emilia, Italy, what gap did it fill in the fashion I always had a dream of working in segment. fashion, especially with the Marina Rinaldi headquarters right there! Fashion has and always will be one of my greatest passions in life, along with travel and spending time with my husband and kids.
Marina Rinaldi, founded in 1980, is a readyto-wear, plus-size women's clothing brand of the Italian Max Mara Fashion Group. It is the only brand worldwide that has such a high number of quality clothing with style catering to real women with real bodies.
How and when did you get started with the Marina Rinaldi brand?
How often is the new Elegante Collection launched and what is One day while studying, I received a call the philosophy behind keeping the from MaxMara asking me if I would like Elegante name constant? to start working there - so I did, and for 28 years! Following that, three years ago, I made the decision to join the Elegante Collection family at Marina Rinaldi.
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this day. When Marina Rinaldi first began, the brand was divided into collections to fit different types of women for different occasions with everything from casual to business wear, while the Elegante collection portrays elegant apparel flawlessly.
How would you describe the new Elegante Collection? An eye-catching, stylish, new-age classic collection that caters to both our older clientele as well as young adults.
As a Product Manager, what did your role entail? The Elegante Collection is launched four times a year - February, May, August and November. It is the name that has been associated with the collection for a number of decades and that tradition remains to
As a Project Manager, I make all the final decisions as to what the collection will entail. I decide on all aspects when developing fashion wear such as the stylists,
fabric colour, target price, accessories and creative direction. After deciding on who is able to work together with me, I choose my team and work with them for inspiration.
How many people worked on the Elegante collection and who was the lead designer? At Marina Rinaldi, we have the support of 200 other employees, but within the Elegante collection I am humbled to work with a team of eight creatively remarkable people.
Did you face any difficulties in the process and how did you overcome them? Everyday difficulties are faced, and everyday is something new and different,
but like any structured organization in any How was the overall experience? part of the world, we face them head-on and Incredible and as always, a whirlwind overcome them together. experience! The best thing is there is more What does the new collection include? to come! The collection includes items rich with style and embroidery, all Italian made and styled, Your message for our readers and and this season’s capsule of the Elegante people of Kuwait: Collection, Red Carpet, is exclusive to our This is my first time in Kuwait, and I top clientele. can personally say that here in Kuwait I have found the most elegant women with Do you have a particular favorite class - all dressed well, very beautiful piece from the collection? with eye-catching features and charming In Italy, I am the mother to two beautiful personalities! children, and as mothers we believe that each child of ours is the most beautiful, Your message for us at CityPages brightest and the best. Like my other Magazine: passion, fashion, I love every piece of the Elegante collection immensely and equally, Always follow your passion, have your own I can’t just pick one! sense of style, and be your own person! October, 2014
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FALL/WINTER 2014-2015 Echoes of key moments of the 20th century are combined with mountain and outdoor scenes redesigned for the city with a fresh and modern take on the major trends to inspire Pull&Bear's Autumn/Winter 2014-2015 collections.
Oysho presents its Fall Winter 14-15 collection with the focus clearly on minimalism.
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Rita Ora adidas Originals Collection Pastel and Colourblock Packs The second collection in the Rita Ora adidas Originals Collaboration drops this month, with stores in the Middle East revealing her Pastel Pack. The latest collaboration takes to the skies with dreamy sunset shades of powder pinks, blues and yellows that are cloud-soft across talon-sharp shapes. A riot of feathers inspired by Rita’s own tattoo, rustle around cut out shoulders and hips, bringing flight to batwing sleeves, skin tight body suits and high waist skinny-fit shorts. Sheer detailing softens brave silhouettes that reveal hints of skin as they drift around the body. Also hitting adidas Originals stores is Rita Ora’s Colourblock pack which takes those sunset shades and pushes them to the extreme, ramping up the tone as hot pinks, blues and yellows colour block next to bold black.
FALL WINTER 2014/15 Fall brings with it the purest essence of Massimo Dutti and winter wraps it in garments that are hard to forget. This time it’s not about urban versus casual style, but the right combination of both.
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Available at The Avenues Mall and 360 Mall
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جيفنشـــــــي Dahlia Divin داليا ديفني عطر منسوج من الذهب .تتشارك األزياء والعطور القاسم نفسه أال وهي الفخامة وقوة اجلاذبية واحللم نفسه .تنبع هذه الكيمياء النق ّية تنبع من أجمل فساتني جيفنشي ومن عطور الدار اجلديدة .اخليط الذهبي ، جزءا ال يتجزّأ من تصاميم األزياء األكثر رواجا، أصبح هذا اخليط الرفيع النقي والرائع،اليوم . مي ّر عبرها الضوء بوضوح، قارورة عطر آسرة وثمينة،والعالمة الفارقة لقارورة عطر رمزية جديدة :إّنه عطر يتم ّيز بهالة األزياء الراقية Dahlia Divin داليا ديفني PUMA COLLABORATE WITH LONDON’S HOUSE OF HACKNEY FOR AW’14
RELAXING & REVITALIZING RITUALS L’OCCITANE Aromachologie consists of two lines of body care products: Relaxing and Revitalizing. Whenever possible, the formulas are made with naturally derived ingredients, and combine the benefits of botanical active ingredients with 100% natural aromas that have a revitalizing or soothing effect.
DIVINE YOUTH OIL DIVINELY PURE To help smooth the skin and improve suppleness, it is important to use an appropriate, stimulating technique. The L’CCITANE spa team has developed a particularly relevant technique that promotes microcirculation, visibly transforming the texture of the skin.
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Salvatore Ferragamo BUCKLE CHRISTMAS EDITION, AN EXCLUSIVE GIFT IDEA FOR A SPECIAL CHRISTMAS The new Christmas Edition sports a sparkling look which is epitomized by its two-colour strap. The 37 mm diameter case with its particular cloche shape and gold IP treatment is complemented by a dial in Ferragamo Red, or alternatively in fuchsia or champagne, embellished with the guilloché design and diamond-studded indexes on the rehaut. The Swiss Made quartz movement has a crown at 12 o’clock. Asymmetrical lugs support the vegetable-tanned calfskin strap, which is available in three two-colour versions: red with violet detailing, beige with red croco-print detailing, and fuchsia with orange detailing and contrasting colour stitching.
Salvatore Ferragamo LUNGARNO Lungarno is a perfectly calibrated blend of modern design, high performance Swiss watchmaking and a sporty but luxury mood.
Versace V-SIGNATURE CHRISTMAS EDITION
Salvatore Ferragamo FERRAGAMO 1898
Ferragamo 1898 Sport, the Maison’s new sportoriented diving watch, reflects the sophisticated contemporary design and Swiss Made manufacturing excellence which join forces to sign off Salvatore Ferragamo Timepieces.
Versace - V-METAL ICON
The energy of Versace Watches is confirmed by the new V-Metal Icon. Unusual and intriguing, it draws its inspiration from a vintage strap buckle, revisited in an innovative interpretation.
October, 2014
For more details please visit any of our stores or contact us on @Caribou_social
@Caribou_social
At K'S PATH Quiz Night
At the Lacoste F/W 2014 Collection Launch At The Avenues Mall
At The Official Honoring Ceremony Of Dar AlShifa Hospital On Its Accreditation from the American College of Radiology (ACR) for The MRI Services
October, 2014,
At The Peace One Day Event At CAP Kuwait
At the Opening of Maison Martin Margiela - Pairs, Kuwait Boutique at AlHamra Luxury Center
At the opening of Al Ostoura Boutique at Salhiya Complex, Mezanine
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From The Opening Day Of Villa UNO Exhibition At 360 Mall
At The JustCavalli New Collection Launch
At The River Island A/W14 Exclusive Press Preview
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At the Grand Celebration of 5 Years of Adolfo Dominguez store in The Avenues Mall
From The Culture Shock Halal Show Featuring Rajiv Satyal By AlGAS Events
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At The Seasonal Launch of the Harvey Nichols 2014 Autumn Winter Collection at Harvey Nichols Kuwait
At The Official Franchise Signing Event Of Kuwait's Amaal Holding Co. With UAE's BelHessa Hospitality Company to Open 5 Branches in Dubai for CAFE BEZZA
At The Launching Event of Linda Sophie's New Capsule Eid Collection At The Boutikee Casual Chic - The Avenues
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At The La Martina's AW14 Collection Launch At 360 Mall
At The Robin Sharma Seminar In Kuwait Organized By AlGAS Events And Vigor Events
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At The First Private Event Celebrating The Supporters of Safira CSR's (Cervical Cancer Prevention Campaign)
At The First Press Conference Held By The New British Ambassador, His Excellency Mr. Matthew Lodge Marking The Start Of His Appointment In Kuwait.
At The "SUMMER NIGHT" The Closing Ceremony of Summer Program 2014 At Loyac Kuwait
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FROM THE PRESS
بنز الكويت تعتلي موجة-مرسيدس شبكات التواصل االجتماعي مع حوالي مليون نقرة من مُتابعـيها خالل ثالثة أشهر
Diet Care launches “Get Healthy “Campaign
Diet Care, Kuwait’s leading provider of health and nutritional programs and services today launched Kuwait’s biggest initiative “Get Healthy” for better nutrition and health. The initiative will reach out to various schools, universities, ministries and leading organizations in Kuwait. Diet Care in association with Advanced Medical German Co. will provide free screenings for blood glucose, cholesterol, blood pressure and overall health for all employees and students of the participating organisations and schools. Participants will be alerted about the importance of healthy living and weight management and encouraged to make positive changes in their lifestyle. They will be made aware of the ailments by providing them with all the necessary health information related with cholesterol and blood tests as well as weight analysis. Commenting on the campaign Sarah Dimashkieh, Director of Clinical Operations, Diet Care said: “We are very excited to launch this initiative across Kuwait and thank all the schools, universities and organizations for their participation .It’s time for people to learn about how they can lead healthy lifestyles and the importance of knowing their health background, along with their risk factors, so they can take action. The more people know about the diseases that affect them and their own risk factors, the better able they will be to take
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charge of their health and live better lives.” “By participating in “Get Healthy”, we can all learn how to live healthier and take care of ourselves. We are hoping that everyone will take advantage of the free screenings. The earlier you know if there are any problems, the easier they are to be addressed. With this campaign we hope that people make a change in their lifestyle.” Expert dieticians who will be present at the screenings will provide one –on-one consultation to the individuals once they get the results of their tests. Each individual will be informed on their health statuses and ways to adopt a healthier lifestyle, with an emphasis on the habits they follow throughout their work day. Through “Get Healthy Kuwait”, Diet Care will visit various organizations as a part of a series on going outreach activities to large businesses in Kuwait. Diet Care will also reach out to the community by entering the educational sector and providing free on-spot testing and consultations to middle and high schools in the country to spread teenage obesity awareness. As the leading provider of health and nutritional programs and services, Diet Care has always strived to make efforts to reach out to the community. Get Healthy Kuwait will encourage people to live a healthy life.
ً بنز الكويت منوا ً هائال- حتقّ ق شركة مرسيدس: برقمني عشريني عبر كافة قنواتها النشطة حيث شهدت،على شبكات اإلعالم االجتماعي صفحاتها على فيسبوك وانستغرام زيادة و51% ملموسة في إجمالي عدد املتابعني بنسبة وذلك منذ شهر يونيو املنصرم، على التوالي30% وتتبنّى شركة عبد الرحمن البشر.هذا العام بنز-وزيد الكاظمي – الوكيل احلصري ملرسيدس ،في دولة الكويت – استراتيجية رقمية راسخة تؤمن من خاللها بأن أدوات الشبكات االجتماعية .تساهم بشكل كبير في الوصول إلى العمالء متابع59,000 انطالقا ً من األعداد املُتزايدة بحوالي متابع على انستغرام منذ37,800 و،على فيسبوك االنضمام إلى هذه الشبكات االجتماعية في العام بنز واحدة- سرعان ما أصبحت مرسيدس،2012 من أكثر العالمات التجارية متابعة في قطاع مما يعكس االجتاهات،السيارات بدولة الكويت الواقعية التي تؤثر بشكل كبير في التح ّول الذي طرأ على وسائل اإلعالم االجتماعي من مج ّرد .كلمة رنّانة إلى نهج عملي داخل الشركة ويُعزى هذا النمو الكبير إلى املعدالت العالية ً وأيضا،للدخل السنوي في دول اخلليج العربي امتالك املستخدمني الصغار والكبار على حد متعددة من الهواتف الذكية واألجهزة سواء أجهزة ّ منصات اإلعالم االجتماعي وأضحت.اللوحية ّ ،متاحة بوتيرة متنامية عبر عدد من األجهزة مما،وبنطاق اتصال على مدار الساعة وطوال اليوم التوجه إلى األسواق مينح الشركات القدرة على ّ .املستهدفة بصورة مباشرة من العالم85% يحظى،وعلى صعيد عاملي في الوقت احلالي بتقنيات لالتصال بشبكة كما أن شخص واحد من كل أربعة،اإلنترنت ،أشخاص يستخدم شبكات التواصل اإلعالمي وذلك وفقا ً لدراسة أجرتها شركة "جلوبال ويب وأظهرت.تخصصة بأبحاث السوق ّ ُ اندكس" امل اإلحصائيات أن "فيسبوك" ال يزال املوقع األول حيث يستقطب،لإلعالم االجتماعي حول العالم من مستخدمي اإلنترنت خارج الصني والذين82% ّ 1.8 يشكل ومبا، سنة64 و16 تتراوح أعمارهم بني فيعتبر من،" أما "انستغرام.ًمليار مستخدم عامليا مع أكثر،منصات اإلعالم االجتماعي سريعة النمو ّ وبزيادة نسبتها،ً مليون مستخدم حاليا200 من الفعالني خالل من حيث عدد املستخدمني25% ّ .األشهر الستة املاضية فقط
Fire Department & EQUATE launch Safe Campaign
Coke Studio, a unique cultural experience where Arab Superstars and major international Artists push boundaries creating original fusion music, returns for third season. Artist list includes: Maya Diab, Jason Derulo, Asala Nasri, Nile Rodgers, Balquees and many more
Continuing their partnership in all relevant fields, Kuwait Fire Safety Directorate (KFSD) and EQUATE Petrochemical Company, Kuwait’s first private sector petrochemical company, launched Safety at Every Home Campaign (Safe). Speaking about the campaign, KFSD Director of Public Relations & Media Colonel Khalil AlAmeer said, “In an effort to avoid different hazards and potential incidents at home and other various places, Safe Campaign has been launched to embody the strategic objectives KFSD is aiming to achieve throughout Kuwait by having such a partnership with EQUATE. For this purpose, the campaign will hold a number of awareness activities at a number of colleges, universities and malls where KFSD members will share guidelines and precautions regarding fire extinguishers, types of fires, smoke alarms, gas cylinders, gas leaks, fire evacuation, dealing with different emergencies and the importance of calling Emergency Number 112 when needed. Finally, it gives me great pleasure to extend utmost appreciation and gratitude to EQUATE for its significant role in supporting various initiatives by KFSD which always aspires to benefit and ensure the safety of society as a whole.” On his part, EQUATE Environment, Health & Safety (EH&S) Leader Mohammad Al-Shamary said, “Due to safety having several personal and professional dimensions, such partnership between KFSD and EQUATE holds utmost importance to ensure overall safety at home, work, when driving vehicles and other places. Along those lines, EQUATE has previously launched EQUATE Home Safety Campaign (Stay Safe) which focused on potential hazards at home and how to avoid unfortunate accidents. All such efforts are part of EQUATE Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Program that has introduced several initiatives aimed at overall sustainability throughout Kuwait. Without any doubt, launching this campaign in partnership with KFSD is a prime example of EQUATE’s tagline ‘Partners in Success’.” Aimed at avoiding hazards and preventing incidents at home and other places, Safety at Every Home Campaign (Safe) is launched in partnership between Kuwait Fire Service Directorate (KFSD) and EQUATE Petrochemical Company. To create awareness between members of the Kuwaiti society, nationals and expats, the campaign will address how to handle fires, emergencies within and outside the household, the importance of having a fire extinguisher, the role of smoke alarms, as well as safely using gas cylinders and other critical matters. With its initial founding taking place during 1947, Kuwait Fire Service Directorate (KFSD) is currently an independent government authority under the supervision of State Minister for Council of Ministers Affairs in the State of Kuwait. KFSD plays a number of critical national roles by providing required protection for lives and property from fires, crashes, incidents and natural disasters and preventing them throughout the country. www.kfsd.gov.kw.
The most advanced pushchair in the world?
Manufactured using the very latest technology, the Reflex by Silver Cross is ultra intuitive, beautifully functional and made with attention to detail in every component. The Reflex includes a wealth of features to enhance your baby’s comfort. Travel and storage is simple, as the lightweight chassis can be folded easily and compactly. Beautiful details like a 3 mode night time safety light and ergonomic back rest make the Reflex a truly unique creation. It also features the best lie-flat position in its class. The ultra versatile Reflex can be converted into a rearward-facing pram system with the addition of the newborn accessory pack. This includes a second hood, jersey wind stopper apron, and a bamboo baby nest liner which creates a lie-flat bed unit. It is the ultimate combination of convenience for you with comfort for your baby.
The highly anticipated new season of ‘Coke Studio Bel 3arabi’ launched this Friday on MBC4 at 8pm KSA. Now in its third season, this unique show brings together renowned as well as up and coming Arab and International artists, to collaborate and record an original song by fusing contrasting genres of music together. With more drama and amazing collaborations, and in partnership with Universal Music MENA and MBC Group, this season promises to be better than ever! Over 8 weeks, this season highlights the various tensions that the artists face as they fuse their music together to create a distinctive new sound. By providing a platform for artists to create break-through music, Coke Studio enables artists to overcome geographical, cultural and artistic barriers and enables a unity to be created over a shared love of music. Season 3 features captivating fusion collaborations between the most diverse group of artists yet; Kool & The Gang and Asala Nasri; Tom Novy and Shatha Hassoun; Diana Yukawa and Jadal Band; Jason Derulo and Maya Diab; Nile Rodgers and Mashrou3 Leila; Sandy Möllin and Black R and David Penn and Balqees Fathi. All of these chart busting tracks are expertly produced by internationally acclaimed music producer Hadi Sharara, who returns to enable the artists to create excellence. Coke Studio Fusion Series 3 Album is available to pre-order now on Anghami and itunes: www.itunes.com/ cokestudio. Patrick Boulos, CEO of Universal Music MENA commented that: “It is an honour to once again join forces with Coca-Cola and MBC to bridge cultural barriers and create ground-breaking original songs with so many artists from all over the world joining together. This season has produced some truly breathtaking songs with a level of creativity that is constantly elevated, some of which are utterly inspiring, emotional and surprising.” Antoine Tayyar, Director of Public Affairs and Communication, Coca-Cola Middle East said: “We are so pleased with how Coke Studio has developed this Season. It truly epitomizes CocaCola values of unity, happiness and refreshing experiences, as various cultures and traditions are celebrated.”
Coke Studio launched in the Middle East in 2011, and this year is presented by Saudi Hamza Iskandar and Lebanese beauty Cynthia Khalifeh. Fans can keep up to date with all the latest Coke Studio news on twitter @CokeStudio3rabi, on Facebook and on Coke Studio YouTube Channel. Coke Studio aims to inspire the Arab youth through globally recognized Coca-Cola values of unity and happiness. By instilling a sense of pride in local artists, and by allowing international artists to experience the Arab world, Coke Studio successfully bridges barriers between the East and West and will continue to resolve such tensions in forthcoming seasons of the well loved show.
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Balmain and Behbehani Group Launches the Balmain Event with Balmain Brand Bossini unveils AW’14 Ambassador, also Miss Switzerland, Dominique collection Rinderknecht
Autumn Winter 2014 Avorities Writing Instruments
The dawn of aviation saw the first engine powered plane in 1903. It was during this same period that Alfred Dunhill began supplying the pioneering motorist with all the necessary trappings for stylish travel, coining the word ‘Motorities’ for accessories such as early motoring lamps, horns, maps, toolboxes and custom leather clothing. By 1916, aeroplanes had advanced and dunhill had begun to create an assortment of equipment for the pioneering aviator. These were named ‘Avorities’. A long and illustrious journey through time brings us to the modern day and the new addition of the Avorities pen, inspired by flight and our rich heritage of creating all the travelling man needs for any journey. Streamlined and with a cylindrical barrel, it is directly influenced by the aerodynamic aeroplanes of the early 20th century. The selection includes three styles; the first two are comprised of both a rollerball, and ballpoint pen. Crafted in black aluminium with either a brass and palladium detailing or a luxuriously rich gold plate, the pens are lightweight yet undeniably durable. Completing the Avorities collection is the deluxe carbon fibre ballpoint and rollerball. This material is legendarily associated with the structural composition of rocket ships making it wonderfully robust. Carbon fibre is also a brand pillar for dunhill and connotes the brands heritage within travel. The perfect travel accessory for the dunhill gentleman, the pen has also been designed to sit neatly in an inside pocket or travel organiser. The retractable clip featured on the barrel top swiftly enables the pens to become even more streamlined and sleek. Operated by the diamond pattern cap ring, the collection is uniform and subtly finished with the dunhill London logo.
Comfort mixed with a good dose of style should be your mantra for the new season and Bossini’s AW 14 collection makes sure of that! With a range that caters to a wide array of styles you are sure to make your own style statement while the sun still shines bright. Infuse you wardrobe with the best of the trends that range from denims, florals and the all American inspired rustic look that is set to be a rage in the fashion circles. Men, Women and Kids are in for a treat with something in there for everyone! Whether you fancy a girl next door look or a more fun adventurous perspective towards life and fashion, you are a true blue Bossini girl. For the free spirited nomad in you slip on blouson jackets, floral print blouses, cardigans inspired by the very trendy British fantasy theme with teal, red and green as the dominant hues. For the dainty feminine look you can pick a look from the winter blossom range consisting of key pieces in silky fabrics like blouson jackets, sheer blouses in rustic reds, coffee and subdued pinks teamed with printed denims and crop pants. Men can rock a relaxed and sporty look with a range of smart polo tees and shirts that can’t go wrong worn over color chinos, a trend that makes its way into every season. Aim to get a more rugged look for the chilly temperatures inspired by British vintage workers with quilted baseball/bomber jackets, classic sweaters/ sweatshirts, pattern shirts and evergreen denims. For some variety these key pieces are available in interesting patterns like colorblocking, geometric, leopard and flag prints. You can mix and match to create a classic American vintage appeal in the seasons’ must have colors like navy, camel and burgundy. For the little bright naughty ones, the Kids range encapsulates the fun, energetic vision of the brand in a fusion of colorful prints and warm fabrics in interesting patterns. The girls can look pretty in a preppy chic range that features tartan jackets, skirts and coats with the embellishments for that sparkle or stick to the floral and cute animal prints in denim/velveteen dresses, cardigans and jeans. The boys look smart and dapper in varsity themed collection, the music enthusiast and the nature inspired range as well featuring pieces like plaid pants, padded jackets and graphic tees, denims and chinos. Choose from an array of bright cheerful shades like pink ,grey, red, blue and mustard to brighten up their day. Revive you wardrobe for the next fashion forward season with the new Bossini collection. Head to your nearest Bossini store located at Hawally (Al Othman Centre), Fahaheel (Ajial Mall), Farwaniya (Mugathir Complex), Khaldiya Co-op , Qortuba Co-op and all Centrepoint Stores and shop the collection.
Balmain and Behbehani Group announced their new event welcoming the Balmain brand ambassador and also Miss Switzerland, Dominique Rinderknecht, on September 21st, 2014 at the TIKTOK showroom, the Avenues Mall. Tik Tok is the newest addition to Behbehani Group; it is an innovative concept that brings together all the brands that Swiss watch lovers prefer, all in a trendy, non-classic ambiance that transforms its clientele to a world of novelty. The event commenced with a press gathering where it Balmain Instagram competition was announced encouraging the shoppers and the media to try on the Balmain Beleganza Chrono watch next to Miss Swiss and upload it to their Instagram accounts. 3 competitors with the highest number of likes shall win Balmain watches. Since 2005, Balmain Watches has enhanced this corporate tradition with its sponsorship of the Miss Switzerland contest. This year’s Miss Swiss is the 24-year-old Dominique Rinderknecht whose blond good looks, bright personality and brighter smile belong to an enthusiastic, sports aficionado. Miss Switzerland 2013 is striking a Balmain wristwatch called Beleganza Chrono Lady. Like every chronograph, it measures short time spans – up to 30 minutes here – as well as showing the time of the day. But unlike typical chronographs, this design displays a full measure of engaging charm. Born in the exclusive world of Parisian High Fashion and founded by Pierre Balmain, the noted Haute Couture master, Balmain brings to time longstanding traditions of taste and elegance. Today its distinctively original spirit drives a watch brand backed by a leading Swiss watchmaking group – the source of invaluable technical and marketing advantages benefiting Balmain timepieces. With over 75 years of expertise in retail, the Behbehani Group owns and manages a series of showrooms and stores exclusively for international watch brands as well as jewelry. These showrooms are located in prestigious malls around Kuwait such as Salhiya, 360, Marina, Souq Sharq, Al Kout, Laila Gallery, Al Hamra Luxury Center and Tiktok (Soku, The Avenues
FROM THE PRESS
Dr. Lobna Bassiouni Ibrahim joins Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Royale Hayat Hospital
Dr. Lobna Bassiouni, is the new physician at RHH Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Dr. Lobna has a Medical Doctorate in Infertility and IVF, a Masters Degree of Obstetrics and Gynecology in hysteroscopy, in addition to graduating her MB.ChB from the Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt. Prior to joining Royale Hayat Hospital, Dr. Lobna was a consultant at Hayat National Hospital-KSA, and a full lecture of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Faculty of Medicine - Tanta University Egypt, where she is currently an active member of its Educational and training committee. With over 20 years of experience and training in Obstetrics and Gynecology Surgery at St. Charles Hospital – Ohio USA, Dr. Lobna cares for patients with normal and operative deliveries and caesarian deliveries, in addition to managing repeated abortions and performing followup on Infertility and Assisted Reproduction, and treating menstrual disorders, as well as diagnostic laparoscopy, laparoscopy for ovarian cysts, ectopic pregnancy and Adhesiolysis and Hysteroscopy (Diagnostic and Operative).
October, 2014
ALARGAN the “Best Real Estate Developer in Kuwait” in 2014 According to Arabian Business Magazine
The Body Shop introduces the new Wild Argan Oil bath and body care range
The Body Shop, with its 38-year history in developing naturally inspired skincare, has created an extensive Wild Argan Oil bath and body care range. Sourced from the remote Atlas Mountains of Northern Morocco, this “Queen of Oils” boasts superior skin-nourishing qualities. Traditionally used by Moroccan women for their weekly hammam rituals, the nine-product range includes indulgent multi-purpose radiant oil, unique luxuriant solid oil, body butter, lip butter, hair butter, shower gel, bubbling bath, body lotion and body scrub. Carefully hand-picked and hand-cracked by the local Berber women, only the best quality nuts are then used to create the new Wild Argan Oil bath and body care range for The Body Shop. Rich in linoleic acid (Omega 6) – and natural tocopherols, for centuries the Argan oil has been used by the local Berber women to shield and nourish their skin and hair from the fierce Saharan sun and winds. The nourishing properties of the Argan oil go more than skin deep – this precious oil also enriches the lives of hundreds of local Berber women. Through its famous Community Fair Trade programme, The Body Shop works in close partnership with Targanine, a local cooperative created by the Berber women. This partnership helps provide the local women with a fair and regular income, aiding them in raising their living standards and increasing their independence. The co-operative invests in projects such as school rooms for children and adult learning, and doctor visits. At The Body Shop, beauty always comes with a heart. Use our new Wild Argan Oil bath and body care range not just for soft and radiant skin but also for a heart that believes in giving back to the world.
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Steve Madden unveils its ‘Autumn Winter 2014’ collection for men and women
KidZania looking for candidates for its first CongreZZ in the Middle East into the swing of the new season with the eclectic range of ‘Autumn Winter 2014’ collection for women from Steve Madden. From combat boots to stylish flats, the new range is designed for the woman of today who is a born explorer and loves to flaunt her style at every occasion. Steve Madden is throwing it back in a big way this season.The collection showcases a mix of glamorous and casual styles that reflect the eclectic tastes of every fashionista! Styles like ODYSSEY, with their chunky heels and at-toabove knee shaft heights, channel the 90’s. The HIGHTING boasts an over-the-knee shaft height along with platforms and heels that remind us of the cool Goth girls who wore black lipstick. The retro movement extends into Steve Madden handbags; the BESSIE tips its hat to the 80s with geometric inserts and slouchy style. Boots continue to thrive and Steve Madden is just the designer to spin the trend in unique and eye catching ways. Styles like NYRVANA and GILTE feature quilted details and colors. The GRETCHUN and MUNCH-C offer a new take on combat boot with a higher heel, hardware and a foldable upper. Another lace up style, the RASPY sports a beautiful stacked heel. Even when she’s casual, the Steve Madden girl is chic. The laidback feel of the sneaker trend is elevated in Steve Madden’s interpretation of the style. The EROS and ECENTRCQ styles boast of snake skin that add a luxe quality to the trend and the espadrillesole and mesh upper of the DESTINEY manage to combine edge and chicness into the look. BADORN with their tassel details and straps accomplish the same, taking the style to the new level. Steve Madden’s AW’14 collection for men highlights a wide range of styles that cater to the high-spirited urban young man. A perfect blend of intricate detailing and classy designs makes this collection a must-have in every man’s wardrobe this season. Steve Madden’s attention to detail is what sets the brand apart and subtle details like contrast stitching go a long way. The technique is used on the grittier styles of the ANTONN and MAKLEMOR to add a touch of refinement to the combat boot style. The stitching technique is used to achieve the opposite effect in the classic desert boot style, DURVISH. Whether it’s a formal event or a casual hangout, the AW’14 collection from Steve Madden will keep your look modern and edgy at all times! Revamp your shoe closet this season with Steve Madden’s fabulous AW’14 collection available at The Avenues- The Mall
ALARGAN International Real Estate Company, one of the leading real estate development companies in the GCC, has been nominated as the "Best Real Estate Developer in Kuwait" for the year 2014 by Arabian Business Magazine, (ITP) Group for publication. The ceremony took place at the Crown Plaza in the presence of a number of dignitaries and businessmen from various sectors in Kuwait. Mr. Meshaan Mohammed Al-Meshaan, Chief Business Development Officer at ALARGAN received the award on behalf of the Company, he stated: "This prestigious award is a new addition to ALARGAN’s portfolio as a leader in real estate development in the GCC. This is due to the distinctive real estate services provided by the company and its vision in real estate solutions and in providing high quality affordable housing units in the markets that it operates in, bearing in mind the different demographic and geographic composition from one country to another, which reflects ALARGAN’s experience in this area". “ALARGAN has achieved a strong presence in the real estate market as a Kuwaiti private sector company contributing mainly towards balancing and resolving obstacles being faced by the market in Kuwait. The Company achieves such initiatives through presenting market innovative eco-friendly, cost and energy effective solutions with universal designs and construction specifications. One of the examples of Alargan’s work is ALARGAN Shuwaikh headquarters which is also named to as “Alargan Business Park” located in the Free Trade Zone was awarded a platinum certification for energy and environmental design "LEED" by the American Council for environmentally friendly buildings, given it as the first building of its kind in Kuwait” Al- Meshaan continued "ALARGAN” has provided the market with high quality and competitive priced residential components which satisfy different segments in all regions of its presence, hence nourishing the ambition of the company in expanding, in many emerging markets providing rich grounds for economic development. ALARGAN’s vision aims to secure real estate units which assure social security and contribute to addressing in finding practical solutions to the housing concern, taking into consideration all the needful requirements of the real estate sector. “AlMeshaan added. ALARGAN International Real Estate Company activity extends to Kuwait, Sultanate of Oman, Bahrain and Saudi Arabia, as well as many other participations in various real estate exhibitions, such as Kuwait Second Green Building Forum, which strengthened its position in the field of real estate development.
Calling all children between the ages of 7 and 12 years: your city needs you! KidZania Kuwait, the exciting kid-sized metropolis, is about to conduct elections for the first KidZania CongreZZ in the Middle East. The elections will see 20 appointed members of the CongreZZ, KidZania’s official legislative governmental body. The CongreZZ will make decisions that will contribute to the improvement of the overall KidZania experience and will prepare the elected members for their roles as future leaders in the real world by enabling them to participate actively in forums, debate sessions and other group activities. Children between the ages of 7 and 12 years can register for the elections between the period of 2-12 October. The candidates will be shortlisted by an expert panel based on the children’s abilities to express, engage and participate in group discussions. The election period will take place from 18-27 October. After public voting by other children at the KidZania facility, the elected members will meet every quarter to discuss ideas and voice opinions on the best methods to keep the KidZania spirit alive, current and socially relevant. “Launching this innovative facet of KidZania reinforces our mission to develop our children’s all-round growth, by combining education and entertainment. The program will encourage children to become leaders who can bring about positive change, both inside outside KidZania,” said Fernando Medroa, Vice President of Leisure and Entertainment at M.H. Alshaya Co. The elections will be followed by an oath-taking ceremony, where the elected children will be officially sworn into office. The function will be attended by KidZania governors, ministers and other officials and VIP members. Registration forms for children interested in running for the election will be available at the CongreZZ information desk in the KidZania Airport area, the CongreZZ application centre inside the facility and on the KidZania Kuwait website, http://www.kidzania.com.kw.
October, 2014
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EVENTS CALENDAR K’S PATH and CityPages partner for Second Fundraiser Yogafest! CityPages is delighted to be the official print media partner for K’S PATH’s Second Fundraiser Yogafest which will be held Saturday 25th October 2014 in partnership with Grounded Growth Yoga from 9 am to 4.30 pm at the Al Bayan Nursery, Jabriya. Join in all day for 11 yoga classes conducted by 15 yoga teachers across different styles of yoga; participate in yoga competitions and visit the bazaar which features different brands of healthy food, gift shops and accessories. All proceeds support the 300 animals at K’S PATH’s shelter. For info on registration and entry fees, email [email protected] or call 67001622 between 9 am and 5 pm all days except Thursdays. The CityPages team will be present at Yogafest to show its support and capture action through Live Event Updates!
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Email us details about your upcoming events along with an image/ flyer for FREE publication at: [email protected]
Kuwait Drifters! Are you ready? Red Bull Car Park Drift is Back Following the tremendous success of the past four years, “Red Bull Car Park Drift” has become a highly anticipated yearly event, not only in Kuwait but in most of the Middle Eastern countries participating in the regional competitions. This year it returns to Kuwait on Friday 31st of October with heady rounds of drifting competitions, leading up to the crowing of the “King of Drift” and the representatives of Kuwait in the Dubai finals. The competition, sponsored by ford, will take place at the Bassel Salem Al Sabah Track at the seventh ring road. Red Bull Car Park Drift returns once again to provide motorsport lovers in addition to the thrilling show performances, a chance to experience high speed and utmost suspense. Middle East Hill climbing champion and Red Bull driver, Abdo Feghali, will be evaluating the drivers’ performances along with a panel of esteemed judges. The evaluation will mainly assess the drift shows presented by the drivers in their modified cars, through the use of hand breaks and exertion of outstanding skills to take on turns in the most dazzling and accurate ways. In addition, judges will consider the engines’ roars and the external look of the car, the smoke produced by the friction of the tyres and finally the audience’s excitement and cheers for each performance to make their final decision. Last year’s competition led to the crowning of Nasser Al Mutairi, as he represented Kuwait in the final qualifications in Dubai, after taking on 30 other drivers who fiercely competed in front of a raging crowd of five thousand spectators. To participate in Kuwait’s qualifying championship on Thursday October 30, please call 66406020. Participating cars must be four-wheel or rear drive.
October, 2014
Dalal AlDughaishem
Website: www.saycheeez.net Email: [email protected] Twitter & flicker & instagram: @saycheeez_photo phone number (only Whats App): 55062262
Dalal is a professional photographer specializing in Kids and Babies Photography. Contact us if you wish to feature your Kids brand in CityPages magazine.
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October, 2014
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MATHS QUIZ 1.Work out the answer. 45 + 46 = ? 2.Kai buys a pair of shoes for £31 and a shirt for £67. How much does he spend altogether?
3.Work out the answer. 68 - 29 = ? 4.A bike normally costs £260. Its price is reduced in a sale by £90. What is the sale price of the bike?
5.Work out the answer. 32 x 30 = ? 6.A box holds 22 apples. How many apples are there in 20 boxes? 7.Work out the answer. 490 ÷ 7 = ? 8.For a school show, 660 chairs are arranged equally in 30 rows. How many chairs are in each row?
9.A function machine changes 49 to 98 and changes 26 to 52. What function is the machine carrying out on each number?
10.What number fills the gap? 35 x ? = 105
1. DERNAG 2. HCORT 3. LSAT 4 . D P TOA 5. RHTUOF 6. DRAEG 7. NOTUMA 8 . I F M LYA 9. TAYRP 10.LEDIF 11.FHAL 12.EZODN
= = = = = = = = = = = =
ANSWERS: 1.91, 2. £98, 3. 39, 4. £170, 5. 960, 6. 440, 7. 70, 8. 22, 9. Doubling the number, 10. 3
1. GARDEN, 2.TORCH, 3.SALT, 4.ADOPT, 5.FOURTH, 6.GRADE, 7.AMOUNT, 8.FAMILY, 9.PARTY, 10.FIELD, 11.HALF, 12.DOZEN
FUN RIDDLES
FUN FACTS ABOUT THE HUMAN BODY
2. Can you write cow in 13 letters? 3. A man drove to a hotel and as soon as he got there he was bankrupt. Explain. 4. Do you know what is in the middle of Christmas? 5. What is in common between an Island and the letter T? 6. John is the son of George. So, George is the _____ of John's father? 7. What do you get if you add 3 to 300 five times?
ANSWERS: 1. He can sleeps at night, 2. See o double you, 3. The man was playing Monopoly and when he rolled the dice he landed on a property he could not afford to pay the rent on, 4. Letter 'S' 5.They're both in the middle of wa'T'er, 6. Name, 7. 303, 303, 303, 303, 303 citypageskuwait.com
ANSWERS:
1. How can a man go eight days without sleep?
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JUMBLED WORDS
• The adult body is made up of: 100 trillion cells, 206 bones, 600 muscles, and 22 internal organs. • The average human head has about 100,000 hairs. • Red blood cells carry oxygen around the body. They are created inside the bone marrow of your bones. • The color of a human skin is determined by the level of pigment melanin that the body produces. Those with small amounts of melanin have light skin while those with large amounts have dark skin. • The heart beats more than 2.5 billion times in an average lifetime. • There are about 9,000 taste buds on the surface of the tongue, in the throat, and on the roof of the mouth. • The strongest muscle in the body is the tongue. • The human heart creates enough pressure when it pumps out to the body to squirt blood 30 feet. • You blink over 10,000,000 times a year. • The human brain weighs about 3 pounds. • One fourth of the bones in your body are in your feet. • As well as having unique fingerprints, humans also have unique tongue prints. • The most sensitive finger on the human hand is the index finger. • The smallest bone found in the human body is located in the middle ear. • The left side of your body is controlled by the right side of your brain while the right side of your body is controlled by the left side of your brain.
MAGAZINE
agha kuwait
@agha_kuwait
OCTOBER HOROSCOPES In a month of two Eclipses, three quarter Moons, and Mercury moving into and out of retrograde motion, it's no wonder that you will experience a lot of stop/start energy. The inner drive to move forward finally wins out, but you will probably realize by that time that your direction has shifted to a reflective mode. You are immersed in the deep and obsessive waters of Scorpio energy and all the focused enthusiasm it brings. Rather than discovering unique ways of presenting projects or starting something entirely new, you may bring old ideas and abandoned plans out of storage and find they are useful now. The Solar Eclipse on October 23 is a crossroads providing the opportunity to achieve bigger, better things.
ARIES (March 21 - April 19)
October 8, with the Full Moon and Lunar Eclipse, is big for you. It could rock your world, and you'll be the one doing the rocking! Have fun, and keep love in the equation. The New Moon on October 23 is also a partial Solar Eclipse, and you may feel the weight of the world on your shoulders. Do what you can for loved ones, and don't get stressed about anything. Mars (ruler of Aries) enters the sign of Capricorn on October 26. If you haven't been overly motivated at work or felt very practical, that will soon change.
LEO (July 23 - August 22)
People will find you during the October 8 Full Moon and Lunar Eclipse, and they may try to shake you down for help, advice, or favors. Some of these requests will be fun, and it's often flattering to be asked. The Moon is in Leo when Mercury conjuncts Venus on Friday, October 17. Look forward to a way better than average weekend. Romance could be in the air! The New Moon and Solar Eclipse on October 23 might rattle your home life or family affairs. There will be a lot of loving, creative ideas to improve your financial and comfort levels.
TAURUS
(April 20 - May 20)
(August 23 - September 22)
The October 8 Full Moon and Lunar Eclipse will be an intensely private experience for you, no matter how busy other people keep you. Take some quiet time for yourself, do something you love, and learn something important about you. The Moon is in Taurus when retrograde Mercury enters Libra and the Sun sextiles Jupiter on October 10. It could be a sweet, peaceful weekend with generous give and take. The New Moon and Solar Eclipse on October 23 hit your heart, love life, and any and all partners you have. Talk little, listen a lot, and don't cling to anything for old time's sake.
People may offer to help you at the October 8 Full Moon and Lunar Eclipse, and they'll be helping themselves just as much. Be the catalyst for goodwill and get problems solved at the same time. The Moon is in Virgo when Mercury sextiles Jupiter on Monday, October 20. People may be more agreeable and sensible all week long, especially at work. Venus sextiles Mars on that same day, motivating more good feelings. The New Moon and Solar Eclipse of October 23 highlight good times with good friends. Go out and do something special or stay in and do some heartfelt chatting.
SAGITTARIUS (November 22 - December 21)
The Full Moon and Lunar Eclipse on October 8 light up your inner child and your whole world of fun and games. Have a blast, do some new, creative things, but don't gamble away everything on a moment's brief pleasure. The New Moon and Solar Eclipse on October 23 let you take a deep breath and a closer look at the important people in your life. A secret or three may be lurking concerning you or one of them. The Sagittarius Moon on Monday, October 27, gives a boost to the good feelings when Venus trines Neptune.
CAPRICORN (December 22 - January 19)
October starts with the Moon conjoining Pluto in Capricorn, adding a touch of paranoia to the day. Relax. You can handle this better than most signs. The October 8 Full Moon and Lunar Eclipse shine straight into your family and home life. Enjoy something extraordinary, be it food or entertainment. If someone gets bent out of shape, laugh it off and refuse to feel bad. The New Moon and Solar Eclipse on October 23 touch your workplace, career, and public image. This is no time to be insecure or reticent about any of your skills or accomplishments.
GEMINI
(September 23 - October 22)
(January 20 - February 18)
Mercury goes stationary retrograde on October 4, setting the tone for the next three weeks. Patience and organization will be the key to avoiding complications. If you're ever in doubt, ask for clarification. If you want your social life in high gear, the October 8 Full Moon and Lunar Eclipse bring it on. It's a night for hot friends and wild times on the town. Keep it safe. The New Moon and partial Solar Eclipse on October 23 get serious and remind you to take care of yourself, your health, and all those lovely people and things that mean so much to you.
Watch for sparks to fly in your love life at the Full Moon and Lunar Eclipse on October 8. You may be the one shooting off the sparks, and it's as likely to be from blissful passion as anything else. Mercury and Venus conjoin in Libra on October 17. The head and heart rarely work this well together. Enjoy your rational decisions getting your emotional vote of confidence. The New Moon and Solar Eclipse on October 23 usher in a time when money issues may settle down and stabilize, if not by bringing more income, then perhaps by removing debt or another concern
Mercury goes stationary retrograde when the Moon is in Aquarius on Saturday, October 4. Go with the flow, and don't expect all of your best-laid plans to go smoothly. The Full Moon and Lunar Eclipse on October 8 let you enjoy smaller, intensely pleasing social gatherings or interactions. Bigger isn't always better when it comes to good times with good people. The New Moon and Solar Eclipse on October 23 can open your eyes and heart to how to better connect with people. Whether it's from loved ones at a distance or humanity at large, you can get a spiritual insight.
CANCER
(October 23 - November 21)
(February 19 - March 20)
The October 8 Full Moon and Lunar Eclipse could slam your workplace, business, or public life. It could be good, letting you really show off how great you can be (but not too obviously at someone else's expense, please). The Moon is in Cancer when Venus sextiles Jupiter on Tuesday, October 14. People may like spending time with you just to make themselves feel better. They may cheer you up, too. The New Moon and Solar Eclipse on October 23 could launch you into a day of big fun and bigger creativity. Even if nothing lasts more than a day, you'll have the memory.
Don't do anything too risky during the October 8 Full Moon and Lunar Eclipse. If you crave something reckless, satisfy it by watching a movie with lots of car chases. You own the New Moon and Solar Eclipse on October 23. Your softer, sweeter side can find a tough-as-nails way to express itself, and you can greatly impress absolutely everybody. Mercury goes stationary direct and the Sun conjuncts smiling Venus in Scorpio on Saturday, October 25. The Moon is in Scorpio, too, so say what's in your heart. Be gentle, be understood, and be accepted.
*All the Illustrations on this page are done by: Sandra Bakhamian @ SandraBakhamian and are Copyrighted
The Moon/Neptune conjunction Sunday, October 5, ends the weekend in a dreamy mood after the hectic Mars/Uranus trine earlier in the day. The Full Moon and Lunar Eclipse on October 8 spark new interest in money - how to get it and what to do with it. Be more proactive and independent in your thinking, and rely less on others to magically appear with solutions. The New Moon and Solar Eclipse on October 23 draw you deeper into the concerns of others. Your instincts will tell you what's going on and how to approach them, if appropriate. Tact matters. October, 2014
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HOMEWORK FOR GROWN UPS EVERYTHING YOU LEARNED AT SCHOOL... BUT CAN YOU REMEMBER? General Knowledge Quiz 1. Al Jazeera means 'The (What?)'? 2. PDF, Adobe's universal computer document format, stands for what?
Test Your Vocabulary Don Quixote offered to mount guard over the castle lest they should be attacked by some giant or other malevolent________, covetous of the great treasure of beauty the castle contained.
1. survivor 2. investigator 3. patriot 4. scoundrel
3. Chatsworth House gardener, engineer and greenhouse expert, Joseph Paxton, created which iconic 1851 London building? 4. What was a originally an ancient Greek post-banquet drinking party, and nowadays
6. Brahmanism is an ancient formative religion of: Hinduism; Islam; Catholicism; or Mormonism? 7. Bundes in the German 'Bundesliga' soccer league refers to: Old; Federal; Competition; or Professional?
ANSWER: 4. In this question, scoundrel is a noun that means someone who does evil deliberately.
tailwind; With a crosswind; or Sun behind?
A scoundrel is a person who does deliberately evil things. If your brother hides a fake mouse in your shoe and you therefore almost have a heart attack while getting dressed, you have every right to call him a scoundrel.
5. Runway selection for aircraft take-off and landing is generally: Into headwind; With
Though the term scoundrel isn’t used as much as it once was, it’s the perfect way to describe someone who breaks the law, has no morals, or someone like your sneaky sibling who loves to play practical jokes. Most villains in movies and on television can be put in this category. Interestingly, though women are quite capable of equally wicked behavior, this particular term is usually reserved for men.
refers to a researchers/academic conference?
8. Which punningly alliteratively named professor drove the No3 Convert-a-Car in Wacky Races? 9. What Anglicized Italian term from Latin 'not known' refers to a person's having a
Tricky Mathematician Problem
concealed or false identity? 10. In 1849 US mechanic Walter Hunt patented what multi-billion-selling and punk
I have a huge bed-sheet of 1 meter long.
rock device?
I want to cuts this role into pieces of 20 centimeter long
11. Which multi-award-winning 1982s movie is considered to have included the
cloth.
biggest ever crowd of extras? 12. What potent plant is called technically Papaver somniferum?
How long will it take me to cut the bed sheet if each 20
13. Burlap is an old material traditionally used in making: Hats; Scarves; Sacks; or
centimeter cut took me 5 minutes ?
Socks? 14. In constitutional terminology, put these structures in order of power-
so 49x5 => 245 minutes
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i don't know
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Burlap is an old material traditionally used in making?
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Burlap Sack Ideas, Pictures, Remodel and Decor
Novenstein
9,366 Saves | 12 Questions
Unique artwork - It’s almost a shame to put the lovely nubbly texture of hessian sacks behind glass. However, these framed sacks look fantastic as a background to a dark wood table and leather banquette in a country-style kitchen-dining area.
Example of a transitional eat-in kitchen design in Other with an undermount sink, recessed-panel cabinets, white cabinets, white backsplash and subway tile backsplash — Houzz
If you’d simply feel more comfortable keeping electricity away from sinks, look to your bar counter as a refuge for lamps in need of a home. Yes, this countertop is shared by the sink, but it’s not hard to imagine a stand-alone bar or console table at the foot of the dining table instead. — Deborah K Transformational Design Concepts
Basement Development
432 Saves | 1 Question
Keep an eye out for sales throughout the year to find the best deal. Here are a few ideas for not-strictly-seasonal pillow covers to consider adding to your stash: Burlap feed sack: great for a rustic fall and winter look, but can be used year-roundSparkly, metallic hues: perfect for a festive feelVelvet in rich jewel tones: for cold fall and winter nightsGolden yellow: can be mixed with seasonal oranges and reds in the fall, but also feels fresh in spring and summer.
Traditional bedroom idea in Calgary — Houzz
Love those pillows with the navy Maybe a navy accent wall and tan and white bedding? — Jesse and Amy Weddle
Traditional Living Room
943 Saves | 5 Questions
Another alternative is fabric stiffener, which should make the burlap even more rigid and firm. Design detail: Turn burlap into a work of art. The typography on this vintage cocoa bean sack makes a graphic statement in a room rich with eclectic details. Cut the sack down to size and spray it with starch to make it easier for framing.
Example of a classic living room design in Los Angeles — Houzz
If there is ever a need to swag a light fixture then this is not so ugly with the cords coveted in fabric. — dutchy
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Sacks
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What community-support focused branch of Christianity grew from the work of brothers John and Charles Wesley and George Whitefield?
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100 Gorgeous Burlap Projects that will Beautify Your Life - DIY & Crafts
DIY & Crafts
100 Gorgeous Burlap Projects that will Beautify Your Life
April 1, 2014
By Vanessa Beaty 9 Comments
Burlap is a very popular material and one that gives you many craft possibilities. If you are looking to add a bit of rustic to your home or you simply like the look of burlap, there are so many things that you can make!
We have collected a list of 100 easy DIY projects that you can make with burlap. From bed skirts and curtains to pillows, picture frames and even wedding attire, you can easily put together these burlap crafts and decorate your home or give them away as gifts.
Burlap is easy to find and relatively inexpensive (think potato sacks) or you can purchase it from your local craft store and it comes in a wide variety of colors these days as well so even if you don’t generally like the brownish color, you can find other colors to complete your crafts. Grab that burlap and get started on one of these amazing projects.
Felt Flower Burlap Pillow
This little pillow is the perfect way to add a little rustic charm to your living room or bedroom. Whether you have it on the couch or use it as a decorative bed pillow, it is lovely and really simple to make. The felt flower is the most complicated part but even that is relatively easy. You just need enough burlap to create the pillow and then of course, the stuffing. This is so easy that you may want to make several to line your couch and you can alter the size to fit your specific needs.
DIY Instructions – Bet1975
Burlap Canvas
This is a great project that is perfect for keeping photos or even notes. You can hang it in the kitchen and use the clothespins to hold notes about schedules or important events. You need to purchase a canvas, which you can probably get at your local Dollar Store and you’ll need ribbon or other fabric trim to hold the clothespins which hold your photos or note cards. You can actually put this entire thing together in less than an hour and it’s great for holding recipes or just anything that you want to put on it.
DIY Instructions – Akadesign
Burlap Tote with Shabby Rose
You just can never have too many tote bags and this one is made completely of burlap, right down to the adorable shabby rose on the side. You can actually put the rose anywhere you want but it looks great right next to the strap. Note that you’ll need fabric to cover the inside unless you really do want it completely from burlap. There is also a bit of sewing required but even for beginning sewers, this is a great little project that won’t take up too much of your time and will give you a beautiful tote that you can use at the beach this summer.
DIY Instructions – Lamaisonreid
Burlap and Lace Table Runner
What a beautiful way to dress up a fall table! This lace and burlap table runner is as easy to make as it is beautiful. You can use it during other seasons but it will be perfect for those fall dinners and even Thanksgiving. It’s such a simple project, too. You just have to cut your burlap and then add the lace. You can make it wider by adding wider lace or just add a thin lace border to make it smaller. You can also toggle the length to fit your specific table length and this would be great even for coffee tables or dressers.
DIY Instructions – Celebrations
Rustic Burlap Vase
This beautiful vase is actually made with an upcycled tin can. You just clean the can thoroughly and then glue the burlap all the way around. You’ll have to cut the burlap to ensure that it fits perfectly lengthwise and then top it off with a lovely satin or lace ribbon. You could also crochet a topper and run the ribbon through that. These would be great for weddings to hold flowers on the table or you could just have a few of them sitting around the house this summer holding lovely wildflowers. A little hot glue will hold the burlap and ribbons perfectly in place.
Available on: Etsy Burlap rustic vases
Burlap Curtains
Imagine the rustic look that your home will have when you create these lovely burlap curtains to hang. Whether you want something in the bedroom, living room or even the dining room, you can make these pretty quickly and there is no sewing required. They cost only about $7 per panel which is much cheaper than store bought curtains and these are so much more unique. If you want, you could embellish them a bit with different things or they look great without anything added.
DIY Instructions – Fourgenerationsoneroof
Rustic Sliding Chalkboard with Burlap Backing
This is a great Pottery Barn knockoff that would be perfect for keeping family messages organized. It has a chalkboard for writing messages as well as burlap for pinning up notes, recipes or anything else you need to keep handy. The original piece from Pottery Barn (which is no longer available) was over $100 but you can make this yourself for around $10, depending on what you have on hand for the project.
DIY Instructions – Prettyhandygirl
Burlap Christmas Stockings
We realize it’s a little early for Christmas projects, but this one is so cute that it just had to be mentioned. If you want to decorate in a rustic look this coming Holiday, these burlap stockings are absolutely perfect. Just measure, cut, sew and then embellish with whatever you want. The un-hemmed ruffles on these are adorable and really give them that rustic country look. You could do as many of these as you need for your mantel or imagine adding them to your porch decorations.
DIY Instructions – Dearlillieblog
Ruffled Bed Skirt
This great bed skirt has loads of ruffles and is perfect in burlap for those of you looking to add a real rustic feel to your homes. The skirt is actually much easier to make than it looks and you can create one in king or queen size based on the instructions. You could also probably cut it down if you needed a full or twin sized bed skirt. The little bows on the corners are really cute and imagine how this would look with a few burlap decorator pillows on the bed.
Available on: Etsy Ruffled Bed Skirt
Erasable Dinner Menu
This menu is certainly going to dress up your kitchen and it serves such a handy little function. You can keep track of all of the meals that you are planning to make for the week. This lets you know that you have everything you need on hand and keeps all of your dinners perfectly organized. The project itself is really easy and you can use whatever color schemes you want so that you can match it perfectly to your kitchen décor. These would also make wonderful gifts.
DIY Instructions – Bystephanielynn
Pottery Barn Inspired Frenchy Pillow
This gorgeous monogramed pillow is perfect for any bedroom and comes complete with a lovely bouquet of burlap flowers. If you already have the burlap and filling on hand, this one won’t cost you anything, which is a lot cheaper than Pottery Barn versions that can run nearly $50 with the monogram. You could do these in a smaller version as well to dress up the bed or even a couch if you want and they take very little time to complete.
DIY Instructions – Confessionsofaplateaddict
Burlap Shower Curtain
You can create both a burlap shower curtain and adorable hangers to match and all without a stitch of sewing required. This little project uses fabric glue and an iron to keep everything in place. The clothespins between the curtain hooks are a nice touch and makes the entire bathroom look really rustic and old-fashioned. This is a great look for any bathroom and you only need about 5 yards of burlap to complete the entire thing, so it’s really easy and really inexpensive, especially if you already have a few yards of burlap on hand.
DIY Instructions – Halfbakedhomemaking
Anthropologie Inspired Jute Hurricane Lantern
You can make this great Anthropologie knock-off hurricane lantern with a bit of burlap, some garden twine and jute rope and a few other supplies. You will need a container to create the form but you can recycle an old iced tea gallon so if you have the other supplies on hand, this one won’t cost a cent. These are great for decorating your outdoors and are really easy to make. You can do several of them and really entertain on the deck in style this summer.
DIY Instructions – Hymnsandverses
Burlap Wreath
You can create this lovely burlap wreath and make different decorations for it so you can leave it hanging all year and simply change it a bit to match each season. The wreath itself takes very little time to create and you need very few supplies. You just apply the burlap material to your wreath form, or you could make it from wire if you prefer, and then add whatever decorations you want. It takes several yards of burlap depending on how full you want the wreath to be and you can add wooden lettering or other embellishments using floral wire.
DIY Instructions – Theturquoisehome
Burlap Fabric Planter
These little planters are easy to make and the perfect way to display your lovely spring flowers. After you have planted your flowers in the coco fiber liner, you simply “wrap” it all up in burlap and add a ribbon or bow. You can sit these directly on the ground or keep them on the porch if you want something to dress up your curb appeal just a bit. They are easy to do and look beautiful when you have several of them grouped together.
DIY Instructions – Themotherhuddle
No-Sew Burlap Valance
This great valance looks really expensive and really elegant but you can make it in just about an hour and it costs very little to create. You basically just have to measure the window, cut the burlap and then hang it on the window. You can use thumbtacks to secure it into place and the burlap will perfectly hide the tacks so they won’t be seen. The frayed edges look great on the bottom and you just have to place ties of some sort wherever you want them to raise the valance however you prefer.
DIY Instructions – 11magnolialane
Burlap Bulletin Board
This great burlap bulletin board is super easy and really inexpensive to create. You just need a cork board, which you can pick up at your local Dollar Store for very little, a staple gun, a few upholstery tacks and a yard of burlap. You just cover an ordinary cork board with burlap and then use the upholstery tacks to give it a bit of decoration. This is great for kitchens and takes very little time to put together. Keep your recipes, bills or whatever you want pinned up here and remind yourself of important tasks in style.
DIY Instructions – Tidymom
White Burlap Bunnies
Whether you are looking for a really unique project for Easter or you just absolutely adore bunnies, you are sure to love this easy burlap bunny project. Note that you don’t really have to do these in white. If you prefer natural burlap (or any other color for that matter) you can use whatever color you prefer. You just have to cut the bunny form out of the burlap, hand stitch it and remember to fill before you close it up. These would be great for homemade Easter baskets or just anywhere you want a whimsical and really cute decoration.
DIY Instructions – Cottageatthecrossroads
Anthropologie Inspired Ruffled Lampshade
You only need about a yard and a half of burlap to create this beautiful ruffled lampshade, which would look perfect in any room in your house. You can use an old lamp base that you already have or pick one up for a buck or two at your local thrift store or a yard sale. Then just paint the base whatever color you want and get to work on your Anthropologie inspired shade. You don’t even have to sew this one. You can use fabric glue to keep the ruffles together, making it as easy to create as it is beautiful.
DIY Instructions – Tatertotsandjello
Burlap Pumpkins
Don’t wait until fall to begin creating these adorable little burlap pumpkins, which you can do in a load of different sizes. These are great for fall decorating inside or out. There is a bit of sewing involved to make them but they are much easier than they look and you can do them in different colors if you want to create a really colorful and bold display. You could even decorate the burlap a bit with sharpies or other markers before you make them into pumpkins to create a really unique display.
DIY Instructions – Refresh-renew
Burlap Utensil Holders
These little utensil holders are the perfect things to dress up your Thanksgiving dinner table. Of course, if you don’t want to wait until Thanksgiving to use them, they are also great for summer get-togethers. They are very simple to make and you don’t have to sew anything. You can put them together with a hot glue gun and then just add the adornments or name tags or whatever else you want to decorate them. A little piece of twine is perfect for adding names or any special message you want to share with your dinner guests.
DIY Instructions – Iheartnaptime
Burlap Wrapped Vase
Just a strip of burlap, a plain glass vase and a little lace will help you to create these beautiful burlap wrapped vases that are great for weddings or for anywhere in the home. You can easily stencil images or words onto the vases with white paint and then use white lace to tie them together. You can cover any vase and even recycle wine bottles or just about anything else that you want to turn into a vase with this project. It’s quick and easy and costs very little – nothing at all if you have a little burlap and other supplies on hand.
DIY Instructions – To-be-charmed
DIY Burlap Flag
This flag is a great project if you want something a little unique hanging in your home or you could use it as an outdoor flag as well. You just have to cut the burlap to the size that you need, add whatever message or image you want with stencils and then add some jute rope to hang the flag. This entire project will take less than an hour (depending of course on what message you want to use and how you apply the words) and won’t cost anything if you have a piece of burlap and some paint handy.
DIY Instructions – Thewoodgraincottage
Burlap Cupcake Wrappers
Burlap lined cupcakes are a great idea for weddings or just anytime you want to add a little something special to your yummy cupcakes. If you are planning a burlap themed wedding, these would look great next to your wedding cake. You just have to glue the burlap onto a cupcake wrapper template and then sit the cupcakes down into them. You can add any type of decoration that you want although a simple jute or twine tie looks great right through the middle.
Burlap Candle Holders
These little candle holders will be perfect for fall decorating but they’ll look great during other seasons as well. You just have to cut burlap to cover glass candle holders (or any glass container for that matter) and then decorate them however you want. Acorns look great across the front center but you can use your imagination for the decorations. You just wrap the burlap around the jar, glue it into place and then add a twine ribbon in the front to make it look really great.
DIY Instructions – Victoriabrikho
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In 2014 the EU introduced a maximum 1600watt power rating for?
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Buy a powerful vacuum cleaner before EU bans them, warns Which? | This is Money
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Many of the best vacuum cleaners will be taken off the market from next month when a new EU rule comes into force banning the most powerful models
Households that need a powerful vacuum cleaner should ‘act quickly’ before all of the models currently available sell out, consumer watchdog Which? warned.
From September 1, manufacturers will not be able to make or import vacuums with a motor that exceeds 1,600 watts.
Scroll down for video
Floored logic: Critics say the new regulation will not save energy because households will only vacuum for longer to reach the same level of cleanliness
But Which? warned that many of the best models, which appear in its Best Buy tables, have motor sizes that exceed this.
Of seven awarded ‘Best Buy’ status since January 2013, five have motors of more than 1,600 watts, it said.
More...
5. Hoover Smart Pets SM1901 Bagless Upright Vacuum Cleaner. 1,900W.
BANNED BY SEPTEMBER
Critics say cleaners satisfying the new rule may use less power, but householders will have to use them for longer so they are likely to use the same amount of electricity in the long run.
For the first time, vacuum cleaners will have ratings from A to G for energy use, cleaning performance on carpets and hard floors and dust emissions.
But manufacturers will create their own labels and will be self-regulated. Which? warned that it is unclear whether the ratings will be tested at all by an independent third party.
Specification: A sample of the label that manufacturers will put on all vacuum cleaners (Source: European Commission)
It added that manufacturers that give themselves A ratings across the board often don’t do so well in its own independent tests, while those that do not score as highly often do better in the Which? laboratories.
Which? only offers its list of ‘endangered’ Best Buy vacuum cleaners to its paid subscribers.
But popular cleaners still on sale at the moment which would be outlawed by the new rule include a Bosch Power All Floor Bagged Vacuum Cleaner, a Miele S6210 2000 Watt Bagged Cylinder Vacuum Cleaner and the Panasonic Bagged Upright Vacuum Cleaner Black 2000w.
Despite his company not producing any vacuum over 1,400 watts, Sir James Dyson, the billionaire entrepreneur who pioneered ‘bagless’ vacuums, is also angered by the proposal.
He says the eco-labels will be misleading because they will not take into account the cost and waste of vacuum bags and filters and will give an advantage to competitors who use ‘bag’ technology.
He is seeking a judicial review of the proposal at the European Court of Justice.
As many as 126 million vacuum cleaner bags were sent to landfill last year alone, according to Dyson, assuming that all the bagged vacuum cleaners use one bag a month. But the cost to households and the environment is not factored in to the new EU labelling.
But the European Commission believes the new regulations will mean better vacuum cleaners for consumers.
‘As a result of the new EU ecodesign and labelling regulations, consumers will also get better vacuum cleaners,’ European Commission spokeswoman for energy Marlene Holzner said in a blog.
'In the past there was no legislation on vacuum cleaners and companies could sell poorly performing vacuum cleaners.
‘Now, vacuum cleaners that use a lot of energy, that pick up dust poorly, emit too much dust at the exhaust of the vacuum cleaner, are noisy or break down pre-maturely will not be allowed on the market anymore.
'This means a better cleaning experience and less time and money spent on vacuum cleaning.’
The new measures will be extended to other appliances, including water pumps, water heaters and tumble dryers.
THE SURPRISE 'ENERGY GUZZLERS' HIDING IN YOUR HOME
Beware of frosty shelves: An inefficient freezer can be a drain on households' energy consumption
The European Commission is set to enforce rules that it says will make vacuum cleaners more energy efficient.
But could you have other surprise energy guzzlers hiding in your home? Here are a couple of common culprits:
A frosty freezer: When was the last time you defrosted your freezer?
Unnecessary frost forces the freezer to work harder and so can push up energy bills.
It won’t add much on a daily basis, but it can add £100-£200 to bills over a year.
Spotlights: We often think nothing of covering bathroom and kitchen ceilings with spotlights, but they can add a significant cost on to energy bills.
One reader Kim Fox-Johnson discovered a few halogen spotlights in her kitchen were costing her almost £100 a year to run.
She is now gradually replacing them with LED bulbs, which will cost her around £15 a year to run. Read more here.
...AND A WAY TO USE PEOPLE POWER TO FIGHT BACK ON ENERGY BILLS
This is Money has joined forces with energyhelpline to launch The Energy Switch, which could help you save even more.
Readers can team up with thousands of other people and use their collective power to negotiate a unique offer on their energy bills.
This one-off special deal will give you the chance to switch to a cheaper supplier ahead of any winter energy price rises and turns the table on energy firms - rather than households having to hunt out a better price, they will be competing to offer you one.
The last collective switch by energyhelpline saw 50,000 people sign up and those who switched save £221 on average.
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Vacuum cleaner
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Viticulture refers to the cultivation of what fruit?
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Ten days left to vacuum up a powerful cleaner - BBC News
BBC News
Ten days left to vacuum up a powerful cleaner
21 August 2014
Image copyright Thinkstock
Image caption The EU says most vacuum cleaners waste too much energy
Anyone wanting to buy a powerful vacuum cleaner has only 10 days left to be certain of getting one - following new EU rules that come in next month.
From 1 September, companies in the EU will be banned from making or importing vacuum cleaners above 1600 watts.
Hoover - based in South Wales - said that most of its cleaners were in that category.
Since July it has been replacing its models with less powerful versions, but a few of the old ones are still left on the shelves.
Elements of the directive are being challenged by the Dyson group.
The consumer organisation Which? says many of the models involved were rated as "best buys" by its researchers.
In one recent study, five of the top seven cleaners had motors of more than 1600 watts.
Image copyright Hoover
Image caption Models like this Hoover will no longer be available
The new European rules are part of the EU's energy efficiency directive, designed to help tackle climate change.
Among the models which will soon no longer be available are:
Hoover Spirit TSP2101 (2100w)
Samsung CycloneForce Sensor (2100w)
Bosch BSG8PRO1 ( 1800w)
No models made by Dyson are affected, as all the motors on their machines are below 1600w.
However manufacturers are bringing in new models, which they say are much more energy-efficient, and just as effective.
Court Challenge
The new EU directive on energy efficiency will also require manufacturers to put an energy rating on the box.
From 1 September, vacuum cleaners will be given seven different ratings, from A to G.
This includes measuring the performance on hard floors, carpets, and how much dust is emitted.
But the Dyson group is challenging this aspect of the new rules, and has applied for a judicial review of the EU directive.
It argues that the performance criteria do not include testing a vacuum cleaner when there is already dirt inside it - what it calls "dust-loaded".
Dyson also says that 126 million cleaner bags and filters from new vacuum cleaners end up in landfill across the EU every year.
Yet the new labelling system does not reflect the impact of used bags and filters on the environment.
The rules will get even tougher in three years' time.
From 1 September 2017, all vacuum cleaners will have to be less than 900w.
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i don't know
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What ancient seminal Palestinian city is 'house of meat' in Arabic, and 'house of bread' in Hebrew?
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Bethlehem | town, West Bank | Britannica.com
town, West Bank
Alternative Titles: Bayt Laḥm, Bet Leḥem, Bethlehem Ephrathah, Bethlehem-Judah
Related Topics
Saint Jerome
Bethlehem, Arabic Bayt Laḥm (“House of Meat”), Hebrew Bet Leḥem (“House of Bread”), town in the West Bank , situated in the Judaean Hills, 5 miles (8 km) south of Jerusalem . According to the Gospels (Matthew 2; Luke 2), Bethlehem was the site of the nativity of Jesus Christ . Christian theology has linked this with the belief that his birth there fulfills the Old Testament prophecy of Israel’s future ruler coming from Bethlehem Ephrathah (Micah 5:2). Some modern New Testament scholars believe parts of the Gospel accounts to be later accretions and hold that Jesus was born in Nazareth , his childhood home, but normative Christian belief has sanctified Bethlehem as Jesus’ birthplace for almost two millennia.
Bethlehem, West Bank.
Manger Square and the Church of the Nativity during the traditional Christmas procession in …
Nasser Shiyoukhi/AP
In the Bible the city is often referred to as Bethlehem Ephrathah, or Bethlehem-Judah. An ancient settlement, it is possibly mentioned in the Amarna Letters (14th-century-bce diplomatic documents found at Tell el-Amarna , Egypt), but the reading there is uncertain. Bethlehem is first mentioned in the Bible in connection with Rachel , who died on the wayside near there (Genesis 35:19). It is the setting for most of the Book of Ruth and was the presumed birthplace, and certainly the home, of Ruth’s descendant King David; there he was anointed king of Israel by the prophet Samuel (I Samuel 16). The town was fortified by Rehoboam, David’s grandson and the first king of Judah after the division of the state between Israel and Judah (II Chronicles 11). During the Jewish return to Palestine after the Babylonian Exile (516 bce and following), the town was repopulated; later a Roman garrison was there during the Second Jewish Revolt led by Bar Kokhba (135 ce).
Similar Topics
Janīn
The site of the Nativity of Jesus was identified by St. Justin Martyr , a 2nd-century Christian apologist, as a manger in “a cave close to the village”; the cave, now under the nave of the Church of the Nativity in the heart of the town, has been continuously venerated by Christians since then. St. Helena (c. 248–c. 328), mother of the first Christian Roman emperor ( Constantine I ), had a church built over the cave; later destroyed, it was rebuilt in substantially its present form by Emperor Justinian (reigned 527–565). The Church of the Nativity is thus one of the oldest Christian churches extant . Frequent conflicts have arisen over the jurisdiction of various faiths at the sacred site, often incited by outside interests; thus, for example, the theft in 1847 of the silver star marking the exact traditional locus of the Nativity was an ostensible factor in the international crisis over the holy places that ultimately led to the Crimean War (1854–56). The church was later divided between the Greek Orthodox , Roman Catholic , and Armenian Orthodox faiths.
Greek Orthodox priests and worshippers gather for a mass at the Church of the Nativity in …
Kevin Frayer/AP
The town has been a monastic centre for centuries; St. Jerome built a monastery there and, with the aid of Palestinian rabbis, translated the Old Testament into Latin from the original Hebrew (5th century ce). This, together with the New Testament, which he had translated from the Greek before going to Palestine, constitutes the Vulgate , the standard Latin translation of the Bible used by the Roman Catholic Church.
In modern times, Bethlehem was administered as part of the British mandate of Palestine (1920–48; see Palestine: The British mandate ); after the first of the Arab-Israeli wars in 1948–49, it was in the territory annexed by Jordan in 1950 and placed in Al-Quds (Jerusalem) muḥāfaẓah (governorate). After the Six-Day War of 1967, it was part of the Israeli-occupied territory of the West Bank (see Arab-Israeli wars ). Bethlehem came under control of the Palestinian Authority in the wake of the 1993 Oslo Accords.
Britannica Stories
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Bethlehem
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'Die Adler', nickname of the German national soccer team, means 'The (What)'?
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Zionist Boots in Bethlehem: Humus with Teargas Series (Occupied Palestine) - www.anandfilms.net - YouTube
Zionist Boots in Bethlehem: Humus with Teargas Series (Occupied Palestine) - www.anandfilms.net
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Published on Sep 23, 2014
Bethlehem (Arabic: بيت لحم About this sound Bayt Laḥm (help·info) "House of Meat" Bēt Laḥm, lit. "House of Bread"; Hebrew: בֵּית לֶחֶם Bēṯ Leḥem, Modern: Bet Leḥem [bet ˈleχem], lit. "House of Bread"; Ancient Greek: Βηθλεέμ [bɛːtʰle.ém]) is a Palestinian city located in the central West Bank, about 10 kilometers (six miles) south of Jerusalem. Its population is approximately 25,000 people.[4][5] It is the capital of the Bethlehem Governorate. The economy is primarily tourist-driven.[6][7]
It is thought the original name was Beit Lachama, from the Canaanite god Lachama. The earliest mention of the city is in the Amarna correspondence c.1350-1330 BCE as "Bit-Lahmi". The Hebrew Bible identifies it as the city David was from and where he was crowned as the king of Israel. The New Testament identifies Bethlehem as the birthplace of Jesus. The city is inhabited by one of the oldest Christian communities in the world[citation needed], although the size of the community has shrunk due to emigration. Bethlehem was destroyed by the Emperor Hadrian during the second-century Bar Kokhba revolt; its rebuilding was promoted by the Empress Helena, mother of Constantine the Great, who commissioned the building of its great Church of the Nativity in 327 CE. The Church was badly damaged by the Samaritans, who sacked it during the Samaritan Revolt in 529, but was rebuilt a century later by the emperor Justinian I, in very much its present form.
Bethlehem was seized by the Arab Caliphate of 'Umar ibn al-Khattāb during the Arab conquest in 637, seized again by Egypt and then the Seljuks, and, in 1099, by Crusaders, who replaced its Greek Orthodox clergy with a Latin one. In the mid-13th century, invading Mamluks demolished the city's walls, which were subsequently rebuilt in the early 16th century, after Bethlehem became part of the Ottoman Empire.[8]
Control of Bethlehem passed from the Ottoman Empire to the British Empire at the end of World War I. Pursuant to the proposed United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine of November 1947, Bethlehem was to be included in an international zone, controlled by Britain. The Arab states rejected the Partition Plan, and during the ensuing 1948 Arab-Israeli War, also known as the "First Arab-Israeli War", launched by the Arab League states to prevent the creation of a Jewish state and a second Arab state in Palestine, Jordan forcibly seized Bethlehem and formally annexed it in 1950. It was captured by Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War. Since 1995, when Israel ceded it to the PLO, Bethlehem has been governed by the Palestinian National Authority.[8]
Bethlehem has a Muslim majority, but is also home to one of the largest Palestinian Christian communities[citation needed]. Originally, Bethlehem was a lodging point for Jewish pilgrims to Jerusalem during the three holiest days of the Jewish year. Bethlehem's chief economic sector is tourism which peaks during the Christmas season when Christians make pilgrimage to the Church of the Nativity, as they have done for almost two millennia. Bethlehem has over thirty hotels and three hundred handicraft work shops.[9] Rachel's Tomb, an important Jewish holy site, is located at the northern entrance of Bethlehem
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In the the expression 'whet your appetite', the old word 'whet' technically means?
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'Whet your appetite' - the meaning and origin of this phrase
Whet your appetite
To have your interest in something, especially food, stimulated.
Origin
This phrase is often confused with 'wet your whistle'. Uncertainty about the spelling of the first word, either as whet or wet, leads to both phrases being wrongly spelled too. In fact there's no connection between the two terms, which are properly spelled as 'whet your appetite' and 'wet your whistle'.
The allusion in the former is to the sharpening of tools on a whetstone (grindstone) and to whet means just to sharpen. So, 'whetting our appetite' is 'sharpening our appetite'.
'Wet your whistle' predates 'whet your appetite' by some centuries, and was first recorded in the 1386 Towneley Mysteries:
"Had She oones Wett Hyr Whystyll She couth Syng full clere Hyr pater noster."
Whistle here means throat or voice and the phrase just means 'take a drink'.
You may see it put about that 'wet your whistle' derives from the practice of using a whistle in the taverns of Olde Englande to summon the landlord with more drinks. This is complete tosh. The Internet makes it easy to circulate information; unfortunately it isn't discriminating and stories like that tend to gain a foothold quite quickly. That form of digitally enhanced folk etymology is called netymology. As French wine growers used to say when complaining of inferior wines that were labelled as the prestigious Appelation Controllé - "the paper never refuses the ink". If you would like to dispel some popular fallacies you could try life in the 1500s or the Nonsense Nine .
Back to whet/wet your appetite/whistle. The spelling as 'wet your appetite' is quite understandable. Whet is no longer a common word, whereas its homonym 'wet' obviously is. Also, when tools are ground on whetstones they need to be lubricated with water or oil to prevent overheating. Whetstones were normally constructed with a water bath or some form of drip on to the stone. The assumption that 'whet' and 'wet' are the same word is thus encouraged. Added to that is the 18th century habit of serving liqueurs as hors d'oeuvre - in that case literally wetting the appetite (they also served turnips as appetizers - thankfully we have moved on).
Although not as old as 'wet your whistle', 'whet your appetite' has been in the language for some time. It is first alluded to in Thomas Shadwell's The Squire of Alsatia, 1688:
"Let's whett; bring some Wine. Come on; I love a Whett."
A more explicit use is in Thomas Dekker's If it be not good, the diuel is in it, 1612:
"[He] seekes new wayes to whet dull appetite."
By the early 19th century the phrase had begun to be used figuratively to refer to sharpening the appetite for things other than food, as here in a report from The Times, May 1801:
"It [defending Portugal] would only whet the appetite of Bonaparte and increafe ftill more the dangers of invafion."
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Sharpen
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In Australian slang, someone called a 'mollydooker' is a?
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week 35 - Vocabulary List : Vocabulary.com
week 35
August 27, 2013 By Dom (NJ)
Rate this list:
lampoon
ridicule with satire
---kuch langoor jaisa lgta hai. aisa art jis se kisiki achi bhali shakal ko langooron jaisi bna dena lampoon---A composition that imitates somebody's style in a humorous way
When you make fun of something by imitating it in a humorous way, you're lampooning it. The writers at The Onion, Saturday Night Live and FunnyOrDie.com are all experts in the art of the lampoon.
Lampoon can be both a verb and a noun. To lampoon is ridicule. A lampoon is a parody or satire. Imagine you were frustrated by having your allowance reduced, so you wrote a funny play portraying mom and dad as dictators extracting lots of unfair taxes from their people. That's lampooning.
nonentity
a person of no influence
The noun nonentity refers to a person of no significance or importance. If you are a member of a sports team, but spend all your time sitting on the bench watching the rest of the team play, you will probably feel like a nonentity.A political nonentity has no power, and a social nonentity blends in with the wallpaper. Not only people are considered nonentities; groups or things can be nonentities too. If a nonentity beats a nationally ranked team, that's a real upset.
a person's appearance, manner, or demeanor
MIEN is a shortened version of the word DEMEANOR
Your mien is how you present yourself, the impression you make. It's best to keep a low profile but a dignified mien." A person's mien is a look or quality that tells a lot about their personalities or temperaments. A person with a cheerful mien probably radiates happiness and energy, while someone with a serious mien may have an air of being lost in thought.
marginal consciousness
If u have STOPPER on ur mind then u will be unaware abt things.
A person in a stupor is considered barely conscious or stunned; or, if you consult Led Zeppelin lyrics: dazed and confused.
Stupors can be brought on by drugs, alcohol, illness, or shocking news. You might doze off with a lampshade on your head if you’re in a drunken stupor. Medically speaking, a person in this state responds only to pain. You can also be in a stupor if you’re in shock, like if your boss says he's replacing you with a robot, or if Mister Ed the talking horse kicks you in the gut
determined by chance or impulse rather than by necessity
Whimsical sounds like comical... whimsical is , impulsive, playful...comical is amusing and funny.
Whimsical means full of or characterized by whims, which are odd ideas that usually occur to you very suddenly. If you decide at the last minute to fly to Europe, you could say you went there on a whim.
Whimsical can also mean tending toward odd or unpredictable behavior
audacious behavior that you have no right to
mn: for every discussion he comes to the FRONT and argues...in a rude manner.
If you rudely behave as if you have a right to something that you have no right to, you're committing effrontery. When a couple stroll into a crowded restaurant, demand the best table, and threaten the staff unless they're seated right away, that's effrontery.
overthrow by argument, evidence, or proof
'are fut' - means to overthrow by argument
The verb refute is to prove that something is wrong. When the kids you're babysitting swear they brushed their teeth, you can refute their claim by presenting the dry toothbrushes.Evidence and arguments are used to refute something. So are facts. For example, if children who eat chocolate before going to bed go straight to sleep, that refutes the idea that sugar keeps them up
a trite or obvious remark
Click....everyone has got a handset having camera....hence click has become cliche
If you've heard an expression a million times, chances are it's a cliche.from the French which refers to a saying or expression that has been so overused that it has become boring and unoriginal. Think about the expressions "easy as pie," or "don't play with fire," or "beauty is skin deep." These are all cliches. A plot or action sequence in a film or novel can also be called a cliche if it has become dull and predictable through overuse.
a short moral story
Is sounds like para+ fable .. fable expressed in one para(short)
A parable is a short and simple story that teaches a religious or moral lesson. The parable of the Good Samaritan and the parable of the Prodigal Son are just two examples of the many parables attributed to Jesus, as recorded in the four gospels.
steadiness of mind under stress
equal mind in any situation
If you take the news of your brother's death with equanimity, it means you take it calmly without breaking down. Equanimity refers to emotional calmness and balance in times of stress.
If equanimity reminds you of equal, that's because the words have a lot in common. The phrase a level mind also refers to calmness. A near synonym is composure.
hirsute
having or covered with hair
What do Santa Claus, Bigfoot, and unicorns have in common? Aside from the fact that they’re completely real, they’re also hirsute: very, very hairy creatures.
All mammals have hair, but the ones that have way more than others, you might call them hirsute. There are hirsute people, like lumberjacks with a jungle of chest hair, bearded ladies at a circus, or just someone with a scraggly hairdo.
draw back, as with fear or pain
when opposite party WINS our faCES becomes wince
A wince is a facial or bodily expression of pain, disgust, or regret. Think of something you've done that was really, really embarrassing or dumb: now feel your face or take a look in the mirror as you wince at the uncomfortable memory.
A moment of pain or a recollection of something painful can make you wince. It's hard not to have a physical response or a wince with a bad memory or a hurt. And wince is both a verb and a noun, so it can be an action or a result. Sometimes people don’t do anythi
excessively or hypocritically pious
some saints and munis are sanctimonious... DHONGI SAADHU
The sanctimonious person sounds like a hypocrite when he preaches to a friend about the evils of drugs, while he drinks one beer after another.A sanctimonious person might think he's holy, but their attitude comes across more like "holier-than-thou." Though sanctimonious people might try to act like saints, their actions are far from pure or holy, which just makes them sound like hypocrites.
flabbergasted
as if struck dumb with astonishment and surprise
When you see your mom come back from the salon with bright green spiky hair and your jaw drops to the floor in total shock, you’re flabbergasted. You are really, really shocked — pretty much speechless.
Use the adjective flabbergasted to describe someone who's astounded or surprised for any reason, good or bad. You could be flabbergasted at how astonishingly expensive a parking ticket is, or at how incredibly delicious pineapple pizza is.
vigorous and animated
mn:U shud try to be lively at time of ur VIVA
A vivacious person is lively and spirited: a vivacious dancer might do a back-flip off the wall and then jump into the arms of her partner.
Some people are just naturally fun to be around; they sparkle, they animate any group they're part of, they're full of life. That, in fact, is the root meaning of the word: it's from Latin vivere "to live." It has more of a sense of playfulness than lively or animated. Even the most sedentary slob can feel revitalized in the presence of a vivacious soul.
whet
sharpen by rubbing
Whet sounds like wet. So, before using the whetstone to sharpen your knife, you have to wet it a little.
To whet is to sharpen. You could whet a knife's blade with a whetting stone, or you could whet your appetite by having some Doritos.
The verb whet can mean "to stimulate or make more acute," and the word is often used in the phrase "whet [your] appetite," which can be used literally or figuratively. You could serve light appetizers to whet everyone's appetite for dinner or you could whet an actor's appetite by giving him a small role that inspires him for greater roles.
countenance
the appearance conveyed by a person's face
(count+ten) A ten year old kid is learning how to count upto 10 and his dad's countenance gave kid a lot of encouragement
The noun countenance means the face or its expression. If you're a great poker player, you probably have a calm countenance.Countenance can also be a verb meaning to tolerate or approve. If someone does something offensive, tell them, "I'm afraid I can't countenance that."
a sudden and violent collapse
belt..having bacle ..if we (de)remove bucle from belt,the pant will fall.. then comes the complete disaster
Use debacle to refer to a violent disaster or a great failure. If the flower gardens come toppling down during prom, strangling some students and tripping others, you might call the evening a debacle.
Debacle is often used to describe a military defeat. If your army retreats, that's one thing. If your army is outmaneuvered and ends up huddled in a valley, surrounded on all sides by the enemy, forced to sing 70s sitcom theme songs by their savage captors––that's a debacle.
gaunt
very thin especially from disease or hunger or cold
G[rand] AUNT, or imagine as G[reat grand] AUNT... is generally lean and weak due to old age.
You can never be too rich or too thin, but you certainly can be too gaunt. It means you look skinny like you're sick, not skinny like you have a personal nutritionist slapping your hand when you reach for a bonbon.
A good way to remember gaunt is that it rhymes with haunt, and gaunt people look pale, drawn, and wasted — like you'd expect a haunting ghost to appear. Another way to remember it is that g- + aunt is like great-aunt, and often when you appear to be gaunt you look like you're old
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During the 1900s, Olivetti, Olympia, Underwood, Smith Corona, and Remington were famous makers of?
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History of Olivetti Typewriters | Vintage Olivetti Typewriter Company
History of Olivetti Typewriters
Antique Oliver Typewriters-Ribbon & Parts
History of Olivetti Typewriters
The famed Italian engineer Camillo Olivetti (1868-1943) rose to the forefront of typewriter history in the early 1900s. In 1892, after receiving a degree in electrical engineering, Camillo traveled to the United States and undertook employment as an assistant in Stanford’s Department of Electrical Engineering. It is widely believed that it was during this trip that he first became aware of typewriters because when he returned to Italy two years later he immediately began to practice commercial law on behalf of the Williams Typewriter Company, an American firm.
In October of 1908 Camillo relocated from Milan to his hometown of Ivrea, near Turin, and founded the limited partnership of Ing. C. Olivetti & Co., S.p.A. He once again traveled to the U.S., this time to study “modern” typewriter manufacturing and design, and returned to Ivrea in 1909 to begin producing Olivetti typewriters. The initial operations of the company were relatively modest; the company occupied a 5,400 square foot production workshop, and it is unclear whether or not any typewriters were actually produced for the first two years. It wasn’t until 1911, at the Universal Fair in Turin, that two of the very first Olivetti M1 Typewriters were presented to the public.
As a result of the successful showing at the Universal Fair, Olivetti was awarded a contract to deliver 100 of the new M1 typewriters to the Ministry of the Italian Navy. A year later he was awarded another sizable contract, this time for the Italian Postal Ministry. By mid 1914, Olivetti & Company employed 100 workers and was producing 20 machines per week.
Camillo Olivetti took typewriter design very seriously. Although the company is famous for producing flamboyant advertising posters by notable artists in later years, early typewriter models and advertising campaigns were defined by the restrained design philosophy of Camillo Olivetti himself. He once said that “a typewriter must not be a showpiece for the salon, overloaded with tastelessness. It must look sober, and at the same time work elegantly." His philosophy was apparent in the advertising poster for the M1, which was designed by Teodoro Wolf Ferrari in 1912. It featured the Italian national poet Dante Alighieri posed with the M1 and bearing a serious expression.
The manufacture of M1 typewriters virtually ceased with the advent of World War I, when the company switched manufacturing efforts over to war-time supplies. Olivetti manufactured approximately 6,000 M1 typewriters between 1911 and 1920, when the M20 was introduced. It was in the 1920s that mass production techniques became widely used. By 1929, Olivetti’s production capacity had increased to 13,000 typewriters per year. It was also in 1929 that Olivetti began opening overseas subsidiaries. The first non-Italian facility was opened in Spain, followed by facilities in Belgium, and then several South American countries.
In 1932 Adriano Olivetti , Camillo's son, became General Manager of the company. He was appointed Chairman of the company 6 years later, in 1938. It was under Adriano’s guidance that Olivetti developed into the giant which it ultimately became. While Camillo’s tastes were understated, Adriano’s were expressive and flamboyant. It was Adriano Olivetti who hired Giovanni Pintori to work in the company’s publicity department in 1936. (Pintori created not only many of the colorful advertising posters for which Olivetti was known, but also the logo of the company.)
Adriano had a strong interest in social issues in the workplace and the relationship the company had with the local communities where the factories were located. He implemented new labor organizational hierarchies and constructed employee housing, company stores and even nurseries for employees’ children. He commissioned many new factories across the globe and expanded Olivetti at an unprecedented rate.
Of course, there is a limit to how many typewriters were actually needed by the market. Adriano Olivetti recognized this, and many of his manufacturing expansions in the late 1930s and early 1940s were dedicated to the production of faxes, calculators, office furniture and new electric models of typewriters.
(Many people do not realize that the first commercial fax machines were actually introduced in 1861, many years before voice transmission was possible. The transmission of a wanted criminal’s picture from Paris to London in 1908, and of President Coolidge’s photograph from New York to London in 1924, introduced the world to the almost instant transmission of data that would become so critical to businesses in later years.)
In the 1950s Olivetti was widely considered to be the world-leader in office technology. It had grown into a global presence with 24,000 employees and 17 overseas facilities. In 1959 Olivetti acquired a majority of the holdings of Underwood, a renowned American typewriter company.
Notable product models from that time period are the Lexikon 80 (1948), the Divisumma calculator (1948), the Lettera 22 portable (1950) and the Lexicon 80E (1955), which was Olivetti’s first electric typewriter model. The success of many of these models was due, in part at least, to the beautiful design features. In the 20-year span between 1940 and 1960, Olivetti industrial design was led by Marcello Nizzoli. It was Nizzoli who was responsible for the design of the Lexicon 80 and the Lettera 22 portable.
In the 1960s, Mario Bellini and Ettore Sottsass directed Olivetti design efforts. Bellini was responsible for the design of several popular calculator models (the Programma 101 and the Logos 68) as well as the TCV-250 video display terminal (in 1966). Sottsass designed the Tekne 3 typewriter (1958), the Elea 9003 computer (1959), the Praxis 48 typewriter (1964), and the famous pop-art design icon, the Valentine portable (1969).
Olivetti attempted to transition into a computer manufacturing company in the early 1960s, and produced some of the earliest transistor mainframe systems. Low sales and financial instability led the company to halt mainframe efforts in 1964. In the early 1980s Olivetti began releasing personal computers which were clones of IBM PCs. These personal computers, especially the Olivetti M24, were very successful in Europe. However, Olivetti failed to advance new products when the Intel 386 CPU chip became available, and quickly lost market shares to faster, 386-based products. Olivetti eventually sold its computer business in 1997.
Today Olivetti survives as a subsidiary of Telecom Italia, known as Olivetti Tecnost, and sells office equipment. The company has sales offices in 83 countries.
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Typewriter
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Anopheles and Aedes, which indirectly kill millions of people every year, are what?
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Vintage and Antique Typewriters - Collector Information | Collectors Weekly
Overview eBay Auctions Show & Tell Articles
When you think about it, typing on a computer is a magical thing—just hit the keys you want, and letters magically appear on a screen in front of you. The modern typewriter, for all of its analogue components, isn’t much different, but typewriters weren’t always so easy, intuitive, or standardized.
Henry Mill filed the first patent for a typewriter in 1714, although the machine he envisioned was never built. While a few typewriters were made sporadically in Europe and America in the early 19th century, none were produced on a large scale.
In 1874, Christopher Sholes developed one that would change that; with backing from Carlos Glidden, he proposed the design for the Sholes & Glidden typewriter to E. Remington & Sons, a manufacturing plant that had formerly specialized in guns but was looking to diversify its business with the Civil War over. In that first year, E. Remington produced 1,000 Sholes & Glidden typewriters, making it the first historically important typewriter and the first to be mass-produced.
Even so, the machine was a far cry from modern typewriters. For starters, it could only print capital letters, and the type arms struck the paper from underneath; this design was called upstrike or understrike. The unhappy result was that typists could only see what they were typing by lifting the carriage, which resulted in the nickname “Blind Remington” and prevented the Sholes & Glidden typewriter from becoming very popular, in spite of its beautiful, hand-painted floral decorations.
Yet this typewriter, for all its imperfections, would come to shape history. It was the first to utilize the now familiar “QWERTY” keyboard, so named for the sequence of keys that begins its top row of letters. Sholes designed the QWERTY keyboard to solve one of the problems of type bars: if two adjacent keys were hit in quick succession, they would collide. QWERTY keyboards minimized these clashes by separating letters frequently used in sequence (like t and h) and those used most often.
Despite its purposeful inefficiency, the Sholes & Glidden typewriter was the first to be faster than handwriting and thus showed the promise of the device. Additionally, with improved carbon paper, typewriters could generate multiple copies of the same document.
In 1878, E. Remington released an updated version of the original Sholes & Glidden, the Perfect Type Writer No. 2 (later known as Standard No. 2). This typewriter could type lowe...rcase letters, and it became the first commercially successful typewriter.
But typewriters were still far from perfect. In the fashion of Darwinian evolution, typewriters mutated and evolved over time in a blossoming marketplace. Gradually, the best combinations of mechanisms and designs began to emerge, although manufacturers experimented almost endlessly along the way, sometimes simply in an effort to avoid patent infringement.
The Caligraph, released in 1881, was the first major competitor to E. Remington. Unlike the Standard No. 2, the Caligraph featured a “full” keyboard, with separate keys for lower- and uppercase letters. For years, manufacturers would battle over whether keyboards should have one set of keys (with a shift button) or two sets of keys, one for uppercase and one for lowercase.
Some ignored the debate entirely. The Hammond typewriter, for example, did not utilize type bars at all. Instead, it utilized a piece of rubber called a type shuttle, which had the type letters engraved in it. A hammer hit the paper against the type shuttle. The Oliver, which was first produced in 1894, had vertical type bars, which made it a remarkably durable choice in the deserts of North Africa during World War II, since sand would simply blow through the machine, rather than clog it up.
The Daugherty Visible of 1891 was the first typewriter to feature visible writing. Its front-strike mechanism became the standard typewriter design around 1908, when Remington and Smith Premier produced their own front-strike models.
As typewriters evolved, so did the techniques typists utilized. In 1888, touch typing—typing without looking at the keyboard—spread quickly, which heralded an even more dramatic increase in typing speed. This development, combined with the increasing availability and affordability of machines, boosted the typewriter to prominence in business offices.
Consumers who wanted a typewriter for more casual use, however, were generally hard-pressed: typewriters were almost prohibitively expensive. To meet growing demand, some manufacturers in the late 19th century developed index machines, which dispensed with keyboards altogether. Instead of typing on keys, the typist turned a knob or dial to select the desired character and then pressed a button to print that character. While these machines were slower than typewriters, they were more affordable.
This period of diversity, which many typewriter collectors consider a sort of Golden Age, saw the beginning of its end in 1896 with the release of the Underwood. The Underwood had many of the features we recognize as standard in modern typewriters—four rows of keys, with a shift key and a front strike. Type bars struck the front of the platen (the rubber roller that the paper rests on). Finally, here was a typewriter that had solved the problem of visible writing in an elegant, practical way.
In the 1920s , typewriters began to be standardized more or less along the lines of the Underwood machine, and diversity in typewriter design gradually disappeared.
Collectors today can easily identify typewriters by the brand names that are generally stamped on the fronts of these machines in large letters. The exact age and year can be more difficult to determine, but serial and model numbers are useful starting points.
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The hull of a seed is its?
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Hull - definition of hull by The Free Dictionary
Hull - definition of hull by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/hull
Hull
(hŭl) also King·ston-up·on-Hull (kĭng′stən-ə-pŏn-hŭl′, -pôn-)
A city of northeast-central England on the northern shore of the Humber estuary at the influx of the Hull River. Chartered in 1299, the city has been a major seaport since the late 1700s.
hull
1.
a. The dry outer covering of a fruit, seed, or nut; a husk.
b. The persistent calyx of a fruit, such as a strawberry, that is usually green and easily detached.
2.
a. Nautical The frame or body of a ship, exclusive of masts, engines, or superstructure.
b. The main body of various other large vehicles, such as a tank, airship, or flying boat.
3. The outer casing of a rocket, guided missile, or spaceship.
tr.v. hulled, hull·ing, hulls
To remove the hulls of (fruit or seeds).
[Middle English hol, husk, from Old English hulu; see kel-1 in the Appendix of Indo-European roots.]
hull′er n.
n
1. (Nautical Terms) the main body of a vessel, tank, flying boat, etc
2. (Botany) the shell or pod of peas or beans; the outer covering of any fruit or seed; husk
3. (Botany) the persistent calyx at the base of a strawberry, raspberry, or similar fruit
4. (Astronautics) the outer casing of a missile, rocket, etc
vb
5. (Cookery) to remove the hulls from (fruit or seeds)
6. (Nautical Terms) (tr) to pierce the hull of (a vessel, tank, etc)
[Old English hulu; related to Old High German helawa, Old English helan to hide]
ˈhuller n
(hʌl)
n
1. (Placename) a city and port in NE England, in Kingston upon Hull unitary authority, East Riding of Yorkshire: fishing, food processing; two universities. Pop: 301 416 (2001). Official name: Kingston upon Hull
2. (Placename) a city in SE Canada, in SW Quebec on the River Ottawa: a centre of the timber trade and associated industries. Pop: 66 246 (2001)
Hull
(hʌl)
n
(Biography) Cordell. 1871–1955, US statesman; secretary of state (1933–44). He helped to found the U.N.: Nobel peace prize 1945
hull1
1. the husk, shell, or outer covering of a seed or fruit.
2. the calyx of certain fruits, as the strawberry.
3. any covering or envelope.
v.t.
4. to remove the hull of; skin, peel, shell, or shuck.
[before 1000; Middle English; Old English hulu husk, pod; akin to Old English helan to cover, hide, Latin cēlāre to hide, conceal , Greek kalýptein to cover up]
hull2
(hʌl)
n.
1. the hollow lowermost portion of a ship, floating partially submerged and supporting the remainder of the ship.
2.
a. the boatlike fuselage of a flying boat on which the plane lands or takes off.
b. the cigar-shaped arrangement of girders enclosing the gasbag of a rigid dirigible.
v.t.
3. to pierce (the hull of a ship), esp. below the water line.
v.i.
4. to drift without power or sails.
[1350–1400; Middle English; appar. same word as hull 1]
Hull
n.
1. Cordell, 1871–1955, U.S. Secretary of State 1933–44: Nobel peace prize 1945.
2. Official name, Kingston upon Hull. a seaport in Humberside, in E England, on the Humber River. 279,700.
3. a city in SE Canada, on the Ottawa River opposite Ottawa. 58,722.
hull
(hŭl)
1. The dry outer covering of a fruit, seed, or nut; a husk.
2. The enlarged calyx of a fruit, such as a strawberry, that is usually green and easily detached.
hull
I will have been hulling
you will have been hulling
he/she/it will have been hulling
we will have been hulling
you will have been hulling
they will have been hulling
Past Perfect Continuous
To remove the leaves and stems from soft fruit.
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
hull - dry outer covering of a fruit or seed or nut
shell - the hard usually fibrous outer layer of some fruits especially nuts
husk - outer membranous covering of some fruits or seeds
2.
hull - persistent enlarged calyx at base of e.g. a strawberry or raspberry
calyx - (botany) the whorl of sepals of a flower collectively forming the outer floral envelope or layer of the perianth enclosing and supporting the developing bud; usually green
3.
Hull - United States naval officer who commanded the `Constitution' during the War of 1812 and won a series of brilliant victories against the British (1773-1843)
Humber Bridge - a suspension bridge at Hull, England; 4,626 feet long
England - a division of the United Kingdom
6.
hull - the frame or body of ship
keel - one of the main longitudinal beams (or plates) of the hull of a vessel; can extend vertically into the water to provide lateral stability
keelson - a longitudinal beam connected to the keel of ship to strengthen it
rib - support resembling the rib of an animal
rider plate - a horizontal beam (or plate) connected to the top of a ship's vertical keel or to the keelson
structure , construction - a thing constructed; a complex entity constructed of many parts; "the structure consisted of a series of arches"; "she wore her hair in an amazing construction of whirls and ribbons"
vessel , watercraft - a craft designed for water transportation
Verb
1.
hull - remove the hulls from; "hull the berries"
remove , take away , withdraw , take - remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract; "remove a threat"; "remove a wrapper"; "Remove the dirty dishes from the table"; "take the gun from your pocket"; "This machine withdraws heat from the environment"
hull
noun
2. husk , skin , shell , peel , pod , rind , shuck I soaked the hulls off lima beans.
verb
1. trim , peel , skin , shell , husk , shuck Soak them in water with lemon juice for 30 minutes before hulling.
Translations
A. N (Naut) → casco m
B. VT [+ fruit] → descascarar
hull
1
n (Naut) → Schiffskörper m; (Aviat) → Rumpf m; ship hull down on the horizon → Schiff in Sicht am Horizont
hull
vt → schälen ; strawberries etc → entstielen
hull
[hʌl] n (of ship) → scafo
hull
(hal) noun
the frame or body of a ship. The hull of the ship was painted black. romp جِسْم السَّفينَه шушулка casco trup der Rumpf skrog σκελετός πλοίου casco laevakere بدنه كشتی runko coque גוּף סְפִינָה जहाज का ढांचा trup (broda) hajótest badan kapal skipsskrokkur scafo 船体 선체(船體) korpusas (kuģa) korpuss badan kapal romp skrog kadłub statku د بیړی بدنه casco carcasă корпус trup ladijski trup trup broda skrov ลำเรือ gemi teknesi 船殼 корпус کشتی ، جہاز وغیرہ کا ڈھانچا thân tàu 船壳
hull
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References in classic literature ?
Xcuse me, ladies, but that's just puttin' the hull question that's agitatin' this yer camp inter two speeches as clear as crystal.
View in context
So close did the monster come to the hull, that at first it seemed as if he meant it malice; but suddenly going down in a maelstrom, within three rods of the planks, he wholly disappeared from view, as if diving under the keel.
View in context
Some kinds is mis'rable: there's your meetin pious; there's your singin, roarin pious; them ar an't no account, in black or white;--but these rayly is; and I've seen it in niggers as often as any, your rail softly, quiet, stiddy, honest, pious, that the hull world couldn't tempt 'em to do nothing that they thinks is wrong; and ye see in this letter what Tom's old master says about him.
View in context
He lookd, and saw the Ark hull on the floud, Which now abated, for the Clouds were fled, Drivn by a keen North-winde, that blowing drie Wrinkl'd the face of Deluge, as decai'd; And the cleer Sun on his wide watrie Glass Gaz'd hot, and of the fresh Wave largely drew, As after thirst, which made thir flowing shrink From standing lake to tripping ebbe, that stole With soft foot towards the deep, who now had stopt His Sluces, as the Heav'n his windows shut.
View in context
First she loomed before me like a blot of something yet blacker than darkness, then her spars and hull began to take shape, and the next moment, as it seemed (for, the farther I went, the brisker grew the current of the ebb), I was alongside of her hawser and had laid hold.
View in context
Then they knocked off some of the boards for the use of the ship, and when they had got all they had a mind for, let the hull drop into the sea, which by reason of many breaches made in the bottom and sides, sunk to rights.
View in context
Presently a great hole was torn in the hull of one of the immense battle craft from the Zodangan camp; with a lurch she turned completely over, the little figures of her crew plunging, turning and twisting toward the ground a thousand feet below; then with sickening velocity she tore after them, almost completely burying herself in the soft loam of the ancient sea bottom.
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Shell
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The Glycaemic Index (GI) refers to?
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Hulling pumpkin seeds - Possible? Easy? - Seasoned Advice
Hulling pumpkin seeds - Possible? Easy?
up vote 8 down vote favorite
1
I have a recipe I want to use that calls for "hulled pumpkin seeds (the green ones)". I have pumpkin seeds saved from carving pumpkins. Do I just... peel them? Any fast way to do this? Is there any other preperation needed?
It's practically impossible when they are raw. You have to bake them first. But I don't know any fast way, the normal way is to pop them out of the hull just like sunflower seeds, one after the other. – rumtscho♦ Oct 31 '11 at 14:55
@rumtscho "Bake them first" is exactly the kind of advice I'm looking for :) I've never purchased pumpkin seeds (always just toasted fresh ones) so I have no idea what processing is done before using them in candies or baked goods. – Yamikuronue Oct 31 '11 at 14:57
Actually, you can eat them without toasting first. The taste is slightly different, but not bad. The problem is that you can't really get them out of the hull when raw, you have to scoop out pieces of them with your front teeth. So, for candy, you have to bake first if you want a chance of getting them out in one piece. I'm not making this a complete answer, because I hope somebody can offer advice on how to make this easier - I would buy hulled seeds before I spend half a day on hulling to get a handful of them. – rumtscho♦ Oct 31 '11 at 15:31
@rumtscho The main reason I'm looking for pumpkin seed advice is because I have a big bag of them sitting in my kitchen right now from carving pumpkins. If it's really that much work, I might just make toasted seeds, but I tend to make sweets each week for a get-together and I thought it'd be a nice change to do brittle. – Yamikuronue Oct 31 '11 at 15:41
up vote 8 down vote accepted
Describing the only method I know, and hoping that somebody will come up with an improvement, because this one is quite time-consuming.
First, clean your pumpkin seeds and toast them. They cling to the hull when they are raw. When toasting, it is preferable to use lowish temperature for a long time, so you can prevent strong taste changes and burning. If I remember correctly, it is also a good idea to let them cool them first, because they are more likely to break when hot, but
When the seeds are ready, you want to pop them out of the shell. For this, hold a seed between your thumb and index finger. Apply pressure to the most prominent parts of the edge.
Ideally, the pointed part of the hull will split along the edge, and the seed will fall out, or you will be able to squeeze it out. Even if it goes like that seed after, it is a slow, monotonous work. Often, the hull will refuse to split, or the seed will break within the hull, or it will cling to the hull and refuse to come out after it has split. And then there is no guarantee that you'll get the beautiful plump seeds you see in the supermarket, because carving pumpkins aren't bred for nice seeds, it can happen that yours are very small and thin and not a particularly good decoration.
Conclusion: it is possible, but even if I had the seeds sitting around, I'd throw them out (or feed them to birds outside) and get hulled seeds for cooking, instead of spending half a day to get a handful of seeds out of their hulls. If it doesn't bother you, or if you can find a more efficient method, feel free to do it and share your process improvements here.
up vote 6 down vote
I found a method here: http://www.heritagefarms.com/recipies/recipie_pages/roasted_pumpkin_seeds.php
To hull seeds in quantity, first break them up with a rolling pin, hammer or food chopper, then drop the seeds into a large container filled with water. Stir vigorously to bring all the kernels in contact with the water and to break the surface tension. Kernels will sink to the bottom; the shells will remain floating
Anyone ever try this? I might experiment tonight..
I tried it. They cracked, but not enough to let out the seeds. I suspect I'd have to have less flat seeds for it to work. Oh well.
up vote 5 down vote
I spent a couple of hours in front of the television splitting dried pumpkin seeds with an exacto knife. Make sure you don't point the business end at yourself or the fingers that are holding the seed. Ended up with about a cup full of seeds. If you have the time that seemed to work the best for getting whole raw seeds which are better for you. I decided that buying raw pepitos (which I've found seems to be what they are usually labeled as) is worth the expense, so unless I end up with hulless seeds, or can find some sort of mechanical huller that doesn't cost $2000 or more, that's the way I will continue to get my hulled seeds.
When I was a kid we grew pumpkins for the pigs to eat during the winter. Most of the seeds were dried and sold, but we also ate some.
This is how we shelled them:
Clean and dry the seeds. (No need to wash, just separate seeds from pulp by hand).
Hold the seed between fingers similar to a guitar pick (plectrum).
Insert the seed between your front teeth and squeeze until it cracks. Start at the narrow point and squeeze your teeth 2-3 times moving towards the middle of the seed. By the time you reach the middle the flesh will be almost out of the shell, at that point you decide if you like to ate it or save it for a dish.
If you hull lots of seeds that way, your tongue might get a little sore from guiding the seed, so take it easy at first.
My grandma showed me this and it works very well.
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i don't know
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Petite Borgeoisie is an Anglicized French term referring to what traditional notion of social demographics class?
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Armed Struggle | The Espresso Stalinist
The Espresso Stalinist
Posted on November 25, 2016 | Leave a comment
The Parties and Organizations participating in the XXII International Plenary have carried out a detailed monitoring of the Colombian reality, especially of the activities that are realised today in this country for the peace.
Our Conference wants to take advantage of this occasion to reiterate its full support to the working class, the labourers and the people of Colombia, to their struggle for the achievement of a true peace with social justice.
The results of the plebiscite
Having known the results of the plebiscite held on October 2, we point out the high level of abstention that was registered in the country. On a total of 34.899.945 registered people in the electoral census in Colombia, only 13.066.047 voters, that represent the 37.43%, went to the polls. Along with the abstention, that reached the 62.57%, the results show the very low support received by the YES, that obtained only 6.377.482 votes (about 18.27%), and by the NOT with 6.431.376 votes (about 18.42%). These data reflect the government’s very low support, as well as the rejection of the agreements signed by the government of Juan Manuel Santos with the FARC-EP. The invalid and blank ballots, that are more than 257.000, are also an expression of dissent and protest against the politics of peace wanted by the government.
For our Conference, neither Santos, leader of the YES, nor Álvaro Uribe Vélez, boss of the NOT, acquired the support and the necessary legitimacy to continue on committing the State with the proposals and the politics that they defend. We highlight the results of the conflict, the will expressed by the people to reject the “Roman Peace”, as well as its demands and commitment with the democratic changes that will allow the overcoming of the injustice and social exclusion that characterizes the Colombia regime.
Having been not adopted the Havana agreements, and recognizing the deep desire of peace with social justice of the Colombian people, our Conference underline the obligation that has the Juan Manuel Santos government to provide to all the organizations, social and political forces, the necessary guarantees for the development of a wide national dialogue in order to discuss without obstacles the way out of the social, economic, politic and armed conflict that this nation lives for long years.
Optimists for the steps to be taken, we greet the activities and protest manifestations that spread out in the whole country, demanding the government not to reduce the dialogue, and neither the definitions about the peace in Colombia to what agreed the government, the parties of the National Unity, the Democratic Center and the FARC-EP. We express our support to the democratic social and political organizations that struggle in that perspective, in order to extend the conversations to the whole insurgency, including the ELN and EPL, as well as all the social, popular and political organizations of the country, in a clearing understanding that peace is a matter that concerns and commits to the totality of the Colombian nation.
We support the proposal to realise a National Constituent Assembly with a wide democratic character that will take up the task of approving a New Political Constitution and with it the bases of the peace with social justice that claim the majorities of Colombia.
The Nobel to Santos
In front of the international community, we express our concern for the erratic decisions of the Norwegian Nobel Committee regarding the peace in the world. In the same way we expressed our clearest rejection to the award of the Nobel Peace Prize to Obama, in this occasion we reject the prize that Juan Manuel Santos will receive on December of the present year with the same justification.
Mr. Santos can show neither administration of peace, nor concrete results in this matter; his commitment with the Pentagon, the imperialistic strategy of struggle against the world terrorism and the politics of national security applied in Colombia and Latin America will never be able to represent him as a leader of the peace of our peoples.
The defenders of such prize forget that Mr. Santos, in his function of Secretary of Defence in the government of Álvaro Uribe Vélez, was responsible of the so-called “false positive”; he promoted the paramilitary groups, the famous “chuzadas” (illegal interception of communications) to the high Judicial Cortes and the attack to the sovereignty of the countries. They also forget the repressive action against the people in the years in which he acted as Chief of the State and of the government in Colombia; the constant violations of the human rights and the humanitarian international right; the indiscriminate bombings, the out of combat murder of the of guerrilla leaders’, as well as the disappearance of more than a hundred of popular leaders during its government. Furthermore, they also forget the linking of the Colombian armed forces, leaded by Santos, with the NATO, as well as its actions with the group of the allies against Iraq and Syria in the last years. For our Conference a war criminal like Santos will never be seen by the workers and peoples like a defender and fighter for peace.
Our support and solidarity
Finally, in accordance with the debated questions, the ICMLPO express its support and solidarity with the political action that the Communist Party of Colombia (marxist–leninist) and the Popular Liberation Army (EPL) develop along with the working class and the people, against the fascistization and for the conquest of the democratic openness and the peace with social justice.
XXII PLENARY OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF MARXIST-LENINIST PARTIES AND ORGANIZATIONS (ICMLPO)
Denmark, October 2016
Posted on November 20, 2016 | Leave a comment
The beating of war drum is getting louder and louder.
NATO and US allies on the one hand, and Russia and China on the other, are steadfastly heading toward war. The threats of war are being expressed quite blatantly. What used to be “buffer zones”, have become militarized. The armies and navies of the imperialist are confronting each other in many region of the world: in Syria, around the Arab peninsula; in the South China Sea; in the Baltic region and in the Ukraine; and last, but not least, in the vast Arctic.
For imperialism, war is the “final solution” to the crisis and stagnation in which its system find itself. Plundering of raw material and grabbing of new market is insufficient. New and huge profit can be obtained through destruction, and subsequently by reconstruction in the regions devastated by war.
There is an increasing risk that many regional wars instigated by the imperialist powers, in particularly by the USA, may escalate to world war. In Europe, the level of confrontation and military build-up has escalated to a very dangerous level, especially with the reinforcement of the links between NATO and EU. The peoples of Europe are held in a grip between the imperialist bloc of NATO and imperialist Russia.
Missile and troops from NATO are now deployed on the Russian borders in Poland and the Baltic countries, highly increasing the tension and risk of war. NATO generals have stated that even a nuclear attack on Russia is “an option”.
The ICMLPO appeals to the people to oppose the warmongering policy, to put forward the slogan “Out of NATO”, with the perspective of the dissolution of NATO, to oppose the activity and expansion of this aggressive alliance. It is the high time to unmask the illusion that NATO has something to do with the defence of sovereign States. It is not a pact for peace, but a pact with the devil. NATO is in fact the greatest threat to the sovereignty of the peoples in Europe.
The workers, the youth and the peoples of Europe must raise their voice against the militarization of States and economies. We denounce the dictate of the aggressors and of the military-industrial monopolies. We reject to fight our brother and sisters on the other side of the borders. We warn our governments that if they choose the path of war, we will consider them, and not our brother and sister across the borders, as our enemy.
The upcoming NATO summit in Bruxelles will inaugurate their new headquarter. This is in itself a provocation towards the peoples of Europe, and will be met with anti-war manifestation.
We say:
No to NATO and all imperialist aggressors!
End to arms race, cut military spending, use the money for the needs of the people!
Withdrawal of all the troops sent abroad!
No to militarisation of the States!
The youth doesn’t want to be cannon fodder!
International solidarity – our enemies are not other workers and peoples but the warmongering governments in our own countries!
October, 2016
Posted on November 10, 2016 | 1 comment
We observe with concern the aggressive and warmongering policy of Turkey, in the interior as well as in the exterior. The AKP government and its leader Recep Tayyip Erdogan turned to strangling liberty which is a menace to all the civil liberties, especially the freedom of opinion and press.
The attempted coup on the July 15, represented a “gift of god” for Erdogan, just as he called it himself. He used it in order to accelerate the installation of a single-party and single-person dictatorship.
The state of emergency, which has been decreed after the attempted coup served to suffocate the entire opposition against the reactionary policy, accelerating the establishment of Erdogan’s presidential regime, in order to concentrate all power in his hands.
This also means, he is beginning to attack the democratic Kurdish forces in the interior of Turkey, as well as beyond its borders. Furthermore he attacks the democratic TV stations rightly denouncing this reactionary policy, especially the TV station of the workers Hayatin Sesi TV. Today, dozens of TV and radio stations, as well as newspapers are banned. Dozens of journalists are imprisoned. The basic freedoms of thousands of trade union activists are being destroyed. The right of the entire opposition’s freedom of expression is being trampled down.
We declare our solidarity with all the struggles which are threatened by oppression due to the state of emergency and the “decree-laws”!
We demand with determination to defend all democratic rights!
We make an appeal to all democrats, trade unionists, journalists and human right activists to express their solidarity, to demand liberty for the Turkish press, to demand that all media can work without oppression and to free all imprisoned journalists!
October, 2016
The English Facebook page of the Party of Labour of Iran (Toufan) has interviewed the comrade in charge of the Office of Foreign Relations of the Party, Comrade Jaafar Paknia, on the situation in Syria.
The following is the text of the interview.
Comrade Jaafar, thank you for the time you are spending with us for this interview. As you know, due to the Russian aerial bombardment and the destruction of the bases of Daesh (ISIS) and other terrorist groups, the balance of power has changed in Syria. The regime of Basher Assad has gone on the offensive, and its forces have advanced significantly. The Turkish government of Erdogan has violated international norms and regulations and has frantically bombarded the bases of the Kobane Kurds and has declared its opposition to any autonomy for the Syrian Kurds. How do you evaluate these new developments in Syria?
The adventurist policy of Erdogan’s government, a government that is sunk in the dream of the revival of “Great Ottoman Empire” and that shamelessly interferes in the internal affairs of the countries of the region has faced disgraceful defeat. This is clearly a sign of political shortsightedness of the present leadership of Turkey. By sending the Syrian refugees to Europe, Erdogan wanted to pressure the European governments to agree with his policy of toppling the legal and legitimate government of Assad and to pretend that only through NATO involvement in Syria and its support for terrorist organizations and eventually through the overthrow of the Syrian government, it is possible to stop the influx of refugees to Europe. Erdogan’s inhumane conspiracy has become a policy of instigation, war, and destruction in the region. This policy was rejected by the European governments, and consequently Turkey’s shortsighted policy faced a dead end. Erdogan asked for three billion Euros from the European countries as blackmail to stop the influx of refugees to Europe.
The gains of the Syrian army against Daesh through Russian bombardment are increasing daily. These gains have encouraged the people in the Daesh-controlled regions to resist and to participate in the war against the terrorist organizations. ISIS has chosen the “flight” over “Heaven”. These terrorists are returning to their homelands by the scores. The imperialist-trained Daesh and Jihadists have spread their terror campaigns to their motherlands. Though France has fallen victim to terrorist operations, it has not stopped interfering in the affairs of the Middle Eastern countries. The Western imperialist countries that supported Daesh and other terror groups in killing 300 thousand Syrians will not escape these terror campaigns. Turkey itself will fall victim to Daesh’s terror campaign soon.
The government of Erdogan that continues the criminal fascist suppression and bombardment of PKK and the Kurdish people is extremely frightened by the recent victories of the Syrian government over the terrorist groups, and it is asking Saudi Arabia and Qatar to jointly dispatch their armies to Syria to “fight” Daesh. What a joke! What a lie! These countries have been supporting, training, arming, and financing ISIS for the past five years. Even Barak Obama and NATO and EU officials are hesitant about the effectiveness of Erdogan’s adventurist policies. The armed forces of Turkey enter Syria only for the purpose of destroying the democratic achievements of the Kobane Kurds and to fight against the Syrian army. This is obviously in violation of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Syria.
Some hold the opinion that Russian bombardment of Daesh has made the situation worse and has killed many civilians, that Russia’s objective in its rivalry with the U.S. imperialists is to preserve and strengthen its interest in Syria and the Region, and that Russian interference in the Middle East is an imperialist act that should not be supported. What is your opinion on these issues?
Before we talk about the class nature of the Russian establishment, we must clarify the nature of the war that is being waged in Syria and the Middle East. We must analyze the reasons why the Western imperialists headed by the U.S. and their lackeys and allies in the region such as Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Turkey, etc. want to overthrow the legal government of Syria. Isn’t this policy of aggression against Syria consistent with the doctrine of establishing the “Greater Middle East”? Isn’t this the continuation of the policy of military aggression against Iraq, Afghanistan, Libya, etc.? Isn’t this policy in the interest of Zionism and world reaction? Do China and Russia desire to disintegrate Syria and split it into pieces?
It must be emphasized that Syria has political independence and therefore has the right to freely seek help from any force or country in order to preserve its national independence and territorial integrity. This policy of seeking assistance is not new in the struggle of the people of the world. In the war that is imposed upon Syria, the condemnation of the Western aggressors and their regional allies must occupy the first place. These aggressors are seeking the total destruction and disintegration of Syria. Furthermore, their objective is not limited to the overthrow of Assad’s regime. The suppression of Lebanon’s resistance movement, aggression against Iran, and the dispatch of terrorist forces to the borders of Russia all will come next. The U.S. strategy of “New World Order” is to weaken and remove the allies of China and Russia, to subdue these two imperialist rivals, and to impose its hegemony on the globe. The fact is that Eastern imperialists presently do not have the necessary military power or preparation to wage war on the Western united military forces of NATO led by the U.S. In the present condition, it is NATO that has military superiority and violates and threatens the independence, territorial integrity, and the rights of nations to self determination. Western imperialism, headed by the U.S., is the source of all present wars and is responsible for the flight of millions of people from their homelands in the Middle East, Horn of Africa, Yugoslavia, and Ukraine.
Russia and China vetoed the U.S. proposal in the UN Security Council and have expressed many times their opposition to the bombardment of Syria. This is a positive stand, as were the stands of Germany and France in opposition to the U.S. invasion of Iraq. It is clear that behind these stands and oppositions lie economic and political interests and motives. A political party, while clarifying the nature of the war and of the forces involved, must adopt its tactic. The independent state of Syria, as any independent state, can make use of the present world contradictions to preserve its independence; otherwise, it will not overcome the aggression imposed on it. One may simplify a complicated political question and raise a general political slogan and put his mind at ease by declaring war on all forces involved and then watch the development of the events. This is not responsible conduct and it is inconsistent with Marxism and Leninist tactics. Our Party emphasizes that we must defend the independence and territorial integrity of the countries that face imperialist military aggression. This defense is a defense for rights of nations to self-determination by their own people.
We must add that Saudi, Qatar, and Turkey’s opposition to Syria is over the export of natural gas from the region to Europe. Iran, Iraq, and Syria planned for a ten-billion-dollar project for the construction of a pipeline to export Iran’s natural gas to Europe starting in 2010. In 2012, a Memorandum of Understanding was signed by these three countries. Two weeks later, armed clashes started in Syria. Armed terrorist groups were sent to Syria through northern and southern borders. Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey utilized their means to overthrow the regime of Assad. Qatar now fights for a bigger share of the market for its natural gas, and Saudi Arabia and Turkey want the gas pipelines to pass through their countries in order to become a broker for the export of Qatar’s natural gas to Europe and to collect transit fees.
Western media claim that Russian bombardments of Syria have killed many thousands of innocent people and that Russia is responsible for the continuation of the war and the migration of hundreds of thousands of residents. What are your views on these claims?
Western media lie about the events in Syria and also fabricate stories consistent with the official line of their governments. The Russian fighter jets bomb the bases and positions of Daesh and some other terrorist groups and have significantly weakened Daesh’s grip on the regions under their control. Russia displayed satellite pictures of stolen oil tankers going from Syria to Turkey. Daesh sells the stolen oil to Turkey at a low price, and Turkey offers it to the world at the market price. Russian jet fighters bombed many hundreds of these oil tankers.
Assad’s victories over Daesh and over the conspiracies and plots of the Western imperialists are very bitter for Turkey, Saudi Arabia, the U.S., and the Western media. These conspirators try to disrupt and hinder the fight against the terrorists who have destroyed Syria. European countries that are vulnerable and are threatened by the terrorist actions want to stop their losses. They see that their policy of toppling the legal government of Assad has faced defeat and that their hopes are dashed, though they – with the help from reactionary regimes of the region such as Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Jordon – made use of everything they could, including the violation of the UN Charter and of the rights of nations to defeat Assad. Now they are interested in reduction of tension in the region. They see the reduction of tension in the region as useful to their interests and to the normalization of relations with Russia. The government of Erdogan that used Daesh of Arab, Turk, Turkmen, Chechen, Dagestan, and European nationalities to attack Syria now sees that the terrorist forces are on the run and are facing defeat followed by another defeat. Erdogan, with the hope of occupying and annexing northern Syria to Turkey, has invented a Turkmen national minority in Syria that wants to join Turkey. Turkmen who are allies of Daesh and who behead Arabs and Kurds are Erdogan’s brothers and friends and are defended as “non-terrorist” opposition. The Russian jets are making these terrorists martyrs for Erdogan. And of course, the jets that make these Turkmen martyrs have to be shut down by the non-terrorists provided that the U.S. has expressed its consent. With the defeat of Daesh, the Syrian Kurdish forces are gaining strength, and Erdogan is losing the hope to split Syria. Obama and Erdogan play a sly and hypocritical role in the fight against Daesh.
In the present situation, Russians and Assad’s army have no interest in bombarding the civilian regions. We should mention that long before the Russian military involvement in Syria, more than 150 thousand terrorists from 80 countries, financed by Saudi Arabia and Qatar and the U.S. and Europe, were mobilized to destroy and attack Syria. Now they are defeated and are on the run. The Western news media tries to instigate public opinion against the regime of Bashar Assad by engineering lies and distributing photo shopped pictures.
What is the future of the regime of President Assad? What stand are the people taking in this situation?
As I have mentioned several times, the U.S. objective is to overthrow the regime of Assad in the framework of “humanitarian involvement”. The U.S. imperialists and their allies want to divide Syria into four regions: a Sunni region in Damascus and its suburbs, the Druze region in the Golan Heights, the Alavi region in Antakya region, and a Kurdish region in northeastern Syria. This would make Syria a weak, dependent, and fragmented country that serves the strategic interest of the U.S. and Israel and their allies. The silence of the so called human rights organizations on the violation of the rights of nations by the U.S. imperialists shows the hypocrisy of the fake human rights organizations.
It must be said that the overthrow of the regime of Bashar Assad by the hands of the Syrian people led by the working class and for the purpose of establishing freedom, social justice, and the preservation and deepening of independence of Syria would be a revolutionary act that serves the people of Syria and of the entire region. The toppling of the Syrian regime by the imperialist powers is neither in the interest of the Syrian people nor in the interest of the people of the region. Parties and organizations that have not learned from the experience of the occupations of Iraq, Libya, and Afghanistan and that are still repeating the theories of “fight against all reactionary forces” and resolving “all social contradictions” at the same time understand neither tactics nor revolutionary politics. They are sunk in the Trotskyite quagmire of a “fight against two reactionary poles”. These forces do not serve the people. On the contrary, they sabotage the national and liberation struggles of the people against imperialist aggression and invasion. It is the responsibility of the revolutionary and progressive forces to resolutely expose these deviated and decaying political currents that damage the movement under the name of “communist” and “left”.
Today, the Western imperialists see that a significant section of Syrians, due to the destructive actions of the dark force of Daesh, have lined up behind Assad’s regime and that not by any means will the Syrian people “rise up” against the “dictator”. The U.S. imperialists and their allies are forced to talk about peace (!), but in practice, they beat the war drums on all fronts.
Posted on August 6, 2016 | Leave a comment
“Formerly, only students rebelled, but now thousands and tens of thousands of workers have risen in all the big towns. In most cases they fight against their employers, against the factory owners, against the capitalists. The workers declare strikes, all of them stop work at a factory at the same time and demand higher wages, demand that they should be made to work not eleven or ten hours a day, but only eight hours. The workers also demand other things that would make the working man’s life easier. They want the workshops to be in better condition and the machines to be protected by special devices so as to prevent them from maiming the workers; they want their children to be able to go to school and the sick to be given proper aid in the hospitals; they want the workers’ homes to be like human dwellings instead of being like pigsties.
The police intervene in the workers’ struggle. The police seize workers, throw them into prison, deport them without trial to their villages, or even to Siberia. The government has passed laws banning strikes and workers’ meetings. But the workers wage their fight against the police and against the government. The workers say: We, millions of working people, have bent our backs long enough! We have worked for the rich and remained paupers long enough! We have allowed them to rob us long enough! We want to unite in unions, to unite all the workers in one big workers’ union (a workers’ party) and to strive jointly for a better life. We want to achieve a new and better order of society: in this new and better society there must be neither rich nor poor; all will have to work. Not a handful of rich people, but all the working people must enjoy the fruits of their common labour. Machines and other improvements must serve to ease the work of all and not to enable a few to grow rich at the expense of millions and tens of millions of people. This new and better society is called socialist society. The teachings about this society are called socialism. The workers’ unions which fight for this better order of society are called Social-Democratic parties. Such parties exist openly in nearly all countries (except Russia and Turkey), and our workers, together with socialists from among the educated people, have also formed such a party: the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party.
The government persecutes that Party, but it exists in secret, despite all prohibitions; it publishes its news papers and pamphlets and organises secret unions. The workers not only meet in secret but come out into the streets in crowds and unfurl their banners bearing the inscriptions: ‘Long live the eight-hour day! Long live freedom! Long live socialism!’ The government savagely persecutes the workers for this. It even sends troops to shoot down the workers. Russian soldiers have killed Russian workers in Yaroslavl, St. Petersburg, Riga, Rostov-on-Don, and Zlatoust.
But the workers do not yield. They continue the fight. They say: neither persecution, prison, deportation, penal servitude, nor death can frighten us. Our cause is a just one. We are fighting for the freedom and the happiness of all who work. We are fighting to free tens and hundreds of millions of people from abuse of power, oppression and poverty. The workers are becoming more and more class- conscious. The number of Social-Democrats is growing fast in all countries. We shall win despite all persecution.”
– V.I. Lenin, “To the Rural Poor”
Posted on August 5, 2016 | Leave a comment
“Socialists have always condemned war between nations as barbarous and brutal. But our attitude towards war is fundamentally different from that of the bourgeois pacifists (supporters and advocates of peace) and of the Anarchists. We differ from the former in that we understand the inevitable connection between wars and the class struggle within the country; we understand that war cannot be abolished unless classes are abolished and Socialism is created; and we also differ in that we fully regard civil wars, i.e., wars waged by the oppressed class against the oppressing class, slaves against slave-owners, serfs against land-owners, and wage-workers against the bourgeoisie, as legitimate, progressive and necessary. We Marxists differ from both the pacifists and the Anarchists in that we deem it necessary historically (from the standpoint of Marx’s dialectical materialism) to study each war separately. In history there have been numerous wars which, in spite of all the horrors, atrocities, distress and suffering that inevitably accompany alt wars, were progressive, i.e., benefited the development of mankind by helping to destroy the exceptionally harmful and reactionary institutions (for example, autocracy or serfdom), the most barbarous despotisms in Europe (Turkish and Russian). Therefore, it is necessary to examine the historically specific features of precisely the present war.”
– V. I. Lenin, “Socialism and War”
“The Spirit of ’76”: a painting by Archibald Willard.
American Revolution
(in Russian, War of Independence in North America of 1775-83), the revolutionary liberation war of the 13 British colonies in North America against British colonial domination, during which an independent state was established—the United States of America.
The American Revolution was prepared for by the entire preceding socioeconomic history of the colonies. The development of capitalism in the colonies and the formation of the North American nation contradicted the policy of the mother country, which considered the colonies a source of raw materials and a market. After the Seven Years’ War (1756-63) the British government intensified its pressure on the colonies, in many ways hindering the further development of industry and trade. The colonization of lands west of the Allegheny Mountains was prohibited (1763), and new taxes and customs duties were introduced, which were contrary to the interests of all the colonists. Separate, uncoordinated uprisings and disturbances, which later developed into war, began in 1767. There was no unity among the participants in the liberation movement. Farmers, artisans, workers, and the urban petite bourgeoisie, who made up the democratic wing of the liberation movement, linked their struggle against the colonial yoke with hopes for free access to land and political democratization. However, the leading position in the camp of the advocates of independence (Whigs) belonged to the representatives of the right wing. They expressed the interests of the upper strata of the bourgeoisie and plantation owners, who were seeking a compromise with the mother country. The opponents of the liberation movement in the colonies and the open supporters of the mother country were the Tories, or Loyalists. Among them were big land-owners as well as persons who were connected with British capital and administration.
The First Continental Congress of representatives from the colonies met in 1774 in Philadelphia and called for a boycott of British goods. At the same time, the congress attempted to reach a compromise with the mother country. During the winter of 1774-75 the first armed detachments of colonists arose spontaneously. In the first battles at Concord and Lexington on Apr. 19, 1775, the British troops suffered heavy losses. Soon 20,000 insurgents formed a so-called camp of liberty near Boston. In the Battle of Bunker Hill on June 17, 1775, the British again suffered serious losses.
On May 10, 1775, the Second Continental Congress convened; the predominant influence in it was gained by the radical wing of the bourgeoisie. The congress proposed that all the colonies create new governments to replace the colonial regime. Regular armed forces were organized, and Washington was made commander in chief (June 15, 1775).
On July 4, 1776, the Continental Congress adopted the revolutionary Declaration of Independence, which was written by Jefferson. The declaration proclaimed the separation of the 13 colonies from the mother country and the formation of an independent state—the United States of America (USA). It was the first legal document in history that formally proclaimed the sovereignty of a people and the principles of bourgeois democratic liberties. The decrees on the confiscation of Loyalists’ property (1777) and lands belonging to the crown and the Anglican Church were very significant.
Military action during 1775-78 unfolded primarily in the northern part of the country. The British command endeavored to suppress resistance in New England, which was the center of the revolutionary movement. An American expedition to capture Canada did not achieve its intended goal. The Americans besieged Boston and captured it on Mar. 17, 1776. However, in August 1776 the British commander W. Howe inflicted a grave defeat on Washington’s troops in Brooklyn, and on September 15 he captured New York. In December the British Army inflicted another serious defeat on the Americans near Trenton. Although Washington soon succeeded in capturing Trenton and routing a British detachment at Princeton on Jan. 3, 1777, the position of the American army remained difficult.
The armies that were encountering each other in the American Revolution differed in their composition, equipment, and combat experience. The American insurgent army was initially an ill-trained and poorly organized people’s militia. However, the morale and political level of its soldiers, who were fighting for their own land and vital interests, was considerably higher than the British Army’s. By improving their tactics in waging war, the rebels were able to achieve important advantages. Avoiding major battles and cooperating with partisan detachments, the American army harassed the enemy with sudden thrusts. The American army was the first to use the tactics of an extended formation, against which the linear combat formation of the British proved powerless. At sea, where the British Navy prevailed, American ships also used the tactics of sudden raids, attacking British ships and carrying out campaigns near the shores of Great Britain.
The weakness of central authority in the republic played a considerable role in prolonging the war. The first constitution of the USA, the Articles of Confederation, which was adopted by the congress in 1777 and ratified by the states in 1781, preserved the sovereignty of the states on the most important questions. In addition, the War of Independence was a class struggle within the colonies themselves. Tens of thousands of Loyalists fought in the British Army. The bourgeoisie and plantation owners, who were leading the struggle for independence, were opposed to carrying out the democratic demands of the soldiers, farmers, and workers. The victory of the revolution was possible only because of the participation of the broad masses of the people. Among the poor of New England egalitarian demands ripened for a limit on property ownership and the introduction of ceiling prices on foodstuffs. The Negro people took an active part in the revolution, and Negro regiments were established.
The British plan of military action in 1777 was to cut New England off from the other states. On Sept. 26, 1777, Howe captured Philadelphia, the capital of the USA. However, a British army under the command of J. Burgoyne, which was proceeding from Canada to join Howe, was surrounded, and it surrendered on Oct. 17, 1777, at Saratoga. The victory at Saratoga, which was won by American troops under the command of General H. Gates, improved the international position of the young republic. The USA managed to take advantage of the contradictions between Great Britain and other European powers. Sent to Paris as the representative of the USA, B. Franklin concluded a military alliance in 1778 with France—Great Britain’s colonial rival. In 1779, Spain joined the war against Great Britain. Russia took a friendly position toward the USA, and in 1780 it headed the so-called League of Armed Neutrality, which brought together a number of European countries who were opposed to Great Britain’s attempt to prevent neutral countries from trading with Britain’s enemies.
In June 1778, General H. Clinton, who had replaced Howe, abandoned Philadelphia. During 1779-81 the British shifted their military activity to the southern states, counting on the support of the plantation aristocracy. In December 1778 they captured Savannah, and in May 1780 they took Charleston. The talented general and former blacksmith N. Greene was made head of the southern American army. In fighting against the British troops Greene successfully combined the action of the insurgent army and the partisans. The British were compelled to withdraw their troops to the port cities. After a naval battle of Sept. 5-13, 1781, the French Navy cut the main British forces off from the sea at Yorktown. Washington surrounded them on land, and on Oct. 19, 1781, he forced them to surrender. Under the Versailles Peace Treaty of 1783, Great Britain recognized the independence of the USA.
The American Revolution was a bourgeois revolution that led to the overthrow of the colonial yoke and the formation of an independent American national state. The former prohibitions by the British Parliament and royal authority, which had hampered the development of industry and trade, were abolished. Also eliminated were the large estates of the British aristocracy, as well as vestiges of feudalism (fixed rent, entail, and primogeniture). In the northern states Negro slavery was limited and gradually eliminated. The transformation of the western lands, which had been expropriated from the Indians, into national property by the Ordinance of 1787 and their subsequent distribution created a base for the accumulation of capital. Thus, the essential prerequisites for the development of capitalism in North America were created. However, not all the problems that confronted the American revolution were resolved. Slavery was not abolished in the South, and a high property qualification for voters was maintained in all the states. The estates of Loyalists and western lands were distributed in large pieces, and they fell into the hands of speculators.
The American Revolution, which in its own time was the model of a revolutionary war, exerted an influence on the struggle of the European bourgeoisie against feudal absolutist regimes. Approximately 7,000 European volunteers fought in the ranks of the American army, including the Frenchmen the Marquis de Lafayette and H. Saint-Simon and the Pole T. Kosciuszko. During the Great French Revolution the insurgents made use of the organizational experience and revolutionary military tactics of the Americans. The victory of the North Americans in the American Revolution promoted the development of the liberation movement of the peoples of Latin America against Spanish domination. The revolution was hailed by the progressive people of many countries, including Russia, where A. N. Radishchev celebrated it in the ode “Liberty.”
REFERENCES
Marx, K. Kapital, vol. 1, ch. 25. In K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 23.
Engels, F. “Rabochee dvizhenie v Amerike.” Ibid., vol. 21.
Engels, F. F. A. Zorge, 31 dek. 1892. (Letter.) Ibid., vol. 38.
Engels, F. N. F. Daniel’sonu, 17 okt. 1893. (Letter.) Ibid., vol. 39.
Lenin, V. I. Novye dannye o zakonakh razvitiia kapitalizma v zemledelii, part 1: “Kapitalizm i zemledelie v Soedinennykh Shtatakh Ameriki.” Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 27.
Lenin, V. I. “Pis’mo k amerikanskim rabochim.” Ibid., vol. 37.
Lenin, V. I. “Agrarnaia programma sotsial-demokratii v pervoi russkoi revoliutsii 1905-1907 godov.” Ibid., vol. 16.
Ocherki novoi i noveishei istorii SShA, vol. 1. Moscow, 1960.
Foner, P. Istoriia rabochego dvizheniia v SShA, vol. 1. Moscow, 1949. (Translated from English.)
Foster, W. Negritianskii narod v istorii Ameriki. Moscow, 1955. (Translated from English.)
Fursenko, A. A. Amerikanskaia burzhuaznaia revoliutsiia XVIII v. Moscow-Leningrad, 1960.
Aptheker, H. Istoriia amerikanskogo naroda [vol. 2], Amerikanskaia revoliutsiia 1763-1783. Moscow, 1962. (Translated from English.)
The American Nation: A History, vols. 8-10. New York [1933].
Bemis, S. F. The Diplomacy of the American Revolution. New York, 1935.
Hardy, J. The First American Revolution. New York, 1937.
Morais, H. The Struggle for American Freedom. New York, 1944.
Jensen, M. The New Nation: A History of the United States During the Confederation, 1781-1789. New York, 1950.
Gipson, L. The Coming of the Revolution, 1763-1775. New York, 1954.
I. I. DEMENT’EV
Anti-austerity demonstration before the Greek Parliament, July 3, 2015
August 2015
1. An Introduction to Greece
2. The Truman Doctrine – Greece becomes dependent upon the USA after the Second World War
3. The Greek Junta – Greece by now fully a client state of the USA
4. Capitalist Class of Greece Moves to “Democracy” and Europe
5. The USA Makes Its Move to Become the World Imperialist Leader – The Character of the European Union – from pro-USA states to anti-USA coalition
6. The Greek Economic Crisis 2009-2015
7. The Marxist View of “National Debt” under capitalism
8. The Debt Crisis leads to increasing struggle of the growing Greek working class and gives rise to The United Front of Syriza – the political parties of the left
9. What was the elected programme of Syriza?
10. Elections of 2015 and Negotiations with the Troika
11. Conclusion
APPENDIX: Select Chronology 1975 to 2015
Synopsis:
After the Second World War, Greece was a client state in the Mediterranean of the USA. The revisionist collapse of the Yugoslav communists in the neighbouring state of Yugoslavia was key in this development. Tito’s degeneration into revisionism deprived the minority of the Marxist-Leninist forces in the Communist Party of Greece (KKE) of crucial support. We describe this in a subsequent more detailed article.
This article is restricted to the post Second World War development of Greece, up to the present-day debt crisis. It argues that the entire post-war history of Greece was effectively that of a neo-colonial state serving initially the interests of USA imperialism and British imperialism. The Greek people did not have a non-revisionist proletarian leadership that could develop an independent democratic path. The Junta and the imperialist machinations in Cyprus of the island further retarded the people of Greece. Both Greece and Cyprus – endured military oligarchic dictatorships sponsored by the USA.
The later history of Greece became inextricably entwined with the slow but sure evolution of the European imperialist bloc. This bloc took multiple only slowly coalesced, and eventually it later became the European Community. However during its coming into being, it took several class forms. The post-Marshall Plan in Europe had ushered in a dominant USA which fostered the first steps towards a federal Europe. In its hopes to control the European content as a market, the USA was at first successful. During this period the elements of a united Europe adopted a pro-USA comprador position.
This is also characterised the initial European Economic Union (EEC). But the Euronationlists finally, and haltingly, moved to release Europe to some extent, from the USA embrace. Following the fall of the former Comecon countries, Germany was able to move into a new market itself. This began a new phase. Now the rising German imperialists used their industrial superiority and new market share to re-vitalise their hegemonic ambitions.
Such events were milestones on the road to today’s debacle in Greece. They were the pre-history of the chronic indebtedness of the Greek state.
After the Junta “democratised” itself, Greece swopped the USA master for that of the EU. The EU progressed to be firmly dominated by the unified single unitary state of Germany, where German capitalists became the dominant faction. German capital exported both capital and industrial exports, including… to Greece. Over-riding the total market share of Greece accruing to Germany, are the huge debts of Italy and France to Germany – both at risk of potential default. This underlies the harshness of the German ruling class towards the Greek capitalist representatives in Greece today. Finally, current differences between the International Monetary Fund leader Christine Lagard (representing the USA interests) and the German leaders Angela Merkel and Schauble, show the continuing inter-imperial contradictions. This has engulfed Greece today.
1. An Introduction to Greece
Greece is set in the Eastern corner of the Mediterranean Sea and surrounded by the Aegean Sea:
“Greece has more than 2,000 islands, of which about 170 are inhabited; some of the easternmost Aegean islands lie just a few miles off the Turkish coast. The country’s capital is Athens, which expanded rapidly in the second half of the 20th century. Attikí (ancient Greek: Attica), the area around the capital, is now home to about one-third of the country’s entire population.
( http://www.britannica.com/place/Greece )”
In the modern era industrialisation has been slow, leaving Greece dependent upon agriculture, fishing and tourism. The only segment of industry that could be considered substantial is shipbuilding and related industries:
“The manufacturing sector in Greece is weak. …. In the 1960s and ’70s Greek shipowners took advantage of an investment regime that benefited from foreign capital by investing in such sectors as oil refining and shipbuilding. Shipping continues to be a key industrial sector—the merchant fleet being one of the largest in the world—(but) are extremely vulnerable to downturns in international economic activity, as they are principally engaged in carrying cargoes between developing countries.”
( http://www.britannica.com/place/Greece/Demographic-trends#toc26455 )
As far as agriculture is concerned, produce is hampered by small peasant holdings, resulting from an early restriction on large land holdings:
“large landowners appeared relatively late (with the annexation of Thessaly in 1881) and only lasted till the agrarian reforms of 1917, which abolished big landed property in Greece irreversibly.”
(Mouzelis, Nicols. ‘Capitalism and Dictatorship in Post-war Greece”; New Left Review; I/96, March-April 1976).
In addition dry conditions and poor soil make agriculture at times tenuous.
In recent years the European Community has helped with various grant subsidies. Overfishing has hampered that other resource:
“Greece’s agricultural potential is hampered by poor soil, inadequate levels of “precipitation, a landholding system that has served to increase the number of unproductive smallholdings, and population migration from the countryside to cities and towns. Less than one-third of the land area is cultivable, with the remainder consisting of pasture, scrub, and forest. Only in the plains of Thessalía, Makedonía, and Thráki is cultivation possible on a reasonably large scale. There corn (maize), wheat, barley, sugar beets, peaches, tomatoes, cotton (of which Greece is the only EU producer), and tobacco are grown. Other crops grown in considerable quantities are olives (for olive oil), grapes, melons, potatoes, and oranges, all of which are exported to other EU countries. … Although inefficient, Greek agriculture has benefited substantially from EU subsidies… In general, however, the importance of the agricultural sector to the economy is diminishing…
Greece’s extensive coastline and numerous islands have always supported intensive fishing activity. However, overfishing and the failure to conserve fish stocks properly, a problem throughout the Mediterranean, have reduced the contribution of fishing to the economy.
Greece has few natural resources. Its only substantial mineral deposits are of nonferrous metals, notably bauxite.”
( http://www.britannica.com/place/Greece/Demographic-trends#toc26455 ) ( http://www.britannica.com/place/Greece/Agriculture-forestry-and-fishing )
The early development of modern-day Greek capitalism was that of a merchant capital that weaved itself into the matrix of the Ottoman Empire. Both these traders and arising shipping magnates, were based outside of Greece. Being non-resident they could not transfer easily all their capital resources for later industrialisation needed to keep pace with the rest of the European economies:
“The development of the Greek bourgeoisie must be traced back to the sixteenth century when Greece was under Ottoman rule…. Greek merchants… accumulated vast fortunes and control (over) Balkan trade and most of the Ottoman empire’s commercial transactions with the industrialising West. …..
With the decline of the Ottoman empire in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the Greek bourgeoisie….contributed to the development of Balkan nationalism. It thus played a crucial role in the Greek war of independence against the Turks (1821). For while the Greek peasantry constituted the main revolutionary force in the war, the bourgeoisie and the intellectuals managed to direct this force towards nationalist goals. ….
The first Greek constitutions, for instance, were inspired by the French experience; and although Capo d’Istria and later King Otto tried to implement an absolutist model of government, their efforts were ultimately frustrated.
Of course, it is true that in the nineteenth century the autochthonous merchant class was rather weak. But its counterpart living abroad, the Greek diaspora merchants and ship-owners, with their formidable financial power, greatly influenced the shaping of most institutions in nineteenth-century Greece itself… .. these (Greek) merchant communities.. were flourishing both in colonial centres (Alexandria, Cairo, Khartoum, etc.), in the major capitals of ninteenth- century Europe and in Constantinople and Asia Minor.”
(Mouzelis, Nicols. ‘Capitalism and Dictatorship in Post-war Greece”; New Left Review; I/96, March-April 1976).
This large overseas Greek bourgeoisie was already prone to comprador positions. Although it helped transfer some capital to Greece itself, this was largely in the mercantile and finance sectors:
“Although relatively small by international standards, the Greek diaspora bourgeoisie, by exploiting inter-imperialist rivalries and playing the role of intermediary between metropolitan and colonial centres, managed to master formidable financial resources, some of which were channelled into mainland Greece. However, given its cosmopolitan and mercantile character, as well as the weakness of the indigenous bourgeoisie, these resources contributed to the development of a top-heavy state and a parasitic tertiary sector, geared to support a mercantile and finance capital, rather than to the development of industry and agriculture.”
(Mouzelis, Nicols. ‘Capitalism and Dictatorship in Post-war Greece”; New Left Review; I/96, March-April 1976).
By the end of the Second World War, the population of Greece can be characterised in the following break-down:
A very small working class, of whom the most militant were in the tobacco industry; also some in shipping (often overseas for long periods) and fishing;
A substantial number of small to medium petit-bourgeoisie in the urban areas (artisans, small businesses) and an even larger number of small peasants in the rural areas
A small but dominant comprador bourgeoisie with significant financial overseas capital – based in the shipping industry and in bank capital – with many connections to foreign traders
A much smaller but ambitious section of industrial capital anxious to develop their ‘home’ base of Greek production.
The first two sections of society in particular, had suffered enormous losses and hardships under the Italian-German fascist occupation; and then in the ravages of the Civil War. A good summary of the position of the Greek people following the Second World War can be taken from Enver Hoxha:
“When our people are rebuilding their country which was devastated during the war, when our country is working with all its might to strengthen the people’s democracy and advance on its peaceful and progressive course, Greek monarcho-fascism is employing a thousand and one of the basest methods to inflict harm on our people. You know what a terrible tragedy is occurring in Greece. The unfortunate but heroic Greek people are fighting against monarcho- fascists and the foreign intervention. The progressive and democratic world is profoundly indignant when it sees the great tragedy of that people who deserve to live free and sovereign, but who, unfortunately, are being mercilessly oppressed and killed by collaborators of Italo-German fascism who are now under the direct orders of Anglo-American reaction.”
(Hoxha, Enver; “We Sympathize With the Efforts of the Greek People for Freedom and Democracy.” Speech 3 October 1947; In: “Two Friendly Peoples
Excerpts from the political diary and other documents on Albanian—Greek relations
1941 — 1984”. Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin Institute Toronto, 1985; pp. 47-48. http://www.enverhoxha.ru/Archive_of_books/English/enver_hoxha_two_friendly_peoples_eng.pdf
2. The Truman Doctrine – Greece becomes dependent upon the USA after the Second World War
The USA implemented an overall strategy known as ‘The Truman Doctrine’ – to counter the ideological threat of the USSR after the victories led by the Marxist-Leninists had inspired the world proletariat. In the Aegean the Truman Doctrine aimed to:
“Prevent Greece and Turkey from passing under Soviet Control.”
(Woodhouse C.M. “Modern Greece, A Short History”; London 3rd Edition
1984; p. 258).
Both the USA Marshall Plan and the creation of NATO, were tactical instruments of the Truman Doctrine. They were used in Greece to build and develop a modern capitalist state structure. But before they were deployed, first the potential proletarian victory of the Greek Civil War had to be stopped.
While the British General Scopus and his forces had defeated the combined forces of the Greek Communist Party (KKE) and their military wing (ELAS), significant distrust remained in the population against British imperialism. So, after the battle of Athens (Dec 3rd 1949) was won by the British, a democratic façade was placed onto the imperialist proceedings. By this stage all leftist opposition had been essentially neutralized and no longer posed any threat to the Greek capitalist class.
When the British imperial chief Winston Churchill understood the degree of Greek popular distrust – he reversed his prior opposition to a plebiscite. The plebiscite following the defeat of left forces enabled the return. The ensuing Plebiscite supported the return of King George II to Greece. (Woodhouse C.M. “Modern Greece” Ibid; p. 254).
The Americans also dropped their previous support of the King, and become “ostentatiously neutral” (Woodhouse C.M Ibid; p. 254) – they tacitly supported the British crushing of the communist forces. Archibishop Damaskinos was appointed a Regent in the King’s stead and General Plasitiras (head of EDS) was appointed Prime Minister and head of government in lieu of George Papandreuou. Papandreuou had previously “approved” the British suppression of the mutiny of 1944 (Woodhouse C.M Ibid; p. 252).
Both the American covert support, and the British repudiation of the King’s intent – enabled the predominantly capitulationist ELAS some pretext to accede to British overlordship. Accordingly ELAS now agreed to the infamous Varizka Agreement of February 1945. Only Aris Veloukhiotis and the Political Committee of National Liberation (PEEA) had resisted Varizka – and these forces were simply hunted down and eliminated.
A succession of shaky governments was capped by the first post-war General Election of March 1946. The Communist Party of Greece (KKE) abstained and the Populist party of Constantine Taldaris, formed a government. This election:
“Marked a watershed in Greece’s foreign relations. For the first time the Government of the USA was directly involved in Greek affairs alongside Britain, though occupation in the Allied Mission for observing the Greek elections. It was a first step towards the Truman Doctrine”. (Woodhouse C.M Ibid; p. 257).
The defeat of left and communist forces at Athens had decimated left resistance.
Behind both the King and the Parliament lay the Army, and the most right-wing section of the army – the group known as IDEA (Sacred Bond of Greek Officers):
“After 1949, the ruling class was no longer threatened. … their enemies had been effectively destroyed for a generation.…..
After its victory, the Right imposed a quasi-parliamentary régime on the country: a régime with ‘open’ franchise, but systematic class exclusions. The Communist Party was outlawed and an intricate set of legal and illegal mechanisms of repression institutionalized to exclude left-wing forces from political activity. The job of guaranteeing this régime fell to the agency which created it: the army. The state was nominally headed by the monarchy and political power was supposedly vested in parliament. In reality, however, the army, and more specifically a powerful group of anti-communist officers within it, played the key role in maintaining the whole structurally repressive apparatus… in particular IDEA (Sacred Bond of Greek Officers), which was to play a key role in post-war politics.”
(Mouzelis, Nicols. ‘Capitalism and Dictatorship in Post-war Greece”; New Left Review; I/96, March-April 1976).
The Tsildardis government gave way to the more right wing Demetrios Maiximos with General Zervas (Formerly of EEDS) as Minister of Public Order. Brutal repressions of left forces continued despite both international protests and the presence of a United Nations observership. We will examine the Civil war and the Varzika Agreement in detail in a subsequent article.
By October 1948, martial law was imposed. Under this direct attack by the right-wing forces, and the simultaneous Yugoslav revisionist turn and exposure by the Marxist-Leninist Cominform of 1948:
“The rebel leaders admitted defeat by proclaiming a ‘temporary cessation of hostilities’… a caretaker government.. lifting of martial law, .. withdrawal of the British service missions and the renewal of friendly relations with Yugoslavia.”
(Woodhouse C.M Ibid p. 260)
The Greek government joined NATO in 1951, as well as the Council of Europe; and the Security Council of the UN.
Although throughout this period numerous governments based on varying participation of right-wing forces were only able to hold power for brief periods. The National Progressive Union of the Center (EPEK) – led by General Plastiras and Emmanuel Tsouderous held power until displaced by the virulently anti-communist General Papagos leading the Greek Rally:
“The days of Plastiras’ government were clearly numbered when not only the Greek public but also the US authorities became impatient … Under pressure from the US Embassy the government resigned in 1952… (leading) to electoral overwhelming victory for the Greek Rally.”
(Woodhouse C.M Ibid pp.261-263).
Army vicious actions purged all state structures – which was key to the state through the immediate post-War period:
“Military reaction established firm control over the whole of Greek territory and consolidated a system of ‘repressive parliamentarism’ or ‘guided democracy’. This was controlled by a triarchy of throne, army and bourgeois parliament. Within this power bloc it was the army, the victor of the civil war, which played the dominant role.”
(Mouzelis, Nicols. Ibid; New Left Review; 1976)
Industrial Policy of the Greek Capitalists in this Period
For the next 11 years, both the Army (Marshall Papagos) representatives, or parliamentary figures (George Papandreou before the coup and later Constantine Karamanlis) wanted to consolidate the neo-colonial status to the USA. This started with an economy based on agriculture, tourism and a small manufacturing base.
“the country was far from self-sufficient. .. the chief market for tobacco was revived (West Germany).. expenditure of tourists which came to take second place only to agricultural products as a source of foreign exchange. The development of manufacturing industry and mining with indigenous capital, in place of foreign concessions, (was) a healthy trend. But the lack of home produced source of energy was a severe handicap. It remained true that Greece was still dependent upon foreign aid and there was no end to this condition in sight.”
(Woodhouse C.M Ibid p. 267)
Five special features of the Greek state’s path to modernisation, can be seen:
1. The political and organisational strength of the working class and peasantry was weak, having been decimated during the second world war and after by the brutality of the state. The KKE was almost devoid of leadership, with key leaders in exile.
2. The small native capitalist class was out-numbered by the many Greek capitalist who were based overseas (shipping) – and did not have the necessary local capital to invest. Hence the small resident Greek capitalists used the State machinery to develop. This state machinery swelled the size of the bureaucracy who became a large state dependent stratum. They aspired to ‘middle-class’ status but were objectively privileged sections of a growing working class.
3. The state still needed the heavy investment of the overseas imperialists. They first aligned themselves to the USA, and then by the 1970s to Europe.
4. These strategies effectively left Greece a dependent state with the beginnings of large overseas debt.
5. An immiseration – poverty and desperation – of the working peoples, led to increasing emigrations to both the USA, Canada and Europe
After the devastation of the Second World War there had been an impressive return to Greek per-war levels of production:
“The Second World War and the civil war had devastating effects on the Greek economy. For instance, at the end of the Second World War, 9,000 villages and 23 per cent of all buildings had been destroyed. It was partially a sign of the vitality of Greek capitalism that by the middle fifties, pre-war levels of output had been reached again and the economy was growing at a fast rate (the average rate of growth in the fifties was 6 per cent).”
(Mouzelis, Nicols. ‘Capitalism and Dictatorship in Post-war Greece”; New Left Review; I/96, March-April 1976).
However, despite this growth, manufacturing industry remained undeveloped. Nor did the rise of the shipping industry enable Greek capitalists to retain revenues within Greece to more easily enable a home manufacturing base to be built up:
“the Greek economy of the fifties did not manage to overcome a major feature of its underdevelopment: its weak manufacturing sector. Greek capital, whether in its mercantile, industrial or finance form, was unable to orient itself towards the manufacturing sector—especially in those key branches (chemicals, metallurgy) which, through their multiplying effects and their great transformative powers, can contribute most to a rapid growth of the industrial sector”
(Mouzelis, Nicols. Ibid; New Left Review; 1976).
“shipping… assumed colossal proportions in the post-war period. …..Greek seamen helped the economy by reducing unemployment and by providing valuable foreign currency through their remittances home. On the other hand, since shipping capital lies outside the effective control of the Greek state (it can always move elsewhere if the state bothers it with heavy taxes or other restrictions), it becomes increasingly an avenue of escape for Greek merchant capital. In this way, if migration robs Greece of its most valuable human resources, shipping plays a similar role with respect to the country’s financial resources..”
(Mouzelis, Nicols. Ibid; New Left Review; 1976).
“Greece’s age-old specialization within the inter- national economy had gradually given rise to a spectacular concentration of capital among a handful of shipping magnates, mainly based in London or New York, whose aggregate holdings are widely reckoned to exceed the GNP of Greece.”
(Petras, James. “The Contradictions of Greek Socialism“: New Left Review; I/163, May-June 1987)
In conclusion, Greece did not break out of the strait-jacket of a dependent economy. Despite large state structure support, Greek capitalists did not establish an effective manufacturing base:
“from a ‘under-developed’ economy: i.e. a fast-growing, highly parasitic tertiary sector, a weak and more or less stagnant manufacturing sector with a low labour absorption capacity, and a large but inefficient agricultural sector……Whereas in 1938 manufacturing output amounted to 85·6 per cent of all industrial output, it declined to 79·7 per cent in 1948–9 and to 73 per cent during the 1959–60 period.”
(Mouzelis, Nicols. Ibid; New Left Review; 1976).
“Thus in the late fifties more than half the labour force was still employed in agriculture, whereas the contribution of the industrial sector to the GNP was only around 25 per cent.”
(Mouzelis, Nicols. Ibid; New Left Review; 1976).
Correspondingly foreign investors ensured that favourable legislation was passed in 1953, and by the 1960s a large scale influx of foreign capital flowed in. This was concentrated in the heaviest key sectors, and by the mid 60’s the industrial development had qualitatively changed with heavy industry capital making goods predominating:
“TABLE 1 Flow of Foreign Capital into Greece (Dollars)
1960 11,683,700
1969 64,000,000
1970 70,000,000
By the end of 1973, foreign capital invested in Greece had risen to a total of approximately $725 million…. not very impressive if one takes into account that in a single year (1969) $2,504 million went to the gross formation of fixed capital in the Greek economy.
Nevertheless, as foreign capital was mainly directed to-wards the key manufacturing sectors, its impact on the economy was much greater than its relatively small size would suggest. In fact, especially during and after the years 1962–3, when the metallurgical, chemical and metal construction industries experienced a great boost due to foreign investments, one can speak of a qualitative break in the growth of Greek industry. Not only did the industrial sector start expanding at a much faster rate, but there was an important shift in investment from light consumer goods to capital goods and durables.
Whereas in the period 1948–50 light industry represented 77·5 per cent of total manufacturing output, its share went down to 60·9 per cent in 1963–70.31 This important shift is clearly reflected in the changing structure of the Greek export trade.”
(Mouzelis, Nicols. Ibid; New Left Review; 1976).
Correspondingly, there was shift away from agriculture in the economy. And by the 1970s the economy had become qualitatively industrialised:
“In 1960 agricultural products constituted 80 per cent of the country’s exports, but this figure went down to 54 per cent in 1966 and to 42 per cent in 1971, as Greece was more able to export industrial goods. … Despite the dramatic decrease of the agricultural population during the fifties and sixties, the agrarian structure does not show any signs of basic change: there is no marked tendency towards land concentration or the emergence of large-scale capitalist enterprises in agriculture.”
(Mouzelis, Nicols. Ibid; New Left Review; 1976).
There was a major qualitative change by the 60s, towards industrial development. But it did not eliminate ‘under-development’:
“Thus the sixties saw a qualitative advance in the industrialization of modern Greece. There can be little doubt that the ability of the Greek economy to reap the benefits from concentrated foreign investment in manufacturing was due to its own pre-existing capitalist development. This was not able to generate a significant industrial sector autonomously, but it could adapt itself to, and consolidate one with exceptional rapidity. Yet this type of capitalist development not only failed to eliminate some fundamental aspects of Greek under-development, but on the contrary accentuated them, creating disruptions and dislocations which are directly relevant to an understanding of developments in the political superstructure.”
(Mouzelis, Nicols. Ibid; New Left Review; 1976).
There ensued an enormous state monopoly centralized economy in the industrial sector:
“The intrusion of foreign capital, in close collaboration with Greek capital and the Greek state, reinforced the already impressive degree of capital concentration in the economy. A first rough intimation of this is conveyed by the enormous size (in terms of assets) of such giants as ESSO-Pappas or Pechiney, or the fact that out of the 200 largest companies in terms of fixed capital, seventeen were fully foreign-owned and in another thirty-nine foreign capital had a degree of participation varying from 10 to 90 per cent. As the share of foreign capital in the GNP steadily increased (from 2·15 per cent in 1962 to 8·15 per cent in 1972), the monopolistic tendencies of the Greek economy were markedly accentuated. If in the fifties monopoly or oligopoly were due mainly to indiscriminate and nepotistic state protectionism, in the sixties they were due rather to the capital intensive nature of the new industries and the small size of the Greek market.”
(Mouzelis, Nicols. Ibid; New Left Review; 1976).
But the working class was still small. This is reflected in the predominance of small artisanal or petit-bourgeois production:
“This impressive concentration of industrial capital did not eliminate the plethora of small industrial units, which for the most part have a family-oriented, artisanal character. Indeed, one of the most striking characteristics of Greek industry is the persistence, especially in the more traditional sectors of the economy (footwear, clothing, leather, wood products), of small, low-productivity units side by side with large firms that exercise a quasi-monopolistic control of the market. The extent to which small firms persisted in the Greek manufacturing sector can be seen by the fact that whereas in 1930 93·2 per cent of manufacturing establishments were employing fewer than five persons, by 1958 this percentage had only gone down to 84·9 per cent. In 1958 the percentage of firms employing more than twenty persons was 2·1 per cent.”
(Mouzelis, Nicols. Ibid; New Left Review; 1976).
The working class and peasantry of Greece became progressively more squeezed:
“Gross per capita in- come, approximately $500 at the beginning of the sixties, had reached the $1,000 level by the end of the decade.38 But the few rough calculations which have been made in the absence of complete data leave us in no doubt as to the inequities which disfigure this spectacular gain. For instance, according to a relatively recent estimate, 40
per cent of the lowest income groups receive 9·5 per cent of the national income (after deduction of taxes and social security benefits), whereas the 17 per cent in the top income brackets receive 58 per cent. From 1954 to 1966, when the national income approximately doubled, profits tripled (banking profits between 1966 and 1971 quadrupled).
Obviously, as the relative share of big capital increases, the relative share of all other income decreases. Those engaged in agriculture are, as usual, the worst off. Thus in 1951 agricultural income amounted to 83·3 per cent of the average national income; the proportion dropped to 60·3 per cent in 1962 and 51·1 per cent in 1971… in 1950 independent cultivators and their working family-members constituted 92·39 per cent of the agricultural labour force.”
(Mouzelis, Nicols. Ibid; New Left Review; 1976).
In summary, there was an unusual dual character to the industrial landscape in Greece. It was one of a state sponsored heavy industry tied into foreign capital, while the petit-bourgeois remained very active:
“the capitalist mode of production, dominant in the Greek social formation, is linked to the mode of simple commodity production (agriculture, artisanal industry) in such a way as to keep growing continuously at the expense of the latter—neither destroying it completely, nor helping it to develop. And it is precisely here that the most crucial difference lies between the western European and the Greek models of industrialization. The former involved either the destruction of simple commodity production in agriculture and industry, or its articulated incorporation into the capitalist mode of production through a specialization which established a positive complementarity with big industry. As a result, the effects of technical progress, which originated in the dynamic sectors, spread fairly quickly to the rest of the economy, with beneficial consequences for income distribution, the expansion of internal markets and so on. In the Greek social formation, by contrast, capital intensive industrial production has taken an ‘enclave’ form. Despite its rapid growth in the sixties, it has not succeeded in expanding or even transferring its dynamism and high productivity to the backward sectors of the economy. Thus simple commodity production looms large within the Greek economy. It gives a lot (directly and indirectly) to the capitalist mode of production, but takes very little in return—just enough to reproduce itself. As a consequence, inequalities in Greece are much greater than those found in the West. For in addition to the usual inequalities between labour and capital in the sectors where the capitalist mode is dominant, Greece has inequalities resulting from the persistence of vast productivity differentials between ‘modern’ and ‘backward’ sectors of the economy.”
(Mouzelis, Nicols. Ibid; New Left Review; 1976).
As the Greek countryside was becoming depopulated, many peasants emigrated. This deprived the Right wing forces in the countryside of support. The on-going immiseration-depression of the living standards of the working people led to a resurgence of left support. After some electoral gains of the left, the RIght wing army faction decided to set aside the triarchy of Army, parliamentary forces and Monarchy – and to become the sole power base.
How Cyprus Became the Focus of Imperialism and Heated Up Greek Battles
During this time, the relations between the Greek and Turkish pro-USA client states became strained with the Cyprus crisis. The Cyprus struggle had initially started as a war of liberation against the Ottoman Empire and Turkish oppression. It now pitched a small weak Cypriot national bourgeoisie against both the pro-Greek compradors and the pro-Turk compradors.
“The movement for liberation began under Turkish rule among the Greek Cypriots, who suffered particular oppression, and its main demand was for “Hellenic unity”, for “enosis” (that is, union with Greece). The movement continued to develop under British rule, and with the development of a weak Cypriot national bourgeoisie this class came to lead the liberation struggle. The effective leader of the movement was the Ethnarch of the Greek Orthodox Church, Mihail Mouskos — Archbishop Makarios — and embraced two organization
1) the National Organisation for Cypriot Struggle (EOKA), a right-wing body sponsored by the Greek government and led for many years by Greek General Georgios Grivas; and by
2) the Progressive Party of the Working People of Cyprus (AKEL) a body representing more directly the interests of the Cypriot national bourgeoisie, and presenting a left-wing image to appeal to the workers, peasants and urban petty bourgeoisie; it was led by Ezekias Papaioannou.”
(Marxist Leninist Organisation of Britain (MLOB) “THE CARVE-UP OF CYPRUS” “Class Against Class”; No.7, 1974. ( http://ml-review.ca/aml/MLOB/CYPRUS_Fin.htm )
The fortunes of the Cyprus liberation movement were inextricably tied to the turn of events in Greece. Here the US imperialists held dominant sway:
“By 1966 Greece had become a semi-colony of US imperialism, and this position of dependence was reinforced by the military coup of 1967 which established a military dictatorship in Greece subservient to US imperialism. From now on the demand of the Cypriot national bourgeoisie (represented by the Makarios government) for national independence had the overwhelming support of the mass of the Greek Cypriots, while enosis became the demand only of the pro-imperialist Greek Cypriot comprador bourgeoisie.“
(MLOB, “The carve-up of Cyprus” Ibid)
What was the character of the ‘Independent’ state of Cyrus? In reality it was a neo-colony of Britain:
“In December 1959, prior to the granting of “independence”, elections were held for a Provisional President of Cyprus, Makarios stood on a platform of acceptance, with reservations, of the British imperialists’ plan and was elected by a large majority.
Despite the fact that Makarios represented the interests of the Cypriot national bourgeoisie, the British imperialists felt it safe to hand over “power” to a government headed by him by reason of the antagonisms artificially built up between the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities on the island, believing that these antagonisms and other “safeguards” could be effective in preventing the Makarios government from taking any steps to end the neo-colonial status of the island.
The “independent” Republic of Cyprus which came into being on August l6th, 1960 was, in reality a neo-colony of British imperialism.”
(MLOB “The carve-up of Cyprus” Ibid)
While Archbishop Makarios was a representative of the Cypriot national bourgeois, he was unwilling to launch a struggle that unleashed the power of the working class and peasantry. Thus he was left to resort to intrigue and maneuvers aimed at “seeking advantage of the contradictions between various powers” (MLOB). However this was ineffective as the USA blocked shipped arms from the USSR.
3. The Greek Junta – Greece by now fully a client state of the USA
As noted, the 1967 Greek military dictatorship was established by a coup backed by the USA. It was precipitated by the increasing working class struggles against the poor economic situation of the neo-colonial state of Greece, whereby:
“US civil aid came to an end in 1962; Greece was admitted as an Associate to the European Economic Community; and partial settlement was reached of Greece’s long-standing indebtedness to creditors in the USA and to private creditors in Britain. In each case the result was to add to the strain on the balance of payments..…. nearly one third of the budget was still devoted to defence… The stringency of the economic state of the country led to a number of ugly demonstrations. Strikes became increasingly frequent..”
Woodhouse C.M Ibid p. 282-283.
The then King, Constantine II was the Commander-in-chief of the army.
That the right wing forces were loosing support became clear from the 1958 electoral gains by left wing party EDA. The right wing section of the army – IDEA – launched the “Pericles” Plan:
“devised for the purpose of neutralizing the communists in case of war, this was used instead by the Right to achieve victory in the 1961 elections.”
(Mouzelis, Nicols. Ibid; New Left Review; 1976).
This move by the extreme right-wing of the army, prompted George Papandreou
to start “Anendotos” — a “fight against the repressive policies of the Right.” His party was the “Center Union.”
“In the 1964 elections, Papandreou’s Centre Union successfully challenged the electoral dominance of reaction. In the elections of the following year, it further consolidated its position by gaining an unprecedented 53 per cent majority. Meanwhile, a strong left wing emerged within the Centre Union, under the leadership of Papandreou’s son Andreas.”
(Mouzelis, Nicols. Ibid; New Left Review; 1976).
Although George Papandreou tried to move against IDEA. He also tried to improve some aspects of working peoples lives. Together this prompted the Army and the Monarchy to plot against Center Union by slandering his son Andreas, as a traitor who shared state secrets. An interim coalition government of centrists was formed but fell quickly. Panagiotis Kanellopoulos formed a ‘Service Government’, prior to an election. However, the Army remained determined to sweep away any opposition:
“In 1967, the Greek military seized power in a coup d’état , overthrew the centre right government of Panagiotis Kanellopoulos . It established the Greek military junta of 1967-1974 which became known as the Régime of the Colonels.”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Greece
The Colonels did not change the economic direction of Greece, they made it simpler – they suppressed both workers, peasants and small petit-bourgeoisie – in support of the capitalists:
“The colonels, by following the logic of the economic model they had inherited, gave their unlimited support to big capital, foreign and indigenous. They made sure through repression that the ensuing growing inequalities would be accepted unconditionally, without protests or strikes to frighten capital away. After a short period of hesitation… private investment rose again and foreign capital continued its penetration of the Greek economy. The rate of growth soon surpassed pre-dictatorial levels and sustained an impressive acceleration. This achievement was a clear indication of the ‘fit’ between rapid capital accumulation and the dictatorship. Moreover… despite growing inequalities, the standard of living grew steadily during the period of the dictatorship. The colonels brought to fruition a process of dependent industrialization that had started before them. They did not initiate it, they merely pursued it with vigour and consistency.”
(Mouzelis, Nicols. Ibid; New Left Review; 1976).
Although Mouzelis is sceptical that the USA supported the coup, it most likely they did. Much later on, USA President Clinton – admitted that the USA had backed the Junta:
“When US President Clinton visited Greece in 1999, he obliquely offered what sounded like an apology when talking about a “painful” aspect of their recent history.
“When the junta took over in 1967 here, the United States allowed its interests in prosecuting the Cold War to prevail over its interests — I should say, its obligation — to support democracy, which was, after all, the cause for which we fought the Cold War.” Clinton said in his conciliatory remark,
“It’s important that we acknowledge that.”
Remarks By President Bill Clinton and Prime Minister Simitis of Greece to the Government of Greece, Business and Community leaders. Inter-Continental Hotel Athens, Greece – November 20, 1999.
Anti-Revisionism in Greece ‘The Rule of the Colonels’
– the military Junta 1967-1974 https://www.marxists.org/history//erol/greece/junta-note.pdf
But there was never any serious threat to the Parliamentary section of the Triarchy. The working class had simply been resisting the economic pressures.
They had not been organised into a meaningful communist resistance.
The Junta soon became led by George Papadopoulos, who instituted a reign of terror against leftists and communists. The King tried in 1967 to establish himself as a sole dictator, but was rebuffed and fled to exile.
As Prime Minister, Papadopoulos continued a brutal dictatorship overseen by the dreaded Military Service Police (ESA) of Ioannides. The crude overthrow of any democratic norms even led the Council of Europe to demand Greece’s resignation. But:
“The Western Alliance as a whole continued to tolerate the dictatorship, on the grounds that Greece formed an essential part of NATO….. The US went still further.. American policy became one of active support. American and Soviet strategists were engaged in a duel in the eastern Mediterranean. It became even more intense after the ‘Six-Day War’ of June 1967 between Israel and the Arab states… In September 1972, an agreement was signed by which the US Sixth Fleet would enjoy home-port facilities at Piraeus.”
(Woodhouse C.M Ibid pp.298-99)
Repressions continued and provoked even a Mutiny in the Navy in 1973. In an infamous incident, the students at Athens Polytechnic were brutally assaulted in November 1973. Using tanks to suppress a sit-in, more than 20 students died. This allowed Brigadier Ioannidis to seize power for himself, behind a puppet General Grivkas (Woodhouse Ibid p. 305). Formal martial law was again installed.
Ioannidis now also moved to oust Archbishop Makarios from Cyprus in a coup d’etat. Moreover this was coordinated with the imperialists in order to ensure the partition of Cyprus into a ‘Greek” area and a “Turkish” area. Events unfolded as follows:
“The pretext for action was a note from Makarios to Greek President Phaedon Gizikis on July 2nd., demanding the recall of the Greek officers of the National Guard on the grounds that they had been collaborating with EOKA-B (the terrorist Organisation formed by Grivas following his return to Cyprus in 1979 and continuing in existence after Grivas’s death in January 1974) in attempts to assassinate him and overthrow the government. The note set the deadline of July 20th. for compliance with the demand.
So, on July 16th, on the orders of their Greek officers, units of the (Greek Cypriot)–National Guard, in full collaboration with EOKA-B and with the Greek troops stationed on the island, staged a military coup and established a military dictatorship over the part of the island outside the enclaves under the control of the Turkish Cypriot comprador bourgeoisie’s “Transitional Administration”. A new puppet “President” was installed, one Nicos Sampson, a curfew imposed and thousands of supporters of the Makarios government arrested.
The Greek government recognised its puppet regime almost immediately. while the Turkish government threatened that unless the situation in Cyprus were reversed it would order its troops to invade Cyprus under the Treaty of Guarantee.
For four days the US imperialists and their allies in London, not only took no action, they deliberately obstructed the calling of the Security Council of the United Nations which could have taken some action. As Lord Caradon put it bluntly in a letter to the press:
“Due to the deliberate delay of the United States and the United Kingdom, it was not until after the invasion (i.e. of Cyprus by Turkish troops — Ed.) that the Security Council passed any resolution at all.”
(Lord Caradon: Letter to “The Guardian” 11 July 31st, 1974; p. 12).
Meanwhile, Makarios had managed to escape from Cyprus. He was received by the British government with formal, but non-committal, protocol, but the United States government talked with him only in his ecclesiastical capacity”:
“The President (i.e., Makarios — Ed.) had been given the chilly US reception of — in Dr. Kissinger’s terms — ‘a loser’, without hope of a comeback”.
(“The Observer”, July 28th.9 1974; p. 9).
On July 20th., therefore, some thousands of Turkish troops invaded northern Cyprus according to plan, occupying the principal area inhabited by Turkish Cypriots from the port of Kyrenia to the outskirts of the capital, Nicosia.
Later the same day, the US and British imperialists brought the Security Council into action, and it passed a resolution calling for an immediate cease-fire on Cyprus. And Greece and Turkey — despite being, according to the world press “on the verge of war” – dutifully obeyed.”
(MLOB; Ibid).
“The US was legitimately suspected of having backed Ioannidis”
(Woodhouse Ibid p.305)
4. Capitalist Class of Greece Moves to “democracy” and Europe
The work of the overt and now discredited dictatorship of the generals was done, they had suppressed any internal left opposition. The stage was set for the partition of Cyprus. Now under an international odium, the Colonels “took off their uniforms” – again under pressure again from the USA imperialists. As the MLOB put it:
“The Colonels Take Off Their Uniforms
On July 23rd 1967. The military junta that had exercised a military dictatorship suddenly stepped into the background over the people of Greece since 1967, and announced that they had invited civilian politician Konstantinos Karamanlis to form a civilian Cabinet.
Karamanlis is mainly remembered for his role as Prime Minister in arranging the murder (and its subsequent cover-up) of rival politician Gregori Lambrakis (portrayed in the film “Z“). While in exile in Paris, he was in June 1965 voted into Karamanlis’ party ‘New Democracy’. He was committed for trial by an investigating committee of the Greek Parliament for “bribery, dereliction of duty and maladministration”.
Due to an unfortunate error, the “democratic revolution” in Athens was announced by US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger the day before it actually happened. Even the capitalist press was compelled to treat the “revolution” with some cynicism:
“Dr. Kissinger and his emissary Mr. Joseph Sisco have played a key role in promoting governmental change in Gioecell.”
(“The Guardian”, July 24th., 1974; p. 2).
And in fact, little fundamental in Athens seemed to be changed. True, a considerable number of political prisoners were released (a necessary step in order to obtain enough politicians to form a government). But Brigadier-General Dimtrios Ioannides remained in office as head of the hated military police, martial law continued and in his Message to the Nation Karamanlis was careful not to mention the word “democratisation.”
(Marxist Leninist Organisation of Britain (MLOB) “THE CARVE-UP OF CYPRUS” “Class Against Class”; No.7, 1974. ( http://ml-review.ca/aml/MLOB/CYPRUS_Fin.htm )
Nonetheless Karamanlis did restore the Constitution of 1952 (making it again a monarchy) and released all political prisoners and “legalised the CP for the first time since 1947”. (Woodhouse; Ibid; p. 305). In actual fact he had no real choice as the prior alliance that had formed the Triarchy (Army, right-wing parliamentarians, and Monarchy) had been totally discredited.
“When Constantinos Karamanlis, the grand old man of the Greek Right, stepped into the breech and formed the first post-junta government in 1974, it was immediately apparent that there could be no simple reversion to the old model of repressive parliamentarism… (But) his freshly formed New Democracy party retained and expanded the electoral support that had previously gone to the parties of the Right. But the political discrediting of both the army and the throne—which had, in any case, regarded with suspicion Karamanlis’s sixties project of modernizing the monarchy—left him with little choice but to seek the consolidation of right-wing hegemony through a populist inflection of internal and external policy… Within months of coming to power, the National Unity Government headed by Karamanlis had withdrawn from NATO’s military command structures, legalized the Communist Party for the first time since the civil war, organized relatively free general elections, and called a referendum that produced a 69 per cent majority in favour of the republic. Subsequent trials of junta leaders—in some cases leading to sentences of life imprisonment—underlined the subordination of the officer caste in ‘normal’ political activity…”
(Petras, James. “The Contradictions of Greek Socialism“: New Left Review; I/163, May-June 1987)
By November 1974, elections had elected Karamanlis’ ‘New Democracy’ party. A further plebiscite confirmed a popular rejection of the monarchy. Karamanlis tellingly revealed his government’s objective nature:
“Karamanlis once remarked that he was himself the Americans’ only friend in Greece, and he dared not admit it.”
(Woodhouse Ibid p. 308).
Where was the economic development of Greece by now?
The hopes of the Greek capitalists had in fact not been fulfilled:
“In Greece… the early seventies already witnessed a rise in the specific weight of food, clothing and construction industries, and in the latter half of the decade manufacturing as a whole was contributing less than fifteen per cent of the annual increase in GDP, while fully three-quarters of GNP growth came from the inflated services sector. Manufacturing exports, given the small size of the internal market, had originally been conceived as one of the principal keys to success, and at first a number of important openings were found in this area. However, the recessionary tides of the seventies, together with the intense competition of low-wage economies precisely in textiles and other such goods, led to a loss of Greece’s market share everywhere except in the Middle East. By 1980, when PASOK was preparing to take over the reins of government, it was possible to talk of an actual tendency of deindustrialization, as the import/export ratio of manufacturing goods had risen to 3.2:1 from 2.5:1 in 1974.”
(Petras, James. “The Contradictions of Greek Socialism“: New Left Review; I/163, May-June 1987)
While Karamanlis was not anti-American, he was moving Greece towards Europe. Relations with Europe, in order to join the European Economic Community (EEC), became the focus. Karamanlis had spent 15 years as an exile in France, and the French government had sent him back to Greece on a government plane.
On 1 January 1981, Greece joined the EEC becoming its tenth member.
But Karamanlis was struggling to withstand the growing resistance as inflation drove a left shift. The by now openly revisionist Communist party of Greece (KKE) had begun to capture a portion of the electorate:
“At the left end of the spectrum, the Communist Party of Greece (KKE) rapidly consolidated a strong position in industry and a ten-per-cent bloc of the electorate”;
(Petras Ibid New Left Review 1987)
A new façade to divert the masses was urgently needed. The prior ‘centrist’ party of George Papandreou had been the ‘Centre Union’. After the Junta dissolved itself, this won 20% in the first elections, and supported Karamanlis in government. Consequently it soon disintegrated. George’s son, Andreas Papandreou had been trained as an economist in the USA. He had been instrumental in the pre-Junta parliamentary government, in attempting to curb the most right-wing elements of the Army (IDEA). He had fled into exile after the coup, and from there organised a resistance grouping – Pan-Hellenic Liberation Movement (PAK).
After the Karamanlis return to parliamentary rule, Papandreou organised the
Pan-Hellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK). Within 7 years it had won the in the Greek elections of 1981. It was an explicitly social-democratic formation proposing:
“full-scale nationalization and ‘an end to the exploitation of man by man’. …. And an all-round modernization of Greece’s productive system that would bring to the fore hi-tech industries employing local and expatriate skilled labour and producing for internal consumption and export. In foreign policy, Papandreou retained his reputation as an intransigent opponent of NATO and of any Greek involvement in the EEC .. All these themes came together in skillful and insistent propaganda centred on the need for comprehensive change or allaghi.”
(Petras Ibid New Left Review 1987)
By October, Andreas Papandreou was elected into power for the PASOK party.
It is true that early progressive moves were made during its government including early secularisation and improvements in the role of women:
“The more general secularization of Greek society, and the introduction of divorce by consent, civil marriage and equal rights for children born out of wedlock.. the Greek parliament has abolished various repressive laws from the fifties as well as some of the extreme powers given to the police, and although the military has largely remained a world apart, subject to no fundamental restructuring or parliamentary scrutiny, it has been deprived of the means of direct intervention that used to be provided by its own radio station. .. the EAM/ELAS Resistance was officially rehabilitated.”
(Petras Ibid New Left Review 1987)
However PASOK retreated quickly upon attempts to tax urban real estate, and did not try seriously to ever move on this front again. Industry remained at a comparatively low level against other countries of Europe. PASOK did not base itself on the working class, and thus never proposed any resolve to deal with either the Greek capitalists, or the petit-bourgeois small business. Corruption was a real problem and Petras proposes the term ‘kleptocrats’ to describe a stratum of especially corrupt business:
“Most of the ‘industrialists’ continued to accumulate wealth by borrowing huge amounts of capital from the state banks, investing a fraction and diverting the rest to overseas bank accounts. The debt/ capital-investment ratio remained one of the highest in the world because industry was directed not by the usual kind of entrepreneur but by a highly distinctive stratum of kleptocrats. Agriculture too suffered from underinvestment, irrational and costly marketing systems, with a multiplicity of small farms divorced from organized credits or from productive systems capable of providing cheap inputs or processing outputs.”
(Petras Ibid New Left Review 1987)
The preponderance of petit-bourgeois ownership of small businesses had bred its brand of tax evasion and corruption:
“In Greece, …the pervasiveness of petty-bourgeois ideology and the ability of the non-productive classes to evade taxes and acquire multiple sources of income. Until Greek society recognizes the working class as its most valuable asset in the drive for industrialization, it will be doomed to stagnation and crisis.”
(Petras Ibid New Left Review 1987)
PASOK would not move against the capitalist class. Instead it resorted to short term loans to head off worker and petit bourgeois discontent. PASOK rule led to inflation and the start of the debt. At the same time debt increased. Meanwhile
The financial sectors were bolstered whilst manufacturing was neglected:
“PASOK’s early spending spree… increase(d) the consumption of nearly all sections of the population without creating any new industrial capacity to meet that demand. The government raised wage income, partially offsetting the inflationary erosion in Karamanlis’s final two years; private capital responded by slowing investment to the merest trickle. Exports stagnated, while imports mushroomed and invisible earnings (the mainstay of the external sector) began a sharp decline. To secure the populist compromise the regime had turned to foreign loans, fiscal deficits and EEC subsidies; ….
Public sector borrowing soared from 12–1 per cent of GDP in 1983 to 17–1 per cent in 1985, without having any effect on domestic output; and particularly in the run-up to the June 1985 elections it was increasingly used to finance current expenditures, which rose from 39 per cent of GDP in 1984 to 41 percent in 1985. As one study has noted:
‘The fastest-growing category was employment in services, almost exclusively led by continuing substantial increases at around 3 per cent per annum in employment in the public sector and in banks . . . In the three years to 1985 employment in manufacturing declined by around 2–1 per cent.’ Table Two (below) sets out the still sharper fall in output during
the first PASOK term.
Consumer goods 195 191 188 192
Capital goods 180 163 167 172
Source: OECD Report on Greece, 1985/86.”
(Petras Ibid New Left Review 1987)
Agriculture also saw falling production:
“Agricultural growth for its first term was as follows:
_1.6, 1981; _2.4, 1982; _6.8, 1983; _6.4, 1984; _0.5, 1985.
The reason for these meagre results was that only a small part of the funds were actually used in agriculture. The remainder were employed to ‘finance consumption, to be redeposited with banks at much higher rates, and to be used for the acquisition of real estate in urban areas.’”
(Petras Ibid New Left Review 1987)
In fact, while the now infamous external Debt of Greece, became a ballooning problem under PASOK. Petras cites figures from the OECD:
“PASOK has also increased Greece’s role as a subordinate debtor nation beyond the worst period of the old Right… (See Table 3 Below.) The foreign debt stands at 45 per cent of GDP and payments account for close to a quarter of export earnings. Given the phasing- out of EEC balance of payments assistance, commercial borrowing will soon have to increase more than twofold, on terms dictated by the foreign banks: namely, the closure of unprofitable public enterprises; greater freedom for employers to hire and fire workers; tough anti- strike legislation, relaxation of price controls, an expansion of public– private ventures, and an open door to foreign investment.
Table 3:
Greece’s External Debt (in billions of $)
1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Total Debt 7.9 9.5 10.6 12.3 14.8 17.0”
(Petras Ibid New Left Review 1987)”
In fact – all this is very similar to today, and the same demands for ‘austerity’ were raised then by the European banks.
This social-democratic party, now more openly objectively played the role of a pro-European comprador:
“Papandreou .. freely engaged in anti-American rhetoric… contending that the American imperialism was the most serious threat to humanity, Papandreou unnecessarily antagonised Washington.”
(Kofas JV; “Under the Eagle’s Claw – Exceptionalism in Postwar US-Greek Relations”; Westport 2003; p.184)
Meanwhile Papandreou was moving Greece firmly into dependency to the EEC:
“Dependency results from the growing EEC domination of the Greek economy. While the EEC has increased the transfer of loans and grants to Greece, this has been more than offset by the takeover of internal markets and the displacement of Greek manufacturers and farmers. To quote again from the OECD report: ‘Whereas Greek manufacturing output has remained broadly stagnant in the three years to 1985, import volume of manufactures may have risen by roughly one fourth in the same period.”
(Petras Ibid New Left Review 1987)”
Neither PASOK nor the party New Democracy (Led by Kostas Karamanlis , the nephew of the former President) – differed substantially in their political orientation towards Europe. Both were realigning from the USA to Europe:
“Greece evolved from a client-patron relationship with the US to being an EU member, subordinating its national sovereignty to the community….
With increased competition of the regional economic blocs.. after the Cold War Greece drifted further from the US, because Europe was drifting as it strengthened and expanded its own sphere economically financially, politically, and militarily…”
(Kofas JV; “Under the Eagle’s Claw – Exceptionalism in Postwar US-Greek Relations”; Westport 2003; p.248)
Greece’s leaders also did not appreciate the USA more overtly favouring Turkey as its vassal state of choice in the Aegean and Mediterranean. But in fact, Papandreou was posturing – and perhaps to the populist base that PASOK had bult, that he was ant-USA. After all, Papanadreous signaled to the USA that were better terms given to Greece, that this re-orientation could be re-visited. Correspondingly during the 1984-1985 year, the total US military aid to Greece actually went up (Kofas, p.200 Ibid). Moreover he renewed Greece’s allegiance to NATO, and enabled the US fleet continued facilities.
This hesitation of Greece’s capitalist leader to completely cut the USA off as their pay-master, reflects that of the European powers themselves (see below). The determination of the EEC to sharply diverge, reject its subordinate status and openly challenge the USA, was still to come.
By 1985, PASOK reversed all its earlier progressive steps for workers wages and trade unions. It increased unemployment to doubled its rate (it was now above 10%). It enabled employers to revert to arbitrary practices of hiring and firing, and empowered them to break strikes.
Greece’s path was set by the refusal to tackle the core problem: Refusing an independent path and adopting a pro-European comprador path – just as before it had been a pro-USA comprador path. What did this mean? Essentially it mean chronic indebtedness with no possible release. Warnings that were later to be echoed in 2014 – began to sound:
“Interest payments on the external debt have been undergoing a geometric progression (up from $466 million in 1980 to $1.1 billion in 1984), while exports have fallen from $4.7 billion in 1981 to $4.4 billion in 1984. … Capital flight has increased significantly in the 1980s, as it has done in other indebted rentier states. ….. a positive $15 million balance of payments in 1980 became a negative $312 million in 1984. For these reasons—together with the overwhelming predominance of speculative over entrepreneurial capital—it is clear that the financing of further growth is virtually excluded. Far from inducing the inflow of new resources for development, Greece’s ‘opening to the outside’ or ‘liberalization of the economy’ will facilitate the outflow of resources, thereby deepening underdevelopment. Nor will the device of lowering wages make Greek capital competitive, so long as industrial capital acts principally as a financial intermediary and fails to innovate and invent.”
(Petras Ibid New Left Review 1987)
The details of individual governmental changes up to the 2010 financial crisis in Greece, are beyond the scope of this article. In fact, they do not substantially alter the analysis. The trajectory of Greece was now set. While the political leaders were acting in the interests of the dependent capitalists (in essence all of Greek capital) – the compact with foreign imperialism would ensure the Greece crisis became a financial chain-reaction.
We must briefly examine the politics of the European coalition at this point.
The Appendix carries a detailed chronology describing the history of Greece from 1981 up to 2010.
5. The USA Moves to Become the World Imperialist Leader – The Character of the European Union – from pro-USA states to anti-USA coalition
Moving to a meaningful trans-national coalition of European capitalist states – took several steps and forms. The coalition morphed from a post-war Europe wish to re-build, through to the European Economic Community (EEC) and then to the European Union (EU):
“The Community’s initial aim was to bring about economic integration, including a common market and customs union, among its six founding members: Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany. It gained a common set of institutions along with the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) as one of the European Communities under the 1965 Merger Treaty (Treaty of Brussels). In 1993, a complete single market was achieved allowing for the free movement of goods, capital, services, and people within the EEC…
Upon the entry into force of the Maastricht Treaty in 1993, the EEC was renamed the European Community to reflect that it covered a wider range than economic policy. This was also when the three European Communities, including the EC, were collectively made to constitute the first of the three pillars of the European Union, which the treaty also founded. The EC existed in this form until it was abolished by the 2009 Treaty of Lisbon, which incorporated the EC’s institutions into the EU’s wider framework and provided that the EU would “replace and succeed the European Community.”
(Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Community )
Through these steps, the class alliances of the countries of the European alliance changed in its essential character.
Immediately post-Second World War, the European countries, were formed into a pro-USA formation. However over time they became anxious to attain autonomy from the USA. This fight-back reached a climax after the USA launched its financial attack in launching the Dollar Hegemony in the Plaza Agreement of Richard Nixon in August 1971. This act finally precipitated the formation of the Eurozone. This section traces the course of the changing class character of Europe in the post-Second World War decades.
At the end of the Second World War, the USA planned to rebuild European capitalism through the USA Marshall Plan for its own ends. This was facilitated by the fact that the Second World War had physically devastated Europe, and that many countries were in debt to the USA. Britain, for example was now completely beholden to its major competitor – the USA:
“When sales of foreign investments and of gold and dollars are added in, the net change on capital account between the outbreak of war and the end of 1945 amounted to no less than Pounds Sterling 4,700 million. The United Kingdom ended the war with the largest debt in history.”
(A.Cairncross. Years of Recovery, British Economic Policy. 1945-51. London, 1985. p.7).
American imperialists recognised that Europe needed to be re-built as a bulwark against further socialist upheavals. Especially as the USSR successful battles, had become an inspiration across the world. The USA imperialists – as personified by James Warburg (part owner of the House of Morgan, a controller of USA international finance and industrial and utility trusts) – remarked:
“Germany was the hub of the weak German economy ‘the largest single compact mass of skilled labour on the Continent’, it should be transformed from ‘the present poor-house and plague-center’.. ‘into a powerhouse for a rapid reconstruction of Europe, without letting the powerhouse acquire too broad a permanent franchise and – above all – without letting the powerhouse ever again become an arsenal’…. ‘The Westward thrusting of communism will not be stopped by an physical frontier. It can be only stopped only a planned, US-Aided reconstruction so liberal and even revolutionary as to meet the challenge on its own grounds, and to strike the meaning from the accusation of American “dollar diplomacy.”
(Van Der Pijl, K. ‘The making of an Atlantic ruling class”; pp. 42-43,146; London 2012).
As time would show, once Europe had been rebuilt as a bulwark, the USA could not restrain European capitalists wanting their own dominance.
In postwar Europe – the Marshall Plan was one of the three trade and economic tactical instruments by which the USA imperialists wished to take advantage of the post-Second World War crippling of the European powers. The other two were the creation of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the creation of the General Agreement of Trades and Tariffs (GATT). The military instrument to back these up was of course the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Marshall Plan was conceived as an anti-communist and anti-nationalist weapon and a means to erode European independence:
“The establishment of American hegemony in the North Atlantic area was directed simultaneously against the spread of planned economy and social revolution beyond the Soviet-controlled area in Europe and against the national, self-contained reconstruction programs pursued by most West European states in the immediate post-war period. These programs in which local Communists parties participated, were judged unsuited for maintaining capitalist rule in the long run. ‘Europe would have been Communistic if it had not been for the Marshall Plan, Marshall Aid administrator Paul Hoffman claimed in February 1950.”
(Van Der Pijl, K. Ibid; p.148-9)
Van Pijil summarises that:
“Through the Marshall offensive, the Pax American was imposed on the economic ruins of the defunct Pax Britannica in Europe.”
(van Pijl Ibid p. 167) .
But the formation of the IMF was another key strand of the USA design.
“Bretton Woods.. Shorthand for the system, designed by the US and Britain, that governed international monetary and economic relations in the decades following the Second World War. … (It was) the launch of the post-war phase of super-dominance of the US and the dollar. .. All member countries pledged themselves to play by an internationally agreed set of rules…these rules were quite strict, and enforced by a new world economic policeman, the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Countries had to declare a ‘par value’ – an exchange rate – of their currency in terms of the American dollar and/or gold, and change it only in consultation with the IMF. Various forms of currency manipulation were named … to prevent a return to the competitive devaluations and currency chaos of the 1930s. While countries could keep some controls on movements of capital, they basically undertook gradually to dismantle the wartime systems of exchange and trade controls and to move towards the free convertibility of their currencies… they also pledged themselves to adhere to the rules of the multilateral trades and payments scheme”;
(Dean, Marjorie & Pringle, Robert “The Central Banks”; London 1994 p.75).
In return for this agreement, the USA agreed to take over the position as “lender of last resort” – whereby it would honour those creditors who wished to remove gold in exchange for dollar. It would:
“Submit to discipline by its agreement to convert into gold any dollar balances presented to it by overseas central banks at the fixed price of $35 an ounce. The US was the only country to accept such a gold convertibility obligation and the only one in a position to do so, having ended the war owning about two-fifths of the world’s stock of monetary gold”;
Dean and Pringle; Ibid p. 76.
This in effect took over the dominant position of lender of last resort that the British government had previously held from 1924 to September 1931 (Dean and Pringle Ibid p. 63). The US was anxious to see this agreement effected as it would enable the USA to control international monetary policy:
“In these countries (Ed -ie. those agreeing to join the IMF) national central banks of countries other than the US had little influence on policy decisions. Domestic and economic policy came to be dominated by one objective – the maintenance of the fixed exchange rate against the dollar – and exchange rate policy, was of course entirely a matter for government…. For the most part, a government would respond to an impending payments deficit by tightening fiscal policy (Ed-i.e. dropping the printing of money) or putting up interest rates; and a country with a surplus would ease fiscal policy or lower interest rates. Of the major countries only France resorted regularly to devaluation as way of maintaining its export competitiveness and growth.”
(Dean and Pringle; Ibid p. 76).
This meant that the USA did not need to try to maintain its currency value. All countries had to acquire the dollar; there was no need for the dollar to be defended at any particular rate of exchange. By 1949 the US had acquired 72 % of the world’s gold. The Bretton Woods Proposal had been resisted by Lord Maynard Keynes of Britain, but to no avail. This Agreement eased the post war period for the USA, because all other Central Banks had to have a dollar reserve:
“Making the dollar a reserve currency meant that central bankers round the world had to have dollars. They had to buy dollars in the marketplace which pushed up the price of the dollar up, threatening the parity of the currency with the dollar. Thus they could only buy when the dollar was weak… This suited the US and the US Federal Reserve which could follow a very lax monetary policy to make sure that there were always dollars to go around. It worked wonders for post-war US domestic policy, helping promote the wartime dream of full employment.”
(Bose, Mihir “The Crash” London, 1988. p.135).
The USA was in an unusual position of dominance. It had funded the war for the Western capitalist allies, detonated the Atom bomb thereby showing its military dominance, and had a home base that was unaffected to a large extent by the war. It proceeded to further dictate terms, to ensure its vote in the IMF on decisions, was a veto:
“In order to finance European and other foreign purchases from America, that is to ensure adequate financial resources to sustain US exports, (“world trade”) the US Government had taken the lead in 1944 at Bretton Woods to establish the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. Loans were provided by the U.S. Government and US credit markets via the World Bank to European governments, which used them mainly to pay for goods supplied by American exporters. The source of the original loan funds provided by the IMF came from foreign currency and gold subscriptions by the participating nations. America’s subscription amounted to almost $3 billion and entitled it to nearly 30% of the voting power. The member nations agreed that an 80% majority vote would be required for most rulings, thus conceding unique veto power to the US… Europe was fully aware that it was ceding to America the option of determining its own currency values and tariffs. The US was the only nation with sufficient foreign exchange to finance a program of overseas investments, long term financing and foreign aid…”
(Hudson, Michael. Global Fracture, the new international Economic Order. New York, 1977. p.11-12).
Such a ceding of power to the USA was self-evident as any debts to the USA were only made payable in dollars or gold. The Bretton Woods Agreement had after all made the dollar “as good as gold.” The USA actively hoarded gold. Until 1958 and the Korean war the gold stocks of the USA remained exceedingly high, in correspondence with the USA stipulations on repayment). The USA also ensured that the major European powers joined the Gold Pool. This served:
“To ensure that the gold parity of the dollar would be supported by the central banks, the European ones mainly, who would thus have to sell central bank’s stocks of gold as the occasion demanded. The price of gold was kept artificially low at a time when the price of goods was rising. The dollar thus stayed as good as gold and the US was freed from the threat of having to support the gold parity of the dollar by itself, or of seeing gold overtake the dollar as an international reserve instrument which remained a theoretical possibility in the framework of the Bretton Woods Agreement. The US spared no efforts in its campaign to impose and maintain the Gold Standard.”
(Fiit,Yann, Faire, Alexandre, and Vigier, Jean-Pierre; (“The World Economic Crisis, US imperialism at Bay”; London, 1980; p.76.;p.83).
Britain was being firmly eclipsed by the USA as the foremost imperialist. The pivotal point forcing even the most stubborn British imperialists to recognise this, came in the Suez disaster of 1956 (these events were described in “The Gulf war – the USA Imperialists Bid To Recapture World Supremacy” at
http://ml-review.ca/aml/allianceissues/alliance2-gulfwar.htm )
Meanwhile the other European capitalists searched for ways to move into more independence. This was a slow process. The USA continued to exert major obstruction to real independence for some time. Within each of the major European states, some elements were more inclined towards the USA (i.e. compradors – the so-called pro-‘Atlantic’ bourgeoisie), some were more interested in maintaining an independent sovereignty (the so-called ’Euro-nationalists’). These tensions played out over decades, spanning three “waves” of USA offensives:
“Three successive strategies of Atlantic unity .. corresponded to the different offensives periods of American capitalism. The first was Roosevelt’s concept of Atlantic universalism, which derived its specific Atlantic dimension from the American focus of World War Two and the key position of the British Empire in the world America wanted to expand into. The second version of Atlantic unity was the Atlantic Union idea, which surfaced at the time of the Marshall Plan and combined a status quo approach to control of the periphery with a high-pitched Cold War unity against the Soviet Union. The third Atlantic strategy was the Atlantic partnership scheme promulgated by President Kennedy in an attempt to restore unity of purpose to an Atlantic world in which the establishment of a restrictive EEC demonstrated the degree to which Western European capital had emancipated itself from American tutelage and was intent on carving out a sphere-of-interest of its own.”
(Van Der Pijl, K; Ibid; p.xxxiv; London 2012).
The so-called Atlanticists (the comprador bourgeoisie for the USA – a term usually reserved for countries of colonial or semi-colonial status) were largely representatives of finance capital. These were interested in the freedom of shipping capital reserves freely across international boundaries. They are also termed “liberal internationalists” by van der Pijil.
In contrast the “Euro-nationalists” represented industrial capital – and were interested in ensuring reinvestment in and redeveloping a European heavy industrial base. They supported single ‘sovereign’ or independent, state funding of heavy industry and can be termed state monopolists .
As an internal intra-European battle between these two segments of capital occurred, the USA imperialists initially favoured steps to a pan-European supra-national state. Of course this single supra-national state, has still not been achieved. However between 1945-1998 – there were periods where the European Euronationalist capitalist powers waxed and waned, as USA imperialism counter attacked.
Regardless of whose interests it served, the overall tendency was towards a move for unity of the smaller European countries. Only later was directed against the USA hegemony. The class character of the European coalescing would shift form a pro-USA vassal coalition to an anti-USA coalition. Ultimately this would end up being dominated by the German bourgeoisie.
Through this period, the fading British imperialists continued to rely and favour USA imperialism. In fact it was actually Ernest Bevin, British Foreign Secretary who first proposed the NATO alliance:
“The actual initiative to found a North Atlantic military alliance was taken by Ernest Bevin in 1948 following a series of defence treaties between Western European states… Bevin .. in early 1948, urged … formal Atlantic cohesion of a political nature.. to USA Ambassador Lew Douglas.. the treaty establishing the NATO was concluded in April 1949”
(Van Pijl Ibid p. 157).
Early on French imperialism, as represented by General De Gaulle, wished to utilise USA strength to stand against the USA. The early events were summarised as below:
“The war encouraged a proliferation of new schemes for European regional organisation. De Gaulle for instance repeatedly voiced the idea that European unity might be a bulwark against both the Soviet Union and the United States, and comparable arguments were heard in various segments of the German, Italian, and Dutch bourgeoisie Resistances….
Churchill’s proposal for a Council of Europe provides probably the best example of the (Atlanticist) concept of European unity… coupled to Britain’s desire to maintain its special link with the Commonwealth and the United States.. “
(Van Der Pijl, K. Ibid; p26; London 2012).
In contrast:
“The Euronational concept combined a number of state-monopolisitic attributes like a strong emphasis on a “European” economic policy with a distinct rejection of Atlantic unity” ;
(Van Der Pijl, K. Ibid; p26; London 2012).
The first USA steps to infiltrate Europe were actually before the Second World War. In most accounts, Jean Monnet the post-war Finance Minster of France figures prominently:
“Jean Monnet… was perhaps one of the foremost in the European postwar leaders to see the necessity of a coalition of European countries…. As early as 1921 Monnet had advised Eduard Benes: To address the problem of the weakness of Central European economic by establishing a “federation because of the region formed a “natural economic unit.”
(James Laxer. “Inventing Europe”; Toronto, 1991.p. 27).
Later in the Second World War:
“Writing on behalf of the French Committee of National Liberation, Monnet for the first time advocated the formation of a federation of European states to be established following the conflict..”
(Laxer, Ibid, p. 27).
But Jean Monnet was in reality, a pro-USA comprador. He had spent many years working in banking in the USA and had married a scion of the US ruling classes. Ultimately he saw not a rivalry between the USA and pan-Europe, but a partnership, which later USA President Kennedy was also to espouse (van Pijl p. 29):
“The most important representative of the Atlantic Partnership, or Euramerican concept in France was Jean Monnet. 1962 was Monnet’s year of triumph, in which he thought the partnership of equals between the US and the EEC, by which the Soviet union could be effectively checked, was actually materializing. In Monnet’s view this would entail European military autonomy as well. ‘Equal partnership must also apply to the responsibilities of common defense, it requires amongst other things, the organisation of a European atomic force including Britain and in partnership with the US.”
(Van der Pijl: Ibid; P. 225).
Monnet’s relationship with the USA ruling class representatives of capital was close at even a personal level:
“There is no doubt.. Monnet’s initiatives .. owed much to American encouragement. His decisive advantage was the closeness of his association with the USA political elite.. the Dulles brothers, Acheson, Harriman, McCloy, Ball and Brice and others.. he was to become widely distrusted in his own country because of it..”
(Anderson, Perry. “The New Old World”; London 2009 p.15)
“Monnet’s strength as an architect of integration (i.e. of Europe – ed) did not lie in any particular leverage with European cabinets… but in his direct line to Washington.”
(Anderson, Perry. Ibid; p. 17)
By May 1949, the first concrete post-war steps for uniting Europe into a pro-Atlantic (i.e. pro-USA) bloc led to the Statute of the Council of Europe.
On 9 May 1950, the French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman proposed to integrate the coal and steel industries of Europe. The Schumann Proposal for the European Iron and Steel Community, was designed to form a competitive market in iron and steel, using substantial public sector capital. Britain refused to join at that stage. By 1958, trade in the ECSC in steel had increased by 157% and steel output by 65% (Laxer, p. 38).
In “Alliance Marxist-Leninist” of October 1992, the Schumann Plan was portrayed as an anti-American move; and Jean Monnet as a Euronationalist. Alliance was incorrect in this analysis. (Alliance Marxist-Leninist ALLIANCE (MARXIST-LENINIST (Number 3, October 1992) “Crisis In Capital And Their Solution – Free Trade And Protectionism In Developed Countries” http://ml-review.ca/aml/AllianceIssues/ALLIANCE3ECONOMICS.html
The reality was far more complex. In fact the USA had argued that the Schumann Plan was of use since:
“Secretary of State Acheson in 1951 estimated that the Schumann Plan was useful.. since it would “pull Germany, certainly Western Germany into economic relationship with Europe. It will tie it in and lay a foundation which will ally fears the Germany might come loose and go off on an independent or pro-Russian policy.”
(van Pijl Ibid p. 157) .
The USA imperialists with their European stooges – and even with the Euro-nationalists – at this stage all continued to agree that Europe needed to unite. The vision of many planners of USA strategy, was akin to that of Paul Hoffman – leading member of the Committee headed by Averell Harriman secretary of Commerce – speaking to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in 1950:
“We know that there is no possibility of Europe becoming the kind of an economy that will make it a great force of strength in the Atlantic community unless we break down the barriers between those 17 political subdivisions with which we are working… so that you have a single market, or something close to it, in which you will have large-scale manufacturing because you have a large market in which to sell it.”
(Van Pijl Ibid p. 197)
Britain and France after Suez, had to accept that in the immediate future, their only role on the world stage would be as a junior partner to USA imperialism. They threw their lot in with the Americans. The USA used their influence with the British to disrupt attempts at a defence force independent of the US.
But as the USA became ever more hegemonic in Europe, De Gaulle and others turned to resist USA incursion. This was forseen by J.V.Stalin:
“Britain and France .. are imperialist countries.. Can it be assumed that they will endlessly tolerate the present situation in which.. Americans are penetrating into the economies of Britain and France and trying to convert them into adjuncts of the USA economy?
…Would it not be truer to say that capitalist Britain and France will be compelled in the end to break from the embrace of the USA and enter into conflict with it in order to secure an independent position and of course high profits?”
(J.V. Stalin, “Economic problems of the Socialism in the USSR”; Moscow, 1952. p. 38).
The loosening of the dependency chains on European nations formed by the credit of the USA Marshall Plan would take several interim steps.
By 1957, the Treaty of Rome was signed which established the European Economic Community (EEC). Consistent with its overall European strategy, the formation of the EEC was supported by the USA. In fact:
“Eisenhower (said) .. that the Treaty of Rome would be one of the finest days in the history of the free world, perhaps even more so than winning the war”;
(Anderson; Ibid; p. 18).
There was now a dramatic opening of the European market for financial penetration – to take over European industries, as well as their markets:
“The shift from commercial to financial penetration (ie of Europe – by the USA -ed) was confirmed by the formation of the EEC. The Common Market dramatically changed American prospects for expansion in this respect.“
(Van der Pijil; Ibid, p.193)
In reply to De Gaulle, the USA attempted to weaken the development of the future European Union, by using its stooge the weak British imperialists. Thereupon French General De Gaulle later on vetoed the entry of Great Britain into the EEC for precisely this reason.
By the time of Nixon and Kissinger, the situation had shifted. Now the USA perceived the threat in the now built up European Community:
“(they) started to perceive the potential for a rival great power in Western Europe”;
(Anderson Ibid p. 21).
How had things changed so dramatically? The balance of power between the Euronationalists and the pro-US Atlanticists had changed after the rise of the dollar hegemony. To recap, the Bretton Woods Agreement of 1944 to stay on a gold convertibility was simply put aside by the USA. By the 1960s, under USA President Johnson, inflation was created by printing more dollars. This enabled the USA to fund the Vietnam War and its limited social reforms of the so-called ‘Great Society” (Dean & Pringle Ibid p.80; Palmer Ibid p.61). This had dire consequences:
“The net result in the succeeding decades was a scale of Federal domestic budget deficit and increasingly, balance of payments deficit without precedent in US history. At first the deficits and consequential outflow of dollars into the world economy had been regarded as benign.. The deficits initially helped to finance the mutual economic recovery of Americans’ allied (and client) economies. But as the outflow of dollars turned into a might flood, American control over banks grew by leaps and bounds, Between 1970 and 1975 the assets of overseas branches of US banks grew from $47 billion to $166 billion. The over-valued US dollar came to be seen as the means by which European industry was being acquired cheaply by US interests… fears were expressed that Western Europe was being turned into a fiefdom of US multinationals.. By the late 1960s the gap between the US dollar’s internal purchasing power and its international value had widened alarmingly. The Europeans were faced with the choice of either accepting these depreciating dollars (and thus, in effect, of subsidizing the American economy and worldwide military and political commitments) or exploiting America’s Bretton Woods commitment to swap dollars for gold at the fixed prices.”
(Palmer Ibid p. 62).
De Gaulle remarked early on, that this was a USA attack using dollarization of the world economy, and warned that:
“The Americans only used the atom device twice on Asia. … but they use the dollar on Europe every day”
(Cited Palmer, John: “Europe without America? The crisis in Atlantic Relations”; Oxford; 1988; p.62)
Essentially the USA was pursuing a policy of financial export to drive acquisition of European industrial and financial companies. Simultaneously it unwittingly began the financialization driving world inflation – from ‘hot money’. European nationalist leaders of many countries objected. As well as De Gaulle, French President Giscard d’Estaing objected:
“It is rather remarkable that the war in Vietnam, a localized conflict of a very special nature involving a great power and a small power could have such a far reaching effects on world economic equilibrium.. Any other country that was faced with a balance-of-payment deficit of this magnitude would have been obliged to take steps to restore balance whereas the US was not obliged to do so; the method of financing its deficit exempted it from having to restore equilibrium and it was therefore a system which caused considerable inequality in the interplay of monetary power…”
(Hudson, Michael, Global Fracture, the new international Economic Order. New York, 1977; p.31).
In another more serious threat to USA hegemony, the German state had become more pro-independent. Earlier leaders (Konrad Ardenauer Chancellor [1949-1962] and Ludwig Erhard [Chancellor 1963-1965]) of post-war West Germany had been resolutely pro-USA. The attitude of later German leaders can be gauged from a remark made by Chancellor Helmut Schmidt (Chancellor 1974-1982) when he decried:
“The misuse of the dollar as an instrument of US foreign policy.”
(Cited Palmer John: “Europe without America? The crisis in Atlantic Relations”; Oxford; 1988; p. 10)
This reaction against the USA had its counterpart in Britain in the Westland Helicopter crisis, where Defence Minister Michael Hesletine revolted against Mrs Thatcher. He was soon despatched by the stalwart pro-USA Mrs Thatcher. This was pointed out by the Communist League at the time.
The salient point is that the USA fiscal policies prompted the Euronationalists to move towards the European Monetary System (EMS) and before that the Snake. This then became the European Monetary Union (EMU):
“European Community alarm at the misuse of the dollar’s privileged position in the world currency system encouraged the EEC states to distance themselves in monetary policy from the US in the late 1970’s. President Valery Giscard D’Estaing of France led – despite British opposition – to the creation of … the EMS.. the breakup of the dollar-dominated monetary system also marked the end of the earlier Atlantic consensus enshrined in the Bretton Woods Agreement of 1944”;
(Palmer J ibid p. 11).
In Alliance Marxist-Leninist Number 3, 1992, we traced the rise of the European Union and the emerging hegemonic role of the unified single German State – after the disintegration of the Comecon states including former East Germany.
We concluded Alliance 3 by characterising the then inter-imperial rivalries as follows:
“The current crisis of capital forces formation of blocs.
The current epoch is one of a disintegration of the power of the USA imperialists and an increase in power of the German and thereby European imperialists and the Japanese imperialists. Each of these competitors strive to create a super trading bloc; within whose borders free trade (or ‘ freer trade’) occurs. Outside of the bloc, protectionism is the policy.
These policies result from the major crisis of over-production that the world is experiencing. The final rupture of the Comecon capitalist block offers the only untapped market; and so the Blocs are trying to extend themselves into the ex-Comecon markets.
In the case of the USA Free Trade Bloc being set up between Mexico, the USA and Canada; the Block is clearly under the domination of the USA. Here there is no effective balance between opposing international imperialism. The differences between the European imperialists do allow for a certain balance; this is not achievable between the USA and Canada; and less so between USA and Mexico.
….. The European Economic Community is more delicately balanced between the competing imperialists. Of the nations within the fold, only Britain (now a junior partner) has significant allegiance to the USA. The others are far more committed to the EEC; even risking domination by Germany.
In the Far East, it is likely that a massive trading bloc between Japan and China is going to make it impossible for many of the Pacific basin nations not to enter an alliance dominated by the Japanese imperialists.
These maneuvers are the first salvoes of the next World War.”
(Alliance 3: Ibid: http://ml-review.ca/aml/AllianceIssues/ALLIANCE3ECONOMICS.html )
We believe that these assessments – overall – remain correct. They are also, consistent with Stalin’s famous prediction that under capitalism competitive wars for markets were inevitable, and that sooner or later – Europe would chafe under USA domination:
“Inevitability of Wars between Capitalist Countries”; Some comrades think that owing to the development of new international conditions since the Second World War, wars between capitalist countries have ceased to be inevitable. These comrades are mistaken. Outwardly everything would seem to be going well; the USA has put Western Europe, Japan, and other capitalist countries on rations; Germany (Western), Britain, France, Italy & Japan have fallen into the clutches of the USA and are meekly obeying its commands. But it would be mistaken to think that things can continue to “go well” for ” all eternity”, that these countries will tolerate the domination and oppression of the United States endlessly, that they will not endeavor to tear loose from American bondage and take the part of independent development.”
(Stalin; ‘Economic Problems of the USSR”: Peking; p.33).
Now in 2015, as we update the picture in 2015, the basic rhythm of inter-imperialist struggle has not changed dramatically but become even more intense. The final crumbling of the ex-Comecon countries postponed the ‘final reckoning’ of the European and USA rivalries. And yet rivalries have sharpened with the entry of China into the leading echelons of imperialist rivalry. In this period:
i) Germany has benefited the most and now become the leading (if not yet quite hegemonic) partner of the imperialist coalition of the EU.
ii) The EU has expanded enormously to now include the so-called Southern fringe (including Greece, Portugal, Spain, with continuing discussion with Turkey); and the ex-Comecon countries.
iii) There has been a renewed attempt of the Russian bourgeoisie led by Putin to recreate its own imperial zone.
iv) China has dramatically enhanced its imperial might and come to near logger-heads with the neighboring Pacific Oceanic states – in particular those nations most tied to the USA (Japan, Philippines).
v) The most advanced of the former under-developed colonised world (Brazil, India) have been organized by the renewed Chinese imperialists into conglomerates that pose increasing challenges to both the USA and EU hegemony. Namely BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, China) and the newly created International Bank.
The still unresolved contradiction at the heart of the European Community
Of course the EU has a major problem: Even now, it is not a unitary state with unitary fiscal policies. Although the leaders of the EU wish to concentrate power against the USA, they are unwilling to cede complete national autonomy to a Supra-European force – (namely the European Union based at Brussels). However while EU leaders can attempt to combine the monetary resources, unless there is a complete political unity – there are centrifugal forces they cannot control. For this would require to be overcome, a single unitary Bank.
This is far from a new realisation. The insoluble contradiction was pointed out by astute economists long ago such as Lord Nicholas Kaldor (1908-1986). Kaldor was a Keynesian, who polemicized against both Milton Friedman and Mrs. Thatcher’s worship of monetarism. He cited Keynes to say:
“Keynes (a pamphlet far ahead of the times and ahead of much of his own future writing on the subject), in which he branded monetary policy as ‘simply a campaign against the standard of life of the working classes’, operating through the ‘deliberate intensification of unemployment . . . by using the weapon of economic necessity against individuals and against particular industries — a policy which the country would never permit if it knew what was being done’.
(J. M. Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Mr. Churchill (London, 1925), reprinted in the Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes Vol. IX (London, 1972), pp. 207-30; Cited Foreword Second edition; Kaldor, N: The Scourge of Monetarism”; Oxford 1986. https://www.questia.com/read/13674203/the-scourge-of-monetarism
In 1971, Kaldor pointed out that in the proposed Eurozone, there would be a tendency for some countries “to acquire increasing (and unwanted surpluses) in their trade with other members, whilst others face increasing deficits”. This could only be overcome he foresaw, by fuller political union:
“The events of the last few years … have demonstrated that the Community is not viable with its present degree of economic integration. The system presupposes full currency convertibility and fixed exchange rates among the members, whilst leaving monetary and fiscal policy to the discretion of the individual member countries. Under this system, as events have shown, some countries will tend to acquire increasing (and unwanted surpluses) in their trade with other members, whist others face increasing deficits. This has two unwelcome effects. It transmits inflationary pressures emanating from some members to other members; and it causes the surplus countries to provide automatic finance on an increasing scale to the deficit countries.
Since exchange-rate adjustments or “floating rates” between members are held to be incompatible with the basic aim of economic integration (and are incompatible also with the present system of common agricultural prices fixed in international units) the governments of the Six, at their Summit meeting in The Hague in December 1969, agreed in principle to the creation of a full economic and monetary union, and appointed a high-level committee (the so-called “Werner Committee”) to work out a concrete programme of action..”
(Nicholas Kaldor On European Political Union Cited by Ramanan, 6 November 2012; in The Case For Concerted Action Post-Keynesian Ideas For A Crisis That Conventional Remedies Cannot Resolve; at http://www.concertedaction.com/2012/11/06/nicholas-kaldor-on-european-political-union/ )
Those planning a momentary union explicitly recognised that in the ultimate “third phase” the “individual central beings (being) would be abolished altogether, or reduced to the state of the old colonial “Currency Boards”:
“The realisation of economic and monetary union, as recommended in the Werner Report, involves three kinds of measures, each introduced in stages: monetary union, tax harmonisation, and central community control over national budgets. It envisages a three-stage programme, with each stage lasting about three years, so that the whole plan is designed to be brought into operation by 1978-80.
In the monetary field in the first stage the interest and credit policy of each central bank is increasingly brought under common Community surveillance and permitted margins of variations between exchange rates are reduced or eliminated. In the second stage exchange rates are made immutable and “autonomous parity adjustments” are totally excluded. In the third stage the individual central banks are abolished altogether, or reduced to the status of the old colonial “Currency Boards” without any credit creating power.”
(Nicholas Kaldor Ibid)
Other political issues would also pose problems including the harmonisation of tax differences and differing budget polices requiring “fiscal standardisation” between countries:
“In the field of tax harmonisation it is envisaged that each country’s system should be increasingly aligned to that of other countries, and that there should be “fiscal standardisation” to permit the complete abolition of fiscal frontiers, which means not only identical forms but also identical rates of taxation, particularly in regard to the value added tax and excise duties.
In the field of budgetary control the Werner Report says “the essential elements of the whole of the public budgets, and in particular variations in their volume, the size of balances and the methods of financing or utilizing them, will be decided at the Community level.”
(Nicholas Kaldor Ibid)
However, ominously for the proponents of a single currency – responsibilities to have individual country Budgets and tax polices set centrally – were not envisaged as necessary. This was according to Kaldor, “the basic contradiction”:
“What is not envisaged is that the main responsibility for public expenditure and taxation should be transferred from the national Governments to the Community. Each member will continue to be responsible for raising the revenue for its own expenditure (apart from the special taxes which are paid to finance the Community’s own budget but which will remain a relatively small proportion of total public expenditure and mainly serve the purposes of the Agriculture Fund and other development aid).
And herein lies the basic contradiction of the whole plan.”
(Nicholas Kaldor Ibid)
Kaldor argued this had to have harsh implications for inequity in the well-being of the peoples of different countries. It was clear that unless “harmonisation” of country provision of benefits paid through by taxation – was ensured, there would be rising inequity:
“For the Community also envisages that the scale of provision of public services (such as the social services) should be “harmonised” – i.e., that each country should provide such benefits on the same scale as the others and be responsible for financing them by taxation raised from its own citizens. This clearly cannot be done with equal rates of taxation unless all Community members are equally prosperous and increase their prosperity at the same rate as the other members. Otherwise the taxation of the less prosperous and/or the slower-growing countries is bound to be higher (or rise faster) than that of the more prosperous (or faster-growing) areas.”
(Nicholas Kaldor Ibid)
In turn, this rising inequity in the poorer countries would likely need to be countered by spiraling taxes, in order to maintain a “fiscal balance” with the remained of “the Community.” But this would then become the source of “vicious circle” as these higher taxes would lead to a further compromise of the less “competitive” countries. Worsening of the inter-country inequity would need for distributing relief funds from the center:
“The Community will control each member country’s fiscal balance – i.e., it will ensure that each country will raise enough in taxation to prevent it from getting into imbalance with other members on account of its fiscal deficit. To ensure this the taxes in the slow growing areas are bound to be increased faster; this in itself will generate a vicious circle, since with rising taxation they become less competitive and fall behind even more, thereby necessitating higher social expenditures (on unemployment benefits, etc.) and more restrictive fiscal policies. A system on these lines would create rapidly growing inequalities between the different countries, and is bound to break down in a relatively short time. …
This is only another way of saying that the objective of a full monetary and economic union is unattainable without a political union; and the latter pre-supposes fiscal integration, and not just fiscal harmonisation. It requires the creation of a Community Government and Parliament which takes over the responsibility for at least the major part of the expenditure now provided by national governments and finances it by taxes raised at uniform rates throughout the Community. With an integrated system of this kind, the prosperous areas automatically subside the poorer areas; and the areas whose exports are declining obtain automatic relief by paying in less, and receiving more, from the central Exchequer. The cumulative tendencies to progress and decline are thus held in check by a “built-in” fiscal stabiliser which makes the “surplus” areas provide automatic fiscal aid to the “deficit” areas.
(Kaldor, Nicholas “On European Political Union Ibid)
Kaldor concluded that the Community’s present plan was like the house which “divided against itself cannot stand” and that “it was “dangerous error: to have a “full economic and monetary union” preceding a political union”:
“The Community’s present plan on the other hand is like the house which “divided against itself cannot stand.” Monetary union and Community control over budgets will prevent a member country from pursuing full employment policies on its own – from taking steps to offset any sharp decline in the level of its production and employment, but without the benefit of a strong Community government which would shield its inhabitants from its worst consequences.
Some day the nations of Europe may be ready to merge their national identities and create a new European Union – the United States of Europe. If and when they do, a European Government will take over all the functions which the Federal government now provides in the U.S., or in Canada or Australia. This will involve the creation of a “full economic and monetary union”. But it is a dangerous error to believe that monetary and economic union can precede a political union or that it will act (in the words of the Werner report) “as a leaven for the evolvement of a political union which in the long run it will in any case be unable to do without”. For if the creation of a monetary union and Community control over national budgets generates pressures which lead to a breakdown of the whole system it will prevent the development of a political union, not promote it.”
(Nicholas Kaldor Ibid)
We believe that the current crisis in Greece, fully confirms these warning. However Kaldor being a representative of the ruling capitalist class in Britain, could hardly envisage a political solution of benefit to the goals of achieving a socialist Europe. It is in this backdrop, that the Greek Crisis plays out.
6. The Greek Economic Crisis 2009-2015 – How did it get to this stage?
Throughout the turn towards Europe, the ruling class of Greece faced the hostility of the Greek working class and the rural small peasants. Nonetheless the ruling class allied itself firmly to the European imperialist bloc of the European Union (Previously the EEC). To recap: the Greek state opened the doors to foreign debt. From the viewpoint of a small capitalist class, who were not about to enter a left policy – there was no alternative. In doing so they also built a bureaucratic state machine, packed with protégés of the states. In addition the overwhelming strength of petit-bourgeois production – combined to allow a nepotistic and corrupt state. In this period, the Greek capitalist economy did not do very well.
In reality profits for the leading elite of the Greek capitalist class were immense. While the international financial capitalists are a giant leech on the back of the people, the main enemy of working people, remains the Greek capitalist class.
A common complaint from European bankers is that the Greek people are lazy and inherently corrupt. This propaganda has found resonance in otherwise progressive and people – who are themselves hard-pressed by capital. It is therefore important to refute the slander on “the lazy Greek people” – and attach the charge of laziness and parasitism to where it belongs – to the ruling capitalist class of Greece. The propaganda often cites the “lax tax laws” and the ‘pampered pension clauses’. Let us examine these aspects first.
i) Tax and Pensions in Greece
The capitalist class structured the tax system to its advantage, and also enabled the petit-bourgeois:
“Greek taxation is a mess (there are six different bands and the wealthiest band of shipping is often referred to as a “tax-free zone”) and over 133 separate pension funds.” Buchanan, Rose T; “Greece debt crisis explained: A history of just how the country landed itself in such a mess”; The Independent 4 July 2015; http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/greece-debt-crisis-explainer-a-history-of-how-the-country-landed-itself-in-such-a-mess-10365798.html
“Data from one of Greece’s ten largest banks, (allowed) economists Nikolaos Artavanis, Adair Morse and Margarita Tsoutsoura..to (estimate lost tax revenue)…. The economists’ conservatively estimate that in 2009 some €28 billion in income went unreported. Taxed at 40%, that equates to €11.2 billion — nearly a third of Greece’s budget deficit.
Why hasn’t Greece done more to stop tax evasion? The economists were also able to identify the top tax-evading occupations — doctors and engineers ranked highest — and found they were heavily represented in Parliament”.
“Greeks Hide Tens of Billions From Tax Man”; Wall St Journal 9 July 2012.
http://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2012/07/09/greeks-hide-tens-of-billions-from-tax-man/?mod=WSJBlog&utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+wsj%2Feconomics%2Ffeed+%28WSJ.com%3A+Real+Time+Economics+Blog%29
The scandal of refusal to take action on the “Lagarde List”, makes the responsibility of the Greek ruling class for the “tax imbroglio” even more clear:
“The Greek government has not completed an investigation of a list of 1,991 persons purported to hold accounts with Swiss bank HSBC that it received in 2010 from former French finance minister Christine Lagarde. Initially, officials claimed at various times to have lost or misplaced the information. On 29 October 2012 the government changed its position saying it would not use stolen information to prosecute suspected offenders. Instead, Greek authorities arrested Kostas Vaxevanis, journalist and editor of the weekly magazine Hot Doc, who published the “Lagarde list.”
The list includes an advisor to former Greek prime minister Antonis Samaras, as well as a former minister and a member of Samaras’ New Democracy political party. The list also contains the names of officials in the finance ministry.
Mr. Vaxevanis said he thought the government had not acted on the list because it included friends of ministers, businessmen and powerful publishers.
( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_evasion_and_corruption_in_Greece )
ii) Pensions
First if examined by unadjusted numbers it does appear that the Greek pension system is the most expensive in the OECD countries. We follow the Wall Street Journal analysis of February 2015 (Dalton, Matthew: “Greece’s Pension System Isn’t That Generous After All”; February 27 2015; http://blogs.wsj.com/brussels/2015/02/27/greeces-pension-system-isnt-that-generous-after-all/ ):
Graphs 1-3 on Pensions In Greece
“First, how much does Greece spend as percentage of GDP on pensions? The data from Eurostat looks like this as of 2012, with Greece expenditure easily highest in the eurozone as a percentage of GDP:
However – the Wall Street Journal goes on to break this down, first as a percent of GDP and then by the proportion of pensioners over the age of 65 years:
“But part of that is due to the collapse in GDP suffered by Greece during the crisis… look at pension expenditure as a percentage of potential GDP, the level of economic output were eurozone economies running at full capacity:
“Greece is still near the top, though it’s not so far from the eurozone average. Moreover, Greece’s high spending is largely the result of bad demographics: 20% of Greeks are over age 65, one of the highest percentages in the eurozone. What if instead you attempt to adjust for that by looking at pension spending per person over 65 (graph below). Adjusting for the fact that Greece has a lot of older people, its pension spending is below the eurozone average.”
And finally a large proportion of the population are pensioners over 65 and many households depend on the pension:
“First, demographics. About 20.5% of Greeks are over 65 – behind only Italy and Germany in the EU when it comes to an ageing population. And with the country’s youth unemployment rate still above 50%, its young people are not going to be able to pay for their grandparents pensions any time soon.
Second, Greek society has a dependency on pensioners. One in two households rely on pensions to make ends meet and the country has an old-age dependancy ratio above 30% , which means that for every 100 people of working age in Greece there are 30 people aged 65 or over.
Third, Greek pensions aren’t so generous . About 45% of pensioners receive pensions below what is considered the poverty limit of €665 per month.
Looking at the actual expenditure on beneficiaries, Greece’s figures don’t stand out as exceptional and are instead on par with the EU average.”
(Nardelli, Alberto: “ Unsustainable futures? The Greek pensions dilemma explained“; Guardian, 15 June 2015; at http://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/jun/15/unsustainable-futures-greece-pensions-dilemma-explained-financial-crisis-default-eurozone )
There is no doubt a large financial burden form the pension schemes – but they provide at an individual level a very modest income:
“What makes the country’s pension system unsustainable is not the specific size of each individual pension, but the overall cost of a grossly inefficient and badly funded system (yes, mainly due to of decades of endemic tax evasion that means as much tax revenue slips through Athens’ fingers as it collects). According to analysis by Macropolis, the average pension in Greece is roughly €700 per month, while the supplementary one is €169.
The same analysis also shows that nearly 90% (€2.07bn) of the total monthly expenditure (€2.35bn) on pensions in March went towards the main pension.
It also reveals that only 0.6% of supplementary pensions were above €500 a month.
For 60% of pensioners the total gross monthly intake is below €800. In addition, many retirees in Greece have already seen their pensions cut. Some by a third , others by nearly 50% .”
(Nardelli,; Guardian, 15 June 2015; Ibid)
Moreover, although cutting them might shave off some debt – not only is this unable to repair the basic financial problem of a dependent economy:
“In 2012, pension funds, which were obliged under a law introduced in 1950 by the then king of Greece , Paul I, to keep a minimum of 77% of their assets in government bonds, took an €8.3bn hit following the restructuring of sovereign debt.
Nearly a third of what pension funds have lost since then is due to a fall in contributions on the back of surging unemployment. The unemployment rate is still painfully high (26.6%, while in 2009 it was 9.5%), and nearly eight out of 10 of the country’s jobless have been out of work for 12 months or more.
Any saving brought about by simply purging early retirees’ benefits, cutting supplementary pensions horizontally across the board, or revenue raised by squeezing a drastically depleted pool of taxpayers, would in the short-term allow Greece to unlock the €7bn tranche of bailout funds it needs to carry on servicing its debt (and not default).
However, it would do little to solve the underlying challenges in the longer term.”
(Nardelli,; Guardian, 15 June 2015; Ibid)
Debt and printing money drive Greek Inflation
As discussed in prior sections, the ruling class used inflationary funding to enable it to fool and quieten the working classes. The scale of this is shown below.
“Greece has had a tricky time with its finances. In the 1990s it consistently ran significant budget deficits while using the Drachma. As a result of this economic mismanagement it joined the Euro in 2001, rather than 1999 like many other EU nations.” (Buchanan, Rose T; “Greece debt crisis explained: A history of just how the country landed itself in such a mess”; The Independent 4 July 2015; http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/greece-debt-crisis-explainer-a-history-of-how-the-country-landed-itself-in-such-a-mess-10365798.html )
The following Graph 4, from the ‘Michael Roberts Blog,” tracks the inflation to the deflation tipping point, after the debt crisis became evident:
(Roberts M; ‘Greece Cannot Escape”; 2nd Nov 2014: https://thenextrecession.wordpress.com/2014/02/11/greece-cannot-escape/ )
However, once it was in the Eurozone, Greece’s government could no longer so easily use inflationary economics to easily boost living standards, as it was bound by the Eurozone and the single currency.
The alternative of devaluing its currency to boost its exports was also not possible. This left only loans. Since it was now the era of financial ‘hot money’ and rampant money-speculation had become standard, this was easy at first, and the inflation graph shows that even the loan-injection money fueled a degree of inflation. But the spigot was soon to be turned off with the Wall Street crash:
“Shortly after joining the single currency, Greece enjoyed a period of growth (2001-2007). However, economist and analysts have retrospectively labeled this boom as “unsustainable,” pointing out that Greece (very broadly speaking) profited off the cheap loans available from the EU. This house of cards came tumbling down with the financial crash of 2008. Like many other countries in the EU Greece was seriously affected, but it was unable to climb out of the hole as it had in the past by printing more currency (thus boosting the economy) as the Euro was controlled by the European Central Bank (ECB). Unemployment spiraled to 28 per cent.”
(Buchanan, Rose T; “Greece debt crisis explained: A history of just how the country landed itself in such a mess”; The Independent 4 July 2015; http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/greece-debt-crisis-explainer-a-history-of-how-the-country-landed-itself-in-such-a-mess-10365798.html )
Greece’s relationship to the EU was as a dependent colony to the leading capitalist countries of the EU. These were of course Germany and also France.
International agencies progressively lent Greek governments large amounts of money. Consequently, Greece progressively developed an external debt of gigantic proportions as seen below in the brown/dark red line (Graph 5):
What is the nature of these debt burdens that the Greek government faces?
The German locomotive pushing the EU economy – needed markets. The “under-developed” Southern perimeter of the EU was one of the natural “new” markets:
“Economist Paul Krugman wrote in February 2012:
“What we’re basically looking at…is a balance of payments problem, in which capital flooded south after the creation of the euro, leading to overvaluation in southern Europe.”
He continued in June 2015:
“In truth, this has never been a fiscal crisis at its root; it has always been a balance of payments crisis that manifests itself in part in budget problems, which have then been pushed onto the center of the stage by ideology.”
The translation of trade deficits to budget deficits works through sectoral balances . Greece ran current account (trade) deficits averaging 9.1% GDP from 2000–2011. By definition, a trade deficit requires capital inflow (mainly borrowing) to fund; this is referred to as a capital surplus or foreign financial surplus. This can drive higher levels of government budget deficits, if the private sector maintains relatively even amounts of savings and investment, as the three financial sectors (foreign, government, and private) by definition must balance to zero.
While Greece was running a large foreign financial surplus, it funded this by running a large budget deficit. As the inflow of money stopped during the crisis, reducing the foreign financial surplus, Greece was forced to reduce its budget deficit substantially. Countries facing such a sudden reversal in capital flows typically devalue their currencies to resume the inflow of capital; however, Greece cannot do this, and has suffered significant income (GDP) reduction, another form of devaluation.”
Lord Kaldor’s warnings about this developing were discussed above.
Who owns this debt?
Graph 6: Current account imbalances in the European Union (1997–2014)
The graph below (from Wikipedia at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Current_account_imbalances_EN_(3D) .svg)
shows that one of the major owners is Germany. In more detail, the ‘Economist Online” of October 2011 described the major ownership of the Greek debt. The main institutions owning the Greek debt are the IMF, the European Central Bank (ECB) and various European governments:
“Greece has total debts of €346.4bn. About a third of this debt is in public hands (34.8% is attributable to the IMF, ECB and European governments), roughly another third is in Greek hands (28.8%, essentially for banks) with the remainder (36.4%) held by non-Greek private investors.
( http://economistonline.muogao.com/2011/10/who-owns-greek-debt.html )
And the New York Times Business news cites similar data:
“Almost two-thirds of Greece’s debt, about 200 billion euros, is owed to the eurozone bailout fund or other eurozone countries. Greece does not have to make any payments on that debt until 2023”. (Editor: Graph 7: below graphically displays the ownership of the debt.)
Greece’s debt crisis explained” – International Business; New York Times updated July 27, 2015 http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/business/international/greece-debt-crisis-euro.html?_r=0
During this period, Greece’s finances were monitored by external agencies, largely those who had loaned monies to Greece. These were the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the European Community (EU) and the European Central Bank (ECB). These formed the so-called Troika. The Troika was to become hated by the Greek peoples as they plunged Greece into major social chaos and forced the living standards of the Greek people down.
As the New York Times comments, in many ways the “crisis” can be considered as a manufactured one as only a portion of debt is coming due in the short term:
“The International Monetary Fund has proposed extending the grace period until mid-century. So while Greece’s total debt is big—as much as double the country’s annual economic output—it might not matter much if the government did not need to make payments for decades to come. By the time the money came due, the Greek economy could have grown enough that the sum no longer seemed daunting.
In the short term, though, Greece has a problem making payments due on loans from the International Monetary Fund and on bonds held by the European Central Bank. Those obligations amount to more than 24 billion euros through the middle of 2018, and it is unlikely that either institution would agree to long delays in repayment.”
Greece’s debt crisis explained” – International Business; New York Times updated July 27, 2015 http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/business/international/greece-debt-crisis-euro.html?_r=0
Two additional problems have conspired to make the “original sin” of debt – of even more enormous consequence.
Firstly, quite early on during this crisis, it was clear to the Troika lenders that the Greek government was in trouble in repaying any significant fraction of this debt. However this was ignored. In fact the IMF – despite its own rules and despite the worries about “default” – continued to fuel the fire of debt by giving more loans.
Then secondly, to worsen matters, the Greek government falsified data about the extent of its debt, and was helped by the greed of USA banking capital.
As early as 2004, in its negotiations with the EU, the ruling class of Greece falsified the degree of its debt. Goldman Sachs – the giant stockbroker and trader bank of Wall Street, aided the Greek government in doing this:
“In 2001, Greece was looking for ways to disguise its mounting financial troubles. The Maastricht Treaty required all Eurozone member states to show improvement in their public finances, but Greece was heading in the wrong direction. Then Goldman Sachs came to the rescue, arranging a secret loan of 2.8 billion euros for Greece, disguised as an off-the-books “cross-currency swap”—a complicated transaction in which Greece’s foreign-currency debt was converted into a domestic-currency obligation using a fictitious market exchange rate.
As a result, about 2 percent of Greece’s debt magically disappeared from its national accounts. Christoforos Sardelis, then head of Greece’s Public Debt Management Agency, later described the deal to Bloomberg Business as “a very sexy story between two sinners.” For its services, Goldman received a whopping 600 million euros ($793 million), according to Spyros Papanicolaou, who took over from Sardelis in 2005. That came to about 12 percent of Goldman’s revenue from its giant trading and principal-investments unit in 2001—which posted record sales that year. The unit was run by Blankfein.
Then the deal turned sour. After the 9/11 attacks, bond yields plunged, resulting in a big loss for Greece because of the formula Goldman had used to compute the country’s debt repayments under the swap. By 2005, Greece owed almost double what it had put into the deal, pushing its off-the-books debt from 2.8 billion euros to 5.1 billion. In 2005, the deal was restructured and that 5.1 billion euros in debt locked in. Perhaps not incidentally, Mario Draghi, now head of the European Central Bank and a major player in the current Greek drama, was then managing director of Goldman’s international division.”
(Robert B. Reich ‘How Goldman Sachs Profited From the Greek Debt Crisis”; The Nation16th July 2015; http://www.thenation.com/article/goldmans-greek-gambit/ )
Such was the pervasive greed, that of course such ‘creative’ financing’ was standard, as explained by Robert Reich:
“Greece wasn’t the only sinner. Until 2008, European Union accounting rules allowed member nations to manage their debt with so-called off-market rates in swaps, pushed by Goldman and other Wall Street banks. In the late 1990s, J.P.Morgan enabled Italy to hide its debt by swapping currency at a favorable exchange rate, thereby committing Italy to future payments that didn’t appear on its national accounts as future liabilities. But Greece was in the worst shape, and Goldman was the biggest enabler. Undoubtedly, Greece suffers from years of corruption and tax avoidance by its wealthy. But Goldman wasn’t an innocent bystander: It padded its profits by leveraging Greece to the hilt—along with much of the rest of the global economy. Other Wall Street banks did the same. When the bubble burst, all that leveraging pulled the world economy to its knees.”
( Robert B. Reich ‘How Goldman Sachs Profited From the Greek Debt Crisis”; The Nation16th July 2015; http://www.thenation.com/article/goldmans-greek-gambit/ )
Of course such greed driven lying enabled the Greek Government to gain more loans. This was of itself a problem since the country was developing intractable recession.
The Crisis heats up and the infamous Troika Memorandum
By 2009, significant fears that Greece would default on its loans prompted alarm. The Troika made moves to yet another loan – this time of $110 billion – but only if there were significant “austerity measures.” Of course this was intended to be an “austerity” for the working classes and not for the ruling classes:
“From late 2009, fears of a sovereign debt crisis developed among investors concerning Greece’s ability to meet its debt obligations due to strong increase in government debt levels. This led to a crisis of confidence, indicated by a widening of bond yield spreads and risk insurance on credit default swaps compared to other countries, most importantly Germany. Downgrading of Greek government debt to junk bonds created alarm in financial markets.
“On 2 May 2010, the Eurozone countries and the International Monetary Fund agreed on a €110 billion loan for Greece, conditional on the implementation of harsh austerity measures. In October 2011, Eurozone leaders also agreed on a proposal to write off 50% of Greek debt owed to private creditors, increasing the EFSF to about €1 trillion and requiring European banks to achieve 9% capitalization to reduce the risk of contagion to other countries. These austerity measures have proved extremely unpopular with the Greek public, precipitating demonstrations and civil unrest.”
( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis#/media/File:HellenicOeconomy(inCurrentEuros).png )
It was the collapse of the international financial and banking industries from the USA sub-prime crisis which rapidly became an international financial crisis, that mushroomed the Greek situation into a crisis. Greece had no choice but to reveal a truer picture of its deficit financing to the world’s creditors to seek more credit:
“Greece became the epicenter of Europe’s debt crisis after Wall Street imploded in 2008. With global financial markets still reeling, Greece announced in October 2009 that it had been understating its deficit figures for years, raising alarms about the soundness of Greek finances. Suddenly, Greece was shut out from borrowing in the financial markets. By the spring of 2010, it was veering toward bankruptcy, which threatened to set off a new financial crisis.”
“Greece’s debt crisis explained” – International Business; New York Times updated July 27, 2015 http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/business/international/greece-debt-crisis-euro.html?_r=0
Up to around 2011, the loan monies in Greece continued to drive an inflation.
But then a sharp deflation began, as the Troika turned the screw on Greece. The Troika insisted on marked cuts in the living standards of the Greek people the working lass and peasantry. Not the standard of the ruling class of course who has moved its savings out of reach of the Greek state or the Troika. The Troika’s conditions are noted here:
“The so-called troika — the International Monetary Fund, the European Central Bank and the European Commission — issued the first of two international bailouts for Greece, which would eventually total more than 240 billion euros, or about $264 billion at today’s exchange rates. The bailouts came with conditions. Lenders imposed harsh austerity terms, requiring deep budget cuts and steep tax increases. They also required Greece to overhaul its economy by streamlining the government, ending tax evasion and making Greece an easier place to do business.”
“Greece’s debt crisis explained” – International Business; New York Times updated July 27, 2015 http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/business/international/greece-debt-crisis-euro.html?_r=0
Of course the Greek capitalists complied, and drove down and depressed the wage rates of the Greek people:
“It’s true that the crushing of the living standards and wage earnings of Greek households is making Greek industry more ‘competitive’ – labour costs per unit of (falling) production have dropped 30% since 2010 (See Graph 8 below).
((Roberts M; ‘Greece Cannot Escape”; 2nd Nov 2014: https://thenextrecession.wordpress.com/2014/02/11/greece-cannot-escape/ )
Again – the burden of ‘austerity’ – was laid only on the working class of Greece:
“When Greece did cut some of its spending, the EU and ECB asked for a reduction in wages rather than a cut in spending. So – for example – while the military budget remains intact , soldiers have seen their wages fall by 40 per cent. Their experience is replicated across other public sector fields – notably in nurses and doctors”. Buchanan, Rose T; “Greece debt crisis explained: A history of just how the country landed itself in such a mess”; The Independent 4 July 2015; http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/greece-debt-crisis-explainer-a-history-of-how-the-country-landed-itself-in-such-a-mess-10365798.html
An external – German – research agency found that indeed, it was the poor that had suffered disproportionate cuts as compared to the rich:
“The poorest households in the debt-ridden country lost nearly 86% of their income, while the richest lost only 17-20%. The tax burden on the poor increased by 337% while the burden on upper-income classes increased by only 9% This is the result of a study that has analyzed 260.000 tax and income data from the years 2008 – 2012.
– The nominal gross income of Greek households decreased by almost a quarter in only four years.
– The wages cuts caused nearly half of the decline.
– The net income fell further by almost 9 percent, because the tax burden was significantly increased
– While all social classes suffered income losses due to cuts, tax increases and the economic crisis, particularly strongly affected were households of low- and middle-income. This was due to sharp increase in unemployment and tax increases, that were partially regressive.
– The total number of employees in the private sector suffered significantly greater loss of income, and they were more likely to be unemployed than those employed in the public sector.
-From 2009 to 2013 wages and salaries in the private sector declined in several stages at around 19 percent. Among other things, because the minimum wage was lowered and collective bargaining structures were weakened. Employees in the public sector lost around a quarter of their income.
Unemployment & Early Retirement
Unemployment surged from 7.3% in the Q2 2008 to 26.6% in the Q2 2014. among youth aged 15-24, unemployment had an average of 44%.
Early retirement in the Private Sector increased by 14%.
Early retirement in the Public Sector* increased by 48%
The researchers see here a clear link to the austerity policy, that’s is the Greek government managed to fulfill the Troika requirements for smaller public sector. However, this trend caused a burden to the social security funds.
* Much to KTG’s knowledge public servants with 25 years in the public administration rushed to early retirement in 2010 out of fear of further cuts in their wages and consequently to their pension rights.
Taxes
Taxes were greatly increased, but they had a regressive effect.
Since beginning of the austerity, direct taxes increased by nearly 53%, while indirect taxes increased by 22 percent.
The taxation policy has indeed contributed significantly to the consolidation of the public budget, but by doing so the social imbalance was magnified.
Little has been done against tax avoidance and tax evasion, however, the tax base was actually extended “downwards” with the effect that households with low-income and assets were strongly burdened.
Particularly poorer households paid disproportionately more in taxes and the tax burden to lower-income rose by 337%. In comparison, the tax burden to upper-income households rose by only 9%.
In absolute euro amounts, the annual tax burden of many poorer households increased “only” by a few hundred euros. However, with regards to the rapidly declining of incomes and rampant unemployment, this social class was over-burdened with taxes.
The Poor suffered more
On average, the annual income of Greek households before taxes fell from €23,100 euros in 2008 to just below €17,900 euros in 2012. This represents a loss of nearly 23 percent.
The losses were significantly different to each income class with the poorest households to have suffered the biggest losses.
Almost one in three Greek household had to make it through 2012 with an annual income below €7,000”.
(Research of the “German Institute for Macroeconomic Research (IMK) affiliated with the Hans Böckler Foundation”; given blog ‘Keep Talking Greece’; by 20 March 2015; at http://www.keeptalkinggreece.com/2015/03/20/shocking-austerity-greeces-poor-lost-86-of-income-but-rich-only-17-20/
Both the Greek ruling class and the Troika saw that this squeeze on the poor and working class, was creating such a social upheaval, as to be potentially pre-revolutionary. Yet they were caught, since the alternatives were dismal for the international capitalist. Even the IMF’s own rules were flouted. In 2010 the situation was as follows in Michael Roberts telling:
“The irony is that while austerity in Greece continues to be applied mercilessly, the IMF recently issued a report that concluded that the Troika’s approach was mistaken in imposing severe fiscal retrenchment back in May 2010 when Greece could no longer finance its spending through borrowing in bond markets ( http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2013/cr13156.pdf ).
Back then, the Troika had three options. First, it could have provided a massive fiscal transfer to the Greek government to tide it over without demanding massive cuts in public spending that eventually led to a fall in Greek real GDP of nearly 20%, unemployment of over 25% and government debt to GDP of 170%, with economic depression likely to continue out to the end of the decade. Or it could have allowed the Greek government to ‘default’ on its debts to the banks, pension funds and hedge funds and negotiate an ‘orderly haircut’ on those debts. But the Troika did neither and opted instead for a third way. It insisted that in return for bailout funds the Greek government meet its obligations in full to all its creditors by switching all its available revenues to paying its debts at the expense of jobs, health, education and other public services.
The Troika insisted on this because it reckoned 1) that austerity would be shortlived and economic growth would quickly return and 2) if the banks and others took a huge hit on their balance sheets from a Greek default it would put European banks in danger of going bust (Greek banks first). There could be ‘contagion’ if other distressed Eurozone governments also opted not to pay their debts, using Greece as the precedent. Of course, economic growth has not returned and despite huge efforts on the part of Greek governments to meet fiscal targets through unprecedented austerity, government debt has increased rather than fallen and the economy has nosedived.
Eventually, the Troika had to agree that the private sector took a ‘haircut’ after all, massaged as it was with cash sweeteners and new bonds with high yields. Now the IMF in its report admits that austerity was too severe and debt ‘restructuring’ should have happened from the beginning. The IMF, now in its semi-Keynesian mode, tries to put the blame for the failure to do this on the EU leaders and the ECB, which has not made the latter too happy, especially as the current IMF chief, Lagarde was strongly in favour of the austerity plan when she was French finance minister in 2010.
“If Greeks had defaulted back in 2010, that could have led to other defaults and Europe’s banks were in no state to absorb such losses. As a recent study shows http://www.voxeu.org/article/ez-banking-union-sovereign-virus ), German banks were heavily overleveraged back in 2010 and they are not much better even now. There was no way the German government was going to put German banks in jeopardy and allow the ‘profligate’ Greeks to get a huge handout of German taxpayers money to boot. No, the Greeks had to pay their debts, just as the Germans had to pay their reparations to the French after 1918, even if it meant Germany was plunged into permanent depression. Ironically, the Germans did not and have not paid promised billions in reparations to the Greeks after 1945 – something the Greeks are pursuing in negotiations!”
(Michael Roberts Blog: “Greece, the IMF and debt default; 16th June 2013;“ https://thenextrecession.wordpress.com/2013/06/16/greece-the-imf-and-debt-default/ )
As noted before, this fueling of the debt by new loans, was against even the principles of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and senior strategists in the IMF warned that the polices of the IMF in regards to Greece were seriously in error, from the year 2010.
As stated above, one underlying reason on insisting that the Greek Government paid its debt fully, was simply the usurer’s wish to ensure that debts owed by Greece to both France and Germany would be honoured. German and French banks had become vulnerable by over-leveraging themselves. (i.e they had loaned so much money that their actual capital holdings were unable to support them if there was a “run” on their deposits). The Eurozone banks had become very vulnerable:
“The Table below shows the degree of ‘domestic leverage’ of the systemically important banks in major Eurozone countries .. in most countries the domestic banking system would not survive a Greek-style ‘haircut’ on public debt. (In March 2012, holders of Greek bonds had to accept a nominal haircut of over 50%, and on a mark-to-market basis the haircut was over 80%. It is apparent that no bank that has a sovereign exposure worth over 100% of its capital would survive such a loss).
Table 4: Domestic sovereign debt leverage (sovereign exposure/capital)
Source: CEPS database. (From Roberts 16 June 2013; “Greece, the IMF and debt default ibid) Michael Roberts Blog: “Greece, the IMF and debt default; 16th June 2013; “ https://thenextrecession.wordpress.com/2013/06/16/greece-the-imf-and-debt-default/ )
Amazingly, the IMF policy remained unchanged – new loans were issued to Greece – at least up till May 2015:
“Greece’s onerous obligations to the IMF, the European Central Bank and European governments can be traced back to April 2010, when they made a fateful mistake. Instead of allowing Greece to default on its insurmountable debts to private creditors, they chose to lend it the money to pay in full.
At the time, many called for immediately restructuring privately held debt, thus imposing losses on the banks and investors who had lent money to Greece. Among them were several members of the IMF’s board and Karl Otto Pohl, a former president of the Bundesbank and a key architect of the euro. The IMF and European authorities responded that restructuring would cause global financial mayhem. As Pohl candidly noted , that was merely a cover for bailing out German and French banks, which had been among the largest enablers of Greek profligacy.
Ultimately, the authorities’ approach merely replaced one problem with another: IMF and official European loans were used to repay private creditors. Thus, despite a belated restructuring in 2012, Greece’s obligations remain unbearable — only now they are owed almost entirely to official creditors.
Five years after the crisis started, government debt has jumped from 130 percent of gross domestic product to almost 180 percent. Meanwhile, a deep economic slump and deflation have severely impaired the government’s ability to repay.
Almost everyone now agrees that pushing Greece to pay its private creditors was a bad idea. The required fiscal austerity was simply too great, causing the economy to collapse. The IMF acknowledged the error in a 2013 report on Greece. In a recent staff paper, the fund said that when a crisis threatens to spread, it should seek a collective global solution rather than forcing the distressed economy to bear the entire burden. The IMF’s chief economist, Olivier Blanchard, has warned that more austerity will crush growth.
Oddly, the IMF’s proposed way forward for Greece remains unchanged: Borrow more money (this time from the European authorities) to repay one group of creditors (the IMF) and stay focused on austerity. The fund’s latest projections assume that the government’s budget surplus (other than interest payments) will reach 4.5 percent of GDP, a level of belt-tightening that few governments have ever sustained for any significant period of time.
Following Germany’s lead, IMF officials have placed their faith in so-called structural reforms — changes in labor and other markets that are supposed to improve the Greek economy’s longer-term growth potential. They should know better. The fund’s latest World Economic Outlook throws cold water on the notion that such reforms will address the Greek debt problem in a reliable and timely manner. The most valuable measures encourage research and development and help spur high-technology sectors. All this is to the good, but such gains are irrelevant for the next five years. The priority must be to prevent Greece from sinking deeper into a debt-deflation spiral. Unfortunately, some reforms will actually accelerate the spiral by weakening demand.
On April 9, Greece repaid 450 million euros ($480 million) to the IMF, and must pay another 2 billion in May and June. The IMF’s managing director, Christine Lagarde, has made clear that delays in repayments will not be tolerated.
“I would, certainly for myself, not support it,” she told Bloomberg Television.”
Ashoka Mody ; Bloomberg 81 April 21 2015; The IMF’s Big Greek Mistake; http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2015-04-21/imf-needs-to-correct-its-big-greek-bailout-mistake
Recall – Lagarde was once the Minister of Finance for France:
Graph number 5 (see above) displays that it is not only Greece in
hock” to Germany, but there are several leading Eurozone states in debt to Germany. In especial note the deficits of France and of Italy.
This is the second reason – at least for German imperialism – on insisting that the Greek Government paid its debt fully.
If the Greeks are allowed to default, what happens to the other loans that are outstanding? It has long been recognised that Germany has been running a huge trade surplus, and it has been under pressure to alleviate this for some time:
“For years, Germany has been running a large current account surplus, meaning that it sells a lot more than it buys. The gap has only grown since the start of the crisis, reaching a new record of 215.3 billion euros ($244 billion) in 2014. Such insufficient German demand weakens world growth, which is why the U.S. Treasury and the International Monetary Fund have long prodded the country to buy more. Even the European Commission has concluded that Germany’s current-account imbalance is “ excessive .”
( Ashoka Mody , Bloomberg188 July 17, 2015, ‘Germany, Not Greece, Should Exit the Euro’)
Any lifting of the restrictions upon Greece will lead to repercussions as to what happens to the debts of these other leading countries. It is no doubt, for this reason, that both Italy and France have been trying to ease pressures from Germany, arguing that there must be a debt restructuring.
This fits with the later 2015 U-Turn of Cristine Lagarde and the IMF (Discussed in section 9 below) – who are now at the last moment – urging the German government to reduce the obligations of the Greek government of Tsipras. We believe also, that this U-Turn supports the USA wish to attack the German government’s current rising economic strength.
Moreover, the USA government itself – suffers from an astronomical debt.
7. The Marxist View of ‘National Debt’ under capitalism
What do Marxists and other informed economists make of the notion of a national Debt? Falling into debt of a country – or large institutions – has been a historical feature of the growth of capital. Karl Marx pointed this out in ‘Capital’, saying that the “only part of the so-called national wealth that actually enters the possession of modern people is their national debt.” In full:
“The system of public credit, i.e., of national debts, whose origin we discover in Genoa and Venice as early as the Middle Ages, took possession of Europe generally during the manufacturing period. The colonial system with its maritime trade and commercial wars served as a forcing-house for it. … National debts, i.e., the alienation of the state – whether despotic, constitutional or republican – marked with its stamp the capitalistic era. The only part of the so-called national wealth that actually enters into the collective possessions of modern peoples is their national debt. Hence, as a necessary consequence, the modern doctrine that a nation becomes the richer the more deeply it is in debt. Public credit becomes the credo of capital. And with the rise of national debt-making, want of faith in the national debt takes the place of the blasphemy against the Holy Ghost, which may not be forgiven.
The public debt becomes one of the most powerful levers of primitive accumulation. As with the stroke of an enchanter’s wand, it endows barren money with the power of breeding and thus turns it into capital, without the necessity of its exposing itself to the troubles and risks inseparable from its employment in industry or even in usury. The state creditors actually give nothing away, for the sum lent is transformed into public bonds, easily negotiable, which go on functioning in their hands just as so much hard cash would. But further, apart from the class of lazy annuitants thus created, and from the improvised wealth of the financiers, middlemen between the government and the nation – as also apart from the tax-farmers, merchants, private manufacturers, to whom a good part of every national loan renders the service of a capital fallen from heaven – the national debt has given rise to joint-stock companies, to dealings in negotiable effects of all kinds, and to agiotage, in a word to stock-exchange gambling and the modern bankocracy.
At their birth the great banks, decorated with national titles, were only associations of private speculators, who placed themselves by the side of governments, and, thanks to the privileges they received, were in a position to advance money to the State. Hence the accumulation of the national debt has no more infallible measure than the successive rise in the stock of these banks, whose full development dates from the founding of the Bank of England in 1694. The Bank of England began with lending its money to the Government at 8%; at the same time it was empowered by Parliament to coin money out of the same capital, by lending it again to the public in the form of banknotes. It was allowed to use these notes for discounting bills, making advances on commodities, and for buying the precious metals. It was not long ere this credit-money, made by the bank itself, became. The coin in which the Bank of England made its loans to the State, and paid, on account of the State, the interest on the public debt. It was not enough that the bank gave with one hand and took back more with the other; it remained, even whilst receiving, the eternal creditor of the nation down to the last shilling advanced. Gradually it became inevitably the receptacle of the metallic hoard of the country, and the centre of gravity of all commercial credit. What effect was produced on their contemporaries by the sudden uprising of this brood of bankocrats, financiers, rentiers, brokers, stock-jobbers, &c., is proved by the writings of that time, e.g., by Bolingbroke’s”
(Marx, Karl: Capital Volume One Chapter Thirty-One: Genesis of the Industrial Capitalist; at: https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch31.htm )
Not only is “National Debt” crucial for the capitalist, but it was coincident with the ‘credit system’, and this in turn was associated with an international trade of capital (i.e. money) and systems of “modern taxation”:
“With the national debt arose an international credit system, which often conceals one of the sources of primitive accumulation in this or that people. Thus the villainies of the Venetian thieving system formed one of the secret bases of the capital-wealth of Holland to whom Venice in her decadence lent large sums of money. So also was it with Holland and England. By the beginning of the 18th century the Dutch manufactures were far outstripped. Holland had ceased to be the nation preponderant in commerce and industry. One of its main lines of business, therefore, from 1701-1776, is the lending out of enormous amounts of capital, especially to its great rival England. The same thing is going on today between England and the United States. A great deal of capital, which appears today in the United States without any certificate of birth, was yesterday, in England, the capitalised blood of children.”
(Marx, Karl: Capital Volume One Chapter Thirty-One: Genesis of the Industrial Capitalist; at: https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch31.htm )
Moreover, Marx points out that governments want loans for “extraordinary expenses”. This is because they do not want to tax the people too heavily lest it anger them. But eventually these loans will need an increase in taxes to pay the loan off. Then a vicious circle begins, where even more loans are needed to off-set the higher taxation burden:
“As the national debt finds its support in the public revenue, which must cover the yearly payments for interest, &c., the modern system of taxation was the necessary complement of the system of national loans. The loans enable the government to meet extraordinary expenses, without the tax-payers feeling it immediately, but they necessitate, as a consequence, increased taxes. On the other hand, the raising of taxation caused by the accumulation of debts contracted one after another, compels the government always to have recourse to new loans for new extraordinary expenses. Modern fiscality, whose pivot is formed by taxes on the most necessary means of subsistence (thereby increasing their price), thus contains within itself the germ of automatic progression. Overtaxation is not an incident, but rather a principle. In Holland, therefore, where this system was first inaugurated, the great patriot, DeWitt, has in his “Maxims” extolled it as the best system for making the wage labourer submissive, frugal, industrious, and overburdened with labour. The destructive influence that it exercises on the condition of the wage labourer concerns us less however, here, than the forcible expropriation, resulting from it, of peasants, artisans, and in a word, all elements of the lower middle class. On this there are not two opinions, even among the bourgeois economists. Its expropriating efficacy is still further heightened by the system of protection, which forms one of its integral parts.
(Marx, Karl: Capital Volume One Chapter Thirty-One: Genesis of the Industrial Capitalist; at: https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch31.htm )
What were these “extraordinary expenditures” the state wished to fund? Even bourgeois economists recognise that wars were one key such expenditures:
“The Bank of England was created… explicitly,, to finance wars, in its case the Nine Years War with France which started in 1688……The Bank of France .. having been started with that name in 1800 specifically to satisfy Napoleon’s wartime financial needs”. (Dean and Pringle Ibid; ‘Central banks”; pp38; p. 42).
Modern bourgeois economists have of course long supported the principle of national debts. Maynard Keynes recognised the utility of deficit financing for the capitalist control of the state, as he stated:
“’Loan expenditure.. may .. enrich the community on balance”; ref 31: (Cited Van Der Pijl, K. ‘The making of an Atlantic ruling class”; p.17; London 2012).
While we cannot dwell further on the subject in this article, the amount of the USA current debt is astonishingly large. So there is nothing reprehensible about the Greek Debt per se. What is at issue is an international lack of confidence that the Greek state would be able to pay it back. There is no underlying manufacturing or trading base to support the debt, and will not be. Unless – a complete break with the past – is offered. However thus far, a meaningful solution has never been on offer by the Greek or international merchants of capital, to the Greek working people.
8. The Debt Crisis leads to an increasing struggle of the growing Greek working class and gives rise to the United Front of Syriza – the political parties of the left
By the time of the current era in 2000-2015, the Greek social and class structure had changed dramatically. Despite the absence of a major manufacturing sector, unemployment was rising, and the urban-rural divide was widening – even before the austerity moves of the Troika:
“Greece is still low on competitiveness and this undermines self-sustaining growth, with low employment rates, low R&D, high levels of poverty, especially in rural and remote areas. The Greek economy grew by 0.7 per cent in the 1980s, compared with 2.4 per cent in other EU states. Demographically, the number of over 65-year-olds, set to increase by 30 per cent between 2010 and 2050, with fewer people in employment, will create a massive dependency on social security and health care. Greece has the largest agricultural population in the EU, with a low capacity to attract foreign direct investment (FDI). The collapse of the Soviet Union and opening of markets in the Balkans means that many investors have relocated their activities in neighbouring countries.
Since 2004 there has been a drop in most manufacturing output (textiles, leather goods, paper, office equipment, furniture), steadily constant production of food, beverages, oil, with the only growth in tobacco, chemicals and plastic goods. Therefore, long-term stagnation in manufacturing has led the state to adopt ‘rescue’ interventions or public loans. Shipping and tourism contributes 17 per cent to gross domestic product (GDP) and employs 18 per cent of the working population. The uneven rural/urban divide is particularly acute as some areas, notably the islands and the farming communities, benefited more from Euro-funds for tourism or agridevelopment than others. Athens, in particular has had massive infrastructure developed.”
(Liddle, Joyce. “Regeneration and Economic Development in Greece:
De-industrialisation and Uneven Development “p.340; Local Government Studies; Vol. 35, No. 3, 335–354, June 2009)
Nonetheless, the weight of the working class had risen between 1991 and 2011, as had a class polarisation:
“Based on the Greek Statistic Service data for the fourth trimester of 2011 in comparison to those of 1991 consists in
1. an increase of the bourgeois class (3.4% from 1.4%) and of the rich rural strata (0.6% from 0.3%),
2. a huge decline of the traditional petit-bourgeois class (15.2% from 13.2%), and of the middle rural strata (2.2% from 3%),
3. a small increase of the new petit-bourgeois class (15.2% from 13.2%), due to the increasing demand of their abilities for the achievement of capital profitability, in parallel to an effort of their submission to the most direct capital exploitation and domination,
4. An important increase of the working class (62.2% from 47.5%), and
an important decrease of the poor rural strata (6% from 47.5%).
*In any case, what is clear is the tendency of intensification of class polarisation, which leads to the adoption of a social structure akin to that of other European countries (small number of farmers and of the traditional petit-bourgeois class, stable presence of the new petit-bourgeois class as the executive organizer of the productive process, broader bourgeoisie and heterogeneous uneven but
numerous working class”.
(Eirini Gaitanou. An examination of class structure in Greece, its tendencies of transformation amid the crisis, and its impacts on the organisational forms and structures of the social movement. At: http://www.academia.edu/9400998/An_examination_of_class_structure_in_Greece_its_tendencies_of_transformation_amid_the_crisis_and_its_impacts_on_the_organisational_forms_and_structures_of_the_social_movement ).
Under these enormous burdens, the now sizeable working classes of Greece mounted serious struggles to resist “austerity.” The ruling classes struggled to implement their commitments to the EU and the IMF. Consequently a series of short lived coalition governments took power.
“Following the May 2012 legislative election where the New Democracy party became the largest party in the Hellenic Parliament, Samaras, leader of ND, was asked by Greek President Karolos Papoulias to try to form a government. However, after a day of hard negotiations with the other parties in Parliament, Samaras officially announced he was giving up the mandate to form a government. The task passed to Alexis Tsipras, leader of the SYRIZA (the second largest party) who was also unable to form a government. After PASOK also failed to negotiate a successful agreement to form a government, emergency talks with the President ended with a new election being called while Panagiotis Pikrammenos was appointed as Prime Minister in a caretaker government.
Voters once again took to the polls in the widely-watched June 2012 election. New Democracy came out on top in a stronger position with 129 seats, compared to 108 in the May election. On 20 June 2012, Samaras successfully formed a coalition with PASOK (now lead by former Finance Minister Evangelos Venizelos) and DIMAR. The new government would have a majority of 58, with SYRIZA, Independent Greeks (ANEL), Golden Dawn (XA) and the Communist Party (KKE) comprising the opposition. PASOK and DIMAR chose to take a limited role in Samaras’ Cabinet, being represented by party officials and independent technocrats instead of MPs.”
( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonis_Samaras )
We discuss these parties below. The coalition government led by Samaras, proved to be another short lived and contentious government, as it toed the line of Troika conditions. As such it was unable to disguise its nature from the increasingly militant and impoverished working class of Greece.
By the time of the January 2015 elections, the situation had become even more parlous for Greece’s working people:
“Greece saw official unemployment rising up to 27% – and youth unemployment up to 50% – suffered a cumulative contraction of almost 25%, saw a massive reduction in wages and pensions, and witnessed the passage of massive legislation oriented towards privatizations, labor market liberalization, and neoliberal university reform.”
(Panagiotis Sotiris; https://viewpointmag.com/2015/01/28/a-strategy-of-ruptures-ten-theses-on-the-greek-future/ )
A more credible “left” bulwark against the masses was necessary for the Greek ruling class. This coincided with a reformation of the Greek left. At this point we must discuss Syriza in more detail.
As seen, PASOK had fallen into rank opportunism and open betrayal of the working class. After ensuing scandals of corruption implicated the leader, Andreas Papandreou, its appeal to the workers and poor of Greece was falling fast:
“The socialist Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou and his key associates were under accusation of scandal, which involved party funding from illicit sources and revealed the extensive clientelistic linkages between business interests and politics which had been built up under PASOK’s eight-year rule.”
(Tsakatika, Myrto and Eleftheriou, Costas: “The Radical Left’s Turn towards Civil Society in Greece: One Strategy, Two Paths”; South European Society and Politics, 2013; p.3; http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2012.757455 )
The space on the left had opened up again. Who was there to fill it?
We reprise the main outlines of events, focusing on analyses by Syriza, the revisionist KKE, and the pro-Hoxha Anasintaxi.
After the destruction of many of its cadre after the Battle of Athens in 1949, the KKE slowly reformed, after having adopted some mistaken sectarian paths during the Second World War. The KKE went through several splits, summarized below:
“There have been a series of splits throughout the party’s history, the earliest one being the Trotskyist Organisation of Internationalist Communists of Greece.
In 1956, after the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the USSR….
a faction created the Group of Marxist-Leninists of Greece (OMLE), which split from party in 1964, becoming the Organisation of Marxists-Leninists of Greece. In 1968, amidst the Greek military junta of 1967–1974 and the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, a relatively big group split from KKE, forming KKE Interior, a Greek Nationalist Communist Party claiming to be directed from within Greece rather than from the Soviet Union.
In 1988 KKE and Greek Left (the former KKE Interior), along with other left parties and organisations, formed the Coalition of the Left and Progress.
Also in 1988, the vast majority of members and officials from Communist Youth of Greece (KNE), the KKE’s youth wing, split to form the New Left Current (NAR), drawing mainly youth in major cities, especially in Thessaloniki.
In the early 2000s, a small group of major party officials such as Mitsos Kostopoulos left the party and formed the Movement for the United in Action Left (KEDA), which in the 2007 legislative election participated in the Coalition of the Radical Left, which was to win the 2015 national elections with a plurality.”
( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Greece ) and also see Tsakatika, Myrto and Eleftheriou, Costas: “The Radical Left’s Turn towards Civil Society in Greece: One Strategy, Two Paths”; South European Society and Politics, 2013; p.3; http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2012.757455 )
The Marxist Leninist party supporting Hoxha in Greece is ‘Αναρτήθηκε από’ or ‘ Anasintaxi Organization ’ (reorganization). They are also known as “The Movement for the Reorganization of the Communist Party of Greece 1918–55” – or KKE 1918-55. They characterize the KKE disintegration post-war as follows:
“The old revolutionary KKE, under the leadership of the then General Sceretary Nikos Zachariadis, was the only communist party from a capitalist not to have accepted Krushchevian revisionism. For this reason, it was eliminated by the brutal intervention of the soviet Krushchevian revisionists in 1955-1956 and replaced by the Greek Krushchevian revisionist party (“K”KE), a bourgeois, party of social-democratic type. More than 90% of the party members led by Nikos Zachariadis opposed and fiercely resisted Krushchevian revisionism and many tens of cadres were sent to exile in Siberia including Nikos Zachariadis himself who has murdered by the social-fascist clique of Brezhnev (CPSU) – Florakis (“K”KE) in August of 1973, in Sorgut, Siberia after of 17 years of exile. In 1968, “K”KE was split into two parties: the euro-communist part known as “K”KE (interior) and the Krushchevian-Brezhnevite part known as “K”KE. SYRIZA originates from the first part and, consequently, is a social-democratic and reformist party guided by a right opportunist general line and characterized by petty bourgeois class features”
Αναρτήθηκε από Anasintaxi Organization ‘Some questions and answers about the current situation in Greece’ ; Article to be published in “Unity & Struggle” (Extended version of an interview given to the comrades of Iran); march 30; 2015; at http://anasintaxi-en.blogspot.ca/2015/02/some-questions-and-answers-about.html )
The revisionist KKE’s attitude to the European Union is characterised as follows:
“It is important to clarify that, despite its verbal attacks against EU and the Eurozone, “K”KE does not put forward (not even for the sake of demagogy) the question of Greece’s immediate exit neither from the EU nor the Eurozone. In relation to Euro, the leadership of “K”KE has stated: “A solution outside the euro and return to the drachma in the present circumstances would be catastrophic” (30/5/2011), i.e. a position that is similar to the one expressed by the president of the Union of Greek Industrialists (20/3/2012)…: “Europe or chaos” This is also evident in the party’s program that was approved by its last congress). Since some time now, “K”KE has expressed the view that “the term “national dependence” is not applicable in contemporary conditions” (1/2/2005). After the 19th Congress, it has openly adopted Trotskyite positions that mention “imperialist Greece”, “imperialist Second World War” etc and are evident in the “Program” approved in the last party Congress: “the capitalism in Greece is in the imperialist stage of development” (“K”KE Program, p. 12, Athens 2013). Concerning the character of the Second World War it is claimed that: “the problem was not only with KKE but the overall strategy of the international communist movement before and during the Second World War. In 1941, another negative point was added when the correct assessment of the war as imperialist – with respect to both sides of capitalist states – was replaced by the position that it was only anti-fascist” (“Rizospastis,” 21/12/2104)”
Αναρτήθηκε από Anasintaxi Organization ‘ Some questions and answers about the current situation in Greece ’; Article to be published in “Unity & Struggle” (Extended version of an interview given to the comrades of Iran); march 30; 2015; at http://anasintaxi-en.blogspot.ca/2015/02/some-questions-and-answers-about.html )
As PASOK had been fully exposed, a general disillusion enabled the formation of Synaspismo (Coalition of the Left and Progress) in 1991:
“Synaspismos emerged initially as an electoral coalition at the late 1980s, with the pro-Soviet Communist Party of Greece (KKE) and the Greek Left, one of the successors of the eurocommunist KKE Interior, as its largest constituents. The Party of Democratic Socialism, a splinter from the Union of the Democratic Centre which occupied a similar position to PASOK, was the largest non-Communist member party.”
( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaspismos ).
The many parties of the left are displayed in the diagram below, which helps to show the umbrella nature of the Syriza United front. Beneath the figure itself (at the site “Lenin’s Tomb”) is a potted history of these factions. (Seymour, R. ‘ Map of the Greek Radical Left ’ February 9, 2015; http://www.leninology.co.uk/2015/02/map-of-greek-radical-left.html ). However the figure does not explain include the currents of the Marxist-Leninist left. The OMLE was a pro-Maoist party. We further discuss at points, the positions of Αναρτήθηκε από Anasintaxi Organization, the pro-Hoxha Marxist-Leninists. Here we continue to trace the currents of Syriza.
The revisionist KKE joined Synaspismo, which contested three national elections (June 1989, November 1989, 1990). For a period they joined in Government alliances with mainstream centre-right New Democracy, ND under the premiership of Tzannis Tzannetakis. This collaboration was not viewed kindly by the increasingly politicised Greek working class and petit-bourgeois:
“The government’s official purpose was to send the former prime minister to trial and impose a clean-up of the corrupt clientelistic politics of the time… (But) leftist voters did not appreciate the decision of the left parties’ leaderships to engage in government cooperation with the centre-right; moreover, the stated aim of the Tzannetakis government was not achieved: after a long judicial process there was ultimately very little ‘cleaning up’.. the KKE pulled out of the coalition and lost 40 per cent of its cadres after a major party split in the party’s 13th Congress (February 1991). The former coalition was re-established as a unified party… In the first part of the 1990s, the Greek left as a whole was thus delegitimised in the eyes of its traditional electorate, bruised by participation in government with the centre-right and experienced internal strife and extensive demobilisation of party members, while the collapse of the Soviet Union (USSR) added an identity crisis to its woes”. (Tsakatika, and Eleftheriou, Ibid; 2013).
The United Front of Synapsimos – or Syn as it is known – tried to appeal to a broad front, and one that explicitly crossed class lines:
“SYN.. in 2001… established a political and electoral alliance with a host of smaller parties, groups and networks of the extra-parliamentary left in the context of the Synaspismo Pizospastikh Aristra (Coalition of the Radical Left [SYRIZA])… SYN was and remained (until 2012) the largest party in the SYRIZA coalition, representing at least 80 per cent of its cadres, activists and voters. SYRIZA was one of the core choices of the party’s new leadership after 2000.. ”
(Tsakatika, and Eleftheriou, Ibid; 2013).
“SYN.. defined itself as a pluralist left party of democratic socialism, neither orthodox communist nor social democratic, supporting a mixed economy and placing a fresh emphasis on ‘new issues’, particularly feminism, democratic rights and the environment. SYN’s original core consisted of cadres whose political origins lay in the party of the Ellhnikh Aristra ́ (Greek Left [EAR]) founded in 1987 (in turn established after the KKE-es leadership’s decision to dissolve the party and contribute to the foundation of a non-communist left party) and a large group of dissidents who broke ranks with the KKE in 1991. It also incorporated a number of individuals and small groups coming from left social democracy, ecologism and the extra-parliamentary left, as well as independents.
The party’s founding document appealed to ‘the men and women of work and culture, the young and the excluded’. This was explicitly not a class appeal, since SYN effectively presented itself as a catch-all party throughout the 1990s, one that aimed to be present in ‘every nook and cranny of Greek society’. There was also an explicit trans-class appeal to groups affected by gender inequality and environmental degradation. In practice, most of its vote share, membership and cadres have mainly been from among the ranks of highly educated employees in the public sector, professionals and small employers. However, as a result of changes in internal factional dynamics, with the radical, protest-oriented
moderate (and sympathetic to government cooperation with PASOK) Anan vtikh ryga (Renewal Wing) in the party leadership after 2000, SYN shifted to a broadly defined class appeal aimed at targeting, primarily, younger cohorts and, secondarily, precariously employed workers in the services sector, social categories that were politically under-represented”
(Tsakatika, and Eleftheriou, Ibid; 2013).
The later creation of Syriza, was also a United Front. The word commonly means “coalition of the radical left”; or originally “coming from the roots” (Wikipedia):
“The Coalition of the Radical Left (Greek: Synaspismós Rizospastikís Aristerás), mostly known by its acronym, Syriza which signifies a Greek adjective meaning “from the roots”, is a left-wing political party in Greece, originally founded in 2004 as a coalition of left-wing and radical left parties. It is the largest party in the Hellenic Parliament…
The coalition originally comprised a broad array of groups (thirteen in total) and independent politicians, including social democrats, democratic socialists, left-wing patriots, feminists and green leftist groups, as well as Maoist, Trotskyist, Eurocommunist but also Eurosceptic components. Additionally, despite its secular ideology, many members are Christians who, like their atheistic fellow members, are opposed to the privileges of the state-sponsored Orthodox Church of Greece. From 2013 the coalition became a unitary party, although it retained its name with the addition of “United Social Front.”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriza
Syriza between 2004-8 was led by Alekos Alavanos. They created a vigorous youth movement in the driving force of the Ellhniko ́ Koinvniko ́ Foroym (Greek Social Forum [EKF]) which later organised the 4th European Social Forum (ESF) that took place in Athens in 2006. The Syriza United Front did undergo some splinters:
“In March 2009, some 10 small groups and parties formed another coalition, Antarsya (literally, the Anti-Capitalist Left Cooperation for the Overthrow). Composed primarily of university student activists in various communist organizations of orthodox Marxist, Trotskyist and Maoist backgrounds, as well of members of the relatively new rank-and-file unions outside the established bureaucracies of the official union structure of the country, it proved effective for activism in a broad range of mobilizations, but it never managed to achieve anything more than 1.8 per cent in the regional or general elections.
(Spourdalakis, Michalis; “Left strategy in the Greek cauldron: explaining syriza’s success. Socialist Register 2013; p. 105)
By 2010, Alex Tspiras was leading the Syriza party, after a section (The Renewal Wing’) split to form DIMAR (‘Renewal Wing’):
“The exit of the ‘Renewal Wing’ faction from SYN (which evolved into DIMAR) in the summer of 2010 curtailed political disagreement and factional infighting within SYN and resulted in the effective dominance of Alexis Tsipras’s leadership in both SYN and SYRIZA.”
(Tsakatika, and Eleftheriou, Ibid; 2013).
“The “social democratic” wing of Synaspismos definitely lost control of the party in 2006 when Alekos Alavanos was elected its president. This right wing, led by Fotis Kouvelis, almost exclusively originating in the Eurocommunist right group coming from EAR, ultimately left Synaspismos and set up another party called Democratic Left (Dimar): a formation that claims to be a sort of halfway house between Pasok and the radical left.”
(Stathis Kouvelakis interview with Sebastien Budgen: Greece: Phase One https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/01/phase-one/ )
But the revisionist KKE left Syn early on, and adopted a sectarian approach. Later on the KKE did not join the Greek Social Forum (EKF). Much of the KKE’s broad front work was instead performed through a Trade Union organisation – “Panrgatiko Agvnistiko Mtvpo (All Workers’ Militant Front, PAME) formed in the late 1990s. Insisting on this tactic, the KKE lost ground amongst much of the youth. For example those joining the ‘Indignants’ movement – who rejected all parties.
“Also indicative of the qualitative new dimension of the Greek people’s resistance were the now famous mobilizations of the ‘aganaktismeni’, i.e. the ‘frustrated or indignant in the squares’. These movements, which appeared in almost every major city nationwide, used new means of political mobilization (including the internet) and developed a political language which was clearly hostile to the previously existing patronizing practices of the party system. In fact this hostility was frequently displayed by spontaneous verbal and even physical attacks on politicians of the governmental parties, which at times extended to representatives of the established trade unions and the KKE.”
(Spourdalakis, Michalis;“Left strategy in the Greek cauldron: explaining syriza’s success. Socialist Register 2013; p. 108)
Stathis Kouvelakis, is a member of the central committee of Syriza and a leading member of its Left Platform. Kouvelakis pointed to the post-1968 divisions of the Greek left as “two poles.” Supposedly bridged by Syriza: the first bridge to factions of the KKE:
“Since 1968, the radical Left had been divided into two poles. The first was the Greek Communist Party (KKE), which (after splits)… (had) a rightist wing (that) constituted the Greek Left (EAR) and joined Synaspismos from the outset, and the leftist one reforming as the AKOA. The KKE that remained after these two splits was peculiarly traditionalist… It managed to win a relatively significant activist base among working-class and popular layers, as well as among the youth, particularly in the universities.” (Stathis Kouvelakis interview with Sebastien Budgen: Greece: Phase One https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/01/phase-one/ )
Kouvelakis describes Synaspsimos, as a second ‘pole’, seeding the later Syriza:
“The other pole, Synaspismos, opened out in 2004 with the creation of Syriza, which itself came from the joining together of the two previous splits from the KKE. Synaspismos has changed considerably over time. At the beginning of the 1990s, it was the kind of party that could vote for the Maastricht Treaty, and it was mainly of a moderate left coloration.” (Stathis Kouvelakis interview with Sebastien Budgen; Ibid).
Actually the Marxist-Leninist pro-Hoxha party – (Αναρτήθηκε από Anasintaxi Organization ) – is more emphatic. It places Syriza as directly deriving from the revisionist KKE, and as having taken over the KKE “social-democratic and reformist” character. Although Syriza is “socially” anti-fascist, it has “contradictions” – that impede it:
“In 1968, “K”KE was split into two parties: the euro-communist part known as “K”KE (interior) and the Krushchevian-Brezhnevite part known as “K”KE. Syriza originates from the first part and, consequently, is a social-democratic and reformist party guided by a right opportunist general line and characterized by petty bourgeois class features.
Syriza has pledged to implement a kind of neo-Keynesian economic program with the aim, at best, of relieving the burden of the consequences coming from the economic crisis of over-production and extreme neo-liberal economic policy without, however, touching the capitalist system and the imperialist dependence of Greece. Nevertheless, the implementation of this program has met negative reactions from the representatives of the imperialist organizations Commission – ECB – IMF that continue to interfere in the internal affairs of the country provocatively and without any pretext. This attitude amounts to the annulment of the recent (editor: January 2105) elections in our country.
In the sphere of social questions, Syriza is an anti-fascist party suffering from inconsistencies and contradictions as it is evident from the fact that it formed an alliance with the bourgeois nationalist party of ANEL and the nomination of Prokopis Pavlopoulos for President of the Republic, a right-wing politician from Nea Demokratia who was responsible, as Minister of Public Order in the Karamanlis government, for the bloody police violence unleashed on the country’s school youth after the murder of Alexis Grigoropoulos in December of 2008.”
(Αναρτήθηκε από Anasintaxi Organization ‘ Some questions and answers about the current situation in Greece ’; Article to be published in “Unity & Struggle” (Extended version of an interview given to the comrades of Iran); march 30; 2015. At http://anasintaxi-en.blogspot.ca/2015/02/some-questions-and-answers-about.html )
Syriza was always an electoral alliance:
“Syriza was set up by several different organizations in 2004, as an electoral alliance. Its biggest component was Alexis Tsipras ’s party Synaspismos — initially the Coalition of the Left and Progress, and eventually renamed the Coalition of the Left and of the Movements …. It emerged from a series of splits in the Communist movement. Some (smaller parties also – Editor) came out of the old Greek far left. In particular, the Communist Organization of Greece (KOE), one of the country’s main Maoist groups. This organization had three members of parliament (MPs) elected in May 2012. That’s also true of the Internationalist Workers’ Left (DEA), which is from a Trotskyist tradition, as well as other groups mostly of a Communist background. For example, the Renewing Communist Ecological Left (AKOA), which came out of the old Communist Party (Interior) .” (Stathis Kouvelakis interview with Sebastien Budgen; Ibid).
The United Front of Syriza, had almost electoral immediate success:
“It managed to get into parliament, overcoming the 3 percent minimum threshold.” (Stathis Kouvelakis interview with Sebastien Budgen; Ibid).
Syriza went on to replace PASOK as increasingly, Syriza candidates won in the ballot boxes. By this stage a number of other new parties had emerged, including a fascist party – Golden Dawn:
“After three years of political instability, the system collapsed in the dual elections of May and June 2012. New Democracy’s strength was halved and PASOK’s vote share diminished by 75 per cent. Three new political actors emerged, each winning around seven per cent of the vote, namely the party of the Dhmokratikh Aristra (Democratic Left, DIMAR), a recent split from SYN, Anya rthtoi Ellhn(Independent Greeks), a recent split from ND, and the extreme-right Xrysh Aygh (Golden Dawn). (Tsakatika, and Eleftheriou, Ibid; 2013).
A short lived coalition government in 2012 was formed by ND, PASOK and DIMAR in June 2012
What does Syriza represent? According to its own leaders it is an “anti-capitalist coalition” – as “class-struggle parties – but both emphasising “electoral alliances”:
“Syriza is an anti-capitalist coalition that addresses the question of power by emphasizing the dialectic of electoral alliances and success at the ballot box with struggle and mobilizations from below. That is, Syriza and Synaspismos see themselves as class-struggle parties, as formations that represent specific class interests.” (Stathis Kouvelakis interview with Sebastien Budgen; Ibid).
In another description, it is a “hybrid party”:
“That is, it is a political front, and even within Syriza there is a practical approach allowing the coexistence of different political cultures. I would say that Syriza is a hybrid party, a synthesis party, with one foot in the tradition of the Greek Communist movement and its other foot in the novel forms of radicalism that have emerged in this new period.” (Stathis Kouvelakis interview with Sebastien Budgen; Ibid).
In 2012 there were about 16,000 members in Synaspismos, and the Maoist KOE had about 1-1500 members. But in the ensuring period of a year, Syriza grew rapidly further – to 35,000–36,000. By May 2012, it became the second party in Greece with 16.7 percent of the vote, beating Pasok. It relied largely on a trade union base, and pulled its voters away from the KKE. There were 3 reasons why strategists feel they did so well in the 2012 elections:
“First, The violence of the social and economic crisis in Greece and the way it developed from 2010 onward, with the austere-ian purge .. inflicted under the infamous memorandums of understanding (the agreements the Greek government signed with the troika in order to secure the country’s ability to pay off its debts). The second factor resides in the fact that Greece — and now also Spain — are the only countries where this social and economic crisis has transformed into a political crisis. .. The third factor is popular mobilization.… The real breakthrough came when Tsipras focused his discourse on the theme of constituting an “anti-austerity government of the Left” now, which he presented as an alliance proposal reaching out to the KKE, the far left, the parliamentary left, and the small dissident elements of Pasok. “ (Stathis Kouvelakis interview with Sebastien Budgen; Ibid).
Within the United Front of Syriza itself, there are two main wings (See Diagram above): The Left Platform and the majority. The Left Platform is also a United Front – of the “Left Current” mainly influenced by the KKE and a Trotskyist component:
“The Left Platform has two components, the Left Current, which is a kind of traditional communist current — essentially constituted by trade unionists and controlling most of the trade union sector of Syriza. These people in their vast majority come from the KKE, so they are those who broke with the KKE in the last split of the party in 1991. And then there is the Trotskyist component (DEA and KOKKOINO, recently fused).” (Stathis Kouvelakis interview with Sebastien Budgen; Ibid).
In turn, this Left wing has formed a sub-group – the “Platform of the 53”:
“The left of the majority has coalesced around the “Platform of the Fifty-Three,” signed by fifty-three members of the central committee and some MPs in June 2014, immediately after the European elections. They strongly criticized Tsipras’s attempts to attract establishment politicians, and for leading a campaign that didn’t give a big enough role to social mobilizations and movements”. (Stathis Kouvelakis interview with Sebastien Budgen; Ibid).
From quite early on, Tsipras had been criticised from his Left – on charges along the lines of opportunism. What Programme did Syriza put forth?
9. What was the elected programme of Syriza?
The Thessalonika Conference is accepted as being the progaramme of the United Front of Syriza. (Syriza – The Thessalonika Programme” at http://www.syriza.gr/article/id/59907/SYRIZA—THE-THESSALONIKI-PROGRAMME.html#.VQSgEChOTdl
In broadest terms the Programme calls for cessation of “the Nazi Occupation forced loan from the Bank of Greece” – and lifting of the Greek Public Debt: A slogan “No sacrifice of the Euro” was often heard:
“Write-off the greater part of public debt’s nominal value so that it becomes sustainable in the context of a «European Debt Conference». It happened for Germany in 1953. It can also happen for the South of Europe and Greece.
Include a «growth clause» in the repayment of the remaining part so that it is growth-financed and not budget-financed.
Include a significant grace period («moratorium») in debt servicing to save funds for growth.
Exclude public investment from the restrictions of the Stability and Growth Pact.
A «European New Deal» of public investment financed by the European Investment Bank.
Quantitative easing by the European Central Bank with direct purchases of sovereign bonds.
Finally, we declare once again that the issue of the Nazi Occupation forced loan from the Bank of Greece is open for us. Our partners know it. It will become the country’s official position from our first days in power.
On the basis of this plan, we will fight and secure a socially viable solution to Greece’s debt problem so that our country is able to pay off the remaining debt from the creation of new wealth and not from primary surpluses, which deprive society of income.
With that plan, we will lead with security the country to recovery and productive reconstruction by:
Immediately increasing public investment by at least €4 billion.
Gradually reversing all the Memorandum injustices.
Gradually restoring salaries and pensions so as to increase consumption and demand.
Providing small and medium-sized enterprises with incentives for employment, and subsidizing the energy cost of industry in exchange for an employment and environmental clause.
Investing in knowledge, research, and new technology in order to have young scientists, who have been massively emigrating over the last years, back home.
Rebuilding the welfare state, restoring the rule of law and creating a meritocratic state.
We are ready to negotiate and we are working towards building the broadest possible alliances in Europe.”
In this document it further says that “within our first days in power,” after “negotiations end” with the Troika (And on its Memorandum)– they will begin enacting the following “National Reconstruction Plan” What does this embody? There are Four Pillars to this, which we recap briefly.
“The 1st Pillar is “Confronting the humanitarian crisis at an estimated Total estimated cost of €1,882 billion
“Our program…. amounts to a comprehensive grid of emergency interventions, so as to raise a shield of protection for the most vulnerable social strata. Free electricity (Total cost: €59,4 million).
Programme of meal subsidies to 300.000 families without income. Total cost: €756 million.
Programme of housing guarantee. The target is the provision of initially 30.000 apartments (30, 50, and 70 m²), by subsidizing rent at €3 per m². Total cost: €54 million.
Restitution of the Christmas bonus, as 13th pension, to 1.262.920 pensioners with a pension up to €700. Total cost: €543,06 million.
Free medical and pharmaceutical care for the uninsured unemployed. Total cost: €350 million.
Special public transport card for the long-term unemployed and those who are under the poverty line. Total cost: €120 million.
Repeal of the leveling of the special consumption tax on heating and automotive diesel. Bringing the starting price of heating fuel for households back to €0,90 per lt, instead of the current €1,20 per lt. Benefit is expected.”
The 2nd Pillar is “Restarting the economy and promoting tax justice” Total estimated cost: €6,5 billion; Total estimated benefit: €3,0 billion
“This second pillar is centered on measures to restart the economy. Priority is given to alleviating tax suppression on the real economy, relieving citizens of financial burdens, injecting liquidity and enhancing demand.
Excessive taxation on the middle class as well as on those who do not tax-evade has entrapped a great part of citizens in a situation which directly threatens their employment status, their private property, no matter how small, and even their physical existence, as proved by the unprecedented number in suicides.
Settlement of financial obligations to the state and social security funds in 84 installments. Estimated benefit: €3 billion
The revenue which we expect to collect on an annual basis (between 5% and 15% of the total owed) will be facilitated by the following measures:
The immediate cease of prosecution as well as of confiscation of bank accounts, primary residence, salaries, etc, and the issuance of tax clearance certificate to all those included in the settlement process.
A twelve-month suspension of prosecution and enforcement measures against debtors with an established zero income, included in the settlement process.
Repeal of the anti-constitutional treatment of outstanding financial obligations to the state as offence in the act (in flagrante delicto).
Abolition of the mandatory 50% down payment of the outstanding debt as a prerequisite to seek a court hearing. The down payment will be decided by a judge. It will be around 10%-20%, according to the financial circumstances of the debtor.
Immediate abolition of the current unified property tax (ENFIA). Introduction of a tax on large property. Immediate downward adjustment of property zone rates per m². Estimated cost: €2 billion.
That tax will be progressive with a high tax-free threshold. With the exception of luxurious homes, it will not apply on primary residence. In addition, it will not concern small and medium property.
Restitution of the €12000 annual income tax threshold. Increase in the number of tax brackets to ensure progressive taxation. Estimated cost: €1.5 billion.
Personal debt relief by restructuring non-performing loans («red loans») by individuals and enterprises.
This new relief legislation will include: the case-by-case partial write-off of debt incurred by people who now are under the poverty line, as well as the general principle of readjusting outstanding debt so that its total servicing to banks, the state, and the social security funds does not exceed ⅓ of a debtor’s income.
Establishment of a public development bank as well as of special-purpose banks: Starting capital at €1 billion.
Restoration of the minimum wage to €751. Zero cost.
The 3rd Pillar is “Regaining employment” Estimated cost: €3 billion
A net increase in jobs by 300,000 in all sectors of the economy – private, public, social – is expected to be the effect of our two-year plan to regain employment. …Restitution of the institutional framework to protect employment rights that was demolished by the Memoranda governments…. Restitution of the so-called «after-effect» of collective agreements; of the collective agreements themselves as well as of arbitration….. Abolition of all regulations allowing for massive and unjustifiable layoffs as well as for renting employees.
Zero cost: Employment programme for 300000 new jobs. Estimated first-year cost: €3 billion
The 4th Pillar is: “Transforming the political system to deepen democracy”
Total estimated cost: €0
From the first year of SYRIZA government, we set in motion the process for the institutional and democratic reconstruction of the state. We empower the institutions of representative democracy and we introduce new institutions of direct democracy.
Regional organization of the state. Enhancement of transparency, of the economic autonomy and the effective operation of municipalities and regions. We empower the institutions of direct democracy and introduce new ones.
Empowerment of citizens’ democratic participation. Introduction of new institutions, such as people’s legislative initiative, people’s veto and people’s initiative to call a referendum.
Empowerment of the Parliament, curtailment of parliamentary immunity, and repeal of the peculiar legal regime of MPs’ non-prosecution.
Regulation of the radio/television landscape by observing all legal preconditions and adhering to strict financial, tax, and social-security criteria. Re-establishment of ERT (Public Radio and Television) on a zero basis.”
(Thessalalonkia Programme; Ibid)
This is viewed by significant leaders of the Syriza as a “transitional programme,” as explained in an interview with Efklidis Tsakalotos, a member of Parliament with SYRIZA and responsible for the economic policy of Syriza. (An Interview With Syriza’s Efklidis Tsakalotos Syriza’s Moment; by E. AHMET TONAK” JANUARY 23-25, 2015; http://www.counterpunch.org/2015/01/23/syrizas-moment/ ) :
“Syriza’s programme is a transitional one. It wants to start the process of not only reversing the policies of austerity but also dismantling some of the central pillars of the neo-liberal order. As with all transitional programmes the goal is to open up fissures for more radical polices. Whether we in Europe can achieve this depends on the extent that social movements are inspired to make use of the opportunities that arise to broaden the agenda in favour of a more participatory, institutionally-diverse, and socially just economy. Left-wing governments can do only so much. Social transformations, especially in the modern era, need the active engagement of millions. Parties and governments of the Left must see their role as catalysts of these wider developments. What is certain is that we are living in interesting times!”
(Interview with Tsakalotos Ibid).
In truth, the programme that was put forward by Syriza entirely stays within the confines of the EU. Instead of breaking that mould, it attempts to lay a negotiating position to lessen the burdens that are being demanded of the Greek peoples. It is correct that Syriza has never claimed to be a Leninist type party. Nonetheless, this perspective put above, is the antithesis of Leninism. As explained by Lenin in ‘State and Revolution” “trasnational forms” are needed. Both Marx and Lenin certainly agreed that a “special stage” – or a stage of transition from capitalism to communism was needed:
“The first fact that has been established most accurately by the whole theory of development, by science as a whole–a fact that was ignored by the utopians, and is ignored by the present-day opportunists, who are afraid of the socialist revolution–is that, historically, there must undoubtedly be a special stage, or a special phase, of transition from capitalism to communism.” https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/staterev/ch05.htm
However, crucially, this transition needed to be a revolutionary transition:
“Between capitalist and communist society lies the period of the revolutionary transformation of the one into the other. Corresponding to this is also a political transition period in which the state can be nothing but the revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat.”
Previously the question was put as follows: to achieve its emancipation, the proletariat must overthrow the bourgeoisie, win political power and establish its revolutionary dictatorship.
Now the question is put somewhat differently: the transition from capitalist society–which is developing towards communism–to communist society is impossible without a “political transition period”, and the state in this period can only be the revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat. What, then, is the relation of this dictatorship to democracy? We have seen that the Communist Manifesto simply places side by side the two concepts: “to raise the proletariat to the position of the ruling class” and “to win the battle of democracy”. On the basis of all that has been said above, it is possible to determine more precisely how democracy changes in the transition from capitalism to communism. In capitalist society, providing it develops under the most favourable conditions, we have a more or less complete democracy in the democratic republic. But this democracy is always hemmed in by the narrow limits set by capitalist exploitation, and consequently always remains, in effect, a democracy for the minority, only for the propertied classes, only for the rich. Freedom in capitalist society always remains about the same as it was in the ancient Greek republics: freedom for the slave-owners. Owing to the conditions of capitalist exploitation, the modern wage slaves are so crushed by want and poverty that “they cannot be bothered with democracy,” “cannot be bothered with politics”; in the ordinary, peaceful course of events, the majority of the population is debarred from participation in public and political life.”
Lenin State & Revolution: Experience of the Paris Commune of 1871. Marx’s Analysis ( https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/staterev/ch03.htm )
Lenin points out that there is a “hemming in by narrow limits” of democracy. How much “narrower” is it when not only the single state “hems it in” – but the imperialists of the EU also “hem it in?” The next period, following the January elections of 2015, would answer this question.
10. Elections of 2015 and Negotiations with the Troika
The short-lived governments could not maintain credibility, as they were always accomodating to the new Troika demands. The mass movement shifted to the left, as shown by the huge demonstrations in the central Square. The elections of January 25 2015, sealed the rise to power of Syriza:
“After the Hellenic Parliament failed to elect a new President of State by 29 December 2014, the parliament was dissolved and a snap 2015 legislative election was scheduled for 25 January 2015. Syriza had a lead in opinion polls, but its anti-austerity position worried investors and eurozone supporters. The party’s chief economic advisor, John Milios, has downplayed fears that Greece under a Syriza government would exit the eurozone, while shadow development minister George Stathakis disclosed the party’s intention to crack down on Greek oligarchs if it wins the election. In the election, Syriza defeated the incumbent New Democracy and went on to become the largest party in the Hellenic Parliament, receiving 36.3% of the vote and 149 out of 300 seats.”
(Panagiotis Sotiris; https://viewpointmag.com/2015/01/28/a-strategy-of-ruptures-ten-theses-on-the-greek-future/ )
Rapidly, by 26 January 2015, Tsipras and Independent Greeks (ANEL) leader Panos Kammenos agreed on a coalition government between Syriza and ANEL. Tsipras would be the Prime Minister of Greece , with the academic economist Yanis Varoufakis as his Minister of Finance .
Yet, in a graphic display of its intended response to the rebuke that the Troika and especially the German imperialists had received, the official line was hard:
“German government official Hans-Peter Friedrich however said: “The Greeks have the right to vote for whom they want. We have the right to no longer finance Greek debt.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriza
The Greek pro-Hoxha Marxist-Leninist view is that the Greek people took a stand against both the Troika and the Greek capitalists:
“By voting for SYRIZA, the majority of the Greek people rejected and condemned the cruel economic measures that were imposed, the neoliberal economic policy, in general, and the great-bourgeois parties of ND and PASOK that implemented these measures with the outmost servility. The victory of SYRIZA is also explained by the people’s resentment towards the fascist re-modeling of social life promoted by the government of the fascist scoundrel Samaras”. (January 24, 2015; “BOYCOTT the elections–The elections do not solve the problem of imperialist DEPENDANCE (economic-political-military, NATO bases etc.), nor repel-cancel ongoing EU politics against the people http://anasintaxi-en.blogspot.ca/2015/01/boycott-electionsthe-elections-do-not_24.html )
However Anasintaxi also had called for abstention from the elections of 2015, arguing that:
“In contrary ALL the bourgeois parties are in favor of Greece’s STAY in imperialist European Union, and in EURO-EMU and propagate consciously, serve the interests of the EU imperialists with misleading MYTH-fantasies about “equal participation” (!) of the country in the “pit of lions” of the powerful European monopolies. At the same time they propagate that Greece leaving the Euro-EMU-EU will be a “major disaster” (!).
ALL the reformist social democratic parties (“K” KE-SYRIZA, etc.) and the extra-parliamentary organizations follow the same strategic choice of the EU monopolies and the local capital.
It is not only SYRIZA which supports the country STAY (in) EURO-EMU-EU, but also the “K” KE: “A solution outside the euro and return to the drachma in the present circumstances would be catastrophic” (A. Papariga, “Rizospastis” 31/5/2011, p.6) Moreover: the leaders of the “K” KE definitively renounced the anti-imperialist struggle for the overthrow of dependence”
(January 24, 2015; “BOYCOTT the elections–The elections do not solve the problem of imperialist DEPENDANCE (economic-political-military, NATO bases etc.), nor repel-cancel ongoing EU politics against the people http://anasintaxi-en.blogspot.ca/2015/01/boycott-electionsthe-elections-do-not_24.html )
After the election, Anasintaxi warned that Syriza had entered into coalition with right-wing ANEL. However early on, the government had taken some progressive steps:
“During the first three weeks following the elections, the SYRIZA government has taken a series of actions in order to implement its program that has won the support of wide popular strata, an attitude that is unfortunately accompanied by certain illusions. At the same time, the government’s actions have met a very negative reception from Commission – ECB – IMF whose pressure and constant interference in the country’s internal affairs is condemned by the Greek people. We think that, up to a certain extent, SYRIZA’s victory creates favorable conditions for the strengthening of class struggles. Whether this possibility becomes a reality depends, of course on many factors the most important of which is the organization of the majority of the working masses in independent and united trade unions and the influence exerted on these and, the society in general, by the consistent left-wing, anti-imperialist and revolutionary communists.”
(Αναρτήθηκε από Anasintaxi Organization ‘Some questions and answers about the current situation in Greece’; Article to be published in “Unity & Struggle” (Extended version of an interview given to the comrades of Iran); march 30; 2015. At http://anasintaxi-en.blogspot.ca/2015/02/some-questions-and-answers-about.html )
At this early point, both Tsipras and Varoufakis were apparently determined to negotiate hard, with the threat to leave the EU if the Troika did not back down:
“Greece’s finance minister Yanis Varoufakis has spelled out the negotiating strategy of the Syriza government with crystal clarity.
“Exit from the euro does not even enter into our plans, quite simply because the euro is fragile. It is like a house of cards. If you pull away the Greek card, they all come down,” he said.
“Do we really want Europe to break apart? Anybody who is tempted to think it possible to amputate Greece strategically from Europe should be careful. It is very dangerous. Who would be hit after us? Portugal? What would happen to Italy when it discovers that it is impossible to stay within the austerity straight-jacket?”
“There are Italian officials – I won’t say from which institution – who have approached me to say they support us, but they can’t say the truth because Italy is at risk of bankruptcy and they fear the consequence from Germany. A cloud of fear has been hanging over Europe over recent years. We are becoming worse than the Soviet Union,” he told the Italian TV station RAI.
This earned a stiff rebuke from the Italian finance minister, Pier Carlo Padoan. “These comments are out of place. Italy’s debt is solid and sustainable,” he said.
Yet the point remains. Deflationary conditions are causing interest costs to rise faster than nominal GDP in Italy, Spain, and Portugal, automatically pushing public debt ratios ever higher.
Berkeley economist Barry Eichengreen warns that Grexit would be “Lehman squared”, setting off a calamitous chain reaction with worldwide consequences. Syriza’s gamble is that the EU authorities know this, whatever officials may claim in public.
Premier Alexis Tsipras is pushing this to the wire. Rightly or wrongly, he calculates that Greece holds the trump card – the detonation of mutual assured destruction, to borrow from Cold War parlance – and that all the threats from EMU power centres are mere bluster.
His cool nerve has caught Brussels, Frankfurt, Berlin, and the markets off guard. They assumed that this 40-year neophyte would back away from exorbitant demands in his landmark policy speech to the Greek parliament on Sunday night. Instead they heard a declaration of war.
He vowed to implement every measure in Syriza’s pre-electoral Thessaloniki Programme “in their entirety” with no ifs and buts. This even includes a legal demand for €11bn of war reparations from Germany, a full 71 years after the last Wehrmacht soldier left Greek soil.
There is no possible extension of Greece’s bail-out programme with the EU-IMF Troika, for that would be an “extension of mistakes and disaster”, a perpetuation of the debt-deflation trap. “The People have abolished the Memorandum. We will not negotiate our sovereignty,” he said.
Macropolis said every item was in there: a pension rise for the poorest; no further rises in the retirement age; an increase in the minimum wage to €751 a month by 2016; a return to collective bargaining; an end to privatisation of utilities; cancellation of a new property tax (ENFIA); a rise in tax-free thresholds from €5,000 to €12,000; and a rehiring of 10,000 public workers fired “illegally.”
( Ambrose Evans-Pritchard . “Greece’s leaders stun Europe with escalating defiance”. ‘The Telegraph’; 09 Feb 2015; http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/11400778/Greeces-leaders-stun-Europe-with-escalating-defiance.html )
However in a foretaste of the future intransigence of the German imperialists, led by Wolfang Schauble the German Finance Minister – Greece’s first counter-offer was rejected out of hand:
“Schauble continues to insist that Greece sticks to the bailout conditions agreed with previous governments under which financial support will be given only in exchange for substantial structural reforms.
The finance ministry’s position risks deepening splits within Europe over how to deal with Greece as an end of February deadline nears at which the previous bailout agreement with its creditors and the European Central Bank runs out, leaving Greece facing bankruptcy.
In contrast to Berlin, the EU commission president Jean-Claude Juncker welcomed the Greek application, saying in his opinion it could pave the way for a “sensible compromise in the interest of financial stability in the Eurozone as a whole”.
But experts said Greece was merely playing for time, and that its application had indeed contained no new commitments. “The Greeks have simply tried to pass the buck back to the middle,” Matthias Kullas from the Centre for European Politics in Freiburg told The Guardian.
He stressed the German reaction was not a rejection over reaching a compromise with Greece, but did mean that expectations of an agreement on Friday when finance ministers from the eurogroup meet again, were now “slim”.
“If an agreement is reached, it will be at the last minute,” he said. “It’s in the interest of both sides to stick to their guns. The earlier one of them diverts from his course, the weaker his position becomes and the more elbow room he leaves for the other.”
(Kate Connolly. “Germany rejects Greek bailout plan – as it happened”. The Guardian 19 February 2015; http://www.theguardian.com/business/blog/live/2015/feb/19/greece-to-seek-bailout-extension-after-33bn-lifeline )
A furious cycle of media reports and counter reports paralleled a back and forth between the European Union and the Greek negotiating team of Tsipras and Varoufakis. In essence no counter-offer by the Greek team was deemed acceptable. It is true that the initial efforts of the Greek team to counter the demands were insubstantial. However even when substantial retreats had been offered, they were humiliatingly rejected. While the European team was overall untied, strains emerged. It was apparent that the Germans were the most stout in the rejections. However both the French and the Italians were wavering. Nonetheless even the IMF initially firmly supported the German position:
“Last week Greece received a four-month extension of its $277 billion bailout program. The parliaments of Finland, Estonia and, most importantly, Germany, as well as Greece’s other EU partners, approved the bailout program that was agreed to Feb. 20, provided that Greece submit a list of planned reforms . Greece submitted six pages of reforms last Monday, but not all of Greece’s creditors think they are sufficient. Christine Lagarde, managing director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), wrote a letter to Dutch Finance Minster Jeroen Dijsselbloem, who is also president of the Eurogroup of eurozone finance ministers, expressing her concern that Greece’s proposed reforms were not specific enough, nor did they contain sufficient assurances on their design and implementation. The letter is the most recent, and public, indication of the IMF’s hesitancy toward Greece and its bailout program.
( Maria Savel . “IMF Stands Firm, Forcing Greece and Syriza to Accept Hard Concessions” Politics Review, March 3, 2015, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/trend-lines/15210/imf-stands-firm-forcing-greece-and-syriza-to-accept-hard-concessions )
By March, Tsipras was still assuming the EU would not want to have a member leave:
“SPIEGEL: Many experts now fear a “Graccident” — Greece’s accidental exit from the euro. If the ECB doesn’t agree to your T-Bills, that’s exactly what might happen.
Tspiras: I cannot imagine that. People won’t risk Europe’s disintegration over a T-Bill of almost €1.6 billion. There is a saying for this in Greece: A wet man does not fear the rain.”
(Der Spiegel Interview Conducted By Manfred Ertel , Katrin Kuntz and Mathieu von Rohr: Greek Prime Minister Tsipras: ‘We Don’t Want to Go on Borrowing Forever’; March 7 2015; at http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/spiegel-interview-with-greek-prime-minister-tsipras-a-1022156.html )
As time went on, the Greek banks were forced to put restrictions on withdrawals. The EU allowed some further liquidity in Greece by allowing Greece to print more T-Bills, but purely for internal use. This was violated by Greece. More and more comments were heard that Greece might have to exit the EU – a so called Grexit or Greccident:
“The current money-go-round is unsustainable. Euro-region taxpayers fund their governments, which in turn bankroll the European Central Bank. Cash from the ECB’s Emergency Liquidity Scheme flows to the Greek banks; they buy treasury bills from their government, which uses the proceeds to … repay its International Monetary Fund debts! …
There’s blame on both sides for the current impasse. Euro-area leaders should be giving Greece breathing space to get its economic act together. But the Greek leadership has been cavalier in its treatment of its creditors . It’s been amateurish in expecting that a vague promise to collect more taxes would win over Germany and its allies. And it’s been unrealistic in expecting the ECB to plug a funding gap in the absence of a political agreement for getting back to solvency. ……Greece’s three-year bond yield is back above 20 percent, double what it was just before Alexis Tsipras was elected prime minister on an anti-austerity platform in January. At that level, there’s no way Greece can end its reliance on its bailout partners anytime soon.
German Finance Minister Wolfgang Schaeuble was scathing yesterday about Greece’s efforts to balance its election promises with its bailout obligations, and about its standing with international investors:
“None of my colleagues, or anyone in the international institutions, can tell me how this is supposed to work. Greece was able to sell those treasury bills only in Greece, with no foreign investor ready to invest. That means that all of the confidence was destroyed again.”
Every day’s delay in cutting a deal pushes Greece a little closer to leaving the common currency. That would be a shame, since it’s an outcome no one — apart from Schaeuble — seems to desire. The mutability of euro membership could also unleash contagion and a domino effect. But it looks increasingly inevitable.”
(Mark Gilbert; “Greece’s Euro Exit Seems Inevitable”: 17 March 2015; http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2015-03-17/greece-s-euro-exit-seems-inevitable )
By April 2015, reports circulated that secret plans were being drawn up to revive the Drachma and go into default (Evans-Pritchard A, 2 April 2015; Telegraph at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/11513341/Greece-draws-up-drachma-plans-prepares-to-miss-IMF-payment.html ).
On May 4th the BBC reported that Greek banks were not allowing pensioners to withdraw more than a small amount, and that public sector workers were nto being paid regularly ( http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-32580919 ). However on May 6th however Greece paid back $200 million to the IMF and avoided insolvency. At that time the European Central Bank (ECB) granted further liquidity to Greece. (Phillip Inman and Helena Smith; 6 May, The Guardian; at http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/06/greek-debt-default-avoided-after-200m-payment-to-imf )
By June the situation was still not resolved, and Greece’s peoples were in an even more precarious position. By this time, Syriza had retreated substantially more. Michael Roberts summarises to June:
“The IMF representative in the negotiations, Poul Thomsen, has “pushed the austerity agenda with a curious passion that shocks even officials in the European Commission, pussy cats by comparison” (here are the latest demands of the Troika Greece – Policy Commitments Demanded By EU etc Jun 2015 ). The IMF is demanding further sweeping measures of austerity at a time when the Greek government debt burden stands at 180% of GDP, when the Greeks have already applied the biggest swing in budget deficit to surplus by any government since the 1930s and when further austerity would only drive the Greek capitalist economy even deeper into its depression. As the Daily Telegraph summed it up: “six years of depression, a deflationary spiral, a 26pc fall GDP, 60pc youth unemployment, mass exodus of the young and the brightest, chronic hysteresis that will blight Greece’s prospects for a decade to come.”
The Syriza government has already made many and significant retreats from its election promises and wishes. Many ‘red lines’ have been crossed already. It has dropped the demand for the cancellation of all or part of the government debt; it has agreed to carry through most of the privatisations imposed under the agreement reached with the previous conservative New Democracy government; it has agreed to increased taxation in various areas; it is willing to introduce ‘labour reforms’ and it has postponed the implementation of a higher minimum wage and the re-employment of thousands of sacked staff.
But the IMF and Eurogroup wanted even more. The Troika has agreed that the original targets for a budget surplus (before interest payments on debt) could be reduced from 3-4% of GDP a year up to 2020 to 1% this year, rising to 2% next etc. But this is no real concession because government tax revenues have collapsed during the negotiation period. At the end of 2014, the New Democracy government said that it would end the bailout package and take no more money because it could repay its debt obligations from then on as the government was running a primary surplus sufficient to do so. But that surplus has now disappeared as rich Greeks continue to hide their money and avoid tax payments and small businesses and employees hold back on paying in the uncertainty of what is going to happen. The general government primary cash surplus has narrowed by more than 59 percent to 651 million euros in the 4-month period of 2015 from 1.6 billion in the corresponding period last year
The Syriza government has only been able to pay its government employees their wages and meet state pension outgoings by stopping all payments of bills to suppliers in the health service, schools and other public services. The result is that the government has managed to scrape together just enough funds to meet IMF and ECB repayments in the last few months, while hospitals have no medicines and equipment and schools have no books and materials; and doctors and teachers leave the country.
Even Ashoka Mody, former chief of the IMF’s bail-out in Ireland, has criticised the attitude of his successor in the Greek negotiations: “Everything that we have learned over the last five years is that it is stunningly bad economics to enforce austerity on a country when it is in a deflationary cycle. Trauma patients have to heal their wounds before they can train for the 10K.”
The final red lines have been reached. What the Syriza leaders finally balked at was the demand by the IMF and the Eurogroup that the government raise VAT on electricity by 10 percentage points, directly hitting the fuel payments of the poorest; and also that the poorest state pensioners should have their pensions cuts so that the social security system could balance its books. Further down the road, the Troika wants major cuts in the pensions system by raising the retirement ages and increasing contributions. The Syriza leaders were even prepared to agree to some VAT rises and pension ‘reforms’, but the two specific demands of the Troika appear to have been just too much.”
(Roberts, Michael Blog; June 15, 2015;: “Ten minutes past midnight”; https://thenextrecession.wordpress.com/2015/06/06/ten-minutes-past-midnight/ )
Increasingly leading economists including Nobel Laureates Joseph Stiglitz and Paul Krugman, Amartya Sen and others – warned about a new “Versailles moment”, and insisted that German stubbornness was actually bad for Europe as a whole, and that a “hair-cut” to the debt was necessary – i.e. a dramatic waiver-cut of the debt (Simon Wren-Lewis. “Why Amartya Sen Is Right About What Is Being Done To Greece”; 12 June 2015; in ‘Social Europe’ at http://www.socialeurope.eu/2015/06/why-amartya-sen-is-right-about-what-is-being-done-to-greece/ ). President Obama of the USA had already agreed that:
“”You cannot keep on squeezing countries that are in the midst of depression.”
“At some point, there has to be a growth strategy in order for them to pay off their debts to eliminate some of their deficits,” (Aurelia End; Obama joins ally list on Greek austerity relief http://news.yahoo.com/obama-joins-ally-list-greek-austerity-relief-033040983.html )
As the Left inside Syriza resisted Tsipras’s slippery slope of acceptance of new demands, they increasingly pointed to the example of Iceland who had defaulted on international debts in a similar situation. They got substantial agreement from even the ANSEL coalition party members also. (Ambrose Pritchard-Evans. “Syriza Left demands ‘Icelandic’ default as Greek defiance stiffens”.14 June ‘Daily Telegraph’; http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/11673989/Syriza-Left-demands-Icelandic-default-as-Greek-defiance-stiffens.html ).
In a twist to the pre-July series of negotiations, as even more demands were made of the package being offered by Tsipras and Varoufakis, Tsipras called a snap referendum, saying he needed to have a further mandate form the Greek people, in order to agree to the latest demands and obtain the new tranche of bail-out funds. Bizarrely however, he then wrote to the Imperialists saying he would accept – only to find that the imperialists had withdrawn their offer. Tsipras had to go on to the snap Referendum:
“Tsipras infuriated eurozone finance ministers by calling a snap referendum on proposals to agree a deal to release the €7.2bn in bailout funds it needed to meet an IMF repayment. His argument was that the concessions still being demanded by creditors, including VAT rises and rapid reform of the unaffordable pension system, and the lack of any serious prospect of debt relief, meant he could not sign up without a fresh public mandate – and, indeed, he and Varoufakis immediately urged their countrymen to vote “No”.
Yet it emerged that while publicly lambasting the troika, the very same Tsipras had dispatched a two-page letter to Brussels that caved into many of the demands he had angrily rejected a few days earlier – and continued to insist on putting to the public vote. It was too late: his exasperated creditors, and Germany in particular, in the person of Berlin’s implacable finance minister, Wolfgang Schäuble, decided enough was enough and the offer was no longer on the table. Amid the storm of political recriminations, the European Central Bank capped financial support to the Greek banking sector, forcing the government to impose capital controls, to stem the relentless slow-motion bank run that has been leaching the life out of the country’s financial system for months. And last Tuesday, as it warned it would, Athens defaulted on its payment to the IMF. To all intents and purposes, the country is bust.
So Greek voters now face trudging to the polls today, either to vote Yes to a set of proposals that are no longer on the table – presumably ushering in a new, more emollient government that would get straight back to the negotiating table – or to send a defiant no to further austerity. Tsipras and Varoufakis insist that “No” would not mean plunging out of the eurozone, let alone the EU. Instead, they say they would re-enter talks as if brandishing a petition. Yet last time they were handed a stock of political capital by the Greek public, in January’s general election, they quickly squandered it. Both Tsipras and Varoufakis have forged their political reputations by rejecting consensus and overturning the received wisdom. But international diplomacy means understanding that everyone at the table, whatever your grievances against them, has their own mandate and their own domestic audience to placate.
Instead of opening up ways for the troika to save face, Tsipras and Varoufakis have used every means available – from provocative tweets to spiky speeches in Syntagma Square – to heighten the divisions between Greece and its eurozone partners, accusing them of trying to blackmail and humiliate the Greek people into submission.”
(Observer Editorial. “The Observer view on Greece’s referendum “5 July 2015; http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jul/05/greece-let-down-by-partners-and-leaders ).
In the midst of this circus, before the Referendum – the USA and the IMF (in the person of Christine Lagarde) exerted further pressure on the Germans to bend. Already calls had been made by many economists, that Germany had been granted a waiver on the demands at the end of the First Word war (the Versailles treaty). These had been firmly ignored by the German imperialists. Now the IMF threw a spanner into the erst-while United Front of the imperialists:
“The International Monetary Fund has electrified the referendum debate in Greece after it conceded that the crisis-ridden country needs up to €60bn (£42bn) of extra funds over the next three years and large-scale debt relief to create “a breathing space” and stabilise the economy.
With days to go before Sunday’s knife-edge referendum that the country’s creditors have cast as a vote on whether it wants to keep the euro, the IMF revealed a deep split with Europe as it warned that Greece’s debts were “unsustainable”.
Fund officials said they would not be prepared to put a proposal for a third Greek bailout to the Washington-based organisation’s board unless it included both a commitment to economic reform and debt relief.
According to the IMF, Greece should have a 20-year grace period before making any debt repayments and final payments should not take place until 2055. It would need €10bn to get through the next few months and a further €50bn after that.
The Greek prime minister Alexis Tsipras welcomed the IMF’s intervention saying in a TV interview that what the IMF said was never put to him during negotiations.”
(Philipp Inman, Larry Elliot, Alberto Nardelli; IMF says Greece needs extra €60bn in funds and debt relief”; The Guardian 2 July 2015; at http://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/jul/02/imf-greece-needs-extra-50bn-euro ).
The Referendum was held on 5th July 2015. The result was a defiant “NO!” to the European imperialists:
“The final result in the referendum, published by the interior ministry, was 61.3% “No”, against 38.7% who voted “Yes.”
Greece’s governing Syriza party had campaigned for a “No”, saying the bailout terms were humiliating.
Their opponents warned that this could see Greece ejected from the eurozone, and a summit of eurozone heads of state has now been called for Tuesday.
Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras said late on Sunday that Greeks had voted for a “Europe of solidarity and democracy”.
“As of tomorrow, Greece will go back to the negotiating table and our primary priority is to reinstate the financial stability of the country,” he said in a televised address.
“This time, the debt will be on the negotiating table,” he added, saying that an International Monetary Fund assessment published this week “confirms Greek views that restructuring the debt is necessary.”
(Mark Lowen; “Greece debt crisis: Greek voters reject bailout offer”; 6th July; BBC http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-33403665 ).
Strangely – Tsipras appeared not too happy. It became clear that he had been expecting a ‘Yes’ vote, which would enable him to cave in to the EU demands. He had relied on the often remarked on “wish of the Greek peoples to see themselves as European” and thus not to risk leaving the EU. But the Greek people had seen the callous manipulations of the EU leaders.
On the same day the results were announced, Yanis Varoufakis resigned – saying that this would help the negotiations going forward, but that this resignation had been essentially, at the request of Tsipras.
Proponents of the logical outcome of the “No” Vote – such as Yanis Varoufakis – were simply told to drop alternative plans. Varoufakis had been drawing up “Plan B” – whereby if the Troika did not retreat to any key extent – Greece would resurrect the pre-Euro currency of the Drachma.
Astonishingly, given this pledge by the Greek people to stand fast, in the final run of negotiations with the EU, Tsipras – then completely capitulated to Eurozone, primarily German imperialists. Unsurprisingly, in the renewed negotiations – the European leaders and most sections of banking capital – had simply turned their backs on the Greek populations views and demanded even harsher terms:
“The Greek government capitulated on Thursday to demands from its creditors for severe austerity measures in return for a modest debt write-off, raising hopes that a rescue deal could be signed at an emergency meeting of EU leaders on Sunday….Athens has put forward a 13-page document detailing reforms and public spending cuts worth €13bn with the aim of securing a third bailout from creditors that would raise €53.5bn and allow it to stay inside the currency union.
A cabinet meeting signed off the reform package after ministers agreed that the dire state of the economy and the debilitating closure of the country’s banks meant it had no option but to agree to almost all the creditors terms.”
( Phillip Inman , Graeme Wearden and Helena Smith : ”; 9 July 2015 Greece debt crisis: Athens accepts harsh austerity as bailout deal nears “Greek cabinet backs a 13-page package of reforms and spending cuts worth €13bn to secure third bailout and modest debt writeoff http://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/jul/09/greece-debt-crisis-athens-accepts-harsh-austerity-as-bailout-deal-nears )
As even the Guardian concluded: “Generally, Tsipras appears to have finally capitulated in the face of threats that Greece would be ejected from the eurozone:
“Greece and the rest of the eurozone have finally reached an agreement that could lead to a third bailout and keep the country in the eurozone.
Greek PM Alexis Tsipras conceded to a further swathe of austerity measures and economic reforms after more than 16 hours of negotiations in Brussels. He has agreed to immediately pass laws to further reform the tax and pension system, liberalise the labour market, and open up closed professions. Sunday trading laws will be relaxed, and even milk producers and bakers will be deregulated.
The Financial Times has dubbed it:
‘The most intrusive economic supervision programme ever mounted in the EU’.
Greece was forced to accept these measures after Germany piled intense pressure, as a price for a new deal. EU officials told us that Tsipras was subjected to “mental waterboarding” in closed-door meetings with Angela Merkel, Donald Tusk and Francois Hollande.
The plan must now be approved by the Athens parliament by Wednesday, and then voted through various national parliaments. If agreement is reached, talks can then begin towards a a new three-year bailout worth up to €86bn (£61bn), accompanied by further monitoring by Greece’s creditors.
The deal appears to end Greece’s five-month battle with its creditors, which has gripped the eurozone, dominated the political agenda and alarmed the markets.
http://www.theguardian.com/business/live/2015/jul/12/greek-debt-crisis-eu-leaders-meeting-cancelled-no-deal-live )
Yanis Varoufakis summed the story up to that point as a “coup”:
“The recent Euro Summit is indeed nothing short of the culmination of a coup. In 1967 it was the tanks that foreign powers used to end Greek democracy. In my interview with Philip Adams, on ABC Radio National’s LNL, I claimed that in 2015 another coup was staged by foreign powers using, instead of tanks, Greece’s banks. Perhaps the main economic difference is that, whereas in 1967 Greece’s public property was not targeted, in 2015 the powers behind the coup demanded the handing over of all remaining public assets, so that they would be put into the servicing of our un-payble, unsustainable debt.”
(Varoufakis, Y. “On the Euro Summit’s Statement on Greece: First thoughts”; 14 July 2015. http://yanisvaroufakis.eu/2015/07/14/on-the-euro-summits-statement-on-greece-first-thoughts/ )
While the Referendum gave a clear signal that the Greek people had rejected the spirit of compromise being forced by the Western Banks – the questions had been framed deliberately imprecisely. It did not ask the Greek people to consider the option of leaving the Eurozone as such. This allowed the Tsipras government to posture it did “not have a mandate” to reject the harsh terms of the Troika and move Greece to leave the Eurozone.
Inevitably this will lead to a rupture of the Syriza United Front:
“…. Syriza, which is in coalition with the rightwing populist Independent party, is expected to meet huge opposition from within its own ranks and from trade unions and youth groups that viewed the referendum as a vote against any austerity.
Panagiotis Lafazanis, the energy minister and influential hard-leftist, who on Wednesday welcomed a deal for a new €2bn gas pipeline from Russia, has ruled out a new tough austerity package . Lafazanis represents around 70 Syriza MPs who have previously taken a hard line against further austerity measures and could yet wreck any top-level agreement.”
(Phillip Inman, Graeme Wearden and Helena Smith: Guardian Ibid; 9 July 2015)
The concession made by Greece in accepting the further round of “austerity” measures is huge:
“The new proposals include sweeping reforms to VAT to raise 1% of GDP and moving more items to the 23% top rate of tax, including restaurants – a key battleground before. Greece has also dropped its opposition to abolishing the lower VAT rate on its islands, starting with the most popular tourist attractions. Athens also appears to have made significant concessions on pensions, agreeing to phase out solidarity payments for the poorest pensioners by December 2019, a year earlier than planned. It would also raise the retirement age to 67 by 2022. And it has agreed to raise corporation tax to 28%, as the IMF wanted, not 29%, as previously targeted.
Greece is also proposing to cut military spending by €100m in 2015 and by €200m in 2016, and implement changes to reform and improve tax collection and fight tax evasion. It will also press on with privatisation of state assets including regional airports and ports. Some government MPs had vowed to reverse this.
In return, Greece appears to be seeking a three-year loan deal worth €53.5bn…….
Several EU leaders said the troika of creditors – the European commission, the International Monetary Fund and the European Central Bank – must also make concessions to secure Greece’s future inside the eurozone.
Donald Tusk, who chairs the EU summits, said European officials would make an effort to address Greece’s key request for a debt write-off. …
On Thursday, the German finance minister, Wolfgang Schäuble said the possibility of some kind of debt relief would be discussed over coming days, although he cautioned it may not provide much help.
“The room for manoeuvre through debt reprofiling or restructuring is very small,” he said.
Greece has long argued its debt is too high to be paid back and that the country requires some form of debt relief. The IMF agrees, but key European states such as Germany have resisted the idea…..
German ECB governing council member Jens Weidmann argued Greek banks should not get more emergency credit from the central bank unless a bailout deal is struck. He said it was up to eurozone governments and Greek leaders themselves to rescue Greece.
The central bank “has no mandate to safeguard the solvency of banks and governments,” he said in a speech.
The ECB capped emergency credit to Greek banks amid doubt over whether the country will win further rescue loans from other countries. The banks closed and limited cash withdrawals because they had no other way to replace deposits.
Weidmann said he welcomed the fact that central bank credit “is no longer being used to finance capital flight caused by the Greek government.”
http://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/jul/09/greece-debt-crisis-athens-accepts-harsh-austerity-as-bailout-deal-nears
11. CONCLUSION
At the time of writing the final scenes in the disintegrating Syriza “United Front’ parliament have yet to be played out.
However the shrewdest elements of the non-Marxist-Leninist left recognize that the time is long due, for Greece to exit the European Union to regain its own measure of independence. Many on the left agree that this will be hard.
The leading proponent of this has been Costas Lapavitas – a MP in the Greek Parliament but not a member of Syriza – and radical economist. His view has been put in several books and articles for example these cited here: ([1], Lapvitas, C. Interview with Sebastien Budgen: ‘Greece: Phase Two”; in Jacobin. At https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/03/lapavitsas-varoufakis-grexit-syriza/ [2] Costas Lapavitsas: The Syriza strategy has come to an end’. Interview with Press Project and Der Spiegel; http://www.thepressproject.gr/details_en.php?aid=74530 . [3[ The crisis of the Eurozone”, July 10, 2010 ; Greek Left Review. At https://greekleftreview.wordpress.com/2010/07/10/the-crisis-of-the-eurozone/ )
Although this view has certainly been challenged (Bach, Paula. “Exit the Euro? Polemic with Greek Economist Costas Lapavitsas.” Left Voice News Project, at: http://leftvoice.org/Exit-the-Euro-Polemic-with-Greek-Economist-Costas-Lapavitsas ).
Marxist-Leninists argue that leaving the imperialist bloc of the EU – would be the correct policy for the working class, peasantry and poor sections of Greece.
When asked on how the Anasintaxi Organization sees the future events, they replied:
“Both reformist parties (“K”KE and SYRIZA) have accepted the Greek capital’s present strategic choice to maintain the country in the EU and the Eurozone… In order to contribute to the growth of the working class struggles and the rise of the revolutionary movement, the Movement for Reorganization of KKE (1918-1955) is striving, under very unfavorable conditions, to achieve the following:
A) Together with the reorganization, the re-birth of KKE (1918-1955) and the ideological-political-organizational unity of the Greek communists on basis of Marxism-Leninism-Stalinism and the dissemination of the Marxist conception of socialism-communism;
it actively supports and participates in the struggle of the working class and all the toilers against the reduction of salaries and pensions, against the deterioration of their position in general and supports all demands that aim to defend their (economic, trade-union, social and political) class interests in opposition to the foreign and Greek capital and in particular, the EU monopolies which impose directly the current austerity measures.
B) The formation of united, massive and truly independent trade unions whose aim will be the resistance to the extreme neo-liberal policy of austerity and the further development of the workers’ and people’s struggles combined with the struggle against nationalism-racism-fascism-Nazism (all very dangerous enemies of the working class and the people) as well as “anti-Germanism” and “anti-Hellenism” (the two sides of the bourgeois nationalism) incited, during this period, by the nationalist circles of the two countries. At the same time, these new trade unions will put forward the demand for the exit of the country from the imperialist EU not only because of the increasing dependence and the deterioration of the Greece-EU relations at the expense of our country but also because of the fact that the economic policy and the hard, anti-popular measures are directly imposed by Brussels.
C) The cooperation between the consistent left-wing, anti-imperialist and anti-fascist forces that will aim at the formation of a massive, anti-fascist, popular, front that will fight against the dependence on imperialism, in general, and the exit of Greece from the EU, the Eurozone and NATO.”
(Αναρτήθηκε από Anasintaxi Organization ‘Some questions and answers about the current situation in Greece’; Article to be published in “Unity & Struggle” (Extended version of an interview given to the comrades of Iran); march 30; 2015. At http://anasintaxi-en.blogspot.ca/2015/02/some-questions-and-answers-about.html
APPENDIX: Select Chronology 1975 to 2015:
Amended from BBC version at: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17373216
1975 – New constitution declares Greece a parliamentary republic with some executive powers vested in a president.
1980 – Conservative Constantine Karamanlis elected president.
1981 – Greece joins EU. Andreas Papandreou’s Socialist Party (Pasok) wins elections.
1985 – President Karamanlis resigns in protest at government plans to reduce powers of president. Christos Sartzetakis becomes head of state.
1990 – Centre-right New Democracy party forms government under party leader Constantine Mitsotakis
1993 – Election returns Papandreou to power for PASOK.
2004 March – Conservative New Democracy party led by Costas Karamanlis wins general election, ending over a decade of Pasok government.
2005 April – Parliament ratifies EU constitution.
2005 December – Amid protest strikes by transport workers, parliament approves changes to labour laws, including an end to jobs for life in the public sector. The plans sparked industrial action in June.
2006 March – Public sector workers strike over pay and in protest at government plans to scrap job security laws and intensify privatisation.
2007 September – Minister Karamanlis wins a narrow majority in the poll. He says he now has a mandate for more reforms but also pledges to make national unity a priority.
2008 March – Parliament narrowly passes government’s controversial pension reform bill in face of general public sector strike and mass protests.
2008 December – Students and young people take to city streets in nationwide protests and riots over the police killing of a 15-year-old boy in Athens. Major public-sector strikes coincide to increase pressure on the government over its economic policies.
Economic meltdown
2002 January – Euro replaces drachma.
2004 December – European Commission issues formal warning after Greece found to have falsified budget deficit data in run-up to joining eurozone.
2009 October – Opposition Pasok socialist party wins snap election called by PM Karamanlis. George Papandreou takes over as new prime minister.
Debt crisis
2009 December – Greece’s credit rating is downgraded by one of world’s three leading rating agencies amid fears the government could default on its ballooning debt. PM Papandreou announces programme of tough public spending cuts.
2010 January- March – Government announces two more rounds of tough austerity measures, and faces mass protests and strikes.
2010 April/May – Fears of a possible default on Greece’s debts prompt eurozone countries to approve a $145bn (110bn euros; £91bn) rescue package for the country, in return for a round of even more stringent austerity measures. Trade unions call a general strike.
2011 June – 24-hour general strike. Tens of thousands of protesters march on parliament to oppose government efforts to pass new austerity laws.
Crisis deepens
2011 July – European Union leaders agree a major bailout for Greece over its debt crisis by channelling 109bn euros through the European Financial Stability Facility.
All three main credit ratings agencies cut Greece’s rating to a level associated with a substantial risk of default.
2011 October – Eurozone leaders agree a 50% debt write-off for Greece in return for further austerity measures. PM George Papandreou casts the deal into doubt by announcing a referendum on the rescue package.
2011 November – Faced with a storm of criticism over his referendum plan, Mr Papandreou withdraws it and then announces his resignation.
Lucas Papademos, a former head of the Bank of Greece, becomes interim prime minister of a New Democracy/Pasok coalition with the task of getting the country back on track in time for elections scheduled provisionally for the spring of 2012.
New bailout plan
2012 February – Against a background of violent protests on the streets of Athens, the Greek parliament approves a new package of tough austerity measures agreed with the EU as the price of a 130bn euro bailout.
2012 March – Greece reaches a “debt swap” deal with its private-sector lenders, enabling it to halve its massive debt load.
2012 May – Early parliamentary elections see support for coalition parties New Democracy and Pasok slump, with a increase in support for anti-austerity parties of the far left and right. The three top-ranking parties fail to form a working coalition and President Papoulias calls fresh elections for 17 June. The far-right Golden Dawn party based its 2012 election campaign on hostility towards immigrants
2012 June – Further parliamentary elections boost New Democracy, albeit leaving it without a majority. Leader Antonis Samaras assembles a coalition with third-placed Pasok and smaller groups to pursue the austerity programme.
Anti-austerity protests
2012 September – Trade unions stage 24-hour general strike against government austerity measures. Police fire tear gas to disperse anarchist rally outside parliament.
2012 October – Parliament passes a 13.5bn-euro austerity plan aimed at securing the next round of EU and IMF bailout loans; the package – the fourth in three years – includes tax rises and pension cuts.
2013 January – Unemployment rises to 26.8% – the highest rate in the EU.
2013 April – Youth unemployment climbs to almost 60%.
Public broadcaster closed
2013 June – The government announces without warning that it is suspending the state broadcaster ERT in a bid to save money. The decision gives rise to mass protests and a 24-hour strike.
2013 August – New state broadcaster EDT is launched.
2013 September – Government launches crackdown on far-right Golden Dawn party. Party leader Nikolaos Michaloliakos and five other Golden Dawn MPs are arrested on charges including assault, money laundering and belonging to a criminal organisation.
2013 December – Parliament passes 2014 budget, which is predicated on a return to growth after six years of recession. Prime Minister Samaras hails this as the first decisive step towards exiting the bailout.
2014 February – Greek unemployment reaches a record high of 28%.
2014 March – Parliament narrowly approves a big reform package that will open more retail sectors to competition, part of a deal between Greece and its international lenders.
2014 April – Eurozone finance ministers say they’ll release more than 8bn euros of further bailout funds to Greece.
Greece raises nearly four billion dollars from world financial markets in its first sale of long-term government bonds for four years, in a move seen as an important step in the country’s economic recovery.
Left in power
2014 May – Anti-austerity, radical leftist Syriza coalition wins European election with 26.6% of the vote.
2014 December – Parliament’s failure to elect a new president sparks a political crisis and prompts early elections.
2015 January – Alexis Tsipras of Syriza becomes prime minister after winning parliamentary elections, and forms a coalition with the nationalist Independent Greeks party.
2015 February – The government negotiates a four-month extension to Greece’s bailout in return for dropping key anti-austerity measures and undertaking a eurozone-approved reform programme.
2015 June – European Central Bank ends emergency funding. Greece closes banks, imposes capital controls and schedules referendum on European Union bailout terms for 5 July.Government reinstates former state broadcaster ERT as promised in Syriza manifesto.
2015 July – Greece becomes first developed country to miss a payment to the International Monetary Fund, having already delayed it
Workers’ Communist Party of Denmark – APK
Communist Party of the Workers of France – PCOF
Organization for the Construction of the Communist Party of the Workers of Germany
Movement for the Reorganization of the Communist Party of Greece (1918-1955)
Communist Platform for the Communist Party of the Proletariat of Italy
Marxist-Leninist Organization Revolusjon of Norway
Communist Party of Spain (Marxist-Leninist) – PCE (ML)
Party of Labor of Turkey – EMEP
POLITICAL RESOLUTION
Let us mobilize against policies of austerity and war
Long live international solidarity!
For years, the EU and the governments of various countries have imposed austerity policies on the workers and the popular masses. The result of the crisis of the capitalist system, aggravated by these austerity policies, have been more than 25 million unemployed in the EU, a massive unemployment that primarily affects young people, who are condemned to insecurity, but also older workers, who are threatened with sinking into poverty. The poverty extends everywhere, in the cities and the countryside. With these austerity policies, “growth” destroys more and more jobs and further enriches the rich and large shareholders. It means more insecurity, lower wages, drastic cuts in social spending: health care, education, public transport, etc.
These neoliberal policies are being implemented by the governments that are applying the “road map” of big business, of the financial oligarchy, who want to reverse the social and political gains that the working class, toilers and peoples have won through years of struggle and who today are resisting and fighting to maintain them. The various European treaties and directives, particularly since the Maastricht Treaty (and its “convergence criteria” that established the euro), have continued and deepened this anti-worker and anti-people policy, in the name of the dogma of “free and undistorted competition,” which means the organized competition of all against all, social dumping, “liberalization of the labor market,” which means freedom for the bosses to fire, the super-exploitation of the workers and instability. Whether they are called the “mobility law” of Rajoy [Prime Minister of Spain], the “Jobs Act” de Renzi [Prime Minister of Italy], the “Hartz Law” in Germany, the “Macron Law” in France, etc. these counter-reforms are all aimed at lowering the price of labor power, facilitating dismissals, developing even more flexibility and challenging the collective rights of the workers.
In recent years, it is the “debt crisis” that serves to justify the policies of privatization, of drastic cuts in social budgets, the liquidation of measures of social protection, while they are more necessary than ever for the large impoverished masses. These include particularly women of the popular strata, working women, who are the first victims of the elimination of public services.
It is not the popular masses who are responsible for these debts. These debts were contracted the billions in public money were used to bail out the banks and help the big monopolies to become ever bigger, to finance the policies of armaments, “major projects” that are useless for the people but very profitable for the monopolies who build and manage them.
The rejection of these national and European austerity policies is general. This is shown in the workers’ and popular resistance, in the demonstrations, the strikes, etc. that are the results of these policies. It is also shown in the elections, particularly through the very high rate of abstention among the popular strata and the disavowal of the governing parties, whether of the right or of the social-democrats.
The right-wing populist parties, the parties of the extreme right are able to use their electoral capital on a sector of this protest movement to highjack it into “solutions” that avoid attacking the capitalist system and that are promoting nationalism, division and xenophobia. While some do not hide their fascistic and even fascist references, others hide them behind an increasingly “social” discourse.
But this rejection is also expressed in a progressive way, particularly through the support given to the forces that take a stand against the austerity policies, against the payment of the debt for life, against the orders of the IMF, the ECB, the EU and the imperialist powers in Europe.
We are in solidarity with the struggle of the Greek people and denounce the blackmail of the leaders of the EU
This is what happened in Greece, with the victory of Syriza in the January elections.
Simply calling for “renegotiating” the debt, for having announced the end of the policy of mega-austerity imposed by the troika, has unleashed an intense campaign of pressure, blackmail, etc. by the leaders of all the EU countries, the officials of the IMF and the European institutions, in order to impose the continuation of the austerity policy.
The hatred of these leaders is explained by the fact that in no case do they want a people to refuse to continue to suffer the austerity policies that they themselves are imposing on “their” people. They do not want the fight of the people, the workers, the youth of Greece, etc. to serve as an example to other peoples. They want to avoid the “contagious effect” that this resistance can cause. Therefore, they want to make the Greek government capitulate.
It is not possible to resist these pressures without the mobilization of the Greek workers and people. This is what must be developed.
But we also need the solidarity of the workers and peoples, especially in Europe, to develop. That is why we are working with all political, union and social forces that share this goal.
We must denounce and put pressure on the governments of the EU countries, particularly those of the imperialist powers such as Germany and France, to stop this policy of blackmail towards Greece.
We must demand the cancellation of the Greek debts.
We must develop the fight against the same austerity policies in all countries.
Down with “Fortress Europe”
Every day boats of refugee from Africa and the Middle East capsize, causing dozens of deaths. If they manage to enter the EU, which is continuing to build walls, police and military barriers, etc., they find themselves chased and harassed by the police of all the EU countries. They are forced to hide and to live in inhuman conditions. They are also the target of parties and organizations of the far-right and fascists who are carrying out racist and xenophobic campaigns on the theme of the dangers of the “invasion” of refugees.
These refugees, men, women and children, are fleeing poverty and wars. They come from Syria, from the Horn of Africa, from the countries of the Sahel, etc., in short, from countries where the great imperialist powers are waging wars. Under the pretext of the “fight against terrorism,” there is the war for control of mineral and oil resources, the control of strategic zones, the rivalries among the great powers and their local allies.
In other words, the warmongers are the main ones responsible for this immigration.
While the peoples are showing their solidarity, as in Italy, in welcoming the refugees, the governments are putting in place increasingly reactionary policies aimed at “preventing immigration” and criminalizing the migrants and all those in solidarity with them.
No to the policy of tension and war
Several EU States are taking part in imperialist wars in Africa and the Middle East.
The decision of the leaders of the European imperialist powers to integrate Ukraine into the economic and political sphere of influence of the EU, the direct interference of US imperialism through the growth in power of NATO at the borders of Russia and the support given to the reactionary government of Kiev and to the reactionary and fascist forces in Ukraine, have resulted in a situation of great tension at the very frontiers of the EU.
We are currently witnessing a “re-engagement” of NATO in Europe, strongly supported by the leaders of several countries of Eastern Europe, particularly Poland and the Baltic countries. This is accompanied by an increase in their military budgets.
For several years US imperialism has put pressure on its allies to “share the burden of defense.”
The danger of war in Europe is real.
We demand the cancellation of the treaty linking Ukraine to the EU, a treaty that subjects the workers and the peoples of Ukraine to the economic and political orders of the EU.
We denounce the policy of confrontation with Russia and we demand the withdrawal of the arms deployed by NATO in this region.
We call for mobilization for the withdrawal from NATO, the armed wing of US imperialism and its allies, as an important step towards its dissolution.
We call on all people to develop the mobilization against the rising war budgets.
We denounce the increasing establishment of police States
The involvement of several European imperialist powers in the “war against terrorism” in the Middle East and the Sahel is accompanied by the establishment of mechanisms of surveillance and mass control and the closer coordination between the police, civil and military intelligence services, linked with the US intelligence services, particularly through NATO.
In all countries, one can see the strengthening of the criminalization of “social protest,” the questioning of democratic freedoms, particularly in the area of the right to strike, the right to organize and demonstrate. These attacks are concentrated against the militant organizations and unionists who denounce the class collaboration of the leaders who are “negotiating” with the employers and the government the implementation of austerity policies.
We call on the people to denounce and combat the rise of fascism in the States that is currently developing.
The myth of a Europe of peace and shared prosperity is collapsing
The crisis in Europe is sharpening the contradictions within it, among the States, and within each country and, more generally, between the social classes. Inequality is deepening and tensions are becoming exacerbated.
The economic mechanisms put in place by the EU and the euro zone are increasing the unequal development and are posing the question, repeatedly and publicly, of maintaining the euro zone as it exists.
In the countries where the people have spoken out against joining the euro zone or against joining the EU, this opposition is continuing to grow.
Certain countries applied to join the EU, and then withdrew their application, such as Iceland.
Everywhere opposition to the EU, to its policies, its anti-democratic way of functioning is growing and, in the increasingly important sectors, this challenge also affects its decision to establish itself as an imperialist bloc in ever stronger competition with the other great powers, and its even greater aggressiveness on the economic and political level towards the dominated countries of Africa, Asia, Latin America, etc.
Everywhere the consciousness is also growing that it is not possible to change the EU from within into a supposedly progressive institution at the service of peoples.
Therefore, we unconditionally defend the right of the peoples to break with the EU, the euro and all its political and economic mechanisms.
Paris, June 2015
Workers’ Communist Party of Denmark – APK
Communist Party of the Workers of France – PCOF
Organization for the Construction of the Communist Party of the Workers of Germany
Movement for the Reorganization of the Communist Party of Greece (1918-1955)
Communist Platform – for the Communist Party of the Proletariat of Italy
Marxist-Leninist Organization Revolusjon of Norway
Communist Party of Spain (Marxist-Leninist) – PCE (ML)
Party of Labor of Turkey – EMEP
Members of the International Conference of Marxist-Leninist Parties and Organizations
MOTION OF SOLIDARITY WITH THE DOCKERS OF NORWAY
Call for support for the Norwegian dockers
The dockers are known worldwide for their internationalism and their solidarity with the workers and seamen who are fighting for their rights. Now the dockers themselves are in urgent need of international support and solidarity.
The dockers of Norway have been in conflict since November 2013, that is, for almost 12 months. They have been repressed and arrested by the police. Their only demand is that the employers ratify the collective agreement and abide by the Convention 137 of the ILO which grants the unionized dockers the prerogative to load and unload the cargo ships. But this right is being denied them, including in the port of Oslo.
In the port of Oslo, this fight has another international aspect, because the Turkish company Yilport obtained the “exclusive right” to operate in the port for the next twenty years. But Yilport not only refuses to negotiate a collective agreement, but even refuses any discussion with the dockers’ union. Yilport is also hiring unskilled workers from temporary employment agencies, which results in dismissing the dockers from their work. This attempt to eliminate the dockers’ union and to undermine the collective agreements is totally unacceptable. In reality this is an attack against the workers in all countries and in all sectors.
The Marxist-Leninist parties and organizations of Europe call on the workers, unions and democratic forces to show their solidarity and boycott Yilport until it rehires the union dockers in the port of Oslo and signs a collective agreement with them.
Workers of the world, unite!
Resolution adopted by the regional conference of Marxist-Leninist parties and organizations, held in France in June 2015
Union and Confederate troops clash at the Battle of Franklin in Tennessee, 1864. (Library of Congress/Kurz and Allison)
The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979).
Civil War in the United States, 1861–65, and the Reconstruction of the South
The Civil War in the United States was a natural result of the sharp worsening of antagonistic economic and political contradictions between the capitalist North and the slave-owning South.
By the mid-1850’s a revolutionary situation had begun to take shape in the United States. It became more and more evident that the contradictions between the two social systems would inevitably develop into an armed struggle for power and for the nationwide victory of one of the social systems. Slavery had become the main obstacle to the development of capitalism in the United States, and the necessity of destroying it had become inevitable. Civil war in Kansas (1854–56), the insurrection led by John Brown in 1859, and the intensified movement for the abolition of slavery were evidence of the approach of a sharp conflict.
In 1860, A. Lincoln, the candidate of the Republican Party, was elected president of the United States. For the Democratic Party, in which slave owners had a very strong influence, his election meant loss of power on a national scale. In response to Lincoln’s election, the slave owners proclaimed the secession of the southern slave-owning states from the Union and began to prepare for civil war. In February 1861 in Montgomery, Alabama, the Confederacy of slave-owning states was formed and joined by 11 of the 34 states. In April 1861 the troops of the Confederacy began the rebellion and captured forts and arsenals in the South, where the major part of weapons and ammunition had been concentrated as early as J. Buchanan’s presidency. Only Fort Sumter in South Carolina offered resistance, but after two days it surrendered on April 14.
The theater of military action was an enormous territory bordered on the north and west by the Potomac, Ohio, and Missouri rivers, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the south by the Gulf of Mexico. The northern states had a population of 22 million. The North was covered with a dense rail network and had well-developed industry, including almost all the metallurgical, textile, and arms industries of the entire nation. About 9 million people lived in the territory of the southern states, including 4 million Negro slaves. A significant part of the population of the southern states did not support the rebels. The South did not have the essential economic base for waging a prolonged war. There were considerably fewer cities and railroads in the South than in the North. Combat operations were waged primarily along railroads and rivers, which made it easier to move and supply troops.
The size of the regular US Army was only 14,000–16,000 men. They were scattered along the western borders, where they were used primarily to pacify the Indians, and they did not represent a serious fighting force. At the beginning of the war a significant number of the officers were from slave-owning families and went over to the Confederate side. Among them was the capable general R. Lee, who became commander of the South. When war broke out, President Lincoln declared a call-up of 75,000 volunteers, and later a draft was instituted. In turn, the president of the Confederacy, J. Davis, drafted 100,000 men into the army at the beginning of the war. For the entire period of the war 2.7 million were drafted into the army of the North, and 1.1 million into the army of the South. The basic unit was the infantry division, which consisted of three brigades of two regiments each. (A regiment had ten companies of 80–100 men each.) A corps was made up of two to three divisions, and two to five corps were consolidated into an army.
The war plan of the southern slave owners was adventuris-tic. It was calculated to take advantage of surprise and to use aid from Great Britain and France. The South intended to capture quickly the states of Missouri, Tennessee, and Virginia and then to attack Washington, D.C., and force the government to accept the slave owners’ conditions. The North’s plan was for passive defense. At first the North intended to restrict its troops to defense and to wage particular operations in which the troops who were being raised would gradually be prepared for offensive action.
The main issue of the Civil War was slavery. The rebel slave owners endeavored to preserve slavery as a social system and spread it to the entire territory of the USA and in the future even to the countries of South America. At the beginning of the war the Lincoln administration saw as its primary task the restoration of the Union and prevention of the spread of slavery to the new territories.
In the first stage of the war (1861–62) the North suffered a series of grave defeats. In the first period the combat operations of the main forces unfolded in the Washington-Richmond axis. In mid-July 1861 the 35,000–man army of the North led by General I. McDowell invaded Virginia and reached the Bull Run River, which at the same time was approached by a 31,000–man army of the South commanded by General Lee. In the battle of Manassas (or Bull Run) on July 21 the poorly armed and trained Northern troops were routed, and they retreated to Washington, D.C., in disorder. However, the Southerners did not take advantage of their success.
The Northern command directed its primary attention to forming a large army and establishing defensive structures. A new strategic plan was developed, the Anaconda Plan, which envisioned the establishment of a ring of army and naval forces around the southern states. This ring would be tightened gradually until the rebels were finally suppressed. Marx and Engels were severely critical of this plan, describing it as a “rebirth … of the so-called cordon system, which was used in 1792–97 against the French with such stubbornness, and always without success” (Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 15, pp. 505–506). They believed that the main thrust should be delivered against the state of Georgia. The capture of Georgia would have split the territory of the Confederacy into two isolated parts, deprived the Confederacy of economic resources, and brought the 500,000 Negro slaves in Georgia into the struggle (ibid., pp. 506–507).
In April 1862 the 100,000–man army of the North commanded by the untalented General G. McClellan again began an attempt to capture Richmond, attacking from Fort Monroe. However, at the approaches to the capital of the southern states, McClellan’s army encountered a well-prepared system of engineer fortifications. In the battle of June 26–July 2 on the Chickahominy River east of Richmond, the Northerners were defeated by an 80,000–man army of the South, and they retreated toward Washington, D.C. In September 1862, General Lee attempted to capture Washington, D.C but after an initial success (the so-called second battle of Manassas or Bull Run on August 30), he was unable to achieve victory at Antietam (September 16–17), and he was forced to retreat beyond the Potomac. The attempt of the army of the North to go over to a new offensive against Richmond was also unsuccessful; on December 11–13 the Army of the Potomac under General J. Hooker was defeated at Fredericksburg. Between June and November 1862 the Southern command made several cavalry raids under T. Jackson and J. Stuart in order to strike the enemy from the rear, but these raids did not produce the desired results.
In the western and southern parts of the Mississippi Valley military actions had a local character. Northern troops under the command of generals U. Grant and B. Butler, supported by Admiral D. Farragut’s squadron, took Memphis. Corinth, and New Orleans. The successful blockade of southern ports by the fleet of the North, which deprived the Confederacy of communications with Great Britain and France, was very important. Actions by the South’s cruisers, including the Alabama, inflicted substantial losses on the North’s merchant fleet but did not have a major influence on the course of the war.
The successes of the rebels are partially explained by their being better prepared for war. However, the main reason for the military defeats of the North was that the bourgeoisie of the North was afraid to rely on the popular masses in the struggle with the slave owners. Influential bourgeois circles in the North continued to seek ways to solve the conflict by compromise. This policy was completely hopeless from a military and a political point of view. Noting the decisive demands of the popular masses in the North to switch to revolutionary methods of waging war, Marx wrote: “If Lincoln does not give in (but he will give in), there will be a revolution” (ibid., vol. 30, p. 222). Marx expressed his firm belief that “waging war in a revolutionary way still lies in the future” (ibid., vol. 15, p. 542).
Marx’ prediction proved to be entirely correct. In 1862, under the pressure of the popular masses and military failures. Congress implemented a number of measures for the purpose of switching to revolutionary methods of waging war. A law was published confiscating the property of rebels, and the death sentence was instituted for treason against the United States. Especially important were the Homestead Act, which was adopted on May 20, 1862, and Lincoln’s proclamation liberating the Negro slaves in the rebel states. which went into effect on Jan. 1. 1863. The slaves were freed without land and without compensation to their owners.
In 1863 a new stage in the war began, which was characterized by important changes in the entire course of the country’s political life and in the strategy and tactics of the Union Army. The political activism of the popular masses increased in the North, and a number of serious attacks were made on counterrevolutionary forces. The Union Army was replenished with new worker regiments. About 190.000 Negroes. 72 percent of them from the southern states, entered the army of the North, and 250.000 Negroes served in rear units.
At the beginning of the second stage of the war (1863–65) the South still held the initiative. On May 2–4, 1863. northern troops were defeated again at Chancellorsville, but the turning point of the war followed this defeat.
In June 1863, General Lee’s 64,000–man army began to advance into Pennsylvania, and Stuart’s cavalry was sent on a deep raid. The Southerners were met by General G. Meade’s 85,000–man army. In an encounter battle at Gettysburg on July 1–3 the army of the South, deprived of cavalry support, suffered a serious defeat. A major success was achieved in the Mississippi Basin, where Grant’s army captured the upper reaches of the river and then besieged and forced the surrender of the fort at Vicksburg (July 4. 1863). The entire line of the Mississippi passed to the control of the North, and the territory of the Confederacy was split into two parts. The decisive role in achieving these successes was played by the farmers, workers, and artisans who poured into the army, fought selflessly, and gave an active character to combat operations. Negroes played an important part in the struggle against the army of the South: they did reconnaissance, attacked southern troops from the rear, and served as guides. The government of the Confederacy was forced to assign 100.000 soldiers to fight rebellious slaves.
The combat operations of the North during 1864–65 were decisive and had the character of maneuvers. General Grant, who was appointed general-in-chief in March 1864, developed a new strategic plan. General Meade’s 122,000–man Army of the Potomac would attack the South from the north, destroy the main forces of General Lee’s army, and capture Richmond. General W. Sherman’s 100,000–man army would attack from west to east against General J. Johnston’s army, which was covering the central region of the Confederacy, and would deliver a thrust against the most important economic centers of the South. At the same time. General Butler’s 36,000–man army would attack Richmond from the east. The offensive began in the first days of May 1864. Meade’s army approached Richmond but was unable to capture the city. Relying on fortified positions, the enemy offered desperate resistance and at the same time attempted to deliver a thrust against Washington, D.C. However, on Sept. 19, 1864, this attack was defeated at Winchester.
Workers of many nationalities participated on the side of the North in the Civil War, as did many revolutionaries who had emigrated to the United States from Europe (for example, J. Weydemeyer and G. P. Cluseret). The North was actively supported by the English workers, who offered decisive resistance to attempts by the British government to intervene in the Civil War on the side of the slave owners. As the war progressed, the economic and military superiority of the North was increasingly evident. The international position of the Lincoln government also grew stronger. Russian policy promoted this to a significant degreee. Russia had an interest in the existence of a unified United States opposed to Great Britain and France, which were then tsarist Russia’s chief rivals. The arrival of two Russian squadrons in September-October 1863 in New York and San Francisco was interpreted in the United States and Western European countries as a demonstration of friendship toward the Lincoln government.
The transition to revolutionary methods of waging war significantly strengthened the position of Lincoln, who was reelected president in 1864. The armies of the North continued their successful offensive operations. The “march to the sea” by General Sherman’s army was particularly important. Pursuing the retreating enemy, Sherman’s army took Atlanta on Sept. 2, 1864, and on December 21 it took Savannah and reached the Atlantic Ocean. Then Sherman turned north and on Feb. 18, 1865, captured Columbia, reaching the rear units of Lee’s army, whose position had become hopeless. On Apr. 3, 1865, Grant’s troops took Richmond. Lee’s army began to retreat to the southeast, but it was overtaken and surrounded by Grant at Appomattox. On April 9, General Lee surrendered, and on April 26, General Johnston’s troops surrendered. The remaining troops of the South had ceased resistance by June 2. The war ended with the complete defeat of the slave owners.
On Apr. 14, 1865, exactly four years after the Civil War had begun, President Lincoln was mortally wounded by the actor Booth, an agent of the slave owners and reactionary circles in the North. Lincoln’s death was a grave loss for all of progressive America.
The Civil War was bloody and expensive. The North lost 360,000 men, who were killed or who died from wounds and diseases, and the South lost at least 250,000. About 1 million soldiers and officers of the North and South were wounded. Military expenditures and destruction were assessed at many billions of dollars. However, the sacrifices were not in vain. As V. I. Lenin noted, the Civil War in the United States had “very great progressive and revolutionary significance in world history” (Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 37, p. 58).
The Civil War in the United States reflected new phenomena in the development of the art of war. It was distinguished by its large scope and by the participation in it of enormous armies. The transition to revolutionary methods of waging war gave combat operations an active and decisive nature, which decided the victory over the South in advance. Railroads, a steam-powered navy, and riverboats were used extensively in the war. The invention of the telegraph made it possible to maintain operational control of troops over significant distances. The large scope of the armed struggle and significant losses made it necessary to train reserves and establish reserve supplies. The development of the rifled firearm and its increased speed of fire, accuracy, and range led to large losses in the battle formations of troops who attacked in dense, deep columns. Static forms of battle and engineer preparation of the terrain became widespread. Heavy artillery preparation to neutralize enemy fire was required to overcome a defense equipped with trenches, dugouts, and barriers. Combat operations at sea were characterized by the blockade of the coast and the most important ports, and naval battles became artillery contests. The war gave impetus to the development of an armored fleet.
The working masses played the decisive role in crushing the slave owners, but the fruits of victory were enjoyed primarily by the bourgeoisie, which achieved its main goals. Slavery, which had hindered the development of capitalism, was abolished. Favorable conditions were established for the development of capitalism in agriculture by individual farmers—that is, by the American method. The creation of a single national market was begun and control over the entire economic and political life of the country was concentrated in the hands of the bourgeoisie. However, a powerful workers’, farmers’, and Negro movement threatened the dominance of the bourgeoisie. Under these conditions there appeared a clear-cut policy of concluding a class alliance between the bourgeoisie and the plantation owners, directed against the working people.
Reactionary circles in the North and South were especially disturbed by events that unfolded in the southern states. Led by the Radical Republicans, the Negroes and some of the poor whites began an organized struggle to obtain land for themselves and to win the right to vote for the former slaves. A true battle began in the southern states between the Negroes and bands of the Ku Klux Klan, a terrorist organization founded in the South in 1865. The struggle of the Negroes to win equal rights with whites was revolutionary. It developed under very difficult conditions, because the federal government acted as an ally of the plantation owners. In order to thwart the movement of the popular masses in the South, A. Johnson, who became president of the United States after the assassination of Lincoln, advanced a program that amounted to a formal recognition by the former rebel states of the abolition of slavery. At the same time, under Johnson’s plan all power in the South would remain in the hands of the former slave owners. Amnesty was granted to thousands of active participants in the rebellion. By February 1867 property valued at 2 billion dollars had been returned to the plantation owners. The Negroes did not receive any rights, and they became landless agricultural workers.
Having consolidated their economic and political position in the South, the plantation owners raised the question of restoring slavery and openly laid claim to participation in federal governmental bodies. This was already a direct attempt to change the results of the Civil War, and it was an open threat to the bourgeois monopoly of state power. The Negroes offered fierce resistance to the former slave owners’ offensive. Leagues of alliance, which united Negroes and poor whites, created armed detachments, consisting primarily of Negroes. They were the bulwark of the revolutionary movement in the South. These detachments played an important part in implementing the Radical Reconstruction of the South, the beginning of which was marked by the First Reconstruction Act of Mar. 2, 1867.
The purpose of Radical Reconstruction was to carry out bourgeois-democratic reforms in the South and restrict the power of the former slave owners. All power in the South was transferred to the federal army. Active participants in the rebellion were deprived of all political rights. More than 1 million Negroes received the right to vote. The transition to Radical Reconstruction was brought about not only by the Negro struggle against the plantation owners but also by major changes that were taking place in the North. In December 1865, Congress officially sanctioned the emancipation of the Negroes by ratifying the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, and in June 1866 the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution recognized the right of Negroes to vote.
With the participation of Negro voters, in the summer of 1867 constitutional assemblies were elected, which adopted new bourgeois-democratic constitutions for the southern states. The socioeconomic system of the southern states began to be restructured on new, bourgeois principles. The Negroes were an important moving force in the Reconstruction. In a number of cases they seized the lands of plantation owners, and they participated actively in the work of local governmental agencies. For the first time in the history of the country, 16 Negroes were elected to the US Congress. During Reconstruction the Negroes made great progress in public education. The number of Negro students increased more than 500 times in comparison with 1860 and reached 500,000 by the end of Reconstruction. Significant gains were made in the development of industry, transportation, trade, and organization of public services in populated areas.
However, the agrarian question remained unresolved, just as it had been during the Civil War. The overwhelming majority of the Negroes and poor whites remained in the position of agricultural workers and sharecroppers without any rights. The workers’ and farmers’ movement of the North and West did not give direct support to the revolutionary struggle of the Negroes in the South. Without this support the Negro movement was doomed to failure. This was in fact its fate. Taking advantage of racial prejudices, the plantation owners were able to split the united front of the Republicans in the South and begin taking power in one southern state after another. By 1877 the Republicans held power in only three southern states. In April 1877 the federal government withdrew its troops from these states, and power in them was immediately seized by the plantation owners. The withdrawal of federal troops from the southern states was a direct betrayal by the Northern bourgeoisie of its Negro allies. This traitorous act marked the end of the Reconstruction of the South.
Despite the restoration of the power of the plantation owners in the South, Reconstruction played an important, positive role in the history of the South and the entire country. The revolutionary struggle of the Negroes and their white allies thwarted plans to reestablish slavery in the South. The restructuring of the southern states in the interests of capitalist development completed the process of establishing a single national market. The active participation of broad popular masses in Reconstruction as well as the revolutionary methods of struggle to which they resorted gave Reconstruction a bourgeois-democratic revolutionary character. During Reconstruction attempts were made to solve problems that the Civil War had been unable to resolve. For this reason, Reconstruction is viewed as a continuation of the Civil War and as the second phase of the bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1861–77. However, unlike the Civil War, the period of Reconstruction was not marked by the formation of a united front of northern workers and farmers and southern Negroes. The active role of the popular masses and the results achieved were significantly less under Reconstruction than during the Civil War. Reconstruction was a descending stage in the second American revolution.
REFERENCES
Marx, K. “Amerikanskii vopros v Anglii.” In K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch. 2nd ed., vol. 15.
Marx, K. “Grazhdanskaia voina v Severnoi Amerike.” Ibid.
Marx, K. “Grazhdanskaia voina v Soedinennykh Shtatakh.” Ibid.
Marx, K. “Otstranenie Frimonta.” Ibid.
Marx, K. “Anglo-amerikanskii konflikt.” Ibid.
Marx, K. “K kritike polozheniia v Amerike.” Ibid.
Engels. F. “Uroki amerikanskoi voiny.” Ibid.
Engels, F. “Bronenosnye i tarannye suda i grazhdanskaia voina v Amerike.” Ibid.
Marx, K., and F. Engels. “Grazhdanskaia voina v Amerike.” Ibid.
Engels. F. K. Marksu, 3 iulia 1861 g. i 30 iulia 1862 g. (Letters.) Ibid., vol. 30.
Lenin, V. I. “Novye dannye o zakonakh razvitiia kapitalizma v zemledelii.” Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 27.
Lenin, V. I. “Pis’mo k amerikanskim rabochim.” Ibid., vol. 37.
Lenin, V. I. Ibid., vol. 17, p. 129; vol. 22, p. 345; vol. 23, p. 128; vol. 30, p. 354.
Foster, W. Negritianskii narod v istorii Ameriki. Moscow, 1955. (Translated from English.)
Foster, W. Ocherk politicheskoi istorii Ameriki, 2nd ed. Moscow, 1955.
Allen. J. Rekonstruktsiia: Bitva za demokratiiu v SShA, 1865–1876. Moscow, 1963. (Translated from English.)
K stoletiiu grazhdanskoi voiny v SShA. Moscow, 1961.
Ivanov, R. F. Grazhdanskaia voina v SShA (1861–1865). Moscow, 1960.
Ivanov, R. F. Bor’ba negrov za zemliu i svobodu na iuge SShA (1865–1877). Moscow, 1958.
Ivanov, R. F. Linkol’n i grazhdanskaia voina v SShA. Moscow, 1964.
Kuropiatnik, G. P. Vtoraia amerikanskaia revoliutsiia. Moscow, 1961.
Blinov, A. I. Kriticheskii period istorii Soedinennykh shlatov: Rekonstruktsiia (vosstanovlenie Soiuza) SShA posle okonchaniia grazhdanskoi voiny (1865–1877).[Krasnoiarsk] 1957.
Blinov, A. I. Period revoliutsionnoi diktatury radikal’nykh respub-likantsev vo vremia rekonstruktsii SShA (1866–1868). Krasnoiarsk, 1960.
Dement’ev, I. P. Amerikanskaia istoriografiia grazhdanskoi voiny v SShA (1861–1865). Moscow, 1963.
Malkin, M. M. Grazhdanskaia voina v SShA i tsarskaia Rossiia. Moscow-Leningrad, 1939.
Gausman, I. Voina v Soedinennykh Shtatakh Ameriki 1861–1865 gg., vols. 1–2. St. Petersburg, 1877–78.
Vigo Rusi Ton. F. P. Voennye sily Severo-Amerikanskikh shtatov: Voina za nerazdel’nosi Soiuza 1861–1865. St. Petersburg. 1868.
Danilov, N. A. Kampaniia Granta 1864 i 1865 gg. St. Petersburg, 1899.
R. F. IVANOV
Anti-NATO meeting with supporters of ‘Novorossiya’ in Munich
The frenzied world-wide front is expanding
Mercy to no one, no one, no one!
Stanza from 1989 Russian anarchists’ song Vintovka – eto prazdnik (The Rifle is a Holiday)
By the Russian punk bank Grazhdanskaya Oborona (Civil Defense)
The annexation of Crimea, the “Novorossiya” project, and the fight against the “Kyiv junta” are not supported in Russia alone. There are political forces around the world, both marginal and relatively respectable, which voice their support for the separatists in the Donbass. At times, activists themselves travel to the war zone as volunteers, but they mostly hold demonstrations in support of the separatist republics and pressure their governments to renounce their support for Ukraine and “stop the aggression against Russia.”
These political forces may identify as left-wing, right-wing, or deny any conventional political identity (although their “political neutrality” usually conceals one ideology or another). Novorossiya’s foreign friends who, in 99% of cases, are also friends of Russia and worshippers of Putin, may explain their views from various, sometimes incompatible positions. Novorossiya can be supported both by a white racist and a communist who talks about the fight against “Ukrainian fascism” and “Western imperialism.” But despite the apparent differences in their theoretical ideological grounding, their political practice is remarkably similar. Eventually, they arrive at the same conclusions and stand on the same side of the barricade.
Not that long ago, an “antifascist forum” took place in the Donbass, which was attended by representatives of not major, but still quite notable Stalinist organizations from Europe and the United States. Around the same time, a forum of ultra-right, nationalist, and conservative activists took place in the Donbass. The fact that these events coincided is more than revealing. We will talk about both left-wing and right-wing supporters of Novorossiya and attempt to find similarities in their modes of thinking. The first text mostly focuses on leftists, but there are certain elements which are also relevant to the right-wing camp.
Lies and Truth
European and US radicals, both left- and right-wing, do not trust the media. Leftists mistrust mainstream outlets because the latter, according to their worldview, are controlled by oligarchs or their puppets. Far-rightists do so because, in their version of reality, the media are controlled by Zionist, cultural-Marxist, and homosexual lobbies. In general, a critical approach to any kind of information is advisable, but the conspiratorial and critical approaches are seldom compatible. A conspiracy theorist judges information as follows: If the media work for oligarchs, then everything they report must be a lie serving the interests of the men behind the scenes. But they still need to get their information somewhere. While they can get news about their own country from blogs, party newsletters, and congenial news websites, learning about foreign countries is more complicated, particularly due to the language barrier. It is necessary to find an independent source, with adequate resources at its disposal, which could send its correspondents to different parts of the world; at the same time, this source must be independent from the “secret masters,” whoever these might be. And here, Russia Today(RT.com) comes to the rescue.
Russian propaganda is not limited to the spouting of [Kremlin propagandist Dmitry] Kiselyev, who is only needed for the domestic consumer. For the Western audience, there is Russia Today, an information product unique in its nature. This TV channel often shows high-quality broadcasts of protest movements and demonstrations in Western countries; on other occasions, RT talks about events which other media ignore for one reason or another. A great deal of material is broadcast in the form of raw video footage without commentary or voice-over, which creates the effect of objectivity. RT.com actively attracts Western journalists and gives them carte blanche to honestly and uncompromisingly criticize their governments. All of the above definitely affords the channel a certain credit of trust. And it actively utilizes this credit when it finds it necessary to compel a Western viewer to believe in blatant lies and propaganda. For instance, in the notion that the EuroMaidan movement consisted exclusively of fascists directly controlled by the United States. While Russian propagandists need only to present their domestic audience with pure lies without any admixture, the lies shown to a foreign consumer must be craftily alternated and combined with truth.
Soviet Ressentiment
Western leftists often perceive the USSR not at all like those who would seem to be their likeminded Ukrainian counterparts. In our country, overt Soviet sympathies are only voiced by parties which are direct successors of the Soviet nomenklatura, such as the Communist Party of Ukraine. Or those who are trying to win over the pension-age electorate, filled with Soviet nostalgia. All other leftists – anarchists, Trotskyists, left-communists, social democrats – are more than critical toward the USSR; after all, it was that state which virtually eradicated these political movements in the territory under its control. In the West, particularly in the countries which never found themselves under Soviet rule, the left’s attitude toward its legacy is softer. To them, the USSR was a kind of remote abstraction which did not pose a direct threat, but frightened the rulers of their countries which in turn were forced into compromises and concessions favoring domestic worker and trade union movements. The USSR’s existence inspired a hope that a different, non-capitalist world was possible. Active attacks on the USSR during the Cold War would, indirectly, amount to support for one’s “own” government. Thus, leftists preferred not to pay any special attention to Soviet politics, instead concentrating on critique of Western imperialism. The further away from the GULAG, the easier it is to assess the edifying results of the Soviet experiment and observe its “positive aspects.” For instance, in the United States, even the anarchists considered the hammer and sickle the perfect symbol for outraging local conservatives, rather than the emblem of a totalitarian regime which completely exterminated their comrades.
Now, the USSR’s place has been taken by Russia, which continues to be regarded as the antipode to “Western capitalism,” even though the Russian Federation has long exhibited much fewer characteristics of a welfare state than the countries of Western Europe. Those leftists which fell into the trap of geopolitical thinking ended up in the same camp as the right-wingers. In this respect, the coalition which the Greek Syriza party was forced to join, having previously won a majority in the latest parliamentary election, is telling — the “socialists” were forced to cooperate with overt right-wing populists. The only things that the two have in common are sympathy toward the Russian Federation and criticism of the European Union.
This illustration clearly demonstrates how the supporters of Novorossiya present the conflict between Ukraine and Russia. Ukraine is simply a virgin territory encroached upon by Western imperialists. The latter are opposed by the Russian bear. Not man, mind you, but bear. We are dealing with a kind of “positive dehumanization.” The Russian is presented as a creature belonging to another species, to whom human ethical norms need not apply; therefore, Russia is easily pardoned for the actions which, if conducted by the West, are harshly criticized.
Information “Warfare”
As a rule, left-wing organizations eagerly lend an ear to their counterparts in other countries. It is always more simple and agreeable to listen to those who say things close to one’s heart in a familiar language. During the Maidan protests and immediately thereafter, the Borotba [Struggle] organization, which initially supported the Anti-Maidan movement and subsequently the “People’s Republics,” successfully imitated before the Western audience, completely ignorant of Ukraine, a “mass left-wing party,” which waged a “relentless antifascist struggle in the underground.” Their success is easily explained: Borotba had a budget that covered the services of translators who rebroadcast their materials in different languages. Furthermore, they use the language of the left more aptly than the Communist Party of Ukraine does. However, the Communist Party has also made its contribution – the magical word “communist” in its name has won the ears of many a naive Western leftist, who sincerely believe that “communists are being persecuted and suppressed in Ukraine,” and who see in communists the continuers of the ideas of Marx and Engels, not a party bureaucracy which has sold out many times over.
What we get is a simple, convenient, and completely unambiguous picture, which perfectly matches the line of official Russian propaganda: a fascist putsch and an antifascist underground. What questions are there left to ask when one group is toppling monuments to Lenin and the other is defending them with their lives? Especially given that independent media, not controlled by “Western governments” and “transnational corporations,” such as Russia Today, are saying more or less the same thing using almost exactly the same words.
Other Ukrainian leftists produced fewer articles (because there were no staffers to write them), and these texts are more difficult to understand, because they do not always paint such a simple, unambiguous, and heroic picture. Propaganda and simple clichés will inevitably be more successful than analysis. And while Ukrainian anarchists more or less managed to align the sentiments among many of their Western counterparts, most adherents of the Bolshevik tradition remained at the level of “the people of the Donbass are waging a national liberation struggle against the junta which seized power through a fascist putsch.”
The Myth of the Odessa Khatyn
An important element in the mythology of “leftist” supporters of Novorossiya was the fire in the Odesa Trade Unions Building. It was a very powerful image: “the fascists burned people alive.” And not just anywhere, but in the Trade Unions Building! Across the world, trade unions are directly associated with left-wing movements, which means that people who died there would automatically be perceived as left-wing activists, especially given that Borotba and the Communist Party of Ukraine lost a few of their supporters there and took the trouble to paint them as heroes. And it is secondary that the backbone of the Odessa Anti-Maidan consisted of people professing right-wing, even far-right pro-Russian views, and that it included those of the Black-Hundred and imperialist persuasions. For a Western leftist, imperialism is by no means such an obvious right-wing symbol as, for instance, a Wolfsangel or the Azov Battalion’s “black sun.” All the more so because the Anti-Maidan members sported St. George’s ribbons which, not without the help of official Russian propaganda, were actively exported as an “antifascist symbol,” including to the West.
The deaths in the Trade Unions Building finally convinced many Western leftists of the “fascist” essence of the Maidan and the new Ukrainian authorities. This entire situation (from the location of the tragedy to the death by fire) fits perfectly into the existing set of clichés. It is revealing that most people who now recall the “burned martyrs of Odessa” do not know about, or prefer not to mention, the deaths in the Kyiv Trade Unions Building, where many Maidan protesters lost their lives, including the wounded. That’s because it would not fit into the general picture — the “antifascist [now defunct riot] Berkut police force” could not have possibly burned wounded people alive.
Even moderate forces, such as the German Die Linke party, which reject direct support or solidarity with the self-proclaimed republics, are inclined to sympathize with the victims of the May 2 fire, while completely ignoring the violence which the Odessa Anti-Maidan had regularly carried out from the moment of its formation up to and during the events of May 2.
The Prizrak Brigade and Its Communists
There is no point in enumerating all the organizations which support Novorossiya in one form or another. The reader need not decipher the multitude of names and abbreviations; it is far more important to understand the general pattern of thought which caused hundreds of people from different countries of the world to travel in March to Alchevsk in search of the phantom of communism in [now deceased separatist militant Aleksei] Mozgovoy’s Prizrak Brigade.
Most European volunteers travel to the Donbass from Spain and other South European countries. A great contribution to that was made by Banda Bassotti, a prominent Italian punk group. The mobilizing potential of musicians can sometimes be greater than that of parties and civic movements. European communists fighting in the ranks of Mozgovoy and other field commanders fell into Novorossiya’s trap largely due to the unsophisticated propaganda ventilated by these “punks” professing Stalinist views. They actively channel all aforementioned clichés while diluting them with their own stupidity. They mix “leftist” rhetoric with national-chauvinist propaganda – Lenin and Trotsky might not have executed them, but they would have definitely expelled them from the party. For instance, during interviews, members of Banda Bassotti say without a hint of doubt that Ukraine was created artificially, in defiance of Russia, citing “a book they read recently.”
It is important to understand that until 2014, most Western leftists supporting Novorossiya did not have the slightest idea of the political situation in Ukraine, let alone its history, ethnic and cultural groups populating its territory, the history of Ukraine-Russia relations, and so forth. In 2014, they quickly acquired that “knowledge,” thoughtfully offered to them by Russian propaganda. The language barrier allowed for all types of suggestions. Even the most anti-scientific source gains legitimacy if it is translated from a foreign outlet. That is precisely why the Spanish volunteers subsequently arrested in their homes explained during an interview their desire to fight on the side of the separatists with the fact that “they were helping defend Russia against Ukrainian aggression.”
Indeed, for some Spanish Stalinists who have a vague idea of Ukraine’s geographical location, the words “Ukrainian” and “fascist” have become synonymous. Last fall, a telling episode took place: a 56-year-old Ukrainian was attacked by a group of Catalan nationalists and slipped into a coma. This episode caused very strong indignation, including in left-wing circles, but was condemned mostly by anarchists ; there was no reaction whatsoever on the part of major leftist parties.
The German Antiimperialistische Aktion group cooperates with ANNA News, a popular propagandist channel.
Their cooperation likely dates as far back as the Syrian war. Both the pro-Russian TV channel and the “anti-imperialists” actively supported Assad in this war. The ideology of the “anti-imps,” as they are called in Germany, can be briefly summarized as follows: radical anti-Americanism, a partiality to conspiracy theories, covert (and sometimes overt) anti-semitism, and thoroughly uncritical support for all regimes opposed to the United States and Israel. The official flag of Antiimperialistische Aktion resembles the antifascist flag, but instead of a red-and-black banner in a circle, it depicts the flag of the USSR and the “anti-imperialist” regime which they currently love most. There are variations depicting the flags of Libya, Syria, and Palestine. There has recently appeared an “anti-imperialist” flag on which the Soviet flag is accompanied by the two-headed Novorossiya eagle, and the pantheon of antifascist and anti-imperialist heroes was supplemented not only by Strelkov and Mozgovoy, but also by Ramzan Kadyrov. It sometimes feels like the anti-imps are a kind of parody of the left-wing supporters of Novorossiya (their performance at an anti-NATO meeting with dogs sporting Berkut uniforms was more amusing than any parody). Regrettably, however, they are absolutely real.
“Anti-imperialists” at the Munich Meeting
Anti-NATO meeting with supporters of ‘Novorossiya’ in Munich
Not only are they absolutely real, but they also have supporters both in different cities of Germany and beyond the country’s borders – in Sweden, for instance. They do not only actively accept the Kremlin propaganda, but also rebroadcast it to European audiences with great enthusiasm. This propaganda video, which tells the “truth about Euromaidan,” is one example of that.
Many admirers of Russia in the West like to set up accounts on the VKontakte social network (which they also consider anti-imperialist and a counterweight to the corporate Facebook). With the use of automatic translation services, they try to communicate with Russian-language audiences, and even receive occasional feedback.
A photo from Tobias Nase’s VK profile. The anti-imps still permitted themselves to use Ukrainian in April 2014. Eventually, however, they decided it is a fascist language and switched their automatic translators to Russian.
Active support for Novorossiya is also expressed by numerous Greek left-wing organizations. The ruling Syriza party has already stuck in people’s memory with its pro-Russian stance and, consequently, with its loyalty to Russia-controlled regimes. However, many of Syriza’s opponents (today we are talking about their opponents “on the left,” the ultra-rightists from the Golden Dawn party will be discussed in another article) have gloated over the puppet regimes of the LPR and DPR even more strongly.
Not only overt worshippers of Stalin and the Soviet legacy, but also many forces identifying themselves as followers of the Maoist tradition have supported the LPR and DPR. They are driven by the same anti-imperialist (read “anti-American”) logic. Everything that is opposed to the West with all its corporations and capitalist expansion is perceived as an absolute good, “anti-imperialist” regimes are easily forgiven what is considered a taboo in leftist circles: from racism to homophobia. Furthermore, Maoists are inclined to romanticize rebellion and armed struggle and, in this context, they certainly find the image of Novorossiya quite attractive.
Certain Trotskyists have also taken a liking to the myth of the left-wing Donbass. Notable in this respect are the International Marxist Tendency (an international group known for its overt and completely uncritical support of the Venezuelan model of state socialism) and the International Committee of the Fourth International. If they consider the USSR a “deformed workers’ state,” then the post-Soviet space consists of “workers’ states” which are even more deformed are still preferable to the capitalist, neo-liberal West. Therefore, the thought of reunifying the USSR is no less attractive to them than to Stalinists, except that the former seek to re-establish the USSR without the cult of the moustached leader, and believe that this can be done without forming a new party establishment and bureaucracy. It is important to note that there are a great number of Trotskyist organizations and internationals around the world, their names are often similar, and behind familiar abbreviations there often lie unappeasable enemies with diametrically opposite stances on Ukraine. Whenever you throw a stone at a Stalinist, you will almost definitely hit a supporter of Novorossiya; before throwing one at a Trotskyist, it is worthwhile asking him a few leading questions.
Living in a special, completely parallel universe are leftists from the United States, who prefer to fight the evil empire directly from within. In their view, the war in the Donbass started at the instigation of the United States and, obviously, because of oil. After all, every global conflict is waged by the United States and always because of oil. And yes, the “Odessa carnage” was also planned by the United States, in case you had any doubts on that score.
This video footage (recorded, by the way, by the aforementioned Russia Today channel) can be understood without any knowledge of English, and has already been commented on a thousand times.
Putin’s Cautious Friends
Many political forces feel they are too respectable to stoop to cheap clownery. They do not fling up wild slogans about the “junta” and “conspiracy.” However, they say essentially the same things using more civilized, diplomatic language. And, in a way, they are even more dangerous, given that such parties as Die Linke and Syriza are members of the European Parliament. And though they do not send volunteers to the Donbass, they do contribute to blocking aid to Ukraine (as do their right-wing twins).
Deputy Andrej Hunko (who on account of his surname is considered a foremost expert on Ukraine within the party), together with his colleague Wolfgang Gerke, became notorious in the Ukrainian media owing to a photo in which he is seen posing with Zakharchenko.
Earlier, however, both he and his associates made a lot of effort to indirectly support the separatists. Through their efforts, Borotba party leader Sergey Kirichuk was granted political asylum in Germany; they helped him broadcast propaganda about the “workers’ rebellion in the Donbass,” including at the level of the European Parliamentary. And despite the fact that Die Linke publicly dissociated itself from Borotba, cooperation with its leader continues.
The rhetoric of “peace” and “intolerance for inciters of war” is very popular among such politicians. Except that when saying “peace,” they mean exclusively “peace with Russia,” and they agree to only see inciters of war in the West. At the same time, they deny Ukraine any kind of subjecthood, and its population is allotted the unenviable roles of Western puppets, blood-thirsty fascists, or their victims. And once again it turns out that the “leftists” are speaking the same “geopolitical” language as the “rightists” whom they criticize. But even the formal difference between them is getting smaller – Sara Wagenknecht of Die Linke has already publicly called for a dialogue with the ultra-right anti-immigration Pegida organization, appealing, first and foremost, given the proximity of their position on the Ukrainian and Russian question. One can assume that this rapprochement will continue; European countries have yet to see in action the “red-brown” synthesis, which is so popular in the post-Soviet space.
1. THE WAR ITSELF – MUTINY OF THE GENERALS 5
2. WHAT LIES BEHIND THIS WAR ? THE OIL BACKGROUND 8
3.VIEW OF STALIN VERSUS KHRUSHCHEV AND VOSNOSENSKY UPON INDUSTRY 9
4. DIVISIONS INSIDE THE USSR CAPITALIST CLASS SINCE STALIN 15
5. THE ERA OF GORBACHEV AND YELTSIN 21
6. THE CRASH OF THE ROUBLE 22
1. INTRODUCTION
The nation of CHECHNEYA, under the former socialist state of the USSR, enjoyed full national rights up to and including the right of secession. This lasted until the German invasion of Soviet USSR in 1941, when part of the Chechen-Ingush people allied themselves with the German fascists. For that reason, a correct policy of transportation of the rebels away from the Front, was undertaken (See forthcoming reprint of address to the Stalin Society by Bill Bland; Alliance 14). Following the war, full national rights were restored and Chechnya-Ingush was once more part of the Soviet Socialist Federation of Republics.
The democratic government of Chechnya-Ingush stated its wishes for autonomy in 1991. Since then, they have endured attacks by troops of the Russian Federation. Recently, this “hidden war” became a full scale vicious assault, led by Boris Yeltsin‘s Russian Government, against the Chechen Government. Yet the Chechen Government and its peoples led by General Dzokar Dudayev, have waged a determined and resolute battle of self-defence. The Chechen bravery is only matched by the relentless bombardments of the Russian invading army. In the midst of a brutal war, once more, the utter bankruptcy of Yeltsin’s regime is exposed.
BUT THE CONDUCT OF THIS WAR, SHOWS THAT THERE IS AN OPEN CONFLICT WITHIN THE RULING CLASS OF RUSSIAN CAPITALISTS. WHAT IS THE BASIS FOR THIS DIFFERENCE?
Even during Stalin’s lifetime, hidden revisionists advocated a shift away from emphasis on heavy industry. Stalin successfully defeated these hidden revisionists led by Khrushchev. But after his death, the division between advocates of Heavy industry on one side; and advocates of Light industry on the other, took on the character of a battle between two sections of the capitalist class. There remains now a fundamental division of interests in the Russian capitalist class, between capitalists based in heavy industry, and capitalists based in light industry. The detailed evidence for this is presented below.
This article tries to answer the following questions:
“Yeltsin must have had some reasons to launch this war. What were these?”
“What explains the divisions between the army and Yeltsin?”
“What is the nature of the open conflict between Yeltsin and his capitalist opponents?”
“What is the meaning of this for the working class of Russia and the other nations?” and,
“What is the attitude of Marxist-Leninist to Chechenya?
1. THE WAR ITSELF – MUTINY OF THE GENERALS
Marxist-Leninists recognise that the Army is part of the “armed might” of the state itself. If so we must explain the :
“Near-mutiny in the upper ranks of the army.. at least half a dozen senior generals and probably many more have refused to fight in Chechnya or give their support to the campaign there.. those who have signalled open dissent are high-profile, sometimes politically active and popular men in their early middle years.”
Financial Times, London UK. Dec 31/1 Jan, 1995. p.7.
In this mutiny, Major General Ivan Babichev, refused to fire on the people of Grozny.
THE CURRENT MUTINY OF THE ARMY GENERALS, AGAINST THE WAR IS DUE TO THREE FACTORS:
i) A Proletarian refusal to fire upon the people.
Some generals probably are genuinely moved by the plight of the people; and refuse to fire as an international proletarian duty.
ii) A Military and strategic refusal to engage.
Some generals realise that the war cannot be won in this manner. High echelons of Army elsewhere, like senior Commanders in the British army see Major General Ivan Babichev’s behaviour as follows:
“I think he knew they were going about the operation entirely the wrong way and he didn’t have the means to complete the task, “One said.. “Tanks and armoured vehicles are almost useless in fighting in built up areas, said a British general who helped devise NATO tactics for the defence of Berlin during the Cold War.”
Daily Telegraph, London, UK, reprinted Globe and Mail, Toronto, 3.1.95. p.A9.
BUT THERE IS A THIRD REASON WHY THE ARMY IS IN MUTINY:
iii) An Inter-Capitalist battle aimed at Yeltsin.
The army and its advocates, benefit largely from the advocates of heavy industry. Part of the army’s refusal is, explained by the lining up of the army with the scions of heavy industry based capitalists in Russia.
THE OBJECTIVE OF THE MUTINY WAS TO HUMILIATE YELTSIN AND LEAD HIS GOVERNMENT INTO A SERIOUS CRISIS OF CONFIDENCE IN ITS CONTINUATION.
THE TACTICS OF THE ARMY GENERALS IN RELATION TO THIS WAR WERE :
First to lure Yeltsin into a seeming “short lived war”. Obviously Yeltsin was led to believe that a military venture would be a short lived and “un-costly” war in terms of Russian dead and political consequences.
Second; to then refuse his directions when the war was palpably failing.
Third; to refuse to disengage when he ordered to do so. After foreign pressure was brought to bear following the brutal air bombing, Yeltsin was compelled to order the troops to stop bombing. Yet this order has been repeatedly ignored:
“Mr. Yeltsin demanded to know why the bombing of Grozny was not stopped when he ordered it at end last week. He has now ordered two bombing halts, and.. the artillery assault on the city has never been heavier. Looking directly at Mr. Grachev, he said : “I want to hear absolutely precise information from the Defense Minister (Mr. Grachev).”
New York Times, 7.1.95; p.1-4.
Reasons offered for ignoring Yeltsin’s orders have been clearly insubordinate, but have mainly hinged on military imperatives :
“Col Gen.Pavel S.Grachev, commander of Russia’s airborne troops – said :”Once we’ve launched the operation we must finish it. There is no way back.”
New York Times, New York, 7.1.95. p.4.
“Yevgeny Podkolzin, commander of Russia’s airborne troops in Chechnya, said the President’s order would cause serious problems for Russian soldiers inside Grozny.. If “Bombings stop, men from each window and basement and from behind each corner will fire at our soldiers..” He warned that it could take the military until the end of January to capture Grozny. Instead of storming the city, the military should have simply surrounded it and blockaded it, he said. But he added: “Once we have launched this operation, we must finish it. There is no way back”.
Globe and Mail, Toronto, 7.1.95. p. A11.
The results for Mr. Yeltsin to date are depressingly clear, he is “between rock and a hard place”:
“Mr Yeltsin finds himself caught between two clear dangers: the political and moral cost of pressing on militarily in Chechnya, and the political and strategic cost of giving up.. it seems he has decided that the costs of giving up are worse for himself and the country than pressing ahead.”
New York Times, 7.1.95.; p.4.
IN FACT THE OVERALL OBJECTIVES OF THE ARMY GENERALS’ MUTINY APPEAR TO HAVE BEEN SUCCESSFULLY ACHIEVED:
“The economic and personal costs of the war continued to mount. Russian newspapers and agencies have estimated Russian casualties in the fighting to date at anywhere between 256 to more than 1000. Another victim is the Russian currency, which has fallen 2.7% over the last two days to a rate of 3,661 roubles to the dollar. The Russian central bank, which estimates has spent at least $200 million over the past 2 days to prevent a larger fall, raised its key re-financing rate to a nine month high of 200 %, up from 180%. “The Russian economy has started to feel the consequences of the Chechen crisis,” Mr. Alexander Livshits, the president’s chief economic adviser said.. warning of inflationary pressures.”
Financial Times, London, 7.1.95. p.26.
“The economy is suffering.. the expense threatens to blow a hole in a budget designed to be tough.. it is a critical time. The budget depends on a phased series of loans from the International Monetary Fund and World Bank. The stabilisation of the currency- the main aims of the loan- depends in its turn on making the budget even tougher than that approved by the state duma, parliaments’ lower house this month. Moreover the government will have to stick to its budgeted targets. Last year it squandered opportunities for economic reform by printing money when the going got rough..Mr. Yeltsin humbled his Government after “Black Tuesday” in October, when the rouble lost a quarter of its value against the hard currencies. This re-established his pre-eminence, but no international financial institution or government will now find it a stabilisation programme credible unless they also believe he is committed to it. At present however, he is committed only to wining in Chechnya.”
Financial Times, London, 1.1.95, p.7
Mr. Yegor Gaidar, until recently a staunch ally of Yeltsin’s, warned of a military coup:
“There is a great danger of a military coup.” Russian democracy has never been shakier since the break up of the Soviet Union. Mr. Gaidar who broke with the President over the Chechnya policy, called events there “a massive military crime.” He urged Mr. Yeltsin to get rid of those “who pushed him into this adventure,”, including Defense Minister Pavel S. Grachev; Deputy Prime Minister Nikolai D. Yegoroav and Oleg Lobov, the secretary of the National Security Council.”
New York Times, 4.1.95. pA1-A6.
It is precisely because the foreign imperialists see their man, Yeltsin, under such intense difficulties; that they give him advice. This advice consists on the whole to stop the battle in Chechnya to search for a negotiated settlement. These efforts are led by France and Germany, and would use “experts” from the Organisations for Security and Cooperation In Europe (OSCE) (New York Times 4.1.95, p.A1). The USA also concedes Yeltsin’s mistakes, but continues to fully support Yeltsin as “their man”, also urging Yeltsin to use the OSCE (NY Times, 7.1.95. p.A4). In fact, the international imperialists have not criticised Yeltsin’s basic stand of denial of national rights to Chechnya. Thus President Clinton:
“Reiterated his Administration’s support for Russia’s unity and territorial integrity and its opposition to any attempt to change the international border by force.”
New York Times, 7.1.95. p.A4.
2. WHAT LIES BEHIND THIS WAR ? THE OIL BACKGROUND
Data from recent trade negotiations over oil indicate something is more at stake in Chechnya than simple autonomy. Azerbaijan, itself a victim of recent aggression launched by Russian imperialist forces, tried to exert national rights. The suppression of these rights was directly linked to the oil reserves. Prospects of oil prompted fervent bargaining by Russian capitalists with foreign imperialism. But the deal cut, antagonised a section of the Russian capitalist class, enough to spur them on to struggle with foreign imperialism:
“A leaked letter sent by Andrei Kozyrev, Russia’s Foreign Minister to Viktor Chernomyrdin, his prime minister, reveals that Russia plans to prevent Western oil companies from going ahead with a $8Bn (PS 5bn) agreement to exploit offshore field in the Caspian The agreement advertised as “the deal of the century”, was signed by Azerbaijan and a consortium of Western oil companies led by British petroleum.. Mr. Kozyrev stresses the importance of Russia retaining its share of the Caspian reserves.. and proposes that Russia will impose economic sanctions on Azerbaijan if it does not back down.. Russia is unlikely to retreat because the way it deals with Azerbaijan sets a precedent for Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, the two other republics with long Caspian coast lines and growing oil industries.”
The Independent; London UK; 3.11.94. p.14
This agreement would link the British owned British Petroleum, owning 30% of shares; with the US Oil companies of Pennzoil and Amoco which together holding 40% of shares; and Azerbaijan’s Socar Company holding 20%, and Russian owned Lukoil owning 10%. The Carnegie Endowment For International Peace commented :
“If the Russians throw a monkey wrench in the oil deal there will be a strong reaction here in Washington because so much money is involved.” A diplomat said : “It shows Russia will not allow any of the ex-Soviet states to move towards full economic independence.”
Independent, Ibid, 3.11.94. p.14.
The War in Chechneya shows that this interpretation is correct.
BUT WHO IS MR. CHERNOMYRIDIN, THE PRIME MINISTER,
AND WHY DOES THE ABOVE CONCERN CHECHNYA?
“The oil and gas lobby is very powerful with Mr. Viktor Chernomyridin, former head of Gazprom, as prime minister. Ensuring that oil and gas from Central Asia is transported to Europe via Russian pipelines and ports is an obsession. the main oil pipeline from the Caspian Sea to the oil export harbour of Novorossiisk passes through Chechnya.. at stake is.. control over the main rail, road and gas rich Caspian sea and the central Asian republics.”
Financial Times, London, UK, 7-8.1.95. p.2.
Thus, Chechnya is critical as a conduit for the oil reservs of the Caspian coastal areas. Naturally Chernomyridin has financial interests stemming from his previous job, to protect. But, to fully understand the complexity of the stands taken by Chernomyridin, Kozyrev and the other new Russian ruling capitalists, we have to understand their class positions.
3. WHAT LIES BEHIND THIS WAR ? THE BATTLES BETWEEN HEAVY AND LIGHT INDUSTRY ADVOCATES
i) Under Socialism : View of Stalin Versus Khrushchev and Vosnosensky Upon Industry
There is a basic difference between two types of industry.
The split is between Heavy (Marx’s Department A) and Light (Marx’s Department B). This, split, is an important consideration for the development of a country’s industrial, and economic independence. As Stalin said:
“We must maintain the present rate of development of industry; we must at the first opportunity speed it up in order to pour goods into the rural areas and obtain more grain from them, to supply agriculture, and primarily the collective farms and state farms, with machines, so as to industrialise agriculture and to increase the proportion of its output for the market. Should we perhaps, for the sake of greater “caution”, retard the development of heavy industry so as to make light industry, which produces chiefly for the peasant market, the basis of our industry? Not under any circumstances! That would be.. suicidal; it would mean abandoning the slogan of industrialising our country, it would mean transforming our country into an appendage of the world capitalist system of economy.”
Stalin J.V.S. 28 May, 1928. “Speech to the Institute of Red Professors, On the Grain Front”, ‘Works’, Volume 11, Moscow 1954, p.98.
Stalin was arguing here, mainly against Nikolai Bukharin, who had argued that the economic measures proposed by Stalin were:
“A disastrous going over to the Trotskyist positions.” An industrialisation based on the “impoverishment of the country, the degradation of agriculture, and the squandering of reserves.”
Stephen F.Cohen, “Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution A Political Biography 1888-1938″, Oxford, 1980, p.306.
Nonetheless, a successful industrialisation was achieved leading to the establishment of socialism in 1936. But hidden revisionism later resurrected the Bukharin line, in its new life under Khrushchev. Khrushchev and allies wished to reintroduce profit as a regulator of production. Moreover they wished to place more emphasis on increasing the availability of consumer goods. This of necessity, would lead to a dominance of consumer based industry – or light industry, over heavy industry. The countryside became one focus of this sharp conflict, and took the form that:
“Some members of the Politburo.. urged that the traditional course be modified in the direction of increased reliance on economic levers.. and relaxation of central controls over kolkhozes.. this was current among leaders.. like.. Voznosensky.. and Khrushchev.. and opposed by Malenkov and Beria.”
Sidney Ploss Conflict and Decision Making in Soviet Russia. A case study of agricultural policy 1953-1963. Princeton, 1965. p.28.
The general line of Khrushchev in the countryside was completely in keeping with Vosnosensky‘s own stated views. Thus Vosnosensky had allied with a wing of economists and party officials who wished to relax the planning priority for Department A goods:
“Vosnosensky, Mikoyan, Kosygin and Rodionov came in 1945 explicitly together as a managerial grouping which favoured establishing a place in the eacetie economy of the Soviet Union of light as well as heavy industries.. Vosnosensky’s Five Year Plan speech of March 1946 assigned priority on the immediate level to reconstruction tasks, civilian housing and consumer goods.. After 1945 this group and particularly Rodionov was involved in political intrigues.. Rodionov was a Russian nationalist.”
William O McCagg, Junior:”Stalin Embattled: 1943-1948″, Detroit; 1978; p.134-135.
The Vosnosenky clique, effected their programme in their own power base of Leningrad:
“After 1945.. in the Russian republic a number of administrative reforms to increase consumer production.. ministries for technical culture, cinematographic, luxury goods, delicatessen products light industry and the like was established.”
McCagg bid, p. 135, 163.
In 1947, Vosnosenky published a major work, entitled “The War Economy of the USSR In the Period of the Patriotic War.” This work took significant departures from Marxism-Leninism. Amongst others, it favoured relaxing the priority of Department A goods:
“It is proposed to increase the portion of the social product earmarked for consumption.”
Nikolai Vosnosensky “War Economy of the USSR in the Period of the Patriotic War”; Moscow; 194; p.147.
Khrushchev, now allied with Vosnosensky, argued that the self-interest of the peasants be boosted by a “link” system of small unit production which would aid incentive related payment.
These policies all aimed to “enrich” the peasant and reinforce individual small scale capitalist tendencies in the countryside.
“They adopted measures to reward diligent work in both the private and socialised sectors. The policies of one-cow-per-house-hold, commercial trade, and the small work unit in grain farming were all directed at this end. The leaders most closely associated with these incentive policies were Khrushchev and Voznosensky.”
Ploss Ibid. p.39-40.
“N.A.Voznosensky.. promoted greater material encouragement.. defense of the collective farmers rights to conduct private activities and enhanced autonomy and payment for on the spot technicians.” Ploss. p.29.
Powerful agrarian party officials supported Khrushchev.
At the February 1947 CPSU(B) CC Plenum, Vosnosensky was raised to full membership in the Politburo. Khruschevites dominated the 1947 CC Plenum :
“Within the CPSU(B) CC Plenum in February 1947, Andreyev promoted the same views.. and with Dronin (a key Khruschevite supporter from the Ukraine).. authorized incentive driven “link” in grain farming. Still another concession to peasant self-interest which resulted from the Plenum was broader allowance for consumer cooperatives to act as commission agents in disposing of kolkhoz surpluses in urban markets. The cooperative shops paid higher than official state purchase prices for foodstuffs bought under decentralized procurement and offered urban consumers an alternative to the free kolkhoz market in supplementing their purchases. In the early part of 1947, 19,000 commission shops opened.”
Ploss p.32-33.
Initially, as Stalin was in a minority on the Politburo, his counter-attack was tangential; but effective, in that no changes at the kolkhozes could be made without the direct participation of practical specialists at the kolkhozes:
“Stalin came forward at the February 1947 CC Plenum with one of his rare overt interventions of the day. Andreyev revealed.. that Stalin recommended that agricultural experts not working in farms and MTS, but in administrative posts remote from the barnyards should receive a quarter less pay than those in operational jobs. This would have logically complemented a recent directive prohibiting anyone from rescinding or altering agro-technical measures formed by kolkhozes.. without the knowledge of the specialists involved or permission of the district representatives of the Ministry of Agriculture.
p.33 Ibid. Ploss.
Stalin also effected the removal of Khrushchev from the party First Secretaryship of the Ukraine, subordinating him to Kaganovich. But Khrushchev remained premier of Ukraine.
BY 1949, THE PLANS OF THE LENINGRAD CLIQUE OF VOSNOSENSKY TO RESURRECT CAPITALISM WAS EVEN MORE CLEAR. ACCORDING TO KHRUSHCHEV HIMSELF, STALIN HAD SAID ABOUT VOSNOSENKY’S 5 YEAR PLAN:
“You are seeking to restore capitalism in Russia.”
Khrushchev, cited by Wolfgang Leonard:”The Kremlin Since Stalin”, London; 1962; p.177.
Accordingly under Stalin’s directives Vosnosensky was dismissed as Chairman of the USSR State Planning Committees on 5 March 1949. The trial of Vosnosensky and the other members of the “Leningrad Affair” took place on 29-30 September 1990; and Vosnosensky was sentenced to death. (See “The Leningrad Affair”, extracted from W.B.Bland; ” Restoration of capitalism in the USSR.” Wembley, London 1979; ISBN; re-printed Alliance Number 9).
Meanwhile, Khrushchev soon launched a campaign aimed at creating “agro-towns” to “improve the lot” of the peasant, at a Moscow Regional Soviet meeting in March 1950 he unveiled a grand plan:
“He tabled proposals to consolidate the many medium and small sized kolkhozes into large scale units and provide them with elementary urban amenities like electric lighting and plumbing.. the Kolkhozes were also entitled, he held, to build their own subsidiary enterprises.. he envisioned model plans for administration, public and recreational buildings.”
Ploss, Ibid, p.46-7.
“Khrushchev.. championed the village improvement program in speeches.. abridged in Pravda on March 4 1951.”
Sidney Ploss. Ibid, p.49.
THESE POLICIES OF THE KHRUSCHEVITES WOULD INCREASE THE DEMAND FOR CONSUMER LIGHT INDUSTRY. STALIN WAS OPPOSED TO THESE MANOUEVRES:
“Stalin decisively intervened in the matter of rural reconstruction on March 5 1951. At his behest, the editors of Pravda informed readers that, through an oversight.. word had been omitted that Khrushchev’s article of the previous day was offered only for purposes of discussion and did not express.. official opinion.. Malenkov at the 19th Party Congress, rebuked “some of our leading workers” (Khrushchev) who.. had forgotten the principal production tasks facing the collective farms”.. Malenkov claimed also that building materials produced in kolkhozes were more expensive .. than those of state industry.”
Ploss, Ibid, p.49-50.
AS PART OF STALIN’S COUNTER-ATTACK ON REVISIONISM, HE PUBLISHED “ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF SOCIALISM IN THE USSR”, IN 1952.
IN THIS WORK STALIN ATTACKED IDEAS THAT :
PROFIT SHOULD BE THE REGULATOR OF PRODUCTION;
THE LAW OF VALUE SHOULD BE THE REGULATOR OF PRODUCTION;
LAWS OF POLITICAL ECONOMY NO LONGER APPLY UNDER SOCIALISM.
STALIN ALSO ATTACKED THE NOTION THAT HEAVY INDUSTRY WAS NOT THE BASIS OF SOCIALIST CONSTRUCTION:
“Stalin made permanent the priority status of heavy engineering over that of light and food industries.. In the course of his monologue, Stalin revealed that one of his critics outside the Kremlin had appealed to the Politburo at large to start creating badly needed material incentives for the peasantry. The statistician Yaroshenko affirmed at a plenary session of the economic conference in November 1951, and in a letter sent on March 20th, 1952, to members of the Politburo, that Marx’s theory for the normalcy for preferential development of heavy industry was applicable only to capitalist economies and was inappropriate under socialism.”
Cited Ploss, Ibid, p.53-54.
Later, Khrushchev following Stalin’s death, effected the very changes he had earlier argued for unsuccessfully against Stalin. Khrushchev, first dismantled the Machine and Tractor Stations in the countryside (MTS), then actively promoted the proponents of light industry over and above that of heavy industry. During his lifetime, Stalin fought against each of these retrogressive steps introduced by Khrushchev.
Ill informed commentators see the struggle between the Marxist-Leninists, led by Stalin (pro-Heavy Industrial) and the revisionists led by Khrushchev (pro-Light Industry), as hinged on how hard to “squeeze” the peasant. It is alleged that Stalin wished to squeeze the peasant, and that his resistance to “consumerism” or light industry was based on this. In fact, Marxist-Leninist resistance at that time to further expenditure on light industry was based on the overwhelming necessity to increase the heavy industrial base in order to improve the well being of the people. Stalin makes this clear in “Economic problems of socialism”:
“Insuring the maximum satisfaction of the continual growing material and cultural needs of society – that is the goal of socialist production : a continuing growth and development of socialist industry on the basis of an even higher technology that is the means for its attainment.” J.V.Stalin Cited F.A.Durgin Jr. “The relationship of Stalin’s death to the economic change of the post-Stalin era”
In R.C.Stuart. The Soviet rural economy. New Jersey, 1984. p. 78.
Durgin writing in 1984, comments how modern this concept is:
“This postulate…is one that the current generation for US economists has come to recognise…in the new ‘supply side’ economics.”
p. 121.
During points out the higher expenditures on consumer goods under Stalin, rather than Brezhnev:
“One of the most salient and overlooked features of the post-Stalin era has been the ever decreasing share of GNP going to consumption and the ever increasing share going to investment.. consumption’s share fell from 62.4% of the total in 1950 under Stalin to some 56.5% in 1974 under Brezhnev. Investments’ share during the same period doubled, rising from 14.8% of the total to 28.4%. The “imbalance”.. of the Stalin years seems not to have improved, but rather in a certain sense have worsened.”
p. 119.
Durgin concludes :
“All of the Stalin Five Year Plans called for significant increases in consumption. While consumption’s share of the national income during the First Five year Plan was to fall from 77.4 to 66.4 %, in absolute terms it was to increase by some 75%. The Second Plan called for a 133 % increase in the output of consumer goods and a two fold increase in the urban workers consumption of food and manufactured products.. The priority that Stalin gave to consumption in the post war period..was also high.”
Durgin, Ibid. p.121-2.
But Stalin’s priority was to increase consumption as the heavy industrial base could be expanded.
ii) DIVISIONS INSIDE THE USSR CAPITALIST CLASS SINCE STALIN; TO BREZHNEV
After the death of Stalin, the revisionists, succeeded in the resurrection of capitalism. But, the new Russian capitalist class, was divided between a section of capitalist linked to Heavy Industry and that section linked to Light Industry. This was first reported to Marxist-Leninists, by “The Communist League” UK; in Compass. This section is drawn from that. The basic division, between heavy based industrial capitalists and light based industrial capitalists has persisted, down to the current time.
The conflict between the then embryonic, state capitalists involved in heavy industry and those involved in the consumer goods industries came into the open within a few months of Stalin’s death. On August 8th, 1953 the new Prime Minister Georgi Malenkov cast off his socialist cloak, to show his erst-while hidden revisonism. He told the Supreme Soviet :
“On the basis of the success achieved in the development of heavy industry, all the conditions exist for a sharp rise in the production of consumer goods. However, while the output of means of production as a whole has risen in the last 28 years by almost 55 times, the production of consumer goods during the same period had only increased 212 times, which cannot be considered satisfactory. Hitherto we have had no possibility of developing light industry and the food industry at the same rate as heavy industry. We must, therefore , in the interests of ensuring a more rapid increase in the standard of life of the people, promote the development of the light industry by every means.”
G. Malenkov :Speech to the Supreme Soviet, August 8th, 1953, Cited in :Kessings Contemporary Archives”, Volume 9; p.13,096.
It took the state capitalists involved in heavy industry eighteen months to secure the official reversal of this policy and the removal of its leading proponent, Malenkov. In his letter of resignation of February 8th; 1955, Malenkov humbly recanted:
“On the initiative and under the leadership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, a general programme has been worked out.. The programme is based on the only correct principle– the further development of heavy industry to the maximum. The further fulfilment of this programme alone can create the necessary conditions for a real advance in the output of all the consumer goods needed.”
G. Malenkov: Letter of Resignation to Supreme Soviet, February 8th., 1955; Cited in “Keesings Contemporary Archives”, Volume 10; p.14,033.
Malenkov’s successor as Prime Minister was Marshall Nikolai Bulganin, who as a representative of the armed forces, might be expected to give full support to the principle of higher priority for heavy industry in the name of “defence.” In his first speech as Prime Minister, in fact, Bulganin emphasised:
“Heavy industry is the basis of the defensive capacity of our country and of our military forces.. Heavy industry provides for the development of all branches of our national economy, and is the source of the constant growth of the well being of the people.”
N. Bulganin: Speech February 9th., 1955, Cited Keesings Ibid, p.14,033.
In May 1957 First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev presented to the Supreme Soviet his scheme to “decentralise” the state’s control of the economy. 25 industrial Ministries were to be abolished and replaced by 92 Regional Economic Councils.
In June 1957 the representatives of Russian heavy industry on the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU allied themselves with the surviving Marxist-Leninists, headed by Vyacheslav Molotov, to reject this scheme. Khrushchev appealed to the Central Committee itself and succeeded in winning a majority of this body to condemn his opponents as an “anti-Party group” and to secure their removal. In November 1957, Khrushchev felt his position strong enough to be able to say that industrial development:
“Had reached a such a level that without detriment to the interests of consolidating the defence of the country, without detriment to the development of heavy industry ad machine building, we can develop light industry at a considerably higher speed.”
N.S.Khrushchev :Speech at 40th Anniversary of October Revolution, in : “Pravda”, November 7th, 1957.
In March 1958, Bulganin was removed as Prime Minister, and in November denounced for having been a member of the “anti-Party group.” His successor was Nikita Khrushchev himself, who retained the post of First Secretary of the Party.
At the May meeting of the Central Committee, Khrushchev put forward the view that the “decisive” branch of “heavy industry” was the chemical industry, and proposed that the expansion of the chemical industry, with “aid” from the older capitalistic countries, should be a prime element in the Seven Year Plan– painting a glowing picture of the consumer goods applications of this expansion.
At the 21st Congress of the CPSU in January/February 1959, Khrushchev’s basic theme was that eh Soviet Union was now in process of passing from “socialism” to “communism,” a process which could be complete when:
“We shall have a provided a complete abundance of everything to satisfy the requirements of all the people.”
And he elaborated further the doctrine put forward at the 20th Congress, that war was “no longer inevitable,” and that the danger of war was “receding.” His report thus laid a theoretical basis for according greater scope to the development of the consumer goods industries.
On January 17th, 1961 Khrushchev declared :
“Today our country has such a powerful industry, such a powerful defence force that it can, without jeopardising the development of industry and the strengthening of its defence, devote more funds to the development of agriculture and increase the production of consumer goods,”
and he deplored the fact that :
“An appetite had developed in some of our comrades for giving more metal to the country.”
(N.S. Khrushchev: Speech Jan.17th., 1916, In Soviet Embassy (London) Press Dept Release).
At the 22nd Congress of the CPSU in October 1961 Khrushchev referred to the Seven Year Plan target of 68-91 million tons of steel a year to say:
“Some people proposed increasing steel output to 100 million tons a year. But we restrained them, saying that all branches of economy had to be developed evenly.”
(N.S.Khrushchev:Report to the CC to the 22nd Congress of the CPSU; London; 1961; p.40.)
And in his report to the congress on the following day on the new party programme, Khrushchev said:
“The 20 year national economic development plan- the general perspective- provides for the rates of growth in the output of means of production and of consumer goods to come considerably closer together.”
N.S.Khrushchev : Report on the Programme of the CPSU; London; 1961; p.24.
As a result of this lead, the congress adopted a resolution which said :
“The revenues accumulated as a result of the over-fulfilment of industrial production plans should be channelled mainly towards agriculture, light industry and the food industry.”
Khrushchev Report on the Programme of the CPSU; London; 1961; p.24.
On September 9th., 1962 “Pravda,” the organ of the CC of the CPSU, published an article by the Kharkov economist, Professor Yevsey Liberman, advocating a discussion on the question of reorientering the Soviet economy on the basis of the profit motive. On Khrushchev’s initiative, a Plenum of he Central Committee on November 19th-23rd 1962 took an important step to weaken the Party’s control over the economy.
The party organs up to, but not including, the level of Republic Central Committees were divided into two separate branches: one concerned with industry, the other with agriculture. At a press conference in October 1963 (reported in “Pravda” on October 27th) Khrushchev declared that the time was now ripe for diverting immense funds from heavy industry to chemicals, agriculture and the consumer goods industries. At the end of February 1964 “Pravda” published an article by A.Arzumanyan, Director of the Institute Of World Economics and International Relations, attacking the “dogmatists” who defended priority for heavy industry and recommending equal growth rates for heavy and consumer goods industries, with future priority to the latter.
In July 1964 an official press campaign began to popularise Liberman’s theories. The Bulletin of the Soviet Embassy in London summed this up as follows:
“In recent years.. the consumer goods industries have been greatly enlarged, It has become clear that the planning of the production of consumer goods must be brought closer to market demands. It has also become clear that economic incentives must be provided in order to induce industry to produce what the consumers want and adapt themselves quickly to changes in fashion, and also so as to ensure that the whole factory from the director to the worker is interested in meeting the demands of the consumer.”
Soviet Embassy, London Bulletin, Cited in “Keesings’ Contemporary Archives”, Volume 15; p. 21,036.
The base of support which Khrushchev had built up among the intelligentsia and petty bourgeois enabled him to survive against growing opposition for more than 10 years. But on October 15th, 1964, Khrushchev was forced to resign both as First Secretary of the CC of the Party and as Prime Minster. One of the changes levelled against him later was that of:
“Neglecting the priorities of heavy industry by over-emphasising light and consumer goods industries.”
“Keesings Contemporary Archives,” Volume 14; p. 20,390.
Khrushchev was succeeded as First Secretary by Leonid Brezhnev, and as Prime Minister by Aleksei Kosygin. This was to some extent a balanced coalition, as Kosygin was inclined towards consumer industires. This is shown by his sponsorship of economic measures advocated by Professor Abel Aganbegyan. (Later these measures would be more energetically enacted by Gorbachev. See below). Therefore the new leadership of the party and the state went some way to placating the demands of the state capitalists involved in the consumer good industries (e.g. By the adoption of Liberman’s theories, providing for increased independence of enterprises and the gearing of production to the market through the profit motive). However Brezhnev’s influence prevailed, and the regime demonstrated its’ basic interest in serving the state capitalists involved in heavy industry by greatly strengthening party and state control of the allocation of material resources, investment funds, etc.
The new line was summarised by General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev in his report to the 23rd Congress of the CPSU in March/April 1966 :
“Strengthening the centralised planned direction of the national economy is now combined with the further development of the initiative and independence of the enterprises.”
L.Brezhnev: Report to the 23 rd Congress of the CPSU, cited in “Keesings Contemporary Archives”, Volume 15, p. 21, 466.
On November 16th, 1964 the Central Committee of the CPSU abolished the division of the party introduced in 1962, with the aim of strengthening the party’s control over the economy. On the other hand, in January 13th 1965, it was announced that 400 consumer goods factories would go over to the system of production abased on market demand.
On April 1st, 1965 textile, lather and some other factories were transferred to the new system, under which they would gear their production to the basis of orders from retailers. These factories were permitted to retain a considerably larger amount of their gross profit than previously, this to be used partly for self-investment and partly for renumeration of management and workers over ad above basic salaries and wages.
In August-September 1965, the new leadership began punitive action against intellectuals representing objectively the interests of the state-capitalists involved in the consumer goods industries. In these months 30 Ukrainian intellectuals were arrested, Andrie Sinyavsky and Yuli Danile were arrested, as was Aleksandr Yessenin-Volpin and Vladmir Bukovsky.
Meanwhile on September 28th, 1965, the CC of the CPSU resolved to abolish the Regional Economic Councils of Khrushchev, established in May 1957; and to re-establish the industrial Ministries which had been abolished. The same resolution resolved to extend the “economic reform” introduced experimentally earlier in the year to the economy as a whole.
The Supreme Soviet gave legislative effect to this resolution on October 1st-2nd 1965. On December 10th, 1968, Nikolai Baibokov (Chairman of the State Planning Committee) told the Supreme Soviet that enterprises working under the new “profit motive” system now produced 75% of total industrial production and 80% of profit.
At the 23rd Congress of the CPSU (March 26th-April 8th 1966) Ivan Kazanets (Minister of the Iron and Steel Industry) complained that the Khrushchev regime had lowered the planned rate of increase in iron and steel output as a result of “the wrong and subjectivist counterposing of the chemical industry against the iron and steel industry.”
However the main reports presented at the congress revealed that the state capitalists involved in the consumer goods industries had fought successfully for an increased allocation of material resources, investment funds, etc, to their field.
In his report on the new 5 Year Plan from 1966-70, Prime Minister Aleksei Kosygin said:
“Funds will be re-distributed in favour of the production of consumer goods, while continuing to give priority to the development of the output of means of production. Their output will rise by 49-52% and that of consumer goods by 43-46%, compared with 58% and 36% respectively during 1961-65.”
A. Kosygin: Report on the 5 Year Plan, 23rd Congress CPSU, Cited in “Keesings Contemporary Archives”, Vol 15; p.21,468.
Backed by propaganda from the dissident intellectuals, the political representatives of the state capitalists involved in the consumer goods industries continued to press their case. In the economic plan for 1968 it was still maintained that:
“The emphasis will continue to be on the development of heavy industry”,
“Keesings Contemporary archives”, Vol 16; p. 22,508.
But in that year, 1968, the planned growth on the output of consumer goods for the first time exceeded (at 8.6%) that of the panned growth of the output of heavy industry (at 7.9%).
This picture was repeated in the economic plan for 1969, which provided for a planned growth rate of consumer goods of 7.5% against 7.2% for heavy industry, and in the economic plan for 1969 where the figures were 6.8% and 6.1% respectively.
At the 24th Congress of the CPSU (March 30th – April 9th 1971), General Secretary L. Brezhnev said:
“The CC considers that the accumulated productive potential permits of a somewhat higher rate of growth for Department 2 (ie the consumer goods industries).. This does not invalidate our general policy based on the accelerated development of the output o the means of production.”
Brezhnev L: Report to the 24th Congress of the CPSU, in: “Keesings Contemporary Archives”, Vol 18; p. 24,656.
And the Five Year Plan for 1971-75 adopted by the congress provided for the first time in any Five Year Plan for a higher rate of the output of consumer goods industries (at 44-48%) than that of heavy industry (at 41-45%). But as the intellectuals were repressed, and as the movements for “freedom ” in the Baltic states were repressed, the leadership of the party and state felt able to reverse this dominance of consumer industry. By 1975, the representatives of the state capitalists involved in heavy industry had again won temporarily. On December 2nd, 1975 Nikolai Baibakov reported to the Supreme Soviet that it was planned to increase the output of heavy industry in 1976 by 4.9% (against 8.3% achieved in 1975) and that of the consumer goods industries by 2.7% (against 7.2% achieved in 1975).
iii) INDUSTRY IN THE ERA OF GORBACHEV AND YELTSIN
Following the death of Brezhnev, Yuri Andropov came to power in 1982. Andropov had been the director of the state security forces the KGB, since 1967. Using this base, Andropov launched a so called “anti-corruption” drive, especially targeted at the Brezhnev faction. This allowed the pro-Consumer goods industries faction to regain control of the state. Andropov had built up the careers of younger pro-Consumer advocates, such as Mikhail Gorbachev; Eduard Shevardnadze; Nikolai Ryzhkov; and Yegor Ligachev. All these individuals would follow the same “liberal” programme aimed at aiding the consumer based industries. In a short space of time, Andropov made changes aimed at:
“The independence of assciation and enterprises of collecvtive farms and state farms to be increased.”
Cited: “Gorbachev: Chistian Schmidt-Hauer: “The Path to Power”; Topsfield, MA; 1986; p.84.
But Andropov was ill, and died after 8 months, on February 9th, 1984. His successor Konstantin Chernenko, was himself severely ill. His accession was a temporary reprieve for the heavy based faction, in whose favour Chernenkov’s report of November 15th 1984, “Accelerate The Intensification of the Economy,” was given (Schmidt-Hauer; Ibid; p.109). However his death on March 10 1985, left the path open for the vigorous proponents of light consumer industry. By 11 March 1985, Gorbachev had taken the post of General Secretary of the CPSU.
Gorbachev now took up the programme outlined by Professor Abel Aganbegyan, whose Institute of Economics was in Novosibirsk. His programme, first outlined in 1965, and promoted by Kosygin, identified as the major problem in the USSR economy:
“The staggering share of resource that the economy committed to defence, with something like a third of the entire workforce involved in the defence sector, and ‘the extreme centralism and lack of democracy in economic matters.”
Cited in “The Waking Giant: The Soviet Union Under Gorbachev,” Martin Walker, London, 1986; p.38.
This then was a programme targeted against the heavy industrial base, and was pro-light industry. However the programme also aimed to openly acknowledge and allow “profit.” These changes were similar to those proposed by Liberman i.e. further decentralisation and self contained “planning,” and local profit sharing under the guise of “incentives.” This was embided under the principle of “autonomous financial accounting” or Khozraschet.
Kosygin’s attempts to fully implement Aganbegyan’s changes met with resistance, because they entailed an increased unemployment. But since both wings of the capitalist class (heavy and light based industrialists) stood to gain, they collaborated to push some of Aganbegyan’s programme through :
“In 1970…the Khozraschet experiment…decreed that not only each factory, but the industry itself had to become self-financing…By 1980, four of the biggest industrial ministries had been transferred to the self-financing system: tractors and farm machinery, heavy and transport engineering, energy engineering, and electrotechnical. The principles of self-financing and management autonomy had also been adopted for…the creation of territorial-production complexes (TPCs), the new industrial complexes… in Siberia.”
Walker Ibid, p.43.
But enforcing the Russian workers towards capitalist norms was not easy, and the capitalist class wished for a speedier transformation. Professor Popov of Moscow now advocated in Pravda on 27 December 1980:
“Wage cuts to increase incentives and a system of planned unemployment with a minimum wage of 80 rubles a month for the redundant.”
Walker Ibid, p.45.
To facilitate this, one of Aganbegyan’s pupils, Dr. Tatiana Zaslavsaya offered an updated programme in 1983 targeting “bureaucracy” who were “preventing further dissolution of central planning.” This programme was accepted by Gorbachev. In February 1986, he reported to the 27th Congress of the CPSU:
“Prices must be made flexible. Price levels must be linked not only to the costs of production, but also with the degree to which they meet the needs of society and consumer demand..it is high time to put an end to the practice of ministries and departments exercising petty tutelage over industrial enterprises.. enterprises should be given the right to sell to one another, independently what they produce over and above the plan.. enterprises and associations are wholly responsible for operating without a loss, while the state does not bear any responsibility for their debts.. Increase of the social wealth as well as losses should affect the income level of each member of the collective.”
Walker Ibid, p.51-52.
But as well as these general steps to increae market forces, a narrower sectional interest became also clear. An underlying aim apart from completely raising the lid on private market forces and profit was to enhance consumer industry:
“Gorbachev’s requirements (are).. set out in the “Prinicpal Directiosn fo the Economic nad Soical Development of the USSR Fro the Year 1986 to 1990 and For the Period up to 2000”.. “More consumer goods and better serives are vital.. says the new Chairman of the State Planning Commision (Gosplan) Nikolai Talyzin.. over the past 5 years the supply of consumer goods had grown at an averae of below 4%.. the “Complex Programme For the Development of the Production of Consumer Goods and the Service Sectors for the Year 1986-2000”, .. meant.. production of Consumer goods is to increase by as much as 30 % during the first 5 Year Plan period (1986-90) “mainly tough intensification of production on the basis of improved organisation and full use of existing capacity..the programme aims at “perfecting the production and consumption of light industry goods, cultural and domestic articles, reacting in good time to changes in public demand”… The long term plan .. prescribes that the contribution made by heavy and defence industries to supplying the public with high-quality industrial goods as well as modern electrical household goods must be “substantially increased.”
Maria Huber : The Prospects for Economic Reform”, in C.Schmidt-Hauer, Ibid; p.171-179.
Furthermore, as part of Gorbachev’s strategy, links with foreign capital were actively encouraged:
“At the beginning of 1985, Oleg T.Bogomolov, Director of the Institute For the Economics of the Socialist World System, in lecture in Vienna announced that eh Soviet Union would make it possible for joint-venture companies to be set up with capitalist enterprises.. an important step for decentralisation.. trade relations with the industrialised capitalist countries are to be likewise intensified.. the joint resolution of the Central Committee and of the Council of Ministers of July 1985.. foresaw the promotion of exports at enterprise level.”
Maria Huber; Ibid; p.174.
But the division of interests and between the two basic groups of capitalists, is now much more acute. It has also taken a new form. The most current form it has taken, is that of a division between those who wish to be an appendage to the foreign imperialists, and those who wish to be totally independent of the foreign imperialists. As Mikhail Leontiev:
“One of Russia’s most respected liberal commentators…and the Segodnya newspaper owned by one of Russia largest private businesses notes…in an editorial on November 24th, 1994 said : “‘The first stage of Russia’s transformation – Westernization – is over. It has ended in defeat and disappointment.'”
Cited “The Economist” London UK, Week of Dec 5th, 1994. Reprinted Globe and Mail, Toronto, 5.12.94.
Clearly, the anti-Western capitalists are not dead inside Russia. Although more than $500 million US of foreign capital are flowing into Russia every month, there has been some opposition to this virtually unrestricted entry :
“Anatoly Chubais…as the first deputy prime minister responsible for coordinating economic policy…has been leading the effort to attract foreign investment…Moscovsky Komsomolets has published a stinging series of attacks on Mr. Chubais, who used to be responsible for Russia’s program of mass privatization, Komsomolets argues that this sell-out is just a sell out to the West. GAZ a car makers with 1000,000 workers was worth a mere $27 million when it was auctioned earlier this year. That, the newspaper points out sourly, is only $2 million more than the Vancouver Canucks agreed to pay Pavel Bure a Russian ice-hockey star, for a 6 year contract.”
“Economist,” from Globe and Mail Ibid, 5.12.94.
As the Economist notes:
“Mr. Yeltsin is nevertheless the only Russian peasant who could take a stand against a strong anti-western sentiment. He may look and act lie a Russian peasant, but so far at least, his instinct have been solidly pro-Western.”
“Economist” from Globe and Mail Ibid 5.12.94.
That Boris Yeltsin has been the “Man of the West,” inside the Kremlin is not new news. Of course recent events surrounding the “Crash” of the rouble also aroused major conflicts within the capitalist class, which also reflected the underlying differences. As the ICRSU report makes clear, the rouble was deliberately “crashed.”
6. THE CRASH OF THE ROUBLE
“The rouble’s 3 week slide began when the Bank set out trading on 22 September with dwindling reserves.. By the bottom on the Tuesday 11.10.94, the rouble had shrunk to 60% of its value.. the bank had spent a quarter of a billion US$ in 3 days…”
Globe and Mail, Business News, Toronto, 14.10.94. p.B1-2.
Alliance reprinted the analysis of The International Committee for the Restoration of the Soviet Union, based in Moscow, (ICRSU) on the “Crash” of the rouble, on October 11th, 1994. (See full reprint in Alliance 9). The ICRSU gives as a reason for the crash an impending General Strike, and a need for the Government to obtain additional funds to cover a cash shortfall:
“The ‘crash of the rouble’…on October 11th and its subsequent recuperation on October 12-13th…did not result from a loss of control by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation over the market of hard currency. On the contrary the crash of the rate of the rouble to the dollar by almost 900 points in one day (27% of the previous rate), and its recuperation on Wednesday and Thursday so that the rate came down lower than that of Monday, was planned and provoked by the leadership of the Central Bank with the permission of Victor Chernomyrdin, the Prime Minister. This was a result of a financial operation organized jointly by both the Central Bank and the Ministry of Finances TO COVER A FINANCIAL GAP… WHAT IS THE MAIN REASON FOR THIS FINANCIAL OPERATION? WHY HAS THE BUDGET GAP TO BE COVERED NOW? (Emphasis-Editor). The answer is clear. These cash based on speculation has been transferred to the Ministry of Finances to pay wages. Why now? Because a general strike is to take place on October 27th. That is the sole reason. The government is not in a position to manage a general strike in a generalized state of wage non-payments.”
I.C.R.S.U. October 19-10-94.
But it is possible that an additional reason for the engineered crash is the conflict between the wings of the capitalist class. We suggest that the manipulation of the rouble, in part, reflects the differences between pro-Western capitalists (led by Yeltsin) and anti-Western capitalists (led by Yegor Gaidar, and Victor Chernomyrdin, the Prime Minister). As the ICRSU point out it was Chernomyrdin who set in train the rouble crash. How was the manipulation managed?
“In the two weeks prior to the crash, the Central Bank provoked constant devaluation of the rouble by suddenly changing its policy of intervention in hard currency stock exchange sessions. Normally the Central Bank policy of intervention is based on selling relatively small amounts of American dollars on a regular basis so that the dynamics of the rate of the rouble to the dollar does not correspond to its real devaluation in the market. The result of that policy is that the rate was kept over 2000 when the real rate should be (the rate that would be reached if the Central Bank would not make dollar interventions in the market) according to reliable estimations around 5000-6000.”
I.C.R.S.U. October 19-10-94.
Who gains the most benefit from this policy?
“A ‘cheap’ dollar has led to a drastic reduction of Russian goods exports for the past two years. Import of western goods has far overtaken export. Russian goods can not compete even in the internal market (shops do not sell Russian goods). A low rate guarantees foreign trade companies a high rate of profit in commercial operations. The Central Bank policy is dictated by foreign interests. A low rate is one of the factors for the state of collapse in industry and agriculture, a huge budget deficit (that reached already in June-August 15% of the GNP!!), complete lack of state investment, non-payment of wages in the state sector (non-payment of wages has been very extensive from August).”
I.C.R.S.U. October 19-10-94.
“The Central Bank changed its policy of selling dollars to hold the rate by a massive sell of roubles. That provoked a raise of the rate from 2200-2300 to 3100 (for a period of 10-15 days). The Government argued that the raise of the rate is good for the economy and recognized that the Central Bank’s policy towards the rouble for the past two years has been highly harmful for the Russian economy.”
I.C.R.S.U. October 19-10-94.
But then a reversal occurred. We suggest that this policy, that favoured a foreign imperialist penetration of the Russian market, led to resentment and a reversal under pressure, of the policy:
“In a surprising move on Tuesday 11th, the Central Bank under the supervision of its President, Guerashenko, accomplished a massive rouble intervention that brought up the rate to almost 4000 roubles to a dollar. Those banks that were purchasing dollars were obliged to buy them from the same Central Bank and four major private commercial banks that were aware of the operation, at a rate that was 1000 roubles more expensive in the hope that the rate would rise even further. In one day the Central Bank “earned” 3 trillion roubles. 2 trillions were used to buy dollars at a high rate of 4000 from the Ministry of Finances (previously bought at a substantially lower rate) to cover a budget gap. The Central Bank got back the dollars which had been sold to the Commercial banks. The Ministry of Finances got in one day a huge amount of roubles to cover (almost 1000 roubles for every dollar sold) a budget gap. The Hard currency market was in shock so that in the next two days the Central Bank managed to bring down the rate with a relatively small intervention of dollars. A number of Commercial Banks that were not aware of the operation lost several trillions of roubles that are now transferred to the Ministry of Finances.”
I.C.R.S.U. October 19-10-94.
It is for the reasons outlined that Yeltsin said:
“the collapse of the roble was a ‘threat to national security’, setting up a committee of Inquiry the next day, with Sergei Stepashin Director of Federal Counter-Intelligence as a co-chair.”
Keesings Contemporary Archives, October, 1994, p. 40,250.
The Economy Minister Alexander Shokin was more explicit and said that the rouble’s collapse was a plot:
“To destabilise the government of Prime Minister Viktor Chenrnomyridin. “There are forces out there who do not want to see the government in full control,” Reuter’s quoted him as saying..”
Globe and Mail, Toronto, p.A1, A12. 13.10.94.
Vyascheslev Kostikov, President Yeltsin’s top spokesperson, suggested:
“The crisis was concocted by commercial banks that support political opponents of the regime. the strategy was to remove the President and curb market reforms.”
Globe and Mail, Business News, Toronto, p.B1-2, 14.10.94.
Nazi propaganda poster depicting executions of Polish military officers by the Soviets, with caption in Slovak: “Forest of the dead at Katyn”
by Ella Rule
July 2002
At the end of the First World War, the boundary between Russia and Poland was settled as being along a line which became known as the Curzon line – Lord Curzon being the British statesman who had proposed it.
This demarcation line was not to the liking of the Poles, who soon went to war against the Soviet Union in order to push their borders further eastward. The Soviet Union counter-attacked and were prepared not only to defend themselves but, against Stalin’s advice, to liberate the whole of Poland. Stalin considered such an aim to be doomed to failure because, he said, Polish nationalism had not yet run its course. The Poles were determined NOT to be liberated so there was no point in trying. Hence the Poles put up fierce resistance to Soviet advances. Ultimately the Soviet Union was forced to retreat and even cede territory to the east of the Curzon line to Poland. The areas in question were Western Byelorussia and the western Ukraine – areas populated overwhelmingly by Byelorussians and Ukrainians respectively rather than by Poles. The whole incident could not but exacerbate the mutual dislike of the Poles and the Russians.
On 1 September 1939, Nazi German invaded Poland. On 17 September, the Soviet Union moved to reoccupy those parts of Poland that lay east of the Curzon line. Having taken over those areas, the Soviet Union set about distributing land to the peasants and bringing about the kind of democratic reforms so popular with the people and so unpopular with the exploiters. During the battle to retake the areas east of the Curzon line, the Soviet Union captured some 10,000 Polish officers, who became prisoners of war. These prisoners were then held in camps in the disputed area and put to work road building, etc.
Two years later, on 22 June 1941, Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union by surprise. The Red Army was forced hurriedly to retreat and the Ukraine was taken over by the Germans. During this hurried retreat it was not possible to evacuate to the Soviet interior the Polish prisoners of war. The chief of camp no. 1, Major Vetoshnikov gave evidence that he had applied to the chief of traffic of the Smolensk section of the Western Railway to be provided with railway cars for the evacuation of the Polish prisoners but was told it was unlikely to be possible. Engineer Ivanov, who had been the Chief of Traffic in the region at the time, confirmed there had been no railway cars to spare. “Besides, ” he said, “we could not send cars to the Gussino line, where the majority of the Polish prisoners were, since that line was already under fire”. The result was that, following the Soviet retreat from the area, the Polish prisoners became prisoners of the Germans.
In April 1943, the Hitlerites announced that the Germans had found several mass graves in the Katyn Forest near Smolensk, containing the bodies of thousands of Polish officers allegedly murdered by the Russians.
This announcement was designed to further undermine the co-operation efforts of Poles and Soviets to defeat the Germans. The Russo-Polish alliance was always difficult because the Polish government in exile, based in London, was obviously a government of the exploiting classes. They had to oppose the Germans because of the latter’s cynical takeover of their country for lebensraum. The Soviet Union’s position was that so long as the Soviet Union could retain the land east of the Curzon line, they had no problem with the re-establishment of a bourgeois government in Poland. But the alliance was already in difficulties because the Polish government in exile, headed by General Sikorski, based in London, would not agree to the return of that land. This is in spite of the fact that in 1941 after Hitler invaded Poland, the Soviet Union and the Polish government in exile had not only established diplomatic relations but had also agreed that the Soviet Union would finance “under the orders of a chief appointed by the Polish government-in-exile but approved by the Soviet government ” the formation of a Polish army – this chief being, in the event, the thoroughly anti-Soviet General Anders (a prisoner of the Soviets from 1939). By 25 October 1941 this Army had 41,000 men including 2,630 officers. General Anders, however, eventually refused to fight on the Soviet-German front because of the border dispute between the Soviet Union and Poland, and the Polish army had to be sent elsewhere to fight – i.e., Iran.
Nevertheless, despite the hostility of the Polish government in exile, there was a significant section of Poles resident in the Soviet Union who were not anti-Soviet and did accept the Soviet claim to the territories east of the Curzon line. Many of them were Jewish. These people formed the Union of Polish Patriots which put together the backbone of an alternative Polish government in exile.
The Nazi propaganda relating to the Katyn massacres was designed to make it impossible for the Soviets to have any dealings with the Poles at all. General Sikorski took up the Nazi propaganda with a vengeance, claiming to Churchill that he had a “wealth of evidence”. How he had obtained this “evidence” simultaneously with the German announcement of this supposed Soviet atrocity is not clear, although it speaks loudly of secret collaboration between Sikorski and the Nazis. The Germans had made public their allegations on 13 April. On 16 April the Soviet government issued an official communiqué denying “the slanderous fabrications about the alleged mass shootings by Soviet organs in the Smolensk area in the spring of 1940”. It added:
“The German statement leaves no doubt about the tragic fate of the former Polish prisoners of war who, in 1941, were engaged in building jobs in areas west of Smolensk and who, together with many Soviet people, fell into the hands of the German hangmen after the withdrawal of Soviet troops.”
The Germans had in fabricating their story decided to embellish it with an anti-Semitic twist by claiming to be able to name Soviet officials in charge of the massacre, all of whom had Jewish names. On 19 April Pravda responded:
“Feeling the indignation of the whole of progressive humanity over their massacre of peaceful citizens and particularly of Jews, the Germans are now trying to arouse the anger of gullible people against the Jews. For this reason they have invented a whole collection of ‘Jewish commissars’ who, they say, took part in the murder of the 10,000 Polish officers. For such experienced fakers it was not difficult to invent a few names of people who never existed – Lev Rybak, Avraam Brodninsky, Chaim Fineberg. No such persons ever existed either in the ‘Smolensk section of the OGPU’ or in any other department of the NLVD…”
The insistence of Sikorski in endorsing the German propaganda led to the complete breakdown in relations between the London Polish government in exile and the Soviet government – as to which Goebbels commented in his diary:
“This break represents a one-hundred-per-cent victory for German propaganda and especially for me personally … we have been able to convert the Katyn incident into a highly political question.”
At the time the British press condemned Sikorski for his intransigence:
The Times of 28 April 1943 wrote:
“Surprise as well as regret will be felt by those who have had so much cause to understand the perfidy and ingenuity of the Goebbels propaganda machine should themselves have fallen into the trap laid by it. Poles will hardly have forgotten a volume widely circulated in the first winter of the war which described with every detail of circumstantial evidence, including that of photography, alleged Polish atrocities against the peaceful German inhabitants of Poland.”
What lay at the basis of Sikorski’s insistence that the massacre had been carried out by the Soviets rather than the Germans was the dispute over the territory east of the Curzon line. Sikorski was trying to use the German propaganda to mobilise western imperialism behind Poland’s claim to that territory, to try to force them out of the position, as he saw it, of taking the Soviet Union’s side on the issue of this border dispute.
If one reads bourgeois sources today, they all assert that the Soviet Union was responsible for the Katyn massacre, and they do so with such assurance and consistency that in trying to argue the contrary one feels like a Nazi revisionist trying to deny Hitler’s slaughter of Jews. After the Soviet Union collapsed, Gorbachov was even enrolled on this disinformation campaign and produced material allegedly from the Soviet archives which ‘proved’ that the Soviets committed the atrocity and, of course, that they did so on Stalin’s orders. Well, we know the interest that the Gorbachovs of this world have in demonising Stalin. Their target is not so much Stalin as socialism. Their purpose in denigrating socialism is to restore capitalism and bring lives of luxurious parasitism to themselves and their hangers-on at the cost of mass suffering among the Soviet peoples. Their cynicism matches that of the German Nazis and it is hardly surprising to find them singing from the same hymn sheet.
Bourgeois sources blithely claim that Soviet evidence in support of blaming the Germans for the atrocity was either totally absent or based purely on hearsay evidence of terrorised inhabitants of the region. They don’t mention one piece of evidence which even Goebbels had to admit was a bit of a bummer from his point of view. He wrote in his diary on 8 May 1943,
“Unfortunately, German ammunition has been found in the graves at Katyn … It is essential that this incident remains a top secret. If it were to come to the knowledge of the enemy the whole Katyn affair would have to be dropped. “
In 1971 there was correspondence in The Times suggesting the Katyn massacres could not have been done by the Germans since they went in for machine gunning and gas chambers rather than despatching prisoners in the way the Katyn victims had been killed, i.e., by a shot in the back of the head. A former German solider then living in Godalming, Surrey, intervened in this correspondence:
“As a German soldier, at that time convinced of the righteousness of our cause, I have taken part in many battles and actions during the Russian campaign. I have not been to Katyn nor to the forest nearby. But I well remember the hullabaloo when the news broke in 1943 about the discovery of the ghastly mass grave near Katyn, which area was then threatened by the Red Army.
“Josef Goebbels, as the historic records show, has fooled many people. After all, that was his job and few would dispute his almost complete mastery of it. What is surprising indeed, however, is that it still shows evidence in the pages of The Times thirty odd years later. Writing from experience I do not think that at that late time of the war Goebbels managed to fool many German soldiers in Russia on the Katyn issue … German soldiers knew about the shot in the back of the head all right … we German soldiers knew that the Polish officers were despatched by none other than our own. “
Moreover, very many witnesses came forward to attest to the presence of Polish prisoners in the region after the Germans had taken it over.
Maria Alexandrovna Sashneva, a local primary school teacher, gave evidence to a Special commission set up by the Soviet Union in September 1943, immediately after the area was liberated from the Germans, to the effect that in August 1941, two months after Soviet withdrawal, she had hidden a Polish war prisoner in her house. His name had been Juzeph Lock, and he had spoken to her of ill-treatment suffered by Polish prisoners under the Germans:
“When the Germans arrived they seized the Polish camp and instituted a strict regime in it. The Germans did not regard the Poles as human beings. They oppressed and outraged them in every way. On some occasions Poles were shot without any reason at all. He decided to escape…”
Several other witnesses gave evidence that they had seen the Poles during August and September 1941 working on the roads.
Moreover, witnesses also testified to round-ups by the Germans of escaped Polish prisoners in the autumn of 1941. Danilenko, a local peasant, was among several witnesses who testified to this.
“Special round ups were held in our place to catch Polish war prisoners who had escaped. Some searches took place in my house 2 or 3 times. After one such search I asked the headman .. whom they were looking for in our village. [He] said that an order had been received from the German Kommandatur according to which searches were to be made in all houses without exception, since Polish war prisoners who had escaped from the camp were hiding in our village. “
Obviously the Germans did not shoot the Poles in full sight of local witnesses, but there is nonetheless significant evidence from local people as to what was happening. One witness was Alexeyeva who had been detailed by the headman of her village to serve the German personnel at a country house in the section of the Katyn Forest known as Kozy Gory, which had been the rest home of the Smolensk administration of the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs. This house was situated some 700 metres from where the mass graves were found. Alexeyeva said:
“At the close of August and during most of September 1941 several trucks used to come practically every day to the Kozy Gory country house. At first I paid no attention to that, but later I noticed that each time these trucks arrived at the grounds of the country house they stopped for half an hour, and sometimes for a whole hour, somewhere on the country road connecting the country house with the highway. I drew this conclusion because some time after these trucks reached the grounds of the country house the noise they made would cease.
“Simultaneously with the noise stopping single shots would be heard. The shots followed each other at short but approximately even intervals. Then the shooting would die down and the trucks would drive right up to the country house. German soldiers and NCOs came out of the trucks. Talking noisily they went to wash in the bathhouse, after which they engaged in drunken orgies.
“On days when the trucks arrived more soldiers from some German military units used to arrive at the country house. Special beds were put up for them… Shortly before the trucks reached the country house armed soldiers went to the forest evidently to the spot where the trucks stopped because in half an hour they returned in these trucks, together with the soldiers who lived permanently in the country house.
“…On several occasions I noticed stains of fresh blood on the clothes of two Lance Corporals. From all this I inferred that the Germans brought people in the truck to the country house and shot them.”
Alexeyeva also discovered that the people being shot were Polish prisoners.
“Once I stayed at the country house somewhat later than usual… Before I finished the work which had kept me there, a soldier suddenly entered and told me I could go … He … accompanied me to the highway.
“Standing on the highway 150 or 200 metres from where the road branches off to the country house I saw a group of about 30 Polish war prisoners marching along the highway under heavy German escort… I halted near the roadside to see where they were being led, and I saw that they turned towards our country house at Kozy Gory.
“Since by that time I had begun to watch closely everything going on at the country house, I became interested. I went back some distance along the highway, hid in bushes near the roadside, and waited. In some 20 or 30 minutes I heard the familiar single shots. “
The other two requisitioned maids at the country house, Mikhailova and Konakhovskaya, gave supporting evidence. Other residents of the area gave similar evidence.
Basilevsky, director of the Smolensk observatory, was appointed deputy burgomeister to Menshagin, a Nazi collaborator. Basilevsky was trying to secure the release from German custody of a teacher, Zhiglinsky, and persuaded Menshagin to speak to the German commander of the region, Von Schwetz, about this matter. Menshagin did so but reported back it was impossible to secure this release because “instructions had been received from Berlin prescribing the strictest regime be maintained. “
Basilevsky then recounted his conversation with Menshagin:
“I involuntarily retorted ‘Can anything else be stricter than the regime existing at the camp?’ Menshagin looked at me in a strange way and bending to my ear, answered in a low voice: yes, there can be! The Russians can at least be left to die off, but as to the Polish war prisoners, the orders say they are to be simply exterminated. “
After liberation Menshagin’s notebook was found written in his own handwriting, as confirmed by expert graphologists. Page 10, dated 15 August 1941, notes:
“All fugitive war prisoners are to be detained and delivered to the commandant’s office. “
This in itself proves the Polish prisoners were still alive at that time. On page 15, which is undated, the entry appears: “Are there any rumours among the population concerning the shooting of Polish war prisoners in Kozy Gory (for Umnov) ” (Umnov was the Chief of the Russian police).
A number of witnesses gave evidence that they had been pressured in 1942-43 by the Germans to give false testimony as to the shooting of the Poles by the Russians.
Parfem Gavrilovich Kisselev, a resident of the village closest to Kozy Gory, testified that he had been summonsed in autumn of 1942 to the Gestapo where he was interviewed by a German officer:
“The officer stated that, according to information at the disposal of the Gestapo, in 1940, in the area of Kozy Gory in the Katyn Forest, staff members of the People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs shot Polish officers, and he asked me what testimony I could give on this score. I answered that I had never heard of the People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs shooting people at Kozy Gory, and that anyhow it was impossible, I explained to the officer, since Kozy Gory is an absolutely open and much frequented place, and if shootings had gone on there the entire population of the neighbouring villages would have known …
“…The interpreter, however, would not listen to me, but took a handwritten document from the desk and read it to me. It said that I, Kisselev, resident of a hamlet in the Kozy Gory area, personally witnessed the shooting of Polish officers by staff members of the People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs in 1940.
“Having read the document, the interpreter told me to sign it. I refused to do so… Finally he shouted ‘Either you sign it at once or we shall destroy you. Make your choice.’
“Frightened by these threats, I signed the document and thought that would be the end of the matter. “
But it wasn’t the end of the matter, because the Germans expected Kisselev to give parol evidence of what he had ‘witnessed’ to groups of ‘delegates’ invited by the Germans to come to the area to witness the evidence of supposed Soviet atrocities.
Soon after the German authorities had announced the existence of the mass graves to the world in April 1943,
“the Gestapo interpreter came to my house and took me to the forest in the Kozy Gory area.
“When we had left the house and were alone together, the interpreter warned me that I must tell the people present in the forest everything exactly as I had written it down in the document I had signed at the Gestapo.
“When I came to the forest I saw the open graves and a group of strangers. The interpreter told me that these were Polish delegates who had arrived to inspect the graves. When we approached the graves the delegates started asking me various questions in Russian in connection with the shooting of the Poles, but as more than a month had passed since I had been summoned to the Gestapo I forgot everything that was in the document I had signed, got mixed up, and finally said I didn’t know anything about the shooting of Polish officers.
“The German officer got very angry. The interpreter roughly dragged me away from the ‘delegation’ and chased me off. Next morning a car with a Gestapo officer drove up to my house. He found me in the yard, told me that I was under arrest, put me into the car and took me to Smolensk Prison …
“After my arrest I was interrogated many times, but they beat me more than they questioned me. The first time they summoned me they beat me up heavily and abused me, complaining that I had let them down, and then sent me back to the cell. During the next summons they told me I must state publicly that I had witnessed the shooting of Polish officers by the Bolsheviks, and that until the Gestapo was satisfied I would do this in good faith, I would not be released from prison. I told the officer that I would rather sit in prison than tell people lies to their faces. After that I was badly beaten up.
“There were several such interrogations accompanied by beatings, and as a result I lost all my strength, my hearing became poor and I could not move my right arm. About one month after my arrest a German officer summoned me and said: ‘You see the consequences of your obstinacy, Kisselev. We have decided to execute you. In the morning we shall take you to Katyn Forest and hang you.’ I asked the officer not to do this, and started pleading with them that I was not fit for the part of ‘eye-witness’ of the shooting as I did not know how to tell lies and therefore I would mix everything up again.
“The officer continued to insist. Several minutes later soldiers came into the room and started beating me with rubber clubs. Being unable to stand the beatings and torture, I agreed to appear publicly with a fallacious tale about shooting of Poles by Bolsheviks. After that I was released from prison, on conditions that on the first demand of the Germans I would speak before ‘delegations’ in Katyn Forest…
“On every occasion, before leading me to the graves in the forest, the interpreter used to come to my house, call me out into the yard, take me aside to make sure that no one would hear, and for half an hour make me memorise by heart everything I would have to say about the alleged shooting of Polish officers by the People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs in 1940.
“I recall that the interpreter told me something like this: ‘I live in a cottage in ‘Kozy Gory’ area not far from the country house of the People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs. In spring 1940 I saw Poles taken on various nights to the forest and shot there’. And then it was imperative that I must state literally that ‘this was the doing of the People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs.’ After I had memorised what the interpreter told me he would take me to the open graves in the forest and compel me to repeat all this in the presence of ‘delegations’ which came there.
“My statements were strictly supervised and directed by the Gestapo interpreter. Once when I spoke before some ‘delegation’, I was asked the question: ‘Did you see these Poles personally before they were shot by the Bolsheviks?’ I was not prepared for such a question and answered the way it was in fact, i.e., that I saw Polish war prisoners before the war, as they walked on the roads. Then the interpreter roughly dragged me aside and drove me home.
“Please believe me when I say that all the time I felt pangs of conscience, as I knew that in reality the Polish officers had been shot by the Germans in 1941. I had no other choice, as I was constantly threatened with the repetition of my arrest and torture. “
Numerous people corroborated Kisselev’s testimony, and a medical examination corroborated his story of having been tortured by the Germans.
Pressure was also brought on Ivanov, employed at the local railway station (Gnezdovo) to bear false witness:
“The officer inquired whether I knew that in spring 1940 large parties of captured Polish officers had arrived at Gnezdovo station in several trains. I said that I knew about this. The officer then asked me whether I knew that in the same spring 1940, soon after the arrival of the Polish officers, the Bolsheviks had shot them all in the Katyn Forest. I answered that I did not know anything about that, and that it could not be so, as in the course of 1940-41 up to the occupation of Smolensk by the Germans, I had met captured Polish officers who had arrived in spring 1940 at Gnezdovo station, and who were engaged in road construction work.
“The officer told me that if a German officer said the Poles had been shot by the Bolsheviks it meant that this was a fact. ‘Therefore’, the officer continued, ‘you need not fear anything, and you can sign with a clear conscience a protocol saying that the captured Polish officers were shot by the Bolsheviks and that you witnessed it’.
“I replied that I was already an old man, that I was 61 years old, and did not want to commit a sin in my old age. I could only testify that the captured Poles really arrived at Gnezdovo station in spring 1940. The German officer began to persuade me to give the required testimony promising that if I agreed he would promote me from the position of watchman on a railway crossing to that of stationmaster of Gnezdovo station, which I had held under the Soviet Government, and also to provide for my material needs.
“The interpreter emphasised that my testimony as a former railway official at Gnezdovo station, the nearest station to Katyn Forest, was extremely important for the German Command, and that I would not regret it if I gave such testimony. I understood that I had landed in an extremely difficult situation, and that a sad fate awaited me. However, I again refused to give false testimony to the German officer. He started shouting at me, threatened me with a beating and shooting, and said I did not understand what was good for me. However, I stood my ground. The interpreter then drew up a short protocol in German on one page, and gave me a free translation of its contents. This protocol recorded, as the interpreter told me, only the fact of the arrival of the Polish war prisoners at Gnezdovo station. When I asked that my testimony be recorded not only in German but also in Russian, the officer finally went beside himself with fury, beat me up with a rubber club and drove me off the premises…”.
Savvateyev was another person pressurised by the Germans to give false testimony. He told the Soviet Commission of Inquiry:
“In the Gestapo I testified that in spring 1940 Polish war prisoners arrived at the station of Gnezdovo in several trains and proceeded further in trucks, and I did not know where they went. I also added that I repeatedly met those Poles later on the Moscow-Minsk highway, where they were working on repairs in small groups. The officer told me I was mixing things up, that I could not have met the Poles on the highway, as they had been shot by the Bolsheviks, and demanded that I testify to this.
“I refused. After threatening and cajoling me for a long time, the officer consulted with the interpreter about something in German, and then the interpreter wrote a short protocol and gave it to me to sign. He explained that it was a record of my testimony. I asked the interpreter to let me read the protocol myself, but he interrupted me with abuse, ordering me to sign it immediately and get out. I hesitated a minute. The interpreter seized a rubber club hanging on the wall and made to strike me. After that I signed the protocol shoved at me. The interpreter told me to get out and go home, and not to talk to anyone or I would be shot…”
Others gave similar testimony.
Evidence was also given as to how the Germans ‘doctored’ the graves of the victims to try to eliminate evidence that the massacre took place not in the autumn of 1941 but in the spring of 1940 shortly after the Poles first arrived in the area. Alexandra Mikhailovna had worked during the German occupation in the kitchen of a German military unit. In March 1943 she found a Russian war prisoner hiding in her shed:
“From conversation with him I learned that his name was Nikolai Yegorov, a native of Leningrad. Since the end of 1941 he had been in the German camp No. 126 for war prisoners in the town of Smolensk. At the beginning of March 1943, he was sent with a column of several hundred war prisoners from the camp to Katyn Forest. There they, including Yegorov, were compelled to dig up graves containing bodies in the uniforms of Polish officers, drag these bodies out of the graves and take out of their pockets documents, letters, photographs and all other articles.
“The Germans gave the strictest orders that nothing be left in the pockets on the bodies. Two war prisoners were shot because after they had searched some of the bodies, a German officer discovered some papers on these bodies. Articles, documents and letters extracted from the clothing on the bodies were examined by the German officers, who then compelled the prisoners to put part of the papers back into the pockets on the bodies, while the rest was flung on a heap of articles and documents they had extracted, and later burned.
“Besides this, the Germans made the prisoners put in the pockets of the Polish officers some papers which they took from the cases or suitcases (I don’t remember exactly) which they had brought along. All the war prisoners lived in Katyn Forest in dreadful conditions under the open sky, and were extremely strongly guarded… At the beginning of April 1943, all the work planned by the Germans was apparently completed, as for three days not one of the war prisoners had to do any work…
“Suddenly at night all of them without exception were awakened and led somewhere. The guard was strengthened. Yegorov sensed something was wrong and began to watch very closely everything that was happening. They marched for three or four hours in an unknown direction. They stopped in the forest at a pit in a clearing. He saw how a group of war prisoners were separated from the rest and driven towards the pit and then shot. The war prisoners grew agitated, restless and noisy. Not far from Yegorov several war prisoners attacked the guards. Other guards ran towards the place. Yegorov took advantage of the confusion and ran away into the dark forest, hearing shouts and firing.
“After hearing this terrible story, which is engraved on my memory for the rest of my life, I became very sorry for Yegorov, and told him to come to my room, get warm and hide at my place until he had regained his strength. But Yegorov refused… He said no matter what happened he was going away that very night, and intended to try to get through the front line to the Red Army. In the morning, when I went to make sure whether Yegorov had gone, he was still in the shed. It appeared that in the night he had attempted to set out, but had only taken about 50 steps when he felt so weak that he was forced to return. This exhaustion was caused by the long imprisonment at the camp and the starvation of the last days. We decided he should remain at my place several days longer to regain his strength. After feeding Yegorov I went to work. When I returned home in the evening my neighbours Branova, Mariya Ivanovna, Kabanovskaya, Yekaterina Viktorovna told me that in the afternoon, during a search by the German police, the Red Army war prisoner had been found, and taken away. “
Further corroboration was given by an engineer mechanic called Sukhachev who had worked under the Germans as a mechanic in the Smolensk city mill:
“I was working at the mill in the second half of March, 1943. There I spoke to a German chauffeur who spoke a little Russian, and since he was carrying flour to Savenki village for the troops, and was returning on the next day to Smolensk, I asked him to take me along so that I could buy some fats in the village. My idea was that making the trip in a German truck would get over the risk of being held up at the control stations. The German agreed to take me, at a price.
“On the same day at 10 p.m. we drove on to the Somolensk-Vitebsk highway, just myself and the German driver in the machine. The night was light, and only a low mist over the road reduced the visibility. Approximately 22 or 23 kilometres from Smolensk at a demolished bridge on the highway there is a rather deep descent at the by-pass. We began to go down from the highway, when suddenly a truck appeared out of the fog coming towards us. Either because our brakes were out of order, or because the driver was inexperienced, we were unable to bring our truck to a halt, and since the passage was quite narrow we collided with the truck coming towards us. The impact was not very violent, as the driver of the other truck swerved to the side, as a result of which the trucks bumped and slid alongside each other.
“The right wheel of the other truck, however, landed in the ditch, and the truck fell over on the slope. Our truck remained upright. The driver and I immediately jumped out of the cabin and ran up to the truck which had fallen down. We were met by a heavy stench of putrefying flesh coming evidently from the truck.
“On coming nearer, I saw that the truck was carrying a load covered with a tarpaulin and tied up with ropes. The ropes had snapped with the impact, and part of the load had fallen out on the slope. This was a horrible load – human bodies dressed in military uniforms. As far as I can remember there were some six or seven men near the truck: one German driver, two Germans armed with tommy-guns – the rest were Russian war prisoners, as they spoke Russian and were dressed accordingly.
“The Germans began to abuse my driver and then made some attempts to right the truck. In about two minutes time two more trucks drove up to the place of the accident and pulled up. A group of Germans and Russian war prisoners, about ten men in all, came up to us from these trucks. … By joint efforts we began to raise the truck. Taking advantage of an opportune moment I asked one of the Russian war prisoners in a low voice: ‘What is it?’ He answered very quietly: ‘For many nights already we have been carrying bodies to Katyn Forest’.
“Before the overturned truck had been raised a German NCO came up to me and my driver and ordered us to proceed immediately. As no serious damage had been done to our truck the driver steered it a little to one side and got on to the highway, and we went on. When we were passing the two covered trucks which had come up later I again smelled the horrible stench of dead bodies”.
Various other people also gave testimony of having seen the trucks loaded with dead bodies.
One Zhukhov, a pathologist who actually visited graves in April 1943 at the invitation of the Germans, also gave evidence:
“The clothing of the bodies, particularly the greatcoats, boots and belts, were in a good state of preservation. The metal parts of the clothing – belt buckles, button hooks and spikes on shoe soles, etc. – were not heavily rusted, and in some cases the metal still retained its polish. Sections of the skin of the bodies which could be seen – faces, necks, arms – were chiefly a dirty green colour, and in some cases dirty brown, but there was no complete disintegration of the tissues, no putrefaction. In some cases bared tendons of whitish colour and parts of muscles could be seen.
“While I was at the excavations people were at work sorting and extracting bodies at the bottom of a big pit. For this purpose they used spades and other tools, and also took hold of bodies with their hands and dragged them from place to place by the arms, the legs or the clothing. I did not see a single case of bodies falling apart or any member being torn off.
“Considering all the above, I arrived at the conclusion that the bodies had remained in the earth not three years, as the Germans affirmed, but much less. Knowing that in mass graves, and especially without coffins, putrefaction of bodies progresses more quickly than in single graves, I concluded that the mass shooting of the Poles had taken place about a year and a half ago, and could have occurred in autumn 1941 or in spring 1942. As a result of my visit to the excavation site I became firmly convinced that a monstrous crime had been committed by the Germans. “
Several other people who visited the graves at the time gave like testimony.
Moreover, pathologists who examined the bodies in 1943 concluded that they could not have been dead longer than two years. Furthermore, documents were found on some of the bodies which had obviously been missed by the Germans when they doctored the evidence. These included a letter dated September 1940, a postcard dated 12 November 1940, a pawn ticket receipted 14 March 1941 and another receipted 25 March 1941. Receipts dated 6 April 1941, 5 May 1941, 15 May 1941 and an unmailed postcard in Polish dated 20 June 1941. Although all these dates pre-date Soviet withdrawal, they all postdate the time of the alleged murder of the prisoners by the Soviet authorities in the spring of 1940, the time given as the date of the supposed massacre by all those whom the Germans were able to bully into giving false testimony. If, as is claimed by bourgeois propagandists, these documents are forgeries, it would have been the easiest thing to forge documents which postdated the Soviet departure, but his was not done – and it was not done because the documents found were undoubtedly genuine.
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Lower middle class
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Which spice is named from Hungarian for pepper?
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Class Struggle | The Espresso Stalinist
The Espresso Stalinist
Posted on November 25, 2016 | Leave a comment
The Parties and Organizations participating in the XXII International Plenary have carried out a detailed monitoring of the Colombian reality, especially of the activities that are realised today in this country for the peace.
Our Conference wants to take advantage of this occasion to reiterate its full support to the working class, the labourers and the people of Colombia, to their struggle for the achievement of a true peace with social justice.
The results of the plebiscite
Having known the results of the plebiscite held on October 2, we point out the high level of abstention that was registered in the country. On a total of 34.899.945 registered people in the electoral census in Colombia, only 13.066.047 voters, that represent the 37.43%, went to the polls. Along with the abstention, that reached the 62.57%, the results show the very low support received by the YES, that obtained only 6.377.482 votes (about 18.27%), and by the NOT with 6.431.376 votes (about 18.42%). These data reflect the government’s very low support, as well as the rejection of the agreements signed by the government of Juan Manuel Santos with the FARC-EP. The invalid and blank ballots, that are more than 257.000, are also an expression of dissent and protest against the politics of peace wanted by the government.
For our Conference, neither Santos, leader of the YES, nor Álvaro Uribe Vélez, boss of the NOT, acquired the support and the necessary legitimacy to continue on committing the State with the proposals and the politics that they defend. We highlight the results of the conflict, the will expressed by the people to reject the “Roman Peace”, as well as its demands and commitment with the democratic changes that will allow the overcoming of the injustice and social exclusion that characterizes the Colombia regime.
Having been not adopted the Havana agreements, and recognizing the deep desire of peace with social justice of the Colombian people, our Conference underline the obligation that has the Juan Manuel Santos government to provide to all the organizations, social and political forces, the necessary guarantees for the development of a wide national dialogue in order to discuss without obstacles the way out of the social, economic, politic and armed conflict that this nation lives for long years.
Optimists for the steps to be taken, we greet the activities and protest manifestations that spread out in the whole country, demanding the government not to reduce the dialogue, and neither the definitions about the peace in Colombia to what agreed the government, the parties of the National Unity, the Democratic Center and the FARC-EP. We express our support to the democratic social and political organizations that struggle in that perspective, in order to extend the conversations to the whole insurgency, including the ELN and EPL, as well as all the social, popular and political organizations of the country, in a clearing understanding that peace is a matter that concerns and commits to the totality of the Colombian nation.
We support the proposal to realise a National Constituent Assembly with a wide democratic character that will take up the task of approving a New Political Constitution and with it the bases of the peace with social justice that claim the majorities of Colombia.
The Nobel to Santos
In front of the international community, we express our concern for the erratic decisions of the Norwegian Nobel Committee regarding the peace in the world. In the same way we expressed our clearest rejection to the award of the Nobel Peace Prize to Obama, in this occasion we reject the prize that Juan Manuel Santos will receive on December of the present year with the same justification.
Mr. Santos can show neither administration of peace, nor concrete results in this matter; his commitment with the Pentagon, the imperialistic strategy of struggle against the world terrorism and the politics of national security applied in Colombia and Latin America will never be able to represent him as a leader of the peace of our peoples.
The defenders of such prize forget that Mr. Santos, in his function of Secretary of Defence in the government of Álvaro Uribe Vélez, was responsible of the so-called “false positive”; he promoted the paramilitary groups, the famous “chuzadas” (illegal interception of communications) to the high Judicial Cortes and the attack to the sovereignty of the countries. They also forget the repressive action against the people in the years in which he acted as Chief of the State and of the government in Colombia; the constant violations of the human rights and the humanitarian international right; the indiscriminate bombings, the out of combat murder of the of guerrilla leaders’, as well as the disappearance of more than a hundred of popular leaders during its government. Furthermore, they also forget the linking of the Colombian armed forces, leaded by Santos, with the NATO, as well as its actions with the group of the allies against Iraq and Syria in the last years. For our Conference a war criminal like Santos will never be seen by the workers and peoples like a defender and fighter for peace.
Our support and solidarity
Finally, in accordance with the debated questions, the ICMLPO express its support and solidarity with the political action that the Communist Party of Colombia (marxist–leninist) and the Popular Liberation Army (EPL) develop along with the working class and the people, against the fascistization and for the conquest of the democratic openness and the peace with social justice.
XXII PLENARY OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF MARXIST-LENINIST PARTIES AND ORGANIZATIONS (ICMLPO)
Denmark, October 2016
Posted on November 20, 2016 | Leave a comment
The beating of war drum is getting louder and louder.
NATO and US allies on the one hand, and Russia and China on the other, are steadfastly heading toward war. The threats of war are being expressed quite blatantly. What used to be “buffer zones”, have become militarized. The armies and navies of the imperialist are confronting each other in many region of the world: in Syria, around the Arab peninsula; in the South China Sea; in the Baltic region and in the Ukraine; and last, but not least, in the vast Arctic.
For imperialism, war is the “final solution” to the crisis and stagnation in which its system find itself. Plundering of raw material and grabbing of new market is insufficient. New and huge profit can be obtained through destruction, and subsequently by reconstruction in the regions devastated by war.
There is an increasing risk that many regional wars instigated by the imperialist powers, in particularly by the USA, may escalate to world war. In Europe, the level of confrontation and military build-up has escalated to a very dangerous level, especially with the reinforcement of the links between NATO and EU. The peoples of Europe are held in a grip between the imperialist bloc of NATO and imperialist Russia.
Missile and troops from NATO are now deployed on the Russian borders in Poland and the Baltic countries, highly increasing the tension and risk of war. NATO generals have stated that even a nuclear attack on Russia is “an option”.
The ICMLPO appeals to the people to oppose the warmongering policy, to put forward the slogan “Out of NATO”, with the perspective of the dissolution of NATO, to oppose the activity and expansion of this aggressive alliance. It is the high time to unmask the illusion that NATO has something to do with the defence of sovereign States. It is not a pact for peace, but a pact with the devil. NATO is in fact the greatest threat to the sovereignty of the peoples in Europe.
The workers, the youth and the peoples of Europe must raise their voice against the militarization of States and economies. We denounce the dictate of the aggressors and of the military-industrial monopolies. We reject to fight our brother and sisters on the other side of the borders. We warn our governments that if they choose the path of war, we will consider them, and not our brother and sister across the borders, as our enemy.
The upcoming NATO summit in Bruxelles will inaugurate their new headquarter. This is in itself a provocation towards the peoples of Europe, and will be met with anti-war manifestation.
We say:
No to NATO and all imperialist aggressors!
End to arms race, cut military spending, use the money for the needs of the people!
Withdrawal of all the troops sent abroad!
No to militarisation of the States!
The youth doesn’t want to be cannon fodder!
International solidarity – our enemies are not other workers and peoples but the warmongering governments in our own countries!
October, 2016
Posted on November 15, 2016 | Leave a comment
Currently in most of the European countries as well as in the USA and Canada, hundred thousands of workers and progressive people protest and fight against “free trade treaties” like TTIP, TISA and CETA. A large resistance movement has developed. Already, there have been some successes in the struggle. The negotiations have been suspended. Nevertheless the resistance movement especially against CETA continues.
Why?
Why?
The workers and peoples have gathered some experience with “free trade agreements” and have seen that they did not result in more and better jobs, but instead in increased poverty. For example, the NAFTA agreement between the USA, Canada and Mexico has not lead to an economic growth, but instead to low wages, unemployment and to the elimination of the weaker enterprises, that where defeated in the increasing competition.
It is therefore obvious that such agreements are in favor of the biggest imperialist monopolies. Likewise, the Ukraine was forced to sign an “association agreement” with the EU, a “free trade agreement” which had all the negative consequences for the workers, the people and the economy. Furthermore, this agreement included the subordination of Ukraine under the military structures of EU and NATO, transforming the Ukraine into a front state of aggression against Russia.
These agreements are very undemocratic. The negotiations are generally conducted in secret. They are put into practice “provisionally” even before they are ratified by the bourgeois parliaments or after they have been rejected by a parliament or in a referendum. In the Netherlands, the “free trade treaty” with the Ukraine was rejected by the people in a referendum. But the EU just ignored the people’s will.
Whenever such treaties are put into practice, the bourgeois institutions are submitted to new private arbitrating tribunals.
The mobilization against the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), a similar “free trade treaty”, is developing on both sides of Pacific.
At this time, the EU forces many African states to sign the so called “Economic Partnership Agreement” which will increase their dependency on the EU imperialists. It will deepen the neocolonial plundering by opening the markets for the EU industry even more, destroying their own economic structures, and it will also ease the exploitation of their natural resources. The peoples of Africa struggle against this new imperialist offensive. We have to support them.
The workers and the people have good reasons to combat these treaties. Of course, TTIP, TISA and CETA are treaties between imperialist powers, where each party hopes to outwit the other and gain hegemony. They will lead to lower wages, increased unemployment, lower social and environmental standards, the dismantling of democratic rights and to an increased competition among the workers. Thus the workers and the people’s determined resistance is justified. We, as Marxist-Leninist parties and organizations are an active part in these movements and work to develop it.
We, as Marxist-Leninist parties and organizations are an active part in these movements and work to develop it.
Stop TTIP, CETA and TISA!
Stop the so called “Economic Partnership Agreement” between EU and Africa!
22nd Plenary of the International Conference of Marxist-Leninist Parties and Organisations
Posted on November 10, 2016 | 1 comment
We observe with concern the aggressive and warmongering policy of Turkey, in the interior as well as in the exterior. The AKP government and its leader Recep Tayyip Erdogan turned to strangling liberty which is a menace to all the civil liberties, especially the freedom of opinion and press.
The attempted coup on the July 15, represented a “gift of god” for Erdogan, just as he called it himself. He used it in order to accelerate the installation of a single-party and single-person dictatorship.
The state of emergency, which has been decreed after the attempted coup served to suffocate the entire opposition against the reactionary policy, accelerating the establishment of Erdogan’s presidential regime, in order to concentrate all power in his hands.
This also means, he is beginning to attack the democratic Kurdish forces in the interior of Turkey, as well as beyond its borders. Furthermore he attacks the democratic TV stations rightly denouncing this reactionary policy, especially the TV station of the workers Hayatin Sesi TV. Today, dozens of TV and radio stations, as well as newspapers are banned. Dozens of journalists are imprisoned. The basic freedoms of thousands of trade union activists are being destroyed. The right of the entire opposition’s freedom of expression is being trampled down.
We declare our solidarity with all the struggles which are threatened by oppression due to the state of emergency and the “decree-laws”!
We demand with determination to defend all democratic rights!
We make an appeal to all democrats, trade unionists, journalists and human right activists to express their solidarity, to demand liberty for the Turkish press, to demand that all media can work without oppression and to free all imprisoned journalists!
October, 2016
Posted on November 7, 2016 | 1 comment
The fourth anniversary of October 25 (November 7) is approaching.
The farther that great day recedes from us, the more clearly we see the significance of the proletarian revolution in Russia, and the more deeply we reflect upon the practical experience of our work as a whole.
Very briefly and, of course, in very incomplete and rough outline, this significance and experience may be summed up as follows.
The direct and immediate object of the revolution in Russia was a bourgeois-democratic one, namely, to destroy the survivals of medievalism and sweep them away completely, to purge Russia of this barbarism, of this shame, and to remove this immense obstacle to all culture and progress in our country.
And we can justifiably pride ourselves on having carried out that purge with greater determination and much more rapidly, boldly and successfully, and, from the point of view of its effect on the masses, much more widely and deeply, than the great French Revolution over one hundred and twenty-five years ago.
Both the anarchists and the petty-bourgeois democrats (i.e., the Mensheviks and the Socialist-Revolutionaries, who are the Russian counterparts of that international social type) have talked and are still talking an incredible lot of nonsense about the relation between the bourgeois-democratic revolution and the socialist (that is, proletarian) revolution. The last four years have proved to the hilt that our interpretation of Marxism on this point, and our estimate of the experience of former revolutions were correct. We have consummated the bourgeois-democratic revolution as nobody had done before. We are advancing towards the socialist revolution consciously, firmly and unswervingly, knowing that it is not separated from the bourgeois-democratic revolution by a Chinese Wall, and knowing too that (in the last analysis) struggle alone will determine how far we shall advance, what part of this immense and lofty task we shall accomplish, and to what extent we shall succeed in consolidating our victories. Time will show. But we see even now that a tremendous amount — tremendous for this ruined, exhausted and backward country — has already been done towards the socialist transformation of society.
Let us, however, finish what we have to say about the bourgeois-democratic content of our revolution. Marxists must understand what that means. To explain, let us take a few striking examples.
The bourgeois-democratic content of the revolution means that the social relations (system, institutions) of the country are purged of medievalism, serfdom, feudalism.
What were the chief manifestations, survivals, remnants of serfdom in Russia up to 1917? The monarchy, the system of social estates, landed proprietorship and land tenure, the status of women, religion, and national oppression. Take any one of these Augean stables, which, incidentally, were left largely uncleansed by all the more advanced states when they accomplished their bourgeois-democratic revolutions one hundred and twenty-five, two hundred and fifty and more years ago (1649 in England); take any of these Augean stables, and you will see that we have cleansed them thoroughly. In a matter of ten weeks, from October 25 (November 7), 1917 to January 5, 1918, when the Constituent Assembly was dissolved, we accomplished a thousand times more in this respect than was accomplished by the bourgeois democrats and liberals (the Cadets) and by the petty-bourgeois democrats (the Mensheviks and the Socialist-Revolutionaries) during the eight months they were in power.
Those poltroons, gas-bags, vainglorious Narcissuses and petty Hamlets brandished their wooden swords — but did not even destroy the monarchy! We cleansed out all that monarchist muck as nobody had ever done before. We left not a stone, not a brick of that ancient edifice, the social-estate system even the most advanced countries, such as Britain, France and Germany, have not completely eliminated the survivals of that system to this day!), standing. We tore out the deep-seated roots of the social-estate system, namely, the remnants of feudalism and serfdom in the system of landownership, to the last. “One may argue” (there are plenty of quill-drivers, Cadets, Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries abroad to indulge in such arguments) as to what “in the long run” will be the outcome of the agrarian reform effected by the Great October Revolution. We have no desire at the moment to waste time on such controversies, for we are deciding this, as well as the mass of accompanying controversies, by struggle. But the fact cannot be denied that the petty-bourgeois democrats “compromised” with the landowners, the custodians of the traditions of serfdom, for eight months, while we completely swept the landowners and all their traditions from Russian soil in a few weeks.
Take religion, or the denial of rights to women, or the oppression and inequality of the non-Russian nationalities. These are all problems of the bourgeois-democratic revolution. The vulgar petty-bourgeois democrats talked about them for eight months. In not a single one of the most advanced countries in the world have these questions been completely settled on bourgeois-democratic lines. In our country they have been settled completely by the legislation of the October Revolution. We have fought and are fighting religion in earnest. We have granted all the non-Russian nationalities their own republics or autonomous regions. We in Russia no longer have the base, mean and infamous denial of rights to women or inequality of the sexes, that disgusting survival of feudalism and medievalism, which is being renovated by the avaricious bourgeoisie and the dull-witted and frightened petty bourgeoisie in every other country in the world without exception.
All this goes to make up the content of the bourgeois-democratic revolution. A hundred and fifty and two hundred and fifty years ago the progressive leaders of that revolution (or of those revolutions, if we consider each national variety of the one general type) promised to rid mankind of medieval privileges, of sex inequality, of state privileges for one religion or another (or “religious ideas “,
“the church” in general), and of national inequality. They promised, but did not keep their promises. They could not keep them, for they were hindered by their “respect” — for the “sacred right of private property”. Our proletarian revolution was not afflicted with this accursed “respect” for this thrice-accursed medievalism and for the “sacred right of private property”.
But in order to consolidate the achievements of the bourgeois-democratic revolution for the peoples of Russia, we were obliged to go farther; and we did go farther. We solved the problems of the bourgeois-democratic revolution in passing, as a “by-product” of our main and genuinely proletarian -revolutionary, socialist activities. We have always said that reforms are a by-product of the revolutionary class struggle. We said — and proved it by deeds — that bourgeois-democratic reforms are a by-product of the proletarian, i.e., of the socialist revolution. Incidentally, the Kautskys, Hilferdings, Martovs, Chernovs, Hillquits, Longuets, MacDonalds, Turatis and other heroes of “Two and-a-Half” Marxism were incapable of understanding this relation between the bourgeois-democratic and the proletarian-socialist revolutions. The first develops into the second. The second, in passing, solves the problems of the first. The second consolidates the work of the first. Struggle, and struggle alone, decides how far the second succeeds in outgrowing the first.
The Soviet system is one of the most vivid proofs, or manifestations, of how the one revolution develops into the other. The Soviet system provides the maximum of democracy for the workers and peasants; at the same time, it marks a break with bourgeois democracy and the rise of a new, epoch-making type of democracy, namely, proletarian democracy, or the dictatorship of the proletariat.
Let the curs and swine of the moribund bourgeoisie and of the petty-bourgeois democrats who trail behind them heap imprecations, abuse and derision upon our heads for our reverses and mistakes in the work of building up our Soviet system. We do not forget for a moment that we have committed and are committing numerous mistakes and are suffering numerous reverses. How can reverses and mistakes be avoided in a matter so new in the history of the world as the building of an unprecedented type of state edifice! We shall work steadfastly to set our reverses and mistakes right and to improve our practical application of Soviet principles, which is still very, very far from being perfect. But we have a right to be and are proud that to us has fallen the good fortune to begin the building of a Soviet state, and thereby to usher in a new era in world history, the era of the rule of a new class, a class which is oppressed in every capitalist country, but which everywhere is marching forward towards a new life, towards victory over the bourgeoisie, towards the dictatorship of the proletariat, towards the emancipation of mankind from the yoke of capital and from imperialist wars.
The question of imperialist wars, of the international policy of finance capital which now dominates the whole world, a policy that must inevitably engender new imperialist wars, that must inevitably cause an extreme intensification of national oppression, pillage, brigandry and the strangulation of weak, backward and small nationalities by a handful of “advanced” powers — that question has been the keystone of all policy in all the countries of the globe since 1914. It is a question of life and death for millions upon millions of people. It is a question of whether 20,000,000 people (as compared with the 10,000,000 who were killed in the war of 1914-18 and in the supplementary “minor” wars that are still going on) are to be slaughtered in the next imperialist war, which the bourgeoisie are preparing, and which is growing out of capitalism before our very eyes. It is a question of whether in that future war, which is inevitable (if capitalism continues to exist), 60,000,000 people are to be maimed (compared with the 30,000,000 maimed in 1914-18). In this question, too, our October Revolution marked the beginning of a new era in world history. The lackeys of the bourgeoisie and its yes-men — the Socialist-Revolutionaries and the Mensheviks, and the petty-bourgeois, allegedly “socialist”, democrats all over the world — derided our slogan “convert the imperialist war into a civil war”. But that slogan proved to be the truth — it was the only truth, unpleasant, blunt, naked and brutal, but nevertheless the truth, as against the host of most refined jingoist and pacifist lies.
Those lies are being dispelled. The Brest peace has been exposed. And with every passing day the significance and consequences of a peace that is even worse than the Brest peace — the peace of Versailles — are being more relentlessly exposed. And the millions who are thinking about the causes of the recent war and of the approaching future war are more and more clearly realising the grim and inexorable truth that it is impossible to escape imperialist war, and imperialist peace (if the old orthography were still in use, I would have written the word mir in two ways, to give it both its meanings)[*] which inevitably engenders imperialist war, that it is impossible to escape that inferno, except by a Bolshevik struggle and a Bolshevik revolution.
Let the bourgeoisie and the pacifists, the generals and the petty bourgeoisie, the capitalists and the philistines, the pious Christians and the knights of the Second and the Two-and-a-Half Internationals vent their fury against that revolution. No torrents of abuse, calumnies and lies can enable them to conceal the historic fact that for the first time in hundreds and thousands of years the slaves have replied to a war between slave-owners by openly proclaiming the slogan: “Convert this war between slave-owners for the division of their loot into a war of the slaves of all nations against the slave-owners of all nations.”
For the first time in hundreds and thousands of years that slogan has grown from a vague and helpless waiting into a clear and definite political programme, into an effective struggle waged by millions of oppressed people under the leadership of the proletariat; it has grown into the first victory of the proletariat, the first victory in the struggle to abolish war and to unite the workers of all countries against the united bourgeoisie of different nations, against the bourgeoisie that makes peace and war at the expense of the slaves of capital, the wage-workers, the peasants, the working people.
This first victory is not yet the final victory, and it was achieved by our October Revolution at the price of incredible difficulties and hardships, at the price of unprece dented suffering, accompanied by a series of serious reverses
* In Russian, the word mir has two meanings (world and peace) and had two different spellings in the old orthography. –Tr. and mistakes on our part. How could a single backward people be expected to frustrate the imperialist wars of the most powerful and most developed countries of the world without sustaining reverses and without committing mistakes! We are not afraid to admit our mistakes and shall examine them dispassionately in order to learn how to correct them. But the fact remains that for the first time in hundreds and thousands of years the promise “to reply” to war between the slave-owners by a revolution of the slaves directed against all the slave-owners has been completely fulfilled — and is being fulfilled despite all difficulties.
We have made the start. When, at what date and time, and the proletarians of which nation will complete this process is not important. The important thing is that the ice has been broken; the road is open, the way has been shown.
Gentlemen, capitalists of all countries, keep up your hypocritical pretence of “defending the fatherland” — the Japanese fatherland against the American, the American against the Japanese, the French against the British, and so forth! Gentlemen, knights of the Second and Two-and a-Half Internationals, pacifist petty bourgeoisie and philistines of the entire world, go on “evading” the question of how to combat imperialist wars by issuing new “Basle Manifestos” (on the model of the Basle Manifesto of 1912[21]). The first Bolshevik revolution has wrested the first hundred million people of this earth from the clutches of imperialist war and the imperialist world. Subsequent revolutions will deliver the rest of mankind from such wars and from such a world.
Our last, but most important and most difficult task, the one we have done least about, is economic development, the laying of economic foundations for the new, socialist edifice on the site of the demolished feudal edifice and the semi-demolished capitalist edifice. It is in this most important and most difficult task that we have sustained the greatest number of reverses and have made most mistakes. How could anyone expect that a task so new to the world could be begun without reverses and without mistakes! But we have begun it. We shall continue it. At this very moment we are, by our New Economic Policy, correcting a number of our mistakes. We are learning how to continue erecting the socialist edifice in a small-peasant country without committing such mistakes.
The difficulties are immense. But we are accustomed to grappling with immense difficulties. Not for nothing do our enemies call us “stone-hard” and exponents of a “firm line policy”. But we have also learned, at least to some extent, another art that is essential in revolution, namely, flexibility, the ability to effect swift and sudden changes of tactics if changes in objective conditions demand them, and to choose another path for the achievement of our goal if the former path proves to be inexpedient or impossible at the given moment.
Borne along on the crest of the wave of enthusiasm, rousing first the political enthusiasm and then the military enthusiasm of the people, we expected to accomplish economic tasks just as great as the political and military tasks we had accomplished by relying directly on this enthusiasm. We expected — or perhaps it would be truer to say that we presumed without having given it adequate consideration — to be able to organise the state production and the state distribution of products on communist lines in a small-peasant country directly as ordered by the proletarian state. Experience has proved that we were wrong. It appears that a number of transitional stages were necessary — state capitalism and socialism — in order to prepare — to prepare by many years of effort — for the transition to communism. Not directly relying on enthusiasm, but aided by the enthusiasm engendered by the great revolution, and on the basis of personal interest, personal incentive and business principles, we must first set to work in this small peasant country to build solid gangways to socialism by way of state capitalism. Otherwise we shall never get to communism, we shall never bring scores of millions of people to communism. That is what experience, the objective course of the development of the revolution, has taught us.
And we, who during these three or four years have learned a little to make abrupt changes of front (when abrupt changes of front are needed), have begun zealously, attentively and sedulously (although still not zealously, attentively and sedulously enough) to learn to make a new change of front, namely, the New Economic Policy. The proletarian state must become a cautious, assiduous and shrewd “businessman”, a punctilious wholesale merchant — otherwise it will never succeed in putting this small-peasant country economically on its feet. Under existing conditions, living as we are side by side with the capitalist (for the time being capitalist) West, there is no other way of progressing to communism. A wholesale merchant seems to be an economic type as remote from communism as heaven from earth. But that is one of the contradictions which, in actual life, lead from a small-peasant economy via state capitalism to socialism. Personal incentive will step up production; we must increase production first and foremost and at all costs. Wholesale trade economically unites millions of small peasants: it gives them a personal incentive, links them up and leads them to the next step, namely, to various forms of association and alliance in the process of production itself. We have already started the necessary changes in our economic policy and already have some successes to our credit; true, they are small and partial, but nonetheless they are successes. In this new field of “tuition” we are already finishing our preparatory class. By persistent and assiduous study, by making practical experience the test of every step we take, by not fearing to alter over and over again what we have already begun, by correcting our mistakes and most carefully analysing their significance, we shall pass to the higher classes. We shall go through the whole “course”, although the present state of world economics and world politics has made that course much longer and much more difficult than we would have liked. No matter at what cost, no matter how severe the hardships of the transition period may be — despite disaster, famine and ruin — we shall not flinch; we shall triumphantly carry our cause to its goal.
October 14, 1921
Posted on September 20, 2016 | Leave a comment
On August 10, 2016, the 25th International Anti-Fascist and Anti-Imperialist Youth Camp (IAFAIYC) ended, which began on August 3 in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, under the slogan: For solidarity, peace and freedom. Hundreds of democratic, progressive, environmentalist, leftist, feminist, anti-fascist, anti-imperialist and revolutionary youths met to analyze the realities of each people, coming from: Puerto Rico, Ecuador, Haiti, United States, Canada, Colombia, England, Venezuela, Turkey, Germany, Brazil, Mexico.
These were days of important work, of profound analysis on the issues dealt with that, together with cultural and sports activities, promoted the integration of the countries and peoples taking part.
An important part of the youth who are promoting changes in the world and are fighting in different continents and regions met in the Dominican Republic to discuss their realities, to make known their demands and to agree on the international tasks of the youths who desire profound transformations for their peoples. The 25th Camp demands from us a fundamental task, the work for the 26th IAFAIYC to be held in another corner of the planet in 2018 and that already demands our preparation and work.
The discussions taken up during the Camp reflect the common problems that we young people have in the world: unemployment, exploitation, lack of access to education, discrimination and criminalization, among others, which the capitalist system subjects us to permanently, as it does to other social sectors of each of our peoples.
The discussions taken up during the Camp show us that the enemies of the youths and peoples of the world are common: the ruling classes of each of our countries, the bourgeoisies; the imperialist powers that are trying at all times to secure the economic, cultural and political dependence of our peoples; the international monopolies that take over our territories to loot our natural resources and condemn the workers to low-paid work-days. We thus declare that the fundamental opponents of the rights and interests of the youths and peoples of the world are capitalism and imperialism.
In various countries, imperialism’s thirst for profit is promoting a tendency toward fascism in certain states and therefore they use the most reactionary violence, they promote the criminalization of social protest, terrorism, drug trafficking, para-militarism, and through these means of intimidation and oppression they are trying to contain the determined struggle that is being taken up in the different countries and these phenomena are being aggravated.
In this context, on October 10, 2015, in Ankara Turkey an attack took place on a demonstration of democratic sectors that rejected the repressive and anti-popular policy of the Erdogan regime. It left 245 injured and 95 dead, of whom four were young comrades who were part of the 24th IAFAIYC held in Izmir, Turkey, two years ago.
On February 3, 2014, a communist militant from the state of Morelos, Mexico, Gustavo Alejandro Salgado Delgado, who began his political action at the 19th IAFAIYC in Mexico, was assassinated by the state. Today the youth of the world are holding high the banners of justice for these fallen comrades, they are denouncing the repressive actions of these regimes and their moves toward fascism, which are a reflection of their weakness, because their institutions have lost their authority and are no longer able to continue ruling as they did before.
During the 25th IAFAIYC, the youths of Venezuela, the popular organizations and the sectors of the Left endured the forced disappearance and later assassination of comrade Julio Blanco, who attended and was one of the organizers of the 23rd International Camp held in that country in 2012.
For our comrades fallen in the midst of struggle, who together with us and thousands more men and women dreamed of a different world, in which we would all be truly free, we raise our voices and our fists demanding justice and prison for those responsible. We make a determined commitment to continue their battles in each of our countries until we achieve victory.
Those of us who attended the 25th IAFAIYC came from different corners of the planet and we discussed our struggles and battles. In Europe hundreds of thousands of young people have taken to the streets to reject the neoliberal labor reforms aimed at curtailing the rights of young workers, subjecting them to increasingly harsh work days, with ever-decreasing wages in a context in which the capitalist states are strengthening their adjustment policies, which are anti-worker, anti-people and they are trying to place this burden on the peoples and make its consequences fall on the peoples, workers and youths. In the Americas, banners are raised in defense of public, secular, quality and universal education against the ruling corrupt right-wing regimes, which discriminate against the youth. We demand a greater budget for social services; we reject the anti-popular laws and policies in different countries that curtail the rights and freedoms of youth. In all the corners of the planet we constantly dream and struggle to win a world radically different from the one that capitalism gives us and to which imperialism subjects us; we struggle for life and freedom, for a real democracy so that we who create the wealth are the ones who we can define the future of our peoples.
With the same force and intensity, we discussed our problems, we expressed our solidarity with the peoples struggling for their independence, for recognition of their territories such as Palestine and the Kurdish people, against forced displacement, against the discriminatory policies that legitimize wars and hunger to which capitalism and imperialism subject millions of men and women in countries such as Kenya, Somalia and Haiti.
We express our solidarity and support for the men and women of the world who have become refugees due to the aggression promoted by the imperialist powers, which are taking place in regions such as the Middle East. We condemn the imperialist wars that seek to plunder the resources of the peoples; we reject the interventions of the world powers that seek to expand their zones of influence and increase their degree of subjection; we want no more wars in which the young people are forced to become cannon fodder of the violence of the system, we demand peace and self-determination for the peoples of the world.
We emphasize the role of women as essential protagonists in the social transformations and the productive development of the peoples; we recognize and reject the conditions of super-exploitation and structural violence of which they are victims. We reject all forms of sexual discrimination and oppression as we condemn their patriarchal and misogynist character, a product of the imperialist-capitalist system.
The unity of the workers of the world is fundamental for our demands and aspirations to be met, to stop the policies of terror of the capitalist states; it is indispensable to strengthen the principle of internationalism, to promote solidarity among the youths of the world. We are building the unity of the youths, workers and peoples through the exchange of experiences, broad and democratic discussion of our problems, political accords that denounce the evils of capitalism and imperialism in all corners of the planet. We are following and supporting the struggles that are unfolding in different countries, and especially the struggle and mobilization that we are developing in each of our countries in defense of our rights and interests and those of our peoples. Only in this way can we stop the looting, war, fascism and the whole imperialist policy imposed on the broad majority subjected to and exploited by capitalism and imperialism.
This camp is a reflection of the joy and rebellion of the youths of the world, of the renewing character of those of us who feel angry and demand profound transformations in each of our countries. All the energies of the youths of the world, all the battles that we take up should be aimed in one direction, against capitalism and imperialism, in order to break the chains of exploitation, domination, oppression, discrimination and dependency to which we are subjected. hey must be directed toward profound changes, that will guarantee the victory of the emancipation of each of our peoples. The course that the young people of the planet who are struggling against capitalism, imperialism and fascism must take should be one of the revolution and the building of a new society, a socialist society.
Let us lift up our voices, our struggle and the unity of the anti-fascist and anti-imperialist youth of the world!
Santo Domingo Dominican Republic, August 10, 2016
Organizations that Signed the Resolutions of the 25th International Anti-Fascist and Anti-Imperialist Youth Camp:
Revolutionary Youth of Ecuador
Union of Revolutionary Youth of Mexico
Federation of Socialist Peasant Students of Mexico
Movement of Popular Organizations – Haiti
Union of Rebel Youth – Brazil
Delegation of Puerto Rico
Current of Anti-Fascist and Anti-Imperialist Youth – Venezuela
Caribbean Youth – Dominican Republic
Flavio Suero Student Front – Dominican Republic
The 25th International Camp discussed the particular problems of each of the participating countries; their debates allow us to affirm and endorse the present political agreements, which express the analysis and denunciation of their problems and the banners of struggle that the youths of each peoples are taking up in their respective territories.
Venezuela
Venezuela is facing an economic, political and social crisis. This is taking place in the context of the general crisis of capitalism, of the condition imposed by the continuing dependency and is now in a process of renegotiating its economy, affected mainly by the low price of oil and the sabotage by the bourgeoisie. It has a democratic and popular government, but one that has acted by conciliating the interests of the proletarian class as a solution to the crisis. All these factors, coupled with a strong imperialist offensive, are contributing to a sharpening of the contradictions of the class struggle in this country.
The different scenarios were presented, in which the bourgeoisie is seeking as soon as possible to retake full power in order to suppress the popular movement. Against this this revolutionary youth, together with the workers, peasants and community organization, is raising the banner of anti-imperialist revolutionary popular unity, UPRA, which is the platform that today calls on us to bring together a broad accumulation of all the popular, democratic and revolutionary forces against imperialist intervention and fascist reaction.
Ecuador
The 25th IAFAIYC held in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, between August 3 and 10, 2016, expresses its solidarity with the youth, workers and peoples of Ecuador who are promoting unity and struggle in opposition to the government of Rafael Correa that, with a leftist discourse, is promoting reforms aimed at consolidating capitalism and affecting the popular sectors.
We representatives of the 12 countries in Europe, Asia and the Americas join with the struggle taken up by the student movement against the government policy aimed at reserving education for the elite and imposing improvised reforms that threaten educational rights, as well as the repression against hundreds of students and social leaders. We support – in that sense – the demand for the dismissal of Education Minister Augusto Espinosa who is currently facing a political trial for incompetence; we stand in solidarity with Cotopaxi Technical, Andean and FLACSO [Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences] universities that are being attacked by the government. We reject the attempt to make illegal the historic teachers’ union, the National Union of Educators, a measure that is one more fruitless attempt by the regime to silence the voice of the largest union in Ecuador, the representative of the teachers and promoter of an emancipating education. Finally, we wish for the success of the National Accord for Change, a unitary candidacy based on the unity achieved among union sectors, the indigenous and social movements that, after defeating the government in the days of popular mobilization, is prepared to take part in the next electoral process and defeat the right-wing that is governing and the traditional sectors that seek to recover lost ground.
Haiti
Education has a multiple effect on human development, therefore in our country the lack of this tool forces us to accept the capitalist and imperialist propositions; in this regard, we are firm in our resolve to fight against the empire by means of Education.
Puerto Rico
As anti-imperialist youths, we understand that it is indispensable to support the struggle for the liberation of the peoples. That is why we express our full support for the struggle for the independence of Puerto Rico. This is a necessity to weaken the imperial domination in the Caribbean region and our Americas. In addition, this will save our youth from the oppression of the empire that, besides expressing itself through its neoliberalism, is now taking on new intensity with Fiscal Control Board, established by the Congress of the United States. Similarly, we understand the importance of the political integration among the rank and file movements of our peoples. We propose an Antillean federation as a political tool to concretize and give strength to the struggle to expel the Yankee invader from our territories in the Caribbean.
Moreover, we demand the freedom of all political prisoners and prisoners of war in the Yankee jails. We must never leave behind our comrades in the dungeons. They are revolutionary comrades who understood the consequences of the revolutionary struggle and took it up with discipline and commitment.
France
The development of the policies in Europe is the result of the war in the Middle East and the refugee crisis. After the explosions in some European countries, a state of emergency was declared, as in France and Belgium, which is why many young people and the opposition have been confronted by force. The right-wing parties and organizations in Europe have used the explosions and refugees in order to spread their ideas.
Hundreds of young people have taken to the streets against such ideas with an anti-fascist struggle.
Moreover, the workers and youth in France are taking up the fight against the anti-democratic, labor law; for many months, the population has taken to the streets fighting for their future.
Turkey
Day by day fascism is gaining strength in Turkey, under the shadow of explosions and war; one single man, Erdogan, is increasing persecution and under him, a one-party dictatorship is being built. Due to this, the working class, the laboring people, youth and women are forced to live in a world of darkness and oppression. However, if they hide the sun from us we will fight in the darkness.
As youth of Turkey, we will continue our struggle for bread, peace, work and freedom. We say to the world that what we have done here we will bring back to our country in order to strengthen international solidarity.
Mexico
The regime’s offensive is against the youth and the whole Mexican people. The implementation of the 12 structural reforms is to ensure maximum profit and the plunder of our natural resources by imperialism, mainly U.S. imperialism.
To ensure this, the state is imposing measures with a fascist content; Mexico is now experiencing an arduous struggle due to the events of September 26 and 27, 2014, in Iguala, Guerrero, where the comrades of the Raul Isidro Burgos rural teacher’s college in Ayotzinapa were victims of one of the most shocking repressions in the country’s history. This led to the assassination of three student teachers by firearms with one of them being killed in the most brutal manner, with his face mutilated, and the arrest and disappearance of 43 student teachers by the state.
Also the National Coordinator of Education Workers (CNTE) is carrying out a nationwide strike calling for unity of all sectors of the country to combat the structural reforms, primarily the educational ones. Despite the repression that this process has undergone with a new massacre of 14 people in Nochixtlan, Oaxaca, last June 19, today we declare that the struggle against imperialism and its fascist violence should be taken up by the Mexican youth and people, defending in unity the rights we have gained and building a revolutionary process that will transform this system from its roots.
For the presentation alive of the 43 student teachers of Ayotzinapa 43 who have been detained-disappeared by the state!
Stop state terrorism; free the political prisoners!
Solidarity and struggle with the CNTE; down with the educational reforms and all the structural reforms!
Unity and struggle of all the anti-fascist and anti-imperialist youth!
Brazil
At the 25th IAFAIYC we state that we are living through a time of great political and economic backwardness in the country. This was no counter-revolution, because the 13 years of the Workers’ Party (PT) and its policy of class conciliation, called “coalition presidentialism,” in order to hide its actual content, never created any obstacles for the development of capitalism and the domination of the bourgeois class in the economy and politics of the country. This was done in order to protect the bosses of the workers and ensure the implementation of this policy. It is a fact that people had a number of guaranteed rights, particularly the right to demonstrate and in reality there were social programs that improved the living conditions of the poorest people, the real wage increase, the structural or deep transformation of the economy and politics. We are experiencing a period of great struggles of the youth, such as the more than 700 occupations of schools, the resistance in the universities against the cutbacks to student enrollment by the illegitimate government and the general strike of institutions and the demonstrations Temer Must Go that are now taking place at the Olympics.
The Brazilian youth have always taken part with all our energy in the main struggles of the country, in support of the workers and all our people. Today we continue to play the combative role on the road to major changes for solidarity, peace and freedom in the world; we are on the march towards socialism.
Colombia
The young people taking part in the 25th Anti-Imperialist and Anti-Fascist International Youth Camp, IAFAIYC-2016, held in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, from August 3 to 10, 2016, extend their embrace of solidarity and combat to the struggle of the Colombian people for their social liberation, for freedoms and rights and for the structural changes that the immense majority of the exploited and oppressed desire. In addition, we raise the banner of the importance of placing at the center of the debate the fight for a true peace with redistributive social justice, that is, a peace that challenges the profound relations of exploitation of man by man and the economic model that this entails.
These demands can only achieve the importance that they deserve, to the degree that a broad national dialogue on the situation in the country and the roots of the conflict is created, in order to begin the call for a National Constituent Assembly, of a democratic character and with full participation of the sectors and organizations that represent the people, analyzing all their demands and providing the conditions to choose a patriotic government of the people and for the people.
Long live the just struggles of the Colombian people!
Long live Peace with redistributive social justice!
National Constituent Assembly now!
Dominican Republic
The political system that prevails in the Dominican Republic excludes the youth from politics that are directed to the full development of their dreams and desires. The youth have been deprived of their right to study, to work and even sometimes their right to live, as a result of governments that have had as their main objective to keep our people steeped in ignorance and thus to perpetuate themselves in power without difficulty.
Equity and the inclusion in the decision-making of the state should have a wider participation of the youth. There must be guarantees for developing a program that truly represents us in all areas of the state, which is responsible for ensuring the people’s rights.
To summarize, organize and direct actions to take the power away from the ruling class is the most urgent task of the progressive and revolutionary youth of the Dominican Republic.
Long live the 25th International Anti-Fascist and Anti-Imperialist Youth Camp!!!
Long live the solidarity and unity of the peoples!!!
Posted on August 10, 2016 | Leave a comment
Tahir Asghar
The USSR, over the period of its tumultuous history, had built up a massive industrial, R&D and scientific potential so as to not only build a socialist society and defend it but also to secure its economic independence and growth and the full development of intellectual and material capacities of its population. Not only did the old industrial and scientific centres like Moscow and Leningrad witness massive expansion but many new such centres were set up in all the republics.
Moscow and its surrounding region continued to be the major economic region of the USSR, where the most diverse sectors beginning from aeronautic and cosmonautic, high tech defence industries and research institutions to linen and textiles factories were situated. The process and trends of economic and technological decline of the country in the period of restoration of capitalism find their particular reflection in the decline of these former centres of industrial and scientific excellence and their transformation into service hubs. What has happened there and is continuing to take place can be considered as a typical case of the overall trend of the shift in the emphasis towards the service sector on the rather flimsy ‘scientific’ hypothesis that all advanced economies are characterised by dominance of the service sector, totally contrary to the Marxist-Leninist position of the primacy of the sector of production of means of production as the foundation not only of the national economy but also as a determining condition for the real, not just formal, independence of a nation.
In the preceding 25 years, capitalism has expanded to become a truly globalised economic system. And during this period global capitalism has experienced a number of crises in many parts of the world – the South Asian crisis of 1997, the Russian crisis of 1998, the bursting of the tech bubble and finally the crisis of 2007 in the United States of America and then the crisis in the Euro zone. However, in the 1980s capitalism was being prescribed as the only system capable of providing sustained growth not only in the advanced capitalist countries, in the countries of the so-called Third World, but also in the countries of the socialist bloc. It was argued that only a market system based on private entrepreneurship produces optimal use of resources, minimises waste and maximises economic growth.
In the late 1970s the West experienced the information revolution. The spread of computer and information technology first to the corporate (manufacturing, small and medium businesses, retail, banking) sector and then to the households for personal use led to a sharp increase in labour productivity. At the same time the USA and UK saw the rise of right-wing political forces to power – Ronald Reagan in the USA and Margaret Thatcher in UK. Using the power of the mass media, prejudices of the middle class and above all the full force of the coercive apparatus of the state, they mounted a ruthless and ferocious assault on the working class in their respective countries and succeeded to a large extent in crushing the organised working class and trade union movement, from which it has yet to fully recover. They managed to convince large sections of the population that all the problems of capitalism can be resolved on the basis of the free play of market forces only if the ‘lazy’ and ‘pampered’ working class with its permanently increasing irrational demands was shown its place and the weak State that always gave in to their demands be withdrawn from active economic participation through the public sector, which needs to be privatised. So they argued and promptly proceeded to implement maximum deregulation of the production, distribution and exchange, withdrawal of the state from direct economic activity and curtailment of the power of workers organisations and trade unions.
Subsequently, policies based on these principles were not only sought to be promoted in, but also actively forced upon the developing countries of Latin America, Asia and Africa.
At about the same time that these changes were taking place in the UK and USA, the USSR, after a prolonged period of annual growth rates ranging between 4.5 and 6 percent, began to show signs of slowing down. The distortions in the economy that were in the making for a long time and serious shortcomings in the planning process unresolved since the Liberman reforms of the late 1960s began to manifest themselves with increasing severity, leading to serious shortfalls of many essential commodities and foodstuffs and deteriorating quality of social services all over the country. Further, the country found itself bogged down in an expensive, unexpectedly protracted and seemingly endless war in Afghanistan, putting additional pressure on government expenditure. This was also a time of political indecision as the ageing politburo and the Party leadership was proving to be increasingly incapable of asserting central control. This period from the late-1970s to 1985 is now generally referred to as the “stagnation” period.
The result was that the USSR appeared to be falling behind the West in economic development and increasingly unable to provide consistent growth in the living standard of the population. After a period in which three party secretaries came to power in quick succession, it was finally Gorbachev who was appointed the general secretary of the Communist Party of the USSR.
It was under his stewardship that the policy of Perestroika and democratisation was initiated. It appears that by this time the party leadership had factually come to the conclusion that the system of centralised planning has outlived its original role and is not capable any more on its own to provide the population with a growing standard of living, and needs to be supplemented, if not totally replaced (a view that was to become the official policy in just a few years time) by a non-state sector based on market principles. And thus with the passing of the bill on cooperatives and individual businesses, the foundation for private owned enterprises was laid. The passing of another Law on Enterprises also allowed management much more autonomy and freedom in decision-making, thereby diminishing further the power and capacity of the central authorities to control the enterprises. These measures and the political instability taken together led to a precipitous drop in the growth rate of the economy and plunged the country into a full-fledged economic crisis by 1989. Finally, the unsuccessful coup against Gorbachev and subsequent events leading to the dismantling of the CPSU and the Soviet Union imposed by Yeltsin, marked the end of the socialist world system.
Yeltsin and his group of advisers, all erstwhile high level functionaries of the CPSU, helped by their new found well-wishing ‘experts’ from the IMF and other financial institutions of the West, began, with all the zeal of the newly converted, to dismantle the whole structure and intricate network of the centrally planned economic system and replace it with an economy based on market mechanism and private property, i.e. capitalism. With this in mind a policy of stabilisation, liberalisation, privatisation and free foreign trade, already tried out in many other countries with disastrous consequences for most of them, nevertheless began to be carried out immediately in Russia. This policy came to be known as “shock therapy”. It was the beginning of the restoration of capitalism in Russia by Khrushchev’s ideological progenies.
The consequences in Russia of this transition to capitalism have been really shocking, especially in terms of its social costs. It still continues to exact its price – economic, social and (geo) political.
From a superpower, the country has been reduced to the status of a middle-order nation along with countries like India. From the second most powerful economy, just behind the United States, the country has been reduced to the status where it now stands alongside developing countries like Brazil and India. On many indicators of social development the country is now ranked alongside the least developed countries of the world.
The two books under review give a fairly complete and comprehensive picture of the decline of a country that was once one of the only two military and economic superpowers in the world and adequately describe the process and government policies resulting in this rather sorry state of affairs for a country endowed with all the wealth – intellectual and material – that no other country, with the exception of USA, can boast of.
The most striking feature of economic decline of the Russian Federation since 1991 has been the ‘de-industrialisation’ of the country accompanied by loss of its R&D and scientific leadership.
The book ‘Moscow City from an Industrial and Scientific Centre to a Collection of Shops and Offices’, by G.V. Krainev (Moscow, 2009), is a testimony to this process. It is a collection of articles describing and analysing the policy of reforms undertaken in the city of Moscow which has led to the destruction of the most organised and self-conscious section of the Moscow proletariat as the author says of both physical and intellectual labour. The book is divided into a number of themes which look at different aspects of the policy of capitalist reforms.
The ruling class of Russia, having concentrated in its hands unrestricted power following the dissolution of the CPSU, began to systematically undermine the very base of socialist production – large scale industrial production and its R&D and scientific support consisting of hundreds of scientific organisations and institutes employing hundreds of thousands of highly qualified personnel. This was done deliberately as part of the policy of converting socialist enterprises into capitalist undertakings of various forms. The industrial enterprises were first deprived of preferential access to financing their operations, by devaluing their assets, both old and new, through hyper-inflation and devaluation of the currency, by pushing these enterprises deep into debt and then letting them face international competition without any state support, and all this in the wake of disruption, following the collapse of the USSR, of the traditional ties with the other enterprises of the country that were suppliers of inputs or consumers for their products, by depriving the enterprises of new entrants of qualified and trained workers from the professional schools that were being hurriedly closed down and converted into play areas or shops and beauty salons, and lastly, declaring these enterprises insolvent, which then was used to demonstrate the ‘uncompetitiveness’ of the majority of enterprises built in the Soviet era.
It is also worth noting that these large-scale industrial enterprises were being carved up into innumerable small and medium joint stock and private companies, which appropriate from a fine-tuned production cycle the most valuable assets and resort to selling or liquidating the rest. The state also started to sell these enterprises to foreign buyers under the pretext of the need to increase the effectiveness of these enterprises. Such reorganisations, liquidations and bankruptcies of enterprises and factories have with time assumed massive proportions. In Moscow alone by the beginning of 2002 about 7000 were already liquidated and another 8000 were in the line (Krainev, p. 7). Thus already by 1999, as a consequence of the market reforms, the socio-economic structure of Moscow underwent a radical change. Moscow became centre of finance, business, trade and administration and the significance of industries as a factor of urban development has diminished drastically (Krainev, p. 8).
Industries are also increasingly becoming victims of speculation in land and real estate. The new Land Code of the country allows the owner of the factory to buy the land on which the factory is situated. This law has set in motion speculative activity related to land. The wealthier ‘entrepreneurs’ went on the offensive, buying out the workers’ shares of so-called unprofitable factories so as to take over the land, then close down the factories and build on this land offices, casinos, markets or malls and other such modern commercial units. Subsequently, this has become an epidemic affecting not only unproductive enterprises but also efficiently functioning and profitable ones (Krainev, p. 14).
Such processes on a national scale have brought about a radical change in the structure of the economy of the country as whole. Now, contrary to the situation earlier, the largest share in the growth of GDP is contributed by the export of fuel and energy resources and raw material and also because of high prices of these commodities on the international market. Only 2% of the growth in GDP can be attributed to the genuinely competitive sectors that have managed to counter imports and increase their own production. This has led to the degradation of critical sectors like manufacturing and agriculture, and over a period of15-20 years turn Russia from a producer country to an importer country especially of machines, equipment and food products and a country living off revenues largely from its oil exports. This is also reflected in the structure imports that shows growing rates of import of machines and equipment between the years 2000 and 2006. Their share in the total imports grew from 31.1% in 2000 to 47.7% in 2006 (Krainev, p. 76). If in the period of market reforms and the spread and growth of capitalism in Russia, the industrial sector as a whole was the biggest victim; the situation of the manufacturing sector, especially that of machine building and engineering sectors, producing means of production can be described as disastrous.
This situation finds its reflection as in a mirror in the economic structure of Moscow. Since 1991 the structure of industrial production in Moscow has witnessed similar and significant change. Once the hub of production of modern machinery and engineering equipment, of sectors at the forefront industrial development, today the picture can only be termed as dismal. The leading industrial sector in the city is the food processing industry, both in terms of rates of growth and scale of production. The enterprises of the food industry account for a third of all the realised produce of the city, between 28 and 32% in monetary terms. During the reforms of the industrial sector of the city, the machine-building and metal-working industries have completely lost their former leading positions and now occupy a subordinate position, constituting only about 25% in total volume of industrial production. Thus even according to official statistics the real fact is that the these two sectors of industry, the very core of industrial production, now together constitute only 2% of the Gross Regional Product of Moscow (Krainev, p. 82). “Machine building industry, which forms the technological foundation of all industry, and which under the Soviet Union effectively satisfied the requirements of all the branches of heavy, light and other industries, the requirement of the colossal national economy of the USSR, has been liquidated for all practical purposes” (Krainev, p. 92). Only the production of consumer goods and control systems is increasing and the production of the means of production is significantly on a decline. In this way a slow ticking bomb is being placed under the ground of national industries that will ensure dependence on supplies of technology from abroad for many years to come (Krainev, p. 93).
The Gross Regional Product also depends on the scale of investments in the economy of the region. The data of the Russian Statistical Committee differentiates between investments in fixed capital and foreign investments. Though investment in fixed capital shows growth in absolute terms in roubles, its share in the Gross Regional Product of Moscow has stagnated at around 11% and only towards the mid-2000s began to outstrip inflation. According to official data, one third of the investments is directed to overhauling of machines, equipment and means of transport. However, reports in the media suggest that not more than 6% of fixed equipment, much less than the required 8%, does not even ensure simple reproduction. In many enterprises equipment that was installed during the Stalin period is still in use. If we look at the sector-wise structure of investments, the largest share of investments flows into the transport and housing sectors (26% and 25% respectively) while only slightly more than 7% flows into the industrial sector, even less than in communications which stands at about 11%. These facts show that renewal of fixed capital in the industrial sector is not a priority for the authorities (Krainev, pp. 95-96).
The volume of foreign investments has been rising consistently since 2000. If in 2000 it was around US $4 billion then in 2006 it was approximately US $24 billion. According to the city authorities the most attractive areas of foreign investments in the economy of Moscow are trade, hotels, eateries and restaurant business, transport and reconstruction of large buildings. According to official statistics foreign investment in the industrial sector of the city is just a meagre part of the overall flows with a major part going into trade and food services (Krainev, pp. 98-99). Retail trade (malls, showrooms, boutiques), wholesale trade, production of beer, hotel business, all those areas that bring in quick and relatively high returns, have turned out to be the most attractive destinations for foreign direct investments. It is widely commented that sectors like machine building and the engineering industry, high technology, processing industry have not been able to attract any significant amount of foreign investments. Both Russian and foreign investors so far have shown interest primarily in areas that ensure high profits in the short term with a minimum of risks.
All these factors find their reflection in official economic data for Moscow: growth has been significant in production of electrical and optical equipment, means of transport, production of rubber and plastic goods, wood processing and wooden items and leather goods. Growth rates have declined in production of chemicals, metallurgy and metal items, machines and equipment (heavy and light), textiles and garments. The last two have seen in significant and consistent decline (Krainev, p. 111).
These radical changes in the structure of the national economy as exemplified by the experience of the erstwhile most powerful economic, scientific and R&D hub of the country – the city and region of Moscow – have negatively affected the technology and technical institutions, scientific research institutes and R&D organisations in the city and, consequently, the status and conditions of living of hundreds of thousands of workers and highly qualified scientists and technicians.
O.A. Mazur’s book ‘Development of the Workforce of Contemporary Russia’, (St. Petersburg University Publication, St. Petersburg, 2009) analyses the factors behind the Russian Federation’s relative social and technological backwardness and attempts to identify the contradictions in the development of social capital. He too highlights the decline of the industrial sector in Russia in general and of manufacturing in particular which now employs significantly fewer employees than during the Soviet period. There has been a 36% decline in the number of employees in industries (38.2% in machine-building sector) and a simultaneous ‘catastrophic’ decline in the number employed in science and R&D – 50%. Trade and finance sectors witnessed a high growth in the number of employees. According to him, industry continues to remain in a state of stagnation and only the best part of it has regained the levels of the late 1980s, a period that itself was one of negative growth (p. 42). Within industry too regressive shifts can be observed in the structure of employment – increase in the share of extracting industries accompanied by a decreasing share of employment in machine-building and light industries, i.e. exactly those industries that together account for the largest share in value addition.
These shifts are ultimately responsible for the terrible conditions that have resulted in extremely grim social development indicators: high rates of mortality in the working age group of the population and fall in the educational and skill levels of the workforce, food consumption and living conditions. Mortality in Russia is almost double that of the USA, France and Netherlands. The average life span for the whole population is 67 years, while it is 72 years for women and only 56 for men. This is about 10-15 years lower than in the West. Only 58% of the young men of the age of16 presently are expected to live until 60 years. The number of deaths in the working age group is catastrophically high and exceeds the levels in advanced countries by a factor of 1.5 – 2. Diseases related to the blood circulatory system are the main causes of this decline in the average life span of men and unnatural deaths among women, pointing towards deterioration of social conditions. Consumption of tobacco, generously supplied by the multinationals, along with alcohol consumption is also among the leading factors of high mortality rates in Russia (Mazur, p. 31).
A steep fall in the real wages of the majority of the population resulted in the decline of living conditions: food consumption, housing, fewer opportunities for recreational activities. All these also have been a major factor in the low life-span of the Russian population (Mazur, p. 30).
According to this author no fewer than 25% of men in the working age group are either totally or partially unfit to work. These and other factors of high mortality and incapacity to work in the Russian Federation have yet to be overcome, but now exert a cumulative affect (Mazur, p. 32). A comparison of the same indicators of health in the Russian Federation and UK shows that if in 1965 they had a broadly similar level of mortality due to curable diseases then by the end of 1990s in Russia it was about 3 times more than in UK. Mortality due to diseases related to blood circulatory system and infectious diseases in the Russian Federation is 3-4 times higher than in the USA, Norway and France.
The trend of decreasing employment in the industrial sector of Moscow observed by Krainev is also characteristic of the country as a whole, as shown by Mazur. In the 1990s according to Mazur the sectoral structure of the Russian economy changed dramatically and looked more like the structure of a pre-industrial economy. Since then not much change has occurred. The tendencies of the 1990s continue to dominate. The industrial sector has witnessed a 36% fall in the number of employed, agriculture – 20%, and construction – 23%, while there has been an 103% increase in the number of employed in the finance sector, in trade – 85%, and in State administration – 85%. Maximum loss of employment has occurred among the less-skilled workers of industry and construction sectors.
Regressive shifts can also be observed within the industrial structure of employment. There has been an increase in the share of employed in the extracting industries (from 12.5% in 1990 to 24% in 2005) while the share of machine-building and engineering sector in the total number of employed in industry declined from 38.2% to 26.4%, and of light industry from 11% to 6% over the same period of time (Mazur, p. 43). The changes thus have occurred in sectors that have the potential to add maximum value and in the case of machine-building and engineering sector, in addition, the ability to provide technological progress.
Thus, looking at the decline of the sectors that form the very basis of technological progress, it is hard to imagine how Russia can regain its position as a world leader in production and science and R&D. Manufacturing sector of industry, and more particularly machine-building and engineering sectors (Department A in Soviet terminology) are the crucial sectors that produce means of production for production of means of production and constitute the backbone, the basis of its security, independence, power and the future of scientific and technological development. Ignoring this fact would lead to colossal material and territorial losses, lagging behind in the development of the productive forces of the country and would give rise to serious problems in maintaining the military- defensive capabilities of the state.
Machine-building and engineering are foundational branches of industry and determine the course and nature of future industrial development, as it is in this sector that almost all the breakthrough discoveries and innovations take place. Having lost our own industries we lose everything: science, a highly-skilled work force, modern defence production, war-ready army and in the final count our economic and political independence.
It is clear that the real economic and political sovereignty of the state is determined by whether or not the state is capable of independently producing the crucial means of production for all other type of production. To put it simply, whether or not the state can produce in sufficient quantity machines and equipment needed for the core branches of the industry. From this perspective, the future of sovereignty of the Russian Federation is quite bleak (Mazur, p. 112).
Posted on August 6, 2016 | Leave a comment
“Formerly, only students rebelled, but now thousands and tens of thousands of workers have risen in all the big towns. In most cases they fight against their employers, against the factory owners, against the capitalists. The workers declare strikes, all of them stop work at a factory at the same time and demand higher wages, demand that they should be made to work not eleven or ten hours a day, but only eight hours. The workers also demand other things that would make the working man’s life easier. They want the workshops to be in better condition and the machines to be protected by special devices so as to prevent them from maiming the workers; they want their children to be able to go to school and the sick to be given proper aid in the hospitals; they want the workers’ homes to be like human dwellings instead of being like pigsties.
The police intervene in the workers’ struggle. The police seize workers, throw them into prison, deport them without trial to their villages, or even to Siberia. The government has passed laws banning strikes and workers’ meetings. But the workers wage their fight against the police and against the government. The workers say: We, millions of working people, have bent our backs long enough! We have worked for the rich and remained paupers long enough! We have allowed them to rob us long enough! We want to unite in unions, to unite all the workers in one big workers’ union (a workers’ party) and to strive jointly for a better life. We want to achieve a new and better order of society: in this new and better society there must be neither rich nor poor; all will have to work. Not a handful of rich people, but all the working people must enjoy the fruits of their common labour. Machines and other improvements must serve to ease the work of all and not to enable a few to grow rich at the expense of millions and tens of millions of people. This new and better society is called socialist society. The teachings about this society are called socialism. The workers’ unions which fight for this better order of society are called Social-Democratic parties. Such parties exist openly in nearly all countries (except Russia and Turkey), and our workers, together with socialists from among the educated people, have also formed such a party: the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party.
The government persecutes that Party, but it exists in secret, despite all prohibitions; it publishes its news papers and pamphlets and organises secret unions. The workers not only meet in secret but come out into the streets in crowds and unfurl their banners bearing the inscriptions: ‘Long live the eight-hour day! Long live freedom! Long live socialism!’ The government savagely persecutes the workers for this. It even sends troops to shoot down the workers. Russian soldiers have killed Russian workers in Yaroslavl, St. Petersburg, Riga, Rostov-on-Don, and Zlatoust.
But the workers do not yield. They continue the fight. They say: neither persecution, prison, deportation, penal servitude, nor death can frighten us. Our cause is a just one. We are fighting for the freedom and the happiness of all who work. We are fighting to free tens and hundreds of millions of people from abuse of power, oppression and poverty. The workers are becoming more and more class- conscious. The number of Social-Democrats is growing fast in all countries. We shall win despite all persecution.”
– V.I. Lenin, “To the Rural Poor”
The ‘left’ in Britain is characterised by sectarianism. What are the main reasons for this in an imperialist country? John Green examines the causes.
The Causes of Sectarianism
Bourgeois Social Conditions
Divisions in the revolutionary movement are not formed simply from ideological differences, but sometimes represent class and social divisions. The social conditions of many of those who describe themselves as Marxist-Leninist in this country are largely at the root of their sectarianism.
Britain is an imperialist country. In this country, productive industry ranks a poor second to profits received from exploiting other countries, which through a system of ‘aid’ and debt are maintained in neo-colonial servitude. This determines that a petty-bourgeois mentality is created in a section of the proletariat and the intelligentsia in Britain, and this sectarian mentality infects many of those who are drawn into the ranks of the revolutionary left. Thus for some communists the prime requirement of communist unity is that they themselves must lead it. Any initiative, to be acceptable to these “leaders”, must be their own idea. When those affected by this petty-bourgeois mentality do occasionally and for a time gain the leadership of a grouping, democracy, principle and all else is subordinated to their own leadership pretensions.
Expediency
A form of sectarianism which is no less damaging is met with in those opportunists who refuse to work with others not on the basis of principle, but on the basis of expediency, for tactical gains. These do great harm to the cause of revolutionary unity, in that they appear to legitimise the absence of principle.
Dogmatic Doctrinairism
Another form which sectarianism often takes is in insisting upon adherence to the elaboration of Marxism-Leninism by a great historical figure as an ’ a priori ‘ requirement before any attempt to form revolutionary unity can take place. They use this position as an apparently principled justification for their unwillingness to collaborate. This is a mistake. Ideological unity cannot be based upon an historical figure. It must be around fundamental questions of principle, strategy and tactics, and each disputed question must be put under discussion. Only by doing this, can the real lines of demarcation, which are concealed behind these allegiances, be drawn and unity be attained.
Opposing Sectarianism
Dialectical Unity
The first principle for the proletarian revolutionary who is not, like the petty-bourgeois revolutionary, willing to compromise with imperialism until unity is achieved on terms exactly to his satisfaction, is to achieve a dialectical, fighting unity with fellow communists. The unity we must work for is around Marxist principles consolidated in a programme.
The unity of the Communist Party must be a dialectical unity, one which contains contradictions. We need to be able to disagree whilst working together to achieve the Party programme. We must not slurry over contradictions within our ranks for the purpose of preserving formal unity, but we must not transform these differences into a sharp dividing line.
Dialectical unity finds expression within prevailing social conditions. Where there is disagreement on historical questions, unity can exist within a party where objective circumstances permit. This is the case when circumstances are unchanging and principles are not yet being tested by prevailing social conditions. Only at the turning-points, where objective social circumstances are in a process of rapid change (e.g. a revolutionary situation is emerging), do significant differences emerge.
It is important to realise that these differences will not necessarily reflect at all the great questions of the past. Even where people have taken a view on an apparently similar historical question, new circumstances may elicit a new understanding of contemporary events. Prevailing social conditions may demand a change in ideas.
Formal (Idealist) Unity
To unite only with those with whom we agree on historical questions is a form of idealist unity, not dialectical unity, in that it brushes aside consideration of prevailing conditions and absolutises differences. This purist approach leaves the question of building unity for the purpose of revolution and the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat to the indefinite future, when no doubt prevailing social conditions will force us to address these questions. The proponents of this absolute ‘unity’, in practice, subordinate questions of principle to organisational questions.
Attempts at idealist unity look for formal organisational means to efface differences or manage them without resolving them, such as by banning the disputed subject.
The principle of dialectical unity should not be confused with the policy of those groupings who struggle for organisational objectives instead of principles. Such groupings, it is true, unite people of different views, but they subordinate the clarification and resolution of their differences to success in the organisational struggle. This would be only a formal unity. A party built on such lines would tend to fall apart in the course of sharp struggles. If organisational means were employed to preserve the autonomy of those with an aversion to centralism, there would be a lack of internal discipline and the party would not serve the interests of the proletariat. The lumping together of autonomous groupings which do not recognise (or recognise only formally) the legitimacy of the elected leaders, and even creating institutions for the advantage of factions, would be an expression of idealist unity. It would subvert democratic centralism and lay the basis for the principle of opportunism.
Abstract Unity
Unity on the basis of abstract principles would also result in a purely formal unity. This was evident at the time of the split with the opportunists of the Second International during World War One. Trotskyists of the past claimed to uphold the dictatorship of the proletariat, but in practice counterposed socialism in one country to world revolution. For this reason, discussions need to clarify the depth of existing differences.
Non-Antagonistic Contradictions
Different trends emerge in the party in the course of struggle and it is possible for these to be in unity at a certain juncture when objective circumstances make this necessary in order to achieve the Party programme or to defend party policy. Examples of this are the unity of Bukharin and Stalin to defeat the left deviation; and the fact that Trotsky was for a time a leading member of the Bolsheviks (but lost little time in demonstrating his inability to adhere to Party discipline). It is only at turning-points in social conditions that significant differences emerge. At such times, ‘one becomes two’, but in such a way that the party is strengthened.
During certain periods, contradictions may be non-antagonistic. Part of the sectarianism of Marxist-Leninists in this country is that they frequently fail to distinguish non-antagonistic contradictions at particular periods. Differences over the ‘historical’ application of Marxist-Leninist principles are non-antagonistic contradictions unless prevailing social conditions are such that the questions that called forth these historical questions are again raised from the realm of the possible to become living questions.
The Party Programme
Differences continually emerge from objective conditions and must be resolved within the party. The party must establish a political programme and an organisational structure designed to put the programme into effect. The purpose of the organisation is to realise the programme.
The form of organisation appropriate to the Communist Party is democratic centralism, which contains both differences (democracy) and concrete unity (centralism).
It is the programme, rather than merely abstract adherence to principles, which is primary and which decides the nature of the party and who is able to further its objectives.
Lines of Demarcation
Lenin, in the Declaration of the Editorial Board of Iskra, declared ‘Before we can unite, and in order that we may unite, we must first of all draw firm and definite lines of demarcation. Otherwise, our unity will be purely fictitious, it will conceal the prevailing confusion and hinder its radical elimination.’ The unity he was working towards was the unity of Marxists, in opposition to those who ‘corrected’ Marxism and removed its revolutionary content.
From the Soviet period up to the present day, lines of demarcation have been drawn between those who upheld the principles of Marxism-Leninism, of which Stalin represented the main defence, including the possibility of socialism in a single country and proletarian internationalism, and those who attacked these principles (Imperialism, Social Democracy, Trotsky, Soviet revisionists).
These principles were developed and applied historically through practice and it is our task to continue to apply and develop them in our own practice today. We must view our principles in the fullness of their historical application but must not allow our differences to bar us from achieving revolutionary unity.
Author: John Green
Posted on July 6, 2016 | Leave a comment
“By counting the most meagre form of life (existence) as the standard, indeed, as the general standard – general because it is applicable to the mass of men. He turns the worker into an insensible being lacking all needs, just as he changes his activity into a pure abstraction from all activity. To him, therefore, every luxury of the worker seems to be reprehensible, and everything that goes beyond the most abstract need – be it in the realm of passive enjoyment, or a manifestation of activity – seems to him a luxury. Political economy, this science of wealth, is therefore simultaneously the science of renunciation, of want, of saving and it actually reaches the point where it spares man the need of either fresh air or physical exercise. This science of marvellous industry is simultaneously the science of asceticism, and its true ideal is the ascetic but extortionate miser and the ascetic but productive slave. Its moral ideal is the worker who takes part of his wages to the savings-bank, and it has even found ready-made a servile art which embodies this pet idea: it has been presented, bathed in sentimentality, on the stage. Thus political economy – despite its worldly and voluptuous appearance – is a true moral science, the most moral of all the sciences. Self-renunciation, the renunciation of life and of all human needs, is its principal thesis. The less you eat, drink and buy books; the less you go to the theatre, the dance hall, the public house; the less you think, love, theorise, sing, paint, fence, etc., the more you save – the greater becomes your treasure which neither moths nor rust will devour – your capital. The less you are, the less you express your own life, the more you have, i.e., the greater is your alienated life, the greater is the store of your estranged being.”
– Karl Marx, “Human Requirements and Division of Labour Under the Rule of Private Property,“ The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844.
Posted on July 5, 2016 | Leave a comment
“The proletariat cannot be victorious except through democracy, i.e., by giving full effect to democracy and by linking with each step of its struggle democratic demands formulated in the most resolute terms. It is absurd to contrapose the socialist revolution and the revolutionary struggle against capitalism to a single problem of democracy, in this case, the national question. We must combine the revolutionary struggle against capitalism with a revolutionary programme and tactics on all democratic demands: a republic, a militia, the popular election of officials, equal rights for women, the self-determination of nations, etc. While capitalism exists, these demands—all of them—can only be accomplished as an exception, and even then in an incomplete and distorted form. Basing ourselves on the democracy already achieved, and exposing its incompleteness under capitalism, we demand the overthrow of capitalism, the expropriation of the bourgeoisie, as a necessary basis both for the abolition of the poverty of the masses and for the complete and all-round institution of all democratic reforms. Some of these reforms will be started before the overthrow of the bourgeoisie, others in the course of that overthrow, and still others after it. The social revolution is not a single battle, but a period covering a series of battles over all sorts of problems of economic and democratic reform, which are consummated only by the expropriation of the bourgeoisie. It is for the sake of this final aim that we must formulate every one of our democratic demands in a consistently revolutionary way. It is quite conceivable that the workers of some particular country will overthrow the bourgeoisie before even a single fundamental democratic reform has been fully achieved. It is, however, quite inconceivable that the proletariat, as a historical class, will be able to defeat the bourgeoisie, unless it is prepared for that by being educated in the spirit of the most consistent and resolutely revolutionary democracy.”
— V.I. Lenin, “The Revolutionary Proletariat and the Right of Nations to Self-Determination.”
Posted on June 30, 2016 | 1 comment
by Espresso Stalinist
An odd phenomenon is haunting the halls of Maoism – a chauvinist set of ideas loosely forged from the writings of Chinese military officer and politician Lin Biao. These ideas, to the extent to which they form coherent ideology at all, can roughly be termed “Lin Biaoism.” To be perfectly clear, I am under no impression that “Lin Biaoism” is an entirely new ideology. Lin Biao’s works are not significant enough to constitute a new stage of revolutionary science. What does exist is a wing of Maoism, usually associated with the “third-worldist” variety, that upholds the works of Lin Biao in theory and practice. The ideology, such as it is, is not worth refuting. However, its underlying assumptions about proletarian internationalism, imperialism, revolutionary theory and practice are.
I fully expect upon publication these thoughts will have piles of ashes heaped upon them as “first worldism,” as “a total misrepresentation” of the ideas I criticize, and overall rejection of this piece as a reactionary and revisionist writing dedicated to attacking Lin Biao’s theories. But this is par for the course with “third-worldists” of all kinds, who much like anarchists dismiss all criticisms by claiming the author knows not what they criticize. In this essay, I am not concerned with what I allegedly do not know – I am only concerned with what we do know. In this case, what we know about the problems in Lin Biao’s theories.
Lin Biao (1907-1971) was a Chinese revisionist military officer and politician. Born in December 5th, 1907, he graduated from the famous Whampoa Military Academy, then under the command of Chiang Kai-shek. After graduation he joined the armed forces of the Kuomintang (KMT) or Nationalists. During the Northern Expedition he joined the Communist Party. Following the 1927 Shanghai massacre of thousands of workers, trade unionists and Communist Party members, which began the Chinese Civil War, Lin defected to the Red Army. He participated in the Long March and became known as one of the CPC’s most brilliant military commanders and an authority on guerrilla warfare. During the Japanese invasion of China, Lin commanded troops in the Battle of Pingxingguan, one of the few battlefield successes for the Chinese during the first period of the Second Sino-Japanese War. He was forced to retire from active service in 1937 after a serious battlefield injury complicated by tuberculosis and left for Moscow, where from 1937 to 1942 he acted as the representative of the CPC to the Executive Committee of the Communist International, or Comintern.
After the end of World War II and the Soviet liberation of Manchuria from the Japanese, fighting resumed between the Communists and Nationalists. Lin led victorious campaigns of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) in Manchuria and throughout Northern China against the KMT forces, including the famous Pingjin Campaign, which led to the liberation of Beijing in 1949. His forces then resumed attacks on the KMT in the southeast, which led to securing the major cities of Wuhan and Guangzhou. He was named one of the “Ten Marshals” after the Communist victory and the proclamation of the People’s Republic of China in 1949. Lin mostly abstained from participating politics in the 1950s. In 1962 Lin succeeded Peng Dehuai as commander of the PLA, starting a rectification program among officers and soldiers stressing political education, eventually culminating in the abolition of ranks in the PLA. Lin would rise to political prominence again during the Cultural Revolution.
Lin Biao was the most prominent supporter of the cult of personality around Mao, working to develop it within the PLA in particular. In 1964 it was he who compiled some of Mao’s writings into a handbook, Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung, also known as the Little Red Book, and ensured it was mass-produced and distributed, first within the PLA, and then throughout the entire People’s Republic.
In September 1965, Lin Biao’s most famous work, “Long Live the Victory of People’s War!” was published, which contains the vast majority of his political theories. It heavily promoted Mao Tse-tung’s theory of people’s war:
“Comrade Mao Tse-tung’s theory of people’s war has been proved by the long practice of the Chinese revolution to be in accord with the objective laws of such wars and to be invincible. It has not only been valid for China, it is a great contribution to the revolutionary struggles of the oppressed nations and peoples throughout the world. [….] Comrade Mao Tse-tung’s theory of people’s war is not only a product of the Chinese revolution, but has also the characteristics of our epoch.”
And even proclaimed it to be universal:
“It must be emphasized that Comrade Mao Tse-tung’s theory of the establishment of rural revolutionary base areas and the encirclement of the cities from the countryside is of outstanding and universal practical importance for the present revolutionary struggles of all the oppressed nations and peoples, and particularly for the revolutionary struggles of the oppressed nations and peoples in Asia, Africa and Latin America against imperialism and its lackeys.”
It heavily supported the Maoist theory of the revolutionary movement spreading from the countryside to the cities:
“The countryside, and the countryside alone, can provide the broad areas in which the revolutionaries can manoeuvre freely. The countryside, and the countryside alone, can provide the revolutionary bases from which the revolutionaries can go forward to final victory.”
Lin Biao believed this even to the point of arguing against the modernization of the PLA in favor of people’s war. More significantly, in perhaps the most influential part of his pamphlet to modern-day “Lin Biaoists,” Lin Biao applies the Maoist concept of people’s war to the international situation:
“Taking the entire globe, if North America and Western Europe can be called ‘the cities of the world’, then Asia, Africa and Latin America constitute ‘the rural areas of the world’. Since World War II, the proletarian revolutionary movement has for various reasons been temporarily held back in the North American and West European capitalist countries, while the people’s revolutionary movement in Asia, Africa and Latin America has been growing vigorously. In a sense, the contemporary world revolution also presents a picture of the encirclement of cities by the rural areas. In the final analysis, the whole cause of world revolution hinges on the revolutionary struggles of the Asian, African and Latin American peoples who make up the overwhelming majority of the world’s population.”
At the 11th Plenum of the 8th CC in August 1966, a meeting presided over by Mao and guarded by Lin’s troops, the famous big-character poster reading, “Bombard the Headquarters!” was unveiled, written by Mao himself. This was a declaration of war against the “right” elements Liu Shaoqi, Deng Xiaoping and other leaders of the party apparatus, and the practical launching of what would come to be called the “Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution.” During the Cultural Revolution, after initial control by the Red Guards proved too tenuous the PLA under Lin Biao’s command effectively took over the role of controlling the country previously held by the Communist Party. The GPCR had virtually destroyed the Communist Party and liquidated its organizations, but had greatly strengthened the political role of the army, which largely controlled the provincial Revolutionary Committees and many Ministries and economic enterprises.
The Ninth Congress of the Communist Party of China was held in 1969, during which former President Liu Shaoqi was removed from all posts and expelled from the party. During this Congress Lin built up the cult of Mao more than ever, declaring Mao’s though to be a “higher and completely new stage” of Marxism. He summed up the ideology of Maoism, then called “Mao Tse-tung Thought,” thusly:
“The Communist Party of China owes all its achievements to the wise leadership of Chairman Mao and these achievements constitute victories for Mao Tsetung Thought. For half a century now, in leading the great struggle of the people of all the nationalities of China for accomplishing the new-democratic revolution, in leading China’s great struggle for socialist revolution and socialist construction and in the great struggle of the contemporary international communist movement against imperialism, modern revisionism and the reactionaries of various countries, Chairman Mao has integrated the universal truth of Marxism-Leninism with the concrete practice of revolution, has inherited, defended and developed Marxism-Leninism in the political, military, economic, cultural, philosophical and other spheres, and has brought Marxism-Leninism to a higher and completely new stage. Mao Tsetung Thought is Marxism-Leninism of the era in which imperialism is heading for total collapse and socialism is advancing to world-wide victory. The entire history of our Party has borne out this truth: Departing from the leadership of Chairman Mao and Mao Tsetung Thought, our Party will suffer setbacks and defeats; following Chairman Mao closely and acting on Mao Tsetung Thought, our Party will advance and triumph. We must forever remember this lesson. Whoever opposes Chairman Mao, whoever opposes Mao Tsetung Thought, at any time or under any circumstances, will be condemned and punished by the whole Party and the whole country.”
During his report to the Ninth Congress, Lin went so far as to proclaim that according to Marxist theory, the main component of the state is the military:
“The People’s Liberation Army is the mighty pillar of the dictatorship of the proletariat. Chairman Mao has pointed out many times: From the Marxist point of view the main component of the state is the army.”
Lin Biao was built up as Mao’s successor to such an extent that during the Ninth Congress, one of the very few congresses held in Chinese history, the idea of Lin as successor in the event of Mao’s resignation or death was literally written into the Constitution of the CPC. It was passed on April 14th, 1969. It stated:
“Comrade Lin Piao has consistently held high the great red banner of Mao Tse-tung’s Thought and he has most loyally and resolutely carried out the defended Comrade Mao Tse-tung’s proletarian revolutionary line. Comrade Lin Piao is Comrade Mao Tse-tung’s closest comrade-in-arms and successor.”
This favored position would not last. A mere four years later, on August 1973, the Tenth Party Congress stated:
“The Congress indignantly denounced the Lin Piao anti-Party clique for its crimes. All the delegates firmly supported this resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China: Expel Lin Piao, the bourgeois careerist, conspirator, counter-revolutionary double-dealer, renegade and traitor from the Party once and for all.”
The events leading up to this posthumous denunciation are highly controversial. Lin Biao, along with several members of his family, died mysteriously in a plane crash over Mongolia in September 1971 in circumstances that are still heavily in dispute. It is generally accepted he was trying to flee to the Soviet Union. According to the official Chinese version of events, Lin Biao had attempted to initiate a pro-Soviet coup d’etat that would topple Mao Tse-tung and Zhou En-lai from power to establish a military dictatorship in China, and when he failed in this endeavor, he attempted to flee and sought refuge in the U.S.S.R. As the plane approached the Mongolian border, a gun fight broke out, causing it to crash. Whatever the case, Lin Biao and all on board died in the crash.
In his political diary, Albanian Marxist-Leninist leader Enver Hoxha characterized the Lin Biao affair as more frivolous than a James Bond thriller:
“The question arises: Why should Lin Piao murder Mao and why take his place, when he himself occupied precisely the main position after Mao, was his deputy appointed by the Constitution and by Mao himself? Lin Piao had great renown in China. The Cultural Revolution, ‘the work of Comrade Mao’, had built up his prestige. Then, what occurred for this ‘mutual political trust and the same ideological conviction’ between Mao and Lin Piao to suddenly disappear to the point that the latter organized an attempt on Mao’s life? And this act looks like an episode from ‘James Bond’”
(Hoxha, Reflections on China Vol. I, p. 465).
The rift between Mao and Lin needs to be expressed in solid political terms and not personal terms such as “lust for power” or “jealously” as bourgeois historians are so fond to do. Hard evidence on this matter seems to be scarce due to a lack of surviving evidence, but a few things are undeniable.
For example, Lin was on his way to the Soviet Union because of a split with Mao and his supporters over domestic and foreign policy. In September 1970, the grouping around Mao Tse-tung pressed for a Fourth Five-Year-Plan, which involved a massive program for mechanization of agriculture to be financed by reducing expenditure on the armed forces. This reduction was to be made possible by bringing about a détente with the United States. Lin Biao’s pro-Soviet faction opposed détente with the U.S. This was denounced by Mao and Zhou’s group as “ultra-leftism.” In December 1970, a movement began for a revival of the provincial Communist Party committees, which had been shattered by the Cultural Revolution. This was strongly opposed by Lin and the army leadership, since it would threaten the military’s ascendancy.
I see only two possibilities to this story, and both are somewhat related:
1) Lin Biao did plan and attempt to carry out a military coup against Mao because he wanted to “save” the country and the party from what he saw as a wrong course, or;
2) It was a conspiracy of the more pro-American elements of the CPC, including Mao and Zhou Enlai, to eliminate the most prominent opponent to their domestic and foreign policy.
In either case, clearly there was a huge rift with Mao’s policies, including regarding military control following the GPCR, and the controversial Chinese foreign policy of the late 1960s and 70s.
It is clear that the contradiction between Mao Tse-tung and Zhou Enlai’s group and Lin Biao’s group was a conflict between the wings of the CPC supporting reconciliation and alignment with U.S. imperialism and modernization of society, and supporting rapprochement with Soviet social-imperialism and the continuation of Lin’s “people’s war’ policies, respectively. In December 1970, Mao Tse-tung said American journalist Edgar Snow that he would like to meet President Nixon, and in July 1971, U.S. diplomat Henry Kissinger made a secret visit to China. People’s Daily announced soon after that Zhou Enlai had extended an invitation to Nixon to visit China. This no doubt further inflamed conflicts, and it was obvious there were rifts in the Party from 1970-71.
Declassified transcripts of Mao’s conversations with Nixon record him making an unmistakable reference to the “Lin Biao Affair” in 1972:
“President Nixon: When the Chairman says he voted for me, he voted for the lesser of two evils.
Chairman Mao: I like rightists. People say you are rightists, that the Republican Party is to the right, that Prime Minister Heath is also to the right.
President Nixon: And General DeGaulle.
Chairman Mao: DeGaulle is a different question. They also say the Christian Democratic Party of West Germany is also to the right. I am comparatively happy when these people on the right come into power.
President Nixon: I think the important thing to note is that in America, at least at this time, those on the right can do what those on the left talk about.
Dr. Kissinger: There is another point, Mr. President. Those on the left are pro-Soviet and would not encourage a move towards the People’s Republic, and in fact criticize you on those grounds.
Chairman Mao: Exactly that. Some are opposing you. In our country also there is a reactionary group which is opposed to our contact with you. The result was they got on an airplane and fled abroad.
Prime Minister Chou: Maybe you know this.
Chairman Mao: Throughout the whole world, the U.S. intelligence reports are comparatively accurate. The next was Japan. As for the Soviet Union, they finally went to dig out the corpses, but they didn’t say anything about it.
Prime Minister Chou: In Outer Mongolia.”
Before long, China threw off its former policy of anti-imperialism, arguing for a strengthening of NATO, support for German reunification and West European integration, support for U.S.-Japanese Security Treaty, declining support for national liberation movements in South Asia, its support for reactionary “liberation” movements supported by imperialist powers (such as UNITA in Angola), and its support of the semi-colonies of imperialist powers, such as Iran, Pakistan, Zaire, fascist Chile and the Philippines.
So, now that I’ve finished this grand history lesson, how does this relate back to modern Maoism? More than you might think after reading, actually. Maoist supporters of the “new-democratic” theory of the Chinese Revolution, as well as the peasant-based theory of “people’s war” largely seek their justifications in Lin’s pamphlet. We have already examined Lin’s representation of the international situation in his 1965 pamphlet. Lin Biao, in an attempt to apply the Maoist concept of people’s war to the international struggle, pioneered an early version of Mao’s later “theory of three worlds” which perceives the world as being a global countryside surrounding a global city. His line as expressed in “Long Live The Victory of People’s War!” represents the absolutizing of the contradiction between imperialism and oppressed nations – and that, more than anything else, is what is key. Lin Biao’s ideas do not speak of the contradiction (at the time) between two opposing systems, socialism and capitalism, or of the contradiction between capital and labor in the capitalist countries, or of the contradiction between the imperialist powers. He misunderstands the entire foundation for the modern revolutionary movement, and raises his vision of the “global countryside” surrounding the “global city” out of dialectical context, treating it as the principal contradiction in the world.
Modern third-worldism is largely based on Lin Biaoism, though it has perhaps its earliest roots in the theories of Mirza Sultan-Galiyev. Sultan-Galiyev was a Tatar pan-Islamic nationalist opposed by Lenin and Stalin. He later began conspiratorial activity, including tried to ally with Trotsky but was rejected, and had ties to the anti-Soviet counterrevolutionary Bashmachi movement. Among other beliefs, Sultan-Galiyev thought that the Muslim peoples were “proletarian peoples” and thus national movements among them were socialist revolutions, that in places inhabited by Muslims, the Communist Party should “integrate” with Islam, which should be brought about by a special Muslim party, and that geographically large territorial units should be formed embracing as many Muslims as possible. He had dreams of creating a pan-Turanian Turkish-Tatar state stretching across Central Asia. He was eventually arrested for his conspiratorial activity and died in prison. Like Sultan-Galiyev, Lin Biao’s analysis is not class-based, and in fact Lin’s pamphlet contains theses very similar to that of “Sultan-Galiyevism”:
“If North American and western Europe can be called ‘the cities of the world’, then Asia, Africa and Latin America constitute ‘the rural areas of the world’…the contemporary world revolution…presents a picture of the encirclement of cities by the rural areas. In the final analysis, the whole cause of world revolution hinges on the revolutionary struggles of the Asian, African and Latin American peoples.”
Obviously, no Marxist can deny the contradiction between the imperialist powers and the colonial and semi-colonial countries, which is a major contradiction in the world we live in. Independence and national liberation struggles for independence and national sovereignty led against imperialism is a just struggle which deserves the support of Marxist-Leninists and the world proletariat. But that’s not all Lin Biao does. Here, while recognizing the existence of revolutionary situations and movement in countries in the “third world,” he treats the “third world” as an undifferentiated whole, exaggerating this situation into one in which the entire “third world” is ripe everywhere for revolution. What is also striking about his “countryside versus city” division of the world is his non-class view of the “third world,” its omission of the basic contradiction between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie and its disregarding of classes and class struggle within those countries, and an utter lack of analysis of the class nature of the regimes which rule there. This way the contradiction between the oppressed peoples and the reactionary and pro-imperialist powers is absolutized.
But the modern preachers of Lin Biaoism go further than to label the “third world” as leader of the liberation movement or the main force in the struggle against imperialism – frequently they proclaim it the only revolutionary force in the world. But to speak about the “third world” as the main force against imperialism and as the main force of the revolution such as the followers of Lin Biaoism, of third-worldism and other theories do ignores (or in some cases intentionally glosses over) the objective fact that the majority of the countries of the “third world” are ruled by agents of imperialism and neo-colonialism. The international view of Lin Biaoism belittles the size and importance of the comprador bourgeoisie and other pro-imperialist forces of the “third world.” To speak of the “third world” as a undifferentiated whole without making any distinction between genuine anti-imperialist revolutionary forces and pro-imperialist, reactionary and fascist ruling classes is to abandon the class struggle and the teachings of Marxism-Leninism openly. It means nothing less than to preach opportunism which cause confusion and disorder among the revolutionary proletariat.
Further, Lin Biaoism says that these countries are the “main anti-imperialist force” in the world. It logically stands to reason that it is not the business of revolutionaries to topple this “main force.” By now, it becomes increasingly apparent that Lin Biaoism is not a scientific approach to Marxism and is in opposition to proletarian internationalism. Lin Biao’s theories deny the role of the vanguard party in both the “third world” and the “first world” nations. Lin Biao’s concepts obscure the character of class struggle, creates illusions and misleads the people. Lin Biaoism is claimed by its followers to be the strategy for revolution today, and yet this strategy has no place for the proletariat or the Marxist-Leninist party. It claims to be a valuable contribution towards a proper analysis of the forces of the world, and yet classes are not mentioned.
Lin Biao’s theoretical understanding is eerily similar to that put forward by Karl Kautsky at the beginning of the century. Kautsky, on the eve of the First World War, postulated that in the field of international relations, a new age was approaching “in which the competition among states will be disabled by their cartel relationship.” He argued “there is nothing further to prevent […] finally replacing imperialism by a holy alliance of the imperialists.” This state of affairs is what he referred to as “Ultra Imperialism.” Kautsky falsely predicted the onset of a new phase of the elimination of contradictions between imperialist and capitalist states. This gave way to reformism, since it remained purely focused on combating “hegemonism” and sees imperialism as a policy, which could be adopted or rescinded at the whim of the ruling class, instead of the latest stage in the development of capitalism. Lenin in contrast, viewed imperialism as the highest and last stage of capitalism – monopoly capitalism that needs the domination of other countries and war. Lenin strongly criticized this theory of Kautsky’s, pointing out his denial of the connection between the rule of monopolies and imperialism, as well as his attempts to portray the rule of finance capital as somehow “lessening” the contradictions inherent in the world economy, when in reality it increases and aggravates them. Lenin summed up thusly:
“The question is: what means other than war could there be under capitalism to overcome the disparity between the development of productive forces and the accumulation of capital on the one side, and the division of colonies and spheres of influence for finance capital on the other?”
(V.I. Lenin, Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism).
Uneven development among nations means that capitalists internationally frequently have radically different interests and not all of these interests can be met by full integration of their economic activity within the global marketplace. Any alliance, any “unity” within the capitalist camp is subject to how it benefits the profits of the individual capitalists within such an alliance. Unlike workers, who are able to reap benefits from the struggles of workers all over the world, a capitalist isn’t necessarily benefited by the success of other capitalists. As capitalists are forced to compete for what they perceive to be a limited number of material and market resources, the bonds which have formerly bound them begin to deteriorate.
Lin Biaoist formulations of the world proclaim no actual, concrete program for anti-imperialist struggle, or even for support of national liberation movements of oppressed peoples. What they do, quite in the style of the idealists of the past, is to cloak the question of revolution in bombastic-sounding phrases. Lin Biaoism implicitly capitulates to imperialism by including the reactionaries and comprador bourgeoisie in the same ranks as the people and the revolutionaries of the “third world.” This can only lead to obscuring the radical contradictions characteristic of the monopoly stage of capitalism. Interestingly, Lin Biao portrays imperialism as the main enemy of the world’s people, and yet the same set of theories were used by Hua Guofeng and Deng Xiaoping to ally themselves with imperialism. This is not just a lesson for those in the “first,” “second” or “third” worlds, but the entire world. While some of the supporters of the theory may disagree with specific tactics in the examples I have cited, the overall logic is inescapable.
Of course, there are a never-ending stream of national-chauvinist Marxists who stand ready and willing to assure us that this position of Lin’s conforms more closely to reality than, say, those of Trotsky, who in this case acts as a stand-in for anyone opposed to Lin Biao’s theories, or J. Sakai’s, or Sultan-Galiyev’s, or whoever they happen to be cheering on. These chauvinists are usually quick to conjure demons from oblivion at the sign of the slightest opposition to their theories, such as “Trotskyism” or “Eurocentric” Marxism. Sometimes they are even brave enough to challenge traditional Marxism, which they characterize as ‘Eurocentric” or “mechanical.” As we all know, Marxism consists of choosing between envisioning a dramatic repetition of the events of the Chinese Revolution on a global scale with isolated urban areas in a sea of peasant revolution, or being accused of Euro-chauvinism ourselves. The endless need of revisionists to figure out which demonstrably incorrect line is “closer” to reality never ceases to amaze me, and the debate between Trotskyism, a stand-in for supposedly “Eurocentric” traditional Marxism and Lin Biaoism and its proclamation that the the entire so-called “third world” or “global south” is ready and ripe for revolution is no exception to that.
Today there is much talk about the “first,” “second” or “third” world, a world of “colonized” countries versus “colonizer” countries, of the “global south versus the global north,” etc. All of these terms, of course, conceal the real class nature of these countries. But this is not all, oh no dear reader, not quite all indeed! For recently, these ideas have further paved the way for its modern adherents to apply class labels to entire nations, saying that the “first world” represents a global bourgeoisie and making such claims as the first world populations not representing the true proletariat. Some go even further, and take Lin Biaoist views to outright denying the first world proletariat’s revolutionary potential, dismissing it as inherently reactionary as a class. At first glance, nothing would appear stranger than a group of so-called Marxists in the first world decrying the revolutionary potential of its people. But in fact, it’s no secret that this odd trend of Maoism has emerged as one of the most outwardly vocal, if not particularly politically effective, voices on the American left in recent years.
Whether they claim there are no significant exploited groups in the first world, or that internally colonized peoples are the only real proletariat, or some other variation thereof, modern third-worldism attempts to peddle the same Lin Biaoist theories, despite what differences they may have. Some confuse class as income, while others do not. Some claim that class is one’s personal ideology, i.e. reactionary workers are bourgeois or labor aristocrat, while others do not. Some, like author J. Sakai, claim that every person of European descent in the United States is a net exploiter from the American colonies onwards, and that the U.S. has no proletariat of its own but exists parasitically on colonial peoples, oppressed nations and national minorities, whom he labels the “true proletariat.” Therefore, the entire white working class is reactionary rather than revolutionary and this has always been the case, and therefore working class solidarity between whites, blacks, Hispanics, Natives, Asians and other peoples is impossible. He recognizes white privilege in the form of Euro-American workers being a privileged labor aristocracy which possesses a petty-bourgeois reformist ideology rather than a revolutionary proletarian one. Sakai’s solution is to call for a kind of Bundist separatism, with each racial group creating its own independent organization.
Before I continue, it must be made clear that the labor aristocracy, that is, the stratum of highly-paid and privileged workers bribed by the imperialist bourgeoisie by means of superprofits extracted from colonies and neo-colonies, certainly exists. This has been recognized by all the Marxist classics ever since the strata of the labor aristocracy emerged in Britain in the mid-19th century. This tendency was recognized by Marx and Engels, and they traced this opportunism within the working class movement directly back to British imperialism:
“[T]he English proletariat is actually becoming more and more bourgeois, so that the ultimate aim of this most bourgeois of all nations would appear to be the possession, alongside the bourgeoisie, of a bourgeois aristocracy and a bourgeois proletariat. In the case of a nation which exploits the entire world this is, of course, justified to some extent”
(F. Engels, “Engels to Marx in London,” 7 October 1858).
These views remained consistent over the course of several decades, as seen in this letter from Engels to Kautsky dated twenty-four years later:
“You ask me what the English workers think about colonial policy. Well, exactly the same as they think about politics in general: the same as what the bourgeois think. There is no workers’ party here, there are only Conservatives and Liberal-Radicals, and the workers gaily share the feast of England’s monopoly of the world market and the colonies”
(F. Engels, “Engels to Karl Kautsky in Vienna,” 12 September 1882).
V.I. Lenin also identified the source of bribery for the labor aristocracy as the commercial and industrial monopoly of the imperialist countries and their export of capital to the colonial countries:
“Before the war [World War I – E.S.], it was calculated that the three richest countries—Britain, France and Germany—got between eight and ten thousand million francs a year from the export of capital alone, apart from other sources.
It goes without saying that, out of this tidy sum, at least five hundred millions can be spent as a sop to the labour leaders and the labour aristocracy, i.e., on all sorts of bribes. The whole thing boils down to nothing but bribery. It is done in a thousand different ways: by increasing cultural facilities in the largest centres, by creating educational institutions, and by providing co-operative, trade union and parliamentary leaders with thousands of cushy jobs. This is done wherever present-day civilised capitalist relations exist. It is these thousands of millions in super-profits that form the economic basis of opportunism in the working-class movement. In America, Britain and France we see a far greater persistence of the opportunist leaders, of the upper crust of the working class, the labour aristocracy; they offer stronger resistance to the Communist movement. That is why we must be prepared to find it harder for the European and American workers’ parties to get rid of this disease than was the case in our country. We know that enormous successes have been achieved in the treatment of this disease since the Third International was formed, but we have not yet finished the job; the purging of the workers’ parties, the revolutionary parties of the proletariat all over the world, of bourgeois influences, of the opportunists in their ranks, is very far from complete.”
(V.I. Lenin, “The Second Congress of the Communist International”)
“They [Social-Democrats] are just as much traitors to socialism… They represent that top section of workers who have been bribed by the bourgeoisie… for in all the civilised, advanced countries the bourgeoisie rob—either by colonial oppression or by financially extracting ‘gain’ from formally independent weak countries—they rob a population many times larger than that of ‘their own’ country. This is the economic factor that enables the imperialist bourgeoisie to obtain superprofits, part of which is used to bribe the top section of the proletariat and convert it into a reformist, opportunist petty bourgeoisie that fears revolution.”
(V.I. Lenin., “Letter to the Workers of Europe and America,” Pravda; No. 16, January 24, 1919)
Exploitation of the world by imperialist countries and their monopoly position on the global market, as well as their colonial possessions, allowed sections of their proletariat to become bourgeois, and allowed a section of their proletariat to allow themselves to be bribed by the bourgeoisie. Unlike modern third-worldists however, who dismiss the whole of the population of imperialist countries as unexploited and bourgeois, while recognizing the social and economic basis for opportunism and revisionism in the more developed countries, Lenin spoke of the labor aristocracy as a minority of the workers, and that it was the task of the revolutionaries to expose them:
“Neither we nor anyone else can calculate precisely what portion of the proletariat is following and will follow the social-chauvinists and opportunists. This will be revealed only by the struggle, it will be definitely decided only by the socialist revolution. But we know for certain that the ‘defenders of the fatherland’ in the imperialist war represent only a minority. And it is therefore our duty, if we wish to remain socialists to go down lower and deeper, to the real masses; this is the whole meaning and the whole purport of the struggle against opportunism. By exposing the fact that the opportunists and social-chauvinists are in reality betraying and selling the interests of the masses, that they are defending the temporary privileges of a minority of the workers, that they are the vehicles of bourgeois ideas and influences, that they are really allies and agents of the bourgeoisie, we teach the masses to appreciate their true political interests, to fight for socialism and for the revolution…”
(V.I. Lenin, “Imperialism and the Split in Socialism”).
He continued:
“The only Marxist line in the world labour movement is to explain to the masses the inevitability and necessity of breaking with opportunism, to educate them for revolution by waging a relentless struggle against opportunism […]”
(V.I. Lenin, “Imperialism and the Split in Socialism”).
Enver Hoxha analyzed the origins and class nature of the labor aristocracy, and noted its role in the advent of revisionism and reformism in the Communist Parties as well, particularly in Europe:
“The development of the economy in the West after the war [World War II – E.S.] also exerted a great influence on the spread of opportunist and revisionist ideas in the communist parties. True, Western Europe was devastated by the war but its recovery was carried out relatively quickly. The American capital which poured into Europe through the ‘Marshall Plan’ made it possible to reconstruct the factories, plants, transport and agriculture so that their production extended rapidly. This development opened up many jobs and for a long period, not only absorbed all the free labour force but even created a certain shortage of labour.
This situation, which brought the bourgeoisie great superprofits, allowed it to loosen its purse-strings a little and soften the labour conflicts to some degree. In the social field, in such matters as social insurance, health, education, labour legislation etc., it took some measures for which the working class had fought hard. The obvious improvement of the standard of living of the working people in comparison with that of the time of the war and even before the war, the rapid growth of production, which came as a result of the reconstruction of industry and agriculture and the beginning of the technical and scientific revolution, and the full employment of the work force, opened the way to the flowering amongst the unformed opportunist element of views about the development of capitalism without class conflicts, about its ability to avoid crises, the elimination of the phenomenon of unemployment etc. That major teaching of Marxism-Leninism, that the periods of peaceful development of capitalism becomes a source for the spread of opportunism, was confirmed once again. The new stratum of the worker aristocracy, which increased considerably during this period, began to exert an ever more negative influence in the ranks of the parties and their leaderships by introducing reformist and opportunist views and ideas.
Under pressure of these circumstances, the programs of these communist parties were reduced more and more to democratic and reformist minimum programs, while the idea of the revolution and socialism became ever more remote. The major strategy of the revolutionary transformation of society gave way to the minor strategy about current problems of the day which was absolutized and became the general political and ideological line.”
(Enver Hoxha. Eurocommunism is Anti-Communism. Tirana: 8 Nëntori Publishing House. 1980. pp. 82-83.)
So as we can see, the correct Marxist-Leninist analysis of the labor aristocracy was upheld by all the classics. However, none of this says that a proletariat ceases to exist in those countries. In contrast, modern “third-worldism,” sometimes called “Maoism Third-Worldism” and sometimes not, is the belief that first world workers are non-revolutionary and have the status of a global labor aristocracy lacking a proletarian revolutionary consciousness or revolutionary potential at all, since supposedly imperial capital has tamed them with flashy electronics and consumer products, thus bribing them into passivity. Thus, according to this mode of thought, first world leftists must place their hopes for a revolution on the peoples of the third world. This set of ideas was a common theme in the Maoist-inspired student movements of the 1960s and 1970s. Others since then, particularly since the 1980s, have taken this further and claimed that first world workers actually aren’t exploited at all, and are paid more than the value of their labor, thus making them part of the bourgeoisie complicit in exploiting the third world. In this version of the formulation, the first world is outright reactionary altogether. The only debate between the two types is whether there are any significantly exploited groups in the first world at all, such as prisoners, lumpenproletarians, blacks, Chicanos, etc., or if these people also share in the exploitation of the third world along with their white counterparts.
One of the most common characteristics of modern third-worldism is the tendency to blame the “first world” masses for not rising against capital, and to uphold this as evidence that they posses no revolutionary potential at all. This is especially curious as third-worldists exist almost exclusively within the “first world” themselves, and then mostly in the United States. To explain how they arrived at their revolutionary consciousness, such as it is, they are obliged to make metaphors to individuals like John Brown, and claim that the real reason socialism is not victorious in “first world” countries is that the people there recognize their material interests in following the imperialist bourgeoisie. Some even negate class as an economic classification by saying having a reactionary ideology also makes them labor aristocrats. Of course, if one blames “first world” workers for following and identifying with the dominant ideology of the bourgeoisie, the logical conclusion is to use that same standard for the large amounts of reactionary ideology in the “third world,” too, which tellingly, none of them dare to do. As Marx famously wrote:
“The ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas, i.e. the class which is the ruling material force of society, is at the same time its ruling intellectual force. The class which has the means of material production at its disposal, has control at the same time over the means of mental production, so that thereby, generally speaking, the ideas of those who lack the means of mental production are subject to it”
(Karl Marx, “The German Ideology”).
What third-worldists fail to realize is that part and parcel of the material conditions in the U.S. is being subjected to the most powerful, most all pervasive, most advanced apparatus of ideological hegemony the world has ever known. In essence they are asking why socialist ideas are not more widely accepted in the country with the most powerful, advanced, developed and pervasive capitalist media. Most chauvinist of all their justification in relying on the “third world” workers to make the revolution there is that in contrast to the workers in developed countries, who apparently enjoy too many benefits in their minds, the “third world” workers are truly the only one who “have nothing to lose but their chains.” Words cannot describe how incredibly ignorant, and more than that patronizing it is for someone living in the “first world” to point their finger at the entire working class of various nations and declare that they have “nothing to lose” and thus should rise up and potentially face maiming, torture and death so that the third-worldist can sit in his comfortable air-conditioned domicile and post photos expressing “solidarity” on social media. It is strictly up to the parties, organizations and workers themselves in those countries to determine if the time and conditions are ripe for a revolution. Until then, it is arrogant, and dare I say racist, to declare that the entire working population of vast nations have “nothing to lose.” If these renegades actually visited a developing country, they might find that everywhere they went they could find people who would strongly disagree they have “nothing to lose.”
The absolutizing of the phrase which famously ends the Manifesto, namely that the workers “have nothing to lose but their chains,” is just one more example of a recent trend of making political stances out of simple slogans, and increased sloganeering to disguise political dishonesty or even reaction. It’s obvious to any ready that the original phrase was meant by Marx and Engels as a rallying call, instead of an excuse to only classify those people who “have nothing to lose” as revolutionaries or workers. Everyone on the planet, even those living in the most miserable conditions, have “something to lose,” if only their lives and their families.
It is accurate to say that the roots of modern third-worldism are based in Maoism itself, in the peasant-based theories of Mao and especially Lin Biao. The three worlds theory, or the “theory of the three-part world” developed by Mao Tse-tung in 1974 was based entirely on China’s strategic interests. It was part of Chinese foreign policy in the 1970s as I have mentioned, and part of it was claiming U.S. imperialism was weak, citing for example its defeat in Vietnam, whereas Soviet social-imperialism was a rising and more dangerous imperialist power and a growing threat to humanity, akin to Nazi Germany. This position was supported dogmatically under Hua Guofeng but quietly dropped in the 1980s after the rise of Deng Xiaoping to the leadership of China when Sino-Soviet ties improved. But, as reactionary and mistaken as Mao’s three worlds theory might have been, and opportunist and anti-communist as was the Chinese foreign policy during that era, one cannot say Mao Tse-tung was a third-worldist in the modern sense by any stretch of the imagination. As perverse as the “theory of the three worlds” might be, present-day third-worldists are a perversion even of that shaky theoretical basis.
Modern “third-worldism” – which is an ideological variety of Lin Biaoism – existing outside of the internet has always been negligible. While some early third-worldist movements did exist as activists, none of them have been particularly large and were soon reduced almost exclusively to an internet presence. This has been the case since then. It can therefore be (rightly) inferred that third-worldists almost never have first-hand experience of life and material conditions or conditions of struggle in “third world” countries. It’s always struck me as curious that third-worldism has little to no following in the “third world” itself.
Indeed, the most commonly heard statement comrades from the “third world” made to American Marxist-Leninists is that our struggle here, in the very heart of imperialism, will be decisive. Mao Tse-tung himself made many such statements, such as this one from 1970:
“While massacring the people in other countries, U.S. imperialism is slaughtering the white and black people in its own country. Nixon’s fascist atrocities have kindled the raging flames of the revolutionary mass movement in the United States. The Chinese people firmly support the revolutionary struggle of the American people. I am convinced that the American people who are fighting valiantly will ultimately win victory and that the fascist rule in the United States will inevitably be defeated”
(Mao Tse-tung, “People of the World, Unit and Defeat the U.S. Aggressors and All Their Running Dogs”).
As far back as 1949, Mao spoke of the class struggles within the United States between the people and the ruling class:
“To start a war, the U.S. reactionaries must first attack the American people. They are already attacking the American people – oppressing the workers and democratic circles in the United States politically and economically and preparing to impose fascism there. The people of the United States should stand up and resist the attacks of the U.S. reactionaries. I believe they will”
(Mao Tse-tung, “Talk with American Correspondent Anna Louise Strong”).
As well, in a telegram to William Z. Foster in 1945, Mao wrote regarding the defeat of of Earl Browder’s revisionist and liquidationist line:
“Beyond all doubt the victory of the U.S. working class and its vanguard, the Communist Party of the United States, over Browder’s revisionist-capitulationist line will contribute signally to the great cause in which the Chinese and American peoples are engaged the cause of carrying on the war against Japan and of building a peaceful and democratic world after the war”
(Mao Tse-tung, “Telegram to Comrade William Z. Foster”).
In 1963, Mao also issued a statement supporting working class solidarity in the United States against systematic racism:
“I call upon the workers, peasants, revolutionary intellectuals, enlightened elements of the bourgeoisie, and other enlightened personages of all colours in the world, white, black, yellow, brown, etc., to unite to oppose the racial discrimination practiced by U.S. imperialism and to support the American Negroes in their struggle against racial discrimination. In the final analysis, a national struggle is a question of class struggle. In the United States, it is only the reactionary ruling clique among the whites which is oppressing the Negro people. They can in no way represent the workers, farmers, revolutionary intellectuals, and other enlightened persons who comprise the overwhelming majority of the white people. At present, it is the handful of imperialists, headed by the United States, and their supporters, the reactionaries in different countries, who are carrying out oppression, aggression and intimidation against the overwhelming majority of the nations and peoples of the world. They are the minority, and we are the majority. At most they make up less than ten percent of the 3,000 million people of the world”
(Mao Tse-tung, “Statement Supporting the Afro-Americans in their Just Struggle Against Racial Discrimination by U.S. Imperialism”).
And again in 1968:
“Racial discrimination in the United States is a product of the colonialist and imperialist system. The contradiction between the Black masses in the United States and the U.S. ruling circles is a class contradiction. Only by overthrowing the reactionary rule of the U.S. monopoly capitalist class and destroying the colonialist and imperialist system can the Black people in the United States win complete emancipation. The Black masses and the masses of white working people in the United States have common interests and common objectives to struggle for. Therefore, the Afro-American struggle is winning sympathy and support from increasing numbers of white working people and progressives in the United States. The struggle of the Black people in the United States is bound to merge with the American workers’ movement, and this will eventually end the criminal rule of the U.S. monopoly capitalist class”
(Mao Tse-tung, “A New Storm Against Imperialism”).
As I’ve already shown, Lin Biao’s line, which is much more closely followed by modern third-worldists, saw the primary contradiction in the world as between the global city and global countryside, or the exploited poor countries versus the wealthy imperialist countries, imagining people’s war on a global scale. Some even go as far to say that the waging of people’s war is the true test if a movement is truly communist or not. Third-worldists today uphold the theories of Lin Biao and largely reject the Chinese policies during this period, accusing the Chinese leadership, and even Mao Tse-tung himself, of “first-worldism” for supporting the class struggles of the workers in the “first world.” Of course, revolutionaries in the “third world” saying the working class in the “first world” also wage a decisive struggle are not limited to Mao himself.
Cuban poet and revolutionary José Martí once spoke a phrase which was popularized by Ernesto “Che” Guevara: “I envy you. You North Americans are very lucky. You are fighting the most important fight of all – you live in the heart of the beast.”
During the anti-colonial wars in Vietnam against the French, Ho Chi Minh spoke of the French working class as an ally against the French imperialists:
“If the French imperialists think that they can suppress the Vietnamese revolution by means of terror, they are grossly mistaken. For one thing, the Vietnamese revolution is not isolated but enjoys the assistance of the world proletariat in general and that of the French working class in particular.”
(Ho Chi Minh, “Appeal made on the Occasion of the Founding of the Indochinese Communist Party”).
Ho Chi Minh further said he considered the French and Vietnamese proletariat as two forces which ought to unite together in a common struggle against the French ruling class:
“The mutual ignorance of the two proletariats [French and Vietnamese] gives rise to prejudices. The French workers look upon the native as an inferior and negligible human being, incapable of understanding and still less of taking action. The natives regard all the French as wicked exploiters. Imperialism and capitalism do not fail to take advantage of this mutual suspicion and this artificial racial hierarchy to frustrate propaganda and divide forces which ought to unite”
(Ho Chi Minh, “Some Considerations of the Colonial Question”).
He even spoke of the line, notably from the Second International, that people in developed countries and people in colonial and semi-colonial countries should not unite, supporting the line of Lenin and Stalin in calling it reactionary:
“I will explain myself more clearly. In his speech on Lenin and the national question Comrade Stalin said that the reformists and leaders of the Second International dared not align the white people of the colonies with their coloured counterparts. Lenin also refused to recognize this division and pushed aside the obstacle separating the civilized slaves of imperialism from the uncivilized slaves.
According to Lenin, the victory of the revolution in Western Europe depended on its close contact with the liberation movement against imperialism in enslaved colonies and with the national question, both of which form a part of the common problem of the proletarian revolution and dictatorship.
Later, Comrade Stalin spoke of the viewpoint which held that the European proletarians can achieve success without a direct alliance with the liberation movement in the colonies. And he considered this a counter-revolutionary viewpoint”
(Ho Chi Minh, “Report on the National and Colonial Questions at the Fifth Congress of the Communist International”).
In 1926, J.V. Stalin wrote the following in regards to the workers of Western Europe in supporting the Bolshevik revolution:
“Without the support of the workers of the West we could scarcely have held out against the enemies surrounding us. If this support should later develop into a victorious revolution in the West, well and good. Then the victory of socialism in our country will be final”
(J.V. Stalin, “The Possibility of Building Socialism in our Country”).
Modern third-worldists, whether they base themselves on Lin Biao, Franz Fanon, Sultan-Galiyev, J. Sakai or any number of other theoreticians, claim there is a divergence between “European” socialism and oppressed nations, the countries of the “third world.” These ideas are responsible for the strengthening of the notions of “African socialism,” “Arab socialism” and various other incarnations which claim that Marxism and Leninism are only for Europeans, only for white people. It must be asked: what then, separates the Lin Biaoists from bourgeois nationalists? Indeed, what separates them at all from anti-communists? As we can see, to disparage “first world” workers as an overall counterrevolutionary class and proclaim that “third world” workers are the only ones with truly nothing to lose, and to reject solidarity between them is anti-Marxist, liquidates proletarian internationalism and ignores any idea of revolutionary connectivity between the “third” and “first” worlds. The American left has had to put up with constant subversion of revisionist, counterrevolutionary and bourgeois politics which derail the worker’s movement, and that includes those embracing the Lin Biaoist or third-worldist line.
Lin Biao, like Mao Tse-tung during his “three worlds” period, like Karl Kautsky during his opportunist period, and like the sorry assortment of modern Lin Biaoists, rely on empty and bombastic phrase-mongering, petty-bourgeois pipe dreams represented as the highest r-r-revolutionary Utopianism coupled with a lack of analysis of the real functioning and foundations of the modern economic system.
For some of these pseudo-Marxists, they do not qualify either as Lin Biaoists or third-worldists because of some various trivial minutiae, such as not outwardly calling themselves such labels, such complexity does their ideology have, you see, that it defies categorization except that which is convenient for its defenders. I do not seek to say that all the differing theories I use as examples of this tendency are precisely the same; what I’d like to point out is the common failing between Lin Biaoism, the theories of Sultan-Galiyev, Kautsky’s “ultra-imperialism,” Mao’s “theory of the three worlds,” and modern third-worldists.
What these theories demonstrate is that there are problems when one is too quick to apply phenomenon which can be empirically understood at the national level to phenomena occurring internationally. Many theorists have made such non-class-based arguments in which the old notions of class struggle and imperialism are replaced by more “global” perspectives which perceive the main contradictions within capitalism taking place globally. Inevitably, these ideas later lead those theorists and their adherents to anti-Marxist, anti-scientific conclusions which would render their theories less useful for a concrete understanding of capitalism on the world stage. There are problems which arise in trying to mechanically and haphazardly apply these contradictions in a global way.
The triumph and realization of the proletarian revolution is the main aim of our historical epoch. It must and will necessarily permeate all countries without exception, among them the ones in both the “third” and “first” worlds, regardless of their level of development, and regardless at which stages the revolution will be accomplished. Disregarding this universal law and theorizing about whole nations being labor aristocrats, forgetting the fight against the comprador bourgeoisie, evaluating “third world” countries in a chauvinist way and opposing proletarian internationalism can only mean being neither for national liberation or for proletarian revolution. The proletarian revolution must and will triumph in Africa, Asia, the Americas and in Europe, too. Whoever forgets or distorts this perspective and doesn’t actively fight towards this aim, but instead preaches that the revolution has shifted and that the proletariat of certain countries has to either acknowledge itself as inherently reactionary, or ally itself with its “third world” bourgeoisie, is someone who takes a revisionist and reactionary stance.
While Lin Biao deserves credit for his distinguished career as a military officer in the Chinese Civil War, his theories are not a suitable replacement for the Leninist understanding of imperialism and revolution. Given the profound theoretical problems in Lin Biao’s conceptions of a “global countryside” and “global city,” and the evolution of his supporter’s chauvinist theories, I argue based on the evidence I have presented that the Leninist model is still the best framework for understanding the machinations of the capitalist and imperialist system internationally, even in this moment where ephemeral fashionable words like “third world” and “global south” are on everyone’s lips.
In conclusion, perhaps Lenin said it best:
“The flight of some people from the underground could have been the result of their fatigue and dispiritedness. Such individuals may only be pitied; they should be helped because their dispiritedness will pass and there will again appear an urge to get away from philistinism, away from the liberals and the liberal-labour policy, to the working-class underground. But when the fatigued and dispirited use journalism as their platform and announce that their flight is not a manifestation of fatigue, or weakness, or intellectual woolliness, but that it is to their credit, and then put the blame on the ‘ineffective,’ ‘worthless,’ ‘moribund,’ etc., underground, these runaways then become disgusting renegades, apostates. These runaways then become the worst of advisers for the working-class movement and therefore its dangerous enemies”
(V.I. Lenin, “How Vera Zasulich Demolishes Liquidationism”).
Posted on April 22, 2016 | Leave a comment
The International Conference of Marxist-Leninist Party Parties Organizations and (ICMLPO) express its deep condolences to the families of the victims and its full solidarity with the people of Ecuador hit by a strong earthquake.
As usual, in the capitalist regime the more affected by this kind of natural phenomena are the poorest, the deprived workers. This is the logic of a system whose purpose is the profit, instead of to satisfy the material and cultural needs of the society.
The ICMLPO calls to its members, to the working class and the people of Latin America and the whole world to express in a militant way the solidarity with this Ecuadorian people that since decades struggle against the exploitation and the imperialistic dominion, for the national sovereignty, the social progress and for a true revolutionary change.
We also call to the health and humanitarian organizations to intensify their efforts and to activate the urgent and necessary help to the affected population.
Let us distrust the bullying and authoritarian government of Correa to not taking advantage of the situation in order to limit the democratic and popular liberties and criminalize the social and political protest. The crisis and the devastation must be paid by the capitalists and the rich ones!
The oppression and the tragedies suffered by the peoples for social and environmental causes should push the workers and the peoples of all countries to say NO to the imperialist intervention, interferences and wars, NO to the war expenditure and the racist walls, but YES to a politics of mutual help, peace and international workers’ and people solidarity, YES to a new socialist world.
April 18, 2016
“The Spirit of ’76”: a painting by Archibald Willard.
American Revolution
(in Russian, War of Independence in North America of 1775-83), the revolutionary liberation war of the 13 British colonies in North America against British colonial domination, during which an independent state was established—the United States of America.
The American Revolution was prepared for by the entire preceding socioeconomic history of the colonies. The development of capitalism in the colonies and the formation of the North American nation contradicted the policy of the mother country, which considered the colonies a source of raw materials and a market. After the Seven Years’ War (1756-63) the British government intensified its pressure on the colonies, in many ways hindering the further development of industry and trade. The colonization of lands west of the Allegheny Mountains was prohibited (1763), and new taxes and customs duties were introduced, which were contrary to the interests of all the colonists. Separate, uncoordinated uprisings and disturbances, which later developed into war, began in 1767. There was no unity among the participants in the liberation movement. Farmers, artisans, workers, and the urban petite bourgeoisie, who made up the democratic wing of the liberation movement, linked their struggle against the colonial yoke with hopes for free access to land and political democratization. However, the leading position in the camp of the advocates of independence (Whigs) belonged to the representatives of the right wing. They expressed the interests of the upper strata of the bourgeoisie and plantation owners, who were seeking a compromise with the mother country. The opponents of the liberation movement in the colonies and the open supporters of the mother country were the Tories, or Loyalists. Among them were big land-owners as well as persons who were connected with British capital and administration.
The First Continental Congress of representatives from the colonies met in 1774 in Philadelphia and called for a boycott of British goods. At the same time, the congress attempted to reach a compromise with the mother country. During the winter of 1774-75 the first armed detachments of colonists arose spontaneously. In the first battles at Concord and Lexington on Apr. 19, 1775, the British troops suffered heavy losses. Soon 20,000 insurgents formed a so-called camp of liberty near Boston. In the Battle of Bunker Hill on June 17, 1775, the British again suffered serious losses.
On May 10, 1775, the Second Continental Congress convened; the predominant influence in it was gained by the radical wing of the bourgeoisie. The congress proposed that all the colonies create new governments to replace the colonial regime. Regular armed forces were organized, and Washington was made commander in chief (June 15, 1775).
On July 4, 1776, the Continental Congress adopted the revolutionary Declaration of Independence, which was written by Jefferson. The declaration proclaimed the separation of the 13 colonies from the mother country and the formation of an independent state—the United States of America (USA). It was the first legal document in history that formally proclaimed the sovereignty of a people and the principles of bourgeois democratic liberties. The decrees on the confiscation of Loyalists’ property (1777) and lands belonging to the crown and the Anglican Church were very significant.
Military action during 1775-78 unfolded primarily in the northern part of the country. The British command endeavored to suppress resistance in New England, which was the center of the revolutionary movement. An American expedition to capture Canada did not achieve its intended goal. The Americans besieged Boston and captured it on Mar. 17, 1776. However, in August 1776 the British commander W. Howe inflicted a grave defeat on Washington’s troops in Brooklyn, and on September 15 he captured New York. In December the British Army inflicted another serious defeat on the Americans near Trenton. Although Washington soon succeeded in capturing Trenton and routing a British detachment at Princeton on Jan. 3, 1777, the position of the American army remained difficult.
The armies that were encountering each other in the American Revolution differed in their composition, equipment, and combat experience. The American insurgent army was initially an ill-trained and poorly organized people’s militia. However, the morale and political level of its soldiers, who were fighting for their own land and vital interests, was considerably higher than the British Army’s. By improving their tactics in waging war, the rebels were able to achieve important advantages. Avoiding major battles and cooperating with partisan detachments, the American army harassed the enemy with sudden thrusts. The American army was the first to use the tactics of an extended formation, against which the linear combat formation of the British proved powerless. At sea, where the British Navy prevailed, American ships also used the tactics of sudden raids, attacking British ships and carrying out campaigns near the shores of Great Britain.
The weakness of central authority in the republic played a considerable role in prolonging the war. The first constitution of the USA, the Articles of Confederation, which was adopted by the congress in 1777 and ratified by the states in 1781, preserved the sovereignty of the states on the most important questions. In addition, the War of Independence was a class struggle within the colonies themselves. Tens of thousands of Loyalists fought in the British Army. The bourgeoisie and plantation owners, who were leading the struggle for independence, were opposed to carrying out the democratic demands of the soldiers, farmers, and workers. The victory of the revolution was possible only because of the participation of the broad masses of the people. Among the poor of New England egalitarian demands ripened for a limit on property ownership and the introduction of ceiling prices on foodstuffs. The Negro people took an active part in the revolution, and Negro regiments were established.
The British plan of military action in 1777 was to cut New England off from the other states. On Sept. 26, 1777, Howe captured Philadelphia, the capital of the USA. However, a British army under the command of J. Burgoyne, which was proceeding from Canada to join Howe, was surrounded, and it surrendered on Oct. 17, 1777, at Saratoga. The victory at Saratoga, which was won by American troops under the command of General H. Gates, improved the international position of the young republic. The USA managed to take advantage of the contradictions between Great Britain and other European powers. Sent to Paris as the representative of the USA, B. Franklin concluded a military alliance in 1778 with France—Great Britain’s colonial rival. In 1779, Spain joined the war against Great Britain. Russia took a friendly position toward the USA, and in 1780 it headed the so-called League of Armed Neutrality, which brought together a number of European countries who were opposed to Great Britain’s attempt to prevent neutral countries from trading with Britain’s enemies.
In June 1778, General H. Clinton, who had replaced Howe, abandoned Philadelphia. During 1779-81 the British shifted their military activity to the southern states, counting on the support of the plantation aristocracy. In December 1778 they captured Savannah, and in May 1780 they took Charleston. The talented general and former blacksmith N. Greene was made head of the southern American army. In fighting against the British troops Greene successfully combined the action of the insurgent army and the partisans. The British were compelled to withdraw their troops to the port cities. After a naval battle of Sept. 5-13, 1781, the French Navy cut the main British forces off from the sea at Yorktown. Washington surrounded them on land, and on Oct. 19, 1781, he forced them to surrender. Under the Versailles Peace Treaty of 1783, Great Britain recognized the independence of the USA.
The American Revolution was a bourgeois revolution that led to the overthrow of the colonial yoke and the formation of an independent American national state. The former prohibitions by the British Parliament and royal authority, which had hampered the development of industry and trade, were abolished. Also eliminated were the large estates of the British aristocracy, as well as vestiges of feudalism (fixed rent, entail, and primogeniture). In the northern states Negro slavery was limited and gradually eliminated. The transformation of the western lands, which had been expropriated from the Indians, into national property by the Ordinance of 1787 and their subsequent distribution created a base for the accumulation of capital. Thus, the essential prerequisites for the development of capitalism in North America were created. However, not all the problems that confronted the American revolution were resolved. Slavery was not abolished in the South, and a high property qualification for voters was maintained in all the states. The estates of Loyalists and western lands were distributed in large pieces, and they fell into the hands of speculators.
The American Revolution, which in its own time was the model of a revolutionary war, exerted an influence on the struggle of the European bourgeoisie against feudal absolutist regimes. Approximately 7,000 European volunteers fought in the ranks of the American army, including the Frenchmen the Marquis de Lafayette and H. Saint-Simon and the Pole T. Kosciuszko. During the Great French Revolution the insurgents made use of the organizational experience and revolutionary military tactics of the Americans. The victory of the North Americans in the American Revolution promoted the development of the liberation movement of the peoples of Latin America against Spanish domination. The revolution was hailed by the progressive people of many countries, including Russia, where A. N. Radishchev celebrated it in the ode “Liberty.”
REFERENCES
Marx, K. Kapital, vol. 1, ch. 25. In K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 23.
Engels, F. “Rabochee dvizhenie v Amerike.” Ibid., vol. 21.
Engels, F. F. A. Zorge, 31 dek. 1892. (Letter.) Ibid., vol. 38.
Engels, F. N. F. Daniel’sonu, 17 okt. 1893. (Letter.) Ibid., vol. 39.
Lenin, V. I. Novye dannye o zakonakh razvitiia kapitalizma v zemledelii, part 1: “Kapitalizm i zemledelie v Soedinennykh Shtatakh Ameriki.” Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 27.
Lenin, V. I. “Pis’mo k amerikanskim rabochim.” Ibid., vol. 37.
Lenin, V. I. “Agrarnaia programma sotsial-demokratii v pervoi russkoi revoliutsii 1905-1907 godov.” Ibid., vol. 16.
Ocherki novoi i noveishei istorii SShA, vol. 1. Moscow, 1960.
Foner, P. Istoriia rabochego dvizheniia v SShA, vol. 1. Moscow, 1949. (Translated from English.)
Foster, W. Negritianskii narod v istorii Ameriki. Moscow, 1955. (Translated from English.)
Fursenko, A. A. Amerikanskaia burzhuaznaia revoliutsiia XVIII v. Moscow-Leningrad, 1960.
Aptheker, H. Istoriia amerikanskogo naroda [vol. 2], Amerikanskaia revoliutsiia 1763-1783. Moscow, 1962. (Translated from English.)
The American Nation: A History, vols. 8-10. New York [1933].
Bemis, S. F. The Diplomacy of the American Revolution. New York, 1935.
Hardy, J. The First American Revolution. New York, 1937.
Morais, H. The Struggle for American Freedom. New York, 1944.
Jensen, M. The New Nation: A History of the United States During the Confederation, 1781-1789. New York, 1950.
Gipson, L. The Coming of the Revolution, 1763-1775. New York, 1954.
I. I. DEMENT’EV
Anti-austerity demonstration before the Greek Parliament, July 3, 2015
August 2015
1. An Introduction to Greece
2. The Truman Doctrine – Greece becomes dependent upon the USA after the Second World War
3. The Greek Junta – Greece by now fully a client state of the USA
4. Capitalist Class of Greece Moves to “Democracy” and Europe
5. The USA Makes Its Move to Become the World Imperialist Leader – The Character of the European Union – from pro-USA states to anti-USA coalition
6. The Greek Economic Crisis 2009-2015
7. The Marxist View of “National Debt” under capitalism
8. The Debt Crisis leads to increasing struggle of the growing Greek working class and gives rise to The United Front of Syriza – the political parties of the left
9. What was the elected programme of Syriza?
10. Elections of 2015 and Negotiations with the Troika
11. Conclusion
APPENDIX: Select Chronology 1975 to 2015
Synopsis:
After the Second World War, Greece was a client state in the Mediterranean of the USA. The revisionist collapse of the Yugoslav communists in the neighbouring state of Yugoslavia was key in this development. Tito’s degeneration into revisionism deprived the minority of the Marxist-Leninist forces in the Communist Party of Greece (KKE) of crucial support. We describe this in a subsequent more detailed article.
This article is restricted to the post Second World War development of Greece, up to the present-day debt crisis. It argues that the entire post-war history of Greece was effectively that of a neo-colonial state serving initially the interests of USA imperialism and British imperialism. The Greek people did not have a non-revisionist proletarian leadership that could develop an independent democratic path. The Junta and the imperialist machinations in Cyprus of the island further retarded the people of Greece. Both Greece and Cyprus – endured military oligarchic dictatorships sponsored by the USA.
The later history of Greece became inextricably entwined with the slow but sure evolution of the European imperialist bloc. This bloc took multiple only slowly coalesced, and eventually it later became the European Community. However during its coming into being, it took several class forms. The post-Marshall Plan in Europe had ushered in a dominant USA which fostered the first steps towards a federal Europe. In its hopes to control the European content as a market, the USA was at first successful. During this period the elements of a united Europe adopted a pro-USA comprador position.
This is also characterised the initial European Economic Union (EEC). But the Euronationlists finally, and haltingly, moved to release Europe to some extent, from the USA embrace. Following the fall of the former Comecon countries, Germany was able to move into a new market itself. This began a new phase. Now the rising German imperialists used their industrial superiority and new market share to re-vitalise their hegemonic ambitions.
Such events were milestones on the road to today’s debacle in Greece. They were the pre-history of the chronic indebtedness of the Greek state.
After the Junta “democratised” itself, Greece swopped the USA master for that of the EU. The EU progressed to be firmly dominated by the unified single unitary state of Germany, where German capitalists became the dominant faction. German capital exported both capital and industrial exports, including… to Greece. Over-riding the total market share of Greece accruing to Germany, are the huge debts of Italy and France to Germany – both at risk of potential default. This underlies the harshness of the German ruling class towards the Greek capitalist representatives in Greece today. Finally, current differences between the International Monetary Fund leader Christine Lagard (representing the USA interests) and the German leaders Angela Merkel and Schauble, show the continuing inter-imperial contradictions. This has engulfed Greece today.
1. An Introduction to Greece
Greece is set in the Eastern corner of the Mediterranean Sea and surrounded by the Aegean Sea:
“Greece has more than 2,000 islands, of which about 170 are inhabited; some of the easternmost Aegean islands lie just a few miles off the Turkish coast. The country’s capital is Athens, which expanded rapidly in the second half of the 20th century. Attikí (ancient Greek: Attica), the area around the capital, is now home to about one-third of the country’s entire population.
( http://www.britannica.com/place/Greece )”
In the modern era industrialisation has been slow, leaving Greece dependent upon agriculture, fishing and tourism. The only segment of industry that could be considered substantial is shipbuilding and related industries:
“The manufacturing sector in Greece is weak. …. In the 1960s and ’70s Greek shipowners took advantage of an investment regime that benefited from foreign capital by investing in such sectors as oil refining and shipbuilding. Shipping continues to be a key industrial sector—the merchant fleet being one of the largest in the world—(but) are extremely vulnerable to downturns in international economic activity, as they are principally engaged in carrying cargoes between developing countries.”
( http://www.britannica.com/place/Greece/Demographic-trends#toc26455 )
As far as agriculture is concerned, produce is hampered by small peasant holdings, resulting from an early restriction on large land holdings:
“large landowners appeared relatively late (with the annexation of Thessaly in 1881) and only lasted till the agrarian reforms of 1917, which abolished big landed property in Greece irreversibly.”
(Mouzelis, Nicols. ‘Capitalism and Dictatorship in Post-war Greece”; New Left Review; I/96, March-April 1976).
In addition dry conditions and poor soil make agriculture at times tenuous.
In recent years the European Community has helped with various grant subsidies. Overfishing has hampered that other resource:
“Greece’s agricultural potential is hampered by poor soil, inadequate levels of “precipitation, a landholding system that has served to increase the number of unproductive smallholdings, and population migration from the countryside to cities and towns. Less than one-third of the land area is cultivable, with the remainder consisting of pasture, scrub, and forest. Only in the plains of Thessalía, Makedonía, and Thráki is cultivation possible on a reasonably large scale. There corn (maize), wheat, barley, sugar beets, peaches, tomatoes, cotton (of which Greece is the only EU producer), and tobacco are grown. Other crops grown in considerable quantities are olives (for olive oil), grapes, melons, potatoes, and oranges, all of which are exported to other EU countries. … Although inefficient, Greek agriculture has benefited substantially from EU subsidies… In general, however, the importance of the agricultural sector to the economy is diminishing…
Greece’s extensive coastline and numerous islands have always supported intensive fishing activity. However, overfishing and the failure to conserve fish stocks properly, a problem throughout the Mediterranean, have reduced the contribution of fishing to the economy.
Greece has few natural resources. Its only substantial mineral deposits are of nonferrous metals, notably bauxite.”
( http://www.britannica.com/place/Greece/Demographic-trends#toc26455 ) ( http://www.britannica.com/place/Greece/Agriculture-forestry-and-fishing )
The early development of modern-day Greek capitalism was that of a merchant capital that weaved itself into the matrix of the Ottoman Empire. Both these traders and arising shipping magnates, were based outside of Greece. Being non-resident they could not transfer easily all their capital resources for later industrialisation needed to keep pace with the rest of the European economies:
“The development of the Greek bourgeoisie must be traced back to the sixteenth century when Greece was under Ottoman rule…. Greek merchants… accumulated vast fortunes and control (over) Balkan trade and most of the Ottoman empire’s commercial transactions with the industrialising West. …..
With the decline of the Ottoman empire in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the Greek bourgeoisie….contributed to the development of Balkan nationalism. It thus played a crucial role in the Greek war of independence against the Turks (1821). For while the Greek peasantry constituted the main revolutionary force in the war, the bourgeoisie and the intellectuals managed to direct this force towards nationalist goals. ….
The first Greek constitutions, for instance, were inspired by the French experience; and although Capo d’Istria and later King Otto tried to implement an absolutist model of government, their efforts were ultimately frustrated.
Of course, it is true that in the nineteenth century the autochthonous merchant class was rather weak. But its counterpart living abroad, the Greek diaspora merchants and ship-owners, with their formidable financial power, greatly influenced the shaping of most institutions in nineteenth-century Greece itself… .. these (Greek) merchant communities.. were flourishing both in colonial centres (Alexandria, Cairo, Khartoum, etc.), in the major capitals of ninteenth- century Europe and in Constantinople and Asia Minor.”
(Mouzelis, Nicols. ‘Capitalism and Dictatorship in Post-war Greece”; New Left Review; I/96, March-April 1976).
This large overseas Greek bourgeoisie was already prone to comprador positions. Although it helped transfer some capital to Greece itself, this was largely in the mercantile and finance sectors:
“Although relatively small by international standards, the Greek diaspora bourgeoisie, by exploiting inter-imperialist rivalries and playing the role of intermediary between metropolitan and colonial centres, managed to master formidable financial resources, some of which were channelled into mainland Greece. However, given its cosmopolitan and mercantile character, as well as the weakness of the indigenous bourgeoisie, these resources contributed to the development of a top-heavy state and a parasitic tertiary sector, geared to support a mercantile and finance capital, rather than to the development of industry and agriculture.”
(Mouzelis, Nicols. ‘Capitalism and Dictatorship in Post-war Greece”; New Left Review; I/96, March-April 1976).
By the end of the Second World War, the population of Greece can be characterised in the following break-down:
A very small working class, of whom the most militant were in the tobacco industry; also some in shipping (often overseas for long periods) and fishing;
A substantial number of small to medium petit-bourgeoisie in the urban areas (artisans, small businesses) and an even larger number of small peasants in the rural areas
A small but dominant comprador bourgeoisie with significant financial overseas capital – based in the shipping industry and in bank capital – with many connections to foreign traders
A much smaller but ambitious section of industrial capital anxious to develop their ‘home’ base of Greek production.
The first two sections of society in particular, had suffered enormous losses and hardships under the Italian-German fascist occupation; and then in the ravages of the Civil War. A good summary of the position of the Greek people following the Second World War can be taken from Enver Hoxha:
“When our people are rebuilding their country which was devastated during the war, when our country is working with all its might to strengthen the people’s democracy and advance on its peaceful and progressive course, Greek monarcho-fascism is employing a thousand and one of the basest methods to inflict harm on our people. You know what a terrible tragedy is occurring in Greece. The unfortunate but heroic Greek people are fighting against monarcho- fascists and the foreign intervention. The progressive and democratic world is profoundly indignant when it sees the great tragedy of that people who deserve to live free and sovereign, but who, unfortunately, are being mercilessly oppressed and killed by collaborators of Italo-German fascism who are now under the direct orders of Anglo-American reaction.”
(Hoxha, Enver; “We Sympathize With the Efforts of the Greek People for Freedom and Democracy.” Speech 3 October 1947; In: “Two Friendly Peoples
Excerpts from the political diary and other documents on Albanian—Greek relations
1941 — 1984”. Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin Institute Toronto, 1985; pp. 47-48. http://www.enverhoxha.ru/Archive_of_books/English/enver_hoxha_two_friendly_peoples_eng.pdf
2. The Truman Doctrine – Greece becomes dependent upon the USA after the Second World War
The USA implemented an overall strategy known as ‘The Truman Doctrine’ – to counter the ideological threat of the USSR after the victories led by the Marxist-Leninists had inspired the world proletariat. In the Aegean the Truman Doctrine aimed to:
“Prevent Greece and Turkey from passing under Soviet Control.”
(Woodhouse C.M. “Modern Greece, A Short History”; London 3rd Edition
1984; p. 258).
Both the USA Marshall Plan and the creation of NATO, were tactical instruments of the Truman Doctrine. They were used in Greece to build and develop a modern capitalist state structure. But before they were deployed, first the potential proletarian victory of the Greek Civil War had to be stopped.
While the British General Scopus and his forces had defeated the combined forces of the Greek Communist Party (KKE) and their military wing (ELAS), significant distrust remained in the population against British imperialism. So, after the battle of Athens (Dec 3rd 1949) was won by the British, a democratic façade was placed onto the imperialist proceedings. By this stage all leftist opposition had been essentially neutralized and no longer posed any threat to the Greek capitalist class.
When the British imperial chief Winston Churchill understood the degree of Greek popular distrust – he reversed his prior opposition to a plebiscite. The plebiscite following the defeat of left forces enabled the return. The ensuing Plebiscite supported the return of King George II to Greece. (Woodhouse C.M. “Modern Greece” Ibid; p. 254).
The Americans also dropped their previous support of the King, and become “ostentatiously neutral” (Woodhouse C.M Ibid; p. 254) – they tacitly supported the British crushing of the communist forces. Archibishop Damaskinos was appointed a Regent in the King’s stead and General Plasitiras (head of EDS) was appointed Prime Minister and head of government in lieu of George Papandreuou. Papandreuou had previously “approved” the British suppression of the mutiny of 1944 (Woodhouse C.M Ibid; p. 252).
Both the American covert support, and the British repudiation of the King’s intent – enabled the predominantly capitulationist ELAS some pretext to accede to British overlordship. Accordingly ELAS now agreed to the infamous Varizka Agreement of February 1945. Only Aris Veloukhiotis and the Political Committee of National Liberation (PEEA) had resisted Varizka – and these forces were simply hunted down and eliminated.
A succession of shaky governments was capped by the first post-war General Election of March 1946. The Communist Party of Greece (KKE) abstained and the Populist party of Constantine Taldaris, formed a government. This election:
“Marked a watershed in Greece’s foreign relations. For the first time the Government of the USA was directly involved in Greek affairs alongside Britain, though occupation in the Allied Mission for observing the Greek elections. It was a first step towards the Truman Doctrine”. (Woodhouse C.M Ibid; p. 257).
The defeat of left and communist forces at Athens had decimated left resistance.
Behind both the King and the Parliament lay the Army, and the most right-wing section of the army – the group known as IDEA (Sacred Bond of Greek Officers):
“After 1949, the ruling class was no longer threatened. … their enemies had been effectively destroyed for a generation.…..
After its victory, the Right imposed a quasi-parliamentary régime on the country: a régime with ‘open’ franchise, but systematic class exclusions. The Communist Party was outlawed and an intricate set of legal and illegal mechanisms of repression institutionalized to exclude left-wing forces from political activity. The job of guaranteeing this régime fell to the agency which created it: the army. The state was nominally headed by the monarchy and political power was supposedly vested in parliament. In reality, however, the army, and more specifically a powerful group of anti-communist officers within it, played the key role in maintaining the whole structurally repressive apparatus… in particular IDEA (Sacred Bond of Greek Officers), which was to play a key role in post-war politics.”
(Mouzelis, Nicols. ‘Capitalism and Dictatorship in Post-war Greece”; New Left Review; I/96, March-April 1976).
The Tsildardis government gave way to the more right wing Demetrios Maiximos with General Zervas (Formerly of EEDS) as Minister of Public Order. Brutal repressions of left forces continued despite both international protests and the presence of a United Nations observership. We will examine the Civil war and the Varzika Agreement in detail in a subsequent article.
By October 1948, martial law was imposed. Under this direct attack by the right-wing forces, and the simultaneous Yugoslav revisionist turn and exposure by the Marxist-Leninist Cominform of 1948:
“The rebel leaders admitted defeat by proclaiming a ‘temporary cessation of hostilities’… a caretaker government.. lifting of martial law, .. withdrawal of the British service missions and the renewal of friendly relations with Yugoslavia.”
(Woodhouse C.M Ibid p. 260)
The Greek government joined NATO in 1951, as well as the Council of Europe; and the Security Council of the UN.
Although throughout this period numerous governments based on varying participation of right-wing forces were only able to hold power for brief periods. The National Progressive Union of the Center (EPEK) – led by General Plastiras and Emmanuel Tsouderous held power until displaced by the virulently anti-communist General Papagos leading the Greek Rally:
“The days of Plastiras’ government were clearly numbered when not only the Greek public but also the US authorities became impatient … Under pressure from the US Embassy the government resigned in 1952… (leading) to electoral overwhelming victory for the Greek Rally.”
(Woodhouse C.M Ibid pp.261-263).
Army vicious actions purged all state structures – which was key to the state through the immediate post-War period:
“Military reaction established firm control over the whole of Greek territory and consolidated a system of ‘repressive parliamentarism’ or ‘guided democracy’. This was controlled by a triarchy of throne, army and bourgeois parliament. Within this power bloc it was the army, the victor of the civil war, which played the dominant role.”
(Mouzelis, Nicols. Ibid; New Left Review; 1976)
Industrial Policy of the Greek Capitalists in this Period
For the next 11 years, both the Army (Marshall Papagos) representatives, or parliamentary figures (George Papandreou before the coup and later Constantine Karamanlis) wanted to consolidate the neo-colonial status to the USA. This started with an economy based on agriculture, tourism and a small manufacturing base.
“the country was far from self-sufficient. .. the chief market for tobacco was revived (West Germany).. expenditure of tourists which came to take second place only to agricultural products as a source of foreign exchange. The development of manufacturing industry and mining with indigenous capital, in place of foreign concessions, (was) a healthy trend. But the lack of home produced source of energy was a severe handicap. It remained true that Greece was still dependent upon foreign aid and there was no end to this condition in sight.”
(Woodhouse C.M Ibid p. 267)
Five special features of the Greek state’s path to modernisation, can be seen:
1. The political and organisational strength of the working class and peasantry was weak, having been decimated during the second world war and after by the brutality of the state. The KKE was almost devoid of leadership, with key leaders in exile.
2. The small native capitalist class was out-numbered by the many Greek capitalist who were based overseas (shipping) – and did not have the necessary local capital to invest. Hence the small resident Greek capitalists used the State machinery to develop. This state machinery swelled the size of the bureaucracy who became a large state dependent stratum. They aspired to ‘middle-class’ status but were objectively privileged sections of a growing working class.
3. The state still needed the heavy investment of the overseas imperialists. They first aligned themselves to the USA, and then by the 1970s to Europe.
4. These strategies effectively left Greece a dependent state with the beginnings of large overseas debt.
5. An immiseration – poverty and desperation – of the working peoples, led to increasing emigrations to both the USA, Canada and Europe
After the devastation of the Second World War there had been an impressive return to Greek per-war levels of production:
“The Second World War and the civil war had devastating effects on the Greek economy. For instance, at the end of the Second World War, 9,000 villages and 23 per cent of all buildings had been destroyed. It was partially a sign of the vitality of Greek capitalism that by the middle fifties, pre-war levels of output had been reached again and the economy was growing at a fast rate (the average rate of growth in the fifties was 6 per cent).”
(Mouzelis, Nicols. ‘Capitalism and Dictatorship in Post-war Greece”; New Left Review; I/96, March-April 1976).
However, despite this growth, manufacturing industry remained undeveloped. Nor did the rise of the shipping industry enable Greek capitalists to retain revenues within Greece to more easily enable a home manufacturing base to be built up:
“the Greek economy of the fifties did not manage to overcome a major feature of its underdevelopment: its weak manufacturing sector. Greek capital, whether in its mercantile, industrial or finance form, was unable to orient itself towards the manufacturing sector—especially in those key branches (chemicals, metallurgy) which, through their multiplying effects and their great transformative powers, can contribute most to a rapid growth of the industrial sector”
(Mouzelis, Nicols. Ibid; New Left Review; 1976).
“shipping… assumed colossal proportions in the post-war period. …..Greek seamen helped the economy by reducing unemployment and by providing valuable foreign currency through their remittances home. On the other hand, since shipping capital lies outside the effective control of the Greek state (it can always move elsewhere if the state bothers it with heavy taxes or other restrictions), it becomes increasingly an avenue of escape for Greek merchant capital. In this way, if migration robs Greece of its most valuable human resources, shipping plays a similar role with respect to the country’s financial resources..”
(Mouzelis, Nicols. Ibid; New Left Review; 1976).
“Greece’s age-old specialization within the inter- national economy had gradually given rise to a spectacular concentration of capital among a handful of shipping magnates, mainly based in London or New York, whose aggregate holdings are widely reckoned to exceed the GNP of Greece.”
(Petras, James. “The Contradictions of Greek Socialism“: New Left Review; I/163, May-June 1987)
In conclusion, Greece did not break out of the strait-jacket of a dependent economy. Despite large state structure support, Greek capitalists did not establish an effective manufacturing base:
“from a ‘under-developed’ economy: i.e. a fast-growing, highly parasitic tertiary sector, a weak and more or less stagnant manufacturing sector with a low labour absorption capacity, and a large but inefficient agricultural sector……Whereas in 1938 manufacturing output amounted to 85·6 per cent of all industrial output, it declined to 79·7 per cent in 1948–9 and to 73 per cent during the 1959–60 period.”
(Mouzelis, Nicols. Ibid; New Left Review; 1976).
“Thus in the late fifties more than half the labour force was still employed in agriculture, whereas the contribution of the industrial sector to the GNP was only around 25 per cent.”
(Mouzelis, Nicols. Ibid; New Left Review; 1976).
Correspondingly foreign investors ensured that favourable legislation was passed in 1953, and by the 1960s a large scale influx of foreign capital flowed in. This was concentrated in the heaviest key sectors, and by the mid 60’s the industrial development had qualitatively changed with heavy industry capital making goods predominating:
“TABLE 1 Flow of Foreign Capital into Greece (Dollars)
1960 11,683,700
1969 64,000,000
1970 70,000,000
By the end of 1973, foreign capital invested in Greece had risen to a total of approximately $725 million…. not very impressive if one takes into account that in a single year (1969) $2,504 million went to the gross formation of fixed capital in the Greek economy.
Nevertheless, as foreign capital was mainly directed to-wards the key manufacturing sectors, its impact on the economy was much greater than its relatively small size would suggest. In fact, especially during and after the years 1962–3, when the metallurgical, chemical and metal construction industries experienced a great boost due to foreign investments, one can speak of a qualitative break in the growth of Greek industry. Not only did the industrial sector start expanding at a much faster rate, but there was an important shift in investment from light consumer goods to capital goods and durables.
Whereas in the period 1948–50 light industry represented 77·5 per cent of total manufacturing output, its share went down to 60·9 per cent in 1963–70.31 This important shift is clearly reflected in the changing structure of the Greek export trade.”
(Mouzelis, Nicols. Ibid; New Left Review; 1976).
Correspondingly, there was shift away from agriculture in the economy. And by the 1970s the economy had become qualitatively industrialised:
“In 1960 agricultural products constituted 80 per cent of the country’s exports, but this figure went down to 54 per cent in 1966 and to 42 per cent in 1971, as Greece was more able to export industrial goods. … Despite the dramatic decrease of the agricultural population during the fifties and sixties, the agrarian structure does not show any signs of basic change: there is no marked tendency towards land concentration or the emergence of large-scale capitalist enterprises in agriculture.”
(Mouzelis, Nicols. Ibid; New Left Review; 1976).
There was a major qualitative change by the 60s, towards industrial development. But it did not eliminate ‘under-development’:
“Thus the sixties saw a qualitative advance in the industrialization of modern Greece. There can be little doubt that the ability of the Greek economy to reap the benefits from concentrated foreign investment in manufacturing was due to its own pre-existing capitalist development. This was not able to generate a significant industrial sector autonomously, but it could adapt itself to, and consolidate one with exceptional rapidity. Yet this type of capitalist development not only failed to eliminate some fundamental aspects of Greek under-development, but on the contrary accentuated them, creating disruptions and dislocations which are directly relevant to an understanding of developments in the political superstructure.”
(Mouzelis, Nicols. Ibid; New Left Review; 1976).
There ensued an enormous state monopoly centralized economy in the industrial sector:
“The intrusion of foreign capital, in close collaboration with Greek capital and the Greek state, reinforced the already impressive degree of capital concentration in the economy. A first rough intimation of this is conveyed by the enormous size (in terms of assets) of such giants as ESSO-Pappas or Pechiney, or the fact that out of the 200 largest companies in terms of fixed capital, seventeen were fully foreign-owned and in another thirty-nine foreign capital had a degree of participation varying from 10 to 90 per cent. As the share of foreign capital in the GNP steadily increased (from 2·15 per cent in 1962 to 8·15 per cent in 1972), the monopolistic tendencies of the Greek economy were markedly accentuated. If in the fifties monopoly or oligopoly were due mainly to indiscriminate and nepotistic state protectionism, in the sixties they were due rather to the capital intensive nature of the new industries and the small size of the Greek market.”
(Mouzelis, Nicols. Ibid; New Left Review; 1976).
But the working class was still small. This is reflected in the predominance of small artisanal or petit-bourgeois production:
“This impressive concentration of industrial capital did not eliminate the plethora of small industrial units, which for the most part have a family-oriented, artisanal character. Indeed, one of the most striking characteristics of Greek industry is the persistence, especially in the more traditional sectors of the economy (footwear, clothing, leather, wood products), of small, low-productivity units side by side with large firms that exercise a quasi-monopolistic control of the market. The extent to which small firms persisted in the Greek manufacturing sector can be seen by the fact that whereas in 1930 93·2 per cent of manufacturing establishments were employing fewer than five persons, by 1958 this percentage had only gone down to 84·9 per cent. In 1958 the percentage of firms employing more than twenty persons was 2·1 per cent.”
(Mouzelis, Nicols. Ibid; New Left Review; 1976).
The working class and peasantry of Greece became progressively more squeezed:
“Gross per capita in- come, approximately $500 at the beginning of the sixties, had reached the $1,000 level by the end of the decade.38 But the few rough calculations which have been made in the absence of complete data leave us in no doubt as to the inequities which disfigure this spectacular gain. For instance, according to a relatively recent estimate, 40
per cent of the lowest income groups receive 9·5 per cent of the national income (after deduction of taxes and social security benefits), whereas the 17 per cent in the top income brackets receive 58 per cent. From 1954 to 1966, when the national income approximately doubled, profits tripled (banking profits between 1966 and 1971 quadrupled).
Obviously, as the relative share of big capital increases, the relative share of all other income decreases. Those engaged in agriculture are, as usual, the worst off. Thus in 1951 agricultural income amounted to 83·3 per cent of the average national income; the proportion dropped to 60·3 per cent in 1962 and 51·1 per cent in 1971… in 1950 independent cultivators and their working family-members constituted 92·39 per cent of the agricultural labour force.”
(Mouzelis, Nicols. Ibid; New Left Review; 1976).
In summary, there was an unusual dual character to the industrial landscape in Greece. It was one of a state sponsored heavy industry tied into foreign capital, while the petit-bourgeois remained very active:
“the capitalist mode of production, dominant in the Greek social formation, is linked to the mode of simple commodity production (agriculture, artisanal industry) in such a way as to keep growing continuously at the expense of the latter—neither destroying it completely, nor helping it to develop. And it is precisely here that the most crucial difference lies between the western European and the Greek models of industrialization. The former involved either the destruction of simple commodity production in agriculture and industry, or its articulated incorporation into the capitalist mode of production through a specialization which established a positive complementarity with big industry. As a result, the effects of technical progress, which originated in the dynamic sectors, spread fairly quickly to the rest of the economy, with beneficial consequences for income distribution, the expansion of internal markets and so on. In the Greek social formation, by contrast, capital intensive industrial production has taken an ‘enclave’ form. Despite its rapid growth in the sixties, it has not succeeded in expanding or even transferring its dynamism and high productivity to the backward sectors of the economy. Thus simple commodity production looms large within the Greek economy. It gives a lot (directly and indirectly) to the capitalist mode of production, but takes very little in return—just enough to reproduce itself. As a consequence, inequalities in Greece are much greater than those found in the West. For in addition to the usual inequalities between labour and capital in the sectors where the capitalist mode is dominant, Greece has inequalities resulting from the persistence of vast productivity differentials between ‘modern’ and ‘backward’ sectors of the economy.”
(Mouzelis, Nicols. Ibid; New Left Review; 1976).
As the Greek countryside was becoming depopulated, many peasants emigrated. This deprived the Right wing forces in the countryside of support. The on-going immiseration-depression of the living standards of the working people led to a resurgence of left support. After some electoral gains of the left, the RIght wing army faction decided to set aside the triarchy of Army, parliamentary forces and Monarchy – and to become the sole power base.
How Cyprus Became the Focus of Imperialism and Heated Up Greek Battles
During this time, the relations between the Greek and Turkish pro-USA client states became strained with the Cyprus crisis. The Cyprus struggle had initially started as a war of liberation against the Ottoman Empire and Turkish oppression. It now pitched a small weak Cypriot national bourgeoisie against both the pro-Greek compradors and the pro-Turk compradors.
“The movement for liberation began under Turkish rule among the Greek Cypriots, who suffered particular oppression, and its main demand was for “Hellenic unity”, for “enosis” (that is, union with Greece). The movement continued to develop under British rule, and with the development of a weak Cypriot national bourgeoisie this class came to lead the liberation struggle. The effective leader of the movement was the Ethnarch of the Greek Orthodox Church, Mihail Mouskos — Archbishop Makarios — and embraced two organization
1) the National Organisation for Cypriot Struggle (EOKA), a right-wing body sponsored by the Greek government and led for many years by Greek General Georgios Grivas; and by
2) the Progressive Party of the Working People of Cyprus (AKEL) a body representing more directly the interests of the Cypriot national bourgeoisie, and presenting a left-wing image to appeal to the workers, peasants and urban petty bourgeoisie; it was led by Ezekias Papaioannou.”
(Marxist Leninist Organisation of Britain (MLOB) “THE CARVE-UP OF CYPRUS” “Class Against Class”; No.7, 1974. ( http://ml-review.ca/aml/MLOB/CYPRUS_Fin.htm )
The fortunes of the Cyprus liberation movement were inextricably tied to the turn of events in Greece. Here the US imperialists held dominant sway:
“By 1966 Greece had become a semi-colony of US imperialism, and this position of dependence was reinforced by the military coup of 1967 which established a military dictatorship in Greece subservient to US imperialism. From now on the demand of the Cypriot national bourgeoisie (represented by the Makarios government) for national independence had the overwhelming support of the mass of the Greek Cypriots, while enosis became the demand only of the pro-imperialist Greek Cypriot comprador bourgeoisie.“
(MLOB, “The carve-up of Cyprus” Ibid)
What was the character of the ‘Independent’ state of Cyrus? In reality it was a neo-colony of Britain:
“In December 1959, prior to the granting of “independence”, elections were held for a Provisional President of Cyprus, Makarios stood on a platform of acceptance, with reservations, of the British imperialists’ plan and was elected by a large majority.
Despite the fact that Makarios represented the interests of the Cypriot national bourgeoisie, the British imperialists felt it safe to hand over “power” to a government headed by him by reason of the antagonisms artificially built up between the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities on the island, believing that these antagonisms and other “safeguards” could be effective in preventing the Makarios government from taking any steps to end the neo-colonial status of the island.
The “independent” Republic of Cyprus which came into being on August l6th, 1960 was, in reality a neo-colony of British imperialism.”
(MLOB “The carve-up of Cyprus” Ibid)
While Archbishop Makarios was a representative of the Cypriot national bourgeois, he was unwilling to launch a struggle that unleashed the power of the working class and peasantry. Thus he was left to resort to intrigue and maneuvers aimed at “seeking advantage of the contradictions between various powers” (MLOB). However this was ineffective as the USA blocked shipped arms from the USSR.
3. The Greek Junta – Greece by now fully a client state of the USA
As noted, the 1967 Greek military dictatorship was established by a coup backed by the USA. It was precipitated by the increasing working class struggles against the poor economic situation of the neo-colonial state of Greece, whereby:
“US civil aid came to an end in 1962; Greece was admitted as an Associate to the European Economic Community; and partial settlement was reached of Greece’s long-standing indebtedness to creditors in the USA and to private creditors in Britain. In each case the result was to add to the strain on the balance of payments..…. nearly one third of the budget was still devoted to defence… The stringency of the economic state of the country led to a number of ugly demonstrations. Strikes became increasingly frequent..”
Woodhouse C.M Ibid p. 282-283.
The then King, Constantine II was the Commander-in-chief of the army.
That the right wing forces were loosing support became clear from the 1958 electoral gains by left wing party EDA. The right wing section of the army – IDEA – launched the “Pericles” Plan:
“devised for the purpose of neutralizing the communists in case of war, this was used instead by the Right to achieve victory in the 1961 elections.”
(Mouzelis, Nicols. Ibid; New Left Review; 1976).
This move by the extreme right-wing of the army, prompted George Papandreou
to start “Anendotos” — a “fight against the repressive policies of the Right.” His party was the “Center Union.”
“In the 1964 elections, Papandreou’s Centre Union successfully challenged the electoral dominance of reaction. In the elections of the following year, it further consolidated its position by gaining an unprecedented 53 per cent majority. Meanwhile, a strong left wing emerged within the Centre Union, under the leadership of Papandreou’s son Andreas.”
(Mouzelis, Nicols. Ibid; New Left Review; 1976).
Although George Papandreou tried to move against IDEA. He also tried to improve some aspects of working peoples lives. Together this prompted the Army and the Monarchy to plot against Center Union by slandering his son Andreas, as a traitor who shared state secrets. An interim coalition government of centrists was formed but fell quickly. Panagiotis Kanellopoulos formed a ‘Service Government’, prior to an election. However, the Army remained determined to sweep away any opposition:
“In 1967, the Greek military seized power in a coup d’état , overthrew the centre right government of Panagiotis Kanellopoulos . It established the Greek military junta of 1967-1974 which became known as the Régime of the Colonels.”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Greece
The Colonels did not change the economic direction of Greece, they made it simpler – they suppressed both workers, peasants and small petit-bourgeoisie – in support of the capitalists:
“The colonels, by following the logic of the economic model they had inherited, gave their unlimited support to big capital, foreign and indigenous. They made sure through repression that the ensuing growing inequalities would be accepted unconditionally, without protests or strikes to frighten capital away. After a short period of hesitation… private investment rose again and foreign capital continued its penetration of the Greek economy. The rate of growth soon surpassed pre-dictatorial levels and sustained an impressive acceleration. This achievement was a clear indication of the ‘fit’ between rapid capital accumulation and the dictatorship. Moreover… despite growing inequalities, the standard of living grew steadily during the period of the dictatorship. The colonels brought to fruition a process of dependent industrialization that had started before them. They did not initiate it, they merely pursued it with vigour and consistency.”
(Mouzelis, Nicols. Ibid; New Left Review; 1976).
Although Mouzelis is sceptical that the USA supported the coup, it most likely they did. Much later on, USA President Clinton – admitted that the USA had backed the Junta:
“When US President Clinton visited Greece in 1999, he obliquely offered what sounded like an apology when talking about a “painful” aspect of their recent history.
“When the junta took over in 1967 here, the United States allowed its interests in prosecuting the Cold War to prevail over its interests — I should say, its obligation — to support democracy, which was, after all, the cause for which we fought the Cold War.” Clinton said in his conciliatory remark,
“It’s important that we acknowledge that.”
Remarks By President Bill Clinton and Prime Minister Simitis of Greece to the Government of Greece, Business and Community leaders. Inter-Continental Hotel Athens, Greece – November 20, 1999.
Anti-Revisionism in Greece ‘The Rule of the Colonels’
– the military Junta 1967-1974 https://www.marxists.org/history//erol/greece/junta-note.pdf
But there was never any serious threat to the Parliamentary section of the Triarchy. The working class had simply been resisting the economic pressures.
They had not been organised into a meaningful communist resistance.
The Junta soon became led by George Papadopoulos, who instituted a reign of terror against leftists and communists. The King tried in 1967 to establish himself as a sole dictator, but was rebuffed and fled to exile.
As Prime Minister, Papadopoulos continued a brutal dictatorship overseen by the dreaded Military Service Police (ESA) of Ioannides. The crude overthrow of any democratic norms even led the Council of Europe to demand Greece’s resignation. But:
“The Western Alliance as a whole continued to tolerate the dictatorship, on the grounds that Greece formed an essential part of NATO….. The US went still further.. American policy became one of active support. American and Soviet strategists were engaged in a duel in the eastern Mediterranean. It became even more intense after the ‘Six-Day War’ of June 1967 between Israel and the Arab states… In September 1972, an agreement was signed by which the US Sixth Fleet would enjoy home-port facilities at Piraeus.”
(Woodhouse C.M Ibid pp.298-99)
Repressions continued and provoked even a Mutiny in the Navy in 1973. In an infamous incident, the students at Athens Polytechnic were brutally assaulted in November 1973. Using tanks to suppress a sit-in, more than 20 students died. This allowed Brigadier Ioannidis to seize power for himself, behind a puppet General Grivkas (Woodhouse Ibid p. 305). Formal martial law was again installed.
Ioannidis now also moved to oust Archbishop Makarios from Cyprus in a coup d’etat. Moreover this was coordinated with the imperialists in order to ensure the partition of Cyprus into a ‘Greek” area and a “Turkish” area. Events unfolded as follows:
“The pretext for action was a note from Makarios to Greek President Phaedon Gizikis on July 2nd., demanding the recall of the Greek officers of the National Guard on the grounds that they had been collaborating with EOKA-B (the terrorist Organisation formed by Grivas following his return to Cyprus in 1979 and continuing in existence after Grivas’s death in January 1974) in attempts to assassinate him and overthrow the government. The note set the deadline of July 20th. for compliance with the demand.
So, on July 16th, on the orders of their Greek officers, units of the (Greek Cypriot)–National Guard, in full collaboration with EOKA-B and with the Greek troops stationed on the island, staged a military coup and established a military dictatorship over the part of the island outside the enclaves under the control of the Turkish Cypriot comprador bourgeoisie’s “Transitional Administration”. A new puppet “President” was installed, one Nicos Sampson, a curfew imposed and thousands of supporters of the Makarios government arrested.
The Greek government recognised its puppet regime almost immediately. while the Turkish government threatened that unless the situation in Cyprus were reversed it would order its troops to invade Cyprus under the Treaty of Guarantee.
For four days the US imperialists and their allies in London, not only took no action, they deliberately obstructed the calling of the Security Council of the United Nations which could have taken some action. As Lord Caradon put it bluntly in a letter to the press:
“Due to the deliberate delay of the United States and the United Kingdom, it was not until after the invasion (i.e. of Cyprus by Turkish troops — Ed.) that the Security Council passed any resolution at all.”
(Lord Caradon: Letter to “The Guardian” 11 July 31st, 1974; p. 12).
Meanwhile, Makarios had managed to escape from Cyprus. He was received by the British government with formal, but non-committal, protocol, but the United States government talked with him only in his ecclesiastical capacity”:
“The President (i.e., Makarios — Ed.) had been given the chilly US reception of — in Dr. Kissinger’s terms — ‘a loser’, without hope of a comeback”.
(“The Observer”, July 28th.9 1974; p. 9).
On July 20th., therefore, some thousands of Turkish troops invaded northern Cyprus according to plan, occupying the principal area inhabited by Turkish Cypriots from the port of Kyrenia to the outskirts of the capital, Nicosia.
Later the same day, the US and British imperialists brought the Security Council into action, and it passed a resolution calling for an immediate cease-fire on Cyprus. And Greece and Turkey — despite being, according to the world press “on the verge of war” – dutifully obeyed.”
(MLOB; Ibid).
“The US was legitimately suspected of having backed Ioannidis”
(Woodhouse Ibid p.305)
4. Capitalist Class of Greece Moves to “democracy” and Europe
The work of the overt and now discredited dictatorship of the generals was done, they had suppressed any internal left opposition. The stage was set for the partition of Cyprus. Now under an international odium, the Colonels “took off their uniforms” – again under pressure again from the USA imperialists. As the MLOB put it:
“The Colonels Take Off Their Uniforms
On July 23rd 1967. The military junta that had exercised a military dictatorship suddenly stepped into the background over the people of Greece since 1967, and announced that they had invited civilian politician Konstantinos Karamanlis to form a civilian Cabinet.
Karamanlis is mainly remembered for his role as Prime Minister in arranging the murder (and its subsequent cover-up) of rival politician Gregori Lambrakis (portrayed in the film “Z“). While in exile in Paris, he was in June 1965 voted into Karamanlis’ party ‘New Democracy’. He was committed for trial by an investigating committee of the Greek Parliament for “bribery, dereliction of duty and maladministration”.
Due to an unfortunate error, the “democratic revolution” in Athens was announced by US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger the day before it actually happened. Even the capitalist press was compelled to treat the “revolution” with some cynicism:
“Dr. Kissinger and his emissary Mr. Joseph Sisco have played a key role in promoting governmental change in Gioecell.”
(“The Guardian”, July 24th., 1974; p. 2).
And in fact, little fundamental in Athens seemed to be changed. True, a considerable number of political prisoners were released (a necessary step in order to obtain enough politicians to form a government). But Brigadier-General Dimtrios Ioannides remained in office as head of the hated military police, martial law continued and in his Message to the Nation Karamanlis was careful not to mention the word “democratisation.”
(Marxist Leninist Organisation of Britain (MLOB) “THE CARVE-UP OF CYPRUS” “Class Against Class”; No.7, 1974. ( http://ml-review.ca/aml/MLOB/CYPRUS_Fin.htm )
Nonetheless Karamanlis did restore the Constitution of 1952 (making it again a monarchy) and released all political prisoners and “legalised the CP for the first time since 1947”. (Woodhouse; Ibid; p. 305). In actual fact he had no real choice as the prior alliance that had formed the Triarchy (Army, right-wing parliamentarians, and Monarchy) had been totally discredited.
“When Constantinos Karamanlis, the grand old man of the Greek Right, stepped into the breech and formed the first post-junta government in 1974, it was immediately apparent that there could be no simple reversion to the old model of repressive parliamentarism… (But) his freshly formed New Democracy party retained and expanded the electoral support that had previously gone to the parties of the Right. But the political discrediting of both the army and the throne—which had, in any case, regarded with suspicion Karamanlis’s sixties project of modernizing the monarchy—left him with little choice but to seek the consolidation of right-wing hegemony through a populist inflection of internal and external policy… Within months of coming to power, the National Unity Government headed by Karamanlis had withdrawn from NATO’s military command structures, legalized the Communist Party for the first time since the civil war, organized relatively free general elections, and called a referendum that produced a 69 per cent majority in favour of the republic. Subsequent trials of junta leaders—in some cases leading to sentences of life imprisonment—underlined the subordination of the officer caste in ‘normal’ political activity…”
(Petras, James. “The Contradictions of Greek Socialism“: New Left Review; I/163, May-June 1987)
By November 1974, elections had elected Karamanlis’ ‘New Democracy’ party. A further plebiscite confirmed a popular rejection of the monarchy. Karamanlis tellingly revealed his government’s objective nature:
“Karamanlis once remarked that he was himself the Americans’ only friend in Greece, and he dared not admit it.”
(Woodhouse Ibid p. 308).
Where was the economic development of Greece by now?
The hopes of the Greek capitalists had in fact not been fulfilled:
“In Greece… the early seventies already witnessed a rise in the specific weight of food, clothing and construction industries, and in the latter half of the decade manufacturing as a whole was contributing less than fifteen per cent of the annual increase in GDP, while fully three-quarters of GNP growth came from the inflated services sector. Manufacturing exports, given the small size of the internal market, had originally been conceived as one of the principal keys to success, and at first a number of important openings were found in this area. However, the recessionary tides of the seventies, together with the intense competition of low-wage economies precisely in textiles and other such goods, led to a loss of Greece’s market share everywhere except in the Middle East. By 1980, when PASOK was preparing to take over the reins of government, it was possible to talk of an actual tendency of deindustrialization, as the import/export ratio of manufacturing goods had risen to 3.2:1 from 2.5:1 in 1974.”
(Petras, James. “The Contradictions of Greek Socialism“: New Left Review; I/163, May-June 1987)
While Karamanlis was not anti-American, he was moving Greece towards Europe. Relations with Europe, in order to join the European Economic Community (EEC), became the focus. Karamanlis had spent 15 years as an exile in France, and the French government had sent him back to Greece on a government plane.
On 1 January 1981, Greece joined the EEC becoming its tenth member.
But Karamanlis was struggling to withstand the growing resistance as inflation drove a left shift. The by now openly revisionist Communist party of Greece (KKE) had begun to capture a portion of the electorate:
“At the left end of the spectrum, the Communist Party of Greece (KKE) rapidly consolidated a strong position in industry and a ten-per-cent bloc of the electorate”;
(Petras Ibid New Left Review 1987)
A new façade to divert the masses was urgently needed. The prior ‘centrist’ party of George Papandreou had been the ‘Centre Union’. After the Junta dissolved itself, this won 20% in the first elections, and supported Karamanlis in government. Consequently it soon disintegrated. George’s son, Andreas Papandreou had been trained as an economist in the USA. He had been instrumental in the pre-Junta parliamentary government, in attempting to curb the most right-wing elements of the Army (IDEA). He had fled into exile after the coup, and from there organised a resistance grouping – Pan-Hellenic Liberation Movement (PAK).
After the Karamanlis return to parliamentary rule, Papandreou organised the
Pan-Hellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK). Within 7 years it had won the in the Greek elections of 1981. It was an explicitly social-democratic formation proposing:
“full-scale nationalization and ‘an end to the exploitation of man by man’. …. And an all-round modernization of Greece’s productive system that would bring to the fore hi-tech industries employing local and expatriate skilled labour and producing for internal consumption and export. In foreign policy, Papandreou retained his reputation as an intransigent opponent of NATO and of any Greek involvement in the EEC .. All these themes came together in skillful and insistent propaganda centred on the need for comprehensive change or allaghi.”
(Petras Ibid New Left Review 1987)
By October, Andreas Papandreou was elected into power for the PASOK party.
It is true that early progressive moves were made during its government including early secularisation and improvements in the role of women:
“The more general secularization of Greek society, and the introduction of divorce by consent, civil marriage and equal rights for children born out of wedlock.. the Greek parliament has abolished various repressive laws from the fifties as well as some of the extreme powers given to the police, and although the military has largely remained a world apart, subject to no fundamental restructuring or parliamentary scrutiny, it has been deprived of the means of direct intervention that used to be provided by its own radio station. .. the EAM/ELAS Resistance was officially rehabilitated.”
(Petras Ibid New Left Review 1987)
However PASOK retreated quickly upon attempts to tax urban real estate, and did not try seriously to ever move on this front again. Industry remained at a comparatively low level against other countries of Europe. PASOK did not base itself on the working class, and thus never proposed any resolve to deal with either the Greek capitalists, or the petit-bourgeois small business. Corruption was a real problem and Petras proposes the term ‘kleptocrats’ to describe a stratum of especially corrupt business:
“Most of the ‘industrialists’ continued to accumulate wealth by borrowing huge amounts of capital from the state banks, investing a fraction and diverting the rest to overseas bank accounts. The debt/ capital-investment ratio remained one of the highest in the world because industry was directed not by the usual kind of entrepreneur but by a highly distinctive stratum of kleptocrats. Agriculture too suffered from underinvestment, irrational and costly marketing systems, with a multiplicity of small farms divorced from organized credits or from productive systems capable of providing cheap inputs or processing outputs.”
(Petras Ibid New Left Review 1987)
The preponderance of petit-bourgeois ownership of small businesses had bred its brand of tax evasion and corruption:
“In Greece, …the pervasiveness of petty-bourgeois ideology and the ability of the non-productive classes to evade taxes and acquire multiple sources of income. Until Greek society recognizes the working class as its most valuable asset in the drive for industrialization, it will be doomed to stagnation and crisis.”
(Petras Ibid New Left Review 1987)
PASOK would not move against the capitalist class. Instead it resorted to short term loans to head off worker and petit bourgeois discontent. PASOK rule led to inflation and the start of the debt. At the same time debt increased. Meanwhile
The financial sectors were bolstered whilst manufacturing was neglected:
“PASOK’s early spending spree… increase(d) the consumption of nearly all sections of the population without creating any new industrial capacity to meet that demand. The government raised wage income, partially offsetting the inflationary erosion in Karamanlis’s final two years; private capital responded by slowing investment to the merest trickle. Exports stagnated, while imports mushroomed and invisible earnings (the mainstay of the external sector) began a sharp decline. To secure the populist compromise the regime had turned to foreign loans, fiscal deficits and EEC subsidies; ….
Public sector borrowing soared from 12–1 per cent of GDP in 1983 to 17–1 per cent in 1985, without having any effect on domestic output; and particularly in the run-up to the June 1985 elections it was increasingly used to finance current expenditures, which rose from 39 per cent of GDP in 1984 to 41 percent in 1985. As one study has noted:
‘The fastest-growing category was employment in services, almost exclusively led by continuing substantial increases at around 3 per cent per annum in employment in the public sector and in banks . . . In the three years to 1985 employment in manufacturing declined by around 2–1 per cent.’ Table Two (below) sets out the still sharper fall in output during
the first PASOK term.
Consumer goods 195 191 188 192
Capital goods 180 163 167 172
Source: OECD Report on Greece, 1985/86.”
(Petras Ibid New Left Review 1987)
Agriculture also saw falling production:
“Agricultural growth for its first term was as follows:
_1.6, 1981; _2.4, 1982; _6.8, 1983; _6.4, 1984; _0.5, 1985.
The reason for these meagre results was that only a small part of the funds were actually used in agriculture. The remainder were employed to ‘finance consumption, to be redeposited with banks at much higher rates, and to be used for the acquisition of real estate in urban areas.’”
(Petras Ibid New Left Review 1987)
In fact, while the now infamous external Debt of Greece, became a ballooning problem under PASOK. Petras cites figures from the OECD:
“PASOK has also increased Greece’s role as a subordinate debtor nation beyond the worst period of the old Right… (See Table 3 Below.) The foreign debt stands at 45 per cent of GDP and payments account for close to a quarter of export earnings. Given the phasing- out of EEC balance of payments assistance, commercial borrowing will soon have to increase more than twofold, on terms dictated by the foreign banks: namely, the closure of unprofitable public enterprises; greater freedom for employers to hire and fire workers; tough anti- strike legislation, relaxation of price controls, an expansion of public– private ventures, and an open door to foreign investment.
Table 3:
Greece’s External Debt (in billions of $)
1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Total Debt 7.9 9.5 10.6 12.3 14.8 17.0”
(Petras Ibid New Left Review 1987)”
In fact – all this is very similar to today, and the same demands for ‘austerity’ were raised then by the European banks.
This social-democratic party, now more openly objectively played the role of a pro-European comprador:
“Papandreou .. freely engaged in anti-American rhetoric… contending that the American imperialism was the most serious threat to humanity, Papandreou unnecessarily antagonised Washington.”
(Kofas JV; “Under the Eagle’s Claw – Exceptionalism in Postwar US-Greek Relations”; Westport 2003; p.184)
Meanwhile Papandreou was moving Greece firmly into dependency to the EEC:
“Dependency results from the growing EEC domination of the Greek economy. While the EEC has increased the transfer of loans and grants to Greece, this has been more than offset by the takeover of internal markets and the displacement of Greek manufacturers and farmers. To quote again from the OECD report: ‘Whereas Greek manufacturing output has remained broadly stagnant in the three years to 1985, import volume of manufactures may have risen by roughly one fourth in the same period.”
(Petras Ibid New Left Review 1987)”
Neither PASOK nor the party New Democracy (Led by Kostas Karamanlis , the nephew of the former President) – differed substantially in their political orientation towards Europe. Both were realigning from the USA to Europe:
“Greece evolved from a client-patron relationship with the US to being an EU member, subordinating its national sovereignty to the community….
With increased competition of the regional economic blocs.. after the Cold War Greece drifted further from the US, because Europe was drifting as it strengthened and expanded its own sphere economically financially, politically, and militarily…”
(Kofas JV; “Under the Eagle’s Claw – Exceptionalism in Postwar US-Greek Relations”; Westport 2003; p.248)
Greece’s leaders also did not appreciate the USA more overtly favouring Turkey as its vassal state of choice in the Aegean and Mediterranean. But in fact, Papandreou was posturing – and perhaps to the populist base that PASOK had bult, that he was ant-USA. After all, Papanadreous signaled to the USA that were better terms given to Greece, that this re-orientation could be re-visited. Correspondingly during the 1984-1985 year, the total US military aid to Greece actually went up (Kofas, p.200 Ibid). Moreover he renewed Greece’s allegiance to NATO, and enabled the US fleet continued facilities.
This hesitation of Greece’s capitalist leader to completely cut the USA off as their pay-master, reflects that of the European powers themselves (see below). The determination of the EEC to sharply diverge, reject its subordinate status and openly challenge the USA, was still to come.
By 1985, PASOK reversed all its earlier progressive steps for workers wages and trade unions. It increased unemployment to doubled its rate (it was now above 10%). It enabled employers to revert to arbitrary practices of hiring and firing, and empowered them to break strikes.
Greece’s path was set by the refusal to tackle the core problem: Refusing an independent path and adopting a pro-European comprador path – just as before it had been a pro-USA comprador path. What did this mean? Essentially it mean chronic indebtedness with no possible release. Warnings that were later to be echoed in 2014 – began to sound:
“Interest payments on the external debt have been undergoing a geometric progression (up from $466 million in 1980 to $1.1 billion in 1984), while exports have fallen from $4.7 billion in 1981 to $4.4 billion in 1984. … Capital flight has increased significantly in the 1980s, as it has done in other indebted rentier states. ….. a positive $15 million balance of payments in 1980 became a negative $312 million in 1984. For these reasons—together with the overwhelming predominance of speculative over entrepreneurial capital—it is clear that the financing of further growth is virtually excluded. Far from inducing the inflow of new resources for development, Greece’s ‘opening to the outside’ or ‘liberalization of the economy’ will facilitate the outflow of resources, thereby deepening underdevelopment. Nor will the device of lowering wages make Greek capital competitive, so long as industrial capital acts principally as a financial intermediary and fails to innovate and invent.”
(Petras Ibid New Left Review 1987)
The details of individual governmental changes up to the 2010 financial crisis in Greece, are beyond the scope of this article. In fact, they do not substantially alter the analysis. The trajectory of Greece was now set. While the political leaders were acting in the interests of the dependent capitalists (in essence all of Greek capital) – the compact with foreign imperialism would ensure the Greece crisis became a financial chain-reaction.
We must briefly examine the politics of the European coalition at this point.
The Appendix carries a detailed chronology describing the history of Greece from 1981 up to 2010.
5. The USA Moves to Become the World Imperialist Leader – The Character of the European Union – from pro-USA states to anti-USA coalition
Moving to a meaningful trans-national coalition of European capitalist states – took several steps and forms. The coalition morphed from a post-war Europe wish to re-build, through to the European Economic Community (EEC) and then to the European Union (EU):
“The Community’s initial aim was to bring about economic integration, including a common market and customs union, among its six founding members: Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany. It gained a common set of institutions along with the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) as one of the European Communities under the 1965 Merger Treaty (Treaty of Brussels). In 1993, a complete single market was achieved allowing for the free movement of goods, capital, services, and people within the EEC…
Upon the entry into force of the Maastricht Treaty in 1993, the EEC was renamed the European Community to reflect that it covered a wider range than economic policy. This was also when the three European Communities, including the EC, were collectively made to constitute the first of the three pillars of the European Union, which the treaty also founded. The EC existed in this form until it was abolished by the 2009 Treaty of Lisbon, which incorporated the EC’s institutions into the EU’s wider framework and provided that the EU would “replace and succeed the European Community.”
(Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Community )
Through these steps, the class alliances of the countries of the European alliance changed in its essential character.
Immediately post-Second World War, the European countries, were formed into a pro-USA formation. However over time they became anxious to attain autonomy from the USA. This fight-back reached a climax after the USA launched its financial attack in launching the Dollar Hegemony in the Plaza Agreement of Richard Nixon in August 1971. This act finally precipitated the formation of the Eurozone. This section traces the course of the changing class character of Europe in the post-Second World War decades.
At the end of the Second World War, the USA planned to rebuild European capitalism through the USA Marshall Plan for its own ends. This was facilitated by the fact that the Second World War had physically devastated Europe, and that many countries were in debt to the USA. Britain, for example was now completely beholden to its major competitor – the USA:
“When sales of foreign investments and of gold and dollars are added in, the net change on capital account between the outbreak of war and the end of 1945 amounted to no less than Pounds Sterling 4,700 million. The United Kingdom ended the war with the largest debt in history.”
(A.Cairncross. Years of Recovery, British Economic Policy. 1945-51. London, 1985. p.7).
American imperialists recognised that Europe needed to be re-built as a bulwark against further socialist upheavals. Especially as the USSR successful battles, had become an inspiration across the world. The USA imperialists – as personified by James Warburg (part owner of the House of Morgan, a controller of USA international finance and industrial and utility trusts) – remarked:
“Germany was the hub of the weak German economy ‘the largest single compact mass of skilled labour on the Continent’, it should be transformed from ‘the present poor-house and plague-center’.. ‘into a powerhouse for a rapid reconstruction of Europe, without letting the powerhouse acquire too broad a permanent franchise and – above all – without letting the powerhouse ever again become an arsenal’…. ‘The Westward thrusting of communism will not be stopped by an physical frontier. It can be only stopped only a planned, US-Aided reconstruction so liberal and even revolutionary as to meet the challenge on its own grounds, and to strike the meaning from the accusation of American “dollar diplomacy.”
(Van Der Pijl, K. ‘The making of an Atlantic ruling class”; pp. 42-43,146; London 2012).
As time would show, once Europe had been rebuilt as a bulwark, the USA could not restrain European capitalists wanting their own dominance.
In postwar Europe – the Marshall Plan was one of the three trade and economic tactical instruments by which the USA imperialists wished to take advantage of the post-Second World War crippling of the European powers. The other two were the creation of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the creation of the General Agreement of Trades and Tariffs (GATT). The military instrument to back these up was of course the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Marshall Plan was conceived as an anti-communist and anti-nationalist weapon and a means to erode European independence:
“The establishment of American hegemony in the North Atlantic area was directed simultaneously against the spread of planned economy and social revolution beyond the Soviet-controlled area in Europe and against the national, self-contained reconstruction programs pursued by most West European states in the immediate post-war period. These programs in which local Communists parties participated, were judged unsuited for maintaining capitalist rule in the long run. ‘Europe would have been Communistic if it had not been for the Marshall Plan, Marshall Aid administrator Paul Hoffman claimed in February 1950.”
(Van Der Pijl, K. Ibid; p.148-9)
Van Pijil summarises that:
“Through the Marshall offensive, the Pax American was imposed on the economic ruins of the defunct Pax Britannica in Europe.”
(van Pijl Ibid p. 167) .
But the formation of the IMF was another key strand of the USA design.
“Bretton Woods.. Shorthand for the system, designed by the US and Britain, that governed international monetary and economic relations in the decades following the Second World War. … (It was) the launch of the post-war phase of super-dominance of the US and the dollar. .. All member countries pledged themselves to play by an internationally agreed set of rules…these rules were quite strict, and enforced by a new world economic policeman, the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Countries had to declare a ‘par value’ – an exchange rate – of their currency in terms of the American dollar and/or gold, and change it only in consultation with the IMF. Various forms of currency manipulation were named … to prevent a return to the competitive devaluations and currency chaos of the 1930s. While countries could keep some controls on movements of capital, they basically undertook gradually to dismantle the wartime systems of exchange and trade controls and to move towards the free convertibility of their currencies… they also pledged themselves to adhere to the rules of the multilateral trades and payments scheme”;
(Dean, Marjorie & Pringle, Robert “The Central Banks”; London 1994 p.75).
In return for this agreement, the USA agreed to take over the position as “lender of last resort” – whereby it would honour those creditors who wished to remove gold in exchange for dollar. It would:
“Submit to discipline by its agreement to convert into gold any dollar balances presented to it by overseas central banks at the fixed price of $35 an ounce. The US was the only country to accept such a gold convertibility obligation and the only one in a position to do so, having ended the war owning about two-fifths of the world’s stock of monetary gold”;
Dean and Pringle; Ibid p. 76.
This in effect took over the dominant position of lender of last resort that the British government had previously held from 1924 to September 1931 (Dean and Pringle Ibid p. 63). The US was anxious to see this agreement effected as it would enable the USA to control international monetary policy:
“In these countries (Ed -ie. those agreeing to join the IMF) national central banks of countries other than the US had little influence on policy decisions. Domestic and economic policy came to be dominated by one objective – the maintenance of the fixed exchange rate against the dollar – and exchange rate policy, was of course entirely a matter for government…. For the most part, a government would respond to an impending payments deficit by tightening fiscal policy (Ed-i.e. dropping the printing of money) or putting up interest rates; and a country with a surplus would ease fiscal policy or lower interest rates. Of the major countries only France resorted regularly to devaluation as way of maintaining its export competitiveness and growth.”
(Dean and Pringle; Ibid p. 76).
This meant that the USA did not need to try to maintain its currency value. All countries had to acquire the dollar; there was no need for the dollar to be defended at any particular rate of exchange. By 1949 the US had acquired 72 % of the world’s gold. The Bretton Woods Proposal had been resisted by Lord Maynard Keynes of Britain, but to no avail. This Agreement eased the post war period for the USA, because all other Central Banks had to have a dollar reserve:
“Making the dollar a reserve currency meant that central bankers round the world had to have dollars. They had to buy dollars in the marketplace which pushed up the price of the dollar up, threatening the parity of the currency with the dollar. Thus they could only buy when the dollar was weak… This suited the US and the US Federal Reserve which could follow a very lax monetary policy to make sure that there were always dollars to go around. It worked wonders for post-war US domestic policy, helping promote the wartime dream of full employment.”
(Bose, Mihir “The Crash” London, 1988. p.135).
The USA was in an unusual position of dominance. It had funded the war for the Western capitalist allies, detonated the Atom bomb thereby showing its military dominance, and had a home base that was unaffected to a large extent by the war. It proceeded to further dictate terms, to ensure its vote in the IMF on decisions, was a veto:
“In order to finance European and other foreign purchases from America, that is to ensure adequate financial resources to sustain US exports, (“world trade”) the US Government had taken the lead in 1944 at Bretton Woods to establish the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. Loans were provided by the U.S. Government and US credit markets via the World Bank to European governments, which used them mainly to pay for goods supplied by American exporters. The source of the original loan funds provided by the IMF came from foreign currency and gold subscriptions by the participating nations. America’s subscription amounted to almost $3 billion and entitled it to nearly 30% of the voting power. The member nations agreed that an 80% majority vote would be required for most rulings, thus conceding unique veto power to the US… Europe was fully aware that it was ceding to America the option of determining its own currency values and tariffs. The US was the only nation with sufficient foreign exchange to finance a program of overseas investments, long term financing and foreign aid…”
(Hudson, Michael. Global Fracture, the new international Economic Order. New York, 1977. p.11-12).
Such a ceding of power to the USA was self-evident as any debts to the USA were only made payable in dollars or gold. The Bretton Woods Agreement had after all made the dollar “as good as gold.” The USA actively hoarded gold. Until 1958 and the Korean war the gold stocks of the USA remained exceedingly high, in correspondence with the USA stipulations on repayment). The USA also ensured that the major European powers joined the Gold Pool. This served:
“To ensure that the gold parity of the dollar would be supported by the central banks, the European ones mainly, who would thus have to sell central bank’s stocks of gold as the occasion demanded. The price of gold was kept artificially low at a time when the price of goods was rising. The dollar thus stayed as good as gold and the US was freed from the threat of having to support the gold parity of the dollar by itself, or of seeing gold overtake the dollar as an international reserve instrument which remained a theoretical possibility in the framework of the Bretton Woods Agreement. The US spared no efforts in its campaign to impose and maintain the Gold Standard.”
(Fiit,Yann, Faire, Alexandre, and Vigier, Jean-Pierre; (“The World Economic Crisis, US imperialism at Bay”; London, 1980; p.76.;p.83).
Britain was being firmly eclipsed by the USA as the foremost imperialist. The pivotal point forcing even the most stubborn British imperialists to recognise this, came in the Suez disaster of 1956 (these events were described in “The Gulf war – the USA Imperialists Bid To Recapture World Supremacy” at
http://ml-review.ca/aml/allianceissues/alliance2-gulfwar.htm )
Meanwhile the other European capitalists searched for ways to move into more independence. This was a slow process. The USA continued to exert major obstruction to real independence for some time. Within each of the major European states, some elements were more inclined towards the USA (i.e. compradors – the so-called pro-‘Atlantic’ bourgeoisie), some were more interested in maintaining an independent sovereignty (the so-called ’Euro-nationalists’). These tensions played out over decades, spanning three “waves” of USA offensives:
“Three successive strategies of Atlantic unity .. corresponded to the different offensives periods of American capitalism. The first was Roosevelt’s concept of Atlantic universalism, which derived its specific Atlantic dimension from the American focus of World War Two and the key position of the British Empire in the world America wanted to expand into. The second version of Atlantic unity was the Atlantic Union idea, which surfaced at the time of the Marshall Plan and combined a status quo approach to control of the periphery with a high-pitched Cold War unity against the Soviet Union. The third Atlantic strategy was the Atlantic partnership scheme promulgated by President Kennedy in an attempt to restore unity of purpose to an Atlantic world in which the establishment of a restrictive EEC demonstrated the degree to which Western European capital had emancipated itself from American tutelage and was intent on carving out a sphere-of-interest of its own.”
(Van Der Pijl, K; Ibid; p.xxxiv; London 2012).
The so-called Atlanticists (the comprador bourgeoisie for the USA – a term usually reserved for countries of colonial or semi-colonial status) were largely representatives of finance capital. These were interested in the freedom of shipping capital reserves freely across international boundaries. They are also termed “liberal internationalists” by van der Pijil.
In contrast the “Euro-nationalists” represented industrial capital – and were interested in ensuring reinvestment in and redeveloping a European heavy industrial base. They supported single ‘sovereign’ or independent, state funding of heavy industry and can be termed state monopolists .
As an internal intra-European battle between these two segments of capital occurred, the USA imperialists initially favoured steps to a pan-European supra-national state. Of course this single supra-national state, has still not been achieved. However between 1945-1998 – there were periods where the European Euronationalist capitalist powers waxed and waned, as USA imperialism counter attacked.
Regardless of whose interests it served, the overall tendency was towards a move for unity of the smaller European countries. Only later was directed against the USA hegemony. The class character of the European coalescing would shift form a pro-USA vassal coalition to an anti-USA coalition. Ultimately this would end up being dominated by the German bourgeoisie.
Through this period, the fading British imperialists continued to rely and favour USA imperialism. In fact it was actually Ernest Bevin, British Foreign Secretary who first proposed the NATO alliance:
“The actual initiative to found a North Atlantic military alliance was taken by Ernest Bevin in 1948 following a series of defence treaties between Western European states… Bevin .. in early 1948, urged … formal Atlantic cohesion of a political nature.. to USA Ambassador Lew Douglas.. the treaty establishing the NATO was concluded in April 1949”
(Van Pijl Ibid p. 157).
Early on French imperialism, as represented by General De Gaulle, wished to utilise USA strength to stand against the USA. The early events were summarised as below:
“The war encouraged a proliferation of new schemes for European regional organisation. De Gaulle for instance repeatedly voiced the idea that European unity might be a bulwark against both the Soviet Union and the United States, and comparable arguments were heard in various segments of the German, Italian, and Dutch bourgeoisie Resistances….
Churchill’s proposal for a Council of Europe provides probably the best example of the (Atlanticist) concept of European unity… coupled to Britain’s desire to maintain its special link with the Commonwealth and the United States.. “
(Van Der Pijl, K. Ibid; p26; London 2012).
In contrast:
“The Euronational concept combined a number of state-monopolisitic attributes like a strong emphasis on a “European” economic policy with a distinct rejection of Atlantic unity” ;
(Van Der Pijl, K. Ibid; p26; London 2012).
The first USA steps to infiltrate Europe were actually before the Second World War. In most accounts, Jean Monnet the post-war Finance Minster of France figures prominently:
“Jean Monnet… was perhaps one of the foremost in the European postwar leaders to see the necessity of a coalition of European countries…. As early as 1921 Monnet had advised Eduard Benes: To address the problem of the weakness of Central European economic by establishing a “federation because of the region formed a “natural economic unit.”
(James Laxer. “Inventing Europe”; Toronto, 1991.p. 27).
Later in the Second World War:
“Writing on behalf of the French Committee of National Liberation, Monnet for the first time advocated the formation of a federation of European states to be established following the conflict..”
(Laxer, Ibid, p. 27).
But Jean Monnet was in reality, a pro-USA comprador. He had spent many years working in banking in the USA and had married a scion of the US ruling classes. Ultimately he saw not a rivalry between the USA and pan-Europe, but a partnership, which later USA President Kennedy was also to espouse (van Pijl p. 29):
“The most important representative of the Atlantic Partnership, or Euramerican concept in France was Jean Monnet. 1962 was Monnet’s year of triumph, in which he thought the partnership of equals between the US and the EEC, by which the Soviet union could be effectively checked, was actually materializing. In Monnet’s view this would entail European military autonomy as well. ‘Equal partnership must also apply to the responsibilities of common defense, it requires amongst other things, the organisation of a European atomic force including Britain and in partnership with the US.”
(Van der Pijl: Ibid; P. 225).
Monnet’s relationship with the USA ruling class representatives of capital was close at even a personal level:
“There is no doubt.. Monnet’s initiatives .. owed much to American encouragement. His decisive advantage was the closeness of his association with the USA political elite.. the Dulles brothers, Acheson, Harriman, McCloy, Ball and Brice and others.. he was to become widely distrusted in his own country because of it..”
(Anderson, Perry. “The New Old World”; London 2009 p.15)
“Monnet’s strength as an architect of integration (i.e. of Europe – ed) did not lie in any particular leverage with European cabinets… but in his direct line to Washington.”
(Anderson, Perry. Ibid; p. 17)
By May 1949, the first concrete post-war steps for uniting Europe into a pro-Atlantic (i.e. pro-USA) bloc led to the Statute of the Council of Europe.
On 9 May 1950, the French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman proposed to integrate the coal and steel industries of Europe. The Schumann Proposal for the European Iron and Steel Community, was designed to form a competitive market in iron and steel, using substantial public sector capital. Britain refused to join at that stage. By 1958, trade in the ECSC in steel had increased by 157% and steel output by 65% (Laxer, p. 38).
In “Alliance Marxist-Leninist” of October 1992, the Schumann Plan was portrayed as an anti-American move; and Jean Monnet as a Euronationalist. Alliance was incorrect in this analysis. (Alliance Marxist-Leninist ALLIANCE (MARXIST-LENINIST (Number 3, October 1992) “Crisis In Capital And Their Solution – Free Trade And Protectionism In Developed Countries” http://ml-review.ca/aml/AllianceIssues/ALLIANCE3ECONOMICS.html
The reality was far more complex. In fact the USA had argued that the Schumann Plan was of use since:
“Secretary of State Acheson in 1951 estimated that the Schumann Plan was useful.. since it would “pull Germany, certainly Western Germany into economic relationship with Europe. It will tie it in and lay a foundation which will ally fears the Germany might come loose and go off on an independent or pro-Russian policy.”
(van Pijl Ibid p. 157) .
The USA imperialists with their European stooges – and even with the Euro-nationalists – at this stage all continued to agree that Europe needed to unite. The vision of many planners of USA strategy, was akin to that of Paul Hoffman – leading member of the Committee headed by Averell Harriman secretary of Commerce – speaking to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in 1950:
“We know that there is no possibility of Europe becoming the kind of an economy that will make it a great force of strength in the Atlantic community unless we break down the barriers between those 17 political subdivisions with which we are working… so that you have a single market, or something close to it, in which you will have large-scale manufacturing because you have a large market in which to sell it.”
(Van Pijl Ibid p. 197)
Britain and France after Suez, had to accept that in the immediate future, their only role on the world stage would be as a junior partner to USA imperialism. They threw their lot in with the Americans. The USA used their influence with the British to disrupt attempts at a defence force independent of the US.
But as the USA became ever more hegemonic in Europe, De Gaulle and others turned to resist USA incursion. This was forseen by J.V.Stalin:
“Britain and France .. are imperialist countries.. Can it be assumed that they will endlessly tolerate the present situation in which.. Americans are penetrating into the economies of Britain and France and trying to convert them into adjuncts of the USA economy?
…Would it not be truer to say that capitalist Britain and France will be compelled in the end to break from the embrace of the USA and enter into conflict with it in order to secure an independent position and of course high profits?”
(J.V. Stalin, “Economic problems of the Socialism in the USSR”; Moscow, 1952. p. 38).
The loosening of the dependency chains on European nations formed by the credit of the USA Marshall Plan would take several interim steps.
By 1957, the Treaty of Rome was signed which established the European Economic Community (EEC). Consistent with its overall European strategy, the formation of the EEC was supported by the USA. In fact:
“Eisenhower (said) .. that the Treaty of Rome would be one of the finest days in the history of the free world, perhaps even more so than winning the war”;
(Anderson; Ibid; p. 18).
There was now a dramatic opening of the European market for financial penetration – to take over European industries, as well as their markets:
“The shift from commercial to financial penetration (ie of Europe – by the USA -ed) was confirmed by the formation of the EEC. The Common Market dramatically changed American prospects for expansion in this respect.“
(Van der Pijil; Ibid, p.193)
In reply to De Gaulle, the USA attempted to weaken the development of the future European Union, by using its stooge the weak British imperialists. Thereupon French General De Gaulle later on vetoed the entry of Great Britain into the EEC for precisely this reason.
By the time of Nixon and Kissinger, the situation had shifted. Now the USA perceived the threat in the now built up European Community:
“(they) started to perceive the potential for a rival great power in Western Europe”;
(Anderson Ibid p. 21).
How had things changed so dramatically? The balance of power between the Euronationalists and the pro-US Atlanticists had changed after the rise of the dollar hegemony. To recap, the Bretton Woods Agreement of 1944 to stay on a gold convertibility was simply put aside by the USA. By the 1960s, under USA President Johnson, inflation was created by printing more dollars. This enabled the USA to fund the Vietnam War and its limited social reforms of the so-called ‘Great Society” (Dean & Pringle Ibid p.80; Palmer Ibid p.61). This had dire consequences:
“The net result in the succeeding decades was a scale of Federal domestic budget deficit and increasingly, balance of payments deficit without precedent in US history. At first the deficits and consequential outflow of dollars into the world economy had been regarded as benign.. The deficits initially helped to finance the mutual economic recovery of Americans’ allied (and client) economies. But as the outflow of dollars turned into a might flood, American control over banks grew by leaps and bounds, Between 1970 and 1975 the assets of overseas branches of US banks grew from $47 billion to $166 billion. The over-valued US dollar came to be seen as the means by which European industry was being acquired cheaply by US interests… fears were expressed that Western Europe was being turned into a fiefdom of US multinationals.. By the late 1960s the gap between the US dollar’s internal purchasing power and its international value had widened alarmingly. The Europeans were faced with the choice of either accepting these depreciating dollars (and thus, in effect, of subsidizing the American economy and worldwide military and political commitments) or exploiting America’s Bretton Woods commitment to swap dollars for gold at the fixed prices.”
(Palmer Ibid p. 62).
De Gaulle remarked early on, that this was a USA attack using dollarization of the world economy, and warned that:
“The Americans only used the atom device twice on Asia. … but they use the dollar on Europe every day”
(Cited Palmer, John: “Europe without America? The crisis in Atlantic Relations”; Oxford; 1988; p.62)
Essentially the USA was pursuing a policy of financial export to drive acquisition of European industrial and financial companies. Simultaneously it unwittingly began the financialization driving world inflation – from ‘hot money’. European nationalist leaders of many countries objected. As well as De Gaulle, French President Giscard d’Estaing objected:
“It is rather remarkable that the war in Vietnam, a localized conflict of a very special nature involving a great power and a small power could have such a far reaching effects on world economic equilibrium.. Any other country that was faced with a balance-of-payment deficit of this magnitude would have been obliged to take steps to restore balance whereas the US was not obliged to do so; the method of financing its deficit exempted it from having to restore equilibrium and it was therefore a system which caused considerable inequality in the interplay of monetary power…”
(Hudson, Michael, Global Fracture, the new international Economic Order. New York, 1977; p.31).
In another more serious threat to USA hegemony, the German state had become more pro-independent. Earlier leaders (Konrad Ardenauer Chancellor [1949-1962] and Ludwig Erhard [Chancellor 1963-1965]) of post-war West Germany had been resolutely pro-USA. The attitude of later German leaders can be gauged from a remark made by Chancellor Helmut Schmidt (Chancellor 1974-1982) when he decried:
“The misuse of the dollar as an instrument of US foreign policy.”
(Cited Palmer John: “Europe without America? The crisis in Atlantic Relations”; Oxford; 1988; p. 10)
This reaction against the USA had its counterpart in Britain in the Westland Helicopter crisis, where Defence Minister Michael Hesletine revolted against Mrs Thatcher. He was soon despatched by the stalwart pro-USA Mrs Thatcher. This was pointed out by the Communist League at the time.
The salient point is that the USA fiscal policies prompted the Euronationalists to move towards the European Monetary System (EMS) and before that the Snake. This then became the European Monetary Union (EMU):
“European Community alarm at the misuse of the dollar’s privileged position in the world currency system encouraged the EEC states to distance themselves in monetary policy from the US in the late 1970’s. President Valery Giscard D’Estaing of France led – despite British opposition – to the creation of … the EMS.. the breakup of the dollar-dominated monetary system also marked the end of the earlier Atlantic consensus enshrined in the Bretton Woods Agreement of 1944”;
(Palmer J ibid p. 11).
In Alliance Marxist-Leninist Number 3, 1992, we traced the rise of the European Union and the emerging hegemonic role of the unified single German State – after the disintegration of the Comecon states including former East Germany.
We concluded Alliance 3 by characterising the then inter-imperial rivalries as follows:
“The current crisis of capital forces formation of blocs.
The current epoch is one of a disintegration of the power of the USA imperialists and an increase in power of the German and thereby European imperialists and the Japanese imperialists. Each of these competitors strive to create a super trading bloc; within whose borders free trade (or ‘ freer trade’) occurs. Outside of the bloc, protectionism is the policy.
These policies result from the major crisis of over-production that the world is experiencing. The final rupture of the Comecon capitalist block offers the only untapped market; and so the Blocs are trying to extend themselves into the ex-Comecon markets.
In the case of the USA Free Trade Bloc being set up between Mexico, the USA and Canada; the Block is clearly under the domination of the USA. Here there is no effective balance between opposing international imperialism. The differences between the European imperialists do allow for a certain balance; this is not achievable between the USA and Canada; and less so between USA and Mexico.
….. The European Economic Community is more delicately balanced between the competing imperialists. Of the nations within the fold, only Britain (now a junior partner) has significant allegiance to the USA. The others are far more committed to the EEC; even risking domination by Germany.
In the Far East, it is likely that a massive trading bloc between Japan and China is going to make it impossible for many of the Pacific basin nations not to enter an alliance dominated by the Japanese imperialists.
These maneuvers are the first salvoes of the next World War.”
(Alliance 3: Ibid: http://ml-review.ca/aml/AllianceIssues/ALLIANCE3ECONOMICS.html )
We believe that these assessments – overall – remain correct. They are also, consistent with Stalin’s famous prediction that under capitalism competitive wars for markets were inevitable, and that sooner or later – Europe would chafe under USA domination:
“Inevitability of Wars between Capitalist Countries”; Some comrades think that owing to the development of new international conditions since the Second World War, wars between capitalist countries have ceased to be inevitable. These comrades are mistaken. Outwardly everything would seem to be going well; the USA has put Western Europe, Japan, and other capitalist countries on rations; Germany (Western), Britain, France, Italy & Japan have fallen into the clutches of the USA and are meekly obeying its commands. But it would be mistaken to think that things can continue to “go well” for ” all eternity”, that these countries will tolerate the domination and oppression of the United States endlessly, that they will not endeavor to tear loose from American bondage and take the part of independent development.”
(Stalin; ‘Economic Problems of the USSR”: Peking; p.33).
Now in 2015, as we update the picture in 2015, the basic rhythm of inter-imperialist struggle has not changed dramatically but become even more intense. The final crumbling of the ex-Comecon countries postponed the ‘final reckoning’ of the European and USA rivalries. And yet rivalries have sharpened with the entry of China into the leading echelons of imperialist rivalry. In this period:
i) Germany has benefited the most and now become the leading (if not yet quite hegemonic) partner of the imperialist coalition of the EU.
ii) The EU has expanded enormously to now include the so-called Southern fringe (including Greece, Portugal, Spain, with continuing discussion with Turkey); and the ex-Comecon countries.
iii) There has been a renewed attempt of the Russian bourgeoisie led by Putin to recreate its own imperial zone.
iv) China has dramatically enhanced its imperial might and come to near logger-heads with the neighboring Pacific Oceanic states – in particular those nations most tied to the USA (Japan, Philippines).
v) The most advanced of the former under-developed colonised world (Brazil, India) have been organized by the renewed Chinese imperialists into conglomerates that pose increasing challenges to both the USA and EU hegemony. Namely BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, China) and the newly created International Bank.
The still unresolved contradiction at the heart of the European Community
Of course the EU has a major problem: Even now, it is not a unitary state with unitary fiscal policies. Although the leaders of the EU wish to concentrate power against the USA, they are unwilling to cede complete national autonomy to a Supra-European force – (namely the European Union based at Brussels). However while EU leaders can attempt to combine the monetary resources, unless there is a complete political unity – there are centrifugal forces they cannot control. For this would require to be overcome, a single unitary Bank.
This is far from a new realisation. The insoluble contradiction was pointed out by astute economists long ago such as Lord Nicholas Kaldor (1908-1986). Kaldor was a Keynesian, who polemicized against both Milton Friedman and Mrs. Thatcher’s worship of monetarism. He cited Keynes to say:
“Keynes (a pamphlet far ahead of the times and ahead of much of his own future writing on the subject), in which he branded monetary policy as ‘simply a campaign against the standard of life of the working classes’, operating through the ‘deliberate intensification of unemployment . . . by using the weapon of economic necessity against individuals and against particular industries — a policy which the country would never permit if it knew what was being done’.
(J. M. Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Mr. Churchill (London, 1925), reprinted in the Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes Vol. IX (London, 1972), pp. 207-30; Cited Foreword Second edition; Kaldor, N: The Scourge of Monetarism”; Oxford 1986. https://www.questia.com/read/13674203/the-scourge-of-monetarism
In 1971, Kaldor pointed out that in the proposed Eurozone, there would be a tendency for some countries “to acquire increasing (and unwanted surpluses) in their trade with other members, whilst others face increasing deficits”. This could only be overcome he foresaw, by fuller political union:
“The events of the last few years … have demonstrated that the Community is not viable with its present degree of economic integration. The system presupposes full currency convertibility and fixed exchange rates among the members, whilst leaving monetary and fiscal policy to the discretion of the individual member countries. Under this system, as events have shown, some countries will tend to acquire increasing (and unwanted surpluses) in their trade with other members, whist others face increasing deficits. This has two unwelcome effects. It transmits inflationary pressures emanating from some members to other members; and it causes the surplus countries to provide automatic finance on an increasing scale to the deficit countries.
Since exchange-rate adjustments or “floating rates” between members are held to be incompatible with the basic aim of economic integration (and are incompatible also with the present system of common agricultural prices fixed in international units) the governments of the Six, at their Summit meeting in The Hague in December 1969, agreed in principle to the creation of a full economic and monetary union, and appointed a high-level committee (the so-called “Werner Committee”) to work out a concrete programme of action..”
(Nicholas Kaldor On European Political Union Cited by Ramanan, 6 November 2012; in The Case For Concerted Action Post-Keynesian Ideas For A Crisis That Conventional Remedies Cannot Resolve; at http://www.concertedaction.com/2012/11/06/nicholas-kaldor-on-european-political-union/ )
Those planning a momentary union explicitly recognised that in the ultimate “third phase” the “individual central beings (being) would be abolished altogether, or reduced to the state of the old colonial “Currency Boards”:
“The realisation of economic and monetary union, as recommended in the Werner Report, involves three kinds of measures, each introduced in stages: monetary union, tax harmonisation, and central community control over national budgets. It envisages a three-stage programme, with each stage lasting about three years, so that the whole plan is designed to be brought into operation by 1978-80.
In the monetary field in the first stage the interest and credit policy of each central bank is increasingly brought under common Community surveillance and permitted margins of variations between exchange rates are reduced or eliminated. In the second stage exchange rates are made immutable and “autonomous parity adjustments” are totally excluded. In the third stage the individual central banks are abolished altogether, or reduced to the status of the old colonial “Currency Boards” without any credit creating power.”
(Nicholas Kaldor Ibid)
Other political issues would also pose problems including the harmonisation of tax differences and differing budget polices requiring “fiscal standardisation” between countries:
“In the field of tax harmonisation it is envisaged that each country’s system should be increasingly aligned to that of other countries, and that there should be “fiscal standardisation” to permit the complete abolition of fiscal frontiers, which means not only identical forms but also identical rates of taxation, particularly in regard to the value added tax and excise duties.
In the field of budgetary control the Werner Report says “the essential elements of the whole of the public budgets, and in particular variations in their volume, the size of balances and the methods of financing or utilizing them, will be decided at the Community level.”
(Nicholas Kaldor Ibid)
However, ominously for the proponents of a single currency – responsibilities to have individual country Budgets and tax polices set centrally – were not envisaged as necessary. This was according to Kaldor, “the basic contradiction”:
“What is not envisaged is that the main responsibility for public expenditure and taxation should be transferred from the national Governments to the Community. Each member will continue to be responsible for raising the revenue for its own expenditure (apart from the special taxes which are paid to finance the Community’s own budget but which will remain a relatively small proportion of total public expenditure and mainly serve the purposes of the Agriculture Fund and other development aid).
And herein lies the basic contradiction of the whole plan.”
(Nicholas Kaldor Ibid)
Kaldor argued this had to have harsh implications for inequity in the well-being of the peoples of different countries. It was clear that unless “harmonisation” of country provision of benefits paid through by taxation – was ensured, there would be rising inequity:
“For the Community also envisages that the scale of provision of public services (such as the social services) should be “harmonised” – i.e., that each country should provide such benefits on the same scale as the others and be responsible for financing them by taxation raised from its own citizens. This clearly cannot be done with equal rates of taxation unless all Community members are equally prosperous and increase their prosperity at the same rate as the other members. Otherwise the taxation of the less prosperous and/or the slower-growing countries is bound to be higher (or rise faster) than that of the more prosperous (or faster-growing) areas.”
(Nicholas Kaldor Ibid)
In turn, this rising inequity in the poorer countries would likely need to be countered by spiraling taxes, in order to maintain a “fiscal balance” with the remained of “the Community.” But this would then become the source of “vicious circle” as these higher taxes would lead to a further compromise of the less “competitive” countries. Worsening of the inter-country inequity would need for distributing relief funds from the center:
“The Community will control each member country’s fiscal balance – i.e., it will ensure that each country will raise enough in taxation to prevent it from getting into imbalance with other members on account of its fiscal deficit. To ensure this the taxes in the slow growing areas are bound to be increased faster; this in itself will generate a vicious circle, since with rising taxation they become less competitive and fall behind even more, thereby necessitating higher social expenditures (on unemployment benefits, etc.) and more restrictive fiscal policies. A system on these lines would create rapidly growing inequalities between the different countries, and is bound to break down in a relatively short time. …
This is only another way of saying that the objective of a full monetary and economic union is unattainable without a political union; and the latter pre-supposes fiscal integration, and not just fiscal harmonisation. It requires the creation of a Community Government and Parliament which takes over the responsibility for at least the major part of the expenditure now provided by national governments and finances it by taxes raised at uniform rates throughout the Community. With an integrated system of this kind, the prosperous areas automatically subside the poorer areas; and the areas whose exports are declining obtain automatic relief by paying in less, and receiving more, from the central Exchequer. The cumulative tendencies to progress and decline are thus held in check by a “built-in” fiscal stabiliser which makes the “surplus” areas provide automatic fiscal aid to the “deficit” areas.
(Kaldor, Nicholas “On European Political Union Ibid)
Kaldor concluded that the Community’s present plan was like the house which “divided against itself cannot stand” and that “it was “dangerous error: to have a “full economic and monetary union” preceding a political union”:
“The Community’s present plan on the other hand is like the house which “divided against itself cannot stand.” Monetary union and Community control over budgets will prevent a member country from pursuing full employment policies on its own – from taking steps to offset any sharp decline in the level of its production and employment, but without the benefit of a strong Community government which would shield its inhabitants from its worst consequences.
Some day the nations of Europe may be ready to merge their national identities and create a new European Union – the United States of Europe. If and when they do, a European Government will take over all the functions which the Federal government now provides in the U.S., or in Canada or Australia. This will involve the creation of a “full economic and monetary union”. But it is a dangerous error to believe that monetary and economic union can precede a political union or that it will act (in the words of the Werner report) “as a leaven for the evolvement of a political union which in the long run it will in any case be unable to do without”. For if the creation of a monetary union and Community control over national budgets generates pressures which lead to a breakdown of the whole system it will prevent the development of a political union, not promote it.”
(Nicholas Kaldor Ibid)
We believe that the current crisis in Greece, fully confirms these warning. However Kaldor being a representative of the ruling capitalist class in Britain, could hardly envisage a political solution of benefit to the goals of achieving a socialist Europe. It is in this backdrop, that the Greek Crisis plays out.
6. The Greek Economic Crisis 2009-2015 – How did it get to this stage?
Throughout the turn towards Europe, the ruling class of Greece faced the hostility of the Greek working class and the rural small peasants. Nonetheless the ruling class allied itself firmly to the European imperialist bloc of the European Union (Previously the EEC). To recap: the Greek state opened the doors to foreign debt. From the viewpoint of a small capitalist class, who were not about to enter a left policy – there was no alternative. In doing so they also built a bureaucratic state machine, packed with protégés of the states. In addition the overwhelming strength of petit-bourgeois production – combined to allow a nepotistic and corrupt state. In this period, the Greek capitalist economy did not do very well.
In reality profits for the leading elite of the Greek capitalist class were immense. While the international financial capitalists are a giant leech on the back of the people, the main enemy of working people, remains the Greek capitalist class.
A common complaint from European bankers is that the Greek people are lazy and inherently corrupt. This propaganda has found resonance in otherwise progressive and people – who are themselves hard-pressed by capital. It is therefore important to refute the slander on “the lazy Greek people” – and attach the charge of laziness and parasitism to where it belongs – to the ruling capitalist class of Greece. The propaganda often cites the “lax tax laws” and the ‘pampered pension clauses’. Let us examine these aspects first.
i) Tax and Pensions in Greece
The capitalist class structured the tax system to its advantage, and also enabled the petit-bourgeois:
“Greek taxation is a mess (there are six different bands and the wealthiest band of shipping is often referred to as a “tax-free zone”) and over 133 separate pension funds.” Buchanan, Rose T; “Greece debt crisis explained: A history of just how the country landed itself in such a mess”; The Independent 4 July 2015; http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/greece-debt-crisis-explainer-a-history-of-how-the-country-landed-itself-in-such-a-mess-10365798.html
“Data from one of Greece’s ten largest banks, (allowed) economists Nikolaos Artavanis, Adair Morse and Margarita Tsoutsoura..to (estimate lost tax revenue)…. The economists’ conservatively estimate that in 2009 some €28 billion in income went unreported. Taxed at 40%, that equates to €11.2 billion — nearly a third of Greece’s budget deficit.
Why hasn’t Greece done more to stop tax evasion? The economists were also able to identify the top tax-evading occupations — doctors and engineers ranked highest — and found they were heavily represented in Parliament”.
“Greeks Hide Tens of Billions From Tax Man”; Wall St Journal 9 July 2012.
http://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2012/07/09/greeks-hide-tens-of-billions-from-tax-man/?mod=WSJBlog&utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+wsj%2Feconomics%2Ffeed+%28WSJ.com%3A+Real+Time+Economics+Blog%29
The scandal of refusal to take action on the “Lagarde List”, makes the responsibility of the Greek ruling class for the “tax imbroglio” even more clear:
“The Greek government has not completed an investigation of a list of 1,991 persons purported to hold accounts with Swiss bank HSBC that it received in 2010 from former French finance minister Christine Lagarde. Initially, officials claimed at various times to have lost or misplaced the information. On 29 October 2012 the government changed its position saying it would not use stolen information to prosecute suspected offenders. Instead, Greek authorities arrested Kostas Vaxevanis, journalist and editor of the weekly magazine Hot Doc, who published the “Lagarde list.”
The list includes an advisor to former Greek prime minister Antonis Samaras, as well as a former minister and a member of Samaras’ New Democracy political party. The list also contains the names of officials in the finance ministry.
Mr. Vaxevanis said he thought the government had not acted on the list because it included friends of ministers, businessmen and powerful publishers.
( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_evasion_and_corruption_in_Greece )
ii) Pensions
First if examined by unadjusted numbers it does appear that the Greek pension system is the most expensive in the OECD countries. We follow the Wall Street Journal analysis of February 2015 (Dalton, Matthew: “Greece’s Pension System Isn’t That Generous After All”; February 27 2015; http://blogs.wsj.com/brussels/2015/02/27/greeces-pension-system-isnt-that-generous-after-all/ ):
Graphs 1-3 on Pensions In Greece
“First, how much does Greece spend as percentage of GDP on pensions? The data from Eurostat looks like this as of 2012, with Greece expenditure easily highest in the eurozone as a percentage of GDP:
However – the Wall Street Journal goes on to break this down, first as a percent of GDP and then by the proportion of pensioners over the age of 65 years:
“But part of that is due to the collapse in GDP suffered by Greece during the crisis… look at pension expenditure as a percentage of potential GDP, the level of economic output were eurozone economies running at full capacity:
“Greece is still near the top, though it’s not so far from the eurozone average. Moreover, Greece’s high spending is largely the result of bad demographics: 20% of Greeks are over age 65, one of the highest percentages in the eurozone. What if instead you attempt to adjust for that by looking at pension spending per person over 65 (graph below). Adjusting for the fact that Greece has a lot of older people, its pension spending is below the eurozone average.”
And finally a large proportion of the population are pensioners over 65 and many households depend on the pension:
“First, demographics. About 20.5% of Greeks are over 65 – behind only Italy and Germany in the EU when it comes to an ageing population. And with the country’s youth unemployment rate still above 50%, its young people are not going to be able to pay for their grandparents pensions any time soon.
Second, Greek society has a dependency on pensioners. One in two households rely on pensions to make ends meet and the country has an old-age dependancy ratio above 30% , which means that for every 100 people of working age in Greece there are 30 people aged 65 or over.
Third, Greek pensions aren’t so generous . About 45% of pensioners receive pensions below what is considered the poverty limit of €665 per month.
Looking at the actual expenditure on beneficiaries, Greece’s figures don’t stand out as exceptional and are instead on par with the EU average.”
(Nardelli, Alberto: “ Unsustainable futures? The Greek pensions dilemma explained“; Guardian, 15 June 2015; at http://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/jun/15/unsustainable-futures-greece-pensions-dilemma-explained-financial-crisis-default-eurozone )
There is no doubt a large financial burden form the pension schemes – but they provide at an individual level a very modest income:
“What makes the country’s pension system unsustainable is not the specific size of each individual pension, but the overall cost of a grossly inefficient and badly funded system (yes, mainly due to of decades of endemic tax evasion that means as much tax revenue slips through Athens’ fingers as it collects). According to analysis by Macropolis, the average pension in Greece is roughly €700 per month, while the supplementary one is €169.
The same analysis also shows that nearly 90% (€2.07bn) of the total monthly expenditure (€2.35bn) on pensions in March went towards the main pension.
It also reveals that only 0.6% of supplementary pensions were above €500 a month.
For 60% of pensioners the total gross monthly intake is below €800. In addition, many retirees in Greece have already seen their pensions cut. Some by a third , others by nearly 50% .”
(Nardelli,; Guardian, 15 June 2015; Ibid)
Moreover, although cutting them might shave off some debt – not only is this unable to repair the basic financial problem of a dependent economy:
“In 2012, pension funds, which were obliged under a law introduced in 1950 by the then king of Greece , Paul I, to keep a minimum of 77% of their assets in government bonds, took an €8.3bn hit following the restructuring of sovereign debt.
Nearly a third of what pension funds have lost since then is due to a fall in contributions on the back of surging unemployment. The unemployment rate is still painfully high (26.6%, while in 2009 it was 9.5%), and nearly eight out of 10 of the country’s jobless have been out of work for 12 months or more.
Any saving brought about by simply purging early retirees’ benefits, cutting supplementary pensions horizontally across the board, or revenue raised by squeezing a drastically depleted pool of taxpayers, would in the short-term allow Greece to unlock the €7bn tranche of bailout funds it needs to carry on servicing its debt (and not default).
However, it would do little to solve the underlying challenges in the longer term.”
(Nardelli,; Guardian, 15 June 2015; Ibid)
Debt and printing money drive Greek Inflation
As discussed in prior sections, the ruling class used inflationary funding to enable it to fool and quieten the working classes. The scale of this is shown below.
“Greece has had a tricky time with its finances. In the 1990s it consistently ran significant budget deficits while using the Drachma. As a result of this economic mismanagement it joined the Euro in 2001, rather than 1999 like many other EU nations.” (Buchanan, Rose T; “Greece debt crisis explained: A history of just how the country landed itself in such a mess”; The Independent 4 July 2015; http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/greece-debt-crisis-explainer-a-history-of-how-the-country-landed-itself-in-such-a-mess-10365798.html )
The following Graph 4, from the ‘Michael Roberts Blog,” tracks the inflation to the deflation tipping point, after the debt crisis became evident:
(Roberts M; ‘Greece Cannot Escape”; 2nd Nov 2014: https://thenextrecession.wordpress.com/2014/02/11/greece-cannot-escape/ )
However, once it was in the Eurozone, Greece’s government could no longer so easily use inflationary economics to easily boost living standards, as it was bound by the Eurozone and the single currency.
The alternative of devaluing its currency to boost its exports was also not possible. This left only loans. Since it was now the era of financial ‘hot money’ and rampant money-speculation had become standard, this was easy at first, and the inflation graph shows that even the loan-injection money fueled a degree of inflation. But the spigot was soon to be turned off with the Wall Street crash:
“Shortly after joining the single currency, Greece enjoyed a period of growth (2001-2007). However, economist and analysts have retrospectively labeled this boom as “unsustainable,” pointing out that Greece (very broadly speaking) profited off the cheap loans available from the EU. This house of cards came tumbling down with the financial crash of 2008. Like many other countries in the EU Greece was seriously affected, but it was unable to climb out of the hole as it had in the past by printing more currency (thus boosting the economy) as the Euro was controlled by the European Central Bank (ECB). Unemployment spiraled to 28 per cent.”
(Buchanan, Rose T; “Greece debt crisis explained: A history of just how the country landed itself in such a mess”; The Independent 4 July 2015; http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/greece-debt-crisis-explainer-a-history-of-how-the-country-landed-itself-in-such-a-mess-10365798.html )
Greece’s relationship to the EU was as a dependent colony to the leading capitalist countries of the EU. These were of course Germany and also France.
International agencies progressively lent Greek governments large amounts of money. Consequently, Greece progressively developed an external debt of gigantic proportions as seen below in the brown/dark red line (Graph 5):
What is the nature of these debt burdens that the Greek government faces?
The German locomotive pushing the EU economy – needed markets. The “under-developed” Southern perimeter of the EU was one of the natural “new” markets:
“Economist Paul Krugman wrote in February 2012:
“What we’re basically looking at…is a balance of payments problem, in which capital flooded south after the creation of the euro, leading to overvaluation in southern Europe.”
He continued in June 2015:
“In truth, this has never been a fiscal crisis at its root; it has always been a balance of payments crisis that manifests itself in part in budget problems, which have then been pushed onto the center of the stage by ideology.”
The translation of trade deficits to budget deficits works through sectoral balances . Greece ran current account (trade) deficits averaging 9.1% GDP from 2000–2011. By definition, a trade deficit requires capital inflow (mainly borrowing) to fund; this is referred to as a capital surplus or foreign financial surplus. This can drive higher levels of government budget deficits, if the private sector maintains relatively even amounts of savings and investment, as the three financial sectors (foreign, government, and private) by definition must balance to zero.
While Greece was running a large foreign financial surplus, it funded this by running a large budget deficit. As the inflow of money stopped during the crisis, reducing the foreign financial surplus, Greece was forced to reduce its budget deficit substantially. Countries facing such a sudden reversal in capital flows typically devalue their currencies to resume the inflow of capital; however, Greece cannot do this, and has suffered significant income (GDP) reduction, another form of devaluation.”
Lord Kaldor’s warnings about this developing were discussed above.
Who owns this debt?
Graph 6: Current account imbalances in the European Union (1997–2014)
The graph below (from Wikipedia at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Current_account_imbalances_EN_(3D) .svg)
shows that one of the major owners is Germany. In more detail, the ‘Economist Online” of October 2011 described the major ownership of the Greek debt. The main institutions owning the Greek debt are the IMF, the European Central Bank (ECB) and various European governments:
“Greece has total debts of €346.4bn. About a third of this debt is in public hands (34.8% is attributable to the IMF, ECB and European governments), roughly another third is in Greek hands (28.8%, essentially for banks) with the remainder (36.4%) held by non-Greek private investors.
( http://economistonline.muogao.com/2011/10/who-owns-greek-debt.html )
And the New York Times Business news cites similar data:
“Almost two-thirds of Greece’s debt, about 200 billion euros, is owed to the eurozone bailout fund or other eurozone countries. Greece does not have to make any payments on that debt until 2023”. (Editor: Graph 7: below graphically displays the ownership of the debt.)
Greece’s debt crisis explained” – International Business; New York Times updated July 27, 2015 http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/business/international/greece-debt-crisis-euro.html?_r=0
During this period, Greece’s finances were monitored by external agencies, largely those who had loaned monies to Greece. These were the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the European Community (EU) and the European Central Bank (ECB). These formed the so-called Troika. The Troika was to become hated by the Greek peoples as they plunged Greece into major social chaos and forced the living standards of the Greek people down.
As the New York Times comments, in many ways the “crisis” can be considered as a manufactured one as only a portion of debt is coming due in the short term:
“The International Monetary Fund has proposed extending the grace period until mid-century. So while Greece’s total debt is big—as much as double the country’s annual economic output—it might not matter much if the government did not need to make payments for decades to come. By the time the money came due, the Greek economy could have grown enough that the sum no longer seemed daunting.
In the short term, though, Greece has a problem making payments due on loans from the International Monetary Fund and on bonds held by the European Central Bank. Those obligations amount to more than 24 billion euros through the middle of 2018, and it is unlikely that either institution would agree to long delays in repayment.”
Greece’s debt crisis explained” – International Business; New York Times updated July 27, 2015 http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/business/international/greece-debt-crisis-euro.html?_r=0
Two additional problems have conspired to make the “original sin” of debt – of even more enormous consequence.
Firstly, quite early on during this crisis, it was clear to the Troika lenders that the Greek government was in trouble in repaying any significant fraction of this debt. However this was ignored. In fact the IMF – despite its own rules and despite the worries about “default” – continued to fuel the fire of debt by giving more loans.
Then secondly, to worsen matters, the Greek government falsified data about the extent of its debt, and was helped by the greed of USA banking capital.
As early as 2004, in its negotiations with the EU, the ruling class of Greece falsified the degree of its debt. Goldman Sachs – the giant stockbroker and trader bank of Wall Street, aided the Greek government in doing this:
“In 2001, Greece was looking for ways to disguise its mounting financial troubles. The Maastricht Treaty required all Eurozone member states to show improvement in their public finances, but Greece was heading in the wrong direction. Then Goldman Sachs came to the rescue, arranging a secret loan of 2.8 billion euros for Greece, disguised as an off-the-books “cross-currency swap”—a complicated transaction in which Greece’s foreign-currency debt was converted into a domestic-currency obligation using a fictitious market exchange rate.
As a result, about 2 percent of Greece’s debt magically disappeared from its national accounts. Christoforos Sardelis, then head of Greece’s Public Debt Management Agency, later described the deal to Bloomberg Business as “a very sexy story between two sinners.” For its services, Goldman received a whopping 600 million euros ($793 million), according to Spyros Papanicolaou, who took over from Sardelis in 2005. That came to about 12 percent of Goldman’s revenue from its giant trading and principal-investments unit in 2001—which posted record sales that year. The unit was run by Blankfein.
Then the deal turned sour. After the 9/11 attacks, bond yields plunged, resulting in a big loss for Greece because of the formula Goldman had used to compute the country’s debt repayments under the swap. By 2005, Greece owed almost double what it had put into the deal, pushing its off-the-books debt from 2.8 billion euros to 5.1 billion. In 2005, the deal was restructured and that 5.1 billion euros in debt locked in. Perhaps not incidentally, Mario Draghi, now head of the European Central Bank and a major player in the current Greek drama, was then managing director of Goldman’s international division.”
(Robert B. Reich ‘How Goldman Sachs Profited From the Greek Debt Crisis”; The Nation16th July 2015; http://www.thenation.com/article/goldmans-greek-gambit/ )
Such was the pervasive greed, that of course such ‘creative’ financing’ was standard, as explained by Robert Reich:
“Greece wasn’t the only sinner. Until 2008, European Union accounting rules allowed member nations to manage their debt with so-called off-market rates in swaps, pushed by Goldman and other Wall Street banks. In the late 1990s, J.P.Morgan enabled Italy to hide its debt by swapping currency at a favorable exchange rate, thereby committing Italy to future payments that didn’t appear on its national accounts as future liabilities. But Greece was in the worst shape, and Goldman was the biggest enabler. Undoubtedly, Greece suffers from years of corruption and tax avoidance by its wealthy. But Goldman wasn’t an innocent bystander: It padded its profits by leveraging Greece to the hilt—along with much of the rest of the global economy. Other Wall Street banks did the same. When the bubble burst, all that leveraging pulled the world economy to its knees.”
( Robert B. Reich ‘How Goldman Sachs Profited From the Greek Debt Crisis”; The Nation16th July 2015; http://www.thenation.com/article/goldmans-greek-gambit/ )
Of course such greed driven lying enabled the Greek Government to gain more loans. This was of itself a problem since the country was developing intractable recession.
The Crisis heats up and the infamous Troika Memorandum
By 2009, significant fears that Greece would default on its loans prompted alarm. The Troika made moves to yet another loan – this time of $110 billion – but only if there were significant “austerity measures.” Of course this was intended to be an “austerity” for the working classes and not for the ruling classes:
“From late 2009, fears of a sovereign debt crisis developed among investors concerning Greece’s ability to meet its debt obligations due to strong increase in government debt levels. This led to a crisis of confidence, indicated by a widening of bond yield spreads and risk insurance on credit default swaps compared to other countries, most importantly Germany. Downgrading of Greek government debt to junk bonds created alarm in financial markets.
“On 2 May 2010, the Eurozone countries and the International Monetary Fund agreed on a €110 billion loan for Greece, conditional on the implementation of harsh austerity measures. In October 2011, Eurozone leaders also agreed on a proposal to write off 50% of Greek debt owed to private creditors, increasing the EFSF to about €1 trillion and requiring European banks to achieve 9% capitalization to reduce the risk of contagion to other countries. These austerity measures have proved extremely unpopular with the Greek public, precipitating demonstrations and civil unrest.”
( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis#/media/File:HellenicOeconomy(inCurrentEuros).png )
It was the collapse of the international financial and banking industries from the USA sub-prime crisis which rapidly became an international financial crisis, that mushroomed the Greek situation into a crisis. Greece had no choice but to reveal a truer picture of its deficit financing to the world’s creditors to seek more credit:
“Greece became the epicenter of Europe’s debt crisis after Wall Street imploded in 2008. With global financial markets still reeling, Greece announced in October 2009 that it had been understating its deficit figures for years, raising alarms about the soundness of Greek finances. Suddenly, Greece was shut out from borrowing in the financial markets. By the spring of 2010, it was veering toward bankruptcy, which threatened to set off a new financial crisis.”
“Greece’s debt crisis explained” – International Business; New York Times updated July 27, 2015 http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/business/international/greece-debt-crisis-euro.html?_r=0
Up to around 2011, the loan monies in Greece continued to drive an inflation.
But then a sharp deflation began, as the Troika turned the screw on Greece. The Troika insisted on marked cuts in the living standards of the Greek people the working lass and peasantry. Not the standard of the ruling class of course who has moved its savings out of reach of the Greek state or the Troika. The Troika’s conditions are noted here:
“The so-called troika — the International Monetary Fund, the European Central Bank and the European Commission — issued the first of two international bailouts for Greece, which would eventually total more than 240 billion euros, or about $264 billion at today’s exchange rates. The bailouts came with conditions. Lenders imposed harsh austerity terms, requiring deep budget cuts and steep tax increases. They also required Greece to overhaul its economy by streamlining the government, ending tax evasion and making Greece an easier place to do business.”
“Greece’s debt crisis explained” – International Business; New York Times updated July 27, 2015 http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/business/international/greece-debt-crisis-euro.html?_r=0
Of course the Greek capitalists complied, and drove down and depressed the wage rates of the Greek people:
“It’s true that the crushing of the living standards and wage earnings of Greek households is making Greek industry more ‘competitive’ – labour costs per unit of (falling) production have dropped 30% since 2010 (See Graph 8 below).
((Roberts M; ‘Greece Cannot Escape”; 2nd Nov 2014: https://thenextrecession.wordpress.com/2014/02/11/greece-cannot-escape/ )
Again – the burden of ‘austerity’ – was laid only on the working class of Greece:
“When Greece did cut some of its spending, the EU and ECB asked for a reduction in wages rather than a cut in spending. So – for example – while the military budget remains intact , soldiers have seen their wages fall by 40 per cent. Their experience is replicated across other public sector fields – notably in nurses and doctors”. Buchanan, Rose T; “Greece debt crisis explained: A history of just how the country landed itself in such a mess”; The Independent 4 July 2015; http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/greece-debt-crisis-explainer-a-history-of-how-the-country-landed-itself-in-such-a-mess-10365798.html
An external – German – research agency found that indeed, it was the poor that had suffered disproportionate cuts as compared to the rich:
“The poorest households in the debt-ridden country lost nearly 86% of their income, while the richest lost only 17-20%. The tax burden on the poor increased by 337% while the burden on upper-income classes increased by only 9% This is the result of a study that has analyzed 260.000 tax and income data from the years 2008 – 2012.
– The nominal gross income of Greek households decreased by almost a quarter in only four years.
– The wages cuts caused nearly half of the decline.
– The net income fell further by almost 9 percent, because the tax burden was significantly increased
– While all social classes suffered income losses due to cuts, tax increases and the economic crisis, particularly strongly affected were households of low- and middle-income. This was due to sharp increase in unemployment and tax increases, that were partially regressive.
– The total number of employees in the private sector suffered significantly greater loss of income, and they were more likely to be unemployed than those employed in the public sector.
-From 2009 to 2013 wages and salaries in the private sector declined in several stages at around 19 percent. Among other things, because the minimum wage was lowered and collective bargaining structures were weakened. Employees in the public sector lost around a quarter of their income.
Unemployment & Early Retirement
Unemployment surged from 7.3% in the Q2 2008 to 26.6% in the Q2 2014. among youth aged 15-24, unemployment had an average of 44%.
Early retirement in the Private Sector increased by 14%.
Early retirement in the Public Sector* increased by 48%
The researchers see here a clear link to the austerity policy, that’s is the Greek government managed to fulfill the Troika requirements for smaller public sector. However, this trend caused a burden to the social security funds.
* Much to KTG’s knowledge public servants with 25 years in the public administration rushed to early retirement in 2010 out of fear of further cuts in their wages and consequently to their pension rights.
Taxes
Taxes were greatly increased, but they had a regressive effect.
Since beginning of the austerity, direct taxes increased by nearly 53%, while indirect taxes increased by 22 percent.
The taxation policy has indeed contributed significantly to the consolidation of the public budget, but by doing so the social imbalance was magnified.
Little has been done against tax avoidance and tax evasion, however, the tax base was actually extended “downwards” with the effect that households with low-income and assets were strongly burdened.
Particularly poorer households paid disproportionately more in taxes and the tax burden to lower-income rose by 337%. In comparison, the tax burden to upper-income households rose by only 9%.
In absolute euro amounts, the annual tax burden of many poorer households increased “only” by a few hundred euros. However, with regards to the rapidly declining of incomes and rampant unemployment, this social class was over-burdened with taxes.
The Poor suffered more
On average, the annual income of Greek households before taxes fell from €23,100 euros in 2008 to just below €17,900 euros in 2012. This represents a loss of nearly 23 percent.
The losses were significantly different to each income class with the poorest households to have suffered the biggest losses.
Almost one in three Greek household had to make it through 2012 with an annual income below €7,000”.
(Research of the “German Institute for Macroeconomic Research (IMK) affiliated with the Hans Böckler Foundation”; given blog ‘Keep Talking Greece’; by 20 March 2015; at http://www.keeptalkinggreece.com/2015/03/20/shocking-austerity-greeces-poor-lost-86-of-income-but-rich-only-17-20/
Both the Greek ruling class and the Troika saw that this squeeze on the poor and working class, was creating such a social upheaval, as to be potentially pre-revolutionary. Yet they were caught, since the alternatives were dismal for the international capitalist. Even the IMF’s own rules were flouted. In 2010 the situation was as follows in Michael Roberts telling:
“The irony is that while austerity in Greece continues to be applied mercilessly, the IMF recently issued a report that concluded that the Troika’s approach was mistaken in imposing severe fiscal retrenchment back in May 2010 when Greece could no longer finance its spending through borrowing in bond markets ( http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2013/cr13156.pdf ).
Back then, the Troika had three options. First, it could have provided a massive fiscal transfer to the Greek government to tide it over without demanding massive cuts in public spending that eventually led to a fall in Greek real GDP of nearly 20%, unemployment of over 25% and government debt to GDP of 170%, with economic depression likely to continue out to the end of the decade. Or it could have allowed the Greek government to ‘default’ on its debts to the banks, pension funds and hedge funds and negotiate an ‘orderly haircut’ on those debts. But the Troika did neither and opted instead for a third way. It insisted that in return for bailout funds the Greek government meet its obligations in full to all its creditors by switching all its available revenues to paying its debts at the expense of jobs, health, education and other public services.
The Troika insisted on this because it reckoned 1) that austerity would be shortlived and economic growth would quickly return and 2) if the banks and others took a huge hit on their balance sheets from a Greek default it would put European banks in danger of going bust (Greek banks first). There could be ‘contagion’ if other distressed Eurozone governments also opted not to pay their debts, using Greece as the precedent. Of course, economic growth has not returned and despite huge efforts on the part of Greek governments to meet fiscal targets through unprecedented austerity, government debt has increased rather than fallen and the economy has nosedived.
Eventually, the Troika had to agree that the private sector took a ‘haircut’ after all, massaged as it was with cash sweeteners and new bonds with high yields. Now the IMF in its report admits that austerity was too severe and debt ‘restructuring’ should have happened from the beginning. The IMF, now in its semi-Keynesian mode, tries to put the blame for the failure to do this on the EU leaders and the ECB, which has not made the latter too happy, especially as the current IMF chief, Lagarde was strongly in favour of the austerity plan when she was French finance minister in 2010.
“If Greeks had defaulted back in 2010, that could have led to other defaults and Europe’s banks were in no state to absorb such losses. As a recent study shows http://www.voxeu.org/article/ez-banking-union-sovereign-virus ), German banks were heavily overleveraged back in 2010 and they are not much better even now. There was no way the German government was going to put German banks in jeopardy and allow the ‘profligate’ Greeks to get a huge handout of German taxpayers money to boot. No, the Greeks had to pay their debts, just as the Germans had to pay their reparations to the French after 1918, even if it meant Germany was plunged into permanent depression. Ironically, the Germans did not and have not paid promised billions in reparations to the Greeks after 1945 – something the Greeks are pursuing in negotiations!”
(Michael Roberts Blog: “Greece, the IMF and debt default; 16th June 2013;“ https://thenextrecession.wordpress.com/2013/06/16/greece-the-imf-and-debt-default/ )
As noted before, this fueling of the debt by new loans, was against even the principles of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and senior strategists in the IMF warned that the polices of the IMF in regards to Greece were seriously in error, from the year 2010.
As stated above, one underlying reason on insisting that the Greek Government paid its debt fully, was simply the usurer’s wish to ensure that debts owed by Greece to both France and Germany would be honoured. German and French banks had become vulnerable by over-leveraging themselves. (i.e they had loaned so much money that their actual capital holdings were unable to support them if there was a “run” on their deposits). The Eurozone banks had become very vulnerable:
“The Table below shows the degree of ‘domestic leverage’ of the systemically important banks in major Eurozone countries .. in most countries the domestic banking system would not survive a Greek-style ‘haircut’ on public debt. (In March 2012, holders of Greek bonds had to accept a nominal haircut of over 50%, and on a mark-to-market basis the haircut was over 80%. It is apparent that no bank that has a sovereign exposure worth over 100% of its capital would survive such a loss).
Table 4: Domestic sovereign debt leverage (sovereign exposure/capital)
Source: CEPS database. (From Roberts 16 June 2013; “Greece, the IMF and debt default ibid) Michael Roberts Blog: “Greece, the IMF and debt default; 16th June 2013; “ https://thenextrecession.wordpress.com/2013/06/16/greece-the-imf-and-debt-default/ )
Amazingly, the IMF policy remained unchanged – new loans were issued to Greece – at least up till May 2015:
“Greece’s onerous obligations to the IMF, the European Central Bank and European governments can be traced back to April 2010, when they made a fateful mistake. Instead of allowing Greece to default on its insurmountable debts to private creditors, they chose to lend it the money to pay in full.
At the time, many called for immediately restructuring privately held debt, thus imposing losses on the banks and investors who had lent money to Greece. Among them were several members of the IMF’s board and Karl Otto Pohl, a former president of the Bundesbank and a key architect of the euro. The IMF and European authorities responded that restructuring would cause global financial mayhem. As Pohl candidly noted , that was merely a cover for bailing out German and French banks, which had been among the largest enablers of Greek profligacy.
Ultimately, the authorities’ approach merely replaced one problem with another: IMF and official European loans were used to repay private creditors. Thus, despite a belated restructuring in 2012, Greece’s obligations remain unbearable — only now they are owed almost entirely to official creditors.
Five years after the crisis started, government debt has jumped from 130 percent of gross domestic product to almost 180 percent. Meanwhile, a deep economic slump and deflation have severely impaired the government’s ability to repay.
Almost everyone now agrees that pushing Greece to pay its private creditors was a bad idea. The required fiscal austerity was simply too great, causing the economy to collapse. The IMF acknowledged the error in a 2013 report on Greece. In a recent staff paper, the fund said that when a crisis threatens to spread, it should seek a collective global solution rather than forcing the distressed economy to bear the entire burden. The IMF’s chief economist, Olivier Blanchard, has warned that more austerity will crush growth.
Oddly, the IMF’s proposed way forward for Greece remains unchanged: Borrow more money (this time from the European authorities) to repay one group of creditors (the IMF) and stay focused on austerity. The fund’s latest projections assume that the government’s budget surplus (other than interest payments) will reach 4.5 percent of GDP, a level of belt-tightening that few governments have ever sustained for any significant period of time.
Following Germany’s lead, IMF officials have placed their faith in so-called structural reforms — changes in labor and other markets that are supposed to improve the Greek economy’s longer-term growth potential. They should know better. The fund’s latest World Economic Outlook throws cold water on the notion that such reforms will address the Greek debt problem in a reliable and timely manner. The most valuable measures encourage research and development and help spur high-technology sectors. All this is to the good, but such gains are irrelevant for the next five years. The priority must be to prevent Greece from sinking deeper into a debt-deflation spiral. Unfortunately, some reforms will actually accelerate the spiral by weakening demand.
On April 9, Greece repaid 450 million euros ($480 million) to the IMF, and must pay another 2 billion in May and June. The IMF’s managing director, Christine Lagarde, has made clear that delays in repayments will not be tolerated.
“I would, certainly for myself, not support it,” she told Bloomberg Television.”
Ashoka Mody ; Bloomberg 81 April 21 2015; The IMF’s Big Greek Mistake; http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2015-04-21/imf-needs-to-correct-its-big-greek-bailout-mistake
Recall – Lagarde was once the Minister of Finance for France:
Graph number 5 (see above) displays that it is not only Greece in
hock” to Germany, but there are several leading Eurozone states in debt to Germany. In especial note the deficits of France and of Italy.
This is the second reason – at least for German imperialism – on insisting that the Greek Government paid its debt fully.
If the Greeks are allowed to default, what happens to the other loans that are outstanding? It has long been recognised that Germany has been running a huge trade surplus, and it has been under pressure to alleviate this for some time:
“For years, Germany has been running a large current account surplus, meaning that it sells a lot more than it buys. The gap has only grown since the start of the crisis, reaching a new record of 215.3 billion euros ($244 billion) in 2014. Such insufficient German demand weakens world growth, which is why the U.S. Treasury and the International Monetary Fund have long prodded the country to buy more. Even the European Commission has concluded that Germany’s current-account imbalance is “ excessive .”
( Ashoka Mody , Bloomberg188 July 17, 2015, ‘Germany, Not Greece, Should Exit the Euro’)
Any lifting of the restrictions upon Greece will lead to repercussions as to what happens to the debts of these other leading countries. It is no doubt, for this reason, that both Italy and France have been trying to ease pressures from Germany, arguing that there must be a debt restructuring.
This fits with the later 2015 U-Turn of Cristine Lagarde and the IMF (Discussed in section 9 below) – who are now at the last moment – urging the German government to reduce the obligations of the Greek government of Tsipras. We believe also, that this U-Turn supports the USA wish to attack the German government’s current rising economic strength.
Moreover, the USA government itself – suffers from an astronomical debt.
7. The Marxist View of ‘National Debt’ under capitalism
What do Marxists and other informed economists make of the notion of a national Debt? Falling into debt of a country – or large institutions – has been a historical feature of the growth of capital. Karl Marx pointed this out in ‘Capital’, saying that the “only part of the so-called national wealth that actually enters the possession of modern people is their national debt.” In full:
“The system of public credit, i.e., of national debts, whose origin we discover in Genoa and Venice as early as the Middle Ages, took possession of Europe generally during the manufacturing period. The colonial system with its maritime trade and commercial wars served as a forcing-house for it. … National debts, i.e., the alienation of the state – whether despotic, constitutional or republican – marked with its stamp the capitalistic era. The only part of the so-called national wealth that actually enters into the collective possessions of modern peoples is their national debt. Hence, as a necessary consequence, the modern doctrine that a nation becomes the richer the more deeply it is in debt. Public credit becomes the credo of capital. And with the rise of national debt-making, want of faith in the national debt takes the place of the blasphemy against the Holy Ghost, which may not be forgiven.
The public debt becomes one of the most powerful levers of primitive accumulation. As with the stroke of an enchanter’s wand, it endows barren money with the power of breeding and thus turns it into capital, without the necessity of its exposing itself to the troubles and risks inseparable from its employment in industry or even in usury. The state creditors actually give nothing away, for the sum lent is transformed into public bonds, easily negotiable, which go on functioning in their hands just as so much hard cash would. But further, apart from the class of lazy annuitants thus created, and from the improvised wealth of the financiers, middlemen between the government and the nation – as also apart from the tax-farmers, merchants, private manufacturers, to whom a good part of every national loan renders the service of a capital fallen from heaven – the national debt has given rise to joint-stock companies, to dealings in negotiable effects of all kinds, and to agiotage, in a word to stock-exchange gambling and the modern bankocracy.
At their birth the great banks, decorated with national titles, were only associations of private speculators, who placed themselves by the side of governments, and, thanks to the privileges they received, were in a position to advance money to the State. Hence the accumulation of the national debt has no more infallible measure than the successive rise in the stock of these banks, whose full development dates from the founding of the Bank of England in 1694. The Bank of England began with lending its money to the Government at 8%; at the same time it was empowered by Parliament to coin money out of the same capital, by lending it again to the public in the form of banknotes. It was allowed to use these notes for discounting bills, making advances on commodities, and for buying the precious metals. It was not long ere this credit-money, made by the bank itself, became. The coin in which the Bank of England made its loans to the State, and paid, on account of the State, the interest on the public debt. It was not enough that the bank gave with one hand and took back more with the other; it remained, even whilst receiving, the eternal creditor of the nation down to the last shilling advanced. Gradually it became inevitably the receptacle of the metallic hoard of the country, and the centre of gravity of all commercial credit. What effect was produced on their contemporaries by the sudden uprising of this brood of bankocrats, financiers, rentiers, brokers, stock-jobbers, &c., is proved by the writings of that time, e.g., by Bolingbroke’s”
(Marx, Karl: Capital Volume One Chapter Thirty-One: Genesis of the Industrial Capitalist; at: https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch31.htm )
Not only is “National Debt” crucial for the capitalist, but it was coincident with the ‘credit system’, and this in turn was associated with an international trade of capital (i.e. money) and systems of “modern taxation”:
“With the national debt arose an international credit system, which often conceals one of the sources of primitive accumulation in this or that people. Thus the villainies of the Venetian thieving system formed one of the secret bases of the capital-wealth of Holland to whom Venice in her decadence lent large sums of money. So also was it with Holland and England. By the beginning of the 18th century the Dutch manufactures were far outstripped. Holland had ceased to be the nation preponderant in commerce and industry. One of its main lines of business, therefore, from 1701-1776, is the lending out of enormous amounts of capital, especially to its great rival England. The same thing is going on today between England and the United States. A great deal of capital, which appears today in the United States without any certificate of birth, was yesterday, in England, the capitalised blood of children.”
(Marx, Karl: Capital Volume One Chapter Thirty-One: Genesis of the Industrial Capitalist; at: https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch31.htm )
Moreover, Marx points out that governments want loans for “extraordinary expenses”. This is because they do not want to tax the people too heavily lest it anger them. But eventually these loans will need an increase in taxes to pay the loan off. Then a vicious circle begins, where even more loans are needed to off-set the higher taxation burden:
“As the national debt finds its support in the public revenue, which must cover the yearly payments for interest, &c., the modern system of taxation was the necessary complement of the system of national loans. The loans enable the government to meet extraordinary expenses, without the tax-payers feeling it immediately, but they necessitate, as a consequence, increased taxes. On the other hand, the raising of taxation caused by the accumulation of debts contracted one after another, compels the government always to have recourse to new loans for new extraordinary expenses. Modern fiscality, whose pivot is formed by taxes on the most necessary means of subsistence (thereby increasing their price), thus contains within itself the germ of automatic progression. Overtaxation is not an incident, but rather a principle. In Holland, therefore, where this system was first inaugurated, the great patriot, DeWitt, has in his “Maxims” extolled it as the best system for making the wage labourer submissive, frugal, industrious, and overburdened with labour. The destructive influence that it exercises on the condition of the wage labourer concerns us less however, here, than the forcible expropriation, resulting from it, of peasants, artisans, and in a word, all elements of the lower middle class. On this there are not two opinions, even among the bourgeois economists. Its expropriating efficacy is still further heightened by the system of protection, which forms one of its integral parts.
(Marx, Karl: Capital Volume One Chapter Thirty-One: Genesis of the Industrial Capitalist; at: https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch31.htm )
What were these “extraordinary expenditures” the state wished to fund? Even bourgeois economists recognise that wars were one key such expenditures:
“The Bank of England was created… explicitly,, to finance wars, in its case the Nine Years War with France which started in 1688……The Bank of France .. having been started with that name in 1800 specifically to satisfy Napoleon’s wartime financial needs”. (Dean and Pringle Ibid; ‘Central banks”; pp38; p. 42).
Modern bourgeois economists have of course long supported the principle of national debts. Maynard Keynes recognised the utility of deficit financing for the capitalist control of the state, as he stated:
“’Loan expenditure.. may .. enrich the community on balance”; ref 31: (Cited Van Der Pijl, K. ‘The making of an Atlantic ruling class”; p.17; London 2012).
While we cannot dwell further on the subject in this article, the amount of the USA current debt is astonishingly large. So there is nothing reprehensible about the Greek Debt per se. What is at issue is an international lack of confidence that the Greek state would be able to pay it back. There is no underlying manufacturing or trading base to support the debt, and will not be. Unless – a complete break with the past – is offered. However thus far, a meaningful solution has never been on offer by the Greek or international merchants of capital, to the Greek working people.
8. The Debt Crisis leads to an increasing struggle of the growing Greek working class and gives rise to the United Front of Syriza – the political parties of the left
By the time of the current era in 2000-2015, the Greek social and class structure had changed dramatically. Despite the absence of a major manufacturing sector, unemployment was rising, and the urban-rural divide was widening – even before the austerity moves of the Troika:
“Greece is still low on competitiveness and this undermines self-sustaining growth, with low employment rates, low R&D, high levels of poverty, especially in rural and remote areas. The Greek economy grew by 0.7 per cent in the 1980s, compared with 2.4 per cent in other EU states. Demographically, the number of over 65-year-olds, set to increase by 30 per cent between 2010 and 2050, with fewer people in employment, will create a massive dependency on social security and health care. Greece has the largest agricultural population in the EU, with a low capacity to attract foreign direct investment (FDI). The collapse of the Soviet Union and opening of markets in the Balkans means that many investors have relocated their activities in neighbouring countries.
Since 2004 there has been a drop in most manufacturing output (textiles, leather goods, paper, office equipment, furniture), steadily constant production of food, beverages, oil, with the only growth in tobacco, chemicals and plastic goods. Therefore, long-term stagnation in manufacturing has led the state to adopt ‘rescue’ interventions or public loans. Shipping and tourism contributes 17 per cent to gross domestic product (GDP) and employs 18 per cent of the working population. The uneven rural/urban divide is particularly acute as some areas, notably the islands and the farming communities, benefited more from Euro-funds for tourism or agridevelopment than others. Athens, in particular has had massive infrastructure developed.”
(Liddle, Joyce. “Regeneration and Economic Development in Greece:
De-industrialisation and Uneven Development “p.340; Local Government Studies; Vol. 35, No. 3, 335–354, June 2009)
Nonetheless, the weight of the working class had risen between 1991 and 2011, as had a class polarisation:
“Based on the Greek Statistic Service data for the fourth trimester of 2011 in comparison to those of 1991 consists in
1. an increase of the bourgeois class (3.4% from 1.4%) and of the rich rural strata (0.6% from 0.3%),
2. a huge decline of the traditional petit-bourgeois class (15.2% from 13.2%), and of the middle rural strata (2.2% from 3%),
3. a small increase of the new petit-bourgeois class (15.2% from 13.2%), due to the increasing demand of their abilities for the achievement of capital profitability, in parallel to an effort of their submission to the most direct capital exploitation and domination,
4. An important increase of the working class (62.2% from 47.5%), and
an important decrease of the poor rural strata (6% from 47.5%).
*In any case, what is clear is the tendency of intensification of class polarisation, which leads to the adoption of a social structure akin to that of other European countries (small number of farmers and of the traditional petit-bourgeois class, stable presence of the new petit-bourgeois class as the executive organizer of the productive process, broader bourgeoisie and heterogeneous uneven but
numerous working class”.
(Eirini Gaitanou. An examination of class structure in Greece, its tendencies of transformation amid the crisis, and its impacts on the organisational forms and structures of the social movement. At: http://www.academia.edu/9400998/An_examination_of_class_structure_in_Greece_its_tendencies_of_transformation_amid_the_crisis_and_its_impacts_on_the_organisational_forms_and_structures_of_the_social_movement ).
Under these enormous burdens, the now sizeable working classes of Greece mounted serious struggles to resist “austerity.” The ruling classes struggled to implement their commitments to the EU and the IMF. Consequently a series of short lived coalition governments took power.
“Following the May 2012 legislative election where the New Democracy party became the largest party in the Hellenic Parliament, Samaras, leader of ND, was asked by Greek President Karolos Papoulias to try to form a government. However, after a day of hard negotiations with the other parties in Parliament, Samaras officially announced he was giving up the mandate to form a government. The task passed to Alexis Tsipras, leader of the SYRIZA (the second largest party) who was also unable to form a government. After PASOK also failed to negotiate a successful agreement to form a government, emergency talks with the President ended with a new election being called while Panagiotis Pikrammenos was appointed as Prime Minister in a caretaker government.
Voters once again took to the polls in the widely-watched June 2012 election. New Democracy came out on top in a stronger position with 129 seats, compared to 108 in the May election. On 20 June 2012, Samaras successfully formed a coalition with PASOK (now lead by former Finance Minister Evangelos Venizelos) and DIMAR. The new government would have a majority of 58, with SYRIZA, Independent Greeks (ANEL), Golden Dawn (XA) and the Communist Party (KKE) comprising the opposition. PASOK and DIMAR chose to take a limited role in Samaras’ Cabinet, being represented by party officials and independent technocrats instead of MPs.”
( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonis_Samaras )
We discuss these parties below. The coalition government led by Samaras, proved to be another short lived and contentious government, as it toed the line of Troika conditions. As such it was unable to disguise its nature from the increasingly militant and impoverished working class of Greece.
By the time of the January 2015 elections, the situation had become even more parlous for Greece’s working people:
“Greece saw official unemployment rising up to 27% – and youth unemployment up to 50% – suffered a cumulative contraction of almost 25%, saw a massive reduction in wages and pensions, and witnessed the passage of massive legislation oriented towards privatizations, labor market liberalization, and neoliberal university reform.”
(Panagiotis Sotiris; https://viewpointmag.com/2015/01/28/a-strategy-of-ruptures-ten-theses-on-the-greek-future/ )
A more credible “left” bulwark against the masses was necessary for the Greek ruling class. This coincided with a reformation of the Greek left. At this point we must discuss Syriza in more detail.
As seen, PASOK had fallen into rank opportunism and open betrayal of the working class. After ensuing scandals of corruption implicated the leader, Andreas Papandreou, its appeal to the workers and poor of Greece was falling fast:
“The socialist Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou and his key associates were under accusation of scandal, which involved party funding from illicit sources and revealed the extensive clientelistic linkages between business interests and politics which had been built up under PASOK’s eight-year rule.”
(Tsakatika, Myrto and Eleftheriou, Costas: “The Radical Left’s Turn towards Civil Society in Greece: One Strategy, Two Paths”; South European Society and Politics, 2013; p.3; http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2012.757455 )
The space on the left had opened up again. Who was there to fill it?
We reprise the main outlines of events, focusing on analyses by Syriza, the revisionist KKE, and the pro-Hoxha Anasintaxi.
After the destruction of many of its cadre after the Battle of Athens in 1949, the KKE slowly reformed, after having adopted some mistaken sectarian paths during the Second World War. The KKE went through several splits, summarized below:
“There have been a series of splits throughout the party’s history, the earliest one being the Trotskyist Organisation of Internationalist Communists of Greece.
In 1956, after the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the USSR….
a faction created the Group of Marxist-Leninists of Greece (OMLE), which split from party in 1964, becoming the Organisation of Marxists-Leninists of Greece. In 1968, amidst the Greek military junta of 1967–1974 and the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, a relatively big group split from KKE, forming KKE Interior, a Greek Nationalist Communist Party claiming to be directed from within Greece rather than from the Soviet Union.
In 1988 KKE and Greek Left (the former KKE Interior), along with other left parties and organisations, formed the Coalition of the Left and Progress.
Also in 1988, the vast majority of members and officials from Communist Youth of Greece (KNE), the KKE’s youth wing, split to form the New Left Current (NAR), drawing mainly youth in major cities, especially in Thessaloniki.
In the early 2000s, a small group of major party officials such as Mitsos Kostopoulos left the party and formed the Movement for the United in Action Left (KEDA), which in the 2007 legislative election participated in the Coalition of the Radical Left, which was to win the 2015 national elections with a plurality.”
( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Greece ) and also see Tsakatika, Myrto and Eleftheriou, Costas: “The Radical Left’s Turn towards Civil Society in Greece: One Strategy, Two Paths”; South European Society and Politics, 2013; p.3; http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2012.757455 )
The Marxist Leninist party supporting Hoxha in Greece is ‘Αναρτήθηκε από’ or ‘ Anasintaxi Organization ’ (reorganization). They are also known as “The Movement for the Reorganization of the Communist Party of Greece 1918–55” – or KKE 1918-55. They characterize the KKE disintegration post-war as follows:
“The old revolutionary KKE, under the leadership of the then General Sceretary Nikos Zachariadis, was the only communist party from a capitalist not to have accepted Krushchevian revisionism. For this reason, it was eliminated by the brutal intervention of the soviet Krushchevian revisionists in 1955-1956 and replaced by the Greek Krushchevian revisionist party (“K”KE), a bourgeois, party of social-democratic type. More than 90% of the party members led by Nikos Zachariadis opposed and fiercely resisted Krushchevian revisionism and many tens of cadres were sent to exile in Siberia including Nikos Zachariadis himself who has murdered by the social-fascist clique of Brezhnev (CPSU) – Florakis (“K”KE) in August of 1973, in Sorgut, Siberia after of 17 years of exile. In 1968, “K”KE was split into two parties: the euro-communist part known as “K”KE (interior) and the Krushchevian-Brezhnevite part known as “K”KE. SYRIZA originates from the first part and, consequently, is a social-democratic and reformist party guided by a right opportunist general line and characterized by petty bourgeois class features”
Αναρτήθηκε από Anasintaxi Organization ‘Some questions and answers about the current situation in Greece’ ; Article to be published in “Unity & Struggle” (Extended version of an interview given to the comrades of Iran); march 30; 2015; at http://anasintaxi-en.blogspot.ca/2015/02/some-questions-and-answers-about.html )
The revisionist KKE’s attitude to the European Union is characterised as follows:
“It is important to clarify that, despite its verbal attacks against EU and the Eurozone, “K”KE does not put forward (not even for the sake of demagogy) the question of Greece’s immediate exit neither from the EU nor the Eurozone. In relation to Euro, the leadership of “K”KE has stated: “A solution outside the euro and return to the drachma in the present circumstances would be catastrophic” (30/5/2011), i.e. a position that is similar to the one expressed by the president of the Union of Greek Industrialists (20/3/2012)…: “Europe or chaos” This is also evident in the party’s program that was approved by its last congress). Since some time now, “K”KE has expressed the view that “the term “national dependence” is not applicable in contemporary conditions” (1/2/2005). After the 19th Congress, it has openly adopted Trotskyite positions that mention “imperialist Greece”, “imperialist Second World War” etc and are evident in the “Program” approved in the last party Congress: “the capitalism in Greece is in the imperialist stage of development” (“K”KE Program, p. 12, Athens 2013). Concerning the character of the Second World War it is claimed that: “the problem was not only with KKE but the overall strategy of the international communist movement before and during the Second World War. In 1941, another negative point was added when the correct assessment of the war as imperialist – with respect to both sides of capitalist states – was replaced by the position that it was only anti-fascist” (“Rizospastis,” 21/12/2104)”
Αναρτήθηκε από Anasintaxi Organization ‘ Some questions and answers about the current situation in Greece ’; Article to be published in “Unity & Struggle” (Extended version of an interview given to the comrades of Iran); march 30; 2015; at http://anasintaxi-en.blogspot.ca/2015/02/some-questions-and-answers-about.html )
As PASOK had been fully exposed, a general disillusion enabled the formation of Synaspismo (Coalition of the Left and Progress) in 1991:
“Synaspismos emerged initially as an electoral coalition at the late 1980s, with the pro-Soviet Communist Party of Greece (KKE) and the Greek Left, one of the successors of the eurocommunist KKE Interior, as its largest constituents. The Party of Democratic Socialism, a splinter from the Union of the Democratic Centre which occupied a similar position to PASOK, was the largest non-Communist member party.”
( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaspismos ).
The many parties of the left are displayed in the diagram below, which helps to show the umbrella nature of the Syriza United front. Beneath the figure itself (at the site “Lenin’s Tomb”) is a potted history of these factions. (Seymour, R. ‘ Map of the Greek Radical Left ’ February 9, 2015; http://www.leninology.co.uk/2015/02/map-of-greek-radical-left.html ). However the figure does not explain include the currents of the Marxist-Leninist left. The OMLE was a pro-Maoist party. We further discuss at points, the positions of Αναρτήθηκε από Anasintaxi Organization, the pro-Hoxha Marxist-Leninists. Here we continue to trace the currents of Syriza.
The revisionist KKE joined Synaspismo, which contested three national elections (June 1989, November 1989, 1990). For a period they joined in Government alliances with mainstream centre-right New Democracy, ND under the premiership of Tzannis Tzannetakis. This collaboration was not viewed kindly by the increasingly politicised Greek working class and petit-bourgeois:
“The government’s official purpose was to send the former prime minister to trial and impose a clean-up of the corrupt clientelistic politics of the time… (But) leftist voters did not appreciate the decision of the left parties’ leaderships to engage in government cooperation with the centre-right; moreover, the stated aim of the Tzannetakis government was not achieved: after a long judicial process there was ultimately very little ‘cleaning up’.. the KKE pulled out of the coalition and lost 40 per cent of its cadres after a major party split in the party’s 13th Congress (February 1991). The former coalition was re-established as a unified party… In the first part of the 1990s, the Greek left as a whole was thus delegitimised in the eyes of its traditional electorate, bruised by participation in government with the centre-right and experienced internal strife and extensive demobilisation of party members, while the collapse of the Soviet Union (USSR) added an identity crisis to its woes”. (Tsakatika, and Eleftheriou, Ibid; 2013).
The United Front of Synapsimos – or Syn as it is known – tried to appeal to a broad front, and one that explicitly crossed class lines:
“SYN.. in 2001… established a political and electoral alliance with a host of smaller parties, groups and networks of the extra-parliamentary left in the context of the Synaspismo Pizospastikh Aristra (Coalition of the Radical Left [SYRIZA])… SYN was and remained (until 2012) the largest party in the SYRIZA coalition, representing at least 80 per cent of its cadres, activists and voters. SYRIZA was one of the core choices of the party’s new leadership after 2000.. ”
(Tsakatika, and Eleftheriou, Ibid; 2013).
“SYN.. defined itself as a pluralist left party of democratic socialism, neither orthodox communist nor social democratic, supporting a mixed economy and placing a fresh emphasis on ‘new issues’, particularly feminism, democratic rights and the environment. SYN’s original core consisted of cadres whose political origins lay in the party of the Ellhnikh Aristra ́ (Greek Left [EAR]) founded in 1987 (in turn established after the KKE-es leadership’s decision to dissolve the party and contribute to the foundation of a non-communist left party) and a large group of dissidents who broke ranks with the KKE in 1991. It also incorporated a number of individuals and small groups coming from left social democracy, ecologism and the extra-parliamentary left, as well as independents.
The party’s founding document appealed to ‘the men and women of work and culture, the young and the excluded’. This was explicitly not a class appeal, since SYN effectively presented itself as a catch-all party throughout the 1990s, one that aimed to be present in ‘every nook and cranny of Greek society’. There was also an explicit trans-class appeal to groups affected by gender inequality and environmental degradation. In practice, most of its vote share, membership and cadres have mainly been from among the ranks of highly educated employees in the public sector, professionals and small employers. However, as a result of changes in internal factional dynamics, with the radical, protest-oriented
moderate (and sympathetic to government cooperation with PASOK) Anan vtikh ryga (Renewal Wing) in the party leadership after 2000, SYN shifted to a broadly defined class appeal aimed at targeting, primarily, younger cohorts and, secondarily, precariously employed workers in the services sector, social categories that were politically under-represented”
(Tsakatika, and Eleftheriou, Ibid; 2013).
The later creation of Syriza, was also a United Front. The word commonly means “coalition of the radical left”; or originally “coming from the roots” (Wikipedia):
“The Coalition of the Radical Left (Greek: Synaspismós Rizospastikís Aristerás), mostly known by its acronym, Syriza which signifies a Greek adjective meaning “from the roots”, is a left-wing political party in Greece, originally founded in 2004 as a coalition of left-wing and radical left parties. It is the largest party in the Hellenic Parliament…
The coalition originally comprised a broad array of groups (thirteen in total) and independent politicians, including social democrats, democratic socialists, left-wing patriots, feminists and green leftist groups, as well as Maoist, Trotskyist, Eurocommunist but also Eurosceptic components. Additionally, despite its secular ideology, many members are Christians who, like their atheistic fellow members, are opposed to the privileges of the state-sponsored Orthodox Church of Greece. From 2013 the coalition became a unitary party, although it retained its name with the addition of “United Social Front.”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriza
Syriza between 2004-8 was led by Alekos Alavanos. They created a vigorous youth movement in the driving force of the Ellhniko ́ Koinvniko ́ Foroym (Greek Social Forum [EKF]) which later organised the 4th European Social Forum (ESF) that took place in Athens in 2006. The Syriza United Front did undergo some splinters:
“In March 2009, some 10 small groups and parties formed another coalition, Antarsya (literally, the Anti-Capitalist Left Cooperation for the Overthrow). Composed primarily of university student activists in various communist organizations of orthodox Marxist, Trotskyist and Maoist backgrounds, as well of members of the relatively new rank-and-file unions outside the established bureaucracies of the official union structure of the country, it proved effective for activism in a broad range of mobilizations, but it never managed to achieve anything more than 1.8 per cent in the regional or general elections.
(Spourdalakis, Michalis; “Left strategy in the Greek cauldron: explaining syriza’s success. Socialist Register 2013; p. 105)
By 2010, Alex Tspiras was leading the Syriza party, after a section (The Renewal Wing’) split to form DIMAR (‘Renewal Wing’):
“The exit of the ‘Renewal Wing’ faction from SYN (which evolved into DIMAR) in the summer of 2010 curtailed political disagreement and factional infighting within SYN and resulted in the effective dominance of Alexis Tsipras’s leadership in both SYN and SYRIZA.”
(Tsakatika, and Eleftheriou, Ibid; 2013).
“The “social democratic” wing of Synaspismos definitely lost control of the party in 2006 when Alekos Alavanos was elected its president. This right wing, led by Fotis Kouvelis, almost exclusively originating in the Eurocommunist right group coming from EAR, ultimately left Synaspismos and set up another party called Democratic Left (Dimar): a formation that claims to be a sort of halfway house between Pasok and the radical left.”
(Stathis Kouvelakis interview with Sebastien Budgen: Greece: Phase One https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/01/phase-one/ )
But the revisionist KKE left Syn early on, and adopted a sectarian approach. Later on the KKE did not join the Greek Social Forum (EKF). Much of the KKE’s broad front work was instead performed through a Trade Union organisation – “Panrgatiko Agvnistiko Mtvpo (All Workers’ Militant Front, PAME) formed in the late 1990s. Insisting on this tactic, the KKE lost ground amongst much of the youth. For example those joining the ‘Indignants’ movement – who rejected all parties.
“Also indicative of the qualitative new dimension of the Greek people’s resistance were the now famous mobilizations of the ‘aganaktismeni’, i.e. the ‘frustrated or indignant in the squares’. These movements, which appeared in almost every major city nationwide, used new means of political mobilization (including the internet) and developed a political language which was clearly hostile to the previously existing patronizing practices of the party system. In fact this hostility was frequently displayed by spontaneous verbal and even physical attacks on politicians of the governmental parties, which at times extended to representatives of the established trade unions and the KKE.”
(Spourdalakis, Michalis;“Left strategy in the Greek cauldron: explaining syriza’s success. Socialist Register 2013; p. 108)
Stathis Kouvelakis, is a member of the central committee of Syriza and a leading member of its Left Platform. Kouvelakis pointed to the post-1968 divisions of the Greek left as “two poles.” Supposedly bridged by Syriza: the first bridge to factions of the KKE:
“Since 1968, the radical Left had been divided into two poles. The first was the Greek Communist Party (KKE), which (after splits)… (had) a rightist wing (that) constituted the Greek Left (EAR) and joined Synaspismos from the outset, and the leftist one reforming as the AKOA. The KKE that remained after these two splits was peculiarly traditionalist… It managed to win a relatively significant activist base among working-class and popular layers, as well as among the youth, particularly in the universities.” (Stathis Kouvelakis interview with Sebastien Budgen: Greece: Phase One https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/01/phase-one/ )
Kouvelakis describes Synaspsimos, as a second ‘pole’, seeding the later Syriza:
“The other pole, Synaspismos, opened out in 2004 with the creation of Syriza, which itself came from the joining together of the two previous splits from the KKE. Synaspismos has changed considerably over time. At the beginning of the 1990s, it was the kind of party that could vote for the Maastricht Treaty, and it was mainly of a moderate left coloration.” (Stathis Kouvelakis interview with Sebastien Budgen; Ibid).
Actually the Marxist-Leninist pro-Hoxha party – (Αναρτήθηκε από Anasintaxi Organization ) – is more emphatic. It places Syriza as directly deriving from the revisionist KKE, and as having taken over the KKE “social-democratic and reformist” character. Although Syriza is “socially” anti-fascist, it has “contradictions” – that impede it:
“In 1968, “K”KE was split into two parties: the euro-communist part known as “K”KE (interior) and the Krushchevian-Brezhnevite part known as “K”KE. Syriza originates from the first part and, consequently, is a social-democratic and reformist party guided by a right opportunist general line and characterized by petty bourgeois class features.
Syriza has pledged to implement a kind of neo-Keynesian economic program with the aim, at best, of relieving the burden of the consequences coming from the economic crisis of over-production and extreme neo-liberal economic policy without, however, touching the capitalist system and the imperialist dependence of Greece. Nevertheless, the implementation of this program has met negative reactions from the representatives of the imperialist organizations Commission – ECB – IMF that continue to interfere in the internal affairs of the country provocatively and without any pretext. This attitude amounts to the annulment of the recent (editor: January 2105) elections in our country.
In the sphere of social questions, Syriza is an anti-fascist party suffering from inconsistencies and contradictions as it is evident from the fact that it formed an alliance with the bourgeois nationalist party of ANEL and the nomination of Prokopis Pavlopoulos for President of the Republic, a right-wing politician from Nea Demokratia who was responsible, as Minister of Public Order in the Karamanlis government, for the bloody police violence unleashed on the country’s school youth after the murder of Alexis Grigoropoulos in December of 2008.”
(Αναρτήθηκε από Anasintaxi Organization ‘ Some questions and answers about the current situation in Greece ’; Article to be published in “Unity & Struggle” (Extended version of an interview given to the comrades of Iran); march 30; 2015. At http://anasintaxi-en.blogspot.ca/2015/02/some-questions-and-answers-about.html )
Syriza was always an electoral alliance:
“Syriza was set up by several different organizations in 2004, as an electoral alliance. Its biggest component was Alexis Tsipras ’s party Synaspismos — initially the Coalition of the Left and Progress, and eventually renamed the Coalition of the Left and of the Movements …. It emerged from a series of splits in the Communist movement. Some (smaller parties also – Editor) came out of the old Greek far left. In particular, the Communist Organization of Greece (KOE), one of the country’s main Maoist groups. This organization had three members of parliament (MPs) elected in May 2012. That’s also true of the Internationalist Workers’ Left (DEA), which is from a Trotskyist tradition, as well as other groups mostly of a Communist background. For example, the Renewing Communist Ecological Left (AKOA), which came out of the old Communist Party (Interior) .” (Stathis Kouvelakis interview with Sebastien Budgen; Ibid).
The United Front of Syriza, had almost electoral immediate success:
“It managed to get into parliament, overcoming the 3 percent minimum threshold.” (Stathis Kouvelakis interview with Sebastien Budgen; Ibid).
Syriza went on to replace PASOK as increasingly, Syriza candidates won in the ballot boxes. By this stage a number of other new parties had emerged, including a fascist party – Golden Dawn:
“After three years of political instability, the system collapsed in the dual elections of May and June 2012. New Democracy’s strength was halved and PASOK’s vote share diminished by 75 per cent. Three new political actors emerged, each winning around seven per cent of the vote, namely the party of the Dhmokratikh Aristra (Democratic Left, DIMAR), a recent split from SYN, Anya rthtoi Ellhn(Independent Greeks), a recent split from ND, and the extreme-right Xrysh Aygh (Golden Dawn). (Tsakatika, and Eleftheriou, Ibid; 2013).
A short lived coalition government in 2012 was formed by ND, PASOK and DIMAR in June 2012
What does Syriza represent? According to its own leaders it is an “anti-capitalist coalition” – as “class-struggle parties – but both emphasising “electoral alliances”:
“Syriza is an anti-capitalist coalition that addresses the question of power by emphasizing the dialectic of electoral alliances and success at the ballot box with struggle and mobilizations from below. That is, Syriza and Synaspismos see themselves as class-struggle parties, as formations that represent specific class interests.” (Stathis Kouvelakis interview with Sebastien Budgen; Ibid).
In another description, it is a “hybrid party”:
“That is, it is a political front, and even within Syriza there is a practical approach allowing the coexistence of different political cultures. I would say that Syriza is a hybrid party, a synthesis party, with one foot in the tradition of the Greek Communist movement and its other foot in the novel forms of radicalism that have emerged in this new period.” (Stathis Kouvelakis interview with Sebastien Budgen; Ibid).
In 2012 there were about 16,000 members in Synaspismos, and the Maoist KOE had about 1-1500 members. But in the ensuring period of a year, Syriza grew rapidly further – to 35,000–36,000. By May 2012, it became the second party in Greece with 16.7 percent of the vote, beating Pasok. It relied largely on a trade union base, and pulled its voters away from the KKE. There were 3 reasons why strategists feel they did so well in the 2012 elections:
“First, The violence of the social and economic crisis in Greece and the way it developed from 2010 onward, with the austere-ian purge .. inflicted under the infamous memorandums of understanding (the agreements the Greek government signed with the troika in order to secure the country’s ability to pay off its debts). The second factor resides in the fact that Greece — and now also Spain — are the only countries where this social and economic crisis has transformed into a political crisis. .. The third factor is popular mobilization.… The real breakthrough came when Tsipras focused his discourse on the theme of constituting an “anti-austerity government of the Left” now, which he presented as an alliance proposal reaching out to the KKE, the far left, the parliamentary left, and the small dissident elements of Pasok. “ (Stathis Kouvelakis interview with Sebastien Budgen; Ibid).
Within the United Front of Syriza itself, there are two main wings (See Diagram above): The Left Platform and the majority. The Left Platform is also a United Front – of the “Left Current” mainly influenced by the KKE and a Trotskyist component:
“The Left Platform has two components, the Left Current, which is a kind of traditional communist current — essentially constituted by trade unionists and controlling most of the trade union sector of Syriza. These people in their vast majority come from the KKE, so they are those who broke with the KKE in the last split of the party in 1991. And then there is the Trotskyist component (DEA and KOKKOINO, recently fused).” (Stathis Kouvelakis interview with Sebastien Budgen; Ibid).
In turn, this Left wing has formed a sub-group – the “Platform of the 53”:
“The left of the majority has coalesced around the “Platform of the Fifty-Three,” signed by fifty-three members of the central committee and some MPs in June 2014, immediately after the European elections. They strongly criticized Tsipras’s attempts to attract establishment politicians, and for leading a campaign that didn’t give a big enough role to social mobilizations and movements”. (Stathis Kouvelakis interview with Sebastien Budgen; Ibid).
From quite early on, Tsipras had been criticised from his Left – on charges along the lines of opportunism. What Programme did Syriza put forth?
9. What was the elected programme of Syriza?
The Thessalonika Conference is accepted as being the progaramme of the United Front of Syriza. (Syriza – The Thessalonika Programme” at http://www.syriza.gr/article/id/59907/SYRIZA—THE-THESSALONIKI-PROGRAMME.html#.VQSgEChOTdl
In broadest terms the Programme calls for cessation of “the Nazi Occupation forced loan from the Bank of Greece” – and lifting of the Greek Public Debt: A slogan “No sacrifice of the Euro” was often heard:
“Write-off the greater part of public debt’s nominal value so that it becomes sustainable in the context of a «European Debt Conference». It happened for Germany in 1953. It can also happen for the South of Europe and Greece.
Include a «growth clause» in the repayment of the remaining part so that it is growth-financed and not budget-financed.
Include a significant grace period («moratorium») in debt servicing to save funds for growth.
Exclude public investment from the restrictions of the Stability and Growth Pact.
A «European New Deal» of public investment financed by the European Investment Bank.
Quantitative easing by the European Central Bank with direct purchases of sovereign bonds.
Finally, we declare once again that the issue of the Nazi Occupation forced loan from the Bank of Greece is open for us. Our partners know it. It will become the country’s official position from our first days in power.
On the basis of this plan, we will fight and secure a socially viable solution to Greece’s debt problem so that our country is able to pay off the remaining debt from the creation of new wealth and not from primary surpluses, which deprive society of income.
With that plan, we will lead with security the country to recovery and productive reconstruction by:
Immediately increasing public investment by at least €4 billion.
Gradually reversing all the Memorandum injustices.
Gradually restoring salaries and pensions so as to increase consumption and demand.
Providing small and medium-sized enterprises with incentives for employment, and subsidizing the energy cost of industry in exchange for an employment and environmental clause.
Investing in knowledge, research, and new technology in order to have young scientists, who have been massively emigrating over the last years, back home.
Rebuilding the welfare state, restoring the rule of law and creating a meritocratic state.
We are ready to negotiate and we are working towards building the broadest possible alliances in Europe.”
In this document it further says that “within our first days in power,” after “negotiations end” with the Troika (And on its Memorandum)– they will begin enacting the following “National Reconstruction Plan” What does this embody? There are Four Pillars to this, which we recap briefly.
“The 1st Pillar is “Confronting the humanitarian crisis at an estimated Total estimated cost of €1,882 billion
“Our program…. amounts to a comprehensive grid of emergency interventions, so as to raise a shield of protection for the most vulnerable social strata. Free electricity (Total cost: €59,4 million).
Programme of meal subsidies to 300.000 families without income. Total cost: €756 million.
Programme of housing guarantee. The target is the provision of initially 30.000 apartments (30, 50, and 70 m²), by subsidizing rent at €3 per m². Total cost: €54 million.
Restitution of the Christmas bonus, as 13th pension, to 1.262.920 pensioners with a pension up to €700. Total cost: €543,06 million.
Free medical and pharmaceutical care for the uninsured unemployed. Total cost: €350 million.
Special public transport card for the long-term unemployed and those who are under the poverty line. Total cost: €120 million.
Repeal of the leveling of the special consumption tax on heating and automotive diesel. Bringing the starting price of heating fuel for households back to €0,90 per lt, instead of the current €1,20 per lt. Benefit is expected.”
The 2nd Pillar is “Restarting the economy and promoting tax justice” Total estimated cost: €6,5 billion; Total estimated benefit: €3,0 billion
“This second pillar is centered on measures to restart the economy. Priority is given to alleviating tax suppression on the real economy, relieving citizens of financial burdens, injecting liquidity and enhancing demand.
Excessive taxation on the middle class as well as on those who do not tax-evade has entrapped a great part of citizens in a situation which directly threatens their employment status, their private property, no matter how small, and even their physical existence, as proved by the unprecedented number in suicides.
Settlement of financial obligations to the state and social security funds in 84 installments. Estimated benefit: €3 billion
The revenue which we expect to collect on an annual basis (between 5% and 15% of the total owed) will be facilitated by the following measures:
The immediate cease of prosecution as well as of confiscation of bank accounts, primary residence, salaries, etc, and the issuance of tax clearance certificate to all those included in the settlement process.
A twelve-month suspension of prosecution and enforcement measures against debtors with an established zero income, included in the settlement process.
Repeal of the anti-constitutional treatment of outstanding financial obligations to the state as offence in the act (in flagrante delicto).
Abolition of the mandatory 50% down payment of the outstanding debt as a prerequisite to seek a court hearing. The down payment will be decided by a judge. It will be around 10%-20%, according to the financial circumstances of the debtor.
Immediate abolition of the current unified property tax (ENFIA). Introduction of a tax on large property. Immediate downward adjustment of property zone rates per m². Estimated cost: €2 billion.
That tax will be progressive with a high tax-free threshold. With the exception of luxurious homes, it will not apply on primary residence. In addition, it will not concern small and medium property.
Restitution of the €12000 annual income tax threshold. Increase in the number of tax brackets to ensure progressive taxation. Estimated cost: €1.5 billion.
Personal debt relief by restructuring non-performing loans («red loans») by individuals and enterprises.
This new relief legislation will include: the case-by-case partial write-off of debt incurred by people who now are under the poverty line, as well as the general principle of readjusting outstanding debt so that its total servicing to banks, the state, and the social security funds does not exceed ⅓ of a debtor’s income.
Establishment of a public development bank as well as of special-purpose banks: Starting capital at €1 billion.
Restoration of the minimum wage to €751. Zero cost.
The 3rd Pillar is “Regaining employment” Estimated cost: €3 billion
A net increase in jobs by 300,000 in all sectors of the economy – private, public, social – is expected to be the effect of our two-year plan to regain employment. …Restitution of the institutional framework to protect employment rights that was demolished by the Memoranda governments…. Restitution of the so-called «after-effect» of collective agreements; of the collective agreements themselves as well as of arbitration….. Abolition of all regulations allowing for massive and unjustifiable layoffs as well as for renting employees.
Zero cost: Employment programme for 300000 new jobs. Estimated first-year cost: €3 billion
The 4th Pillar is: “Transforming the political system to deepen democracy”
Total estimated cost: €0
From the first year of SYRIZA government, we set in motion the process for the institutional and democratic reconstruction of the state. We empower the institutions of representative democracy and we introduce new institutions of direct democracy.
Regional organization of the state. Enhancement of transparency, of the economic autonomy and the effective operation of municipalities and regions. We empower the institutions of direct democracy and introduce new ones.
Empowerment of citizens’ democratic participation. Introduction of new institutions, such as people’s legislative initiative, people’s veto and people’s initiative to call a referendum.
Empowerment of the Parliament, curtailment of parliamentary immunity, and repeal of the peculiar legal regime of MPs’ non-prosecution.
Regulation of the radio/television landscape by observing all legal preconditions and adhering to strict financial, tax, and social-security criteria. Re-establishment of ERT (Public Radio and Television) on a zero basis.”
(Thessalalonkia Programme; Ibid)
This is viewed by significant leaders of the Syriza as a “transitional programme,” as explained in an interview with Efklidis Tsakalotos, a member of Parliament with SYRIZA and responsible for the economic policy of Syriza. (An Interview With Syriza’s Efklidis Tsakalotos Syriza’s Moment; by E. AHMET TONAK” JANUARY 23-25, 2015; http://www.counterpunch.org/2015/01/23/syrizas-moment/ ) :
“Syriza’s programme is a transitional one. It wants to start the process of not only reversing the policies of austerity but also dismantling some of the central pillars of the neo-liberal order. As with all transitional programmes the goal is to open up fissures for more radical polices. Whether we in Europe can achieve this depends on the extent that social movements are inspired to make use of the opportunities that arise to broaden the agenda in favour of a more participatory, institutionally-diverse, and socially just economy. Left-wing governments can do only so much. Social transformations, especially in the modern era, need the active engagement of millions. Parties and governments of the Left must see their role as catalysts of these wider developments. What is certain is that we are living in interesting times!”
(Interview with Tsakalotos Ibid).
In truth, the programme that was put forward by Syriza entirely stays within the confines of the EU. Instead of breaking that mould, it attempts to lay a negotiating position to lessen the burdens that are being demanded of the Greek peoples. It is correct that Syriza has never claimed to be a Leninist type party. Nonetheless, this perspective put above, is the antithesis of Leninism. As explained by Lenin in ‘State and Revolution” “trasnational forms” are needed. Both Marx and Lenin certainly agreed that a “special stage” – or a stage of transition from capitalism to communism was needed:
“The first fact that has been established most accurately by the whole theory of development, by science as a whole–a fact that was ignored by the utopians, and is ignored by the present-day opportunists, who are afraid of the socialist revolution–is that, historically, there must undoubtedly be a special stage, or a special phase, of transition from capitalism to communism.” https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/staterev/ch05.htm
However, crucially, this transition needed to be a revolutionary transition:
“Between capitalist and communist society lies the period of the revolutionary transformation of the one into the other. Corresponding to this is also a political transition period in which the state can be nothing but the revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat.”
Previously the question was put as follows: to achieve its emancipation, the proletariat must overthrow the bourgeoisie, win political power and establish its revolutionary dictatorship.
Now the question is put somewhat differently: the transition from capitalist society–which is developing towards communism–to communist society is impossible without a “political transition period”, and the state in this period can only be the revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat. What, then, is the relation of this dictatorship to democracy? We have seen that the Communist Manifesto simply places side by side the two concepts: “to raise the proletariat to the position of the ruling class” and “to win the battle of democracy”. On the basis of all that has been said above, it is possible to determine more precisely how democracy changes in the transition from capitalism to communism. In capitalist society, providing it develops under the most favourable conditions, we have a more or less complete democracy in the democratic republic. But this democracy is always hemmed in by the narrow limits set by capitalist exploitation, and consequently always remains, in effect, a democracy for the minority, only for the propertied classes, only for the rich. Freedom in capitalist society always remains about the same as it was in the ancient Greek republics: freedom for the slave-owners. Owing to the conditions of capitalist exploitation, the modern wage slaves are so crushed by want and poverty that “they cannot be bothered with democracy,” “cannot be bothered with politics”; in the ordinary, peaceful course of events, the majority of the population is debarred from participation in public and political life.”
Lenin State & Revolution: Experience of the Paris Commune of 1871. Marx’s Analysis ( https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/staterev/ch03.htm )
Lenin points out that there is a “hemming in by narrow limits” of democracy. How much “narrower” is it when not only the single state “hems it in” – but the imperialists of the EU also “hem it in?” The next period, following the January elections of 2015, would answer this question.
10. Elections of 2015 and Negotiations with the Troika
The short-lived governments could not maintain credibility, as they were always accomodating to the new Troika demands. The mass movement shifted to the left, as shown by the huge demonstrations in the central Square. The elections of January 25 2015, sealed the rise to power of Syriza:
“After the Hellenic Parliament failed to elect a new President of State by 29 December 2014, the parliament was dissolved and a snap 2015 legislative election was scheduled for 25 January 2015. Syriza had a lead in opinion polls, but its anti-austerity position worried investors and eurozone supporters. The party’s chief economic advisor, John Milios, has downplayed fears that Greece under a Syriza government would exit the eurozone, while shadow development minister George Stathakis disclosed the party’s intention to crack down on Greek oligarchs if it wins the election. In the election, Syriza defeated the incumbent New Democracy and went on to become the largest party in the Hellenic Parliament, receiving 36.3% of the vote and 149 out of 300 seats.”
(Panagiotis Sotiris; https://viewpointmag.com/2015/01/28/a-strategy-of-ruptures-ten-theses-on-the-greek-future/ )
Rapidly, by 26 January 2015, Tsipras and Independent Greeks (ANEL) leader Panos Kammenos agreed on a coalition government between Syriza and ANEL. Tsipras would be the Prime Minister of Greece , with the academic economist Yanis Varoufakis as his Minister of Finance .
Yet, in a graphic display of its intended response to the rebuke that the Troika and especially the German imperialists had received, the official line was hard:
“German government official Hans-Peter Friedrich however said: “The Greeks have the right to vote for whom they want. We have the right to no longer finance Greek debt.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriza
The Greek pro-Hoxha Marxist-Leninist view is that the Greek people took a stand against both the Troika and the Greek capitalists:
“By voting for SYRIZA, the majority of the Greek people rejected and condemned the cruel economic measures that were imposed, the neoliberal economic policy, in general, and the great-bourgeois parties of ND and PASOK that implemented these measures with the outmost servility. The victory of SYRIZA is also explained by the people’s resentment towards the fascist re-modeling of social life promoted by the government of the fascist scoundrel Samaras”. (January 24, 2015; “BOYCOTT the elections–The elections do not solve the problem of imperialist DEPENDANCE (economic-political-military, NATO bases etc.), nor repel-cancel ongoing EU politics against the people http://anasintaxi-en.blogspot.ca/2015/01/boycott-electionsthe-elections-do-not_24.html )
However Anasintaxi also had called for abstention from the elections of 2015, arguing that:
“In contrary ALL the bourgeois parties are in favor of Greece’s STAY in imperialist European Union, and in EURO-EMU and propagate consciously, serve the interests of the EU imperialists with misleading MYTH-fantasies about “equal participation” (!) of the country in the “pit of lions” of the powerful European monopolies. At the same time they propagate that Greece leaving the Euro-EMU-EU will be a “major disaster” (!).
ALL the reformist social democratic parties (“K” KE-SYRIZA, etc.) and the extra-parliamentary organizations follow the same strategic choice of the EU monopolies and the local capital.
It is not only SYRIZA which supports the country STAY (in) EURO-EMU-EU, but also the “K” KE: “A solution outside the euro and return to the drachma in the present circumstances would be catastrophic” (A. Papariga, “Rizospastis” 31/5/2011, p.6) Moreover: the leaders of the “K” KE definitively renounced the anti-imperialist struggle for the overthrow of dependence”
(January 24, 2015; “BOYCOTT the elections–The elections do not solve the problem of imperialist DEPENDANCE (economic-political-military, NATO bases etc.), nor repel-cancel ongoing EU politics against the people http://anasintaxi-en.blogspot.ca/2015/01/boycott-electionsthe-elections-do-not_24.html )
After the election, Anasintaxi warned that Syriza had entered into coalition with right-wing ANEL. However early on, the government had taken some progressive steps:
“During the first three weeks following the elections, the SYRIZA government has taken a series of actions in order to implement its program that has won the support of wide popular strata, an attitude that is unfortunately accompanied by certain illusions. At the same time, the government’s actions have met a very negative reception from Commission – ECB – IMF whose pressure and constant interference in the country’s internal affairs is condemned by the Greek people. We think that, up to a certain extent, SYRIZA’s victory creates favorable conditions for the strengthening of class struggles. Whether this possibility becomes a reality depends, of course on many factors the most important of which is the organization of the majority of the working masses in independent and united trade unions and the influence exerted on these and, the society in general, by the consistent left-wing, anti-imperialist and revolutionary communists.”
(Αναρτήθηκε από Anasintaxi Organization ‘Some questions and answers about the current situation in Greece’; Article to be published in “Unity & Struggle” (Extended version of an interview given to the comrades of Iran); march 30; 2015. At http://anasintaxi-en.blogspot.ca/2015/02/some-questions-and-answers-about.html )
At this early point, both Tsipras and Varoufakis were apparently determined to negotiate hard, with the threat to leave the EU if the Troika did not back down:
“Greece’s finance minister Yanis Varoufakis has spelled out the negotiating strategy of the Syriza government with crystal clarity.
“Exit from the euro does not even enter into our plans, quite simply because the euro is fragile. It is like a house of cards. If you pull away the Greek card, they all come down,” he said.
“Do we really want Europe to break apart? Anybody who is tempted to think it possible to amputate Greece strategically from Europe should be careful. It is very dangerous. Who would be hit after us? Portugal? What would happen to Italy when it discovers that it is impossible to stay within the austerity straight-jacket?”
“There are Italian officials – I won’t say from which institution – who have approached me to say they support us, but they can’t say the truth because Italy is at risk of bankruptcy and they fear the consequence from Germany. A cloud of fear has been hanging over Europe over recent years. We are becoming worse than the Soviet Union,” he told the Italian TV station RAI.
This earned a stiff rebuke from the Italian finance minister, Pier Carlo Padoan. “These comments are out of place. Italy’s debt is solid and sustainable,” he said.
Yet the point remains. Deflationary conditions are causing interest costs to rise faster than nominal GDP in Italy, Spain, and Portugal, automatically pushing public debt ratios ever higher.
Berkeley economist Barry Eichengreen warns that Grexit would be “Lehman squared”, setting off a calamitous chain reaction with worldwide consequences. Syriza’s gamble is that the EU authorities know this, whatever officials may claim in public.
Premier Alexis Tsipras is pushing this to the wire. Rightly or wrongly, he calculates that Greece holds the trump card – the detonation of mutual assured destruction, to borrow from Cold War parlance – and that all the threats from EMU power centres are mere bluster.
His cool nerve has caught Brussels, Frankfurt, Berlin, and the markets off guard. They assumed that this 40-year neophyte would back away from exorbitant demands in his landmark policy speech to the Greek parliament on Sunday night. Instead they heard a declaration of war.
He vowed to implement every measure in Syriza’s pre-electoral Thessaloniki Programme “in their entirety” with no ifs and buts. This even includes a legal demand for €11bn of war reparations from Germany, a full 71 years after the last Wehrmacht soldier left Greek soil.
There is no possible extension of Greece’s bail-out programme with the EU-IMF Troika, for that would be an “extension of mistakes and disaster”, a perpetuation of the debt-deflation trap. “The People have abolished the Memorandum. We will not negotiate our sovereignty,” he said.
Macropolis said every item was in there: a pension rise for the poorest; no further rises in the retirement age; an increase in the minimum wage to €751 a month by 2016; a return to collective bargaining; an end to privatisation of utilities; cancellation of a new property tax (ENFIA); a rise in tax-free thresholds from €5,000 to €12,000; and a rehiring of 10,000 public workers fired “illegally.”
( Ambrose Evans-Pritchard . “Greece’s leaders stun Europe with escalating defiance”. ‘The Telegraph’; 09 Feb 2015; http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/11400778/Greeces-leaders-stun-Europe-with-escalating-defiance.html )
However in a foretaste of the future intransigence of the German imperialists, led by Wolfang Schauble the German Finance Minister – Greece’s first counter-offer was rejected out of hand:
“Schauble continues to insist that Greece sticks to the bailout conditions agreed with previous governments under which financial support will be given only in exchange for substantial structural reforms.
The finance ministry’s position risks deepening splits within Europe over how to deal with Greece as an end of February deadline nears at which the previous bailout agreement with its creditors and the European Central Bank runs out, leaving Greece facing bankruptcy.
In contrast to Berlin, the EU commission president Jean-Claude Juncker welcomed the Greek application, saying in his opinion it could pave the way for a “sensible compromise in the interest of financial stability in the Eurozone as a whole”.
But experts said Greece was merely playing for time, and that its application had indeed contained no new commitments. “The Greeks have simply tried to pass the buck back to the middle,” Matthias Kullas from the Centre for European Politics in Freiburg told The Guardian.
He stressed the German reaction was not a rejection over reaching a compromise with Greece, but did mean that expectations of an agreement on Friday when finance ministers from the eurogroup meet again, were now “slim”.
“If an agreement is reached, it will be at the last minute,” he said. “It’s in the interest of both sides to stick to their guns. The earlier one of them diverts from his course, the weaker his position becomes and the more elbow room he leaves for the other.”
(Kate Connolly. “Germany rejects Greek bailout plan – as it happened”. The Guardian 19 February 2015; http://www.theguardian.com/business/blog/live/2015/feb/19/greece-to-seek-bailout-extension-after-33bn-lifeline )
A furious cycle of media reports and counter reports paralleled a back and forth between the European Union and the Greek negotiating team of Tsipras and Varoufakis. In essence no counter-offer by the Greek team was deemed acceptable. It is true that the initial efforts of the Greek team to counter the demands were insubstantial. However even when substantial retreats had been offered, they were humiliatingly rejected. While the European team was overall untied, strains emerged. It was apparent that the Germans were the most stout in the rejections. However both the French and the Italians were wavering. Nonetheless even the IMF initially firmly supported the German position:
“Last week Greece received a four-month extension of its $277 billion bailout program. The parliaments of Finland, Estonia and, most importantly, Germany, as well as Greece’s other EU partners, approved the bailout program that was agreed to Feb. 20, provided that Greece submit a list of planned reforms . Greece submitted six pages of reforms last Monday, but not all of Greece’s creditors think they are sufficient. Christine Lagarde, managing director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), wrote a letter to Dutch Finance Minster Jeroen Dijsselbloem, who is also president of the Eurogroup of eurozone finance ministers, expressing her concern that Greece’s proposed reforms were not specific enough, nor did they contain sufficient assurances on their design and implementation. The letter is the most recent, and public, indication of the IMF’s hesitancy toward Greece and its bailout program.
( Maria Savel . “IMF Stands Firm, Forcing Greece and Syriza to Accept Hard Concessions” Politics Review, March 3, 2015, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/trend-lines/15210/imf-stands-firm-forcing-greece-and-syriza-to-accept-hard-concessions )
By March, Tsipras was still assuming the EU would not want to have a member leave:
“SPIEGEL: Many experts now fear a “Graccident” — Greece’s accidental exit from the euro. If the ECB doesn’t agree to your T-Bills, that’s exactly what might happen.
Tspiras: I cannot imagine that. People won’t risk Europe’s disintegration over a T-Bill of almost €1.6 billion. There is a saying for this in Greece: A wet man does not fear the rain.”
(Der Spiegel Interview Conducted By Manfred Ertel , Katrin Kuntz and Mathieu von Rohr: Greek Prime Minister Tsipras: ‘We Don’t Want to Go on Borrowing Forever’; March 7 2015; at http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/spiegel-interview-with-greek-prime-minister-tsipras-a-1022156.html )
As time went on, the Greek banks were forced to put restrictions on withdrawals. The EU allowed some further liquidity in Greece by allowing Greece to print more T-Bills, but purely for internal use. This was violated by Greece. More and more comments were heard that Greece might have to exit the EU – a so called Grexit or Greccident:
“The current money-go-round is unsustainable. Euro-region taxpayers fund their governments, which in turn bankroll the European Central Bank. Cash from the ECB’s Emergency Liquidity Scheme flows to the Greek banks; they buy treasury bills from their government, which uses the proceeds to … repay its International Monetary Fund debts! …
There’s blame on both sides for the current impasse. Euro-area leaders should be giving Greece breathing space to get its economic act together. But the Greek leadership has been cavalier in its treatment of its creditors . It’s been amateurish in expecting that a vague promise to collect more taxes would win over Germany and its allies. And it’s been unrealistic in expecting the ECB to plug a funding gap in the absence of a political agreement for getting back to solvency. ……Greece’s three-year bond yield is back above 20 percent, double what it was just before Alexis Tsipras was elected prime minister on an anti-austerity platform in January. At that level, there’s no way Greece can end its reliance on its bailout partners anytime soon.
German Finance Minister Wolfgang Schaeuble was scathing yesterday about Greece’s efforts to balance its election promises with its bailout obligations, and about its standing with international investors:
“None of my colleagues, or anyone in the international institutions, can tell me how this is supposed to work. Greece was able to sell those treasury bills only in Greece, with no foreign investor ready to invest. That means that all of the confidence was destroyed again.”
Every day’s delay in cutting a deal pushes Greece a little closer to leaving the common currency. That would be a shame, since it’s an outcome no one — apart from Schaeuble — seems to desire. The mutability of euro membership could also unleash contagion and a domino effect. But it looks increasingly inevitable.”
(Mark Gilbert; “Greece’s Euro Exit Seems Inevitable”: 17 March 2015; http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2015-03-17/greece-s-euro-exit-seems-inevitable )
By April 2015, reports circulated that secret plans were being drawn up to revive the Drachma and go into default (Evans-Pritchard A, 2 April 2015; Telegraph at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/11513341/Greece-draws-up-drachma-plans-prepares-to-miss-IMF-payment.html ).
On May 4th the BBC reported that Greek banks were not allowing pensioners to withdraw more than a small amount, and that public sector workers were nto being paid regularly ( http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-32580919 ). However on May 6th however Greece paid back $200 million to the IMF and avoided insolvency. At that time the European Central Bank (ECB) granted further liquidity to Greece. (Phillip Inman and Helena Smith; 6 May, The Guardian; at http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/06/greek-debt-default-avoided-after-200m-payment-to-imf )
By June the situation was still not resolved, and Greece’s peoples were in an even more precarious position. By this time, Syriza had retreated substantially more. Michael Roberts summarises to June:
“The IMF representative in the negotiations, Poul Thomsen, has “pushed the austerity agenda with a curious passion that shocks even officials in the European Commission, pussy cats by comparison” (here are the latest demands of the Troika Greece – Policy Commitments Demanded By EU etc Jun 2015 ). The IMF is demanding further sweeping measures of austerity at a time when the Greek government debt burden stands at 180% of GDP, when the Greeks have already applied the biggest swing in budget deficit to surplus by any government since the 1930s and when further austerity would only drive the Greek capitalist economy even deeper into its depression. As the Daily Telegraph summed it up: “six years of depression, a deflationary spiral, a 26pc fall GDP, 60pc youth unemployment, mass exodus of the young and the brightest, chronic hysteresis that will blight Greece’s prospects for a decade to come.”
The Syriza government has already made many and significant retreats from its election promises and wishes. Many ‘red lines’ have been crossed already. It has dropped the demand for the cancellation of all or part of the government debt; it has agreed to carry through most of the privatisations imposed under the agreement reached with the previous conservative New Democracy government; it has agreed to increased taxation in various areas; it is willing to introduce ‘labour reforms’ and it has postponed the implementation of a higher minimum wage and the re-employment of thousands of sacked staff.
But the IMF and Eurogroup wanted even more. The Troika has agreed that the original targets for a budget surplus (before interest payments on debt) could be reduced from 3-4% of GDP a year up to 2020 to 1% this year, rising to 2% next etc. But this is no real concession because government tax revenues have collapsed during the negotiation period. At the end of 2014, the New Democracy government said that it would end the bailout package and take no more money because it could repay its debt obligations from then on as the government was running a primary surplus sufficient to do so. But that surplus has now disappeared as rich Greeks continue to hide their money and avoid tax payments and small businesses and employees hold back on paying in the uncertainty of what is going to happen. The general government primary cash surplus has narrowed by more than 59 percent to 651 million euros in the 4-month period of 2015 from 1.6 billion in the corresponding period last year
The Syriza government has only been able to pay its government employees their wages and meet state pension outgoings by stopping all payments of bills to suppliers in the health service, schools and other public services. The result is that the government has managed to scrape together just enough funds to meet IMF and ECB repayments in the last few months, while hospitals have no medicines and equipment and schools have no books and materials; and doctors and teachers leave the country.
Even Ashoka Mody, former chief of the IMF’s bail-out in Ireland, has criticised the attitude of his successor in the Greek negotiations: “Everything that we have learned over the last five years is that it is stunningly bad economics to enforce austerity on a country when it is in a deflationary cycle. Trauma patients have to heal their wounds before they can train for the 10K.”
The final red lines have been reached. What the Syriza leaders finally balked at was the demand by the IMF and the Eurogroup that the government raise VAT on electricity by 10 percentage points, directly hitting the fuel payments of the poorest; and also that the poorest state pensioners should have their pensions cuts so that the social security system could balance its books. Further down the road, the Troika wants major cuts in the pensions system by raising the retirement ages and increasing contributions. The Syriza leaders were even prepared to agree to some VAT rises and pension ‘reforms’, but the two specific demands of the Troika appear to have been just too much.”
(Roberts, Michael Blog; June 15, 2015;: “Ten minutes past midnight”; https://thenextrecession.wordpress.com/2015/06/06/ten-minutes-past-midnight/ )
Increasingly leading economists including Nobel Laureates Joseph Stiglitz and Paul Krugman, Amartya Sen and others – warned about a new “Versailles moment”, and insisted that German stubbornness was actually bad for Europe as a whole, and that a “hair-cut” to the debt was necessary – i.e. a dramatic waiver-cut of the debt (Simon Wren-Lewis. “Why Amartya Sen Is Right About What Is Being Done To Greece”; 12 June 2015; in ‘Social Europe’ at http://www.socialeurope.eu/2015/06/why-amartya-sen-is-right-about-what-is-being-done-to-greece/ ). President Obama of the USA had already agreed that:
“”You cannot keep on squeezing countries that are in the midst of depression.”
“At some point, there has to be a growth strategy in order for them to pay off their debts to eliminate some of their deficits,” (Aurelia End; Obama joins ally list on Greek austerity relief http://news.yahoo.com/obama-joins-ally-list-greek-austerity-relief-033040983.html )
As the Left inside Syriza resisted Tsipras’s slippery slope of acceptance of new demands, they increasingly pointed to the example of Iceland who had defaulted on international debts in a similar situation. They got substantial agreement from even the ANSEL coalition party members also. (Ambrose Pritchard-Evans. “Syriza Left demands ‘Icelandic’ default as Greek defiance stiffens”.14 June ‘Daily Telegraph’; http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/11673989/Syriza-Left-demands-Icelandic-default-as-Greek-defiance-stiffens.html ).
In a twist to the pre-July series of negotiations, as even more demands were made of the package being offered by Tsipras and Varoufakis, Tsipras called a snap referendum, saying he needed to have a further mandate form the Greek people, in order to agree to the latest demands and obtain the new tranche of bail-out funds. Bizarrely however, he then wrote to the Imperialists saying he would accept – only to find that the imperialists had withdrawn their offer. Tsipras had to go on to the snap Referendum:
“Tsipras infuriated eurozone finance ministers by calling a snap referendum on proposals to agree a deal to release the €7.2bn in bailout funds it needed to meet an IMF repayment. His argument was that the concessions still being demanded by creditors, including VAT rises and rapid reform of the unaffordable pension system, and the lack of any serious prospect of debt relief, meant he could not sign up without a fresh public mandate – and, indeed, he and Varoufakis immediately urged their countrymen to vote “No”.
Yet it emerged that while publicly lambasting the troika, the very same Tsipras had dispatched a two-page letter to Brussels that caved into many of the demands he had angrily rejected a few days earlier – and continued to insist on putting to the public vote. It was too late: his exasperated creditors, and Germany in particular, in the person of Berlin’s implacable finance minister, Wolfgang Schäuble, decided enough was enough and the offer was no longer on the table. Amid the storm of political recriminations, the European Central Bank capped financial support to the Greek banking sector, forcing the government to impose capital controls, to stem the relentless slow-motion bank run that has been leaching the life out of the country’s financial system for months. And last Tuesday, as it warned it would, Athens defaulted on its payment to the IMF. To all intents and purposes, the country is bust.
So Greek voters now face trudging to the polls today, either to vote Yes to a set of proposals that are no longer on the table – presumably ushering in a new, more emollient government that would get straight back to the negotiating table – or to send a defiant no to further austerity. Tsipras and Varoufakis insist that “No” would not mean plunging out of the eurozone, let alone the EU. Instead, they say they would re-enter talks as if brandishing a petition. Yet last time they were handed a stock of political capital by the Greek public, in January’s general election, they quickly squandered it. Both Tsipras and Varoufakis have forged their political reputations by rejecting consensus and overturning the received wisdom. But international diplomacy means understanding that everyone at the table, whatever your grievances against them, has their own mandate and their own domestic audience to placate.
Instead of opening up ways for the troika to save face, Tsipras and Varoufakis have used every means available – from provocative tweets to spiky speeches in Syntagma Square – to heighten the divisions between Greece and its eurozone partners, accusing them of trying to blackmail and humiliate the Greek people into submission.”
(Observer Editorial. “The Observer view on Greece’s referendum “5 July 2015; http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jul/05/greece-let-down-by-partners-and-leaders ).
In the midst of this circus, before the Referendum – the USA and the IMF (in the person of Christine Lagarde) exerted further pressure on the Germans to bend. Already calls had been made by many economists, that Germany had been granted a waiver on the demands at the end of the First Word war (the Versailles treaty). These had been firmly ignored by the German imperialists. Now the IMF threw a spanner into the erst-while United Front of the imperialists:
“The International Monetary Fund has electrified the referendum debate in Greece after it conceded that the crisis-ridden country needs up to €60bn (£42bn) of extra funds over the next three years and large-scale debt relief to create “a breathing space” and stabilise the economy.
With days to go before Sunday’s knife-edge referendum that the country’s creditors have cast as a vote on whether it wants to keep the euro, the IMF revealed a deep split with Europe as it warned that Greece’s debts were “unsustainable”.
Fund officials said they would not be prepared to put a proposal for a third Greek bailout to the Washington-based organisation’s board unless it included both a commitment to economic reform and debt relief.
According to the IMF, Greece should have a 20-year grace period before making any debt repayments and final payments should not take place until 2055. It would need €10bn to get through the next few months and a further €50bn after that.
The Greek prime minister Alexis Tsipras welcomed the IMF’s intervention saying in a TV interview that what the IMF said was never put to him during negotiations.”
(Philipp Inman, Larry Elliot, Alberto Nardelli; IMF says Greece needs extra €60bn in funds and debt relief”; The Guardian 2 July 2015; at http://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/jul/02/imf-greece-needs-extra-50bn-euro ).
The Referendum was held on 5th July 2015. The result was a defiant “NO!” to the European imperialists:
“The final result in the referendum, published by the interior ministry, was 61.3% “No”, against 38.7% who voted “Yes.”
Greece’s governing Syriza party had campaigned for a “No”, saying the bailout terms were humiliating.
Their opponents warned that this could see Greece ejected from the eurozone, and a summit of eurozone heads of state has now been called for Tuesday.
Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras said late on Sunday that Greeks had voted for a “Europe of solidarity and democracy”.
“As of tomorrow, Greece will go back to the negotiating table and our primary priority is to reinstate the financial stability of the country,” he said in a televised address.
“This time, the debt will be on the negotiating table,” he added, saying that an International Monetary Fund assessment published this week “confirms Greek views that restructuring the debt is necessary.”
(Mark Lowen; “Greece debt crisis: Greek voters reject bailout offer”; 6th July; BBC http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-33403665 ).
Strangely – Tsipras appeared not too happy. It became clear that he had been expecting a ‘Yes’ vote, which would enable him to cave in to the EU demands. He had relied on the often remarked on “wish of the Greek peoples to see themselves as European” and thus not to risk leaving the EU. But the Greek people had seen the callous manipulations of the EU leaders.
On the same day the results were announced, Yanis Varoufakis resigned – saying that this would help the negotiations going forward, but that this resignation had been essentially, at the request of Tsipras.
Proponents of the logical outcome of the “No” Vote – such as Yanis Varoufakis – were simply told to drop alternative plans. Varoufakis had been drawing up “Plan B” – whereby if the Troika did not retreat to any key extent – Greece would resurrect the pre-Euro currency of the Drachma.
Astonishingly, given this pledge by the Greek people to stand fast, in the final run of negotiations with the EU, Tsipras – then completely capitulated to Eurozone, primarily German imperialists. Unsurprisingly, in the renewed negotiations – the European leaders and most sections of banking capital – had simply turned their backs on the Greek populations views and demanded even harsher terms:
“The Greek government capitulated on Thursday to demands from its creditors for severe austerity measures in return for a modest debt write-off, raising hopes that a rescue deal could be signed at an emergency meeting of EU leaders on Sunday….Athens has put forward a 13-page document detailing reforms and public spending cuts worth €13bn with the aim of securing a third bailout from creditors that would raise €53.5bn and allow it to stay inside the currency union.
A cabinet meeting signed off the reform package after ministers agreed that the dire state of the economy and the debilitating closure of the country’s banks meant it had no option but to agree to almost all the creditors terms.”
( Phillip Inman , Graeme Wearden and Helena Smith : ”; 9 July 2015 Greece debt crisis: Athens accepts harsh austerity as bailout deal nears “Greek cabinet backs a 13-page package of reforms and spending cuts worth €13bn to secure third bailout and modest debt writeoff http://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/jul/09/greece-debt-crisis-athens-accepts-harsh-austerity-as-bailout-deal-nears )
As even the Guardian concluded: “Generally, Tsipras appears to have finally capitulated in the face of threats that Greece would be ejected from the eurozone:
“Greece and the rest of the eurozone have finally reached an agreement that could lead to a third bailout and keep the country in the eurozone.
Greek PM Alexis Tsipras conceded to a further swathe of austerity measures and economic reforms after more than 16 hours of negotiations in Brussels. He has agreed to immediately pass laws to further reform the tax and pension system, liberalise the labour market, and open up closed professions. Sunday trading laws will be relaxed, and even milk producers and bakers will be deregulated.
The Financial Times has dubbed it:
‘The most intrusive economic supervision programme ever mounted in the EU’.
Greece was forced to accept these measures after Germany piled intense pressure, as a price for a new deal. EU officials told us that Tsipras was subjected to “mental waterboarding” in closed-door meetings with Angela Merkel, Donald Tusk and Francois Hollande.
The plan must now be approved by the Athens parliament by Wednesday, and then voted through various national parliaments. If agreement is reached, talks can then begin towards a a new three-year bailout worth up to €86bn (£61bn), accompanied by further monitoring by Greece’s creditors.
The deal appears to end Greece’s five-month battle with its creditors, which has gripped the eurozone, dominated the political agenda and alarmed the markets.
http://www.theguardian.com/business/live/2015/jul/12/greek-debt-crisis-eu-leaders-meeting-cancelled-no-deal-live )
Yanis Varoufakis summed the story up to that point as a “coup”:
“The recent Euro Summit is indeed nothing short of the culmination of a coup. In 1967 it was the tanks that foreign powers used to end Greek democracy. In my interview with Philip Adams, on ABC Radio National’s LNL, I claimed that in 2015 another coup was staged by foreign powers using, instead of tanks, Greece’s banks. Perhaps the main economic difference is that, whereas in 1967 Greece’s public property was not targeted, in 2015 the powers behind the coup demanded the handing over of all remaining public assets, so that they would be put into the servicing of our un-payble, unsustainable debt.”
(Varoufakis, Y. “On the Euro Summit’s Statement on Greece: First thoughts”; 14 July 2015. http://yanisvaroufakis.eu/2015/07/14/on-the-euro-summits-statement-on-greece-first-thoughts/ )
While the Referendum gave a clear signal that the Greek people had rejected the spirit of compromise being forced by the Western Banks – the questions had been framed deliberately imprecisely. It did not ask the Greek people to consider the option of leaving the Eurozone as such. This allowed the Tsipras government to posture it did “not have a mandate” to reject the harsh terms of the Troika and move Greece to leave the Eurozone.
Inevitably this will lead to a rupture of the Syriza United Front:
“…. Syriza, which is in coalition with the rightwing populist Independent party, is expected to meet huge opposition from within its own ranks and from trade unions and youth groups that viewed the referendum as a vote against any austerity.
Panagiotis Lafazanis, the energy minister and influential hard-leftist, who on Wednesday welcomed a deal for a new €2bn gas pipeline from Russia, has ruled out a new tough austerity package . Lafazanis represents around 70 Syriza MPs who have previously taken a hard line against further austerity measures and could yet wreck any top-level agreement.”
(Phillip Inman, Graeme Wearden and Helena Smith: Guardian Ibid; 9 July 2015)
The concession made by Greece in accepting the further round of “austerity” measures is huge:
“The new proposals include sweeping reforms to VAT to raise 1% of GDP and moving more items to the 23% top rate of tax, including restaurants – a key battleground before. Greece has also dropped its opposition to abolishing the lower VAT rate on its islands, starting with the most popular tourist attractions. Athens also appears to have made significant concessions on pensions, agreeing to phase out solidarity payments for the poorest pensioners by December 2019, a year earlier than planned. It would also raise the retirement age to 67 by 2022. And it has agreed to raise corporation tax to 28%, as the IMF wanted, not 29%, as previously targeted.
Greece is also proposing to cut military spending by €100m in 2015 and by €200m in 2016, and implement changes to reform and improve tax collection and fight tax evasion. It will also press on with privatisation of state assets including regional airports and ports. Some government MPs had vowed to reverse this.
In return, Greece appears to be seeking a three-year loan deal worth €53.5bn…….
Several EU leaders said the troika of creditors – the European commission, the International Monetary Fund and the European Central Bank – must also make concessions to secure Greece’s future inside the eurozone.
Donald Tusk, who chairs the EU summits, said European officials would make an effort to address Greece’s key request for a debt write-off. …
On Thursday, the German finance minister, Wolfgang Schäuble said the possibility of some kind of debt relief would be discussed over coming days, although he cautioned it may not provide much help.
“The room for manoeuvre through debt reprofiling or restructuring is very small,” he said.
Greece has long argued its debt is too high to be paid back and that the country requires some form of debt relief. The IMF agrees, but key European states such as Germany have resisted the idea…..
German ECB governing council member Jens Weidmann argued Greek banks should not get more emergency credit from the central bank unless a bailout deal is struck. He said it was up to eurozone governments and Greek leaders themselves to rescue Greece.
The central bank “has no mandate to safeguard the solvency of banks and governments,” he said in a speech.
The ECB capped emergency credit to Greek banks amid doubt over whether the country will win further rescue loans from other countries. The banks closed and limited cash withdrawals because they had no other way to replace deposits.
Weidmann said he welcomed the fact that central bank credit “is no longer being used to finance capital flight caused by the Greek government.”
http://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/jul/09/greece-debt-crisis-athens-accepts-harsh-austerity-as-bailout-deal-nears
11. CONCLUSION
At the time of writing the final scenes in the disintegrating Syriza “United Front’ parliament have yet to be played out.
However the shrewdest elements of the non-Marxist-Leninist left recognize that the time is long due, for Greece to exit the European Union to regain its own measure of independence. Many on the left agree that this will be hard.
The leading proponent of this has been Costas Lapavitas – a MP in the Greek Parliament but not a member of Syriza – and radical economist. His view has been put in several books and articles for example these cited here: ([1], Lapvitas, C. Interview with Sebastien Budgen: ‘Greece: Phase Two”; in Jacobin. At https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/03/lapavitsas-varoufakis-grexit-syriza/ [2] Costas Lapavitsas: The Syriza strategy has come to an end’. Interview with Press Project and Der Spiegel; http://www.thepressproject.gr/details_en.php?aid=74530 . [3[ The crisis of the Eurozone”, July 10, 2010 ; Greek Left Review. At https://greekleftreview.wordpress.com/2010/07/10/the-crisis-of-the-eurozone/ )
Although this view has certainly been challenged (Bach, Paula. “Exit the Euro? Polemic with Greek Economist Costas Lapavitsas.” Left Voice News Project, at: http://leftvoice.org/Exit-the-Euro-Polemic-with-Greek-Economist-Costas-Lapavitsas ).
Marxist-Leninists argue that leaving the imperialist bloc of the EU – would be the correct policy for the working class, peasantry and poor sections of Greece.
When asked on how the Anasintaxi Organization sees the future events, they replied:
“Both reformist parties (“K”KE and SYRIZA) have accepted the Greek capital’s present strategic choice to maintain the country in the EU and the Eurozone… In order to contribute to the growth of the working class struggles and the rise of the revolutionary movement, the Movement for Reorganization of KKE (1918-1955) is striving, under very unfavorable conditions, to achieve the following:
A) Together with the reorganization, the re-birth of KKE (1918-1955) and the ideological-political-organizational unity of the Greek communists on basis of Marxism-Leninism-Stalinism and the dissemination of the Marxist conception of socialism-communism;
it actively supports and participates in the struggle of the working class and all the toilers against the reduction of salaries and pensions, against the deterioration of their position in general and supports all demands that aim to defend their (economic, trade-union, social and political) class interests in opposition to the foreign and Greek capital and in particular, the EU monopolies which impose directly the current austerity measures.
B) The formation of united, massive and truly independent trade unions whose aim will be the resistance to the extreme neo-liberal policy of austerity and the further development of the workers’ and people’s struggles combined with the struggle against nationalism-racism-fascism-Nazism (all very dangerous enemies of the working class and the people) as well as “anti-Germanism” and “anti-Hellenism” (the two sides of the bourgeois nationalism) incited, during this period, by the nationalist circles of the two countries. At the same time, these new trade unions will put forward the demand for the exit of the country from the imperialist EU not only because of the increasing dependence and the deterioration of the Greece-EU relations at the expense of our country but also because of the fact that the economic policy and the hard, anti-popular measures are directly imposed by Brussels.
C) The cooperation between the consistent left-wing, anti-imperialist and anti-fascist forces that will aim at the formation of a massive, anti-fascist, popular, front that will fight against the dependence on imperialism, in general, and the exit of Greece from the EU, the Eurozone and NATO.”
(Αναρτήθηκε από Anasintaxi Organization ‘Some questions and answers about the current situation in Greece’; Article to be published in “Unity & Struggle” (Extended version of an interview given to the comrades of Iran); march 30; 2015. At http://anasintaxi-en.blogspot.ca/2015/02/some-questions-and-answers-about.html
APPENDIX: Select Chronology 1975 to 2015:
Amended from BBC version at: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17373216
1975 – New constitution declares Greece a parliamentary republic with some executive powers vested in a president.
1980 – Conservative Constantine Karamanlis elected president.
1981 – Greece joins EU. Andreas Papandreou’s Socialist Party (Pasok) wins elections.
1985 – President Karamanlis resigns in protest at government plans to reduce powers of president. Christos Sartzetakis becomes head of state.
1990 – Centre-right New Democracy party forms government under party leader Constantine Mitsotakis
1993 – Election returns Papandreou to power for PASOK.
2004 March – Conservative New Democracy party led by Costas Karamanlis wins general election, ending over a decade of Pasok government.
2005 April – Parliament ratifies EU constitution.
2005 December – Amid protest strikes by transport workers, parliament approves changes to labour laws, including an end to jobs for life in the public sector. The plans sparked industrial action in June.
2006 March – Public sector workers strike over pay and in protest at government plans to scrap job security laws and intensify privatisation.
2007 September – Minister Karamanlis wins a narrow majority in the poll. He says he now has a mandate for more reforms but also pledges to make national unity a priority.
2008 March – Parliament narrowly passes government’s controversial pension reform bill in face of general public sector strike and mass protests.
2008 December – Students and young people take to city streets in nationwide protests and riots over the police killing of a 15-year-old boy in Athens. Major public-sector strikes coincide to increase pressure on the government over its economic policies.
Economic meltdown
2002 January – Euro replaces drachma.
2004 December – European Commission issues formal warning after Greece found to have falsified budget deficit data in run-up to joining eurozone.
2009 October – Opposition Pasok socialist party wins snap election called by PM Karamanlis. George Papandreou takes over as new prime minister.
Debt crisis
2009 December – Greece’s credit rating is downgraded by one of world’s three leading rating agencies amid fears the government could default on its ballooning debt. PM Papandreou announces programme of tough public spending cuts.
2010 January- March – Government announces two more rounds of tough austerity measures, and faces mass protests and strikes.
2010 April/May – Fears of a possible default on Greece’s debts prompt eurozone countries to approve a $145bn (110bn euros; £91bn) rescue package for the country, in return for a round of even more stringent austerity measures. Trade unions call a general strike.
2011 June – 24-hour general strike. Tens of thousands of protesters march on parliament to oppose government efforts to pass new austerity laws.
Crisis deepens
2011 July – European Union leaders agree a major bailout for Greece over its debt crisis by channelling 109bn euros through the European Financial Stability Facility.
All three main credit ratings agencies cut Greece’s rating to a level associated with a substantial risk of default.
2011 October – Eurozone leaders agree a 50% debt write-off for Greece in return for further austerity measures. PM George Papandreou casts the deal into doubt by announcing a referendum on the rescue package.
2011 November – Faced with a storm of criticism over his referendum plan, Mr Papandreou withdraws it and then announces his resignation.
Lucas Papademos, a former head of the Bank of Greece, becomes interim prime minister of a New Democracy/Pasok coalition with the task of getting the country back on track in time for elections scheduled provisionally for the spring of 2012.
New bailout plan
2012 February – Against a background of violent protests on the streets of Athens, the Greek parliament approves a new package of tough austerity measures agreed with the EU as the price of a 130bn euro bailout.
2012 March – Greece reaches a “debt swap” deal with its private-sector lenders, enabling it to halve its massive debt load.
2012 May – Early parliamentary elections see support for coalition parties New Democracy and Pasok slump, with a increase in support for anti-austerity parties of the far left and right. The three top-ranking parties fail to form a working coalition and President Papoulias calls fresh elections for 17 June. The far-right Golden Dawn party based its 2012 election campaign on hostility towards immigrants
2012 June – Further parliamentary elections boost New Democracy, albeit leaving it without a majority. Leader Antonis Samaras assembles a coalition with third-placed Pasok and smaller groups to pursue the austerity programme.
Anti-austerity protests
2012 September – Trade unions stage 24-hour general strike against government austerity measures. Police fire tear gas to disperse anarchist rally outside parliament.
2012 October – Parliament passes a 13.5bn-euro austerity plan aimed at securing the next round of EU and IMF bailout loans; the package – the fourth in three years – includes tax rises and pension cuts.
2013 January – Unemployment rises to 26.8% – the highest rate in the EU.
2013 April – Youth unemployment climbs to almost 60%.
Public broadcaster closed
2013 June – The government announces without warning that it is suspending the state broadcaster ERT in a bid to save money. The decision gives rise to mass protests and a 24-hour strike.
2013 August – New state broadcaster EDT is launched.
2013 September – Government launches crackdown on far-right Golden Dawn party. Party leader Nikolaos Michaloliakos and five other Golden Dawn MPs are arrested on charges including assault, money laundering and belonging to a criminal organisation.
2013 December – Parliament passes 2014 budget, which is predicated on a return to growth after six years of recession. Prime Minister Samaras hails this as the first decisive step towards exiting the bailout.
2014 February – Greek unemployment reaches a record high of 28%.
2014 March – Parliament narrowly approves a big reform package that will open more retail sectors to competition, part of a deal between Greece and its international lenders.
2014 April – Eurozone finance ministers say they’ll release more than 8bn euros of further bailout funds to Greece.
Greece raises nearly four billion dollars from world financial markets in its first sale of long-term government bonds for four years, in a move seen as an important step in the country’s economic recovery.
Left in power
2014 May – Anti-austerity, radical leftist Syriza coalition wins European election with 26.6% of the vote.
2014 December – Parliament’s failure to elect a new president sparks a political crisis and prompts early elections.
2015 January – Alexis Tsipras of Syriza becomes prime minister after winning parliamentary elections, and forms a coalition with the nationalist Independent Greeks party.
2015 February – The government negotiates a four-month extension to Greece’s bailout in return for dropping key anti-austerity measures and undertaking a eurozone-approved reform programme.
2015 June – European Central Bank ends emergency funding. Greece closes banks, imposes capital controls and schedules referendum on European Union bailout terms for 5 July.Government reinstates former state broadcaster ERT as promised in Syriza manifesto.
2015 July – Greece becomes first developed country to miss a payment to the International Monetary Fund, having already delayed it
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i don't know
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What medieval term for a knights' equestrian tournament is also a fairground ride and an airport mechanism?
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Carousel facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Carousel
COPYRIGHT 1996 Gale Research Inc.
Carousel
Background
The precursors to the carousel may be as much as 1,500 years old when baskets lashed to a center pole were used to spin riders around in a circle in ancient Byzantium. During the twelfth century in Turkey and Arabia, men and their horses played a game in which delicate balls filled with perfumed water were tossed between riders. Losers would sport a definite aroma, and winners were presumably the better horsemen. The game was called carosello, or little war in Italian. At the French court in about 1500, this game blossomed into an elaborate pageant with spectacularly outfitted horses and riders. Horsemen added the challenge of trying to lance a small ring while galloping at full tilt. If the rider snagged the ring, it pulled away from a tree or posts with a stream of ribbons behind it. Contestants could practice this game by mounting wooden "horses" that were legless and resembled vaults used in gymnastics and that were mounted to a circular platform. As the platform rotated, the riders would try to spear the brass ring.
Craftsmen observed this play among the nobility and began building platforms with wooden horses mounted on them for commoners and their children to ride. These carousels were quite small because the power source for turning the carousel was a mule, man, or horse. In 1866, Frederick Savage, an English engineer, combined steam power with his carousels and drew crowds to the European fairs he toured with his machine. Steam-driven carousels reached the United States in about 1880. Savage was also responsible for developing the system of overhead gears and cranks that allow the suspended horses to move up and down as the carousel turns and simulate an actual ride on horseback. As carousels became more popular, they acquired a number of names including karussell (Germany),carrousel and manages de chevaux (France), gallopers and roundabouts (England), and merry-go-rounds, whirligigs, spinning or flying jennies, dip-twisters, and flying horses (United States). Today, preservationists tend to prefer the name carousel over these others for its historic context.
The jewels of the carousel have always been the horses. Thanks to the stream of immigrants from Europe, the United States had a thriving carousel industry by the 1870s. Expert carvers, such as Gustav Dentzel from Germany, had practiced cabinetry and carousel crafting in their homelands and quickly established businesses in America. Carousel factories like The American Merry-Go-Round & Novelty Company were full-time manufacturers, but other makers including Charles Looff and Charles Dare in New York City, Dentzel in Philadelphia, and Allan Herschell in upper New York state transformed their furniture businesses and machine shops into at least parttime carousel production. Wood workers and carvers prided themselves on fashioning beautiful crested horses with flashing eyes, flying manes, realistic poses (for both standers and jumpers), and ornate ornamentation from flowers to heraldic crests, French fleurs-de-lys, jeweled saddles and tassels, and patriotic symbols like eagles and profiles of presidents. Of the carousel figures made in the United States, 80% were horses and 20% were made up of a menagerie. The Herschell-Spillman Company produced kangaroos, pigs, giraffes, sea monsters, frogs, and dogs and cats.
The carousel's zenith in America was from about 1900 to the Depression. During this period, jobs were plentiful, motor transport was available, and amusements for the family were sought. Craftsmen were also still in demand, but as technology advanced, it also invaded the carousel business. Factories began to build cast aluminum horses (and animals cast in fiberglass and plastic soon followed), and the carvers had to find other trades. Repair work was available as the wooden horses aged, but often amusement park operators resorted to patchwork maintenance instead.
In the early 1970s, the National Carousel Association was formed. Antique horses began to sell on the auction blocks of Sothebys and Christies at phenomenal prices, and collectors sought to acquire originals by carvers like Salvatore Cernigliaro or Marcus Charles Illions. For those with smaller pocketbooks, bisque porcelain figures and small-scale carousel horses also became collectible. Today, only two or three carousel makers practice their craft in the United States although there are many hobbyists who carve their own horses and refurbish antiques.
The Basics of Carousel Operation
The carousel revolves around a stationary center pole made of metal or wood. An electric motor drives a small pulley that is controlled by a clutch for smooth starts. This pulley turns a drive belt and a larger pulley that turns a small-diameter, horizontal shaft. The end of the shaft is a pinion gear that turns a platform gear. The platform gear supports a vertical shaft that turns another pinion gear and final drive gear attached to the support beams of the carousel, called sweeps, which extend outward from the center pole like the ribs of an umbrella and support the platform, horses, and riders. The sweeps hold cranking rods that are turned by small gears at the inner ends that are driven by a stationary gear on the center pole. Horse hangers are suspended from the cranks, and as they turn, the horses move up and down about 30 times per minute. A typical carousel platform with horses and riders may weigh 10 tons and be driven by a 10-horsepower electric motor. After the motor's revolutions are reduced by the series of gears, the riders on the outer row of mounts will gallop along at about 5-11 miles per hour.
Carousels, with colorful figures attached to a revolving horizontal mechanism, have amused the masses since the end of the 1700s. By 1800, carousels were advertised as amusements as well as an activity that got the blood circulating. After the Civil War, a number of merry-go-round manufacturers started up businesses and popularized the carousel.
The griffin depicted here is the product of Hershell-Spillman Co. of North Tonawanda, NY, a well-known carousel manufacturer nearly a century ago. It is part of a 191 3 merry-go-round now operating six months of the year in Greenfield Village in Dearborn, Michigan. With its one-man band mechanism playing charming turn-of-the-century tunes, this carousel remains a great favorite. It was a "park-style model," manufactured for permanent placement in a park. (Some, like one still operating in Story City, Iowa, were designed to travel and were not for permanent installation.) Children can ride horses, lions, tigers, zebras, and even leaping frogs—all exquisitely carved and painted. Today, carousel figures are treasured for their colorful beauty, and carousel figure collectors pay thousands of dollars for a single animal.
Nancy EV Bryk
Raw Materials
The two primary materials for a carousel are metal and wood. The metal mechanism includes the electric/hydraulic motor, gears, bearings, and crankshafts. Horse hangers and platform suspension rods are metal with brass sleeves, and the center pole is steel. The wood parts of the carousel include the horses, which are carved from basswood, the oak platform, sweeps, rounding boards, panels, and mirror frames. The platform and various panels and gingerbread work were made of wood or plaster in the old days, and today they may be made of these same materials or may be cast in plastic or fiberglass. The tent-like top is made of canvas. Music is supplied by a band organ that is also electrically or mechanically powered and plays much like those of a player piano. Specialty manufacturers provide the organs.
Design
Design of a carousel begins in the middle at the center pole. A bearing at the top of the pole bears the entire weight of the carousel. The sweeps (arms or umbrella-like ribs) of the carousel are suspended from the top bearing, and two rods extending down from each sweep support the platform. About half-way down the center pole is a center bearing or hub that keep the works from shifting from side to side. The motor, of course, spins the whole umbrella structure around. From the midpoint, a series of diagonals keep the center pole aligned with a cross-brace that rests on the ground. A center pole that is 15 in (38.1 cm) in diameter will support about 50 horses and riders.
The Manufacturing
Process
The basic process of manufacturing a carousel has not changed despite the fact that few are built today. No new carousels with wooden animals were made in the period from the 1930s to 1994, and only about 10 new wood-horse machines have been made in the United States in the last 60 years. All new wooden carousels are, therefore, custom-made, although refurbishing old machines is also a part of this industry.
When a carousel builder receives an order, he works with the customer to determine the size of the machine based on cost and maintenance considerations. Most carousels today may be built from scratch or from refurbished mechanisms. In either case, today's maker must be a metal fabricator with a shop to concoct the metal pieces. Traveling carousels can also be manufactured with little variation from those fixed in place except that the steel center pole is hinged so it will fold in half to be transported in a van. All the other pieces can be broken down by two men in about 3 hours and carried in a truck including a platform made in sections and the horses that have the metal hangers removed from them.
The carousel builder purchases a band organ for the "new" carousel from a specialty manufacturer. Today, the Stinson Organ Company of Ohio is the only manufacturer to still make custom and productline band organs; five or six manufacturers including Wurlitzer made band organs during the heyday of the American carousel, and many other organs were imported. Band organs are played by air pushed by a bellows through wooden pipes, stops, and valves. Because the wood parts are highly subject to temperature and humidity changes, the organs are constantly out of tune and require considerable maintenance. They make music by forcing air through perforated paper rolls, much like a player piano, and the rolls cycle continuously from one to another, thanks to a device called a tracker frame developed by Wurlitzer. Although there is no sound like a real carousel band organ, maintenance costs often force buyers of "new" carousels to use tapes or compact discs for their music.
The romance of the carousel rides with its animals, however, and the auction prices of up to $60,000 per horse for antique ponies have brought a new awareness to the importance of equipping a new carousel with the genuine article. Amateur carvers and woodworkers have also been attracted to the carving of carousel critters; and body blocks that include the body, head and neck, tail, and legs can be purchased in various sizes for carving.
Assuming the carousel builder is carving a wooden horse from scratch, he chooses a size and weight suitable to the overall design of the carousel and selects an appropriate artistic design. This may be based on a theme for the carousel or on the customer's favorite historic model. The outside of the carousel animal is called the "romance" side and is seen by onlookers. This display side is usually more ornately decorated than the inside. Many of the original carousel designers made full-scale sketches of their horses so that details were properly conceptualized and scaled and so that several carvers could work on parts of the same horse. Today, one-eighth scale models are sometimes made for the designer's models and the customer's approval.
Full-scale paper patterns are glued to pieces of basswood to cut the body, legs, and other parts. Basswood is used because it is hard and close-grained, and the grain must run the length of the part for strength. A jigsaw or coping saw is used to cut the parts, and the parts are glued together to form the carving block. In the old days, the "glue-up" was done by a skilled craftsman who was an expert at the types of glue, amounts, and pressures required to prepare the carving block.
Each carver has his own preferences for how to proceed with carving. Many start by using the paper patterns still glued to the animal to rough-cut the shapes, a process called boasting. Detailed carving follows, and this is usually done without reference to patterns but with a sense of the wood grain and the artistic creation that has been trapped in the wood. The completed carving block is sanded, and sometimes other small details are glued on. If the animal is for display, rather than for a working carousel, a base or stand suitable to the size and configuration of the beast is also made. A footrest is also made for each animal (unless it has stirrups or other substitutes), and these are carved and painted to match the animal. Preparation of a carousel animal up to the painting stage typically takes about 35 hours per animal.
The carved horse is stained, primed and painted, and varnished to suit the design of the carousel. Platforms are painted to complement the carving, but overhangs are sometimes brightly colored to highlight the details of both the overhangs and the animals. Traditionally, the animals are painted bright colors, and the paints are chosen for durability and safety as well as appearance. Removal of old paint may be one of the most time-consuming tasks in refurbishing old animals; some have as many as 30 coats of paint that have filled the finely carved details. Dappling, addition of gold or silver leaf, placement of horsehair tails, and burnishing of metallic leaf provide other touches of realism and elegance. Rhinestones and other jewels are often added to the romance side of the finished horse.
The Future
According to carousel maker Chuck Kaparich, carousels and carousel animals are experiencing a resurgence. Thanks to the drawing power of the colorful carousel display and music, historic town centers and shopping malls are commissioning new carousels or refurbishing their old ones to attract customers to these areas. Kaparich expects the romance of the carousel to always remain with the American public, but, realistically, he acknowledges the limited demand and the likelihood that the present resurgence may only have a lifespan of 10 to 20 years before carousels are again temporarily forgotten. It is hoped that new generations of carousel aficionados will recall the current boom and add the magic of their mounts, music, and motion to a bank of undying memories.
Where to Learn More
Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes
© Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes 2007, originally published by Oxford University Press 2007.
carousel •Adele, Aix-la-Chapelle, aquarelle, artel, au naturel, bagatelle, béchamel, befell, bell, belle, boatel, Brunel, Cadell, carousel, cartel, cell, Chanel, chanterelle, clientele, Clonmel, compel, Cornell, crime passionnel, dell, demoiselle, dispel, dwell, el, ell, Estelle, excel, expel, farewell, fell, Fidel, fontanelle, foretell, Gabrielle, gazelle, gel, Giselle, hell, hotel, impel, knell, lapel, mademoiselle, maître d'hôtel, Manuel, marcel, matériel, mesdemoiselles, Michel, Michelle, Miguel, misspell, morel, moschatel, Moselle, motel, muscatel, nacelle, Nell, Nobel, Noel, organelle, outsell, Parnell, pell-mell, personnel, propel, quell, quenelle, rappel, Raquel, Ravel, rebel, repel, Rochelle, Sahel, sardelle, sell, shell, show-and-tell, smell, Snell, spell, spinel, swell, tell, undersell, vielle, villanelle, well, yell •Buñuel • Pachelbel • handbell •barbell • harebell • decibel • doorbell •cowbell • bluebell • Annabel •mirabelle • Christabel • Jezebel •Isabel, Isobel •nutshell • infidel • asphodel •zinfandel • Grenfell • Hillel • parallel •Cozumel • caramel • Fresnel •pimpernel • pipistrelle • Tricel •filoselle
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Carousel
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What refers to social service focused on an individual's situation/background, and also to certain furniture, especially ornate cabinets?
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Carousel facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Carousel
COPYRIGHT 1996 Gale Research Inc.
Carousel
Background
The precursors to the carousel may be as much as 1,500 years old when baskets lashed to a center pole were used to spin riders around in a circle in ancient Byzantium. During the twelfth century in Turkey and Arabia, men and their horses played a game in which delicate balls filled with perfumed water were tossed between riders. Losers would sport a definite aroma, and winners were presumably the better horsemen. The game was called carosello, or little war in Italian. At the French court in about 1500, this game blossomed into an elaborate pageant with spectacularly outfitted horses and riders. Horsemen added the challenge of trying to lance a small ring while galloping at full tilt. If the rider snagged the ring, it pulled away from a tree or posts with a stream of ribbons behind it. Contestants could practice this game by mounting wooden "horses" that were legless and resembled vaults used in gymnastics and that were mounted to a circular platform. As the platform rotated, the riders would try to spear the brass ring.
Craftsmen observed this play among the nobility and began building platforms with wooden horses mounted on them for commoners and their children to ride. These carousels were quite small because the power source for turning the carousel was a mule, man, or horse. In 1866, Frederick Savage, an English engineer, combined steam power with his carousels and drew crowds to the European fairs he toured with his machine. Steam-driven carousels reached the United States in about 1880. Savage was also responsible for developing the system of overhead gears and cranks that allow the suspended horses to move up and down as the carousel turns and simulate an actual ride on horseback. As carousels became more popular, they acquired a number of names including karussell (Germany),carrousel and manages de chevaux (France), gallopers and roundabouts (England), and merry-go-rounds, whirligigs, spinning or flying jennies, dip-twisters, and flying horses (United States). Today, preservationists tend to prefer the name carousel over these others for its historic context.
The jewels of the carousel have always been the horses. Thanks to the stream of immigrants from Europe, the United States had a thriving carousel industry by the 1870s. Expert carvers, such as Gustav Dentzel from Germany, had practiced cabinetry and carousel crafting in their homelands and quickly established businesses in America. Carousel factories like The American Merry-Go-Round & Novelty Company were full-time manufacturers, but other makers including Charles Looff and Charles Dare in New York City, Dentzel in Philadelphia, and Allan Herschell in upper New York state transformed their furniture businesses and machine shops into at least parttime carousel production. Wood workers and carvers prided themselves on fashioning beautiful crested horses with flashing eyes, flying manes, realistic poses (for both standers and jumpers), and ornate ornamentation from flowers to heraldic crests, French fleurs-de-lys, jeweled saddles and tassels, and patriotic symbols like eagles and profiles of presidents. Of the carousel figures made in the United States, 80% were horses and 20% were made up of a menagerie. The Herschell-Spillman Company produced kangaroos, pigs, giraffes, sea monsters, frogs, and dogs and cats.
The carousel's zenith in America was from about 1900 to the Depression. During this period, jobs were plentiful, motor transport was available, and amusements for the family were sought. Craftsmen were also still in demand, but as technology advanced, it also invaded the carousel business. Factories began to build cast aluminum horses (and animals cast in fiberglass and plastic soon followed), and the carvers had to find other trades. Repair work was available as the wooden horses aged, but often amusement park operators resorted to patchwork maintenance instead.
In the early 1970s, the National Carousel Association was formed. Antique horses began to sell on the auction blocks of Sothebys and Christies at phenomenal prices, and collectors sought to acquire originals by carvers like Salvatore Cernigliaro or Marcus Charles Illions. For those with smaller pocketbooks, bisque porcelain figures and small-scale carousel horses also became collectible. Today, only two or three carousel makers practice their craft in the United States although there are many hobbyists who carve their own horses and refurbish antiques.
The Basics of Carousel Operation
The carousel revolves around a stationary center pole made of metal or wood. An electric motor drives a small pulley that is controlled by a clutch for smooth starts. This pulley turns a drive belt and a larger pulley that turns a small-diameter, horizontal shaft. The end of the shaft is a pinion gear that turns a platform gear. The platform gear supports a vertical shaft that turns another pinion gear and final drive gear attached to the support beams of the carousel, called sweeps, which extend outward from the center pole like the ribs of an umbrella and support the platform, horses, and riders. The sweeps hold cranking rods that are turned by small gears at the inner ends that are driven by a stationary gear on the center pole. Horse hangers are suspended from the cranks, and as they turn, the horses move up and down about 30 times per minute. A typical carousel platform with horses and riders may weigh 10 tons and be driven by a 10-horsepower electric motor. After the motor's revolutions are reduced by the series of gears, the riders on the outer row of mounts will gallop along at about 5-11 miles per hour.
Carousels, with colorful figures attached to a revolving horizontal mechanism, have amused the masses since the end of the 1700s. By 1800, carousels were advertised as amusements as well as an activity that got the blood circulating. After the Civil War, a number of merry-go-round manufacturers started up businesses and popularized the carousel.
The griffin depicted here is the product of Hershell-Spillman Co. of North Tonawanda, NY, a well-known carousel manufacturer nearly a century ago. It is part of a 191 3 merry-go-round now operating six months of the year in Greenfield Village in Dearborn, Michigan. With its one-man band mechanism playing charming turn-of-the-century tunes, this carousel remains a great favorite. It was a "park-style model," manufactured for permanent placement in a park. (Some, like one still operating in Story City, Iowa, were designed to travel and were not for permanent installation.) Children can ride horses, lions, tigers, zebras, and even leaping frogs—all exquisitely carved and painted. Today, carousel figures are treasured for their colorful beauty, and carousel figure collectors pay thousands of dollars for a single animal.
Nancy EV Bryk
Raw Materials
The two primary materials for a carousel are metal and wood. The metal mechanism includes the electric/hydraulic motor, gears, bearings, and crankshafts. Horse hangers and platform suspension rods are metal with brass sleeves, and the center pole is steel. The wood parts of the carousel include the horses, which are carved from basswood, the oak platform, sweeps, rounding boards, panels, and mirror frames. The platform and various panels and gingerbread work were made of wood or plaster in the old days, and today they may be made of these same materials or may be cast in plastic or fiberglass. The tent-like top is made of canvas. Music is supplied by a band organ that is also electrically or mechanically powered and plays much like those of a player piano. Specialty manufacturers provide the organs.
Design
Design of a carousel begins in the middle at the center pole. A bearing at the top of the pole bears the entire weight of the carousel. The sweeps (arms or umbrella-like ribs) of the carousel are suspended from the top bearing, and two rods extending down from each sweep support the platform. About half-way down the center pole is a center bearing or hub that keep the works from shifting from side to side. The motor, of course, spins the whole umbrella structure around. From the midpoint, a series of diagonals keep the center pole aligned with a cross-brace that rests on the ground. A center pole that is 15 in (38.1 cm) in diameter will support about 50 horses and riders.
The Manufacturing
Process
The basic process of manufacturing a carousel has not changed despite the fact that few are built today. No new carousels with wooden animals were made in the period from the 1930s to 1994, and only about 10 new wood-horse machines have been made in the United States in the last 60 years. All new wooden carousels are, therefore, custom-made, although refurbishing old machines is also a part of this industry.
When a carousel builder receives an order, he works with the customer to determine the size of the machine based on cost and maintenance considerations. Most carousels today may be built from scratch or from refurbished mechanisms. In either case, today's maker must be a metal fabricator with a shop to concoct the metal pieces. Traveling carousels can also be manufactured with little variation from those fixed in place except that the steel center pole is hinged so it will fold in half to be transported in a van. All the other pieces can be broken down by two men in about 3 hours and carried in a truck including a platform made in sections and the horses that have the metal hangers removed from them.
The carousel builder purchases a band organ for the "new" carousel from a specialty manufacturer. Today, the Stinson Organ Company of Ohio is the only manufacturer to still make custom and productline band organs; five or six manufacturers including Wurlitzer made band organs during the heyday of the American carousel, and many other organs were imported. Band organs are played by air pushed by a bellows through wooden pipes, stops, and valves. Because the wood parts are highly subject to temperature and humidity changes, the organs are constantly out of tune and require considerable maintenance. They make music by forcing air through perforated paper rolls, much like a player piano, and the rolls cycle continuously from one to another, thanks to a device called a tracker frame developed by Wurlitzer. Although there is no sound like a real carousel band organ, maintenance costs often force buyers of "new" carousels to use tapes or compact discs for their music.
The romance of the carousel rides with its animals, however, and the auction prices of up to $60,000 per horse for antique ponies have brought a new awareness to the importance of equipping a new carousel with the genuine article. Amateur carvers and woodworkers have also been attracted to the carving of carousel critters; and body blocks that include the body, head and neck, tail, and legs can be purchased in various sizes for carving.
Assuming the carousel builder is carving a wooden horse from scratch, he chooses a size and weight suitable to the overall design of the carousel and selects an appropriate artistic design. This may be based on a theme for the carousel or on the customer's favorite historic model. The outside of the carousel animal is called the "romance" side and is seen by onlookers. This display side is usually more ornately decorated than the inside. Many of the original carousel designers made full-scale sketches of their horses so that details were properly conceptualized and scaled and so that several carvers could work on parts of the same horse. Today, one-eighth scale models are sometimes made for the designer's models and the customer's approval.
Full-scale paper patterns are glued to pieces of basswood to cut the body, legs, and other parts. Basswood is used because it is hard and close-grained, and the grain must run the length of the part for strength. A jigsaw or coping saw is used to cut the parts, and the parts are glued together to form the carving block. In the old days, the "glue-up" was done by a skilled craftsman who was an expert at the types of glue, amounts, and pressures required to prepare the carving block.
Each carver has his own preferences for how to proceed with carving. Many start by using the paper patterns still glued to the animal to rough-cut the shapes, a process called boasting. Detailed carving follows, and this is usually done without reference to patterns but with a sense of the wood grain and the artistic creation that has been trapped in the wood. The completed carving block is sanded, and sometimes other small details are glued on. If the animal is for display, rather than for a working carousel, a base or stand suitable to the size and configuration of the beast is also made. A footrest is also made for each animal (unless it has stirrups or other substitutes), and these are carved and painted to match the animal. Preparation of a carousel animal up to the painting stage typically takes about 35 hours per animal.
The carved horse is stained, primed and painted, and varnished to suit the design of the carousel. Platforms are painted to complement the carving, but overhangs are sometimes brightly colored to highlight the details of both the overhangs and the animals. Traditionally, the animals are painted bright colors, and the paints are chosen for durability and safety as well as appearance. Removal of old paint may be one of the most time-consuming tasks in refurbishing old animals; some have as many as 30 coats of paint that have filled the finely carved details. Dappling, addition of gold or silver leaf, placement of horsehair tails, and burnishing of metallic leaf provide other touches of realism and elegance. Rhinestones and other jewels are often added to the romance side of the finished horse.
The Future
According to carousel maker Chuck Kaparich, carousels and carousel animals are experiencing a resurgence. Thanks to the drawing power of the colorful carousel display and music, historic town centers and shopping malls are commissioning new carousels or refurbishing their old ones to attract customers to these areas. Kaparich expects the romance of the carousel to always remain with the American public, but, realistically, he acknowledges the limited demand and the likelihood that the present resurgence may only have a lifespan of 10 to 20 years before carousels are again temporarily forgotten. It is hoped that new generations of carousel aficionados will recall the current boom and add the magic of their mounts, music, and motion to a bank of undying memories.
Where to Learn More
Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes
© Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes 2007, originally published by Oxford University Press 2007.
carousel •Adele, Aix-la-Chapelle, aquarelle, artel, au naturel, bagatelle, béchamel, befell, bell, belle, boatel, Brunel, Cadell, carousel, cartel, cell, Chanel, chanterelle, clientele, Clonmel, compel, Cornell, crime passionnel, dell, demoiselle, dispel, dwell, el, ell, Estelle, excel, expel, farewell, fell, Fidel, fontanelle, foretell, Gabrielle, gazelle, gel, Giselle, hell, hotel, impel, knell, lapel, mademoiselle, maître d'hôtel, Manuel, marcel, matériel, mesdemoiselles, Michel, Michelle, Miguel, misspell, morel, moschatel, Moselle, motel, muscatel, nacelle, Nell, Nobel, Noel, organelle, outsell, Parnell, pell-mell, personnel, propel, quell, quenelle, rappel, Raquel, Ravel, rebel, repel, Rochelle, Sahel, sardelle, sell, shell, show-and-tell, smell, Snell, spell, spinel, swell, tell, undersell, vielle, villanelle, well, yell •Buñuel • Pachelbel • handbell •barbell • harebell • decibel • doorbell •cowbell • bluebell • Annabel •mirabelle • Christabel • Jezebel •Isabel, Isobel •nutshell • infidel • asphodel •zinfandel • Grenfell • Hillel • parallel •Cozumel • caramel • Fresnel •pimpernel • pipistrelle • Tricel •filoselle
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Dart, mushroom, grain, notions, and piping are terms used in what handicraft?
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Sewing Terms, Definitions, Stitches, Fabrics, Notions, Thread – Learning Sewing | BurdaStyle.com
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BurdaStyle is a DIY fashion and sewing community. Our aim is to bring the craft of sewing to a new generation of fashion designers, hobbyists, DIY'ers, and inspire fashion enthusiasts. We offer downloadable PDF sewing patterns, project ideas, tutorials and a community passionate about fashion. Press coverage on BurdaStyle can be found here .
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A nuclear reactor which produces more 'fissile' material (i.e., which sustains a chain reaction) than it consumes in fuel is known by what sexual term?
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DIY Projects & Crafts | Martha Stewart
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In rugby union, how many yards position is a team penalized for arguing with a referee's decision?
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Basic rugby rules - made easy : own pace : confident
Basic rugby rules
Know the basic rugby rules and enjoy rugby. Be confident. Know what's happening. Get into it. Easily find all details of the rugby rules when you want to. Improve your game.
Yes I do know, thank you!... they are actually called Laws of the Game of Rugby Union - but most people just call them "rules".
This can be used as an easy, simple or basic introduction to the rules.
Just scroll down or...
Who controls the rules of rugby?
World Rugby, formerly known as "The International Rugby Board", controls rugby and how it's played.
They control the "Laws of the Game - Rugby Union"
These rules tell us how to play.
What are the basic rules?
Some rules are simple and necessary and easy to include.
Some rules are necessary to know but very complex and technical. So it's best to include just the most important parts of them when getting together basic rules.
On this page get to know the basics. For some rules the basics are just a few words.
Where there is a link, click to get what you need to know. For full details of rugby rules, follow this link to the World Rugby Laws.
No rules specifically mention the rugby sidestep.
Sidesteps are special ways you move the ball towards the opposition goal-line when you are carrying the ball.
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1 Grounds
Rugby grounds have lines everywhere! Some solid, some dashed. What do they all mean and which are most important?
Get to know more about the basics by learning about the field, also known as the pitch.
It's not round so it's a bit of a weird shape for a ball!
True, but it does make the game pretty interesting.
Get to know the ball so you catch it well or predict where it`s going to bounce and where it will go after it bounces.
You can make the ball do what you want it to do...
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3 Players
One of the simple rules - maximum of 15 players in a team, with up to 7 substitutes allowed.
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4 Clothing and footwear for playing
Rugby gear is shirt, shorts, underwear, socks and boots! - talk to current players for advice on kit. Some minimal padding is allowed.
Boots are probably the most important item. Before buying them, you may like to read this
Safety and comfort are most important. Keep in mind...
World Rugby regulations state that stud length must not exceed 21mm and studs should not 'burr' (create sharp edges when worn down)
forwards play close together and often their feet are stood on by other forwards , sturdier boots offer more protection
forwards require good grip for pushing, individual studs may be better than moulded soles
if you have boots with individual screw in studs you can have more than one set of studs and use studs suitable for the surface you are about to play on
for speed and agility backs may prefer lighter boots with moulded soles
before you buy, try on the boots with the same thickness of sock you will be wearing during a game
buy from a reputable trader and specify you want 'rugby boots'
football (soccer) boots may be suitable but tend to be a lighter construction (offering less protection for your feet)
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5 Time - how long is a match
Two 40 minute halves, maximum of 10 minutes half-time break. Use any existing weather conditions, they may change (just my opinion!)
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6 Match Officials - uphold the laws (rules)
Referee and two touch judges. Being a match official is not easy, officials provide a great service and deserve support.
Very important. Always remember the spirit of the rules of rugby...
We all make mistakes
Players running all over the place! What's going on?
This law lays out a few details of what you can do in a match.
In a few lines it explains that any player who is 'onside' can get the ball, run with it, kick, pass or score a try with it and be tackled if they are carrying it.
We have a whole section on what you do in a game. When you want to know more, use the main menu to go to that section.
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8 Play on! - even when rules are broken
What's going on! They just broke the rules, but the referee ignored it! Know and understand the "advantage" rule.
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9 Points and how you earn them
Why have this team got more points than that one? Why are they trying so hard to get over that line? Why are they kicking at the posts?
Important
3
.
The team with most points at full-time (when the whistle blows for the end of the game) wins the game.
If the scores are equal it`s a draw.
If a winner has to be found, say for a Cup competition, extra time will be played. Competitions have their own rules. There is no concept of a "penalty shoot-out".
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10 Fouls - what you cannot do
Foul play is doing anything in the game which is against the rules of rugby or the spirit of the rules.
This is one of the most important rules. Be fair, play fair! This rule aims to keep injuries to a minimum.
Ignoring this rule is cowardly. It may result in serious injury to yourself or other players.
Improve your game, know this rule
Foul play includes
punching, trampling, kicking or tripping players
tackling too early, too late, above the shoulders
tackling a player when they are in the air
doing anything which is unfair or dangerous.
REMEMBER - one of the most important Laws of the game.
11 Offside and Onside in General Play
That player is right where the ball is. Why don't they pick it up?
It may be because they are offside. This is important. If they picked up the ball they would give away a penalty.
Here's a basic rule of thumb.
Aim to stay behind the ball.
Make sure the ball and the player in your team playing the ball are ahead of you in relation to the opposition goal line.
If not, avoid becoming involved in play.
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12 Knock on or Throw forward
Sometimes you accidentally mishandle the ball and knock it forwards off your hands or arms. You are allowed to try and regain control.
If you catch it again before it touches another player or touches the ground you can play on. Otherwise it is a "knock on" and play may be stopped.
They want to get the ball to the other end, don't they?
Why do they always throw it backwards!
It's because a pass or "throw forward" is not permitted.
Pass straight across the field...Yes, OK
Pass backwards towards your own goal-line...Yes, OK
Pass forwards towards the opposition goal-line... NO, not permitted!
The hands and any movement must direct the ball backwards (or level).
Because of the speed of the player passing the ball, it is possible (and permitted) that the ball travels forward from the point where the ball is released.
If you intentionally knock on or throw the ball forwards you may be penalized. If what you did prevents a probable try, a penalty try may be awarded.
13 Starts and restarts
A coin is tossed before the game.
The captain of the team that 'wins the toss' chooses either to 'kick off' or which direction to play in the first half (which half to defend).
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14 Ground-ball
Sometimes the player holding the ball, or the ball alone, ends up on the ground without a tackle taking place. What happens next?
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15 Tackles
When the ball carrier is tackled (brought to the ground) there are some things you must do and some things you must not do.
It depends on whether you are the ball carrier, the tackler or just another player.
...and find out about referee signals
If your first language is not English the WorldRugby has it covered. You can go to their site and read the rugby rules in other languages
Should I know all the rules?
It`s good to know the main rules, but.
There`s no substitute for knowing all the rules!
Now you`ve got the essentials, let them sink in. Then you can take in more of the details of rugby rules.
The more you know, the more confident you`ll be that you`re playing correctly. It`s important you avoid giving away penalties.
Fair play is the foundation for rugby.
Principles of the Game and Principles of the Laws are well worth reading.
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ten
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What typically pluralized instrument is named from Spanish 'chestnut'?
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Unit 8: Pratical team sports by Ruan Meyer on Prezi
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Brimstone is an old word for which chemical element?
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Brimstone (sulfur) - definition of Brimstone (sulfur) by The Free Dictionary
Brimstone (sulfur) - definition of Brimstone (sulfur) by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Brimstone+(sulfur)
also sul·phur (sŭl′fər)
n.
1. Symbol S A pale yellow nonmetallic element occurring widely in nature in several free, allotropic and crystal forms and combined in numerous sulfates and sulfides. It is used in black gunpowder, rubber vulcanization, the manufacture of insecticides and pharmaceuticals, and in the preparation of sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and sulfuric acid. Atomic number 16; atomic weight 32.066; melting point 115.21°C; boiling point 444.61°C; specific gravity at 20°C (rhombic) 2.07, (monoclinic) 2.00; valence 2, 4, 6. See Periodic Table .
2. Any of various butterflies of the subfamily Coliadinae of the family Pieridae, having yellow or orange wings often marked with black.
tr.v. sul·fured, sul·fur·ing, sul·furs also sul·phured or sul·phur·ing or sul·phurs
To treat with sulfur or a compound of sulfur.
[Middle English, from Anglo-Norman sulfre, from Latin sulfur.]
sulfur
(ˈsʌl fər)
n.
1. Also, esp. Brit., sulphur. a nonmetallic element, ordinarily a flammable yellow solid, of widespread occurrence in combined form, as in sulfide and sulfate compounds and cellular protein: used esp. in making gunpowder and matches, in medicine, and in vulcanizing rubber.Symbol: S; at. wt.: 32.064; at. no.: 16; sp. gr.: 2.07 at 20° C.
[1300–50; Middle English < Latin sulp(h)ur, sulfur brimstone, sulfur]
sul·fur
also sul·phur (sŭl′fər)
Symbol S A pale-yellow, brittle nonmetallic element that occurs widely in nature, especially in volcanic deposits, many common minerals, natural gas, and petroleum. It is used to make gunpowder and fertilizer, to vulcanize rubber, and to produce sulfuric acid. Atomic number 16. See Periodic Table .
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Sulfur
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In 2010 which famous pedestrian 'zebra' crossing was the first to be given UK Heritage listed status, normally only given to buildings and monuments?
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sulfur (S) | chemical element | Britannica.com
chemical element
Alternative Titles: brimstone, S, sulphur
Related Topics
matter
Sulfur (S), also spelled sulphur, nonmetallic chemical element belonging to the oxygen group (Group 16 [VIa] of the periodic table), one of the most reactive of the elements. Pure sulfur is a tasteless, odourless, brittle solid that is pale yellow in colour, a poor conductor of electricity, and insoluble in water. It reacts with all metals except gold and platinum , forming sulfides ; it also forms compounds with several nonmetallic elements. Millions of tons of sulfur are produced each year, mostly for the manufacture of sulfuric acid, which is widely used in industry.
Sulfur crystals from Sicily (greatly enlarged)
Courtesy of the Illinois State Museum; photograph, John H. Gerard/EB Inc.
In cosmic abundance, sulfur ranks ninth among the elements, accounting for only one atom of every 20,000–30,000. Sulfur occurs in the uncombined state as well as in combination with other elements in rocks and minerals that are widely distributed, although it is classified among the minor constituents of Earth ’s crust, in which its proportion is estimated to be between 0.03 and 0.06 percent. On the basis of the finding that certain meteorites contain about 12 percent sulfur, it has been suggested that deeper layers of Earth contain a much larger proportion. Seawater contains about 0.09 percent sulfur in the form of sulfate. In underground deposits of very pure sulfur that are present in domelike geologic structures, the sulfur is believed to have been formed by the action of bacteria upon the mineral anhydrite , in which sulfur is combined with oxygen and calcium . Deposits of sulfur in volcanic regions probably originated from gaseous hydrogen sulfide generated below the surface of Earth and transformed into sulfur by reaction with the oxygen in the air.
Boiling pots of molten sulfur on the slope of the Nikko volcano near the Mariana Islands.
Major funding for this expedition was provided by NOAA Ocean Exploration Program and NOAA Vents Program; video clips edited by Bill Chadwick, Oregon State University/NOAA
One arm of the Jason remotely operated vehicle breaking through the thin crust on a deposit of …
Major funding for this expedition was provided by NOAA Ocean Exploration Program and NOAA Vents Program; video clips edited by Bill Chadwick, Oregon State University/NOAA
History
boron (B)
The history of sulfur is part of antiquity. The name itself probably found its way into Latin from the language of the Oscans, an ancient people who inhabited the region including Vesuvius, where sulfur deposits are widespread. Prehistoric humans used sulfur as a pigment for cave painting; one of the first recorded instances of the art of medication is in the use of sulfur as a tonic.
organosulfur compound: The sulfur atom
The combustion of sulfur had a role in Egyptian religious ceremonials as early as 4,000 years ago. “Fire and brimstone” references in the Bible are related to sulfur, suggesting that “hell’s fires” are fuelled by sulfur. The beginnings of practical and industrial uses of sulfur are credited to the Egyptians, who used sulfur dioxide for bleaching cotton as early as 1600 bce. Greek mythology includes sulfur chemistry: Homer tells of Odysseus’ use of sulfur dioxide to fumigate a chamber in which he had slain his wife’s suitors. The use of sulfur in explosives and fire displays dates to about 500 bc in China, and flame-producing agents used in warfare (Greek fire) were prepared with sulfur in the Middle Ages. Pliny the Elder in 50 ce reported a number of individual uses of sulfur and ironically was himself killed, in all probability by sulfur fumes, at the time of the great Vesuvius eruption (79 ce). Sulfur was regarded by the alchemists as the principle of combustibility. Lavoisier recognized it as an element in 1777, although it was considered by some to be a compound of hydrogen and oxygen; its elemental nature was established by the French chemists Joseph Gay-Lussac and Louis Thenard.
Natural occurrence and distribution
Periodic Table of the Elements
Many important metal ores are compounds of sulfur, either sulfides or sulfates. Some important examples are galena (lead sulfide, PbS), blende (zinc sulfide, ZnS), pyrite (iron disulfide, FeS2), chalcopyrite (copper iron sulfide, CuFeS2), gypsum (calcium sulfate dihydrate, CaSO4∙2H2O) and barite (barium sulfate, BaSO4). The sulfide ores are valued chiefly for their metal content, although a process developed in the 18th century for making sulfuric acid utilized sulfur dioxide obtained by burning pyrite. Coal, petroleum , and natural gas contain sulfur compounds.
Allotropy
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In sulfur, allotropy arises from two sources: (1) the different modes of bonding atoms into a single molecule and (2) packing of polyatomic sulfur molecules into different crystalline and amorphous forms. Some 30 allotropic forms of sulfur have been reported, but some of these probably represent mixtures. Only eight of the 30 seem to be unique; five contain rings of sulfur atoms and the others contain chains.
In the rhombohedral allotrope, designated ρ-sulfur, the molecules are composed of rings of six sulfur atoms. This form is prepared by treating sodium thiosulfate with cold, concentrated hydrochloric acid , extracting the residue with toluene , and evaporating the solution to give hexagonal crystals. ρ-sulfur is unstable, eventually reverting to orthorhombic sulfur (α-sulfur).
A second general allotropic class of sulfur is that of the eight-membered ring molecules, three crystalline forms of which have been well characterized. One is the orthorhombic (often improperly called rhombic) form, α-sulfur. It is stable at temperatures below 96 °C. Another of the crystalline S8 ring allotropes is the monoclinic or β-form, in which two of the axes of the crystal are perpendicular, but the third forms an oblique angle with the first two. There are still some uncertainties concerning its structure; this modification is stable from 96 °C to the melting point , 118.9 °C. A second monoclinic cyclooctasulfur allotrope is the γ-form, unstable at all temperatures, quickly transforming to α-sulfur.
An orthorhombic modification, S12 ring molecules, and still another unstable S10 ring allotrope are reported. The latter reverts to polymeric sulfur and S8. At temperatures above 96 °C, the α-allotrope changes into the β-allotrope. If enough time is allowed for this transition to occur completely, further heating causes melting to occur at 118.9 °C; but if the α-form is heated so rapidly that the transformation to β-form does not have time to occur, the α-form melts at 112.8 °C.
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Just above its melting point, sulfur is a yellow, transparent, mobile liquid. Upon further heating, the viscosity of the liquid decreases gradually to a minimum at about 157 °C, but then rapidly increases, reaching a maximum value at about 187 °C; between this temperature and the boiling point of 444.6 °C, the viscosity decreases. The colour also changes, deepening from yellow through dark red, and, finally, to black at about 250 °C. The variations in both colour and viscosity are considered to result from changes in the molecular structure. A decrease in viscosity as temperature increases is typical of liquids, but the increase in the viscosity of sulfur above 157 °C probably is caused by rupturing of the eight-membered rings of sulfur atoms to form reactive S8 units that join together in long chains containing many thousands of atoms. The liquid then assumes the high viscosity characteristic of such structures. At a sufficiently high temperature, all of the cyclic molecules are broken, and the length of the chains reaches a maximum. Beyond that temperature, the chains break down into small fragments. Upon vaporization, cyclic molecules (S8 and S6) are formed again; at about 900 °C, S2 is the predominant form; finally, monatomic sulfur is formed at temperatures above 1,800 °C.
Commercial production
Elemental sulfur is found in volcanic regions as a deposit formed by the emission of hydrogen sulfide, followed by aerial oxidation to the element. Underground deposits of sulfur associated with salt domes in limestone rock provide a substantial portion of the world’s supply of the element. These domes are located in the Louisiana swamplands of the United States and offshore in the Gulf of Mexico .
Where deposits of sulfur are located in salt domes, as they are along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, the element was recovered by the Frasch process , named after German-born U.S. chemist Herman Frasch . Ordinary underground mining procedures were inapplicable since highly poisonous hydrogen sulfide gas accompanies the element in the domes. Beginning in 1894, the Frasch process, which takes advantage of the low melting point of sulfur (112 °C), made sulfur of a high purity (up to 99.9 percent pure) available in large quantities and helped establish sulfur as an important basic chemical commodity. Wells were drilled from 60 to 600 m (200 to 2,000 feet) into the sulfur formation and then lined with a 15-cm (6-inch) pipe in which an air pipe and a water pipe of smaller diameter were concentrically placed. Superheated water, injected into the circular space between the three- and six-inch pipes, penetrated the cap rock through holes on the bottom of the pipe. As the sulfur melted, it settled to the bottom of the deposit. From there it was pumped to the surface by applying air pressure through the central pipe. Several such wells operated under the ocean floor in the Gulf of Mexico. The sulfur was collected in reservoirs, or sumps, and from there transferred to vats or bins to solidify for storage and stockpiling. Vats contained as much as 300,000 tons of sulfur. Frasch-process sulfur produced at the Gulf Coast salt domes constituted the major source of U.S. sulfur production and dominated the world market until approximately 1970. Thereafter, non-Frasch sources such as the purification of sour (high sulfur-content) petroleum, the refining of natural gas, and improved methods for obtaining sulfur from metal sulfides gained a greater share of the market. The Frasch process is still used today in Poland and Russia.
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About 9,000,000 tons of sulfur are recovered in the United States each year from natural gas, petroleum refinery gases, pyrites, and smelter gases from the processing of copper , zinc , and lead ores. In most cases sulfur is separated from other gases as hydrogen sulfide and then converted to elemental sulfur by the Claus process, which involves the partial burning of hydrogen sulfide to sulfur dioxide, with subsequent reaction between the two to yield sulfur. Another important source is the sulfur dioxide emitted into the atmosphere by coal-fired steam power plants. In the early 1970s techniques to collect this sulfur dioxide and convert it into usable sulfur were developed.
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A few of the non-Frasch processes for sulfur production may be mentioned.
Sulfur-bearing rock is piled into mounds. Shafts are bored vertically and fires set at the top of the shafts. The burning sulfur provides sufficient heat to melt the elemental sulfur in the rock layers below, and it flows out at the bottom of the pile. This is an old process, still used to some extent in Sicily . The product is of low purity and must be refined by distillation. The air pollution in the area of the process is so great that its operation is limited to certain times of the year when prevailing winds will carry the fumes away from populated areas.
Rock bearing sulfur is treated with superheated water in retorts, melting the sulfur, which flows out. This process is a modification of the Frasch method.
Sulfates (such as gypsum or barite) may be treated with carbon at high temperatures, forming the metal sulfides CaS or BaS (the Chance-Claus process). The metal sulfides can be treated with acid, generating hydrogen sulfide, which in turn can be burned to give elemental sulfur.
Tremendous tonnages of sulfur are available from smelter operations and from power production by combustion of fossil and sour petroleum fuels, some of which contain as much as 4 percent sulfur. Thus, generation of electrical power and heat represent a major source of atmospheric pollution by sulfur dioxide. Unfortunately, recovery and purification of sulfur dioxide from stack gases are expensive operations.
Wherever such metals as lead, zinc, copper, cadmium , or nickel (among others) are processed, much of the sulfuric acid needed in the metallurgical operations may be obtained on the site by converting sulfur dioxide, produced by roasting the ores, to sulfur trioxide, SO3, and thence to sulfuric acid.
Sulfur available in bulk from commercial production usually is more than 99 percent pure, and some grades contain 99.9 percent sulfur. For research purposes, the proportion of impurities has been reduced to as little as one part in 10,000,000 by the application of procedures such as zone melting, column chromatography, electrolysis, or fractional distillation. China, Canada, Germany and Japan led the world in sulfur production in the early 21st century.
Uses of sulfur
Sulfur is so widely used in industrial processes that its consumption often is regarded as a reliable indicator of industrial activity and the state of the national economy. Approximately six-sevenths of all the sulfur produced is converted into sulfuric acid , for which the largest single use is in the manufacture of fertilizers (phosphates and ammonium sulfate). Other important uses include the production of pigments, detergents, fibres, petroleum products, sheet metal, explosives, and storage batteries; hundreds of other applications are known. Sulfur not converted to sulfuric acid is used in making paper , insecticides, fungicides, dyestuffs, and numerous other products.
Compounds
Sulfur forms compounds in oxidation states −2 (sulfide, S2−), +4 (sulfite, SO32−), and +6 (sulfate, SO42−). It combines with nearly all elements. An unusual feature of some sulfur compounds results from the fact that sulfur is second only to carbon in exhibiting catenation—i.e., the bonding of an atom to another identical atom. This allows sulfur atoms to form ring systems and chain structures. The more significant sulfur compounds and compound groups are as follows.
One of the most familiar sulfur compounds is hydrogen sulfide , also known as sulfureted hydrogen, or stinkdamp, H2S, the colourless, extremely poisonous gas responsible for the characteristic odour of rotten eggs. It is produced naturally by the decay of organic substances containing sulfur and is often present in vapours from volcanoes and mineral waters. Large amounts of hydrogen sulfide are obtained in the removal of sulfur from petroleum. It was formerly used extensively in chemical laboratories as an analytical reagent.
All the metals except gold and platinum combine with sulfur to form inorganic sulfides. Such sulfides are ionic compounds containing the negatively charged sulfide ion S2−; these compounds may be considered as salts of hydrogen sulfide. Some inorganic sulfides are important ores of such metals as iron, nickel, copper, cobalt , zinc, and lead.
Several oxides are formed by sulfur and oxygen; the most important is the heavy, colourless, poisonous gas sulfur dioxide , SO2. It is used primarily as a precursor of sulfur trioxide, SO3, and thence sulfuric acid, H2SO4. It is also utilized as a bleach and an industrial reducing agent. Other noteworthy applications include its use in food preservation and for fruit ripening. (See also sulfur oxide .)
Sulfur forms a wide variety of compounds with halogen elements. In combination with chlorine it yields sulfur chlorides such as disulfur dichloride, S2Cl2, a corrosive, golden-yellow liquid used in the manufacture of chemical products. It reacts with ethylene to produce mustard gas, and with unsaturated acids derived from fats it forms oily products that are basic components of lubricants. With fluorine , sulfur forms sulfur fluorides, the most useful of which is sulfur hexafluoride , SF6, a gas employed as an insulator in various electrical devices. Sulfur also forms oxyhalides, in which the sulfur atom is bonded to both oxygen and halogen atoms. When such compounds are named, the term thionyl is used to designate those containing the SO unit and the term sulfuryl for those with SO2. Thionyl chloride , SOCl2, is a dense, toxic, volatile liquid used in organic chemistry to convert carboxylic acids and alcohols into chlorine-containing compounds. Sulfuryl chloride, SO2Cl2, is a liquid of similar physical properties utilized in the preparation of certain compounds that contain sulfur, chlorine, or both.
Sulfur forms some 16 oxygen-bearing acids. Only four or five of them, however, have been prepared in the pure state. These acids, particularly sulfurous acid and sulfuric acid, are of considerable importance to the chemical industry. Sulfurous acid, H2SO3, is produced when sulfur dioxide is added to water. Its most important salt is sodium sulfite, Na2SO3, a reducing agent employed in the manufacture of paper pulp, in photography, and in the removal of oxygen from boiler feedwater. Sulfuric acid is one of the most valuable of all chemicals. Prepared commercially by the reaction of water with sulfur trioxide, the compound is used in manufacturing fertilizers, pigments, dyes, drugs, explosives, detergents, and inorganic salts and esters.
The organic compounds of sulfur constitute a diverse and important subdivision of organic substances. Some examples include the sulfur-containing amino acids (e.g., cysteine , methionine , and taurine), which are key components of hormones, enzymes, and coenzymes. Significant, too, are the synthetic organic sulfur compounds, among them numerous pharmaceuticals (sulfa drugs, dermatological agents), insecticides, solvents, and agents such as those used in preparing rubber and rayon .
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The latin term 'mutatis mutandis' is used when doing what to two basically similar things?
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Mutatis mutandis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mutatis mutandis
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Mutatis mutandis, Latin literal meaning "with those things having been changed which need to be changed" or simpler "the necessary changes having been made". The term is used when comparing two situations with a multiplicity of common variables set at the same value, in which the value of only one variable is allowed to differ—"all other things being equal"—thereby making comparison easier (see also, ceteris paribus ). It carries the connotation that the reader should pay attention to the corresponding differences between the current statement and a previous one, although they are analogous . This term is used frequently in economics , philosophy and in law , to parameterize a statement with a new term, or note the application of an implied, mutually understood set of changes. The phrase is also used in the study of counter-factuals, wherein the requisite change in the factual basis of the past is made and the resulting causalities are followed.
Contents
[ edit ] Examples
A local chapter of a national organization may adopt a rule that the national organization's procedure for something will apply, mutatis mutandis, to the local chapter. Thus, even though the chief officer of the national organization may be called the "president", and the chief officer of the local chapter may be called the "chairman", instances of "president" would be changed to "chairman" when applying the national procedure. This is commonly done by subordinate units (such as localities or chapters) to avoid duplication of text in local ordinances or rules that is sufficiently covered by state or national laws or rules.
"His cat" and "His dog" should be changed to "Her cat" and "Her dog", mutatis mutandis for pony, sheep and cow. [I.e. "His pony" becomes "Her pony", and so on.]
What we said about oil goes mutatis mutandis for natural gas.
The two parties finally signed the contract mutatis mutandis.
1982 Convention in Jamaica (The law of the sea), ARTICLE 111: Section 2. The right of hot pursuit shall apply 'mutatis mutandis' to violations in the exclusive economic zone or on the continental shelf , including safety zones around continental shelf installations, of the laws and regulations of the coastal State applicable in accordance with this Convention to the exclusive economic zone or the continental shelf, including such safety zones.
[ edit ] Etymology
Both "mutatis" and "mutandis" come from the Latin verb "muto" (principal parts: muto, mutare, mutavi, mutatum), meaning "to change." Mutatīs is the adjectival participle (ablative plural neuter perfect passive), meaning, "having been changed." Mutandīs is the gerund (ablative plural neuter). Used as a substantive plural it means "the things" that have changed and the gerund gives the idea of necessity, meaning, "things which need to be changed". The phrase is an ablative absolute construction, which is reflected by the "with" given in the full translation, "with those things having been changed which need to be changed."
[ edit ] Contrast with ceteris paribus
The two phrases are similar. Where ceteris paribus serves to hold all other things constant to emphasize the effects of one change, mutatis mutandis often serves to suggest (or require) a set of changes which may (or shall) be made without loss of validity.
[ edit ] Quotes
"We can in fact only define a weed, mutatis mutandis, in terms of the well-known definition of dirt—as matter out of place. What we call a weed is in fact merely a plant growing where we do not want it."—E.J. Salisbury, The Living Garden, 1935
"The proof that Q is universal relative to the set of all 3-bit gates applies step by step, mutatis mutandis, to Q4."—D. Deutsch, Quantum computational networks, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 425, pp. 85, 1989.
[ edit ] In popular culture
In the cartoon series " Wolverine and the X-Men ", the phrase "Mutatis Mutandis" is the motto appearing in the emblem of Xavier's School for Gifted Youngsters, which is secretly a school for mutant superhumans.
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In a musical work the term 'coda' refers to its?
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International Economics Glossary: M
Mergers and Acquisitions
Maastricht criteria
The convergence criteria laid out in the Maastricht Treaty as conditions for countries to adopt the euro . The criteria required two years of exchange-rate stability and the achievement of quantitative targets for low inflation, interest rates, and limits on government deficits and debt.
The 1992 Treaty on European Union among members of the EC that created the European Union . It also launched the Economic and Monetary Union that ultimately resulted in adoption of the euro in 1999.
Macroeconometric model
An econometric model of macroeconomic relationships, usually intended to capture the overall functioning of a national economy.
Macroeconomic
Referring to the variables or performance of an economy as a whole, or its major components, as opposed to that of individual industries, firms, or households. Contrasts with microeconomic .
Macroeconomic closure
The assumptions made in an economic model, especially a CGE model , for it to have a solution. In a neoclassical closure, all markets clear and all agents satisfy budget constraints . For short-run policy purposes, some assume that certain markets (labor, foreign exchange) do not clear, or that government budgets are not balanced.
Macroeconomic policy
Any policy intended to influence the behavior of important macroeconomic variables, especially unemployment and inflation . Macroeconomic policies include monetary and fiscal policies, but also such things as price controls and incentives for economic growth .
Macroeconomic stabilization
See stabilization policy .
Made in the world
A perspective on world trade promoted by the WTO in its Made in the World Initiative that focuses on trade in value added .
Made in the World Initiative
A WTO program of support for "the exchange of projects, experiences, and pratical approaches in measuring and analysing trade in value added ."
Made-to-measure tariff
A tariff set so as to raise the price of an imported good to the level of the domestic price, so as to leave domestic producers unaffected. Also called a scientific tariff .
The Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks, signed in 1891, standardized the registration and protection of trademarks and service marks .
Maghreb
The region of West and Central North Africa comprised of Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia, and Western Sahara. Also spelled Maghrib.
Magnification effect
The property of the Heckscher-Ohlin Model that certain exogenous changes lead to larger changes in the corresponding endogenous variables: goods prices as they affect factor prices in the Stolper-Samuelson Theorem ; factor endowments as they affect outputs in the Rybczynski Theorem . Due to Jones (1965) .
MAI
Main refinancing operations
The mechanism by which the European Central Bank provides the bulk of liquidity to the banking system.
Majority-owned foreign affiliate
A company in another country more than 50% of which is owned by a domestic person or company; thus one form of foreign direct investment .
Managed float
An exchange rate regime in which the rate is allowed to be determined in the exchange market without an announced par value as the goal of intervention , but where the authorities do nonetheless intervene at their discretion to influence the rate.
Managed trade
The use of trade policies to manipulate trade for political purposes.
Mandated countertrade
A requirement by government that importing firms engage in countertrade , as a means of increasing exports.
Manipulation
A good that is produced by manufacturing .
Manufacturing
Production of goods primarily by the application of labor and capital to raw materials and other intermediate inputs, in contrast to agriculture , mining, forestry, fishing, and services .
Manufacturing value added
Value added in the manufacturing sector of an economy; thus the income generated there for labor and other primary factors . Those who believe that manufacturing is somehow more important than other sectors of the economy regard a decline in this as cause for concern.
Maquiladora
A program for the temporary importation of goods into Mexico without duty, under the condition that they contribute -- through further processing, transformation, or repair -- to exports. The program was established in 1965, and expanded in 1989.
Margin
1. The edge. In economics it usually refers to the last (in terms of quantity, not of time) unit consumed or produced by a consumer or firm.
2. A gap between one number and another, such as a dumping margin or injury margin .
Margin of preference
1. The extent to which one person or group is given more favorable treatment than others.
2. The percentage by which particular imports from one country are subject to lower tariffs than the MFN rate, as in a preferential trading arrangement .
Marginal analysis
The determination of optimal behavior by comparing benefits and costs at the margin, that is, benefits and costs that result from small (i.e., marginal) changes. Optimality requires that marginal benefit equal marginal cost , since otherwise a rise or fall could increase benefit more than cost.
Marginal benefit
The increase in well-being caused by an additional unit of some activity, such as the consumption of a good. Exactly whose well-being this refers to depends on the context.
Marginal change
A small change in some quantity.
Marginal cost
1. The increase in cost that accompanies a unit increase in output
2. The partial derivative of a cost function with respect to output.
Marginal cost pricing
The outcome of perfectly competitive markets in which the price of each good is equal to its marginal cost . This is not because optimizing sellers choose to set price equal to marginal cost, but rather that, as price takers , they would expand output if marginal cost were less than price.
Marginal intra-industry trade
The portion of a change in trade, usually from one year to the next, that is intra-industry trade . The term was introduced by Hamilton and Kniest (1991) , who provided a measure of it. Other measures have appeared since.
Marginal product
In a production function , the marginal product of a factor is the rise in output due to a unit increase in input of the factor or the partial derivative of the function with respect to the factor. In a competitive equilibrium, the equilibrium price of a factor is its marginal value product wherever it is employed.
Marginal profit
The amount by which a firm's profit rises or falls when output increases by one unit; thus marginal revenue minus marginal cost .
Marginal propensity
The fraction of a change in income devoted to an activity, such as consumption, importing, or saving. See propensity .
Marginal propensity to consume
The fraction of a change in income (or perhaps disposable income ) spent on consumption. Contrasts with average propensity to consume .
Marginal propensity to import
The fraction of a change in income (or perhaps disposable income ) spent on imports. Contrasts with average propensity to import .
Marginal propensity to save
The fraction of a change in income (or perhaps disposable income ) that is saved.
Marginal rate of substitution
In a production function or a utility function , the ratio at which one argument (input) substitutes for another along an isoquant or indifference curve .
Marginal rate of technical substitution
More complete name for the marginal rate of substitution between factors in a production function , sometimes used to distinguish it from the analogous concept in a utility function .
Marginal rate of transformation
The increase in output of one good made possible by a one-unit decrease in the output of another, given the technology and factor endowments of a country; thus the absolute value of the slope of the transformation curve .
Marginal returns
2. Marginal product
Marginal revenue
The amount by which a firm's revenue increases when it expands output by one unit, taking into account that to sell one more unit it may need to reduce price on all units.
Marginal revenue product
The added revenue generated by the extra output from using one more unit of a factor of production. In a competitive industry this is the marginal value product . With imperfect competition it is smaller, due to the lower price needed to sell more. Determines factor prices in competitive factor markets.
Marginal social benefit
The marginal benefit of an activity, such as consuming an additional unit of a good, where benefit here includes all positive effects on society as a whole, such as positive externalities , not just the benefit accruing to the consumer of the good. Negative externalities should also be deducted.
Marginal social cost
The marginal cost of an activity, such as producing an additional unit of a good, where cost here includes all negative effects on society as a whole, such as negative externalities , not just the cost borne by the producer of the good. Positive externalities should also be deducted.
Marginal tax rate
The amount that a taxpayer's total tax bill rises due to a one-unit increase in the activity being taxed. Referring to an income tax , it is the tax on an additional dollar of income. Contrasts with average tax rate .
Marginal utility
In a utility function , the increase in utility associated with a one-unit increase in consumption of one good; or the partial derivative of the utility function.
Marginal value product
The value of the marginal product of a factor in an industry; that is, the price of the good produced times the marginal product. Determines factor prices when all markets are competitive.
Marginalism
1. The belief that marginal analysis provides a useful theory of economic behavior.
2. The belief that economic value reflects marginal utility .
Marine Mammal Protection Act
The 1972 U.S. law prohibiting the "taking" (harassing, hunting, capturing, or killing) of marine mammals, and also prohibiting the import of any marine mammal product or any fish that has been associated with the taking of marine mammals. See tuna-dolphin case .
Mark 2
Washington Consensus Mark 2 (or Mark II)
Mark of origin
A physical mark on a good, indicating its country of origin . Most countries require these on most imported goods. (But see J-List .)
Market
1. The interaction between supply and demand to determine the market price and corresponding quantity bought and sold.
2. The determination of economic allocations by decentralized, voluntary interactions among those who wish to buy and sell, responding to freely determined market prices .
Market access
The ability of firms from one country to sell in another.
Market adjustment
The process by which the economy moves to a new market equilibrium when conditions change.
Market balance
Market equilibrium
Market capitalization
The stock-market value of a company, as measured by the number of shares outstanding times their market price.
Market clearing
Equality of quantity supplied and quantity demanded. A market-clearing condition is an equation (or other representation) stating that supply equals demand. A market-clearing price is a price that causes quantities supplied and demanded to be equal.
Market disruption
The effect of an import surge , if large enough to cause serious injury and justify safeguard protection .
Market dynamics
The process by which market adjustment takes place. Common examples include Walrasian and Marshallian .
Market economy
An economy in which most economic decisions are left up to individual consumers and firms interacting through markets . Contrasts with central planning and non-market economy .
Market equilibrium
Equality of quantity supplied and quantity demanded. See equilibrium .
Market failure
Any market imperfection , but especially the complete absence of a market due to incomplete or asymmetric information .
Market forces
The forces of demand and supply that cause prices to rise and to fall, as opposed, for example, to the actions of particular market participants or government which might otherwise be blamed for such changes.
Market fundamentalism
A negative term for the ardent belief that free markets are always the best way to organize economic activity, either because market failures do not exist or because efforts to correct such distortions usually make things worse. The term predated but was popularized by Soros (1998) .
Market imperfection
Any departure from the ideal benchmark of perfect competition , due to externalities , taxes, market power , etc. Same as distortion .
Market integration
Removal of barriers between two markets for the same product, so that prices in the two markets become more closely linked. Trade liberalization contributes to international market integration.
Market intervention
The act, usually by a government or central bank, of buying or selling in a market so as to influence the price. Most common is exchange market intervention , but governments also sometimes intervene in other markets, such as for agricultural products and primary commodities .
Market mechanism
The process by which a market solves a problem of allocating resources, especially that of deciding how much of a good or service should be produced, but other such problems as well. The market mechanism is an alternative, for example, to having such decisions made by government and central planning .
Market potential
The capacity of a location, such as a country, to become or to grow as a demander of goods and services that outside suppliers might provide. Various measures of market potential are provided especially for emerging economies , intended as guides to exports and foreign direct investment .
Market power
1. Ability of a firm or other market participant to influence price by varying the amount that it chooses to buy or sell. Equivalently, ability to set price, as opposed to being a price taker .
2. Ability of a country to influence world prices by altering its trade policies.
Market price
2. Alternative to factor cost .
Market rate
The interest rate or exchange rate at which a market clears .
Market reserve policy
See law of similars .
Market restriction
Any government-imposed or legal requirement that impedes the ability of suppliers and demanders to interact freely, such as limits on quantity or price. Restrictions are most common in labor markets and on foreign owned service providers.
Market segmentation
Segmented markets .
Market share
Usually refers to the fraction of total sales in a national or international market for a product that is sold by a particular firm. However, the term is also sometimes used for the share for sellers from a particular country, as "the Japanese share of the US auto market."
Market structure
The way that suppliers and demanders in an industry interact to determine price and quantity. There are four main idealized market structures that have been used in trade theory: perfect competition , monopoly , oligopoly , and monopolistic competition .
Market value
See factor cost .
Marketing
The activities of a firm intended to induce buyers to select its product. Models of perfect competition omit this activity, assuming that each firm can sell all it wishes at the prevailing price. Models of imperfect competition are more likely to include this, though in practice models of international trade seldom do.
Marketing board
A form of state trading enterprise , a marketing board typically buys up the domestic supply of a good and sells it on the international market.
Marking duty
An additional duty added to the price of an imported good if its country of origin is not properly marked, to cover the cost of marking it.
Markup
The amount (percentage) by which price exceeds marginal cost. A profit-maximizing seller facing a price elasticity of demand η will set a markup equal to (p-c)/p=1/η. One effect of international trade that increases competition is to reduce markups.
Marrakesh Ministerial
The final ministerial meeting of the GATT , in Marrakesh, Morroco, April 1994, at which the Uruguay Round was concluded and the World Trade Organization created, replacing and incorporating the GATT.
Marrakesh Protocol
The agreement entered into by all signatories of the GATT at the April 1994 ministerial in Marrakesh, Morroco. This agreement adopted the Final Act of the Uruguay Round which, among other things, created the World Trade Organization .
Marshall-Lerner condition
The condition that the sum of the elasticities of demand for exports and imports exceed one (in absolute value); that is, ηX + ηM > 1, where ηX, ηM are the demand elasticities for a country's exports and imports respectively, both defined to be positive for downward sloping demands. Under certain assumptions, this is the condition for a depreciation to improve the trade balance , for the exchange market to be stable , and for international barter exchange to be stable .
[Origin]
Marshall Plan
A U.S. program to assist the economic recovery of certain European countries after World War II. Also called the European Recovery Program, it was initiated in 1947 and it dispersed over $12 billion before it was completed in 1952.
Marshallian adjustment
A market adjustment mechanism in which quantity rises when demand price exceeds supply price and falls when supply price exceeds demand price. Contrasts with Walrasian adjustment .
Marshallian externality
An externality in which increased output of a firm increases the productivity of other firms in its region or industry. Also called external economies of scale (for an industry) and agglomeration economy (for a geographical region). Due to Marshall (1890) .
Marshallian surplus
1. This refers to the concepts of consumer surplus and producer surplus , as they were introduced by Alfred Marshall.
2. For consumer surplus, the Marshallian definition uses the demand curve holding income constant, in contrast to the Hicksian definitions, due to John Hicks, of compensating and equivalent variation.
Marxist
Referring to the writings of Karl Marx and to a body of economic thought based, more or less loosely, on those writings.
MAS
Monetary Authority of Singapore
Masala bond
A bond issued by a borrower in India to a lender outside of India and denominated in the Indian currency, the rupee. Payment and repayment are both actually done in US dollars, but based on the exchange rate at the time. Currency risk is therefore born by the lender.
Maskus curve
A graph of how intellectual property protection varies with per capita income , first falling as income rises, then rising. Due to Maskus and Penubarti (1995) .
Material injury
The injury requirement of the AD and CVD statutes, understood to be less stringent than serious injury but otherwise apparently not precisely defined.
Maturity
The date at which a bond matures, that is, the date at which the issuer of the bond makes the final payment.
Maximum price system
Similar to a minimum price system , except that the price specified is the highest, rather than the lowest, permitted for an imported good.
Maximum revenue tariff
A tariff set to collect the largest possible revenue for the government.
MCC
Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative
Meade Geometry
The geometric technique introduced by Meade (1952) of deriving a country's offer curve from its transformation curve and community indifference curves by first constructing a set of trade indifference curves .
Meade Index
Meade (1955a) used a measure of the gains from trade that has since been called the Meade Index. It can be expressed as I = Σi(ΔXi)ti + Σi(ΔMi)ti, where ΔXi and ΔMi are changes in exports and imports in sector i, each valued at the supply price in the exporting country, and ti is the ad valorem tariff on that trade.
[Origin]
Mean
The arithmetic average of the values of an economic or statistical variable. For a variable x with values xi, i=1,
,n, the mean is x̄ = Σi=1
n(xi/n).
Measure of economic welfare
An aggregate figure that adjusts GDP in an attempt to measure a country's economic well-being rather than its production, with adjustments for leisure, environmental degradation, etc.
Median
1. In a sample of data, a value above which half the values lie and below which half the values lie.
2. In a probability distribution, a value above which there is 50% probability and below which there is 50% probability.
Medium of exchange
Anything that is used, like money , to make payments for goods, services, and assets. For payments between countries with different currencies , if the national currencies are not trusted, another country's currency or gold may be used.
Medium-Term Expenditure Framework
An integrated approach to policy, planning, and budgeting by developing countries that estimates expenditures three years into the future. It has been advocated by the World Bank and applied in a number of developing countries.
Mega-regional trade agreement
A trade agreement -- usually an FTA -- among a large group of countries covering a significant share of world trade. Prominent examples include the TPP and TTIP .
Méline tariff
The tariff on agricultural imports levied by France in 1892.
Melitz model
A heterogeneous firm model in which firms employ labor as their only input, firm productivity is chosen randomly, and firms die with some constant probability. With trade, only firms with productivity above some cutoff level are able to export. Due to Melitz (2003) .
Melvin indeterminacy
That in a more-goods-than-factors H-O Model sector outputs are not fully determined. Given goods prices, factor endowments, and CRTS technologies, if more goods than factors can be produced, then only a linear relationship among outputs is assured. Demonstrated for 3 goods and 2 factors by Melvin (1968) .
MENA
Middle East and North Africa. The acronym is used frequently by international organizations, but without a uniform definition of which countries are included.
MEP
Member of the European Parliament
Mercantilism
An economic philosophy of the 16th and 17th centuries that international commerce should primarily serve to increase a country's financial wealth, especially of gold and foreign currency. To that end, exports are viewed as desirable and imports as undesirable unless they lead to even greater exports.
Merchandise trade
Exports and imports of goods . Contrasts with trade in services .
Merchanting
The act by a resident of one country of buying a good in another country and reselling it in that or a third country, without the good ever entering the merchant's country of residence.
A common market in South America, known as the "Common Market of the South" ("Mercado Común del Sur"), created in 1991. Its full and associate members together include all the countries of South America.
Mergers and Acquisitions
The combination of what were previously two separate firms into one, either by their joining together as more or less equals (merging) or by one acquiring the other. These occur increasingly across national borders, thus constituting an important form of foreign direct investment .
METI
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry .
Metzler diagram
A diagram showing the joint determination of savings, investment, and the interest rate in two countries. Invented by Metzler (1960) .
Metzler paradox
The possibility, identified by Metzler (1949) , that a tariff may lower the domestic relative price of the imported good. This will happen if it drives the world price down by even more than the size of the tariff, as it may do if the foreign demand for the importing country's export good is inelastic .
MEW
MFN tariff .
MFN status
The status given by the U.S. to some non-members of the GATT / WTO whereby they are charged MFN tariffs even though they are eligible for higher tariffs. See PNTR .
MFN tariff
The tariff level that a member of the GATT / WTO charges on a good to other members.
MIC
Middle Income Country
Microeconomic
Referring to the behavior of and interactions among individual economic agents, especially firms and consumers, and especially in markets . Contrasts with macroeconomic .
Microfinance
Refers to institutions that specialize in making very small loans to very poor persons in developing countries. Instead of using collateral to assure repayment, these lenders harness social pressure within the borrower's community. Originally done on a nonprofit basis, it is now being done increasingly for profit.
Middle Income Country
The middle income group in the World Bank's classification of countries by GNI per capita , calculated by the Atlas Method . As of January 2016, these were countries with incomes between $1,045 and $12,736 in 2014. The group is also split into Lower-Middle and Upper-Middle, below and above $4,125 respectively. Other groups are Low Income Countries and High Income Countries .
Middle income trap
The idea that once a developing country reaches are certain "middle" level of per capita income , it becomes difficult or impossible to advance further.
Middle product
A good that has undergone some processing and that requires further processing before going to final consumers; an intermediate good . Sanyal and Jones (1982) introduced the term, observing that almost all international trade is of middle products, and they provided a model based on that assumption.
MIGA
The permanent relocation of people from one country to another. See emigration and immigration .
MIIT
Millennium Challenge Corporation
"An innovative and independent U.S. foreign aid agency that is helping lead the fight against global poverty." It provides aid to the world's poorest countries in the form of partnerships, but only to countries that meet eligibility criteria of "good governance, economic freedom, and investments in their citizens."
A set of eight objectives for economic development agreed upon at a September 2000 meeting of world leaders at the United Nations , and intended to be achieved by the end of 2015. They were followed by the Sustainable Development Goals .
Millennium Round
The name suggested by the European Union for the trade round that they and others hoped would be initiated at the Seattle Ministerial in 1999. That ministerial ended without agreement to start a new round.
Mill's test
One of two conditions needed for infant industry protection to be welfare-improving, this requires that the protected industry become, over time, able to compete internationally without protection. See also Bastable's test . Due to Mill (1848) and named by Kemp (1960) .
[Origin]
Mimeo
Short for mimeograph, this today indicates that a paper has been written but not yet published or issued as formal working paper. It originates from the time before photocopying when multiple copies of a paper were prepared with a mimeograph machine after first typing them on a wax-coated cloth stencil.
Minimum efficient scale
The smallest output of a firm consistent with minimum average cost . In small countries, in some industries the level of demand in autarky is not sufficient to support minimum efficient scale. If there are increasing returns to scale , however, the minimum efficient scale may not exist.
Minimum import price
See minimum price system .
Minimum price system
Specification of the lowest price permitted for an import. Prices below the minimum may trigger a tariff , hence a variable levy , or quota . See maximum price system . These have several names: basic import price, minimum import price, reference price, and trigger price.
Minimum valuation
A customs valuation procedure that sets a minimum value for an imported good, regardless of its transaction value and thus, with an ad valorem tariff , sets a higher duty than it otherwise would.
Minister of International Trade
A meeting of ministers. In the context of the GATT and WTO , it is a meeting of the trade ministers from the member countries (including, from the U.S., USTR ).
Ministerial Declaration
The outcome of a successful ministerial : a document that the ministers have agreed upon.
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
The Japanese government ministry that deals with economic issues, including the vitality of the private sector, external economic relations including trade, energy policy, and industrial development.
Ministry of International Trade and Industry
The Japanese government ministry that deals with trade and industrial policies. Established in 1949 as the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, MITI was renamed METI as of January 6, 2000.
Mirror statistics
The approach of inferring a country's trade data, or checking their accuracy, by using the trade data of the countries with which it trades.
Misalignment
Currency misalignment .
Misery index
1. The sum of the rates of unemployment and inflation . Originated by Arthur Okun as advisor to President Lyndon Johnson.
2. The Barro Misery Index due to Barro (1999) which adds to definition 1 the increase in the long-term interest rate and the shortfall of GDP from potential.
Missing trade
Made in the World Initiative
Mixed credit
A form of trade financing that provides an element of aid , through a low interest rate or long credit period, and is therefore partially an export subsidy .
Mixed economy
An economy in which some production is done by the private sector and some by the state, in state-owned enterprises .
Mixed tariff
Mixing regulation
1. Specification of the required proportion of domestically produced content in products sold on the domestic market.
2. Specification of an amount of domestically produced product that must be bought by an importer for given quantities of imports, under a linking scheme .
Mixing requirement
See labor mobility .
Modality
Method or procedure. WTO documents speak of modalities of negotiations, i.e., the outlines (formulas or other approaches) of how the negotiations are to be conducted. Getting agreement on modalities is often extremely difficult.
Mode of supply
The method by which suppliers of internationally traded services deliver their service to buyers. The four modes usually identified are: Mode 1: cross-border supply , Mode 2: consumer movement , Mode 3: producer presence , and Mode 4: movement of natural persons .
Modes 1 to 4
Model
A stylized simplification of reality that represents behavior by variables and assumptions on how they are determined and interact. Models enable one to think consistently and logically about complex issues, to find how changes in an economic system matter, and (sometimes) to predict economic performance.
Moderation
Any of several definitions of a country's money supply .
Monetary approach
A framework for analyzing exchange rates and the balance of payments that focuses on supply and demand for money in countries. A floating exchange rate is assumed to equate these and thus to reflect growth rates of money supplies and determinants of money demand. With a pegged exchange rate , the balance of payments surplus (deficit) equals the excess demand (supply) for a country's money.
Monetary Authority of Singapore
Singapore's central bank .
Monetary base
1. The currency and central bank deposits that together provide the base for the money supply under fractional reserve banking.
2. The central bank assets acquisition of which creates this base by injecting domestic money into the economy. These usually include international reserves and domestic credit . By either definition, the monetary base changes as a result of open market operations and exchange market intervention .
Monetary contraction
Expansionary monetary policy ; thus printing money or otherwise increasing the money supply .
Monetary independence
The ability of a country to determine its own monetary policy , as opposed to allowing the money supply to be determined by the exchange market intervention required to maintain a fixed exchange rate .
Monetary integration
The adoption of a common currency by two or more countries.
Monetary neutrality
The principle that the quantity of money should not affect real variables in the long run.
Monetary overhang
Money overhang
Monetary policy
The use of the money supply and/or the interest rate to influence the level of macroeconomic activity and other policy objectives including the balance of payments or the exchange rate .
Monetary stimulus
Expansionary monetary policy . So called because, by lowering interest rates , it stimulates investment and thus aggregate demand .
Monetary tightening
Contractionary monetary policy
Monetary transmission mechanism
1. Any of several channels through which a change in the money supply of a country can cause changes in real variables. Most operate primarily within a country, but some, such as through the exchange rate , operate through international transactions.
2. Any of several ways that real and monetary shocks in one economy can be transmitted to another through monetary channels involving interest rates , exchange rates , and/or international capital flows .
Monetary union
Two or more countries sharing a common currency .
Monetize
1. To turn anything into money.
2. To convert government debt into currency.
Monetize debt
To pay off government debt by printing money.
Money
1. Anything that serves the three basic purposes of money: medium of exchange ; store of value ; and unit of account .
2. In modern economies, a currency issued by an agency of government.
3. As an adjective, "money" refers to the value of something denominated in the prevailing currency and not corrected for inflation; contrasts with real .
Money GDP
Nominal GDP; contrasts with real GDP .
Money income
Nominal income; contrasts with real income.
Money laundering
The conversion of large amounts of money the source of which one wants to hide (e.g., from drug trafficking) into a form that appears to be legitimate. The process often involves multiple international transactions across currencies and financial institutions in order to obscure the source.
Money market
The money market, in macroeconomics and international finance, is the equilibration of demand for a country's domestic money to its money supply . These are amounts that people in the country do, and want to, hold at a point in time (a stock ). Not to be confused with the exchange market , which equates flows .
Money multiplier
When a central bank uses open market operations to change the monetary base , the money multiplier is the ratio of the resulting change in the money supply to the change in the base. If banks and others keep the base at a fraction, ρ, of the money supply (e.g., if only banks hold currency, with a reserve ratio , ρ), the money multiplier is 1/ρ.
Money neutrality
Monetary neutrality
Money overhang
A money supply that is larger than what people want to hold at prevailing prices, perhaps because of shortages or rationing of goods in the past. This was said to be a major cause of inflation in Russia after the fall of the Soviet Union, which left an excess of money in circulation.
Money price
The nominal price; thus the price as it would actually be observed, in current dollars . Contrasts with the real price, which is adjusted for inflation.
Money supply
There are several formal definitions, such as M1 and M2 , but all include the quantity of currency in circulation plus the amount of demand deposits . The money supply, together with the amount of real economic activity in a country, is an important determinant of its price level and its exchange rate .
Monopolistic
Having some power to set price.
Monopolistic competition
A market structure in which there are many sellers each producing a differentiated product . Each can set its own price and quantity, but is too small for that to matter for prices and quantities of other producers in the industry.
Monopoly
A market structure in which there is a single seller.
Monopoly argument
The monopoly argument for a tariff is the same as the optimal tariff argument . It gets its name from the fact that a country using a tariff to improve its terms of trade is acting much like a monopoly firm, restricting its sales to get a better price. A more accurate analogy would be to monopsony .
Monopoly price
The profit -maximizing price charged by a monopolist . Because a monopoly faces a demand elasticity , η>0, that is finite, this price exceeds marginal cost. The optimal markup over marginal cost is (P−MC)/P=1/η.
Monopsony
A market structure in which there is a single buyer. Term introduced in Robinson (1932) .
Monotonic
Changing in one direction only; thus either strictly rising or strictly falling, but not reversing direction.
Montreal Protocol
The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, signed in 1987, limited trade in products containing CFCs . It was the first major agreement to restrict trade for environmental purposes.
Moral hazard
The tendency of individuals, firms, and governments, once insured against some contingency, to behave so as to make that contingency more likely. A pervasive problem in the insurance industry, it also arises internationally when international financial institutions assist countries in financial trouble.
Moral rights
In terms of IP , these are the rights of an author or other creative person over how their creation is used, modified, etc., after the economic rights have been transferred to somebody else by copyright . Moral rights are not uniform across IP jurisdictions and are not regulated by the WTO's TRIPs Agreement .
Mortgage
A loan the collateral for which is a house or other real estate. Became relevant for international economics in 2008 when mortgage-backed securities , which had been traded internationally, contributed to the global financial crisis when borrowers defaulted after the bursting of the housing bubble .
Mortgage-backed security
A financial instrument that packages the ownership of shares in a large number of mortgages .
Most Favored Nation
The principle, fundamental to the GATT , of treating imports from a country on the same basis as that given to the most favored other nation. That is, and with some exceptions, every country gets the lowest tariff that any country gets, and reductions in tariffs to one country are provided also to others.
Mothballing
The preservation of an idle production facility, keeping the machinery in working order and supplies available. This may be preferable -- if operating costs are high and the aim is to have it available in time of war -- to having it produce under a subsidy or import protection . See national defense argument .
Movement of natural persons
Mode 4 of four modes of supply under the GATS , this involving the temporary movement across national borders of natural persons employed by or associated with a firm in order to participate in the firm's business. Also called temporary producer movement .
MPC
Multilateral Trade Organization .
Multi-cone equilibrium
A free-trade H-O equilibriumin which all goods cannot be produced in one country; instead there are multiple diversification cones . This, or two cone equilibrium , arises if country factor endowments differ sufficiently relative to industry factor intensities . Contrasts with one cone equilibrium .
Multi-level governance
A theoretical perspective on the organization of modern states that acknowledges flexible structures of overlapping jurisdictions, both above and below the national government as well as in a lateral relationship to it.
Multi-region input-output table
An input-output table covering multiple countries and regions, such as Eora and the World Input-Output Database .
Multi-speed Europe
A another name for variable geometry when applied to Europe.
Multifactor model
A model with more than two factors . In the context of trade theory this is likely to mean a Heckscher-Ohlin Model with more than two factors.
Multifiber Arrangement
An agreement ( OMA ) among developed country importers and developing country exporters of textiles and apparel to regulate and restrict the quantities traded. It was negotiated in 1973 under GATT auspices as a temporary exception to the rules that would otherwise apply, and was superseded in 1995 by the ATC .
Multifunctionality
Refers to the purposes that an industry may serve in addition to producing its output. Most often applied to agriculture by countries that wish to subsidize it, arguing that subsidies are needed to serve these other purposes, such as rural viability, land conservation, cultural heritage, etc.
Multigood model
A model with more than two goods.
Multilateral
Among a large number of countries, usually including all countries that are members of a large international organization, such as the WTO . Contrasts with bilateral and plurilateral .
Multilateral agreement
Multilateral Agreement on Investment
A proposed agreement to liberalize rules on FDI , negotiated in the OECD but never completed or adopted because of adverse public reaction. Preliminary text of the agreement was leaked to the Internet in April 1997, where many groups opposed it. Negotiations discontinued in November 1998.
Multilateral aid
Aid provided by a group of countries, or by an institution representing a group of countries such as the World Bank , to one or more recipient countries. Contrasts with unilateral aid .
One of the five institutions that comprise the World Bank Group, MIGA helps encourage foreign investment in developing countries.
Multilateral resistance
A term introduced into the gravity equation by Anderson and van Wincoop (2003) to account for overall distance and other trade impediments to a country's total trade. It must be considered, relative to bilateral resistance to trade with any single country, in estimating the determinants of trade with that country.
Multilateral trade liberalization
Reduction of tariffs and/or nontariff barriers by one or (usually) more countries on imports from all countries (or all members of the WTO ). This is most likely to happen as a result of multilateral trade negotiations, such as the various GATT and WTO Rounds .
Multilateral trade negotiation
A trade negotiation involving a large number of countries, usually all of the signatories of the GATT or members of the WTO in the form of a GATT or WTO trade round .
Multilateral Trade Organization
The proposed name, during the Uruguay Round negotiations, for what ultimately became the World Trade Organization .
Multilateralism
The approach to trade policy and trade negotiations favoring agreements among all (or most) countries of the world at once, rather than only one or a small number at a time in separate bilateral , regional , or plurilateral agreements.
Multinational corporation
A corporation that operates in two or more countries. Since it is headquartered in only one country but has production or marketing facilities in others, it is the result of previous FDI .
Multinational enterprise
A firm, usually a corporation, that operates in two or more countries. In practice the term is used interchangeably with multinational corporation .
Multiple equilibria
Refers to a system in which there is more than one equilibrium, most simply a market in which a backward bending supply curve crosses a demand curve more than once, at prices each of which is a market-clearing price .
Multiple exchange rates
The existence of more than one exchange rate for a given pair of currencies. Rare today, this used to be common in countries with extensive capital controls , which also set different exchange rates for different purposes.
Multiplier
In Keynesian models, the ratio of change in an endogenous variable to change in an exogenous variable . Usually means the multiplier for government spending on income. In the simplest Keynesian model of a closed economy, this is 1/s, where s is the marginal propensity to save . See open economy multiplier .
Multistage production
Another term for fragmentation . Used by Dixit and Grossman (1982) .
Mundell-Fleming Model
An open-economy version of the IS-LM model that allows for international trade and international capital flows. Due to Mundell (1962,63) and Fleming (1962) .
Mussa diagram
1. The specific factors model diagram , as attributed to Mussa (1974) .
2. A diagram for explicating properties of the 2-factor H-O Model introduced by Mussa (1979) . With factor prices on its axes, zero-profit curves for each sector show the determination of factor prices more directly than the Lerner Diagram , which serves much the same purposes.
Mutatis mutandis
Latin phrase meaning, approximately, "allowing other things to change accordingly." Used as a shorthand for indicating the effect of one economic variable on another, within a system in which other variables that matter will also change as a result. Contrasts with ceteris paribus .
Mutual recognition
The acceptance by one country of another country's certification that a satisfactory standard has been met for ability, performance, safety, etc.
Mystery of the missing trade
The empirical observation, by Trefler (1995) , that the amount of trade is far less than predicted by the HOV version of the Heckscher-Ohlin Model . More precisely, the factor content of trade is far less than the differences between countries in their factor endowments .
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A nuclear component which emits radioactivity for an industrial/commercial purpose is called a?
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Radioactivity | Define Radioactivity at Dictionary.com
radioactivity
[rey-dee-oh-ak-tiv-i-tee] /ˌreɪ di oʊ ækˈtɪv ɪ ti/
Spell
noun, Physics, Chemistry.
1.
the phenomenon, exhibited by and being a property of certain elements, of spontaneously emitting radiation resulting from changes in the nuclei of atoms of the element.
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Examples from the Web for radioactivity
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Historical Examples
It is focused, however, on questions found to be significant in studies of radioactivity in the sea.
Duel on Syrtis Poul William Anderson
Second, a neutron source—the type of radioactivity that produced neutrons—to accelerate the reaction.
Vacuum-packed in moisture-proof containers, and free from radioactivity.
The Return H. Beam Piper and John J. McGuire
The amounts and kinds of radioactivity released to the environment.
British Dictionary definitions for radioactivity
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noun
1.
the spontaneous emission of radiation from atomic nuclei. The radiation can consist of alpha, beta, and gamma radiation
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
© William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins
Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
Word Origin and History for radioactivity
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1899, from French radioactivité, coined 1898 by the Curies; see radioactive .
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
radioactivity ra·di·o·ac·tiv·i·ty (rā'dē-ō-āk-tĭv'ĭ-tē)
n.
Spontaneous emission of radiation, either directly from unstable atomic nuclei or as a consequence of a nuclear reaction.
The radiation, including alpha particles, nucleons, electrons, and gamma rays, emitted by a radioactive substance.
The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary
Copyright © 2002, 2001, 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.
(rā'dē-ō-āk-tĭv'ĭ-tē)
The emission of radiation by unstable atomic nuclei undergoing radioactive decay.
Our Living Language : In the nuclei of stable atoms, such as those of lead, the force binding the protons and neutrons to each other individually is great enough to hold together each nucleus as a whole. In other atoms, especially heavy ones such as those of uranium, this energy is insufficient, and the nuclei are unstable. An unstable nucleus spontaneously emits particles and energy in a process known as radioactive decay. The term radioactivity refers to the particles emitted. When enough particles and energy have been emitted to create a new, stable nucleus (often the nucleus of an entirely different element), radioactivity ceases. Uranium 238, a very unstable element, goes through 18 stages of decay before becoming a stable isotope of lead, lead 206. Some of the intermediate stages include the heavier elements thorium, radium, radon, and polonium. All known elements with atomic numbers greater than 83 (bismuth) are radioactive, and many isotopes of elements with lower atomic numbers are also radioactive. When the nuclei of isotopes that are not naturally radioactive are bombarded with high-energy particles, the result is artificial radioisotopes that decay in the same manner as natural isotopes. Each element remains radioactive for a characteristic length of time, ranging from mere microseconds to billions of years. An element's rate of decay is called its half-life. This refers to the average length of time it takes for half of its nuclei to decay.
The American Heritage® Science Dictionary
Copyright © 2002. Published by Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved.
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Source
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The cobalt salts of aluminium/aluminum oxide produce what colour/color in ceramics, glass, etc., notably ancient Chinese porcelain?
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Low Level Radioactive Waste | Generators' Survey | Glossary of Terms
Glossary of Terms
Abrasive cleaning
The use of abrasive substances to remove contamination from the surface of an object. Such abrasives may include sand or grit used in scouring and sand used in sandblasting.
Absorption
Any process in which a liquid is held in the interstices of an absorbent material, such as water being held in a sponge.
Absorbent materials
Absorbent materials such as diatomaceous earth or vermiculite are currently added to several institutional waste streams to minimize potential transportation impacts. These streams include liquid scintillation vial(LSV) waste, absorbed liquid waste, and biowaste. Existing commercial disposal facility operators require that these wastes be packaged with specified proportions of waste to absorbent material before they are accepted for disposal. For example, LSV waste is required to be packaged using sufficient absorbent material to absorb twice the total volume of the liquid in the package. Lime is frequently added to the biowaste stream. Double packaging of these waste streams is also used for additional safety. For the liquid scintillation vial and the absorbed liquid waste streams, a volume increase factor of 3.0 assumed. NOTE: Absorbents such as vermiculite and diatomaceous earth are not considered to be solidification agents since they do not chemically or physically bind the wastes.
Accelerator-produced material
Any material made radioactive by a particle accelerator.
Activated hardware
Tools, instruments, equipment, and lead or lead shielding made radioactive by irradiation. Activated metals and instruments come from equipment directly associated with the reactor and spent fuel pool.
Air filter
Any device used to filter particles or chemicals from the air. May include ventilation exhaust filters, HEPA (high-efficiency particulate air) filters, and charcoal filters, or the media used in air filters. Such air filter media may include charcoal or cellulosic fibers.
Aqueous liquid waste
Waste that is dissolved in water. Water-soluble liquid scintillation fluids are included in this waste type.
Ash
The product of incinerating low-level radioactive waste (LLRW).
Background radiation
The radiation in the natural environment, including cosmic rays and radiation from naturally-occurring radioactive elements both outside and inside living organisms. Also called naturally-occurring radiation.
Biological wastes
The waste consists of animal carcasses, tissues, animal bedding, and excreta, as well as vegetation and culture media.
Broker
Any person who takes possession of LLRW for the purposes of consolidation and shipment.
Byproduct material
1) Any radioactive material, except special nuclear material, yielded in or made radioactive by exposure to the radiation incident to the process of producing or utilizing special nuclear material; 2) the tailings or wastes produced by the extraction or concentration of uranium or thorium from any ore processed primarily for its source material content, including discrete surface wastes resulting from underground solution extraction processes, but not including underground ore bodies depleted by such solution extraction processes. Please note that for the purposes of this survey, the second definition (2) is not considered to be LLRW.
Cartridge filters
Cartridge filters contain one or more disposable filter elements. These elements may be typically constructed of woven fabric, wound fabric, or pleated paper supported internally by a stainless steel basket.
Chelating agent
Amine polycarboxylic acids (e.g. EDTA, DTPA), hydroxy-carboxylic acids, and polycarboxylic acids (e.g., citric acid, carbolic acid, and glucinic acid) used for purposes of bonding, i.e., to stabilize radioactive materials.
Class A waste
Waste with the lowest concentrations of radionuclides. The physical form and characteristics of Class A waste must meet the minimum requirements set forth in 32 Ill. Adm. Code, ch. II, 340.3080(a). If Class A waste also meets the stability requirements set forth in 32 Ill. Adm. Code, ch. II 340.3080(b), it is not necessary to segregate the waste for disposal.
Class B waste
Waste with higher concentrations of radionuclides than Class A, Class B waste must meet more rigorous requirements on waste form to ensure stability (as defined in 32 Ill. Adm. Code, ch II, 601.20) after disposal. The physical form and characteristics of Class B waste must meet both the minimum and stability requirements set forth in 32 Ill. Adm. Code, ch. II 340.3080.
Class C waste
The highest concentrations of waste that is permitted for disposal as low-level radioactive waste, Class C waste not only must meet more rigorous requirements on waste form to ensure stability but also requires additional measures at the disposal facility to protect against inadvertent intrusion. The physical form and characteristics of Class C waste must meet both the minimum and stability requirements set forth in 32 Ill. Adm. Code, ch. II 340.3080.
Compaction
Compaction is an often-used treatment method--particularly at nuclear fuel-cycle facilities--for reducing the volume of waste streams containing compressible material such as paper, plastic, glass, wood, and light-gauge metal. Most of the volume reduction is attained by compressing the waste to reduce its void volume. The term compactor is usually applied to hydraulic or mechanical rams that compress wastes into boxes or 55-gallon steel drums. The boxes and drums are then used as disposal containers. Typical hydraulic rams generate 20,000 to 30,000 pounds of force, and are fitted with shrouds and simple air filtration systems to minimize release of airborne radioactivity.
Concentration
The amount of a specified substance in a unit amount of another substance. The classification system for low-level radioactive waste is based on the concentrations of long- and/or short-lived radionuclides, measured in curies per cubic meter or nanocuries per gram.
Contaminated hardware
Tools, instruments, equipment, and lead or lead shielding having radioactive contamination on their surfaces.
Contaminated oils
Lubricating or machine oil which becomes contaminated with radioactive materials.
Contaminated Rubble, Sand, Soil
Concrete, gravel, sand and soil, or other building rubble contaminated with radioactive materials.
Contamination
The introduction of radioactive material any place where it is not desired.
Decay
The spontaneous transformation of one nuclide into a different nuclide or into a different energy state of the same nuclide. During decay, the unstable radioactive nucleus releases energy or particles. The process results in a decrease, with time, in the number of original radioactive atoms in the sample. Also referred to as radioactive disintegration.
Decontamination
The removal of radioactive contaminants from surfaces or equipment, using processes such as washing, electropolishing, abrasive cleaning, or cleaning with high-pressure water.
Depleted uranium
The source material uranium in which the isotope uranium-235 is less than 0.711 weight percent of the total uranium present. Depleted uranium does not include special nuclear material.
Dewatering
The process of removing water from wet low-level radioactive wastes.
Disposal facility
A parcel of land or site, together with structures, equipment, and improvements on or appurtenant to the land or site, which is used or is being developed for the disposal of LLRW. “Facility” does not include lands, sites, structures, or equipment used by a generator in the generation of LLRW.
Drums
Commonly used to ship and dispose of low-level radioactive waste, drums are usually made of steel, and are cylindrical in shape with either sealed or removable heads.
Dry active waste (DAW)
Waste that commonly consists of paper, cloth, plastic, rubber, tape, non-metal filter, and scrap wood. May also include scrap metal, glass, smoke detectors, electrical conduit and cable, and insulation material. DAW may be both compactible and combustible, compactible and non-combustible, non-compactible and combustible, or non-compactible and non-combustible. Also see reactor trash and institutional trash.
Electropolishing
Any electrochemical process in which radioactive contamination is removed from the surface of the metal.
Evaporation
Treating liquid wastes by heating them to vaporize the volatile components. The vaporized liquid generally contains greatly reduced quantities of dissolved fluids, suspended solids, and radioactivity relative to those found in the input waste stream. In the nuclear industry, the vaporized waste is normally condensed and collected, and then either discharges or recycled after testing to determine whether the condensate requires additional treatment. The concentrated solution (bottoms) left in the evaporator retains virtually all of the solids and radioactivity and is solidified and shipped to a disposal facility.
Evaporator concentrates
Concentrated liquid waste may be produced by the evaporation of a wide variety of liquid waste streams. The waste consists of liquids with elevated suspended and dissolved solids content, and also consists of sludge resulting from supersaturation during evaporation.
Filter sludge
Filter sludge is waste produced by precoat filters and consists of filter aid and waste solids retained by the filter aid. Diatomaceous earth, powdered mixtures of cation and anion exchange resins, and high purity cellulose fibers are common filter aids. These materials are slurried and deposited (precoated) as a tin cake on the initial filter medium (wire mesh, cloth, etc.). The filter cake removes suspended solids from liquid streams.
Filtration
A process of removing radioactive particles from liquid waste by filtering. Filtration media may include cellulosic fiber, diatomaceous earth, and activated carbon. In some cases, the filtered liquid can be recycled. Filtration may also be applied to the removal of contamination from air by using high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters or other kinds of filters.
Final disposal volume
The volume of waste shipped for disposal including the container in which it was disposed.
Gaseous waste
Radioactive waste in a gaseous state.
Generator
Any person who produces or possesses LLRW in the course of or incident to manufacturing, power generation, processing, medical diagnosis and treatment, research, education, or other activity.
Greater than Class C waste
Waste with a concentration of radioactivity exceeding those established for Class C low-level radioactive waste, as defined in 32 Ill. Adm. Code ch. II, Part 340.3070.
Half-life; radioactive
For a single radioactive decay process, the time required for the activity to decrease by half its value by that process. Glossary of Nuclear Science Terms.
Hazardous waste
A waste or combination of wastes, which because of its quantity, concentration, or physical, chemical, or infectious characteristics may cause or significantly contribute to an increase in mortality or an increase in serious, irreversible, or incapacitating reversible illness; or pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or the environment when improperly treated, stored, transported, or disposed of, or otherwise managed, and which has been identified, by characteristics or listing, as hazardous pursuant to Section 3001 of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976, P.L. 94-580 or pursuant to regulations of the Pollution Control Board.
High-integrity container (HIC)
A type of container that is intended to provide structural stability and containment of low-level radioactive waste for a long period of time. The design, and physical and chemical properties of the materials from which such containers are fabricated contribute to this stability. They are used for both the transportation and disposal of waste.
High-level radioactive waste
1) The highly radioactive material resulting from the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel including liquid waste produced directly in reprocessing and any solid material derived from such liquid waste that contains fission products in sufficient concentrations; and 2) the highly radioactive material that the Nuclear Regulatory Commission has determined, on the effective date of this Amendatory Act of 1988 (Illinois Low-Level Radioactive Waste Management Act, Section 3(j)), to be high-level radioactive waste requiring permanent isolation.
High-pressure water cleaning
A process for cleaning radioactive contamination from the surfaces of objects by spraying with a jet of water. Also see "Decontamination."
Incineration
Treatment of combustible waste materials by thermal oxidation. Combustion or incineration involves complete oxidation of wastes by burning in an excess of oxygen (air). Most frequently used for organic liquids, animal carcasses, and most solid institutional wastes.
Institutional trash (DAW)
Consists almost entirely of materials that are both compactible and combustible. It generally consists of paper, rubber or plastic gloves, disposable and broken labware, and disposable syringes.
Ion exchange
A process for selectively removing ionic constituents from liquid waste by reversibly transferring ions between resins and the waste.
Ion exchange media
Ion exchange media usually consist of organic resins, which can be cation or anion resins, or a mixture of both. Inorganic zeolite ion exchange media have also been used in some cases.
Ionizing radiation
Includes gamma rays and x-rays, alpha and beta particles, high speed electrons, neutrons, protons, and other nuclear particles or electromagnetic radiations capable of producing ions directly or indirectly in their passage through matter; but does not include sound or radio waves, or visible, infrared or ultraviolet light.
Isotope
One of two or more atoms with the same atomic number (the same chemical element), but with different atomic weights. Carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14 are isotopes of the element carbon, the numbers denoting the approximate atomic weights. Isotopes may be stable or radioactive.
Limitation of articles in contaminated areas
Unnecessary contamination of tools and other articles can be avoided by restricting the number of articles allowed to enter contaminated areas.
Limitation of contaminated areas
Similar to “limitation of articles in contaminated areas,” a limitation on the number of areas within a facility in which radioactive materials can be used will also minimize unnecessary contamination of materials.
Liquid filter cartridges
Disposable or cleanable filters that are replaceable as a cartridge unit.
Liquid filter media
A sludge consisting of diatomaceous earth, cellulosic fiber, powdered ion exchange resin, charcoal, or activated powdered carbon.
Liquid scintillation fluids
Flammable organic solvents (e.g. toluene, benzene, xylene) comprise the major constituents of scintillation fluids.
Liner
An inner package into which LLRW is packed that is loaded into an outer shielded packaging for shipping. The liner is subsequently unloaded for burial at the waste disposal site while the outer container is cleaned and reused.
Long-lived radionuclide
An atom whose nucleus decays at a slow rate so that a quantity of such radionuclides will exist for an extended time.
Low-level radioactive waste or "waste"
Radioactive waste not classified as high-level radioactive waste, transuranic waste, spent nuclear fuel or byproduct material as defined in Section 11e(2) of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, 42 U.S.C. 2014. Except when otherwise indicated in the rules, LLRW includes "mixed waste."
Medical generators
Separation columns that are both “hazardous waste” and “low-level radioactive waste” as defined in the Illinois Low-Level Radioactive Waste Management Act. Also see hazardous waste and low-level radioactive waste.
Mixed waste
Waste that contains a combination of low-level radioactive waste and hazardous materials. Hazardous components are those listed by the Environmental Protection Agency in Subpart D of 40 CFR 261, or those that exhibit any of the following four hazardous characteristics: ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or extraction procedure (EP) toxicity. Both radiological and chemical toxicity must be considered in its management and disposal.
NARM
See "Naturally-occurring or Accelerator-produced Radioactive Material."
Natural uranium
An element with the atomic number 92 having 14 known isotopes ranging from uranium-227 to uranium-240, the most abundant being uranium-238. Natural uranium is found in several minerals from which uranium is extracted and processed for use in research, nuclear fuels, and nuclear weapons.
Naturally-occurring or Accelerator-produced Radioactive Material (NARM)
Radioactive NARM waste includes discrete material (small volume, high activity accelerator-produced materials, radium needles used in medicine, and drinking water filters from radium-contaminated areas) as well as diffuse material (generally lower activity radium-contaminated soil at locations where radium was used for manufacturing luminous dials and paint or where natural deposits of radium exist, or material in which radium or other naturally-occurring materials have been concentrated).
Naturally-occurring Radioactive Material (NORM)
Radioactive material that has a natural source. See Naturally-occurring or Accelerator-produced Radioactive Material.
Nuclide
A species of atoms characterized by its mass number, atomic number, and nuclear energy state provided that the lifetime in that state is long enough to be observable. Nuclides may be stable or radioactive.
Oils (contaminated)
Lubricating or machine oil contaminated with radioactive materials.
Organic liquid
Carbon-based compounds such as alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and organic acids. Includes liquid scintillation media containing chemicals such as benzene, xylene, or toluene, and degreasing solvents such as carbon tetrachloride, freon, or vanadous formate. For purposes of this report, this waste type does not include oils.
Processing
The preparation, manipulation, or conversion of radioactive material.
Processor
Any person or company taking possession of LLRW for treatment.
Radiation
Any material, solid, liquid, or gas which emits radiation spontaneously.
Radioactivity
The spontaneous emission of radiation, generally alpha, or beta particles and often accompanied by gamma rays, from the nucleus of an unstable nuclide. Measured in curies.
Radioisotope
A radioactive isotope. An unstable atom of an element that decays or disintegrates spontaneously, emitting radiation. More than 1,300 natural and artificial radioisotopes have been identified.
Radionuclide
A radioactive species of atom having a specific mass, atomic number, and nuclear energy state.
Radium contaminated waste
Radium is a naturally occurring radioactive element which has been used in medical and industrial applications since the turn of the century. While there are several known isotopes of radium, the one that has the greatest utilization is radium-226, an isotope forming part of the uranium-228 decay scheme. Since it is an alkaline metal that reacts with nitrogen, in commercial use it is principally in the form of a salt.
Reactor trash (DAW)
Trash is the most varied waste stream generated by Light Water Reactors and can contain everything from paper towels to irradiated reactor internals.
Recycling
The process of reusing items or materials. Recycling may include some form of treatment before the item or material can be reused for its intended purpose.
Rubble, sand, soil (contaminated)
Concrete, gravel, sand and soil, or other building rubble contaminated with radioactive materials.
Sealed source
Any device containing radioactive material to be used primarily as a source of radiation which has been constructed in such a manner as to prevent the escape, under normal conditions, of any radioactive material.
Sludge
Wet wastes resulting from sewage or water treatment processes.
Solidification
Cement and synthetic polymer solidification systems are currently used by some light water reactors. Bitumen (another agent) is being actively marketed and some bitumen solidification systems (which are widely used in Europe) have been sold in this country. Polyester (another synthetic polymer) has been evaluated in laboratory and pilot plant studies using simulated light water reactor liquid wastes and may be routinely used in the future.
Sorting of waste by radionuclide, half-life, or activity
Keeping track of the radionuclide, curie content and the half-life of each type of waste enables generators to segregate materials according to the manner in which they must be handled and disposed.
Source material
Uranium or thorium, or any combination thereof, in any physical or chemical form; or ores which contain by weight one-twentieth of one percent (0.05 percent) or more of uranium; thorium; or any combination thereof. Source material does not include special nuclear material.
Source reduction
Those administrative practices that reduce the radionuclide levels of LLRW or that prevent the generation of additional LLRW.
Special nuclear material in quantities not sufficient to form a critical mass
Uranium enriched in the isotope U-235 in quantities not exceeding 350 grams of contained U-235; U-233 in quantities not exceeding 200 grams; or any combination of them, except source material.
Specific waste
Refers to two specific waste types that may be disposed of without regard to their radioactive component: 1) liquid scintillation fluids containing no more than 0.05 microcuries per gram of carbon-14 or hydrogen-3 (tritium); and 2) animal carcasses containing no more than 0.05 microcuries per gram of tissue of carbon-14 or tritium. These materials must still be handled in accordance with other applicable regulatory requirements.
Stabilization
Any process by which radioactive waste is made stable to physical, chemical, or biological degradation. Processes such as solidification, or certain packaging procedures may result in stabilization.
Standard compaction
Compacting material using a compactor capable of generating up to 15 tons of compressive force can produce volume reduction ratios of three or four to one when used to treat compactible waste streams. Waste streams compactible with a standard compactor include dry active waste, filter cartridges, and liquid scintillation vials.
Storage
Temporary holding of waste for treatment or disposal for a period determined by Department regulations.
Storage for decay to background
Practice of holding waste in storage for decay to background. Once at a background radiation level, as measured with an appropriate instrument, this waste could then be deemed no longer radioactive and routine trash disposal is permitted by most regulatory agencies.
Strippable coating
Any removable coating layered on a surface to prevent an item or area from becoming contaminated.
Supercompaction
Compacting material using a compactor that can apply compressive forces approaching 100 times those achievable by standard compactors. Volume reduction ratios can approach eight to one for selected applications.
Transferred disposal volume
The waste-only volume of low-level radioactive waste transferred to a broker or processor for storage, treatment, or disposal.
Transuranic
An element with an atomic number greater than 92.
Transuranic waste
Waste contaminated with alpha-emitting radionuclides with atomic numbers greater than 92 and half-lives greater than 20 years in concentrations greater than 100 nanocuries per gram.
Treatment
Any method, technique, or process, including storage for radioactive decay, designed to change the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics or composition of any waste in order to render the waste safer for transport or management, amenable to recovery, convertible to another usable material or reduced in volume.
Volume reduction
Those methods including, but not limited to, biological, chemical, mechanical, and thermal methods used to reduce the amount of space that waste materials occupy and to put them into a form suitable for storage or disposal.
Washing
When tools, glassware, and other contaminated articles are washed in order to partially or completely remove radioactive contamination. Washing may involve the use of detergents or chelating agents.
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i don't know
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Who painted The Starry Night, Sorrowing Old Man and Self-Portrait Without Beard?
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Private collection
Being in our post of Legend of Vincent van Gogh , the Dutch artist’s this priciest portrait with a huge price tag of $ 71.5 million around 15 years before in 1998 was the third costliest painting of all the time and fourth if we consider the price-inflation. And it is still an impressive rank for a portrait.
Alongside with its enormous price-tag there are other facts which make this painting unique from the rest of the self-portraits by Vincent van Gogh which are totals more than 35. This self-portrait executed in 1889, was the last self-portrait by the artist. After that he majorly focused upon the cypresses and wheat fields. Moreover, this is the only painting depicting the artist without beard . As Van Gogh’s many last works has become popular among buyers, this portrait was also among his last works. Thus, the combination of the unique facts and feature may have made the portrait so in-demand in the community.
In all of his self-portraits, I find this particular one with more relaxed and sane manner. As we observe this portrait, the eyes seems with an attributive gaze while the light pink lips has smiley corners as if he found some kind of temporal calmness among his mental anguish. This is also the neatest portrayal of himself.
When other portraits have more strikingly strong colors, here there is no presence of strong colors instead to the every corner it contains the light colors. After observing the picture with some thought, a question rises that did he always stayed in anxiety or there was a little sojourn of peace before going totally mad.
Van gogh is admired today to an unprecedented level. Although, this portrait is not as much popular as his other works like The Starry Night, Starry night over the Rhone or Cafe Terrace at Night in general public, it is valued among the artistic circles.
Van Gogh gifted the portrait to his mother on her birthday. Overtime, the painting has changed many hands and right now is resting in a private collection.
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Vincent van Gogh
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A single significant obstacle is figuratively called 'The Fly in the...'?
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1000+ images about Art of Vincent Van Gogh on Pinterest | Starry nights, Vincent van Gogh and Museums
Vincent van Gogh - letter to Theo, 21 Jan 1882 (Thanks to his brother Theo over 700 of van Gogh’s letters remain.)
See More
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i don't know
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An oophorectomy is the removal of one or both of a woman's what?
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Ovary Removal - MedBroadcast.com
Ovary Removal
(Ovariectomy, Oophorectomy, Removal of the Ovary, Removal of the Ovaries)
About this Procedure
View larger image
An oophorectomy is a surgical procedure to remove one or both ovaries. Oophorectomy may also be used to remove part of an ovary. The ovaries produce eggs as well as the hormones estrogen and progesterone.
Removal of one ovary still allows a woman to continue to menstruate and to have children, as long as the remaining ovary is not damaged. When both ovaries are removed, menstrual periods stop, a woman can no longer become pregnant, and estrogen and progesterone are no longer produced by the reproductive system.
During an oophorectomy, other surgical procedures such as a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) or removal of the fallopian tubes may also be performed.
Doctors perform this procedure in a hospital under general anesthetic.
When should this procedure be performed?
Doctors perform this procedure as required to remove either one or both ovaries.
Why is this procedure performed?
The main reason for an oophorectomy is to treat problems related to a woman's reproductive organs. Cancer of one or both of the ovaries, prevention of ovarian cancer, and removal of ovarian cysts or abscesses may also require a woman to have an oophorectomy. It may also be required if you have an ovarian torsion (twisting of an ovary), which can lead to sharp lower abdominal pain.
An oophorectomy may also be needed if a woman has a type of cancer that is stimulated by estrogen. Breast cancer may be treated with an oophorectomy or it may reduce a woman's risk of developing breast cancer. Removing one or both ovaries reduces the body's estrogen level in these cases.
Severe cases of endometriosis can also be treated with this procedure to reduce estrogen levels.
Are there any risks and precautions?
Certain risks are common to all surgery and anesthesia. These risks depend on many factors including the type of surgery and your own medical condition. The possible, but very rare, side effects include: side effects of the anesthetic, breathing problems, infection, bleeding, scarring, and death.
Although oophorectomy is generally considered safe, it does have some risk of side effects or complications. These include:
damage to nearby organs during the procedure
blood clots
premature menopause (if both ovaries are removed)
rupture of a tumour, which can lead to the spreading of cancerous cells
continued signs and symptoms (e.g., lower abdominal pain) due to leftover ovary cells (this is called ovarian remnant syndrome)
If you experience any of these side effects or complications, contact your doctor immediately.
If you are concerned about any symptoms following this procedure, speak to your doctor. Take the time to be sure you understand all the risks of complications and side effects as well as any precautions you or your doctor can take to avoid them. Be sure your doctor understands all your concerns.
What happens during the procedure?
There are two methods for performing this procedure. Both are done under general anesthesia so you will not be awake.
In the first method, the doctor makes an incision in the abdomen below the belly button. The doctor locates the ovaries below the abdominal muscles. One or both ovaries (or parts of the ovaries) are then removed. The fallopian tubes may be removed at this time as well.
In the second method, a small incision is made in the navel (belly button) and a laparoscope is inserted. A laparoscope is a thin tube with a camera and light on the end so the doctor can see the area. Other instruments are used to cut and remove one or both ovaries (or parts of the ovaries).
The procedure usually lasts about 1 to 4 hours.
How should I prepare for this procedure?
Before having this procedure, discuss with your doctor the advantages, disadvantages, long-term risks, and consequences associated with the procedure. Be sure you fully understand what will happen and are comfortable with your doctor's answers to your questions. If you want to have children, talk to your doctor about your options.
Your doctor may request tests such as an ultrasound or X-rays before the surgery. These images allow the doctor to see the area before the procedure. Your doctor may also request other tests (e.g., blood or urine tests). A laxative or enema may be recommended if extensive surgery is anticipated, to clean out the colon.
Do not eat for 8 hours before the procedure. You may be able to drink clear liquids until 2 hours before the procedure. If your doctor has recommended different times, follow the timing recommended by your doctor.
Tell your doctor or prescriber about all prescription, over-the-counter (non-prescription), and herbal medications that you are taking. Also tell them about any medication allergies and medical conditions that you may have. Arrange for someone to drive you home from the hospital.
Ask your doctor or pharmacist whether you need to stop taking any of your medications before the procedure.
What can I expect after the procedure?
The standard procedure following surgery with general anesthetic will be followed.
Immediately after surgery, you will be brought to the hospital’s recovery room until the anesthetic wears off. Nurses will be available if you need help. You will likely feel groggy, sore and possible nauseated.
After you have recovered from the anesthetic you will be transferred to a hospital ward for the rest of your hospital stay, if you are staying over night. If you are not staying over night, you will be discharged from the hospital and allowed to go home.
Before you go home, the doctor or nurse will go over what you need to do at home to complete your recovery.
It is common for women to stay in the hospital for 2 to 5 days after the oophorectomy using the abdominal incision method. Women who underwent an oophorectomy using a laparoscope may be discharged earlier.
It will take 2 to 6 weeks to recover from the procedure. Recovery time may be longer if it is part of a hysterectomy (surgical removal of the uterus). Pain and discomfort are normal after the procedure. Medication can be used to ease the pain.
Antibiotics are often recommended to help reduce the risk of infection.
Women who have both ovaries removed may need to take hormones if they are not already going through menopause and do not have cancer. Hormone therapy (HT) reduces the symptoms associated with menopause caused by the rapid decrease of estrogen in the body. But HT is not for everyone - talk to your doctor about whether this treatment is appropriate for you.
Changes in a woman's body may affect her emotionally and psychologically. A decrease in estrogen often leads to a decline in sexual desire. Getting support from health care professionals and talking to others who have had the procedure can improve a person's well-being during recovery.
Results
The results will vary depending on the reason for the oophorectomy. Oophorectomy is an effective treatment and prevention method for ovarian cancer and some types of breast cancer. It can also relieve the symptoms of ovary-related problems such as cysts and abscesses.
The female reproductive system, including the vaginal canal, cervix, uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. During an oophorectomy, one or both ovaries are removed.
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Ovary
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To what very common consumer items do the IEC codes R6 and R03 and equivalent ANSI codes AA and AAA refer?
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Hysterectomy: Everything You Should Know
Hysterectomy: Everything You Should Know
What are the reasons for a hysterectomy?
Types of hysterectomies
Estrogen replacement therapy
Reasons
There are various reasons why women need to have a hysterectomy, however, sometimes they can be delayed or avoided through having regular pap tests, or a laparoscopy. Some of the more common reasons for having a hysterectomy are:
a)Fibroids-These are non-malignant tumors that often grow to large sizes and press down on other organs, which can cause heavy bleeding or pelvic pain.
b)Endometriosis- Groups of endometrial cells sometimes grow outside of the uterus and attach themselves to other organs in the pelvic cavity. When this happens, the cells build up and bleed each month in accordance with an ovarian cycle. This can lead to chronic pelvic pain, pain during sex and prolonged or heavy bleeding.
c)Endometrial hyperplasia-This is a cause of abnormal bleeding. The over thickening of the uterine lining often due to the presence of very high levels of estrogen.
d)Cancer-Approximately 10% of hysterectomies are performed to treat cancer, either cervical, ovarian or endometrial.
e) Life threatening blockage of the bladder, or the intestines by the uterus, or a growth within it.
It is unnecessary to have a hysterectomy if you experience:
- small fibroids that are not causing problems
- an abortion in the first or second trimester
- cervicitis
- pelvic congestion (menstrual irregularity/low back pain)
Types of Hysterectomies
Total Hysterectomy
This includes the removal of the entire uterus, including the fundus and the cervix. It is the most common type of hysterectomy that is now performed. Although the ovaries will not be removed in this operation, many women still experience some menopausal symptoms by the second day after surgery. The possibility of entering menopause should be discussed with your doctor.
Hysterectomy with bilateral oophorectomy
This procedure includes the removal of one or both ovaries, sometimes the fallopian tubes along with the uterus. Reasons for this surgery are; ectopic pregnancy, endometriosis, benign or malignant tumors, cysts on ovaries and pelvic inflammatory disease. If only one ovary is removed, you usually will remain fertile, but if both ovaries are removed, you can experience sudden menopause, premature osteoporosis or circulatory disease.
Radical Hysterectomy
This operation includes the removal of the uterus, cervix, the top portion of the vagina and most of the tissue that surrounds the cervix in the pelvic cavity. Pelvic lymph nodes may also be removed. Although this procedure is relatively rare, it is usually called for in women with cervical cancer or endometrial cancer that has spread to the cervix.
Supracervical hysterectomy
This can also be referred to as a subtotal hysterectomy, this procedure removes the body of the uterus while leaving the cervix intact. This is usually used with women who have a minimal risk of developing cervical cancer.
Methods of Hysterectomy
The method of hysterectomy that you have is determined by your age, the number of births you've had, your condition as well as what your physician thinks is best for you. Each method affects recovery, and scaring.
Abdominal
In an abdominal hysterectomy, the uterus is removed through a surgical incision about 6-8 inches long. This is most commonly used when the ovaries and fallopian tubes are being removed, when the uterus is enlarged and when disease has spread to the pelvic cavity as in endometriosis or cancer. The main surgical incision can be made either vertically or horizontally. A vertical incision will run from about your navel down to your pubic bone. Since this incision provides more room, it is preferred when exploration of surrounding tissue may be necessary, such as in cases where cancer is a possibility, or where there is a previous scar. The horizontal or 'bikini' cut runs along the top of the pubic hairline and is often used in cases of benign disease. It may also be favored for cosmetic reasons, since scarring is less visible. Recovery time is usually longer from this procedure because the incision is made abdominally.
Vaginal
This method, where the uterus us removed through the vaginal opening, is most often used in cases of uterine prolapse or when vaginal repairs are necessary for related conditions. The vaginal is stretched and kept open by special instruments and no external incision is made. Since there is no abdominal incision, vaginal hysterectomy leaves no visible scarring and often involves a shorter hospital stay and a quicker recovery time. This method can affect sexual function because the vaginal may be shortened or tightened during surgery, this can lead to uncomfortable intercourse.
Laparoscopically assisted Vaginal
This procedure is performed with the aid of a laparoscope. Thin tubes are inserted through tiny incisions in the abdomen near the navel. The uterus is then cut and removed in sections through the scoping tube or through the vagina. Although this method can take longer to perform, there is usually a shortened period of recovery in the hospital.
After Surgery
Complications
Sometimes after surgery there can be some complications. Being aware of them can help you with preventing them from happening. Some things to watch out for are:
1.Infection-Most infections can be treated successfully with antibiotics, but some infections can be severe. Many surgeons now order antibiotics routinely before surgery. It is also important after surgery to not place anything in the vagina for at least the first 4 weeks. This includes intercourse, tampons, douching, swimming, and baths.
2.Urinary tract complications-Almost half of the women who have hysterectomies will have a kidney or bladder infection following surgery. In most cases the problem is not serious. In a radical hysterectomy, sensory nerves may be cut (sometimes unnecessarily) and women can lose both the sensation of having to urinate and control over bladder functions.
3.Hemorrhage-More than one in ten women require transfusions, some due to undetected preexisting anemia.
Depression
After a hysterectomy, many women experience some degree of depression. Your emotional state can be affected by your health, age and diet. Your attitude towards the operation is equally important. If you accept now that you will encounter some depression after your hysterectomy, it will be a lot easier to deal with. If you are experiencing anything beyond a 4-6 week depression, you should discuss it will your physician. It is always helpful to talk to friends, family, spouse. It is important to be able to discuss your feeling with someone.
Sex life
After having a hysterectomy, your sex life can be affected both emotionally and physically. One of the main emotions you will encounter is fear. Thinking about initiating sex after such a major surgery leaves many women feeling apprehensive. It is only normal to worry about pain, or hurting yourself. Once your doctor has said that it is okay to initiate sex, you should not worry about hurting yourself because you have had ample time to heal. You should wait for at least 4-6 weeks before sexual intercourse. There may also be a loss of sex drive after surgery. It does not mean that there will be a loss of sex drive forever, but there may be a decline in your sexual desire from what it was before the hysterectomy.
Even though you will have the okay to have sex about 6 weeks after surgery, it may take a few months before sex can be enjoyed. This may be because the abdomen may feel bruised or sore and the vagina may have shrunk. Uncomfortable intercourse can also be a result of vaginal dryness that can be a result of a deficiency of estrogen. This is a common occurrence when the ovaries are removed. Some ways to help increase pleasure during intercourse can be through:
-using erotic reading, pictures, films, change of location, dancing and activities that physically move the pelvic area
more effort in intercourse to push the penis hard against the far end of the vagina in order to stimulate the peritoneum. Deep penetration is helped by the female-astride position or the man-on-top position with the woman's legs on the man's shoulders and pillows under her hips
use of coconut oil or K-Y jelly to lubricate the clitoris and vagina
more experimentation with oral sex or delicate manipulation of the clitoris
learning to use penetration with fingers first to prepare for intercourse with a penis. This helps lubrication occur more rapidly
try using a new pace. Move slower and respect the fact that stimulation may take longer
After having a hysterectomy, it is extremely important to talk with your spouse and communicate what you are going through. Sharing this information will help your partner understand your physical and emotional needs.
Estrogen Replacement Therapy
It is very important to have a healthy diet and exercise after surgery. As well, estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) can help to control some of the symptoms that usually accompany a hysterectomy. This therapy is especially important for women who have had an oophorectomy (removal of the ovaries and fallopian tubes). The removal of the ovaries before menopause can result in your body experiencing a rapid decline in sex-hormone levels which can result in an instant onset of menopause. Due to the loss of estrogen, many women experience menopausal symptoms, such as hot flashes, night sweats and vaginal dryness. These symptoms can begin as soon as one to two days after surgery and can last longer than the symptoms of natural menopause.
Taking ERT in order to replace estrogen that your body cannot otherwise produce can help to alleviate hot flashes, drying and shrinking of the reproductive structures. This can work to avoid and relieve related problems such as vaginal irritation, painful intercourse and difficulty or burning during urination. It is important to discuss the effects of ERT with your doctor if you have ever had cancer of the breast, uterus, unusual vaginal bleeding, abnormal blood clotting or any heart disease. Taking estrogen, can also help to prevent osteoporosis, the loss and deterioration of bone.
Some women should not engage in ERT. It is always important to discuss your medical history with your physician and the risks that are involved. It is still being researched whether or not breast cancer risk is increased with the taking of estrogen. Some studies show an increased risk in breast cancer with women who take high doses of estrogen for long periods of time. Make sure that your doctor is aware of the following conditions if you have them; high blood pressure, kidney disease, asthma, skin allergy, epilepsy, migraine headache, diabetes, and depression. Some of the side effects that you may experience with taking estrogen are nausea, fluid retention, irregular bleeding and breast tenderness.
Forms of Estrogen
Tablets-The most common type of oral estrogens are conjugated equine estrogen. Tablets are generally taken daily for the number of days indicated by the prescribing doctor.
Injections-For some women, injections will be better suited for them. The injected estrogens are slowly absorbed and circulated through the body over extended periods of time. The injections usually go right into the blood stream rather than through the stomach and liver. Injections are usually given by your physician once every 3-4 weeks.
Transdermal estrogen- This is a Transdermal patch, placed on the skin. It is a new way to take estrogen for the treatment of menopausal symptoms and prevent postmenopausal osteoporosis. It is a small, clear, self-adhesive patch that contains a quantity of estradiol, which is identical to the hormone made by the ovaries. It is released at a relatively constant rate through the porous membrane at the base of the patch. The estradiol travels through tiny blood vessels near the skin's surface and enters the circulatory system. Once it has entered the bloodstream, the estrogen is ready for the organs that need it.
Some users of the patch may experience some sort of irritation around that area of skin. It usually disappears within a few days removal of the patch. When using Transdermal estrogen, it should be changed twice a week. Every new patch that is put on should be placed in a different skin site.
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The significant Irish minister Ian Paisley, who died in 2014, was a?
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In Memoriam: Ian Paisley | Irish America
In Memoriam: Ian Paisley
Reverend Ian Paisley, who died September 12.
By Niall O'Dowd, Publisher
October / November 2014
The North’s Dark Star Became a Prince of Peace in a lifelong journey from firebrand to peacemaker.
I was at the Battle of the Boyne site in Oldbridge, County Meath, 30 miles from Dublin in May 2007 when Ian Paisley as the First Minister of Northern Ireland made a visit at the invitation of then Irish leader Bertie Ahern.
It was an extraordinary time, when a power-sharing government had risen from the ashes of the old Stormont in Belfast and Ian Paisley and Martin McGuinness shared power.
The Battle of the Boyne was the iconic Ulster Unionist battlefield as sacred as Gettysburg or Normandy beaches to Americans.
It was unthinkable that a Protestant leader of Northern Ireland would be officially invited to the battlefield where Catholic hopes of independence had died rather like the French inviting the British to Waterloo.
Yet here was Paisley, still with a booming voice, though he was 81 at the time, physically dwarfing everyone around him.
As he walked around the battlefield you had the deep sense of witnessing history that the 350-year-old battle was finally being reduced to an historical artifact, not a yearly rally cry for more bigotry.
As Irish Minister for Foreign Affairs Charlie Flanagan noted on Paisley’s passing, it was truly historic.
Flanagan said, “I recall especially that historic occasion when Dr. Paisley and his wife Eileen took part in the opening of the Battle of the Boyne heritage site. That day represented what many had worked so long to achieve, cooperation between North and South with recognition of our shared history and heritage. On that occasion, Dr. Paisley spoke of his love for ‘this island we jointly hold together.’ He spoke of how he wanted ‘the best for the people of every part of this island.’”
It was certainly a moment to recognize history in the making. Without Paisley there would be no power-sharing government in Northern Ireland. No other political leader, like Nixon going to China, had built up the credibility with the hardliners that allowed him to do a deal with the hated Sinn Féin.
Once Paisley had been the dark star of Irish politics, bitterly opposed to any compromise on Northern Ireland being British. He was there from the very beginning of The Troubles. He was in the tradition of Hugh “Roaring” Hanna, a fundamentalist preacher of the late 19th century who opposed Home Rule and the pope in equal measure.
In 1963, he led a protest march at the lowering of the Union Jack to pay respects to deceased Pope John XXIII. A year later he caused a riot when demanding that an Irish tricolor be taken down in West Belfast. In 1966, he announced the creation of a loyalist group to protest the Irish Civil Rights movement.
He saw off successive Unionist leaders when they dared to reach out. Terence O’Neill, Brian Faulkner, James Chicester Clark were ejected from power once Paisley turned on them.
The man himself, it seemed, was never for turning. He brought down the 1974 Sunningdale Agreement and attacked the Anglo-Irish Agreement of 1985 ferociously. His fiery oratory which stopped just short of advocating violence nonetheless led many to take up arms.
In the American context he was pure Bible belt. He had interesting links to Bob Jones University in South Carolina where he got his doctorate. It was as fundamentalist a Bible belt college as could be imagined, often accused of outright racism. Paisley once saw it and the born-again Baptists in the South as a potentially lucrative source of funding for his political party, but it never worked out that way.
I once gatecrashed one of their events in Northern California and saw the preacher Paisley in full flow. It was quite a sight as the Book of Revelations got a work-out and the audience was worked into a frenzy.
Such a preacher’s gift caused many problems when The Troubles started. But in later years, driven I think (as many other leaders were), by the notion of not allowing The Troubles to feed into an endless loop for future generations, he saw making peace as his priority.
He came to America during the IRA ceasefire phase, and through a strange twist he and I arrived at a post-speech event as the first people there. For ten minutes we stood around awkwardly making very small talk. He seemed very ill at ease outside his normal environment and he bolted the Irish-American dinner as soon as he could.
But when the opportunity to grasp peace came he took it, much to my surprise I have to say. I had pegged him as an irredentist Bible-belter whose prejudice against Catholics was too deep-seated to brook compromise.
Though he did not serve very long as First Minister, his impact was extraordinary. Privately Martin McGuinness extolled him as a man who above all kept his word — critical for the working of the government.
Now he is gone, a controversial figure who spanned the role of both troublemaker and peacemaker. He is proof that even the most irredentist can change – a hopeful thought as I look around Northern Ireland and other trouble spots and see irredentism everywhere. He shone a light that pierced an encircling gloom.
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Former Northern Irish leader Ian Paisley dies aged 88
Former Northern Irish leader Ian Paisley dies aged 88
Robin Millard
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Ian Paisley smiles as he waits for the arrival of British Prime Minister Gordon Brown at Stormont Parliament Buildings in Belfast, Northern Ireland, on May 8, 2008 (AFP Photo/Peter Muhly)
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London (AFP) - Former Northern Irish first minister Ian Paisley, the firebrand Protestant leader who struck a power-sharing deal with former foes Sinn Fein, died on Friday at the age of 88.
A towering figure during the Troubles in Northern Ireland who was known for his decades of intransigence and impassioned rhetoric, Paisley had been ill for some time.
"My beloved husband, Ian, entered his eternal rest this morning," his wife Eileen said on behalf of the family.
"Although ours is the grand hope of reunion, naturally as a family we are heartbroken," she said. "We loved him and he adored us, and our earthly lives are forever changed."
Paisley did what even he he once considered unthinkable in May 2007 and entered office with Sinn Fein -- the political wing of the now-defunct Irish Republican Army paramilitary group -- restoring stable, devolved government to the British province.
In a feat few could match, the pro-British preacher co-founded both a church and a political party, leading the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster and the Protestant, conservative Democratic Unionist Party (DUP).
Paisley's widow said his funeral would be private and attended only by his immediate family, as would be his burial, in accordance with his wishes.
A memorial service will be held later this year.
- 'Colossus in unionism' -
Politicians in the United States, Belfast, London and Dublin paid tribute to Paisley's impact during a lifetime in Northern Irish politics, which saw the reverend finally relent on a hitherto implacable intransigence.
Sinn Fein's Martin McGuinness, the ex-IRA commander who entered government with Paisley as his deputy first minister -- a post he still holds -- voiced his sadness at the unionist titan's passing.
"I developed a close working relationship with him which developed into a friendship, which despite our many differences lasted beyond his term in office," he said.
Paisley's groundbreaking deal with Sinn Fein and bonhomie with McGuinness -- they were dubbed the "Chuckle Brothers" -- cut the ground from underneath him, costing him grassroots support. He stepped down in June 2008.
Former US president Bill Clinton, who played a key role in bringing the two factions together, praised "the once polarizing Paisley" for demonstrating "that reconciliation and cooperation is better than conflict and discord."
Northern Irish First Minister Peter Robinson, Paisley's successor as DUP leader, described him as a "colossus in unionism".
Paisley led "through difficult times where the unionist community in Northern Ireland was under attack from terrorism and felt that their constitutional position was imperilled, right through from those dark days to the relative peace and security that we have at the present time."
British Prime Minister David Cameron said Paisley had been a "controversial figure" for much of his career.
"Yet the contribution he made in his later years to political stability in Northern Ireland was huge," he said.
- 'Antichrist' heckling of pope -
Meanwhile Irish Prime Minister Enda Kenny said Paisley's devotion to his faith and Northern Irish unionists was "deep and unshakeable".
"Dr Paisley was by any measure a major figure in the history of these islands," he said.
"And, while he was of course a divisive figure, his greatest legacy will be one of peace."
Former British prime minister Tony Blair, who presided over the restoration of devolved government in Northern Ireland, said: "Ian was a man of deep convictions. The convictions never changed. But his appreciation of the possibilities of peace, gradually and with much soul searching, did. He began as the militant. He ended as the peace-maker."
Paisley represented North Antrim in the British parliament's lower House of Commons from 1970 to 2010 and in the Northern Ireland Assembly from 1998 to 2011.
He sat in the European Parliament from 1979 to 2004, where he once denounced pope John Paul II as the "antichrist" during a 1988 visit from the pontiff.
In 2010 he entered the British parliament's upper House of Lords as Baron Bannside.
Paisley had three daughters and two sons. Ian Paisley Junior now sits in his old Commons seat.
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Rime of the Ancient Mariner ~ S.T. Coleridge ~ Par Export
Your Discussion Leader: Ginny Anderson
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Ginny
July 29, 2000 - 07:34 am
Welcome to what I guess is the Preview Edition of our discussion of the Ancient Mariner which will begin on September 1.
There are two new books out on Coleridge's life and I find that there's so much about STC I didn't dream of when I first read and loved this poem in the 9th grade.
Back then, I didn't know or care what Death in Life meant and so cheerfully skipped over it as well as a lot of other things but now , my Friends, now that takes on a whole new meaning.
What a stunning Epitaph he wrote for himself, note the last two lines:
Mercy for praise--to be forgiven for fame--
He ask'd, and hoped through Christ. Do thou the same. .
WHEW! What does THAT say to us in the fame seeking, "Survivor" driven 2000s? Do I sctually see the words "death in life" in that epitaph?
Wowee, that gave me CHILLS!
Join us here September 1, and help us figure it out with our new mantle of years of experience, we may surprise ourselves!
ginny
Barbara St. Aubrey
July 29, 2000 - 09:33 am
Ginny I do not know it this is your vidio or not but yesterday I was able to rent the Rime... put out by Kultur, narrated by Sir Michael Redgrave produced and directed by Raul Da Silva. It is 60 minutes color 1984 with six international film awards. It that the same one??
Ginny
July 29, 2000 - 10:23 am
THAT'S IT, Barb!! How was it? Am putting that description in the heading, is it worth watching?
ginny
Barbara St. Aubrey
July 29, 2000 - 10:55 am
Watched it with my grands-- I thought it was great-- I need to watch it again though in that they were a bit bored with all the explanation or rather the bio. We programed ahead and they liked hearing the poem. They are ages 6 and 9.
Joan Pearson
July 29, 2000 - 06:52 pm
Those are two super kids, Barb! I think I need to be in here for this one, Miss Ginny! Whether we have completed the Canterbury pilgrimage or no...
Death in life is too much to pass by...the very words give me chills - me the one who has been so taken with "life after life" needs to give some thought to this juxtaposition. Big word, eh? Not even sure it fits, but it sure isn't an idea I have thought about much!
See you here in September! Will go work on Canterbury, whipping those little palfreys right along to the end of the path!
Ginny
July 30, 2000 - 09:30 am
Oh fabulous, Ella, Barb, Pat, Ginger, and the one and only Joan P, I agree, there is so much more here than I thought, and I welcome one and all, one thing for sure, we will get a lot out of this one. I'm looking forward to it with great anticipation, have forgotten what I did know about meter and iambs and will need all hands on deck for those sections but the WORDS, the RHYME and the sheer wonder of the reading is just an experience that maybe nobody should miss.
I am looking forward to the video because I have never HEARD it read, either.
The Dover edition has the poem on one side and the exquisite Dore engravings on the other, it's a huge, inexpensive paperback book and I truly recommend it, going to our Bookstore to see what it costs from B&N, I got mine from Dover itself. The entire poem is also available free, see the links, on the internet.
I remember reading the Life in Death and shrugging my shoulders and moving on, I REMEMBER that because I had no idea what he was talking about.
Fabulous, I am so excited! Together we can gain a new understanding about Coleridge and the poem and its concepts. I already know more about it than I did in the 9th grade (I think).
hahahah
MarjV
August 1, 2000 - 08:26 am
I am thinking I will dip my toes in here! Never have read it except for a bit in humanities in university eons ago.
Marj
robert b. iadeluca
August 1, 2000 - 10:13 am
I cheated the bookstore. I entered the Internet, used a Search Engine, and printed out a copy of "Rime of the Ancient Mariner."
I'm ready!!
August 1, 2000 - 03:53 pm
Get outta here, this will be just amazing! Welcome, Fellow Mariners MarjV and Robby!
I think we need to get up a ship's roster, hopefully we'll end up better than THIS ship did!
ginny
August 1, 2000 - 08:41 pm
Ginny---Count me in, of course. I have loved this poem since ninth grade.
annafair
August 2, 2000 - 06:00 am
From a palfrey to the ocean...I am not good at either. I thank God for showers as I get seasick in a bathtub! I printed out the Rime and have had a great time reading it aloud! My fondness for drama was well fed and I recalled it from from my youth. I am glad no one was in the house to hear me in the early morning hours. It would have confirmed their perception that I am a bit batty! It was great fun though......My only problem now to read it with some understanding. I think I always felt C just loved to tell a tale. Of course when I read it telling ghost stories was popular and in my group of friends our imagination ran wild!
Back with you later...it is breakfast time in Virginia ...anna from Virginia
Ginny
August 2, 2000 - 07:48 am
Avast!!
Welcome, Sailors Maryal and Fairanna, what a crew, if I may say so, we are assembling on board here. I spent all morning reading an analysis of the Mariner and who KNEW there was so much, so much , apparently the thing is on three levels, who KNEW? I didn't.
I hope we can get past the first few lines, what a CREW, I'm so excited and I'll tell you one thing, I will understand it this time, just LOOK at those I have to converse about it with!
OH boy, I have not been so excited about anything in a long time.
Weeeooooo, (that's the ship whistle)!!!
Scullery lad
August 2, 2000 - 07:49 am
Maryal, do you want the tape or have you seen it?
ginny
August 2, 2000 - 08:04 am
Weeeeeooooo?? I love it.
August 2, 2000 - 08:35 am
Ginny:
Avast???
Are you underway already? Well, shiver me timbers and pieces of eight!! Or is that the wrong book?
Robby
Deems
August 2, 2000 - 10:06 am
annafair--welcome home! The good thing about reading the poem instead of taking passage on a frigate is that you won't get seasick. And you did very well on the palfrey. Check in with us--we are up to near the end with the 2nd nun's tale this week and a fine History of Grog, provided by Marj.
Ginny--I have not seen the tape and would like to. Actually, my grog is actually appropriate for this journey! Water and rum and sugar and fruit---ah yes. Part of the sailor's daily wages.
Maryal
August 2, 2000 - 10:28 am
Maryal: Your GROG was exactly the right color. I'm sure you chose that carefully!!
Robby
August 2, 2000 - 10:32 am
Robby---Of course I did! Smile.
ALF
August 2, 2000 - 11:19 am
Oh good Lordie: First this group gives me saddle sores and now they wish to "throw me tothe deep." Have I ever related how utterly vertiginous I become aboard the ships? I shall remain for the duration. I ask only that you each remember I get DIZZY (dizzier?) when aboard but I do not --I repeat --I do Not get nauseated. You must feed me please and I'll have some of MaryAl's grog too. I've become quite accustomed to that I fear.
Deems
August 2, 2000 - 12:31 pm
ALF----Oh dear, oh dear. OH my. I know of this excellent twelve-step program for grog addiction!
Joan Pearson
August 2, 2000 - 01:59 pm
Welcome, Alfa-Mariner! Our Ginny is off and I'm doing the honors today! Poor saddle-sore pilgrim...we've offered you the travois and Harry has fueled you with GROG! I don't know what you can possibly be complaining about! (Wait'll you see your bill!) Look! Canterbury's spires in the distance! Plenty of time to lift the anchor here. That's your job!
Our cruise director will invite all the Pilgrims to join in here as soon as we set foot into the Cathedral!
Till then...
patwest
August 2, 2000 - 02:41 pm
And when, Sir, when will the ship be cheered and the harbor cleared, and roster put to the board?
robert b. iadeluca
August 2, 2000 - 03:06 pm
Now let me see if I have this straight -- starboard is the right side of the ship and port is what is brought out as the ship leaves.
Robby
August 2, 2000 - 03:13 pm
Robby---You got it right! Very good. Now, what do you make of Fore and Aft?
robert b. iadeluca
August 2, 2000 - 03:17 pm
Maryal: I prefer not to make anything of them. It's bad enough I have a big bird hanging around my neck.
Robby
August 2, 2000 - 03:19 pm
Robby----You shouldn't have shot it!
betty gregory
August 2, 2000 - 03:45 pm
I'm ready for some figgydowdy, or is there any spotted dog left? Hmmmm, can taste it now.
Do I hear horses down below?
annafair
August 2, 2000 - 06:28 pm
Betty a horse down below? Pray tell me that is not true. An albatross and a dead one as well is truly sufficient. Not that I would eat one but are albatrosses edible?
My Webster is not handy but is an albatross the same as "gooneybird"? I remember my husband telling about "launch day" on Guam ...in flight they are such graceful birds ...on the ground AH ! I feel I qualify as a "gooneybird".
You must watch me as I confess I once fell out of a 4x4 I was trying to enter! I feel if I am not cautious I will be the first person for whom the words "Man Overboard" are said!
Have read it again this afternoon with FEELING and Gestures etc ...now I will follow some of the links and see WHAT I AM READING MEANS!!! anna in Virginia who has found a great hot dog shop with home made potato chips...I am thinking of trying to find a ALBATROSS rental place and have them FLOWN in on this trip!!!
Joan Pearson
August 2, 2000 - 07:15 pm
Alright, one of the Canterbury palfeys is missing! I'm here to search each of your quarters before you turn in for the night! Marj left this with the Canterbury pilgims this afternoon...thought you might enjoy it on deck while I conduct the search for the missing palfrey...
Barbara St. Aubrey
August 2, 2000 - 09:37 pm
Not positive but I think the ALBATROSS is on the endangered list and at one time it was a delicacy.
It is so hard not to start discussing this poem starting now. Ginny on 3 levels?? Is spiritual and supernatural considered the same level?
Maryal are you supplying the wedding guests with your Grog?
robert b. iadeluca
August 3, 2000 - 04:15 am
I read Joan's link on Grog. What gets to me more than the story itself is the fact that someone would take the time to write a "short history on grog" and that we would be listening to a melody entitled "Farewell to Grog." Apparently there's absolutely nothing in this wide world about which something hasn't been written, as insignificant as it may seem on the surface.
Most of you have heard of the recent research "proving" what we already knew and that is -- use of the brain leads to greater physical and mental health and longer life. The way we're going here on SN, those of us who regularly communicate with each other and with items of interest "out there" are in for a long stimulating life!
Robby
August 3, 2000 - 08:24 am
Robby---Grrrrrrrrrrrrrrr!Grog insignificant? I think not.
Barbara-----No grog for the wedding guests. They are partaking of champagne.
~~Maryal
Barbara St. Aubrey
August 3, 2000 - 08:55 am
Ahhh early ninteenth century, just as the widow Clicquot was improving the bubbly. Maryal have you added the importing and distribution of the French bubbly to your enterprise? Cannot determine from the poem if the wedding took place in the Kirk. I wonder what the Calvernist position is on alcohol? Hehehe enjoying all this talk of champagne and Grog we sound more like a bunch of papists.
Ginny found this great site - the review is almost book length BUT when you reach the bottom the home page button leads to many, many articles about the Rime... this particular article is about the Supernatural: the Ancient Mariner and Parody
This is a site that helps to better catch the story. It is the Poem story written in prose. Prose version of The Rime...
Barbara St. Aubrey
August 3, 2000 - 09:44 am
Gosh Ginny could easily get lost for hours in your site An Analysis... found this in the site that I think is wonderful to better understanding what we are reading.
...storms, turbulent seas, torrents, vast caverns, deep, dark woods, fearsome deserts, blasted heaths moved readers emotionally. The sublime is associated with dimensions of greatness and founded on awe and terror.
The chief importance of the picturesque and the sublime: taught people not only to see with their eyes, but also to feel through them. The profound experience of external nature that is basic to romantic poetry (sensory impressions culminating in profound emotional experiences, almost mystical illuminations) was prepared for in this fashion.
The appeal of the distant
Cult of the "Noble Savage": man exists in a state of harmony with nature, uncorrupted by the progressive sophistication of civilization
Exoticism: growing interest in far-off regions and peoples, as a result of growing disillusionment with contemporary civilization
SHIFTS IN CRITICAL THEORY
From imitation to originality (creativeness).
From reason to taste as the basis of judgment.
From the general to the particular in analysis and judgment.
From abstract interpretation to psychological analysis.
Joan Pearson
August 3, 2000 - 09:59 am
Barb,just reading through the fruits of your research makes me miss you all the more in Canterbury! Can you be persuaded to complete the journey with us, she whined.......
Nellie Vrolyk
August 3, 2000 - 10:19 am
I'll quietly sail along with the rest of you too. *smile* I found a copy of the poem in an old Norton's Anthology of Poetry that I picked up in a second hand book sale.
Barbara St. Aubrey
August 3, 2000 - 10:43 am
Ohh Joan yes for you, there is nothing soul soaring about Chaucer's pilgrams though.
Wonder If Robert Lewis Stevenson read The Rime...
Under the wide and starry sky
Dig the grave and let me lie.
Glad did I live and gladly die,
And I laid me down with a will.
This be the verse you grave for me;
"Here he lies where he longed to be,
Home is the sailor, home from sea,
And the hunter home from the hill."
Ginny
August 4, 2000 - 08:34 am
Welcome Sailors, All!
This will be so fun. Barb, I'm not sure the spiritual/ supernatural was even considered as a level. Does that make FOUR?
There's something about this poem which eludes me? It's a quicksilver little tease, it comes, it goes, it comes, it goes, and I hope with the company here assembled and now coming up the gangplank that we can ferret it out!
OK on the video, what a TIME I've had and if Barb had not mentioned renting it I would have been DOOMED! I ordered it from Critic's Choice, they say the manufacturer has quit making it.
OOPS! MAN OVERBOARD!!!!
Then I called the Blockbuster. NOPE!
OOPS
But then the county Library threw me a lifeline: Yes, they had one copy. Yes it was in Pacolet, SC (tiny tiny not far from me!) So I called and yes it was in (like there is going to be a run on it laughed the Main Branch). Well there should be! Is this Level 5?
That video itself needs discussing! The implication, will you all strain to hear that, the implication that Wordsworth contributed to the Mariner? Is THAT what Redgrave says?
Then the dramatization of the poem itself, the Dore engravings (colored!!!) The other artists and their interpretations! I want to hear from those who have not ever read the poem how it strikes them being read and presented this way? I want to hear from those who have, if it dilutes or enhances your experience? Is it what you thought you remembered?
Watch where the bird falls in the video!
I sent one copy to Ginger yesterday and the circle has commenced! She has postage for everybody to send along and labels, too, and kindly speed the thing right along, but take your time looking at it, we have an entire month and two tapes circulating, enough for all, enough for me to watch it again.
There are so many new aspects of the thing rising up out of the ocean it is beginning to scare me, I'm glad you guys are along for the ride on this one.
ginny
Ginny
August 4, 2000 - 08:44 am
I have to tell you of my Pacolet experience! I got lost, hopelessly lost. I wandered lonely as a cloud to quote Coleridge's friend, and finally found Pacolet itself but no library. In desperation, I observed a gentleman shuffling down the street, shirt out, obviously no job, bag in hand, swigging from some Mountain Dew bottle, unkempt and unlikely but the only person in sight.
Window down, can you tell me where the library is? Frown. Looked off to the right, looked off to the left, looked right again. Frown. Pause. Long pause. Just about to say gaily OK thanks, OK, when he opened his mouth and Pat Buttram (sp) remember him? Pat Buttram with that impossibly high and squeaky voice, came out. And what did Pat say?
Very slowly: "I..... am..... reasonably certain.......that it is..... over the railroad... tracks." (Right in front of me, in other words).
My mouth was hanging out the window and I gulped, OH, ah, er, thanks, er, I can't seem to even find highway 176!!!????!!!!
Silence. Piercing look. Pause.
"You're on it." he said.
Guess where the library was? Three guesses? Brand spanking new, deserted and very fine, librarian already had the tape at the desk!
hahahahah Someday I will write about the marvelous and unexpected people around me here.
ginny
betty gregory
August 4, 2000 - 10:15 am
Ginny---You are a short story writer!!! What a great tale!! I laughed and laughed---all those pauses, looking left, looking right. Great story!
Joan Pearson
August 4, 2000 - 10:58 am
Er, ah, Ginny, does having a memory like a sieve and having read the Rime nearly 50 years ago put me in the category with those who have never read the poem??? I think so, don't you?
Yes, do, do, do some write-ups on those neighbors of yours. After years of this, I feel I know them, your vet, your hairdresser, your pruners...your librarian friends. You have the gift, or you have some really clearly defined characters in your world! I think it is the former! Use it!
Deems
August 4, 2000 - 02:14 pm
Ginny---You DO have a gift. This is your English Professor speaking to you. I hope that you are keeping copies of these sketches. All you have to do is stitch a few of them together and bingo, a short story. If you keep going, you'll be surprised what happens. Of course you are not wasting your time posting these jewels on Senior Net, but please tell me that you are also keeping copies somewhere.
Maryal
August 4, 2000 - 07:47 pm
and write about the dead chicken in the pickup truck.
GingerWright
August 4, 2000 - 09:25 pm
GO GINNY GO I want to hear th e chicken story to.
Ginny
August 5, 2000 - 05:31 am
hahaahah, gosh! Thanks so much, kind Sailors, that was not, unfortunately, any sort of creative endeavour but the faithful reporting of what actually happened. I appreciate it, tho. Blushing.
Speaking of blushing, can we take a prequel look at that Epitaph?
Mercy for praise--to be forgiven for fame--
What does this mean?
What does this signify? How can we reconcile this in our current age where we praise the good and hope for fame? "FAME! I want to live forever..." (Aquarius)....
What's wrong with praise? Why would we need mercy for the sake of fame? What's wrong with fame? Who wouldn't want it?
Would you put that on YOUR tombstone?
ginny
annafair
August 5, 2000 - 10:21 am
She did her best....ah to be forgiven for fame...perhaps he meant fame is not what we should seek and if we achieve it we should not necessarily be proud of it ..that is just off the top of my head which is only 5' above the bottom of my feet..
anna in Virginia who loves to ponder things and the Rime has much to ponder!!!
Deems
July 30, 2000 - 05:45 pm
Humility is a great virtue and almost nonexistent these days. Coleridge knew the importance of humility and apparently didn't think that he had possessed it.
Deems
August 5, 2000 - 10:57 am
Writers know that if they are good enough, their work will outlast them. Shakespeare deals with this topic more than once in his sonnets.
robert b. iadeluca
August 5, 2000 - 11:51 am
I would like my tombstone to read:
PLEASE NOTIFY UTILITY COMPANY BEFORE DIGGING HERE
GingerWright
August 5, 2000 - 01:18 pm
Robby. I actualy laughed out loud at your post.
robert b. iadeluca
August 5, 2000 - 01:19 pm
Ginger: This is NOT a laughing matter!
Robby
August 5, 2000 - 01:37 pm
Robby, OK I will think on this.
Deems
August 5, 2000 - 01:43 pm
Ginger---YOU made ME laugh out loud!
robert b. iadeluca
August 5, 2000 - 01:48 pm
I am not detecting the proper "Senior" attitude today. Life is too short for such frivolity.
Robby
August 5, 2000 - 01:58 pm
Hhahaahhaahaha, Me, too, Ginger! hahahahaha
Robby why, one wants to know WHY? Power companies can't go thru a cemetery without endless permits?
I think it's cute!
Are you saying you're a live wire? OOPS!
ginny
Joan Pearson
August 5, 2000 - 02:44 pm
Oh, I can see what kind of discussion this is going to be already! Well, my tombstone will resemble Fair Anna's -
SHE DIED TRYING
Ginny
August 5, 2000 - 03:11 pm
Not....She Was Very Trying hahahaha JOKE!!! JOKE!!! This is what passes for humor here on shipboard? hahaahaha
The Fearful Scullery Lad
August 5, 2000 - 04:42 pm
Thinking even yet Live wire More thinking.
Joan Pearson
August 5, 2000 - 04:45 pm
Well, where's the little winky-dink, so we all know it is a joke, hmmmmmmmmmm?
Okay, forget that one, I'll chose another (how many get to chose TWO tombstones! Can you erase the first???
SHE DIED LAUGHING
August 5, 2000 - 05:48 pm
You're allowed two tombstones if you have a dual personality.
Robby
August 5, 2000 - 06:21 pm
Robert Iadeluca,
In my Royal Air Force days, drinking our last beer, we sang,
"They're shifting grandpa's grave to build a sewer, They're shifting it regardless of expense. They're shifting his remains To make room for xxxxxxxxx drains Just to please the local residents, Ta ra ra rara................."
The rest is not for this sublime meadow.
Bill
patwest
August 5, 2000 - 06:45 pm
Oh, I think everyone should have a few minutes of fame, but not dwell on it too long. I'm still looking for mine..
Tombstone? Mine is already there and it is much to late to add anything but the date I die..
But Robby, my body goes to science... I can't see spending all that money for a fancy casket... when the Medical Schools are in need of bodies... and there will be no service ... a party maybe for the kids to all congregate and laugh about the crazy antics of their dear, dead Mother. ....
Ginny
August 6, 2000 - 03:51 am
Bill, that is a HOOT! hahahaaha I'm so glad to see you again, too, are you on board here?
Crazy antics my foot, check out this latest antic from our own Pat W: your own name in lights, and Pat, add our Jo Meander Scully to the Crew Roster, please!!!
Crew of the HMS Ancient Mariner!
This is in the heading as well.
On the "fame" issue, perhaps Coleridge was operating on the religious principle that pride is a sin. In that case, what would be the problem would be that he took too much pleasure IN fame. You can't help fame, can you? If you have it, others have bestowed it. It's what your own self DOES with it that matters. Coleridge (do you think, this is just off the top of my head), may be saying that you need mercy for praise because it goes to your head and you forget to thank the reason you have the talents in the first place (pride is a sin) and you need to be forgiven for fame.
To me, that would be the thought of a person who secretely lusted AFTER same, do you agree? And who worried about it.
Fameless
Deems
August 6, 2000 - 10:57 am
Ginny---Yes, I agree. Perhaps Coleridge is operating under religious stipulations about fame. Humility is the opposite of Pride, said to be the sin by which the angels fell. Any writer who is religious at all would feel a conflict between the obvious desire for fame and the possible penalties which accruded to fame. No one writes to be forgotten. But then, on the other hand, there are all those stipulations about Pride.
It seems to me that with this epitaph, Chaucer has his cake and eats it too. He reminds the reader of his Fame while seeking forgiveness for it.
One cannot ask for forgiveness for fame without having it.
Maryal
Deems
August 6, 2000 - 10:59 am
I think I'll keep "the road is better than the inn" for mine. I have grown used to it, and it's short, would fit nicely on a stone.
SandyB
August 6, 2000 - 11:36 am
Please add my name to the Crew of the HMS Ancient Mariner. I hope I can keep up with this group. I love to travel so I guess my epitaph will say, "here lies Sandy, she took her final trip".
Sandy
Joan Pearson
August 6, 2000 - 11:51 am
Sandy ...........hahaha! That's great! As long as she doesn't die on this trip! Finally we've got you aboard one of these Books'excursions! No deserters allowed! Cap'n will be soooo pleased to find your name on the ship's docket!!!! Welcome aboard!
psMaryal! No one can blame you - do it all the time, but this is a different journey, love!
"It seems to me that with this epitaph, Chaucer has his cake and eats it too. He reminds the reader of his Fame while seeking forgiveness for it."
Chaucer's epitaph anyone?
August 6, 2000 - 11:58 am
Welcome aboard... Your enlistment will be confirmed by email.
Lorrie
August 6, 2000 - 02:12 pm
Avast, all you landlubbers!! Permission to come aboard, Captain? Seaperson Lorrie Gorg reporting on the poop deck. Pardon, I've been sipping a little of Gorg's grog here!
Lorrie
Deems
August 6, 2000 - 04:31 pm
Thanks JoanP---Oh dear, I meant COLERIDGE. Oh my. All those C names, you know. I meant with that epitaph, COLERIDGE finds a way to have his cake and eat it too. Oh dear.
betty gregory
August 6, 2000 - 05:19 pm
I don't do decks.
But I'll volunteer for night watch until 4 bells, when I can call out "All's well." Then I can go make early coffee---as long as our water holds out, we can always have coffee.
Joan Pearson
August 6, 2000 - 08:04 pm
HAHAHA! Maryal! Five miles to go!
And dear Betty, there is water, water everywhere!
betty gregory
August 6, 2000 - 09:20 pm
Ah, Joan---all that water has salt in it!! We have to bring our own drinking water, barrels and barrels of it. If we drift off course or miscalculate our water needs, we'll have to find land and fresh water soon! (We better keep an eye on this landlubber!)
Deems
August 6, 2000 - 09:22 pm
I'll bring the spring water I bought in order to prepare for the Millennium Glitch that never appeared.
Ginny
August 7, 2000 - 07:46 am
Avast there!!!
Welcome aboard, Sandy and Lorrie!
Doggone, if we can't make a sailing out of this one there's something wrong with us.
hahahah, SANDY, what a hoot! "She took her last trip!" hahahahahaha Boy that's pretty good. Sandy will probably be the last one on deck, on the ferry over to British Victoria once she was the only one who did not barf in a bag and we, imprisoned with her at the same table, couldn't get sick or face her throwing US overboard. We were the ONLY table on that Voyage From Hell who weren't totally green, so we have one good sailor amongst us anyway. Hope it won't BE her last trip! hahahahaha
LORRIE, are you planning to bring all that potato salad on THIS trip? Lorrie is a tad strange, but so are the rest of this crew as you all will find out, but she insists on making 500 pounds of potato salad at every oppportunity, I think we've found our Chef. I wonder if potato salad gets rancid?
And there's Betty, swabbing the deck, this looks like a pretty fit crew, not much for the Cap'n and First Mate to do, actually, hope the Cabin Boy brings up the GORG er....GROG soon.
Would like to point out the Ship's Crew above? Pat Westerdale's sister DREW that ship, folks!!!! Yes she did! Original art right here on SN's Books!
ginny
Lorrie
August 7, 2000 - 08:11 am
This looks like it's going to be a jolly good sailing. Sure, I'll be the galley chef. You're mostly all going to be seasick anyway, but that's all right. We'll have plenty of Gorg's grog available for that mal de mer.
Lorrie
Lorrie
August 7, 2000 - 08:13 am
And Pat, that ship is wonderful!! It's something like this that attracts a lot of us landlubbers. And a hearty Welcome Aboard to you, Sandy!
Lorrie
August 7, 2000 - 08:47 am
I'll be glad to help Lorrie in the GALLEY.
betty gregory
August 7, 2000 - 08:59 am
What? I'm already in the doghouse? Hey!! I'm the one who doesn't do decks and you've got me swabbing them already!! Just give me thirty lashes with the cattails, (cat out of the bag comes from taking the cattails out of the ship's bag), then send me off to the doc to get my wounds tended to. Or, send me up the mast for a while as punishment ("walking a fine line" comes from walking the lines of rope).
Deems
August 7, 2000 - 09:15 am
betty!---I didn't know that about the cat and the bag. Thanks. I just love learning where odd phrases come from.
Ella Gibbons
August 7, 2000 - 04:51 pm
Who do I tell that I DO NOT NEED to be mailed the video? Pat - I come after you on the list, so can you either take my name off it - or if that is too much trouble, just SKIP ME and mail it to Joan P. Okay?
I can get the video from my library. Now to find a copy of it somewhere -
patwest
August 7, 2000 - 05:03 pm
Ginger wrote that she would be sending the video soon... So, I will send it on to JoanP when I have finished watching it.
Ginny
August 7, 2000 - 05:16 pm
MUTINY!! Already a mutiny and the ship has not left port!
Betty says she does NOT do decks, well have you EVER, I thought all sailors did decks! Well! Now!!! Hmpf!!!! Snort!!! Yon Cap'n will retire on his mucky deck to ponder what measures need to be taken: plank or woMAN overboard!
We have two tapes circulating from the top and the bottom of the list respectively and it's well worth watching, so I think we will all see it.
I was amazed my library had it!
Cap'n
August 7, 2000 - 06:30 pm
Doesn't every ship have a Log?
Robby
August 8, 2000 - 02:41 am
Robby could that be ...
ROLL OVER AND PLAY DEAD?
thanks for all the frivolity on this HOT HUMID SLEEPLESS NIGHT .....a Hot Anna from Virginia ...
Ella Gibbons
August 8, 2000 - 07:28 am
My library has it also - am not renting it, just requesting it!
Is this going to be a depressing journey! If so, I'm not sure I want to sally forth! The above line "That he who many a year with toil of breath found death in life" does not bode well for this optimistic sailor.
Ginny
August 8, 2000 - 07:54 am
Ella, depressing? No. Thought provoking? Yes. We'll let all our sailors make their own assessments at the end of this marvelous story!
Cap'n.
robert b. iadeluca
August 8, 2000 - 08:13 am
Ella: If you have a problem, just ask the Cabin Boy to get you something soothing.
Robby
August 8, 2000 - 09:06 am
Cabin boy, I need a stool for my feet and something delicious to drink.
robert b. iadeluca
August 8, 2000 - 09:08 am
Betty: I don't think we've shoved off yet. There's a McDonald's on the dock.
Robby
August 8, 2000 - 09:30 am
who hired this cabin boy?
YiLi Lin
August 8, 2000 - 10:15 am
So gotta go get the text. I just saw this and remembered my father reciting Ancient Mariner at the dinnertable in my childhood. The amazing thing is that my father was uneducated (I don't think went beyond 6th grade) but could recite all these wonderful rhythmic tales- the HIghwayman, Ancient Mariner and had a love of Beau Geste.
Ginny
August 8, 2000 - 10:30 am
Wheeoooooo (Ship's whistle piping aboard Sailor #17, YiLiLin!)
Welcome and select a bunk and have a coffee and deck chair courtesy of the Cabin Boy Who Nobody Admits Having Hired!
I certainly didn't!
This must have been some of Yeoman Ella's doing!
Cap'n
Lorrie
August 8, 2000 - 10:40 am
YiLi Yin: That anecdote about your father was really touching, to me. It reminded me of my own father, whose lack of education didn't prevent him from lovng the written word, either. When I think back how we stupid children would snidely snigger at his mispronounciations, I feel a real sense of regret.
Lorrie
August 8, 2000 - 04:59 pm
YiLi Lin: Your name has been added to the Crew's Roster.
FaithP
August 9, 2000 - 10:18 pm
Well are you taking on more passangers. This poem I remember my grandfather reciting, and many others. He was one of those people who could memorize anything and he was in his 60's and 70's when we children were in school and he helped us so much with poetry especially. Good old Scots stories too, he told us. I, like other little kids thought several verses were interesting and skipped the rest. I would like to go along but I dont want to ride in a ship of death in life, how do we go on a trip like this and still find our humor etc. Fae the Leary
Ginny
August 10, 2000 - 03:16 am
Welcome aboard, Swabbie Faith!
Your question is one we can all ponder together, I'm just amazed at how many people have memories of their parents or grandparents recitations of this poem and other poems.
Are you all surprised a bit that many of the family figures mentioned are male? Do many men recite poetry today? What does this say about ...well, where we are as compared to where we WERE as a literary nation?
The epitaph and the poem, if you notice are direct opposites as to life in death, or death in life, this will be very interesting and it all starts on September 1!!!
I guess you could say the gangplank goes up and we set sail on September 1, All Hands on Deck, this will be SOOOOO fun!
ginny
YiLi Lin
August 11, 2000 - 08:57 am
wasn't always poetry but your thought on where are we as a literary nation. WAAAAY back when I taught 8th grade I used to read children't stories to one particular group (the then black leather jacket, chains and piercing crowd). I was amazed at these tough kids at the end of their seats or showing real emotion on their faces to stories like Horton Hatches an Egg, Madeline etc. These kids had never been read to- it was the rhythme along with the pictures and tales that got them. they'd leave my class and maybe go mug an old lady in the park, but for those moments they were captivated and vulnerable.
FaithP
August 11, 2000 - 11:10 am
Well as to men being the tale tellers, yes mostly. And at the grocery store on the front porch where the old men sat in the lazy afternoons in our little mountain town, the stories and poems that flowed were something else again. I heard one fellow, a professional tramp singing the whole of Hiawatha. And the others would join in on lots of verses. I say singing because of the rythme and the nuances they put and the joining in was like a chorus. It was primitive and wonderful. Longfellow was their favorite along with o'l Robby Burns.Seems my grandad was not the only scot. There were some wonderful ethnic stuff too from an old Basque man from Spain. Fp
Nellie Vrolyk
August 11, 2000 - 05:11 pm
Captain Ginny, I'll gladly swab the deck! Hard work tis true but better than having to climb into the rigging to reef the sails while a gale wind blows. Hahaha!! You better not ask me to tie any knots if you want everything to work right - any knots I tie immediately fall apart.
Am all ready to sail on the first.
Lorrie
August 11, 2000 - 10:02 pm
Faith P: What a lovely anecdote you told of "tale tellers!" I loved it, especially about the men on the front porchall joining in.
Hi, Nellie! Welcome aboard! Sit down and help yourself to a mug of our famous Gorg's Grog! Shhh! I sneaked some aboard when the cap'n wasn't looking!
Lorrie
August 12, 2000 - 06:02 am
Faith what a wonderful memory.
Ginny
August 12, 2000 - 08:22 am
You know what? When you think about it, that's why a ship has more than one person, the Captain, on board? He can't do it all himself, and in THIS case, you may be assured of that.
So get your passports ready we will look at Part I on September 1. The ship will be boarding in the next two weeks, be sure you have your stuff ready! hahahahaha
There are 7 parts so we can take a part a week unless we want to go slower, let's see how the pace goes in the first week.
Cap'n
betty gregory
August 12, 2000 - 08:42 am
Ginny, it was after I read the PROSE version that I relaxed and decided hey, I don't need to fear joining in a discussion on poetry. I know you poetry experts will have a fine time dissecting everything but I'm probably not the only one who will enjoy even the simplest level of discussion. Remember our recent lesson from Roth? The freedom to be wrong? Well, if all those who have studied this aren't in agreement, then that kinda takes the pressure off us, too, I'd think.
Lorrie
August 12, 2000 - 09:09 am
Amen. Betty! I'm afraid i don't know a haiku from a hornet's nest, but I'm ready to join in on the simpler discussions. I love this pem, anyway!
Lorrie
Ginny
August 12, 2000 - 09:43 am
Listen, what version of the poem do YOU have, the words aren't the same in all the versions?
I have the Dover publication of the one with the 8x11 magnificent Dore engravings, the "unabridged and slightly rearranged (!!??!!) work published by Harper & Brothers in 1878." The text has been "compared to the 1834 edition, generally considered authoritative."
Irk, as Maryal used to say.
Which one do you all have?
ginny
August 12, 2000 - 10:40 am
Ginny:
Ella Gibbons
August 12, 2000 - 12:28 pm
Here's what I found at a used book store - a copy of "THE BEST OF COLERIDGE" (copyright, 1934, reprinted August 1945) with a preface by Earl Leslie Griggs. And the RIME is annotated which helps to understand what is going on I think - is that good? I think so! You would like this copy because there is a paragraph at the beginning all in LATIN and then in English. Shall I quote it for you? The paragraph is entitled "Argument."
Gosh, I do hope I learn more about sailing on this voyage than I did when years ago foolishly we bought a small sailboat determined to learn the craft! We had it 3 years and we now know how difficult sailing is - truly! Had some wonderful adventures on it, and some not so fun (My husband kept wanting to put a motor on the thing so we could get away from the dock - that in itself is an achievement, believe me!) You can't imagine the embarrassment of not being able to leave the dock, so we would wait until all the others were unloaded and hope nobody would line up behind us and then off we would go yelling at each other like idiots, and, of course, I sat there laughing hysterically at it all, and the more I laughed, the more angy my husband got. Before a divorce happened, we sold it!
But I have full faith in this captain and my sea bag will be packed and ready to sail on the lst!
Is there where the expression "He has an albatross around his neck" or something like that, came from?
Ginny
August 12, 2000 - 12:35 pm
Great thoughts, Robby and Ella, we'll each bring what we have to the table and we'll all leave enriched!
hahahaha, Ella, what a hoot and it's just those kinds of voyages we enjoy most, the kinds when we just jump right in without fear. Your Captain appreciates your confidence and truly appreciates the Griggs, as the Griggs is often quoted and mirabile dictu, is annotated!
We're going to have a little dictionary or glossary for those terms like kirk that people may not be sure of, your annotated copy will save the day on that one, does it mention the definition of "Ancient," by any chance?
Let's plunge right on in and see what temperature the water is, I feel better already!
On the Latin, I have that at the beginning of mine, how about the rest of you?
ginny
August 12, 2000 - 12:39 pm
And by the way, Ella, you have a TREASURE there!
ginny
robert b. iadeluca
August 12, 2000 - 12:42 pm
I heard a news item on NPR regarding what is going on re Pinochet in Chile and the term "albatross around his neck" was used by the Chilean reporter. Apparently Rime is known throughout the world.
Robby
Ginny
August 12, 2000 - 12:51 pm
Robby, no kidding, by the Chilean reporter? Boy! Literature is far reaching, isn't it? Somebody look up albatross, I would be willing to bet this poem is where that phrase "albatross around the neck," originated, Ella, who else would have thought of doing that?
Scurvy, that's RIGHT! Well we won't get scurvy this trip, I have my oranges all in the hold.
Am a little anxious here but excited as well.
Of course women are bad luck on a ship.
Cap'n
Nellie Vrolyk
August 12, 2000 - 03:37 pm
My version is found in a 1970 edition of Norton's Anthology of Poetry, and looks like it has the same or at least closely similar text to that of the online one.
Deems
August 12, 2000 - 04:27 pm
O boy, this is going to be fun! Ginny gets seasick. Almost everyone refuses to swab the decks which has to be done about four times a day, I think. Ella tells us that she and her family couldn't get away from the dock. Robby has to tell Ginny that it's scurvy and not beri-beri. Lorrie doesn't know a haiku from a hornets' nest.
Hey! There's someone I can help. Lorrie--"The Ancient Mariner" is more like a hornets' nest than it is like a haiku.
Sorry, but I can't do anything about all the seasickness and the deck swabbing, but I do wonder if Mutiny might be in the offing if the Captain is always seasick (and rolling little marbles in her hand). Hmmmm.
O, and I swim. Just in case anyone needs saving.
Maryal the Mariner
August 12, 2000 - 06:12 pm
What am I bid for my TREASURE! Going once.....going twice.....
Lorrie
August 12, 2000 - 07:02 pm
Ella, if it's full of dramamine, I'll bid on it!
And Maryal, you are so kind! If you show me around the non-hiku parts of Coleride's poem I'll see to it that you get extra potato salad.
Hey, cap'n, have no fear! Have a mug of Gorg's grog---the perfect antidote for sea sickness!
Lorrie
August 12, 2000 - 07:12 pm
Wow! I've been reading Coleridge's bio, and this part really intrigued me:
"HIs family was irate when they finally found out he had joined the Army. He'd used the improbable name of Silas Tomkyn Comberbache and had escaped being sent to fight in France because he could only barely ride a horse. His brother George finally arranged his discharge by reason of insanity and got him back to Cambridge."
That struck me as pretty funny. "Silas Tomkyn Comberache," no less!
Lorrie
August 12, 2000 - 08:04 pm
Lorrie---I will do anything for extra potato salad! Yum.
betty gregory
August 12, 2000 - 09:19 pm
Well, I LOVE the water. I went to sleep to the sound of the ocean for 6 years on the northern coast of Oregon. When I'm down, I get out my pictures and northwest books and pretend I can still hear the ocean. I'll swab the decks, sir.
Jonathan
August 12, 2000 - 09:38 pm
Utterly amazed, after reading all the posts. My heart goes out to all of you...such a merry crew...about to depart on such a frightful journey. A psycho-drama on the high seas. Poetry as nightmare. You do well to meditate on your epitaphs. Oh, my! I shudder for you. Put your souls in order. Get your shrive shot before you leave.
Ginny
August 13, 2000 - 03:33 am
Ahoy there, Jonathan!! And welcome aboard!
Don't just stand there on the dock, come right on up the gangplank and choose a berth.
Little do our sailors seem to realize, but once the harbor is cleared, there's only one law on the sea and it's the Captain's??
Am inspired by my friend Bligh, who, even tho set out on his own rowboat in a Mutiny! managed to out navigate and outsail the main ship. (Don't anybody look up our dates now, I may be a bit prescient here). Anyway, the Cap'n is unafraid of Mutiny on THIS bounty! hahahaha
Lorrie, great stuff there, and the initials are still STC, too. He was very fond of his initials and coined a Greek anagram for same, will try to get it up later this week, (even though scholars point out he translated it wrong). The same scholars pointing that out have written nothing so enduring as the Rime, so I think I'll engage here in a willing suspension of disbelief and let him have his way.
Thanks for bringing that here.
Ella, you won't believe this (would take you up on that treasure but Bibliofind is winging one to my own doorstoop, which is covered with my baggage for the trip, as we speak)! In looking up Ancient Mariner, I found this, and was so struck by it and your story I couldn't STAND IT: check it out!! If you do a search for Ancient Mariner in the Bookstore, you get, among other things, this: Sail Into the Sunset: A Handbook for Ancient Mariners . The Coopers instruct the older sailor how to sail!!!! I think it's a hoot and I think everybody on earth should run out and buy this book!
The next time the Books gets together, we shall sail on some boat in memory of this voyage, and we can hang gracefully over the side of the ship! It will be our new tradition! Throwing up for the Books! er.....er.......
THINK about every ship you have been on? Every voyage you have been on? Did you see the CAPTAIN doing all the work? 'Nuff said.
By the way, where was the Captain on this ship and how come nobody noticed his absence? Hmmmmmm????
We will start with a nice look at Part I on September I. I read yesterday that a great way to enjoy any poem is to read it aloud. You might want to try a few stanzas or verses aloud, in private, (don't do this in the supermarket like I do).....Maybe we should, some of us who like to memorize, set ourselves the task of memorizing one particular short part, just to immortalize our look at it here. That might be fun. We could say which part we have learned, unless, of course, you have the entire poem memorized.
So far so good on the version of the poem you have. You will note, if you view the video, some differences if you have the poem memorized, that is, but I think between all of you here we can overcome it.
Don't be shy about bringing up anything and everything, that's why we're doing it, we've got Maryal as our life preserver! I saw her just now swimmming off the bow, practicing her lifebouy throw!! (Better pack a life vest!)
Cap'n Crunch
August 13, 2000 - 06:36 am
Under LINKS above... the Coleridge Archive gives a good explanation of Greek anagram... essteesee
patwest
August 13, 2000 - 06:54 am
Good Morning, Jonathan. May I post your name on the crew's roster?
Deems
August 13, 2000 - 09:32 am
Ginny---One throws the lifebuoy from the deck, not from the water. Sheeeeesh! Watch out or this old lifeguard will fail to see the Captain when she falls overboard.
robert b. iadeluca
August 13, 2000 - 10:20 am
As Scouts we were taught --
1 - Throw
Deems
August 13, 2000 - 12:38 pm
Robby--Lifeguard training was the same thing Throw, row, go. I think that now, with so many pools, it is Throw, tow, row, go.
Or maybe it is Tow Throw Go. Or maybe. . . . Anyway, something has been added to tell guards to extend a pole to someone struggling.
Maryal the Mermaid
robert b. iadeluca
August 13, 2000 - 01:06 pm
Maryal: I knew there was a fourth one - I couldn't think of it. We had long poles for that.
Robby
Lorrie
August 13, 2000 - 05:58 pm
Remember this from another of Coleridge's poems? When i hit 75, my brother sent me this, and asked if I remembered how our grandfather used to like it---
" When we are old :
That only serves to make us grieve
With oft and tedious taking-leave,
Like some poor nigh-related guest,
That may not rudely be dismist
Yet hath outstay'd his welcome while,
And tells the jest without the smile."
Jonathan
August 13, 2000 - 06:17 pm
Please sign me on. I wouldn't miss this for the world. Now then, which of these ropes do I pull on?
patwest
August 13, 2000 - 07:59 pm
Jonathan ... your enlisment has been confirmed.. Please see your name on the Crew's Roster.
Lorrie
August 13, 2000 - 09:17 pm
Let's see, wasn't that albatross around the Mariner's neck named Jonathan? (Just teasing, Jonathan!)
Welcome aboard! I'm the mess cook, and boy can I make a mess!! But at least we have Robby, the cabin boy, to clean it up! The ship sails at ebb tide on September 1, and try to stay out of the captain's way until then--she's seasick, and her aim isn't always that good.
Lorrie
August 14, 2000 - 06:22 am
Get outta here! YAY, Jonathan!!
I think a crew of 19 for an old but certainly relevant poem is astounding, am very excited if a bit nervous.
I guess this is not a good time to say the Cap'n also was a life guard?
Far be it from your Noble Captain to flaunt credentials!
This poem rattles around in my head all the time, it's bouncy and jingly, it's easy to remember. I'm going to pick a section I don't know and memorize it and at the very end, will type in what I can just to prove the old brain still functions, albeit at a very low level.
What rope, Jonathan? Well, you know the old saying, last hired, first fired? You get the Crow's Nest! You can watch for icebergs and check to be sure that Betty is helping Nellie with those decks!
Cap'n Bligh
Ginny
August 14, 2000 - 06:24 am
We have a Stowaway! Yes, I did receive intelligence late last night that we DO have a stowaway and we will need to turn the ship apart to find out WHO and WHERE this Stowawy is!
Of course, your Cap'n knows, but you don't. Maybe you can guess by the end of the trip.
Lorrie, what a literate family you are, I never saw that one! Thanks so much!
Cap'n Crunch
patwest
August 14, 2000 - 06:31 am
It's a fine thing that we can all swim, I hope? I shall present my credentials on request... The last time I passed a WSI (Water Safety Instructor) was when I was 60... Maybe I should get it renewed if the cruise is long
Ginny
August 14, 2000 - 07:47 am
The only persons requiring swimming ability are those whom the Captain makes walk the plank! Save that in good memory, Captains are not known for their democratic feelings (maybe that's why there wasn't one on board the Mariner's ship).
Cap'n BighII
YiLi Lin
August 14, 2000 - 08:31 am
Poetry as nightmare- I love it! Hmm think a lifeguard is 'cheating'? Maybe not really relevant but I - a very RARE movie-goer- did have an opportunity to see the Perfect Storm- now forget the George Clooney hype and go see. At minimum I think it was wonderful that a producer took the time to make heroic ordinary lives. There are a few interesting scenes on board that might add to our discussion here, especially when we get knee deep in issues of choice.
GingerWright
August 14, 2000 - 08:59 am
Schools out, Schools out teachers let the monkeys out with diploma's So here I am with such a lively group of saliors. I am sure glad to have people who can swim here as I can only swim under water.
Ginger
August 14, 2000 - 11:34 am
1793
betty gregory
August 14, 2000 - 03:53 pm
The Napoleanic era of decades of war at sea is centered right at the end of the 1700s and first decade of 1800. (From memory, I could be off some years on either end, but I know 1801 was right in the middle.) Every major water route was a dangerous place to be. In a dire emergency, a family member might join her husband in the East Indies, for example, by getting special permission to take passage on a brig in the British Royal Navy, but there was no guarantee that she would arrive safely.
Letters took months to arrive home, if they hadn't gone to the bottom of the ocean or if they hadn't been seized by a French ship---or by a opportunistic ship of scoundrels who pirated the seas. Getting from point A to B could just as easily be interrupted by storms at sea or by dead calms that might last a month or longer. In a dead calm, there was no movement of wind or water. The trash and filth thrown overboard would accumulate around the ship for weeks.
If not the weather, plagues of illness could sweep through a ship within days. Other vessels at sea would not be able to give assistance, would not come aboard. When stores of fresh water were getting low, finding a safe harbor on coastal property was tricky. It couldn't be enemy territory. The weather had to cooperate or, as often happened, the ship could be smashed to bits by coastal currents that would hurl it onto the coast's rocks. Native populations along undeveloped land were often hostile. Finding fresh water was difficult!!
Jonathan is going to be our "loose canon" (a canon that began to roll across the deck could maim several people before crashing through a rail and dropping into the ocean). Someone needs to watch him around ropes. Give him a mop!
betty gregory
August 14, 2000 - 04:12 pm
Well, I don't envy our stowaway, whoever that might be. One whiff of the rotted timbers and bilge water that covers the bottom of the hold should be enough to cure'em---a few inches to begin with, then over time it can be a few feet deep, depending on the weather and age of the ship. The slime up the sides of the hold will be what our stowaway rolls into, oh, about a thousand times a day. He (it has to be a he) will not be a pretty sight when he comes to his senses.
Ella Gibbons
August 14, 2000 - 05:30 pm
Oh, I'm getting frightened before this voyage begins, methinks I should abandon all thoughts of it! A nightmare voyage! Shrive shots - what are they? And I swore when, on my last sail, we found ourselves swimming in the water with no buoys or lifejackets that I would never, never set sail again! (a lake, a lot of laughs, no tragedies on that voyage, however).
But an ocean voyage! And one into the land of ice, and of fearful sounds where no living thing was to be seen! I can't swim and have always been afraid of drowning. I do want to die in bed ! It's my dying wish to die in bed, not in the water - and I am fearful of the our Cap'n's qualifications! How say the rest of you?
Ginny, I paid $7 for this book of mine and I swear he "upped" the price from the time I called and when I picked it up. The pencil price had been erased and a new one put in, but it's in good condition with a lot of pencil underlining.
Ella Gibbons
August 14, 2000 - 05:39 pm
Perhaps all of you have read of Coleridge's use of opium before and during the writing of this poem. "To his use of opium has been attributed his supreme success in the realm of supernaturl poetry."
My book says that Coleride began the fatal habit while at Christ's Hospital and Cambridge, but it was not until 1796 that he seems to have occaionally been excessive in his use of the drug. In his day, the devastating moral and physical effects of opium were not recognized, the use of opium being a common practice. For the rest of his life he fought the habit, never absolutely conquering it.
I have poppies in my flower garden, lovely red ones, but have no idea how to go about making opium; having no use for the drug- Haha Anyone?
Lorrie
August 14, 2000 - 05:39 pm
Does the following remind anyone of the past Republican Party Convention?
A vain, speach-mouthing, speech-reporting Guild,
One Benefit-Club for mutual flattery,
We have drunk up, demure as at a grace,
Pollutions from the brimming cup of wealth ;
Contemptuous of all honourable rule,
Yet bartering freedom and the poor man's life
For gold, as at a market ! The sweet words
Of Christian promise, words that even yet
Might stem destruction, were they wisely preached,
Are muttered o'er by men, whose tones proclaim
How flat and wearisome they feel their trade,
Rank scoffers some, but most too indolent
To deem them falsehoods or to know their truth.
Oh ! blasphemous ! the Book of Life is made
A superstitious instrument, on which
We gabble o'er the oaths we mean to break ;
For all must swear--all and in every place,
College and wharf, council and justice-court ;
All, all must swear, the briber and the bribed,
Merchant and lawyer, senator and priest,
The rich, the poor, the old man and the young ;
All, all make up one scheme of perjury
Lorrie
Ginny
August 15, 2000 - 05:41 am
WOW!! WOW!! Lots on the table here this morning, I guess we should call this the Cap'n's Mess?
Wow, thanks Barb for that neato timeline, there was quite a bit happening in the time Coleridge lived, who knew? Louis XVI? Wow. These "Ancient," to me, figures of history all revolved at the same time, then.
Betty, thanks for that great description of life at sea at the time, the approach of the lifeboat in the last part of the Rime makes a bit more sense now. That's really good stuff.
Does anybody know why it was called "Rime" instead of "Rhyme?" The old Cap'n has a million questions in the naked city but no annotated version and no answers.
Lorrie, wow, you should post that in the Poetry sections and the DiA, it's funny that the more things change, the more they stay the same, isn't it? Loved it, thanks so much. Breathtaking, really.
Ella, your Cap'n guarantees you that you will not die in the water on this trip, can't say anything about your own bed, but if you mind your P's Q's and other letters, at least you won't walk the plank. So much for YOUR small mutiny about the Cap'n's qualifications, see those waves? hahahahahaa
Are you realy afraid of the water? Why? Did you have some awful experience as a child?
I have only known one captain of a ship and he was in total respect of the ocean and not only feared it, but I got the impression he hated it. That man probably should not have gone into the trade, but he's the only one I knew? Do you all know any real life sea captains? He probably ate pickles dipped in peanut butter, too, so we can't really draw any conclusions from my tale here.
Have always felt so sorry for the Captain of the Titanic, movie notwithstanding. As well as the passengers.
The Cap'n is on a starvation diet, by the way, and thinks the crew needs to be, too. After Betty's description of the hold, maybe we all will be.
And yes, the Stowaway IS a man and I expect he'll be in none too good a mood if he has to endure such horrors.
Cap'n Hungry
Deems
August 15, 2000 - 08:27 am
Ginny----Yes, and the French Revolution too! Rime/Rhyme are alternate spellings. Rime is, I think the older form, and since the Romantic Poets were very interested in the ancient past (among other things, like Nature) would be the most appropriate for Coleridge to choose. It gives a kind of antiquity to the poem as does Ancient. Think of the option-- The Rhyme of the Old Seadog.
Jonathan
August 15, 2000 - 09:48 pm
And one man in his time plays many parts.
Ahoy! me stout-hearted ship-mates. Well, furl me mizzen royal! What a jolly company! It pleases, to have so many parts suggested for me. I'll gladly play 'em all. If the need arises, I'll serve as a cannon. It only seems to be 'loose', Betty. That's a clever camouflage for high mobility and a fine adaptive capability. And it's a great idea. Sell it to the Captain. A little more fire-power, than a mere cross-bow, will stouten the faint-of-heart. The Albatross! Sure! Good casting, Lorrie. Ah, for a chance to hang about a fairsome neck, before sinking beneath the waves. Have the wedding invitations gone out? Me in the Crow's Nest, Ginny? Yippee! The best seat in the house!
SHIP AHOY! 'A SAIL! A SAIL!'
CAN YOU HEAR ME DOWN BELOW? (aside: d..., it's an iceberg)
A world. A ship's deck. How about a pulpit for a stage? It's interesting to think that STC might have become a very successful preacher if the Wedgwoods, Thomas and Josiah, had not dissuaded him with a hundred and fifty pounds a year for life. Here in the words of a member of the congregation is Coleridge speaking from a pulpit. (As quoted in S M Weissman's: His Brother's Keeper, 131-2):
'It was in January, 1798, that I rose one morning before daylight, to walk ten miles in the mud, and went to hear this celebrated person preach. Never, the longest day I have to live, shall I have such another walk as this cold, raw, comfortless one, in the winter of the year 1798.... When I got there, the organ was playing the 100th psalm, and, when it was done, Mr. Coleridge rose and gave out his text, 'And he went up into the mountain to pray, HIMSELF,ALONE.' As he gave out this text, his voice 'rose like a steam of rich distilled perfumes,' and when he came to the last two words, which he pronounced loud, deep, and distinct, it seemed to me...as if the sounds had echoed from tht botton of the human heart, and as if that prayer might have floated in solemn silence through the universe. The idea of St.John came into mind, 'of one crying in the wilderness, who had his loins girt about, and whose food was locusts and wild honey.' The preacher then launched into his subject, like an eagle dallying with the wind.... I could not have been more delighted if I had heard the music of the spheres. Poetry and Philosophy had met together. Truth and Genius had embraced, under the eye and with the sanction of Religion. This was even beyond my hopes. I returned home well satisfied.'
What a pleasure it must have been for all those who, at one time or another, heard STC recite The Mariner.
Lorrie
August 16, 2000 - 07:02 am
Jonathan: Wow! That was an awesome post! I can see you'r going to be a real asset to our crew. It will be nice to have a shipmate who can quote some of STC's better verses in those deep, mellifluous tones!
Lorrie
Ella Gibbons
August 16, 2000 - 08:01 am
Is Jonathan our stowaway? I'm somewhat fearful if tis the case,he's in the crow's nest and he sees a d.... iceberg ahead and doesn't give any directions a'tall? Is the iceberg to the port or starboard or straight ahead?
Hey, Cap'n - perhaps you need to get him down, sober him up a bit and get someone there who isn't so excitable. I did enjoy his recitation of Coleridge's sermon though.
Ginny
August 16, 2000 - 08:29 am
HO HOOOOOOOOOOO!!! HO HO HO!!!!!!!!!! Well shiver me timbers and all that, hooooo boy!
Dadgum have we got a crew here or not, the old Cap'n (who of course was CHOSEN as Captain for all the wordly knowledge she possesses) actually feels the pricking of a moist eye here.
Get OUTTA here, check it out: Maryal talking about the definition of "Ancient," casually throwing in (for those sailors playing cards down in the hold who might have missed it) the Romance Poets and the characteristics of the Romance Movement in one casual breath and here we have ol Cannon Jonathan (and I WILL refrain myself from the other spelling of cannon but just realize the Cap'n knows a play on words when she sees one) with Coleridge's sermon: both of those worthy things as well as Barb's time line shall fly immejiately to the heading where they shall lodge as soon as somebody makes a nice HTML page of them here in the Books!
Well now, the table is full of good things to eat, we may as well eat hearty, me buckos, you never know about sea voyages!
Ella: Yes indeed, we have another male Stowaway and he's no slight fellow either. Perhaps he may pop out, perhaps he may run the decks when it's dark. Perhaps he may throw dice for the crew, perhaps he is lurking 5 fathoms (how long IS a fathom?) deep under the ship, but he IS there, trust the ol Cap'n on this one.
I came here first today and I'm so glad I did!
Cap'n Bligh II
Barbara St. Aubrey
August 16, 2000 - 08:41 am
Oh to have the literacy to write in a diary such beauty that we would all sigh some 200 years later at the wording alone. Thanks for sharing that Jonathan - are you related to the famous sea gull of name? -
That ship sure has lots of symbolism. Is a ship the symbol for Hope or is it Faith within the Christian community? I do know it is symbolic for salvation and safty from temptation as well as the cradle or womb, the protector on the sea of life; crossing the waters of death or waters of creation or crossing from this world to the next. The earth is a boat floating on primordial waters. The mast and spars being a cross and symbolic of the Tree of LIfe.
Deems
August 16, 2000 - 09:47 am
The account of Coleridge and his reading of the scripture is most interesting. But I point out that Coleridge was not preaching. He was reading from the lectern whatever the daily reading from Scripture was. Then the preacher apparently preached upon part of the scripture that was read.
From all accounts of Coleridge, he was a joy to listen to. Several people who knew him said that his conversation was even better than his writing and that he threw idea after idea out there. Apparently he was extremely stimulating. Since writers have to have much solitary time and Coleridge loved company and conversation, one can only imagine what he might have written had he not been so convivial.
In Jonathan's quote above, Truth is embodied in the Preacher and Genius in the Poet. I cannot imagine Coleridge as a Preacher. He would have been miserable.
Maryal
Jonathan
August 16, 2000 - 09:03 pm
Am I missing all the action up here? Well,then; I'll look around. And write another post.
It augurs well for the voyage that our Captain is so pleased with her crew. That she is so generous and even-handed in her distribution of accolades. As for me, I'm proud as can be, to see my name up there on the handsome roster. If I can contribute anything, I hope it will be my enthusiasm for a remarkable piece of poetry, and its poet; and my curiosity about how the rest of you, seasoned travellers that you are, feel and think about it.
Now, for heaven's sake, tell me: am I a canon or a cannon? Can't I just be the guy who rings the little vesper bell? It gets a bit lonely up here, except for the sea gull. Barbara, the suggestions in your post are worth exploring. I would like to hear more from you.
Barbara St. Aubrey
August 16, 2000 - 10:33 pm
Oh you will Jonathan and some will shake their head saying wryly, oh yes you will-- I'm the one that brings all this research to what ever I read and I usually turn to my copy of An Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Traditional Symbols by J C Cooper to see the story in it's syumbolic form. I've been reading with Seniornet for just about two years now, truly interested in finding out what is the point the author is trying to make and than silently asking 'so what'-- what is the significance of the line, chapter, the plot, characterizations. Why that setting or that discribed object, what is the point.
And than, to me, this is the exciting part-- we bring to this discussion such a variety of life experiences that the discussion often takes on a life of it's own as we share and show what a passage or word could mean because of our individual experiences. With and because of what I've learned, often because of other's posts, I connect what I've learned with what I feel and than apply a course of action or, an idea expresses for me a larger or sometimes more personal picture of my humanity.
All that Jonathan but for now, I'm just cooling my heels and tapping my fingers till the opening bell on September 1. We've got some great folks aboard that have brought so much to previous discussions. This will be quite a ride.
Malryn (Mal)
August 16, 2000 - 11:54 pm
Here's a man of some intellect, methinks. Despite bidding adieu to the albatross some forty odd years ago, perhaps I'll have to join this discussion after all; not as crew member, though. Observer of human foibles, failings and phantasmagoria, instead.
Ginny
August 17, 2000 - 05:57 am
Welcome, Mal, the WaterSprite!
On a voyage if you're not ON ship you're off, right? So you can have your choice of phantasmagorical (sp) beings which float around the ship. Or under it.
Speaking of that, Ginger, why do you say you can only swim underwater?
Ah, well a day! Intellect, thou sayest? Yes, indeedy! There is enough intellect going up the gangplank for this trip to make the ship glow in the dark!
Let's see if it does glow, the pre embarkation certainly does, what a pleasure.
Wonderful words, Barb, I just love that!
Thankee, Canon/Cannon (CC) Jonathan, no amount of oil will grease thy descent from the Crow's Nest, however! hahahahaa Swings a bit, does it?
Thanks for that, also, Maryal, we have a team of people working to get up everybody's additions to the table in HTML form, I think there are about 6 HTML pages as clickables being prepared. These can serve as reference to the background of the piece. Betty, we're including yours, too, on what it was like to sail in 1800.
We can add to these so that at tne end, if somebody comes in late he can have, hopefully, tons of great information just at the click of a finger!
I'm getting the impression of a ship pulling and tugging at the ropes which hold her to the dock, swaying and tacking with no sails up, pulling against the ropes. Which ship was it in history which crashed upon launching?
I seem to remember the Titanic itself nearly crushed another ship as it was launched too. The Captain of the Titanic is on my mind lately for some reason.
On September 1 I hope you will all have read Part I, and be here early on the dock, baggage stowed, for your last (!!??) walk up the gangplank! As you do, sneak a look at the heading here, you will get a shock, I think, a pleasant one and a stunning send off for our voyage!
ginny
GingerWright
August 17, 2000 - 10:46 am
Ginny, I just can't stay on top of the water so swim under water and come up (just my head ) to breathe. Can't float either it seems I should be able to with all this blubbler.
GingerWright
August 17, 2000 - 10:49 am
Ginny, I just can't stay on top of the water so swim under water and come up (just my head ) to breathe.
betty gregory
August 17, 2000 - 11:34 am
Ginger, well, you have something in common with my son, who at the age of 4, a precocious little braggart, told his daycare male swim teacher (at an unusual summertime combo of daycare/swimming school) that he could, too, swim in the deep end. The swim teacher knew he couldn't because I knew he couldn't--yet, no swimming lessons yet. So, with 2 adults in the deep end, they said, ok, show us (wink, wink), ready to teach a needed lesson to a kid who had no healthy fear of a deep end. He jumped in, came up for air several times on his way across, each time a rasping gasp for air, and climbed out the other side a foot taller in his I'll-show-you pride. When I came to pick him up after work, I was met with you-won't-believe-this smiles from several adults who couldn't wait to let him show me what he'd been doing all afternoon. Over the summer, he did relent and learned the more traditional strokes---which propelled him that much faster under water.
Ella Gibbons
August 17, 2000 - 11:34 am
Just watched the video of the RIME OF THE ANCIENT MARINER! Read by Orson Welles - what a wonderful voice the man had - is he still living? Beautiful illustrations, just gorgeous.
Do we know the city we are sailing from? And does the crew know what happens? Methinks perhaps I'd rather wave from the shore as the Captain and the crew set sail? I'll listen to the Mariner when he returns, he has quite a tale to tell.
Ella Gibbons
August 17, 2000 - 11:37 am
There is another video under Coleridge's name at my library entitled "The Strangest Voyage." I would imagine it is about the RIME, wouldn't you? I think I'll request it also - do you know of it, Ginny?
YiLi Lin
August 17, 2000 - 07:18 pm
Just a thought on our individual experiences and how they shape our discussions- recent (and not so recent- but now regarded) research suggests "we are our experiences" not only in the psychological sense, but this notion of cellular memory and the role memory and intelligence plays in all our cells- not just brain- that we are in a sense a "packaged experience". so in addition to brining our unique selves into the discussion, it is interesting to think of Coleridge as an "experience" who created and wrote the text.
Ginny
August 18, 2000 - 08:43 am
I love that, YiLiLin, and boy WILL this be an experience, it's going to be breathtaking if all this great input keeps on, a merging of experience. At this point I have read so many commentaries I despair of remembering any of them or any of their points so anything anybody has to say is of equal and exciting value here!
Ella, no, I have not heard of that one! Why not try it out and see how it is? We're, (I hope) looking at two copies of the Michael Redgrave which is quite nice for the Colerdige bio, he's got a good voice, too. I think Welles has passed on.
Our Crack HTML Team has gotten up some just fantastic, there are no other words for them, HTML pages with some of the things you all have contributed and you will be amazed, I sure was. These will go up very soon in the heading, be sure to look at all of them, this is the first time we have done a series of HTML pages of information.
One of you, was it YOU, Nellie? mentioned the Riverside edition. I have it here beside me and it packs a whallop in its little pages. Here, for those who have endlessly worried over just exactly what Wordsworth DID contribute to the Rime are Wordsworth's own words on the matter:
Introduction:
In 1797 Coleridge and his friend Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy, much enamored by Coleridge, set "off on a little tour, intending to meet the expenses of their journey by a poem to be composed jointly by the two poets. It is amusing to note that they started on their journey apparently with no engagement, but with full confidence in their ability to write the poem and then to see it for 5 pounds to the editor of the Monthly Magazine. They set out hopefully, but after eight miles the scheme broke down, and Wordsworth's contribution first and last was confined to half a dozen lines, and one or two suggestions." (--Riverside The Vision of Sir Luanfal, Rime of the Ancient Mariner).
The first suggestion to Coleridge appears to have come from a strange dream related to him by a friend, in which appeared a skeleton ship with figures in it. "Much the greatest part of the story," says Wordsworth, "was Mr. Coleridge's invention, but certain parts I suggested; for example, some crime was to be committed which should bring upon the Old Navigator, as Coleridge afterwards delighted to call him, the spectral persecution, as a consequence of that crime, and his own wanderings. I had been reading in Shelvocke's Voyages a day or two before that, while doubling Cape Horn, they frequently saw albatrosses in that latitude, the largest sort of sea-fowl, some extended their wings twelve of thirteen feet. 'Suppose, ' said I, 'you represent him as having killed one of these birds on entering the South Sea, and that the tutelary spirits of these regions take upon them to avenge the crime.'
The incident was thought fit for the purpose and adopted accordingly. I also suggested the navigation of the ship by the dead men, but do not recollect that I had anything more to do with the scheme of the poem. The gloss with which it was subsequently accompanied, was not thought of by either of us at the time, at least not a hint of it was given to me, and I have no doubt it was a gratuitous afterthought. We began the composition together on that, to me, memorable evening. I furnished two or three lines at the beginning of the poem-- in particular:
"And listened like a three years' child:
The mariner had his will.'
These trifling contributions, all but one, which Mr. C. has with unnecessary scrupulosity recorded slipped out of his mind, as well they might. As we endeavored to proceed conjointly (I speak of the same evening), our respective manners proved so widely different, that it would have been quite presumptuous I me to do anything but separate from an undertaking upon which I could only have been a clog."
Isn't THAT something?
Ella Gibbons
August 18, 2000 - 08:45 am
The video I just watched was made in 1977, in part, by a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts and is animated by Larry Jordan, who subtly applies color over the black and white Dore images. Mark Ellinger's original music on two synthesizers captures the sounds of the sea, the silences and provides a delicate, ghostly counterpoint.
I understand the video that is being mailed around is narrated by Michael Redgrave, not Orson Welles. I truly hope it is as beautiful as this one.
Ginny
August 18, 2000 - 08:48 am
Ella, we were posting together, can you copy the Welles? Check out the great Wordsworth quotes above as to who suggested what for the Mariner.
The "gloss" everybody keeps talking about are the little prose paragraphs which help explain the story, and apparently they are a story in themselves.
ginny
Barbara St. Aubrey
August 18, 2000 - 10:11 am
Yes Ginny I had to look up "gloss" to better understand what was being explained. This is a combination of the dictionary and from some site that I totally forgot where or who wrote the paper, that goes into the word "gloss."
gloss:
1A brief expanatory note or translation of a difficult or technical expression usually inserted in the margin or between lines of a text of manuscript.
2 A purposefully misleading interpretation of explanation
3An extensive commentary, often accompanying a test or publication) as if in the hand of some later (but still "antique") hermeneut.
By doing so, as well as through an author's own critical remarks in the Biographia Literaria and elsewhere, he in effect collaborated with readers, critics, and parodists in determining the form in which it would be handed on to the canon and literary history.
The gloss, itself a parody of academic or monkish interpretation, has proven to be a continuous source of hermeneutic (hermeneutic means the science and methodology of interpretation, explanation) questions about the poem and about hermeneutics in general. It is by now a critical commonplace that the gloss offers a kind of enfolded dialectical or ironic perspective on the main text of the ballad, though critical disagreement persists as to how to read the precise tone of the marginal text. For my purposes, it is enough to acknowledge that there are places in the text where the gloss opens up an ironic counter-voice on the main action of the ballad, in effect anticipating the poem's inevitable parodies. This may be discerned ... it is a clearer possibility in stanzas 9-10:
I also read an interesting paper about the literary academia having had such concern about all the literary information and downloading of the Classics on the internet. They have a fear that out of their control the "Cannon" of literature that they have associated over time to certain periods and type may be altered by those of us that do not have their background and education. Hmmmmm If nothing else is helped me understand better when the word "Cannon" was being used in respect to literature.
It apparently is a body of work that the academic community has defined to represent a certain period of writing like the Romantics or Medieval etc. It sounds like the work is grouped by more than the time the book is published but, how important it is to defining other elements in common with books of the period.
Malryn (Mal)
August 18, 2000 - 04:46 pm
I'm a pretty much mixed up and confused Sprite in the Water. Is this what you mean?
"canon (k�n�en) noun Abbr. can.
"The works of a writer that have been accepted as authentic: the entire Sherlock Holmes canon.
"The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English Language, Third Edition copyright � 1992 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Electronic version licensed from INSO Corporation. All rights reserved."
Deems
August 18, 2000 - 07:31 pm
Canon---the word goes back to the formation of the Bible, both old and new testaments. The books that we know in each are part of the canon--or they are canonical--books that did not make it into the old testament are in the Apocrypha, recognized by Catholics but not by Protestants. The New Testament contains 4 canonical gospels. There were many others that for one reason or another did not make it in. No one knows exactly who did the selecting though most likely it was done by committee.
The "canon" in literature is the books that are considered classics, or must-reads for an educated person. Until fairly recently most books in the canon were by dead white males. More recently women and minorities have achieved canonical status, at least for a while. Unlike the biblican canon, the literary canon is not forever fixed.
Maryal
Deems
August 18, 2000 - 07:52 pm
In 1798, Wordsworth and Coleridge published Lyrical Ballads, with far the majority of poems contributed by Wordsworth. Coleridge's explanation of the division of labor is in his Biographia Literaria which is a wonderful book with some fine discussion of poetry and some excellent criticism of Wordsworth. Here is a little of what Coleridge has to say:
The thought suggested itself (to which of us I do not recollect) that a series of poems might be composed of two sorts. In the one, the incidents and agents were to be, in part at least, supernatural; and the excellence aimed at was to consist in the interesting of the affections by the dramatic truth of such emotions, as would naturally accompany such situations, supposing them real. . . .for the second class, subjects were to be chosen from ordinary life; the characters and incidents were to be such, as will be found in every village and its vicinity, where there is a meditative and feeling mind to seek after them, or to notice them, when they present themselves.
In this idea originated the plan of the "Lyrical Ballads"; in which it was agreed, that my endeavours should be directed to persons and characters supernatural, or at least romantic. . . . Mr. Wordworth, on the other hand, was to propose to himself as his object, to give the charm of novelty to things of every day. . . .
With this view I wrote "The Ancient Mariner," and was preparing among other poems, "The Dark Ladie," and the "Christabel," in which I should have more nearly realized my ideal, than I had done in my first attempt. But Mr Wordsworth's industry had proved so much more successful, and the number of his poems so much greater, that my composition, instead of forming a balance, appeared rather an interpolation of heterogeneous matter. Biographia Literaria, Chap. XIV
Malryn (Mal)
August 18, 2000 - 09:17 pm
Yea, Maryal, you are exactly right, but wherein cometh "cannon"?
Mal
Jonathan
August 18, 2000 - 09:54 pm
I'm beginning to get the drift of this whole business. Just where we're heading. They're all coming off their pilgrimage to Canterbury. It could not have been the spiritual adventure they wished for. It's the Mariner's Dark Night of the Soul they long for. All this talk of canons, cannons, and more canons! Could it be!? Is it canonization for all, in the end? The plot thickens. Why couldn't they have put a seat belt into this thing? Imminent ditching is a constant. SAINTS! Protect me!
Malryn (Mal)
August 18, 2000 - 10:27 pm
Never having been to Canterbury, I wouldn't know, but I did find some interesting things tonight about the fact that Coleridge and Wordsworth watched a Leonid meteor shower at about the time they were talking about this piece. Also read that Coleridge was pretty involved with the reading of horror stories then, too.
Barbara St. Aubrey
August 18, 2000 - 11:47 pm
Maryal and Malryn, who desides what literary work is included in a Canon? I think y'all are saying each author has a Canon of work. The paper I read seemed to be saying also that the different periods or, whatever they are called, have a Canon of work ascribed. Is there a measure that determines what work is included by either an author or books representing a certain period? Is all the published work of an author considered his Canon of work? The woman writers that are now included-- how did that come about? Was it because of the many collage level classes in woman's lit.? Is this Canon determined because someone has written a paper that was given someplace? Or, is there a committee that gathers to develop the list? Does the entire English speaking community accept the same list of books in a Canon?
I had never heard of the sections of the Bible being called a Canon-- interesting-- I only knew about Canon Law. As to what is in and what is out, I was tought that all happened sometime in the 4th century. I need to find the name of the Pope instigated gathering because I forgot. Tut tut Father Albert would not like my not remember his third year Church History class.
betty gregory
August 19, 2000 - 03:15 am
Malryn, as to the other cannon,
BOOM
August 19, 2000 - 04:56 am
Betty, boom backatacha!
Frankly, I don't think canons or cannons have anything to do with analysis of the rime. Leonid meteor showers appear to have had an influence, and so do Coleridge's penchant for horror stories and his sense of isolation.
Mal
Deems
August 19, 2000 - 09:59 am
Malryn---I am with you. The whole discussion of what the canon is becomes very confusing, especially in this venue.
One of the main disputes in the literature field at present is what is IN the canon, those works that are expected to be most worth reading, and what is OUT. No one agrees on this; there are different camps. At present we seem to be moving back to admitting that some works are more important to teach than others.
As for the Bible, the books that are "canonical" are all those that wound up in the Bible.
canon 3 [Middle English, from Late Latin, from Latin, standard] a : an authoritative list of books accepted as Holy Scripture b : the authentic works of a writer c : a sanctioned or accepted group or body of related works <the canon of great literature>(Merriam Webster)
And then there's the church canon and the go boom canon. It's a word that covers much territory.
Maryal
August 19, 2000 - 10:05 am
O Wedding-Guest ! this soul hath been Alone on a wide wide sea ...
and that's why i'd love to peek in on this discussion. just reread the poem for the first time since ninth or tenth grade and sat in awe in front of my computer screen...at what a lifetime can bring to one's readings.
i am still in the midst of house guests...just returned from vienna...and will take off again in september...but will try to pop in. wish we could do it now. sob...as someone says here.
i will just say that i saw several albatross (albatrosses?) when we sailed to new zealand. and have been stuck in the doldrums for eight days and nights...can't imagine anything scarier than seeing a "painted ship on a painted ocean" coming toward you when there is no wind or tide to bring it. crikey.
if there is no one to use the sextant i will volunteer to shoot the sun at noon every few days...anyone have an almanac and a stopwatch?
robert b. iadeluca
August 19, 2000 - 10:19 am
WHAT A LIFETIME CAN BRING TO ONE'S READINGS.
Truly said, Fairwinds. I wish I had the time now to read so much of what I read in my school and earlier years and to understand so much more. Remember George Bernard Shaw? "Youth is a wonderful thing; it's a shame it's wasted on the young."
Looking forward to seeing you in "Democracy in America."
Robby
Malryn (Mal)
August 19, 2000 - 11:45 am
Fairwinds, I just read in another discussion where the piano played at the concert in Vienna was a Bosendorfer. What a thrill! I have never played one, but have a friend who owns one far away in Vermont. What this has to do with albatrosses, I do not know, except for this. If I had the wherewithal, payments for a Bosendorfer would be one sweet albatross to carry around.
Mal
August 19, 2000 - 12:45 pm
Fiarwinds---do drop in when you can. It is always good to hear from you.
fairwinds
August 19, 2000 - 01:47 pm
thanks, maryal.
malryn...thanks for the correction on albatrosses. i usually believe a smithie. you must be a good pianist. isn't it interesting how relative all of our wishes are. you'd like the albatross of payments for a bosendorfer. my albatross is that i made the mistake of giving up the piano. would love to be able to play chopin on any old steinway or even a second hand yamaha. my friend who gave the concert in vienna just turned seventeen. she and her best friend jabber all the time and look at boys. since they will be staying with me three more weeks, we have decided to trade off cooking days. and i am teaching them to cook. they have both read the rime of the ancient mariner so i'm trying to get them to give me some special scoop.
hi robby...back to "democracy in america".
betty gregory
August 19, 2000 - 05:23 pm
Maryal, thought you'd adopted a southern accent there for a minute. (Fiarwinds)
Deems
August 19, 2000 - 05:27 pm
Betty--Heh heh. My mother was from North Carolina.
Ginny
August 20, 2000 - 08:44 am
Sextant Operator Fairwinds!!! Welcome, welcome!
You all may not know it, but our Fairwinds is a REAL sailor and knows enough to know we need a sextant operator, for sure.
Pat W, kindly pipe aboard this latest Crew Member. What is a Sextant Operator called, Fairwinds? Properly, that is. Don't you DARE take off in September!
Great posts, all, on the canonization (boy that Crow's Nest is really going to swing, Canon Jonathan, you are a live one, forsooks!) I am really really really (am I actually making a point here) looking forward to this voyage.
Thank you, Maryal, for that explanation, and the wonderful stuff on the GLOSS, Barb!
Look up, Mariners! Look up in the heading. What do you see? Click on the Reader's links! Are they not FINE?
Jane and her crack Books HTML Team did those links, they are unique and very fine. Thank you Pat W, Coxwain, for putting them up there. What is a Coxswain, Fairwinds? Does that make you a Sexwain?
Oh boy what a ship, what a crew, still boarding, gangplank still down, time for some potato salad, no?
Cap'n Courageous
August 20, 2000 - 09:03 am
Ginny:
August 20, 2000 - 09:22 am
Ginny Readers links won't click for me. Boo Hoo.
fairwinds
August 20, 2000 - 10:13 am
ginny et al... "A coxswain is an obnoxious, sadistic twerp with Napolean complex that sits in the stern of the boat." that's a ROW boat. our ship is a SAILING ship. i can't tell you what an official name is for one who operates the sextant...and i will admit here and now that i hate math and always left the noontime job of balancing on the boom with one arm up to my sailing companion...while i counted the seconds out loud on a watch.
Nellie Vrolyk
August 20, 2000 - 12:45 pm
This old swabbie has her buckets, mops, and scrubbing brushes ready for keeping that deck shiny and clean. There was also some kind of stone used to polish the deck but I can't come up with the name of it. Anyone know?
I'm ready for the September first sailing of the "?" does our ship have a name? How about The Coleridge?
robert b. iadeluca
August 20, 2000 - 12:47 pm
Nellie:
Deems
August 20, 2000 - 12:49 pm
fairwinds---You forgot that the coxswain is usually very small so as not to add too much weight to the boat. And he/she calls the time for the rowing. He himself does not row.
Fortunately I know nothing about sextants except what they look like so my abysmal math skills will not be obvious to all.
Ginny---Have you been forsook? Oh dear, oh my. What can I do to help? Do you mean forsooth? Robby is also curious.
Someone more clever than I am needs to get a link up here to a good sea shanty. Then we can all dance the sailor's hornpipe whatever that is.
Maryal
FaithP
August 20, 2000 - 02:38 pm
forsook, v;tr ,has the same meaning as forsake. forsooth,adv : in truth, indeed.I have a new additiont to my Windows 98 and it is called Guru and what it does is if I am stuck on a word on a web page I just put my cursor on it then r=click and my menu has guru on it i click on that and a little window pops open with the word and a dictionary meaning. It wont find some archaic words of course but it sure is a fast way to correct my spelling when I am posting a message in Senior Net. I got it as a free down load from ZDNet downloads. Faith
Barbara St. Aubrey
August 20, 2000 - 03:12 pm
Nathaniel Bowditch of Salem, born in 1773, self schooled wrote The American Practical Navigator still used by sailors although computers are replacing much of the work calculating ship paths.
The sexton measures the distance between the sun and the horizon, is usually completed at the same time every day. That distance observed and measured between the sun and the horizon is ploted to find the latitude. The moon is shot and the longitude can be found when the moon crosses a star since the almanac tells the exact position each day of the stars and the moon. All longitudes are measured from the London Meridian.
Usually one of the Mates carries out this task, and Bowditch first carried out the task as a second Mate Clerk. That was my most favorite book when I was in the seventh and eighth grade. The Life of Nathaniel Bowditch
How Celestial Navigation Works
Interesting comparing these two men, Colridge lost his father at age 9 and Bowditch, because of the death of his mother and his father's inability to earn adequate income, he was apprenticed to a ship chandler at age 12. He educated himself using the Bible to aid in traslation he learned Latin and French as well as filling notebooks with everything he learned about ships and the sea, mathematics and astronomy. He wanted to learn Latin in order to read Newton's Principia.
robert b. iadeluca
August 20, 2000 - 03:43 pm
I'm sure glad the Cabin Boy does not have to know mathematics.
Robby
Lorrie
August 20, 2000 - 03:49 pm
Ginny. Those links that you put in of offerings made by some of us posters are great!!
Everyone, tune in above and check out some of the pithy sayings and poetry contributed by your fellow shipmates!!
Lorrie
Deems
August 20, 2000 - 06:58 pm
FaithP----That sounds like a really cool thing to have. Just click on the word and you get a definition. Neat.
Robby---I need a down comforter for my rack.
fairwinds
August 20, 2000 - 09:43 pm
barbara...good information on celestial navigation. that's about as simple as it gets. however, let's not confuse the instrument for navigating, the sextant, with a sexton...a church custodian sometimes in charge of bell ringing and digging.
maryal...i thought the reference to a napoleon complex in the definition of coxswain indicated he or she is a small person.
robert b. iadeluca
August 20, 2000 - 10:08 pm
Maryal: Well, if we have a flock of sheep on board, maybe one of the ship's crew can make you a comforter.
Incidentally, what are we eating while on board? And is there a ship's carpenter for taking care of repairs? How about a ship's doctor? Does anyone get the feeling we are not that prepared to weigh anchor?
Robby
betty gregory
August 21, 2000 - 03:43 am
Well, I've rushed home to get my doctoring kit. Locked box of hundreds of tincture of opium. Only the Cap'n knows where I keep the extra key. Many hundreds of doses of physic, I know, I know, tastes like rotten eggs, but when you're sick, you have to take it. Stacks of bandages and twine. My gardening saw has rusted, I see. Does anyone have a good sharp saw that will cut through bone? I'll need a good strong assistant.
Doc
Deems
August 21, 2000 - 05:28 am
Robby-------DOWN not wool. Pay attention. I will need geese. Perhaps I can shoot some down with my crossbow.
Betty---I will be your assitant to administer the doses of physic when necessary. (have to find some way to get close to that opium!)
fairwinds--of course you are right about the Napoleon complex. Short, small but dreams of grandeur.
Lorrie
August 21, 2000 - 05:48 am
Tut, tut! As the ship's cook, I tell you now that you need have no fear about the galley's menu. Our first night out we will be having chicken cordon bleu, a fresh garden salad, wild rice, and a creme brulee for dessert. I don't know who is in charge of the wines. The future menus will depend on what stores we find at various ports along the way.
Also, there's an ample supply of potato salad in case.
Ship's cook Lorrie
Malryn (Mal)
August 21, 2000 - 06:14 am
Eat well, me hearties. It won't be long before you're a ghastly crew with nary an appetite among you. Leave some in the larder, though, because our ship might meet up with the hungry crew of the Flying Dutchman. Who knows?
robert b. iadeluca
August 21, 2000 - 07:47 am
Maryal: Perhaps if, with your crossbow, you can shoot down just one albatross, that will give you enough down for your comforter.
And of course you all know the answer to the question: "How do you get down off an elephant?"
Robby
August 21, 2000 - 10:34 am
Scotch tape?
August 21, 2000 - 10:39 am
AHA!!
Yeoman Faith is hereby promoted to Admiral of the Ocean Seas, First Class!
Avast there!
Jeepers, do you love it? Even when the Cap'n makes up a word (which, of course, Dear Swabbies, is the Captain's prerogative) the loyal sailor can find it anyway, (or something very like it)! hahahahaaha
I love it!!! hahahahahaaa
Geez, we can tell how many of you have read Mutiny on the Bounty. Every utterance dropping from the Cap'n's lips is LAW on the high seas, me Hearties. hahahaha
Oh potato salad, I knew it! But that menu sounds pretty good to me (forsooks)! HAHAHAHAHAHA Oh I love it, I have no earthly idea what I intended by that, but it's cute.
Kinda reminds you of "suaveaire," doesn't it?
Anyway, now you have both a Captain and an Admiral on board, so we ought to get there in one piece, anyway.
Well then, on September 1 we throw off the ropes and we set out from land, hopefully without striking other vessels in our path. (Did you see where the QEII scraped a Japanese ship who then said they were honored?) I love that, too.
There goes another Captain, the QEII seems to run thru them. But I digress and don't get any ideas, either, Crew~!
So it's 9 days and counting till we launch. When we do launch a box will appear by magic (by Pat Westerdale, actually) in the heading with some provocative, hopefully, topics for you to ponder and reflect on, which center on Part I, which, hopefully, we all will have read by that time.
I hope we can have a good old chat over any of those points or any others you would like to raise, there is a LOT in Part I to notice, discuss, and learn about.
Cap'n Malaprop
Deems
August 21, 2000 - 03:35 pm
Lorrie---Forget about the ship and get yourself over to Maryland. I will pay you to cook such fine meals. Wow. I'll do the wine.
Capn Ginny, sir----Words cannot mean exactly what you want them to mean even if you ARE the captain. We are about to enter an adventure with poesy and you are planning to make up words???? O, dear. Throwing caution to the winds, say what?
Robby---one gets down from an elephant very slowly and carefully. I think I would slide down the trunk or wait for a ladder.
Maryal the Maritimer
robert b. iadeluca
August 21, 2000 - 06:07 pm
During the long hours on a ship's voyage one can wile away the time asking riddles. Like that old high school one:--
"What is the difference between a duck?"
Robby
YiLi Lin
August 21, 2000 - 07:23 pm
Well you guys seem to have all the senior positions of responsibility accounted for- but I'd like to apply for one or more positions: ---I'd like to be the guy who hangs out in the crows nest and yells land ho (if there is land to ho- otherwise I'll keep reading)- oh an if I get that job can you send me up a sandwich. or ---Can I be the guy who ladles the rum (with a squeeze of lemon or lime - no scurvy on this vessel)- I figure rum is the closest we'll get to naturopathic remedies on board. Plus the way I figure it- come the mutiny- or who gets in the lifeboat when we hit foulwinds (no pun intended fairwinds
)- there's gotta be a seat for the rum distributor and his barrel. Actually I really want this job come to think of it- no land to ho you guys'll leave me up there with the crows.
FaithP
August 21, 2000 - 07:24 pm
An Admiral can die at sea just as easily or perhaps more easily than a seaman, Aye. May the wind always be at your back Adm. FP
Deems
August 21, 2000 - 08:09 pm
Faith----er, pssst, you outrank the captain. keep that in mind in case we get in trouble. keep a weather eye out. methinks the captain is a bit, shall we say, dithered?
FaithP
August 21, 2000 - 08:18 pm
Maryal If not forsook. HaHa I will keep eyes to the wind then.I put my Guru on your dithered and he came up with a noun dither, meaning agitated and a vb. tr. to be all at sea Ha Ha Ha Ha Ha shall I continue LOLROF. Admiral
Malryn (Mal)
August 21, 2000 - 08:19 pm
Forsook, Maryal! I love that word "dithered"!
FaithP
August 21, 2000 - 08:21 pm
Malryn are you in the water or aboard. Faith
Deems
August 21, 2000 - 08:24 pm
Admiral FP----Get a grip. We are counting on you.
Malryn---Thank you kindly. It jumped into my mind and it turns out to be a fine word to describe our Cap'n.
Malryn (Mal)
August 21, 2000 - 08:47 pm
Faith, at the moment I'm flying in the air casing the joint. Water sprites only spend part of the time in the water, you know. In a moment I'm going to dance on your Admiral head, so avast and ahoy, watch out below!
betty gregory
August 22, 2000 - 05:07 am
Oh, thank god we've got a visiting Admiral aboard. I share your concerns about our dithered, forsaken Cap'n. Just nod to me, if this gets any worse. My assistant Maryal and I will assist the Cap'n down to sick bay. Some blood letting may bring our sir around. Doc
Ginny
August 22, 2000 - 06:16 am
Well I'm going to tell you all one thing, right now! (Don't you love it when somebody says they're going to tell you one thing and they then proceed to tell you a hundred things?) hahahaah
Anyway, it's plain that the office of Plank Patrol, which is yet unfilled, YiLiLin, is going to get plenty of service here as we have a Mutiny before we even cast OFF, for Pete's sake! I think several of our Ancients will be trodding the board before this is over and have my eye on that Maryal as we speak. Hmpf!
Yes, you can be Yeoman Rum Dipper, YiLiLin!
That's tough, me Hearties, the Cap'n is up to the task and we all know that in case of foul weather (foulwinds, love it, everybody HIDE when Fairwinds sees it) the Admiral goes down with the ship while the Cap'n is all at sea (love that too) in the lifeboat. THE lifeboat? THE.
YiLiLin, the Crow's Nest would get awfully full with you AND Jonathan, not that I would ever accuse you of any hanky panky or anything but let's keep it clean here and let him hang there swinging. I note (slowly slowly in the wind hahahaha) that on his HTML page above there's an excellent illustration of his doing just that.
Kindly note the possessive in front of the gerund. Don't MESS with the Cap'n, Kiddies, the Cap'n is in full charge. As Foul....er...Fairwinds (why do you think she HAS that name?) will tell you.
Now off to the OED for an instructive look at kirk!
Cap'n Crunch
August 22, 2000 - 06:41 am
Ginny:
Ginny
August 22, 2000 - 07:23 am
Cabin Boy Robby, (or Little Sir Echo as the case may be, hahahaha!!! ) yes, the Plank Patrol may be something we all may be familiar with before this is over.
Here's what my OED (abridged) says about "kirk"
Kirk: "Middle English (Northern from Church; cf. Old Norse kirkja). The Northern English and Scottish form of CHURCH, in all its senses. b. In official use, the name 'Kirk of Scotland' gave place to 'Church of Scotland' at the date of the Westminster Assembly. But (c) in subsequent English usage, 'kirk' often=the Church of Scotland as distinct from the Church of England, or from the Episcopal Church in Scotland. So Free Kirk stands for the Free Church of Scotland. 1674."
I think that's sort of interesting, myself.
Cap'n
August 22, 2000 - 07:37 am
Will I be assigned the role of the Dramamine Distributor? How 'bout "barf bailer?"
robert b. iadeluca
August 22, 2000 - 07:38 am
I looked up Kirk and it said "Captain of the Enterprise."
Robby
betty gregory
August 22, 2000 - 07:41 am
ON THE OTHER HAND....the Cap'n is the Cap'n. (And has my spare key, etc., etc.) I just got the memo that explained we are to hold our tongues when foreign utterances fly out of her mouth. The King's English notwithstanding, this is her ship.
Secret meeting tonight in the forward most sleeping chamber, just after the midnight shift change. No lanterns. Doc
patwest
August 22, 2000 - 09:57 am
Cap'n Ma'am ... Waiting for my asignment.
Another question... Is Malryn to be signed on even though she is still "flying in the air casing the joint."?
Malryn (Mal)
August 22, 2000 - 10:23 am
I'd better be, Pat! Wouldn't miss this here trip for anything! Water sprites are like a Greek chorus you know. They stand a little apart and add their two cents' worth from time to time. No seafarin' journey is ever made without a dripping wet consultant!
Mal
August 22, 2000 - 11:39 am
Hey, Cap'n! Would you say that this motley crew is really quite "au courant?'
Lorrie
August 22, 2000 - 12:13 pm
Ha hahahah " A dripping wet consultant." Now that is funny, Mal!
Deems
August 22, 2000 - 12:45 pm
Betty----I will gather flesh-water leeches on my way home from kirk tonight. Hehehehehe.
Malryn (Mal)
August 22, 2000 - 01:15 pm
My favorite breakfast. Flesh-water leeches. Heat up the frying pan, Lorrie!
betty gregory
August 22, 2000 - 01:27 pm
Oh, I forgot to say, the secret meeting tonight is for all those who support our Cap'n and want to be prepared for whatever rough seas might be ahead.
Excellent, Maryal. My supply of leeches was running low. Now what about a sharpened saw? Doc
fairwinds
August 22, 2000 - 01:33 pm
hey, can't i even correct the typo of sexton to sextant without some of you getting huffy? you can call me foulwinds but i warn you. there are ways of getting even on a boat. vee haf owa vays.
Ginny
August 22, 2000 - 01:48 pm
You tell em, Foulwinds! hahahahaa
Of all of us here, you know the deep seas best.
Fish food coming up! Haul out them cement booties!
Cap'n Queeg
FaithP
August 22, 2000 - 02:32 pm
Ahoy this ship, Admiral Fop coming aboard Stand by. Hey there load master take these crates and barrels to my cabin. And the large seachest bring along with me as I never let it out of my sight unless locked up. Here me harties have a cup of rum on the Admiral. And thanks for your backs. Now if I can find the Doc who is to accompany this voyage I will show the sawbones a thing or two for here in me chest is as fine a set of surgical tools as can be produced in Germany the hearland of good steel in 1800's. And I have a good supply of rum and opium should there be need. This Admiral being now aboard you are officially the Flag Ship. look it up. FoP
betty gregory
August 22, 2000 - 03:07 pm
The Admiral tells us to look it up, I guess we look it up.
Deems
August 22, 2000 - 03:37 pm
Admiral Fop, SIR---Any ship with an ADMIRAL aboard is a flag ship, SIR!!!
YiLi Lin
August 22, 2000 - 04:50 pm
Yoeman Rum Dipper reporting in sir- but beggin your pardin, er capn- howzbout (burp- oops) Yoe'person' Rum Dipper? or is it YO- person! Anyway methinks that somewhere along on this voyage we'll wish for a bit of political correctness.
And so I recant my petition for the nest and graciously will walk my watch, ladle firm girth'd about me middle. The rum now there's the rub- won't tell a soul where the sweet elixir is stored. For a small "donation" I'll make that last plankwalk - one smal step for...oops wrong century!
GingerWright
August 22, 2000 - 05:10 pm
Look up, I am doing so, and I see the clouds. What a group of ship mates we have here.
Yoeman Will have some of that Rum, yee have had enough. Burp oops.
patwest
August 22, 2000 - 06:32 pm
Cap'n Ginny... I am running low on space to list the roster.
Ginny
August 22, 2000 - 06:36 pm
Ye'll have to move some of yon Sailors under the ship, O Helmsman! Or write them over it?
Yon Cap'n always has an answer!
Admiral FOP, hath brought your own stewards or art relying on the Cap'n's own crew?
Cap'n Courageous
betty gregory
August 22, 2000 - 07:18 pm
Psst, Cap'n. I just got my book, book I say---full of contemporary criticism essays on the Rime and bibliographies out the waazoo. Looks like everybody and their dog have had something to say about this literary poem. I think I'm in over my head, excuse the expression, and not a very good expression out on all that water. Maybe I should just stick to blood-letting and trying to the keep Admiral Fop out'a my sick bay. Fine German surgical instruments, for crying in the bucket.
FaithP
August 22, 2000 - 07:27 pm
Cap'n , Admiral Fop has 2 men and a little boy coming aboard imminently as his personal crew. They will survive in the side room of the Quarters you assigned to me, the Admiral.We will take meals in my quarters. But Please Cap'n, tell your crew to keep that Dum Ripper or what ever his name is away from my quarters.Aye, there is a not so benign look to him. Not that any of this motley crew (I love the definitions of motley)be anything other than incongruous.Aha I think there is more than one kind of shroud aboard this boat.
betty gregory
August 22, 2000 - 07:38 pm
There are two MEN staying with the her royalness, the Admiral? Oh, my, oh, my, oh, my.
Excuse me, Cap'n, permission requested to go ashore to find two male physician's assistants.
FaithP
August 22, 2000 - 07:44 pm
Ay spye the Doc ..did she get the message that the Admiral has a nice set of surgical tools..I am worth being nice too Doc. Adm.Fop
Malryn (Mal)
August 22, 2000 - 07:45 pm
With all this ado on board I am taking out my mouth organ and playing a little chanty to calm everybody down. Give 'em their mugs and dole out the allotted pint, Rum Dipper. Brew's up, laddies. The party's begun.
robert b. iadeluca
August 22, 2000 - 07:46 pm
Does anyone get the feeling that this ship is beginning to sink?
Robby
Jonathan
August 22, 2000 - 07:47 pm
There's no turning back. Come right up, YiLi Lin. It will give me a great pleasure (and a break, too) if I can help you with fulfilling a sea-faring wish to occupy this perch with a view. If it's land you will be looking for, ye need go no further. Isn't that a lovely place for a kirk, at the foot of the hill? You must share the nest with Albatross (aka Stowaway), whom you are to release ater we have rounded the Horn (if we ever do). And one more thing. Where did ye leave the rum? Methinks I will want something before I walk the one-way Plank Patrol. Alby and I have become good friends. I promised him a proper burial, as befits one who daily came for vespers. Do what you can. The Service to be used for burial at sea, 'We therefore commit his body...', is to be found on page 401 of The Book of Common Prayer. Thankee.
Jonathan
August 22, 2000 - 09:58 pm
Nautical tidbit:
CHARLEY NOBLE: Many a rookie sailor has been sent to find Charley Noble. Usually after much searching and being unable to find the person named, he will eventually discover that Charley Noble is the galley stove pipe. This is akin to being put on lookout duty for the mail buoy.
DEADEYE WATCH: 4 am to 8 am watch
DEADWOOD: The solid timbers in the bow and stern, just above the keel where the lines narrow down so that separate side timbers will not fit. They are firmly fixed to the keel to add strength.
DEEP SIX: To discard something, specifically to throw it in the water. Water depth is measured in fathoms, six feet to a fathom. The term "deep six" comes from the throwing of the lead to determine water depth and indicates a depth "over six fathoms."
BRASS MONKEY WEATHER - Refers to very cold weather.
FREEZING THE BALLS OFF A BRASS MONKEY - A brass monkey is a brass triangle which is put on the ground and used to keep cannonballs in a neat pile or pyramid beside a gun. When the weather gets very cold the brass triangle contracts more than the iron and causes the cannonballs to roll off, hence the saying.
EARING: A rope used to fasten the top corners of a square sail to its yard.
FURNITURE: The whole moveable equipment of a ship, rigging, sails, spars, anchors, etc.
GARBOARD: The first plank on the outer hull next to the keel.
HORSING IRON: A shipbuilding tool. A caulking iron used when caulking deck seams.
JACK: A sailor or seaman
LARBOARD: The old name for the left hand side of a ship. It was officially changed to 'port' in 1844.
LOGGERHEAD - To be at loggerheads; whalers, when a whale was harpooned, would fasten the line to a timber in the boat called a loggerhead, which would take the strain of the whale's pull. Also, to have a disagreement.
MARLIN SPIKE - A steel rod, tapered to a point at one end, the other usually has a wider head. Used to open up the strands of a rope in order to tuck another strand under. Used in splicing rope. See also Fid.
MARLIN SPIKE SEAMANSHIP - A general term referring to the working of rope, cable, etc. Encompasses tying of knots, bends, lashing and other activities. Sailors, even modern day ones, often take great pride in their marlinspike seamanship. Even on modern missile cruisers, it is not unusual to see a Knot Board, made by a member of the crew, displaying many different kinds of knots, both usefull and decorative.
MOONRAKER: A small light sail set above the sky sail of a square rigged ship.
RATLINE: Any of the small ropes fastened horizontally to the shrouds of a ship and forming a ladder for going aloft
RIGGING: There is, generally, two types of rigging, even on a modern steam ship, standing and running rigging. Standing rigging is that rigging which is fixed in place, such as halyard and stays which support a mast, and are not intended to be easily adjusted or changed. Running rigging is that which is easily adjustable, such a the main sheet, used to adjust the main sail, or the rigging on a ships crane which raises and lowers cargo.
ROPE: There is some confusion over the term rope. Rope is considered to be the bulk source of line. While the rope is stored waiting for use it is properly termed "rope." Once it has been taken from storage and put to use it should then be called line.
SCURVY AT SEA: It is a little known fact that James Cook's report to the Admiralty based on his experiences from his first and second voyages came to delay the introduction of lemon juice (later lime juice) against scurvy in the Royal Navy for twenty years or until 1795.
SHAKE A LEG: There was a time when women went to sea with their sailors on certain ships. The crew and their women slept in hammocks, slung on hooks. When the Bos'n rousted out the crew for a sail change he would yell "Shake a leg". He could then tell by the leg if it was a crewman that had to be rolled out.
SHROUDS: One of a set of ropes, or wire cables stretched from the masthead to a vessel's sides to support the mast
SPRUCE BEER: Vice Admiral Samuel Graves to Philip Stephens Preston Boston Sept. 22. 1775 - the custom of supplying New England Rum to his Majesty's Ships is in my humble opinion highly prejudicial to the State. The use of it destroys the Health and Faculties of the People and debilitates them surprizinzly. The Seamen always continue healthy and active when drinking spruce Beer; but in a few days after New England Rum is served, altough mixed with four or five Waters, the Hospital is crouded with sick, and those on board are pallid, weak, and incapable of doing half their Duty. I appeal to the Captains of the Squadron that this is always the Consequence of their Crews having New England Rum.
SON OF A GUN: The original meaning, when a woman gave birth on (or under) the gun deck, the child was said to be a son of a gun. Usually the father's name was not known, hence calling some one a son of a gun is short of calling him a ba----d.
SQUARE RIGGER: A sailing vessel square-rigged on all of three or more masts, having jibs, staysails, and a spanker on the aftermost mast. THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SQUARE - RIGGED SHIP
Barbara St. Aubrey
August 22, 2000 - 10:06 pm
SEA CHANTEY; Farewell to Grog
Come, messmates, pass the bottle 'round,
Our time is short, remember,
For our grogg must stop, our spirits drop,
On the first day of September.
Chorus:
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Albatross
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What silver-grey/gray metallic element used in high strength steels has the symbol Mo?
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Rime of the Ancient Mariner ~ S.T. Coleridge ~ Par Export
Your Discussion Leader: Ginny Anderson
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Ginny
July 29, 2000 - 07:34 am
Welcome to what I guess is the Preview Edition of our discussion of the Ancient Mariner which will begin on September 1.
There are two new books out on Coleridge's life and I find that there's so much about STC I didn't dream of when I first read and loved this poem in the 9th grade.
Back then, I didn't know or care what Death in Life meant and so cheerfully skipped over it as well as a lot of other things but now , my Friends, now that takes on a whole new meaning.
What a stunning Epitaph he wrote for himself, note the last two lines:
Mercy for praise--to be forgiven for fame--
He ask'd, and hoped through Christ. Do thou the same. .
WHEW! What does THAT say to us in the fame seeking, "Survivor" driven 2000s? Do I sctually see the words "death in life" in that epitaph?
Wowee, that gave me CHILLS!
Join us here September 1, and help us figure it out with our new mantle of years of experience, we may surprise ourselves!
ginny
Barbara St. Aubrey
July 29, 2000 - 09:33 am
Ginny I do not know it this is your vidio or not but yesterday I was able to rent the Rime... put out by Kultur, narrated by Sir Michael Redgrave produced and directed by Raul Da Silva. It is 60 minutes color 1984 with six international film awards. It that the same one??
Ginny
July 29, 2000 - 10:23 am
THAT'S IT, Barb!! How was it? Am putting that description in the heading, is it worth watching?
ginny
Barbara St. Aubrey
July 29, 2000 - 10:55 am
Watched it with my grands-- I thought it was great-- I need to watch it again though in that they were a bit bored with all the explanation or rather the bio. We programed ahead and they liked hearing the poem. They are ages 6 and 9.
Joan Pearson
July 29, 2000 - 06:52 pm
Those are two super kids, Barb! I think I need to be in here for this one, Miss Ginny! Whether we have completed the Canterbury pilgrimage or no...
Death in life is too much to pass by...the very words give me chills - me the one who has been so taken with "life after life" needs to give some thought to this juxtaposition. Big word, eh? Not even sure it fits, but it sure isn't an idea I have thought about much!
See you here in September! Will go work on Canterbury, whipping those little palfreys right along to the end of the path!
Ginny
July 30, 2000 - 09:30 am
Oh fabulous, Ella, Barb, Pat, Ginger, and the one and only Joan P, I agree, there is so much more here than I thought, and I welcome one and all, one thing for sure, we will get a lot out of this one. I'm looking forward to it with great anticipation, have forgotten what I did know about meter and iambs and will need all hands on deck for those sections but the WORDS, the RHYME and the sheer wonder of the reading is just an experience that maybe nobody should miss.
I am looking forward to the video because I have never HEARD it read, either.
The Dover edition has the poem on one side and the exquisite Dore engravings on the other, it's a huge, inexpensive paperback book and I truly recommend it, going to our Bookstore to see what it costs from B&N, I got mine from Dover itself. The entire poem is also available free, see the links, on the internet.
I remember reading the Life in Death and shrugging my shoulders and moving on, I REMEMBER that because I had no idea what he was talking about.
Fabulous, I am so excited! Together we can gain a new understanding about Coleridge and the poem and its concepts. I already know more about it than I did in the 9th grade (I think).
hahahah
MarjV
August 1, 2000 - 08:26 am
I am thinking I will dip my toes in here! Never have read it except for a bit in humanities in university eons ago.
Marj
robert b. iadeluca
August 1, 2000 - 10:13 am
I cheated the bookstore. I entered the Internet, used a Search Engine, and printed out a copy of "Rime of the Ancient Mariner."
I'm ready!!
August 1, 2000 - 03:53 pm
Get outta here, this will be just amazing! Welcome, Fellow Mariners MarjV and Robby!
I think we need to get up a ship's roster, hopefully we'll end up better than THIS ship did!
ginny
August 1, 2000 - 08:41 pm
Ginny---Count me in, of course. I have loved this poem since ninth grade.
annafair
August 2, 2000 - 06:00 am
From a palfrey to the ocean...I am not good at either. I thank God for showers as I get seasick in a bathtub! I printed out the Rime and have had a great time reading it aloud! My fondness for drama was well fed and I recalled it from from my youth. I am glad no one was in the house to hear me in the early morning hours. It would have confirmed their perception that I am a bit batty! It was great fun though......My only problem now to read it with some understanding. I think I always felt C just loved to tell a tale. Of course when I read it telling ghost stories was popular and in my group of friends our imagination ran wild!
Back with you later...it is breakfast time in Virginia ...anna from Virginia
Ginny
August 2, 2000 - 07:48 am
Avast!!
Welcome, Sailors Maryal and Fairanna, what a crew, if I may say so, we are assembling on board here. I spent all morning reading an analysis of the Mariner and who KNEW there was so much, so much , apparently the thing is on three levels, who KNEW? I didn't.
I hope we can get past the first few lines, what a CREW, I'm so excited and I'll tell you one thing, I will understand it this time, just LOOK at those I have to converse about it with!
OH boy, I have not been so excited about anything in a long time.
Weeeooooo, (that's the ship whistle)!!!
Scullery lad
August 2, 2000 - 07:49 am
Maryal, do you want the tape or have you seen it?
ginny
August 2, 2000 - 08:04 am
Weeeeeooooo?? I love it.
August 2, 2000 - 08:35 am
Ginny:
Avast???
Are you underway already? Well, shiver me timbers and pieces of eight!! Or is that the wrong book?
Robby
Deems
August 2, 2000 - 10:06 am
annafair--welcome home! The good thing about reading the poem instead of taking passage on a frigate is that you won't get seasick. And you did very well on the palfrey. Check in with us--we are up to near the end with the 2nd nun's tale this week and a fine History of Grog, provided by Marj.
Ginny--I have not seen the tape and would like to. Actually, my grog is actually appropriate for this journey! Water and rum and sugar and fruit---ah yes. Part of the sailor's daily wages.
Maryal
August 2, 2000 - 10:28 am
Maryal: Your GROG was exactly the right color. I'm sure you chose that carefully!!
Robby
August 2, 2000 - 10:32 am
Robby---Of course I did! Smile.
ALF
August 2, 2000 - 11:19 am
Oh good Lordie: First this group gives me saddle sores and now they wish to "throw me tothe deep." Have I ever related how utterly vertiginous I become aboard the ships? I shall remain for the duration. I ask only that you each remember I get DIZZY (dizzier?) when aboard but I do not --I repeat --I do Not get nauseated. You must feed me please and I'll have some of MaryAl's grog too. I've become quite accustomed to that I fear.
Deems
August 2, 2000 - 12:31 pm
ALF----Oh dear, oh dear. OH my. I know of this excellent twelve-step program for grog addiction!
Joan Pearson
August 2, 2000 - 01:59 pm
Welcome, Alfa-Mariner! Our Ginny is off and I'm doing the honors today! Poor saddle-sore pilgrim...we've offered you the travois and Harry has fueled you with GROG! I don't know what you can possibly be complaining about! (Wait'll you see your bill!) Look! Canterbury's spires in the distance! Plenty of time to lift the anchor here. That's your job!
Our cruise director will invite all the Pilgrims to join in here as soon as we set foot into the Cathedral!
Till then...
patwest
August 2, 2000 - 02:41 pm
And when, Sir, when will the ship be cheered and the harbor cleared, and roster put to the board?
robert b. iadeluca
August 2, 2000 - 03:06 pm
Now let me see if I have this straight -- starboard is the right side of the ship and port is what is brought out as the ship leaves.
Robby
August 2, 2000 - 03:13 pm
Robby---You got it right! Very good. Now, what do you make of Fore and Aft?
robert b. iadeluca
August 2, 2000 - 03:17 pm
Maryal: I prefer not to make anything of them. It's bad enough I have a big bird hanging around my neck.
Robby
August 2, 2000 - 03:19 pm
Robby----You shouldn't have shot it!
betty gregory
August 2, 2000 - 03:45 pm
I'm ready for some figgydowdy, or is there any spotted dog left? Hmmmm, can taste it now.
Do I hear horses down below?
annafair
August 2, 2000 - 06:28 pm
Betty a horse down below? Pray tell me that is not true. An albatross and a dead one as well is truly sufficient. Not that I would eat one but are albatrosses edible?
My Webster is not handy but is an albatross the same as "gooneybird"? I remember my husband telling about "launch day" on Guam ...in flight they are such graceful birds ...on the ground AH ! I feel I qualify as a "gooneybird".
You must watch me as I confess I once fell out of a 4x4 I was trying to enter! I feel if I am not cautious I will be the first person for whom the words "Man Overboard" are said!
Have read it again this afternoon with FEELING and Gestures etc ...now I will follow some of the links and see WHAT I AM READING MEANS!!! anna in Virginia who has found a great hot dog shop with home made potato chips...I am thinking of trying to find a ALBATROSS rental place and have them FLOWN in on this trip!!!
Joan Pearson
August 2, 2000 - 07:15 pm
Alright, one of the Canterbury palfeys is missing! I'm here to search each of your quarters before you turn in for the night! Marj left this with the Canterbury pilgims this afternoon...thought you might enjoy it on deck while I conduct the search for the missing palfrey...
Barbara St. Aubrey
August 2, 2000 - 09:37 pm
Not positive but I think the ALBATROSS is on the endangered list and at one time it was a delicacy.
It is so hard not to start discussing this poem starting now. Ginny on 3 levels?? Is spiritual and supernatural considered the same level?
Maryal are you supplying the wedding guests with your Grog?
robert b. iadeluca
August 3, 2000 - 04:15 am
I read Joan's link on Grog. What gets to me more than the story itself is the fact that someone would take the time to write a "short history on grog" and that we would be listening to a melody entitled "Farewell to Grog." Apparently there's absolutely nothing in this wide world about which something hasn't been written, as insignificant as it may seem on the surface.
Most of you have heard of the recent research "proving" what we already knew and that is -- use of the brain leads to greater physical and mental health and longer life. The way we're going here on SN, those of us who regularly communicate with each other and with items of interest "out there" are in for a long stimulating life!
Robby
August 3, 2000 - 08:24 am
Robby---Grrrrrrrrrrrrrrr!Grog insignificant? I think not.
Barbara-----No grog for the wedding guests. They are partaking of champagne.
~~Maryal
Barbara St. Aubrey
August 3, 2000 - 08:55 am
Ahhh early ninteenth century, just as the widow Clicquot was improving the bubbly. Maryal have you added the importing and distribution of the French bubbly to your enterprise? Cannot determine from the poem if the wedding took place in the Kirk. I wonder what the Calvernist position is on alcohol? Hehehe enjoying all this talk of champagne and Grog we sound more like a bunch of papists.
Ginny found this great site - the review is almost book length BUT when you reach the bottom the home page button leads to many, many articles about the Rime... this particular article is about the Supernatural: the Ancient Mariner and Parody
This is a site that helps to better catch the story. It is the Poem story written in prose. Prose version of The Rime...
Barbara St. Aubrey
August 3, 2000 - 09:44 am
Gosh Ginny could easily get lost for hours in your site An Analysis... found this in the site that I think is wonderful to better understanding what we are reading.
...storms, turbulent seas, torrents, vast caverns, deep, dark woods, fearsome deserts, blasted heaths moved readers emotionally. The sublime is associated with dimensions of greatness and founded on awe and terror.
The chief importance of the picturesque and the sublime: taught people not only to see with their eyes, but also to feel through them. The profound experience of external nature that is basic to romantic poetry (sensory impressions culminating in profound emotional experiences, almost mystical illuminations) was prepared for in this fashion.
The appeal of the distant
Cult of the "Noble Savage": man exists in a state of harmony with nature, uncorrupted by the progressive sophistication of civilization
Exoticism: growing interest in far-off regions and peoples, as a result of growing disillusionment with contemporary civilization
SHIFTS IN CRITICAL THEORY
From imitation to originality (creativeness).
From reason to taste as the basis of judgment.
From the general to the particular in analysis and judgment.
From abstract interpretation to psychological analysis.
Joan Pearson
August 3, 2000 - 09:59 am
Barb,just reading through the fruits of your research makes me miss you all the more in Canterbury! Can you be persuaded to complete the journey with us, she whined.......
Nellie Vrolyk
August 3, 2000 - 10:19 am
I'll quietly sail along with the rest of you too. *smile* I found a copy of the poem in an old Norton's Anthology of Poetry that I picked up in a second hand book sale.
Barbara St. Aubrey
August 3, 2000 - 10:43 am
Ohh Joan yes for you, there is nothing soul soaring about Chaucer's pilgrams though.
Wonder If Robert Lewis Stevenson read The Rime...
Under the wide and starry sky
Dig the grave and let me lie.
Glad did I live and gladly die,
And I laid me down with a will.
This be the verse you grave for me;
"Here he lies where he longed to be,
Home is the sailor, home from sea,
And the hunter home from the hill."
Ginny
August 4, 2000 - 08:34 am
Welcome Sailors, All!
This will be so fun. Barb, I'm not sure the spiritual/ supernatural was even considered as a level. Does that make FOUR?
There's something about this poem which eludes me? It's a quicksilver little tease, it comes, it goes, it comes, it goes, and I hope with the company here assembled and now coming up the gangplank that we can ferret it out!
OK on the video, what a TIME I've had and if Barb had not mentioned renting it I would have been DOOMED! I ordered it from Critic's Choice, they say the manufacturer has quit making it.
OOPS! MAN OVERBOARD!!!!
Then I called the Blockbuster. NOPE!
OOPS
But then the county Library threw me a lifeline: Yes, they had one copy. Yes it was in Pacolet, SC (tiny tiny not far from me!) So I called and yes it was in (like there is going to be a run on it laughed the Main Branch). Well there should be! Is this Level 5?
That video itself needs discussing! The implication, will you all strain to hear that, the implication that Wordsworth contributed to the Mariner? Is THAT what Redgrave says?
Then the dramatization of the poem itself, the Dore engravings (colored!!!) The other artists and their interpretations! I want to hear from those who have not ever read the poem how it strikes them being read and presented this way? I want to hear from those who have, if it dilutes or enhances your experience? Is it what you thought you remembered?
Watch where the bird falls in the video!
I sent one copy to Ginger yesterday and the circle has commenced! She has postage for everybody to send along and labels, too, and kindly speed the thing right along, but take your time looking at it, we have an entire month and two tapes circulating, enough for all, enough for me to watch it again.
There are so many new aspects of the thing rising up out of the ocean it is beginning to scare me, I'm glad you guys are along for the ride on this one.
ginny
Ginny
August 4, 2000 - 08:44 am
I have to tell you of my Pacolet experience! I got lost, hopelessly lost. I wandered lonely as a cloud to quote Coleridge's friend, and finally found Pacolet itself but no library. In desperation, I observed a gentleman shuffling down the street, shirt out, obviously no job, bag in hand, swigging from some Mountain Dew bottle, unkempt and unlikely but the only person in sight.
Window down, can you tell me where the library is? Frown. Looked off to the right, looked off to the left, looked right again. Frown. Pause. Long pause. Just about to say gaily OK thanks, OK, when he opened his mouth and Pat Buttram (sp) remember him? Pat Buttram with that impossibly high and squeaky voice, came out. And what did Pat say?
Very slowly: "I..... am..... reasonably certain.......that it is..... over the railroad... tracks." (Right in front of me, in other words).
My mouth was hanging out the window and I gulped, OH, ah, er, thanks, er, I can't seem to even find highway 176!!!????!!!!
Silence. Piercing look. Pause.
"You're on it." he said.
Guess where the library was? Three guesses? Brand spanking new, deserted and very fine, librarian already had the tape at the desk!
hahahahah Someday I will write about the marvelous and unexpected people around me here.
ginny
betty gregory
August 4, 2000 - 10:15 am
Ginny---You are a short story writer!!! What a great tale!! I laughed and laughed---all those pauses, looking left, looking right. Great story!
Joan Pearson
August 4, 2000 - 10:58 am
Er, ah, Ginny, does having a memory like a sieve and having read the Rime nearly 50 years ago put me in the category with those who have never read the poem??? I think so, don't you?
Yes, do, do, do some write-ups on those neighbors of yours. After years of this, I feel I know them, your vet, your hairdresser, your pruners...your librarian friends. You have the gift, or you have some really clearly defined characters in your world! I think it is the former! Use it!
Deems
August 4, 2000 - 02:14 pm
Ginny---You DO have a gift. This is your English Professor speaking to you. I hope that you are keeping copies of these sketches. All you have to do is stitch a few of them together and bingo, a short story. If you keep going, you'll be surprised what happens. Of course you are not wasting your time posting these jewels on Senior Net, but please tell me that you are also keeping copies somewhere.
Maryal
August 4, 2000 - 07:47 pm
and write about the dead chicken in the pickup truck.
GingerWright
August 4, 2000 - 09:25 pm
GO GINNY GO I want to hear th e chicken story to.
Ginny
August 5, 2000 - 05:31 am
hahaahah, gosh! Thanks so much, kind Sailors, that was not, unfortunately, any sort of creative endeavour but the faithful reporting of what actually happened. I appreciate it, tho. Blushing.
Speaking of blushing, can we take a prequel look at that Epitaph?
Mercy for praise--to be forgiven for fame--
What does this mean?
What does this signify? How can we reconcile this in our current age where we praise the good and hope for fame? "FAME! I want to live forever..." (Aquarius)....
What's wrong with praise? Why would we need mercy for the sake of fame? What's wrong with fame? Who wouldn't want it?
Would you put that on YOUR tombstone?
ginny
annafair
August 5, 2000 - 10:21 am
She did her best....ah to be forgiven for fame...perhaps he meant fame is not what we should seek and if we achieve it we should not necessarily be proud of it ..that is just off the top of my head which is only 5' above the bottom of my feet..
anna in Virginia who loves to ponder things and the Rime has much to ponder!!!
Deems
July 30, 2000 - 05:45 pm
Humility is a great virtue and almost nonexistent these days. Coleridge knew the importance of humility and apparently didn't think that he had possessed it.
Deems
August 5, 2000 - 10:57 am
Writers know that if they are good enough, their work will outlast them. Shakespeare deals with this topic more than once in his sonnets.
robert b. iadeluca
August 5, 2000 - 11:51 am
I would like my tombstone to read:
PLEASE NOTIFY UTILITY COMPANY BEFORE DIGGING HERE
GingerWright
August 5, 2000 - 01:18 pm
Robby. I actualy laughed out loud at your post.
robert b. iadeluca
August 5, 2000 - 01:19 pm
Ginger: This is NOT a laughing matter!
Robby
August 5, 2000 - 01:37 pm
Robby, OK I will think on this.
Deems
August 5, 2000 - 01:43 pm
Ginger---YOU made ME laugh out loud!
robert b. iadeluca
August 5, 2000 - 01:48 pm
I am not detecting the proper "Senior" attitude today. Life is too short for such frivolity.
Robby
August 5, 2000 - 01:58 pm
Hhahaahhaahaha, Me, too, Ginger! hahahahaha
Robby why, one wants to know WHY? Power companies can't go thru a cemetery without endless permits?
I think it's cute!
Are you saying you're a live wire? OOPS!
ginny
Joan Pearson
August 5, 2000 - 02:44 pm
Oh, I can see what kind of discussion this is going to be already! Well, my tombstone will resemble Fair Anna's -
SHE DIED TRYING
Ginny
August 5, 2000 - 03:11 pm
Not....She Was Very Trying hahahaha JOKE!!! JOKE!!! This is what passes for humor here on shipboard? hahaahaha
The Fearful Scullery Lad
August 5, 2000 - 04:42 pm
Thinking even yet Live wire More thinking.
Joan Pearson
August 5, 2000 - 04:45 pm
Well, where's the little winky-dink, so we all know it is a joke, hmmmmmmmmmm?
Okay, forget that one, I'll chose another (how many get to chose TWO tombstones! Can you erase the first???
SHE DIED LAUGHING
August 5, 2000 - 05:48 pm
You're allowed two tombstones if you have a dual personality.
Robby
August 5, 2000 - 06:21 pm
Robert Iadeluca,
In my Royal Air Force days, drinking our last beer, we sang,
"They're shifting grandpa's grave to build a sewer, They're shifting it regardless of expense. They're shifting his remains To make room for xxxxxxxxx drains Just to please the local residents, Ta ra ra rara................."
The rest is not for this sublime meadow.
Bill
patwest
August 5, 2000 - 06:45 pm
Oh, I think everyone should have a few minutes of fame, but not dwell on it too long. I'm still looking for mine..
Tombstone? Mine is already there and it is much to late to add anything but the date I die..
But Robby, my body goes to science... I can't see spending all that money for a fancy casket... when the Medical Schools are in need of bodies... and there will be no service ... a party maybe for the kids to all congregate and laugh about the crazy antics of their dear, dead Mother. ....
Ginny
August 6, 2000 - 03:51 am
Bill, that is a HOOT! hahahaaha I'm so glad to see you again, too, are you on board here?
Crazy antics my foot, check out this latest antic from our own Pat W: your own name in lights, and Pat, add our Jo Meander Scully to the Crew Roster, please!!!
Crew of the HMS Ancient Mariner!
This is in the heading as well.
On the "fame" issue, perhaps Coleridge was operating on the religious principle that pride is a sin. In that case, what would be the problem would be that he took too much pleasure IN fame. You can't help fame, can you? If you have it, others have bestowed it. It's what your own self DOES with it that matters. Coleridge (do you think, this is just off the top of my head), may be saying that you need mercy for praise because it goes to your head and you forget to thank the reason you have the talents in the first place (pride is a sin) and you need to be forgiven for fame.
To me, that would be the thought of a person who secretely lusted AFTER same, do you agree? And who worried about it.
Fameless
Deems
August 6, 2000 - 10:57 am
Ginny---Yes, I agree. Perhaps Coleridge is operating under religious stipulations about fame. Humility is the opposite of Pride, said to be the sin by which the angels fell. Any writer who is religious at all would feel a conflict between the obvious desire for fame and the possible penalties which accruded to fame. No one writes to be forgotten. But then, on the other hand, there are all those stipulations about Pride.
It seems to me that with this epitaph, Chaucer has his cake and eats it too. He reminds the reader of his Fame while seeking forgiveness for it.
One cannot ask for forgiveness for fame without having it.
Maryal
Deems
August 6, 2000 - 10:59 am
I think I'll keep "the road is better than the inn" for mine. I have grown used to it, and it's short, would fit nicely on a stone.
SandyB
August 6, 2000 - 11:36 am
Please add my name to the Crew of the HMS Ancient Mariner. I hope I can keep up with this group. I love to travel so I guess my epitaph will say, "here lies Sandy, she took her final trip".
Sandy
Joan Pearson
August 6, 2000 - 11:51 am
Sandy ...........hahaha! That's great! As long as she doesn't die on this trip! Finally we've got you aboard one of these Books'excursions! No deserters allowed! Cap'n will be soooo pleased to find your name on the ship's docket!!!! Welcome aboard!
psMaryal! No one can blame you - do it all the time, but this is a different journey, love!
"It seems to me that with this epitaph, Chaucer has his cake and eats it too. He reminds the reader of his Fame while seeking forgiveness for it."
Chaucer's epitaph anyone?
August 6, 2000 - 11:58 am
Welcome aboard... Your enlistment will be confirmed by email.
Lorrie
August 6, 2000 - 02:12 pm
Avast, all you landlubbers!! Permission to come aboard, Captain? Seaperson Lorrie Gorg reporting on the poop deck. Pardon, I've been sipping a little of Gorg's grog here!
Lorrie
Deems
August 6, 2000 - 04:31 pm
Thanks JoanP---Oh dear, I meant COLERIDGE. Oh my. All those C names, you know. I meant with that epitaph, COLERIDGE finds a way to have his cake and eat it too. Oh dear.
betty gregory
August 6, 2000 - 05:19 pm
I don't do decks.
But I'll volunteer for night watch until 4 bells, when I can call out "All's well." Then I can go make early coffee---as long as our water holds out, we can always have coffee.
Joan Pearson
August 6, 2000 - 08:04 pm
HAHAHA! Maryal! Five miles to go!
And dear Betty, there is water, water everywhere!
betty gregory
August 6, 2000 - 09:20 pm
Ah, Joan---all that water has salt in it!! We have to bring our own drinking water, barrels and barrels of it. If we drift off course or miscalculate our water needs, we'll have to find land and fresh water soon! (We better keep an eye on this landlubber!)
Deems
August 6, 2000 - 09:22 pm
I'll bring the spring water I bought in order to prepare for the Millennium Glitch that never appeared.
Ginny
August 7, 2000 - 07:46 am
Avast there!!!
Welcome aboard, Sandy and Lorrie!
Doggone, if we can't make a sailing out of this one there's something wrong with us.
hahahah, SANDY, what a hoot! "She took her last trip!" hahahahahaha Boy that's pretty good. Sandy will probably be the last one on deck, on the ferry over to British Victoria once she was the only one who did not barf in a bag and we, imprisoned with her at the same table, couldn't get sick or face her throwing US overboard. We were the ONLY table on that Voyage From Hell who weren't totally green, so we have one good sailor amongst us anyway. Hope it won't BE her last trip! hahahahaha
LORRIE, are you planning to bring all that potato salad on THIS trip? Lorrie is a tad strange, but so are the rest of this crew as you all will find out, but she insists on making 500 pounds of potato salad at every oppportunity, I think we've found our Chef. I wonder if potato salad gets rancid?
And there's Betty, swabbing the deck, this looks like a pretty fit crew, not much for the Cap'n and First Mate to do, actually, hope the Cabin Boy brings up the GORG er....GROG soon.
Would like to point out the Ship's Crew above? Pat Westerdale's sister DREW that ship, folks!!!! Yes she did! Original art right here on SN's Books!
ginny
Lorrie
August 7, 2000 - 08:11 am
This looks like it's going to be a jolly good sailing. Sure, I'll be the galley chef. You're mostly all going to be seasick anyway, but that's all right. We'll have plenty of Gorg's grog available for that mal de mer.
Lorrie
Lorrie
August 7, 2000 - 08:13 am
And Pat, that ship is wonderful!! It's something like this that attracts a lot of us landlubbers. And a hearty Welcome Aboard to you, Sandy!
Lorrie
August 7, 2000 - 08:47 am
I'll be glad to help Lorrie in the GALLEY.
betty gregory
August 7, 2000 - 08:59 am
What? I'm already in the doghouse? Hey!! I'm the one who doesn't do decks and you've got me swabbing them already!! Just give me thirty lashes with the cattails, (cat out of the bag comes from taking the cattails out of the ship's bag), then send me off to the doc to get my wounds tended to. Or, send me up the mast for a while as punishment ("walking a fine line" comes from walking the lines of rope).
Deems
August 7, 2000 - 09:15 am
betty!---I didn't know that about the cat and the bag. Thanks. I just love learning where odd phrases come from.
Ella Gibbons
August 7, 2000 - 04:51 pm
Who do I tell that I DO NOT NEED to be mailed the video? Pat - I come after you on the list, so can you either take my name off it - or if that is too much trouble, just SKIP ME and mail it to Joan P. Okay?
I can get the video from my library. Now to find a copy of it somewhere -
patwest
August 7, 2000 - 05:03 pm
Ginger wrote that she would be sending the video soon... So, I will send it on to JoanP when I have finished watching it.
Ginny
August 7, 2000 - 05:16 pm
MUTINY!! Already a mutiny and the ship has not left port!
Betty says she does NOT do decks, well have you EVER, I thought all sailors did decks! Well! Now!!! Hmpf!!!! Snort!!! Yon Cap'n will retire on his mucky deck to ponder what measures need to be taken: plank or woMAN overboard!
We have two tapes circulating from the top and the bottom of the list respectively and it's well worth watching, so I think we will all see it.
I was amazed my library had it!
Cap'n
August 7, 2000 - 06:30 pm
Doesn't every ship have a Log?
Robby
August 8, 2000 - 02:41 am
Robby could that be ...
ROLL OVER AND PLAY DEAD?
thanks for all the frivolity on this HOT HUMID SLEEPLESS NIGHT .....a Hot Anna from Virginia ...
Ella Gibbons
August 8, 2000 - 07:28 am
My library has it also - am not renting it, just requesting it!
Is this going to be a depressing journey! If so, I'm not sure I want to sally forth! The above line "That he who many a year with toil of breath found death in life" does not bode well for this optimistic sailor.
Ginny
August 8, 2000 - 07:54 am
Ella, depressing? No. Thought provoking? Yes. We'll let all our sailors make their own assessments at the end of this marvelous story!
Cap'n.
robert b. iadeluca
August 8, 2000 - 08:13 am
Ella: If you have a problem, just ask the Cabin Boy to get you something soothing.
Robby
August 8, 2000 - 09:06 am
Cabin boy, I need a stool for my feet and something delicious to drink.
robert b. iadeluca
August 8, 2000 - 09:08 am
Betty: I don't think we've shoved off yet. There's a McDonald's on the dock.
Robby
August 8, 2000 - 09:30 am
who hired this cabin boy?
YiLi Lin
August 8, 2000 - 10:15 am
So gotta go get the text. I just saw this and remembered my father reciting Ancient Mariner at the dinnertable in my childhood. The amazing thing is that my father was uneducated (I don't think went beyond 6th grade) but could recite all these wonderful rhythmic tales- the HIghwayman, Ancient Mariner and had a love of Beau Geste.
Ginny
August 8, 2000 - 10:30 am
Wheeoooooo (Ship's whistle piping aboard Sailor #17, YiLiLin!)
Welcome and select a bunk and have a coffee and deck chair courtesy of the Cabin Boy Who Nobody Admits Having Hired!
I certainly didn't!
This must have been some of Yeoman Ella's doing!
Cap'n
Lorrie
August 8, 2000 - 10:40 am
YiLi Yin: That anecdote about your father was really touching, to me. It reminded me of my own father, whose lack of education didn't prevent him from lovng the written word, either. When I think back how we stupid children would snidely snigger at his mispronounciations, I feel a real sense of regret.
Lorrie
August 8, 2000 - 04:59 pm
YiLi Lin: Your name has been added to the Crew's Roster.
FaithP
August 9, 2000 - 10:18 pm
Well are you taking on more passangers. This poem I remember my grandfather reciting, and many others. He was one of those people who could memorize anything and he was in his 60's and 70's when we children were in school and he helped us so much with poetry especially. Good old Scots stories too, he told us. I, like other little kids thought several verses were interesting and skipped the rest. I would like to go along but I dont want to ride in a ship of death in life, how do we go on a trip like this and still find our humor etc. Fae the Leary
Ginny
August 10, 2000 - 03:16 am
Welcome aboard, Swabbie Faith!
Your question is one we can all ponder together, I'm just amazed at how many people have memories of their parents or grandparents recitations of this poem and other poems.
Are you all surprised a bit that many of the family figures mentioned are male? Do many men recite poetry today? What does this say about ...well, where we are as compared to where we WERE as a literary nation?
The epitaph and the poem, if you notice are direct opposites as to life in death, or death in life, this will be very interesting and it all starts on September 1!!!
I guess you could say the gangplank goes up and we set sail on September 1, All Hands on Deck, this will be SOOOOO fun!
ginny
YiLi Lin
August 11, 2000 - 08:57 am
wasn't always poetry but your thought on where are we as a literary nation. WAAAAY back when I taught 8th grade I used to read children't stories to one particular group (the then black leather jacket, chains and piercing crowd). I was amazed at these tough kids at the end of their seats or showing real emotion on their faces to stories like Horton Hatches an Egg, Madeline etc. These kids had never been read to- it was the rhythme along with the pictures and tales that got them. they'd leave my class and maybe go mug an old lady in the park, but for those moments they were captivated and vulnerable.
FaithP
August 11, 2000 - 11:10 am
Well as to men being the tale tellers, yes mostly. And at the grocery store on the front porch where the old men sat in the lazy afternoons in our little mountain town, the stories and poems that flowed were something else again. I heard one fellow, a professional tramp singing the whole of Hiawatha. And the others would join in on lots of verses. I say singing because of the rythme and the nuances they put and the joining in was like a chorus. It was primitive and wonderful. Longfellow was their favorite along with o'l Robby Burns.Seems my grandad was not the only scot. There were some wonderful ethnic stuff too from an old Basque man from Spain. Fp
Nellie Vrolyk
August 11, 2000 - 05:11 pm
Captain Ginny, I'll gladly swab the deck! Hard work tis true but better than having to climb into the rigging to reef the sails while a gale wind blows. Hahaha!! You better not ask me to tie any knots if you want everything to work right - any knots I tie immediately fall apart.
Am all ready to sail on the first.
Lorrie
August 11, 2000 - 10:02 pm
Faith P: What a lovely anecdote you told of "tale tellers!" I loved it, especially about the men on the front porchall joining in.
Hi, Nellie! Welcome aboard! Sit down and help yourself to a mug of our famous Gorg's Grog! Shhh! I sneaked some aboard when the cap'n wasn't looking!
Lorrie
August 12, 2000 - 06:02 am
Faith what a wonderful memory.
Ginny
August 12, 2000 - 08:22 am
You know what? When you think about it, that's why a ship has more than one person, the Captain, on board? He can't do it all himself, and in THIS case, you may be assured of that.
So get your passports ready we will look at Part I on September 1. The ship will be boarding in the next two weeks, be sure you have your stuff ready! hahahahaha
There are 7 parts so we can take a part a week unless we want to go slower, let's see how the pace goes in the first week.
Cap'n
betty gregory
August 12, 2000 - 08:42 am
Ginny, it was after I read the PROSE version that I relaxed and decided hey, I don't need to fear joining in a discussion on poetry. I know you poetry experts will have a fine time dissecting everything but I'm probably not the only one who will enjoy even the simplest level of discussion. Remember our recent lesson from Roth? The freedom to be wrong? Well, if all those who have studied this aren't in agreement, then that kinda takes the pressure off us, too, I'd think.
Lorrie
August 12, 2000 - 09:09 am
Amen. Betty! I'm afraid i don't know a haiku from a hornet's nest, but I'm ready to join in on the simpler discussions. I love this pem, anyway!
Lorrie
Ginny
August 12, 2000 - 09:43 am
Listen, what version of the poem do YOU have, the words aren't the same in all the versions?
I have the Dover publication of the one with the 8x11 magnificent Dore engravings, the "unabridged and slightly rearranged (!!??!!) work published by Harper & Brothers in 1878." The text has been "compared to the 1834 edition, generally considered authoritative."
Irk, as Maryal used to say.
Which one do you all have?
ginny
August 12, 2000 - 10:40 am
Ginny:
Ella Gibbons
August 12, 2000 - 12:28 pm
Here's what I found at a used book store - a copy of "THE BEST OF COLERIDGE" (copyright, 1934, reprinted August 1945) with a preface by Earl Leslie Griggs. And the RIME is annotated which helps to understand what is going on I think - is that good? I think so! You would like this copy because there is a paragraph at the beginning all in LATIN and then in English. Shall I quote it for you? The paragraph is entitled "Argument."
Gosh, I do hope I learn more about sailing on this voyage than I did when years ago foolishly we bought a small sailboat determined to learn the craft! We had it 3 years and we now know how difficult sailing is - truly! Had some wonderful adventures on it, and some not so fun (My husband kept wanting to put a motor on the thing so we could get away from the dock - that in itself is an achievement, believe me!) You can't imagine the embarrassment of not being able to leave the dock, so we would wait until all the others were unloaded and hope nobody would line up behind us and then off we would go yelling at each other like idiots, and, of course, I sat there laughing hysterically at it all, and the more I laughed, the more angy my husband got. Before a divorce happened, we sold it!
But I have full faith in this captain and my sea bag will be packed and ready to sail on the lst!
Is there where the expression "He has an albatross around his neck" or something like that, came from?
Ginny
August 12, 2000 - 12:35 pm
Great thoughts, Robby and Ella, we'll each bring what we have to the table and we'll all leave enriched!
hahahaha, Ella, what a hoot and it's just those kinds of voyages we enjoy most, the kinds when we just jump right in without fear. Your Captain appreciates your confidence and truly appreciates the Griggs, as the Griggs is often quoted and mirabile dictu, is annotated!
We're going to have a little dictionary or glossary for those terms like kirk that people may not be sure of, your annotated copy will save the day on that one, does it mention the definition of "Ancient," by any chance?
Let's plunge right on in and see what temperature the water is, I feel better already!
On the Latin, I have that at the beginning of mine, how about the rest of you?
ginny
August 12, 2000 - 12:39 pm
And by the way, Ella, you have a TREASURE there!
ginny
robert b. iadeluca
August 12, 2000 - 12:42 pm
I heard a news item on NPR regarding what is going on re Pinochet in Chile and the term "albatross around his neck" was used by the Chilean reporter. Apparently Rime is known throughout the world.
Robby
Ginny
August 12, 2000 - 12:51 pm
Robby, no kidding, by the Chilean reporter? Boy! Literature is far reaching, isn't it? Somebody look up albatross, I would be willing to bet this poem is where that phrase "albatross around the neck," originated, Ella, who else would have thought of doing that?
Scurvy, that's RIGHT! Well we won't get scurvy this trip, I have my oranges all in the hold.
Am a little anxious here but excited as well.
Of course women are bad luck on a ship.
Cap'n
Nellie Vrolyk
August 12, 2000 - 03:37 pm
My version is found in a 1970 edition of Norton's Anthology of Poetry, and looks like it has the same or at least closely similar text to that of the online one.
Deems
August 12, 2000 - 04:27 pm
O boy, this is going to be fun! Ginny gets seasick. Almost everyone refuses to swab the decks which has to be done about four times a day, I think. Ella tells us that she and her family couldn't get away from the dock. Robby has to tell Ginny that it's scurvy and not beri-beri. Lorrie doesn't know a haiku from a hornets' nest.
Hey! There's someone I can help. Lorrie--"The Ancient Mariner" is more like a hornets' nest than it is like a haiku.
Sorry, but I can't do anything about all the seasickness and the deck swabbing, but I do wonder if Mutiny might be in the offing if the Captain is always seasick (and rolling little marbles in her hand). Hmmmm.
O, and I swim. Just in case anyone needs saving.
Maryal the Mariner
August 12, 2000 - 06:12 pm
What am I bid for my TREASURE! Going once.....going twice.....
Lorrie
August 12, 2000 - 07:02 pm
Ella, if it's full of dramamine, I'll bid on it!
And Maryal, you are so kind! If you show me around the non-hiku parts of Coleride's poem I'll see to it that you get extra potato salad.
Hey, cap'n, have no fear! Have a mug of Gorg's grog---the perfect antidote for sea sickness!
Lorrie
August 12, 2000 - 07:12 pm
Wow! I've been reading Coleridge's bio, and this part really intrigued me:
"HIs family was irate when they finally found out he had joined the Army. He'd used the improbable name of Silas Tomkyn Comberbache and had escaped being sent to fight in France because he could only barely ride a horse. His brother George finally arranged his discharge by reason of insanity and got him back to Cambridge."
That struck me as pretty funny. "Silas Tomkyn Comberache," no less!
Lorrie
August 12, 2000 - 08:04 pm
Lorrie---I will do anything for extra potato salad! Yum.
betty gregory
August 12, 2000 - 09:19 pm
Well, I LOVE the water. I went to sleep to the sound of the ocean for 6 years on the northern coast of Oregon. When I'm down, I get out my pictures and northwest books and pretend I can still hear the ocean. I'll swab the decks, sir.
Jonathan
August 12, 2000 - 09:38 pm
Utterly amazed, after reading all the posts. My heart goes out to all of you...such a merry crew...about to depart on such a frightful journey. A psycho-drama on the high seas. Poetry as nightmare. You do well to meditate on your epitaphs. Oh, my! I shudder for you. Put your souls in order. Get your shrive shot before you leave.
Ginny
August 13, 2000 - 03:33 am
Ahoy there, Jonathan!! And welcome aboard!
Don't just stand there on the dock, come right on up the gangplank and choose a berth.
Little do our sailors seem to realize, but once the harbor is cleared, there's only one law on the sea and it's the Captain's??
Am inspired by my friend Bligh, who, even tho set out on his own rowboat in a Mutiny! managed to out navigate and outsail the main ship. (Don't anybody look up our dates now, I may be a bit prescient here). Anyway, the Cap'n is unafraid of Mutiny on THIS bounty! hahahaha
Lorrie, great stuff there, and the initials are still STC, too. He was very fond of his initials and coined a Greek anagram for same, will try to get it up later this week, (even though scholars point out he translated it wrong). The same scholars pointing that out have written nothing so enduring as the Rime, so I think I'll engage here in a willing suspension of disbelief and let him have his way.
Thanks for bringing that here.
Ella, you won't believe this (would take you up on that treasure but Bibliofind is winging one to my own doorstoop, which is covered with my baggage for the trip, as we speak)! In looking up Ancient Mariner, I found this, and was so struck by it and your story I couldn't STAND IT: check it out!! If you do a search for Ancient Mariner in the Bookstore, you get, among other things, this: Sail Into the Sunset: A Handbook for Ancient Mariners . The Coopers instruct the older sailor how to sail!!!! I think it's a hoot and I think everybody on earth should run out and buy this book!
The next time the Books gets together, we shall sail on some boat in memory of this voyage, and we can hang gracefully over the side of the ship! It will be our new tradition! Throwing up for the Books! er.....er.......
THINK about every ship you have been on? Every voyage you have been on? Did you see the CAPTAIN doing all the work? 'Nuff said.
By the way, where was the Captain on this ship and how come nobody noticed his absence? Hmmmmmm????
We will start with a nice look at Part I on September I. I read yesterday that a great way to enjoy any poem is to read it aloud. You might want to try a few stanzas or verses aloud, in private, (don't do this in the supermarket like I do).....Maybe we should, some of us who like to memorize, set ourselves the task of memorizing one particular short part, just to immortalize our look at it here. That might be fun. We could say which part we have learned, unless, of course, you have the entire poem memorized.
So far so good on the version of the poem you have. You will note, if you view the video, some differences if you have the poem memorized, that is, but I think between all of you here we can overcome it.
Don't be shy about bringing up anything and everything, that's why we're doing it, we've got Maryal as our life preserver! I saw her just now swimmming off the bow, practicing her lifebouy throw!! (Better pack a life vest!)
Cap'n Crunch
August 13, 2000 - 06:36 am
Under LINKS above... the Coleridge Archive gives a good explanation of Greek anagram... essteesee
patwest
August 13, 2000 - 06:54 am
Good Morning, Jonathan. May I post your name on the crew's roster?
Deems
August 13, 2000 - 09:32 am
Ginny---One throws the lifebuoy from the deck, not from the water. Sheeeeesh! Watch out or this old lifeguard will fail to see the Captain when she falls overboard.
robert b. iadeluca
August 13, 2000 - 10:20 am
As Scouts we were taught --
1 - Throw
Deems
August 13, 2000 - 12:38 pm
Robby--Lifeguard training was the same thing Throw, row, go. I think that now, with so many pools, it is Throw, tow, row, go.
Or maybe it is Tow Throw Go. Or maybe. . . . Anyway, something has been added to tell guards to extend a pole to someone struggling.
Maryal the Mermaid
robert b. iadeluca
August 13, 2000 - 01:06 pm
Maryal: I knew there was a fourth one - I couldn't think of it. We had long poles for that.
Robby
Lorrie
August 13, 2000 - 05:58 pm
Remember this from another of Coleridge's poems? When i hit 75, my brother sent me this, and asked if I remembered how our grandfather used to like it---
" When we are old :
That only serves to make us grieve
With oft and tedious taking-leave,
Like some poor nigh-related guest,
That may not rudely be dismist
Yet hath outstay'd his welcome while,
And tells the jest without the smile."
Jonathan
August 13, 2000 - 06:17 pm
Please sign me on. I wouldn't miss this for the world. Now then, which of these ropes do I pull on?
patwest
August 13, 2000 - 07:59 pm
Jonathan ... your enlisment has been confirmed.. Please see your name on the Crew's Roster.
Lorrie
August 13, 2000 - 09:17 pm
Let's see, wasn't that albatross around the Mariner's neck named Jonathan? (Just teasing, Jonathan!)
Welcome aboard! I'm the mess cook, and boy can I make a mess!! But at least we have Robby, the cabin boy, to clean it up! The ship sails at ebb tide on September 1, and try to stay out of the captain's way until then--she's seasick, and her aim isn't always that good.
Lorrie
August 14, 2000 - 06:22 am
Get outta here! YAY, Jonathan!!
I think a crew of 19 for an old but certainly relevant poem is astounding, am very excited if a bit nervous.
I guess this is not a good time to say the Cap'n also was a life guard?
Far be it from your Noble Captain to flaunt credentials!
This poem rattles around in my head all the time, it's bouncy and jingly, it's easy to remember. I'm going to pick a section I don't know and memorize it and at the very end, will type in what I can just to prove the old brain still functions, albeit at a very low level.
What rope, Jonathan? Well, you know the old saying, last hired, first fired? You get the Crow's Nest! You can watch for icebergs and check to be sure that Betty is helping Nellie with those decks!
Cap'n Bligh
Ginny
August 14, 2000 - 06:24 am
We have a Stowaway! Yes, I did receive intelligence late last night that we DO have a stowaway and we will need to turn the ship apart to find out WHO and WHERE this Stowawy is!
Of course, your Cap'n knows, but you don't. Maybe you can guess by the end of the trip.
Lorrie, what a literate family you are, I never saw that one! Thanks so much!
Cap'n Crunch
patwest
August 14, 2000 - 06:31 am
It's a fine thing that we can all swim, I hope? I shall present my credentials on request... The last time I passed a WSI (Water Safety Instructor) was when I was 60... Maybe I should get it renewed if the cruise is long
Ginny
August 14, 2000 - 07:47 am
The only persons requiring swimming ability are those whom the Captain makes walk the plank! Save that in good memory, Captains are not known for their democratic feelings (maybe that's why there wasn't one on board the Mariner's ship).
Cap'n BighII
YiLi Lin
August 14, 2000 - 08:31 am
Poetry as nightmare- I love it! Hmm think a lifeguard is 'cheating'? Maybe not really relevant but I - a very RARE movie-goer- did have an opportunity to see the Perfect Storm- now forget the George Clooney hype and go see. At minimum I think it was wonderful that a producer took the time to make heroic ordinary lives. There are a few interesting scenes on board that might add to our discussion here, especially when we get knee deep in issues of choice.
GingerWright
August 14, 2000 - 08:59 am
Schools out, Schools out teachers let the monkeys out with diploma's So here I am with such a lively group of saliors. I am sure glad to have people who can swim here as I can only swim under water.
Ginger
August 14, 2000 - 11:34 am
1793
betty gregory
August 14, 2000 - 03:53 pm
The Napoleanic era of decades of war at sea is centered right at the end of the 1700s and first decade of 1800. (From memory, I could be off some years on either end, but I know 1801 was right in the middle.) Every major water route was a dangerous place to be. In a dire emergency, a family member might join her husband in the East Indies, for example, by getting special permission to take passage on a brig in the British Royal Navy, but there was no guarantee that she would arrive safely.
Letters took months to arrive home, if they hadn't gone to the bottom of the ocean or if they hadn't been seized by a French ship---or by a opportunistic ship of scoundrels who pirated the seas. Getting from point A to B could just as easily be interrupted by storms at sea or by dead calms that might last a month or longer. In a dead calm, there was no movement of wind or water. The trash and filth thrown overboard would accumulate around the ship for weeks.
If not the weather, plagues of illness could sweep through a ship within days. Other vessels at sea would not be able to give assistance, would not come aboard. When stores of fresh water were getting low, finding a safe harbor on coastal property was tricky. It couldn't be enemy territory. The weather had to cooperate or, as often happened, the ship could be smashed to bits by coastal currents that would hurl it onto the coast's rocks. Native populations along undeveloped land were often hostile. Finding fresh water was difficult!!
Jonathan is going to be our "loose canon" (a canon that began to roll across the deck could maim several people before crashing through a rail and dropping into the ocean). Someone needs to watch him around ropes. Give him a mop!
betty gregory
August 14, 2000 - 04:12 pm
Well, I don't envy our stowaway, whoever that might be. One whiff of the rotted timbers and bilge water that covers the bottom of the hold should be enough to cure'em---a few inches to begin with, then over time it can be a few feet deep, depending on the weather and age of the ship. The slime up the sides of the hold will be what our stowaway rolls into, oh, about a thousand times a day. He (it has to be a he) will not be a pretty sight when he comes to his senses.
Ella Gibbons
August 14, 2000 - 05:30 pm
Oh, I'm getting frightened before this voyage begins, methinks I should abandon all thoughts of it! A nightmare voyage! Shrive shots - what are they? And I swore when, on my last sail, we found ourselves swimming in the water with no buoys or lifejackets that I would never, never set sail again! (a lake, a lot of laughs, no tragedies on that voyage, however).
But an ocean voyage! And one into the land of ice, and of fearful sounds where no living thing was to be seen! I can't swim and have always been afraid of drowning. I do want to die in bed ! It's my dying wish to die in bed, not in the water - and I am fearful of the our Cap'n's qualifications! How say the rest of you?
Ginny, I paid $7 for this book of mine and I swear he "upped" the price from the time I called and when I picked it up. The pencil price had been erased and a new one put in, but it's in good condition with a lot of pencil underlining.
Ella Gibbons
August 14, 2000 - 05:39 pm
Perhaps all of you have read of Coleridge's use of opium before and during the writing of this poem. "To his use of opium has been attributed his supreme success in the realm of supernaturl poetry."
My book says that Coleride began the fatal habit while at Christ's Hospital and Cambridge, but it was not until 1796 that he seems to have occaionally been excessive in his use of the drug. In his day, the devastating moral and physical effects of opium were not recognized, the use of opium being a common practice. For the rest of his life he fought the habit, never absolutely conquering it.
I have poppies in my flower garden, lovely red ones, but have no idea how to go about making opium; having no use for the drug- Haha Anyone?
Lorrie
August 14, 2000 - 05:39 pm
Does the following remind anyone of the past Republican Party Convention?
A vain, speach-mouthing, speech-reporting Guild,
One Benefit-Club for mutual flattery,
We have drunk up, demure as at a grace,
Pollutions from the brimming cup of wealth ;
Contemptuous of all honourable rule,
Yet bartering freedom and the poor man's life
For gold, as at a market ! The sweet words
Of Christian promise, words that even yet
Might stem destruction, were they wisely preached,
Are muttered o'er by men, whose tones proclaim
How flat and wearisome they feel their trade,
Rank scoffers some, but most too indolent
To deem them falsehoods or to know their truth.
Oh ! blasphemous ! the Book of Life is made
A superstitious instrument, on which
We gabble o'er the oaths we mean to break ;
For all must swear--all and in every place,
College and wharf, council and justice-court ;
All, all must swear, the briber and the bribed,
Merchant and lawyer, senator and priest,
The rich, the poor, the old man and the young ;
All, all make up one scheme of perjury
Lorrie
Ginny
August 15, 2000 - 05:41 am
WOW!! WOW!! Lots on the table here this morning, I guess we should call this the Cap'n's Mess?
Wow, thanks Barb for that neato timeline, there was quite a bit happening in the time Coleridge lived, who knew? Louis XVI? Wow. These "Ancient," to me, figures of history all revolved at the same time, then.
Betty, thanks for that great description of life at sea at the time, the approach of the lifeboat in the last part of the Rime makes a bit more sense now. That's really good stuff.
Does anybody know why it was called "Rime" instead of "Rhyme?" The old Cap'n has a million questions in the naked city but no annotated version and no answers.
Lorrie, wow, you should post that in the Poetry sections and the DiA, it's funny that the more things change, the more they stay the same, isn't it? Loved it, thanks so much. Breathtaking, really.
Ella, your Cap'n guarantees you that you will not die in the water on this trip, can't say anything about your own bed, but if you mind your P's Q's and other letters, at least you won't walk the plank. So much for YOUR small mutiny about the Cap'n's qualifications, see those waves? hahahahahaa
Are you realy afraid of the water? Why? Did you have some awful experience as a child?
I have only known one captain of a ship and he was in total respect of the ocean and not only feared it, but I got the impression he hated it. That man probably should not have gone into the trade, but he's the only one I knew? Do you all know any real life sea captains? He probably ate pickles dipped in peanut butter, too, so we can't really draw any conclusions from my tale here.
Have always felt so sorry for the Captain of the Titanic, movie notwithstanding. As well as the passengers.
The Cap'n is on a starvation diet, by the way, and thinks the crew needs to be, too. After Betty's description of the hold, maybe we all will be.
And yes, the Stowaway IS a man and I expect he'll be in none too good a mood if he has to endure such horrors.
Cap'n Hungry
Deems
August 15, 2000 - 08:27 am
Ginny----Yes, and the French Revolution too! Rime/Rhyme are alternate spellings. Rime is, I think the older form, and since the Romantic Poets were very interested in the ancient past (among other things, like Nature) would be the most appropriate for Coleridge to choose. It gives a kind of antiquity to the poem as does Ancient. Think of the option-- The Rhyme of the Old Seadog.
Jonathan
August 15, 2000 - 09:48 pm
And one man in his time plays many parts.
Ahoy! me stout-hearted ship-mates. Well, furl me mizzen royal! What a jolly company! It pleases, to have so many parts suggested for me. I'll gladly play 'em all. If the need arises, I'll serve as a cannon. It only seems to be 'loose', Betty. That's a clever camouflage for high mobility and a fine adaptive capability. And it's a great idea. Sell it to the Captain. A little more fire-power, than a mere cross-bow, will stouten the faint-of-heart. The Albatross! Sure! Good casting, Lorrie. Ah, for a chance to hang about a fairsome neck, before sinking beneath the waves. Have the wedding invitations gone out? Me in the Crow's Nest, Ginny? Yippee! The best seat in the house!
SHIP AHOY! 'A SAIL! A SAIL!'
CAN YOU HEAR ME DOWN BELOW? (aside: d..., it's an iceberg)
A world. A ship's deck. How about a pulpit for a stage? It's interesting to think that STC might have become a very successful preacher if the Wedgwoods, Thomas and Josiah, had not dissuaded him with a hundred and fifty pounds a year for life. Here in the words of a member of the congregation is Coleridge speaking from a pulpit. (As quoted in S M Weissman's: His Brother's Keeper, 131-2):
'It was in January, 1798, that I rose one morning before daylight, to walk ten miles in the mud, and went to hear this celebrated person preach. Never, the longest day I have to live, shall I have such another walk as this cold, raw, comfortless one, in the winter of the year 1798.... When I got there, the organ was playing the 100th psalm, and, when it was done, Mr. Coleridge rose and gave out his text, 'And he went up into the mountain to pray, HIMSELF,ALONE.' As he gave out this text, his voice 'rose like a steam of rich distilled perfumes,' and when he came to the last two words, which he pronounced loud, deep, and distinct, it seemed to me...as if the sounds had echoed from tht botton of the human heart, and as if that prayer might have floated in solemn silence through the universe. The idea of St.John came into mind, 'of one crying in the wilderness, who had his loins girt about, and whose food was locusts and wild honey.' The preacher then launched into his subject, like an eagle dallying with the wind.... I could not have been more delighted if I had heard the music of the spheres. Poetry and Philosophy had met together. Truth and Genius had embraced, under the eye and with the sanction of Religion. This was even beyond my hopes. I returned home well satisfied.'
What a pleasure it must have been for all those who, at one time or another, heard STC recite The Mariner.
Lorrie
August 16, 2000 - 07:02 am
Jonathan: Wow! That was an awesome post! I can see you'r going to be a real asset to our crew. It will be nice to have a shipmate who can quote some of STC's better verses in those deep, mellifluous tones!
Lorrie
Ella Gibbons
August 16, 2000 - 08:01 am
Is Jonathan our stowaway? I'm somewhat fearful if tis the case,he's in the crow's nest and he sees a d.... iceberg ahead and doesn't give any directions a'tall? Is the iceberg to the port or starboard or straight ahead?
Hey, Cap'n - perhaps you need to get him down, sober him up a bit and get someone there who isn't so excitable. I did enjoy his recitation of Coleridge's sermon though.
Ginny
August 16, 2000 - 08:29 am
HO HOOOOOOOOOOO!!! HO HO HO!!!!!!!!!! Well shiver me timbers and all that, hooooo boy!
Dadgum have we got a crew here or not, the old Cap'n (who of course was CHOSEN as Captain for all the wordly knowledge she possesses) actually feels the pricking of a moist eye here.
Get OUTTA here, check it out: Maryal talking about the definition of "Ancient," casually throwing in (for those sailors playing cards down in the hold who might have missed it) the Romance Poets and the characteristics of the Romance Movement in one casual breath and here we have ol Cannon Jonathan (and I WILL refrain myself from the other spelling of cannon but just realize the Cap'n knows a play on words when she sees one) with Coleridge's sermon: both of those worthy things as well as Barb's time line shall fly immejiately to the heading where they shall lodge as soon as somebody makes a nice HTML page of them here in the Books!
Well now, the table is full of good things to eat, we may as well eat hearty, me buckos, you never know about sea voyages!
Ella: Yes indeed, we have another male Stowaway and he's no slight fellow either. Perhaps he may pop out, perhaps he may run the decks when it's dark. Perhaps he may throw dice for the crew, perhaps he is lurking 5 fathoms (how long IS a fathom?) deep under the ship, but he IS there, trust the ol Cap'n on this one.
I came here first today and I'm so glad I did!
Cap'n Bligh II
Barbara St. Aubrey
August 16, 2000 - 08:41 am
Oh to have the literacy to write in a diary such beauty that we would all sigh some 200 years later at the wording alone. Thanks for sharing that Jonathan - are you related to the famous sea gull of name? -
That ship sure has lots of symbolism. Is a ship the symbol for Hope or is it Faith within the Christian community? I do know it is symbolic for salvation and safty from temptation as well as the cradle or womb, the protector on the sea of life; crossing the waters of death or waters of creation or crossing from this world to the next. The earth is a boat floating on primordial waters. The mast and spars being a cross and symbolic of the Tree of LIfe.
Deems
August 16, 2000 - 09:47 am
The account of Coleridge and his reading of the scripture is most interesting. But I point out that Coleridge was not preaching. He was reading from the lectern whatever the daily reading from Scripture was. Then the preacher apparently preached upon part of the scripture that was read.
From all accounts of Coleridge, he was a joy to listen to. Several people who knew him said that his conversation was even better than his writing and that he threw idea after idea out there. Apparently he was extremely stimulating. Since writers have to have much solitary time and Coleridge loved company and conversation, one can only imagine what he might have written had he not been so convivial.
In Jonathan's quote above, Truth is embodied in the Preacher and Genius in the Poet. I cannot imagine Coleridge as a Preacher. He would have been miserable.
Maryal
Jonathan
August 16, 2000 - 09:03 pm
Am I missing all the action up here? Well,then; I'll look around. And write another post.
It augurs well for the voyage that our Captain is so pleased with her crew. That she is so generous and even-handed in her distribution of accolades. As for me, I'm proud as can be, to see my name up there on the handsome roster. If I can contribute anything, I hope it will be my enthusiasm for a remarkable piece of poetry, and its poet; and my curiosity about how the rest of you, seasoned travellers that you are, feel and think about it.
Now, for heaven's sake, tell me: am I a canon or a cannon? Can't I just be the guy who rings the little vesper bell? It gets a bit lonely up here, except for the sea gull. Barbara, the suggestions in your post are worth exploring. I would like to hear more from you.
Barbara St. Aubrey
August 16, 2000 - 10:33 pm
Oh you will Jonathan and some will shake their head saying wryly, oh yes you will-- I'm the one that brings all this research to what ever I read and I usually turn to my copy of An Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Traditional Symbols by J C Cooper to see the story in it's syumbolic form. I've been reading with Seniornet for just about two years now, truly interested in finding out what is the point the author is trying to make and than silently asking 'so what'-- what is the significance of the line, chapter, the plot, characterizations. Why that setting or that discribed object, what is the point.
And than, to me, this is the exciting part-- we bring to this discussion such a variety of life experiences that the discussion often takes on a life of it's own as we share and show what a passage or word could mean because of our individual experiences. With and because of what I've learned, often because of other's posts, I connect what I've learned with what I feel and than apply a course of action or, an idea expresses for me a larger or sometimes more personal picture of my humanity.
All that Jonathan but for now, I'm just cooling my heels and tapping my fingers till the opening bell on September 1. We've got some great folks aboard that have brought so much to previous discussions. This will be quite a ride.
Malryn (Mal)
August 16, 2000 - 11:54 pm
Here's a man of some intellect, methinks. Despite bidding adieu to the albatross some forty odd years ago, perhaps I'll have to join this discussion after all; not as crew member, though. Observer of human foibles, failings and phantasmagoria, instead.
Ginny
August 17, 2000 - 05:57 am
Welcome, Mal, the WaterSprite!
On a voyage if you're not ON ship you're off, right? So you can have your choice of phantasmagorical (sp) beings which float around the ship. Or under it.
Speaking of that, Ginger, why do you say you can only swim underwater?
Ah, well a day! Intellect, thou sayest? Yes, indeedy! There is enough intellect going up the gangplank for this trip to make the ship glow in the dark!
Let's see if it does glow, the pre embarkation certainly does, what a pleasure.
Wonderful words, Barb, I just love that!
Thankee, Canon/Cannon (CC) Jonathan, no amount of oil will grease thy descent from the Crow's Nest, however! hahahahaa Swings a bit, does it?
Thanks for that, also, Maryal, we have a team of people working to get up everybody's additions to the table in HTML form, I think there are about 6 HTML pages as clickables being prepared. These can serve as reference to the background of the piece. Betty, we're including yours, too, on what it was like to sail in 1800.
We can add to these so that at tne end, if somebody comes in late he can have, hopefully, tons of great information just at the click of a finger!
I'm getting the impression of a ship pulling and tugging at the ropes which hold her to the dock, swaying and tacking with no sails up, pulling against the ropes. Which ship was it in history which crashed upon launching?
I seem to remember the Titanic itself nearly crushed another ship as it was launched too. The Captain of the Titanic is on my mind lately for some reason.
On September 1 I hope you will all have read Part I, and be here early on the dock, baggage stowed, for your last (!!??) walk up the gangplank! As you do, sneak a look at the heading here, you will get a shock, I think, a pleasant one and a stunning send off for our voyage!
ginny
GingerWright
August 17, 2000 - 10:46 am
Ginny, I just can't stay on top of the water so swim under water and come up (just my head ) to breathe. Can't float either it seems I should be able to with all this blubbler.
GingerWright
August 17, 2000 - 10:49 am
Ginny, I just can't stay on top of the water so swim under water and come up (just my head ) to breathe.
betty gregory
August 17, 2000 - 11:34 am
Ginger, well, you have something in common with my son, who at the age of 4, a precocious little braggart, told his daycare male swim teacher (at an unusual summertime combo of daycare/swimming school) that he could, too, swim in the deep end. The swim teacher knew he couldn't because I knew he couldn't--yet, no swimming lessons yet. So, with 2 adults in the deep end, they said, ok, show us (wink, wink), ready to teach a needed lesson to a kid who had no healthy fear of a deep end. He jumped in, came up for air several times on his way across, each time a rasping gasp for air, and climbed out the other side a foot taller in his I'll-show-you pride. When I came to pick him up after work, I was met with you-won't-believe-this smiles from several adults who couldn't wait to let him show me what he'd been doing all afternoon. Over the summer, he did relent and learned the more traditional strokes---which propelled him that much faster under water.
Ella Gibbons
August 17, 2000 - 11:34 am
Just watched the video of the RIME OF THE ANCIENT MARINER! Read by Orson Welles - what a wonderful voice the man had - is he still living? Beautiful illustrations, just gorgeous.
Do we know the city we are sailing from? And does the crew know what happens? Methinks perhaps I'd rather wave from the shore as the Captain and the crew set sail? I'll listen to the Mariner when he returns, he has quite a tale to tell.
Ella Gibbons
August 17, 2000 - 11:37 am
There is another video under Coleridge's name at my library entitled "The Strangest Voyage." I would imagine it is about the RIME, wouldn't you? I think I'll request it also - do you know of it, Ginny?
YiLi Lin
August 17, 2000 - 07:18 pm
Just a thought on our individual experiences and how they shape our discussions- recent (and not so recent- but now regarded) research suggests "we are our experiences" not only in the psychological sense, but this notion of cellular memory and the role memory and intelligence plays in all our cells- not just brain- that we are in a sense a "packaged experience". so in addition to brining our unique selves into the discussion, it is interesting to think of Coleridge as an "experience" who created and wrote the text.
Ginny
August 18, 2000 - 08:43 am
I love that, YiLiLin, and boy WILL this be an experience, it's going to be breathtaking if all this great input keeps on, a merging of experience. At this point I have read so many commentaries I despair of remembering any of them or any of their points so anything anybody has to say is of equal and exciting value here!
Ella, no, I have not heard of that one! Why not try it out and see how it is? We're, (I hope) looking at two copies of the Michael Redgrave which is quite nice for the Colerdige bio, he's got a good voice, too. I think Welles has passed on.
Our Crack HTML Team has gotten up some just fantastic, there are no other words for them, HTML pages with some of the things you all have contributed and you will be amazed, I sure was. These will go up very soon in the heading, be sure to look at all of them, this is the first time we have done a series of HTML pages of information.
One of you, was it YOU, Nellie? mentioned the Riverside edition. I have it here beside me and it packs a whallop in its little pages. Here, for those who have endlessly worried over just exactly what Wordsworth DID contribute to the Rime are Wordsworth's own words on the matter:
Introduction:
In 1797 Coleridge and his friend Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy, much enamored by Coleridge, set "off on a little tour, intending to meet the expenses of their journey by a poem to be composed jointly by the two poets. It is amusing to note that they started on their journey apparently with no engagement, but with full confidence in their ability to write the poem and then to see it for 5 pounds to the editor of the Monthly Magazine. They set out hopefully, but after eight miles the scheme broke down, and Wordsworth's contribution first and last was confined to half a dozen lines, and one or two suggestions." (--Riverside The Vision of Sir Luanfal, Rime of the Ancient Mariner).
The first suggestion to Coleridge appears to have come from a strange dream related to him by a friend, in which appeared a skeleton ship with figures in it. "Much the greatest part of the story," says Wordsworth, "was Mr. Coleridge's invention, but certain parts I suggested; for example, some crime was to be committed which should bring upon the Old Navigator, as Coleridge afterwards delighted to call him, the spectral persecution, as a consequence of that crime, and his own wanderings. I had been reading in Shelvocke's Voyages a day or two before that, while doubling Cape Horn, they frequently saw albatrosses in that latitude, the largest sort of sea-fowl, some extended their wings twelve of thirteen feet. 'Suppose, ' said I, 'you represent him as having killed one of these birds on entering the South Sea, and that the tutelary spirits of these regions take upon them to avenge the crime.'
The incident was thought fit for the purpose and adopted accordingly. I also suggested the navigation of the ship by the dead men, but do not recollect that I had anything more to do with the scheme of the poem. The gloss with which it was subsequently accompanied, was not thought of by either of us at the time, at least not a hint of it was given to me, and I have no doubt it was a gratuitous afterthought. We began the composition together on that, to me, memorable evening. I furnished two or three lines at the beginning of the poem-- in particular:
"And listened like a three years' child:
The mariner had his will.'
These trifling contributions, all but one, which Mr. C. has with unnecessary scrupulosity recorded slipped out of his mind, as well they might. As we endeavored to proceed conjointly (I speak of the same evening), our respective manners proved so widely different, that it would have been quite presumptuous I me to do anything but separate from an undertaking upon which I could only have been a clog."
Isn't THAT something?
Ella Gibbons
August 18, 2000 - 08:45 am
The video I just watched was made in 1977, in part, by a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts and is animated by Larry Jordan, who subtly applies color over the black and white Dore images. Mark Ellinger's original music on two synthesizers captures the sounds of the sea, the silences and provides a delicate, ghostly counterpoint.
I understand the video that is being mailed around is narrated by Michael Redgrave, not Orson Welles. I truly hope it is as beautiful as this one.
Ginny
August 18, 2000 - 08:48 am
Ella, we were posting together, can you copy the Welles? Check out the great Wordsworth quotes above as to who suggested what for the Mariner.
The "gloss" everybody keeps talking about are the little prose paragraphs which help explain the story, and apparently they are a story in themselves.
ginny
Barbara St. Aubrey
August 18, 2000 - 10:11 am
Yes Ginny I had to look up "gloss" to better understand what was being explained. This is a combination of the dictionary and from some site that I totally forgot where or who wrote the paper, that goes into the word "gloss."
gloss:
1A brief expanatory note or translation of a difficult or technical expression usually inserted in the margin or between lines of a text of manuscript.
2 A purposefully misleading interpretation of explanation
3An extensive commentary, often accompanying a test or publication) as if in the hand of some later (but still "antique") hermeneut.
By doing so, as well as through an author's own critical remarks in the Biographia Literaria and elsewhere, he in effect collaborated with readers, critics, and parodists in determining the form in which it would be handed on to the canon and literary history.
The gloss, itself a parody of academic or monkish interpretation, has proven to be a continuous source of hermeneutic (hermeneutic means the science and methodology of interpretation, explanation) questions about the poem and about hermeneutics in general. It is by now a critical commonplace that the gloss offers a kind of enfolded dialectical or ironic perspective on the main text of the ballad, though critical disagreement persists as to how to read the precise tone of the marginal text. For my purposes, it is enough to acknowledge that there are places in the text where the gloss opens up an ironic counter-voice on the main action of the ballad, in effect anticipating the poem's inevitable parodies. This may be discerned ... it is a clearer possibility in stanzas 9-10:
I also read an interesting paper about the literary academia having had such concern about all the literary information and downloading of the Classics on the internet. They have a fear that out of their control the "Cannon" of literature that they have associated over time to certain periods and type may be altered by those of us that do not have their background and education. Hmmmmm If nothing else is helped me understand better when the word "Cannon" was being used in respect to literature.
It apparently is a body of work that the academic community has defined to represent a certain period of writing like the Romantics or Medieval etc. It sounds like the work is grouped by more than the time the book is published but, how important it is to defining other elements in common with books of the period.
Malryn (Mal)
August 18, 2000 - 04:46 pm
I'm a pretty much mixed up and confused Sprite in the Water. Is this what you mean?
"canon (k�n�en) noun Abbr. can.
"The works of a writer that have been accepted as authentic: the entire Sherlock Holmes canon.
"The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English Language, Third Edition copyright � 1992 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Electronic version licensed from INSO Corporation. All rights reserved."
Deems
August 18, 2000 - 07:31 pm
Canon---the word goes back to the formation of the Bible, both old and new testaments. The books that we know in each are part of the canon--or they are canonical--books that did not make it into the old testament are in the Apocrypha, recognized by Catholics but not by Protestants. The New Testament contains 4 canonical gospels. There were many others that for one reason or another did not make it in. No one knows exactly who did the selecting though most likely it was done by committee.
The "canon" in literature is the books that are considered classics, or must-reads for an educated person. Until fairly recently most books in the canon were by dead white males. More recently women and minorities have achieved canonical status, at least for a while. Unlike the biblican canon, the literary canon is not forever fixed.
Maryal
Deems
August 18, 2000 - 07:52 pm
In 1798, Wordsworth and Coleridge published Lyrical Ballads, with far the majority of poems contributed by Wordsworth. Coleridge's explanation of the division of labor is in his Biographia Literaria which is a wonderful book with some fine discussion of poetry and some excellent criticism of Wordsworth. Here is a little of what Coleridge has to say:
The thought suggested itself (to which of us I do not recollect) that a series of poems might be composed of two sorts. In the one, the incidents and agents were to be, in part at least, supernatural; and the excellence aimed at was to consist in the interesting of the affections by the dramatic truth of such emotions, as would naturally accompany such situations, supposing them real. . . .for the second class, subjects were to be chosen from ordinary life; the characters and incidents were to be such, as will be found in every village and its vicinity, where there is a meditative and feeling mind to seek after them, or to notice them, when they present themselves.
In this idea originated the plan of the "Lyrical Ballads"; in which it was agreed, that my endeavours should be directed to persons and characters supernatural, or at least romantic. . . . Mr. Wordworth, on the other hand, was to propose to himself as his object, to give the charm of novelty to things of every day. . . .
With this view I wrote "The Ancient Mariner," and was preparing among other poems, "The Dark Ladie," and the "Christabel," in which I should have more nearly realized my ideal, than I had done in my first attempt. But Mr Wordsworth's industry had proved so much more successful, and the number of his poems so much greater, that my composition, instead of forming a balance, appeared rather an interpolation of heterogeneous matter. Biographia Literaria, Chap. XIV
Malryn (Mal)
August 18, 2000 - 09:17 pm
Yea, Maryal, you are exactly right, but wherein cometh "cannon"?
Mal
Jonathan
August 18, 2000 - 09:54 pm
I'm beginning to get the drift of this whole business. Just where we're heading. They're all coming off their pilgrimage to Canterbury. It could not have been the spiritual adventure they wished for. It's the Mariner's Dark Night of the Soul they long for. All this talk of canons, cannons, and more canons! Could it be!? Is it canonization for all, in the end? The plot thickens. Why couldn't they have put a seat belt into this thing? Imminent ditching is a constant. SAINTS! Protect me!
Malryn (Mal)
August 18, 2000 - 10:27 pm
Never having been to Canterbury, I wouldn't know, but I did find some interesting things tonight about the fact that Coleridge and Wordsworth watched a Leonid meteor shower at about the time they were talking about this piece. Also read that Coleridge was pretty involved with the reading of horror stories then, too.
Barbara St. Aubrey
August 18, 2000 - 11:47 pm
Maryal and Malryn, who desides what literary work is included in a Canon? I think y'all are saying each author has a Canon of work. The paper I read seemed to be saying also that the different periods or, whatever they are called, have a Canon of work ascribed. Is there a measure that determines what work is included by either an author or books representing a certain period? Is all the published work of an author considered his Canon of work? The woman writers that are now included-- how did that come about? Was it because of the many collage level classes in woman's lit.? Is this Canon determined because someone has written a paper that was given someplace? Or, is there a committee that gathers to develop the list? Does the entire English speaking community accept the same list of books in a Canon?
I had never heard of the sections of the Bible being called a Canon-- interesting-- I only knew about Canon Law. As to what is in and what is out, I was tought that all happened sometime in the 4th century. I need to find the name of the Pope instigated gathering because I forgot. Tut tut Father Albert would not like my not remember his third year Church History class.
betty gregory
August 19, 2000 - 03:15 am
Malryn, as to the other cannon,
BOOM
August 19, 2000 - 04:56 am
Betty, boom backatacha!
Frankly, I don't think canons or cannons have anything to do with analysis of the rime. Leonid meteor showers appear to have had an influence, and so do Coleridge's penchant for horror stories and his sense of isolation.
Mal
Deems
August 19, 2000 - 09:59 am
Malryn---I am with you. The whole discussion of what the canon is becomes very confusing, especially in this venue.
One of the main disputes in the literature field at present is what is IN the canon, those works that are expected to be most worth reading, and what is OUT. No one agrees on this; there are different camps. At present we seem to be moving back to admitting that some works are more important to teach than others.
As for the Bible, the books that are "canonical" are all those that wound up in the Bible.
canon 3 [Middle English, from Late Latin, from Latin, standard] a : an authoritative list of books accepted as Holy Scripture b : the authentic works of a writer c : a sanctioned or accepted group or body of related works <the canon of great literature>(Merriam Webster)
And then there's the church canon and the go boom canon. It's a word that covers much territory.
Maryal
August 19, 2000 - 10:05 am
O Wedding-Guest ! this soul hath been Alone on a wide wide sea ...
and that's why i'd love to peek in on this discussion. just reread the poem for the first time since ninth or tenth grade and sat in awe in front of my computer screen...at what a lifetime can bring to one's readings.
i am still in the midst of house guests...just returned from vienna...and will take off again in september...but will try to pop in. wish we could do it now. sob...as someone says here.
i will just say that i saw several albatross (albatrosses?) when we sailed to new zealand. and have been stuck in the doldrums for eight days and nights...can't imagine anything scarier than seeing a "painted ship on a painted ocean" coming toward you when there is no wind or tide to bring it. crikey.
if there is no one to use the sextant i will volunteer to shoot the sun at noon every few days...anyone have an almanac and a stopwatch?
robert b. iadeluca
August 19, 2000 - 10:19 am
WHAT A LIFETIME CAN BRING TO ONE'S READINGS.
Truly said, Fairwinds. I wish I had the time now to read so much of what I read in my school and earlier years and to understand so much more. Remember George Bernard Shaw? "Youth is a wonderful thing; it's a shame it's wasted on the young."
Looking forward to seeing you in "Democracy in America."
Robby
Malryn (Mal)
August 19, 2000 - 11:45 am
Fairwinds, I just read in another discussion where the piano played at the concert in Vienna was a Bosendorfer. What a thrill! I have never played one, but have a friend who owns one far away in Vermont. What this has to do with albatrosses, I do not know, except for this. If I had the wherewithal, payments for a Bosendorfer would be one sweet albatross to carry around.
Mal
August 19, 2000 - 12:45 pm
Fiarwinds---do drop in when you can. It is always good to hear from you.
fairwinds
August 19, 2000 - 01:47 pm
thanks, maryal.
malryn...thanks for the correction on albatrosses. i usually believe a smithie. you must be a good pianist. isn't it interesting how relative all of our wishes are. you'd like the albatross of payments for a bosendorfer. my albatross is that i made the mistake of giving up the piano. would love to be able to play chopin on any old steinway or even a second hand yamaha. my friend who gave the concert in vienna just turned seventeen. she and her best friend jabber all the time and look at boys. since they will be staying with me three more weeks, we have decided to trade off cooking days. and i am teaching them to cook. they have both read the rime of the ancient mariner so i'm trying to get them to give me some special scoop.
hi robby...back to "democracy in america".
betty gregory
August 19, 2000 - 05:23 pm
Maryal, thought you'd adopted a southern accent there for a minute. (Fiarwinds)
Deems
August 19, 2000 - 05:27 pm
Betty--Heh heh. My mother was from North Carolina.
Ginny
August 20, 2000 - 08:44 am
Sextant Operator Fairwinds!!! Welcome, welcome!
You all may not know it, but our Fairwinds is a REAL sailor and knows enough to know we need a sextant operator, for sure.
Pat W, kindly pipe aboard this latest Crew Member. What is a Sextant Operator called, Fairwinds? Properly, that is. Don't you DARE take off in September!
Great posts, all, on the canonization (boy that Crow's Nest is really going to swing, Canon Jonathan, you are a live one, forsooks!) I am really really really (am I actually making a point here) looking forward to this voyage.
Thank you, Maryal, for that explanation, and the wonderful stuff on the GLOSS, Barb!
Look up, Mariners! Look up in the heading. What do you see? Click on the Reader's links! Are they not FINE?
Jane and her crack Books HTML Team did those links, they are unique and very fine. Thank you Pat W, Coxwain, for putting them up there. What is a Coxswain, Fairwinds? Does that make you a Sexwain?
Oh boy what a ship, what a crew, still boarding, gangplank still down, time for some potato salad, no?
Cap'n Courageous
August 20, 2000 - 09:03 am
Ginny:
August 20, 2000 - 09:22 am
Ginny Readers links won't click for me. Boo Hoo.
fairwinds
August 20, 2000 - 10:13 am
ginny et al... "A coxswain is an obnoxious, sadistic twerp with Napolean complex that sits in the stern of the boat." that's a ROW boat. our ship is a SAILING ship. i can't tell you what an official name is for one who operates the sextant...and i will admit here and now that i hate math and always left the noontime job of balancing on the boom with one arm up to my sailing companion...while i counted the seconds out loud on a watch.
Nellie Vrolyk
August 20, 2000 - 12:45 pm
This old swabbie has her buckets, mops, and scrubbing brushes ready for keeping that deck shiny and clean. There was also some kind of stone used to polish the deck but I can't come up with the name of it. Anyone know?
I'm ready for the September first sailing of the "?" does our ship have a name? How about The Coleridge?
robert b. iadeluca
August 20, 2000 - 12:47 pm
Nellie:
Deems
August 20, 2000 - 12:49 pm
fairwinds---You forgot that the coxswain is usually very small so as not to add too much weight to the boat. And he/she calls the time for the rowing. He himself does not row.
Fortunately I know nothing about sextants except what they look like so my abysmal math skills will not be obvious to all.
Ginny---Have you been forsook? Oh dear, oh my. What can I do to help? Do you mean forsooth? Robby is also curious.
Someone more clever than I am needs to get a link up here to a good sea shanty. Then we can all dance the sailor's hornpipe whatever that is.
Maryal
FaithP
August 20, 2000 - 02:38 pm
forsook, v;tr ,has the same meaning as forsake. forsooth,adv : in truth, indeed.I have a new additiont to my Windows 98 and it is called Guru and what it does is if I am stuck on a word on a web page I just put my cursor on it then r=click and my menu has guru on it i click on that and a little window pops open with the word and a dictionary meaning. It wont find some archaic words of course but it sure is a fast way to correct my spelling when I am posting a message in Senior Net. I got it as a free down load from ZDNet downloads. Faith
Barbara St. Aubrey
August 20, 2000 - 03:12 pm
Nathaniel Bowditch of Salem, born in 1773, self schooled wrote The American Practical Navigator still used by sailors although computers are replacing much of the work calculating ship paths.
The sexton measures the distance between the sun and the horizon, is usually completed at the same time every day. That distance observed and measured between the sun and the horizon is ploted to find the latitude. The moon is shot and the longitude can be found when the moon crosses a star since the almanac tells the exact position each day of the stars and the moon. All longitudes are measured from the London Meridian.
Usually one of the Mates carries out this task, and Bowditch first carried out the task as a second Mate Clerk. That was my most favorite book when I was in the seventh and eighth grade. The Life of Nathaniel Bowditch
How Celestial Navigation Works
Interesting comparing these two men, Colridge lost his father at age 9 and Bowditch, because of the death of his mother and his father's inability to earn adequate income, he was apprenticed to a ship chandler at age 12. He educated himself using the Bible to aid in traslation he learned Latin and French as well as filling notebooks with everything he learned about ships and the sea, mathematics and astronomy. He wanted to learn Latin in order to read Newton's Principia.
robert b. iadeluca
August 20, 2000 - 03:43 pm
I'm sure glad the Cabin Boy does not have to know mathematics.
Robby
Lorrie
August 20, 2000 - 03:49 pm
Ginny. Those links that you put in of offerings made by some of us posters are great!!
Everyone, tune in above and check out some of the pithy sayings and poetry contributed by your fellow shipmates!!
Lorrie
Deems
August 20, 2000 - 06:58 pm
FaithP----That sounds like a really cool thing to have. Just click on the word and you get a definition. Neat.
Robby---I need a down comforter for my rack.
fairwinds
August 20, 2000 - 09:43 pm
barbara...good information on celestial navigation. that's about as simple as it gets. however, let's not confuse the instrument for navigating, the sextant, with a sexton...a church custodian sometimes in charge of bell ringing and digging.
maryal...i thought the reference to a napoleon complex in the definition of coxswain indicated he or she is a small person.
robert b. iadeluca
August 20, 2000 - 10:08 pm
Maryal: Well, if we have a flock of sheep on board, maybe one of the ship's crew can make you a comforter.
Incidentally, what are we eating while on board? And is there a ship's carpenter for taking care of repairs? How about a ship's doctor? Does anyone get the feeling we are not that prepared to weigh anchor?
Robby
betty gregory
August 21, 2000 - 03:43 am
Well, I've rushed home to get my doctoring kit. Locked box of hundreds of tincture of opium. Only the Cap'n knows where I keep the extra key. Many hundreds of doses of physic, I know, I know, tastes like rotten eggs, but when you're sick, you have to take it. Stacks of bandages and twine. My gardening saw has rusted, I see. Does anyone have a good sharp saw that will cut through bone? I'll need a good strong assistant.
Doc
Deems
August 21, 2000 - 05:28 am
Robby-------DOWN not wool. Pay attention. I will need geese. Perhaps I can shoot some down with my crossbow.
Betty---I will be your assitant to administer the doses of physic when necessary. (have to find some way to get close to that opium!)
fairwinds--of course you are right about the Napoleon complex. Short, small but dreams of grandeur.
Lorrie
August 21, 2000 - 05:48 am
Tut, tut! As the ship's cook, I tell you now that you need have no fear about the galley's menu. Our first night out we will be having chicken cordon bleu, a fresh garden salad, wild rice, and a creme brulee for dessert. I don't know who is in charge of the wines. The future menus will depend on what stores we find at various ports along the way.
Also, there's an ample supply of potato salad in case.
Ship's cook Lorrie
Malryn (Mal)
August 21, 2000 - 06:14 am
Eat well, me hearties. It won't be long before you're a ghastly crew with nary an appetite among you. Leave some in the larder, though, because our ship might meet up with the hungry crew of the Flying Dutchman. Who knows?
robert b. iadeluca
August 21, 2000 - 07:47 am
Maryal: Perhaps if, with your crossbow, you can shoot down just one albatross, that will give you enough down for your comforter.
And of course you all know the answer to the question: "How do you get down off an elephant?"
Robby
August 21, 2000 - 10:34 am
Scotch tape?
August 21, 2000 - 10:39 am
AHA!!
Yeoman Faith is hereby promoted to Admiral of the Ocean Seas, First Class!
Avast there!
Jeepers, do you love it? Even when the Cap'n makes up a word (which, of course, Dear Swabbies, is the Captain's prerogative) the loyal sailor can find it anyway, (or something very like it)! hahahahaaha
I love it!!! hahahahahaaa
Geez, we can tell how many of you have read Mutiny on the Bounty. Every utterance dropping from the Cap'n's lips is LAW on the high seas, me Hearties. hahahaha
Oh potato salad, I knew it! But that menu sounds pretty good to me (forsooks)! HAHAHAHAHAHA Oh I love it, I have no earthly idea what I intended by that, but it's cute.
Kinda reminds you of "suaveaire," doesn't it?
Anyway, now you have both a Captain and an Admiral on board, so we ought to get there in one piece, anyway.
Well then, on September 1 we throw off the ropes and we set out from land, hopefully without striking other vessels in our path. (Did you see where the QEII scraped a Japanese ship who then said they were honored?) I love that, too.
There goes another Captain, the QEII seems to run thru them. But I digress and don't get any ideas, either, Crew~!
So it's 9 days and counting till we launch. When we do launch a box will appear by magic (by Pat Westerdale, actually) in the heading with some provocative, hopefully, topics for you to ponder and reflect on, which center on Part I, which, hopefully, we all will have read by that time.
I hope we can have a good old chat over any of those points or any others you would like to raise, there is a LOT in Part I to notice, discuss, and learn about.
Cap'n Malaprop
Deems
August 21, 2000 - 03:35 pm
Lorrie---Forget about the ship and get yourself over to Maryland. I will pay you to cook such fine meals. Wow. I'll do the wine.
Capn Ginny, sir----Words cannot mean exactly what you want them to mean even if you ARE the captain. We are about to enter an adventure with poesy and you are planning to make up words???? O, dear. Throwing caution to the winds, say what?
Robby---one gets down from an elephant very slowly and carefully. I think I would slide down the trunk or wait for a ladder.
Maryal the Maritimer
robert b. iadeluca
August 21, 2000 - 06:07 pm
During the long hours on a ship's voyage one can wile away the time asking riddles. Like that old high school one:--
"What is the difference between a duck?"
Robby
YiLi Lin
August 21, 2000 - 07:23 pm
Well you guys seem to have all the senior positions of responsibility accounted for- but I'd like to apply for one or more positions: ---I'd like to be the guy who hangs out in the crows nest and yells land ho (if there is land to ho- otherwise I'll keep reading)- oh an if I get that job can you send me up a sandwich. or ---Can I be the guy who ladles the rum (with a squeeze of lemon or lime - no scurvy on this vessel)- I figure rum is the closest we'll get to naturopathic remedies on board. Plus the way I figure it- come the mutiny- or who gets in the lifeboat when we hit foulwinds (no pun intended fairwinds
)- there's gotta be a seat for the rum distributor and his barrel. Actually I really want this job come to think of it- no land to ho you guys'll leave me up there with the crows.
FaithP
August 21, 2000 - 07:24 pm
An Admiral can die at sea just as easily or perhaps more easily than a seaman, Aye. May the wind always be at your back Adm. FP
Deems
August 21, 2000 - 08:09 pm
Faith----er, pssst, you outrank the captain. keep that in mind in case we get in trouble. keep a weather eye out. methinks the captain is a bit, shall we say, dithered?
FaithP
August 21, 2000 - 08:18 pm
Maryal If not forsook. HaHa I will keep eyes to the wind then.I put my Guru on your dithered and he came up with a noun dither, meaning agitated and a vb. tr. to be all at sea Ha Ha Ha Ha Ha shall I continue LOLROF. Admiral
Malryn (Mal)
August 21, 2000 - 08:19 pm
Forsook, Maryal! I love that word "dithered"!
FaithP
August 21, 2000 - 08:21 pm
Malryn are you in the water or aboard. Faith
Deems
August 21, 2000 - 08:24 pm
Admiral FP----Get a grip. We are counting on you.
Malryn---Thank you kindly. It jumped into my mind and it turns out to be a fine word to describe our Cap'n.
Malryn (Mal)
August 21, 2000 - 08:47 pm
Faith, at the moment I'm flying in the air casing the joint. Water sprites only spend part of the time in the water, you know. In a moment I'm going to dance on your Admiral head, so avast and ahoy, watch out below!
betty gregory
August 22, 2000 - 05:07 am
Oh, thank god we've got a visiting Admiral aboard. I share your concerns about our dithered, forsaken Cap'n. Just nod to me, if this gets any worse. My assistant Maryal and I will assist the Cap'n down to sick bay. Some blood letting may bring our sir around. Doc
Ginny
August 22, 2000 - 06:16 am
Well I'm going to tell you all one thing, right now! (Don't you love it when somebody says they're going to tell you one thing and they then proceed to tell you a hundred things?) hahahaah
Anyway, it's plain that the office of Plank Patrol, which is yet unfilled, YiLiLin, is going to get plenty of service here as we have a Mutiny before we even cast OFF, for Pete's sake! I think several of our Ancients will be trodding the board before this is over and have my eye on that Maryal as we speak. Hmpf!
Yes, you can be Yeoman Rum Dipper, YiLiLin!
That's tough, me Hearties, the Cap'n is up to the task and we all know that in case of foul weather (foulwinds, love it, everybody HIDE when Fairwinds sees it) the Admiral goes down with the ship while the Cap'n is all at sea (love that too) in the lifeboat. THE lifeboat? THE.
YiLiLin, the Crow's Nest would get awfully full with you AND Jonathan, not that I would ever accuse you of any hanky panky or anything but let's keep it clean here and let him hang there swinging. I note (slowly slowly in the wind hahahaha) that on his HTML page above there's an excellent illustration of his doing just that.
Kindly note the possessive in front of the gerund. Don't MESS with the Cap'n, Kiddies, the Cap'n is in full charge. As Foul....er...Fairwinds (why do you think she HAS that name?) will tell you.
Now off to the OED for an instructive look at kirk!
Cap'n Crunch
August 22, 2000 - 06:41 am
Ginny:
Ginny
August 22, 2000 - 07:23 am
Cabin Boy Robby, (or Little Sir Echo as the case may be, hahahaha!!! ) yes, the Plank Patrol may be something we all may be familiar with before this is over.
Here's what my OED (abridged) says about "kirk"
Kirk: "Middle English (Northern from Church; cf. Old Norse kirkja). The Northern English and Scottish form of CHURCH, in all its senses. b. In official use, the name 'Kirk of Scotland' gave place to 'Church of Scotland' at the date of the Westminster Assembly. But (c) in subsequent English usage, 'kirk' often=the Church of Scotland as distinct from the Church of England, or from the Episcopal Church in Scotland. So Free Kirk stands for the Free Church of Scotland. 1674."
I think that's sort of interesting, myself.
Cap'n
August 22, 2000 - 07:37 am
Will I be assigned the role of the Dramamine Distributor? How 'bout "barf bailer?"
robert b. iadeluca
August 22, 2000 - 07:38 am
I looked up Kirk and it said "Captain of the Enterprise."
Robby
betty gregory
August 22, 2000 - 07:41 am
ON THE OTHER HAND....the Cap'n is the Cap'n. (And has my spare key, etc., etc.) I just got the memo that explained we are to hold our tongues when foreign utterances fly out of her mouth. The King's English notwithstanding, this is her ship.
Secret meeting tonight in the forward most sleeping chamber, just after the midnight shift change. No lanterns. Doc
patwest
August 22, 2000 - 09:57 am
Cap'n Ma'am ... Waiting for my asignment.
Another question... Is Malryn to be signed on even though she is still "flying in the air casing the joint."?
Malryn (Mal)
August 22, 2000 - 10:23 am
I'd better be, Pat! Wouldn't miss this here trip for anything! Water sprites are like a Greek chorus you know. They stand a little apart and add their two cents' worth from time to time. No seafarin' journey is ever made without a dripping wet consultant!
Mal
August 22, 2000 - 11:39 am
Hey, Cap'n! Would you say that this motley crew is really quite "au courant?'
Lorrie
August 22, 2000 - 12:13 pm
Ha hahahah " A dripping wet consultant." Now that is funny, Mal!
Deems
August 22, 2000 - 12:45 pm
Betty----I will gather flesh-water leeches on my way home from kirk tonight. Hehehehehe.
Malryn (Mal)
August 22, 2000 - 01:15 pm
My favorite breakfast. Flesh-water leeches. Heat up the frying pan, Lorrie!
betty gregory
August 22, 2000 - 01:27 pm
Oh, I forgot to say, the secret meeting tonight is for all those who support our Cap'n and want to be prepared for whatever rough seas might be ahead.
Excellent, Maryal. My supply of leeches was running low. Now what about a sharpened saw? Doc
fairwinds
August 22, 2000 - 01:33 pm
hey, can't i even correct the typo of sexton to sextant without some of you getting huffy? you can call me foulwinds but i warn you. there are ways of getting even on a boat. vee haf owa vays.
Ginny
August 22, 2000 - 01:48 pm
You tell em, Foulwinds! hahahahaa
Of all of us here, you know the deep seas best.
Fish food coming up! Haul out them cement booties!
Cap'n Queeg
FaithP
August 22, 2000 - 02:32 pm
Ahoy this ship, Admiral Fop coming aboard Stand by. Hey there load master take these crates and barrels to my cabin. And the large seachest bring along with me as I never let it out of my sight unless locked up. Here me harties have a cup of rum on the Admiral. And thanks for your backs. Now if I can find the Doc who is to accompany this voyage I will show the sawbones a thing or two for here in me chest is as fine a set of surgical tools as can be produced in Germany the hearland of good steel in 1800's. And I have a good supply of rum and opium should there be need. This Admiral being now aboard you are officially the Flag Ship. look it up. FoP
betty gregory
August 22, 2000 - 03:07 pm
The Admiral tells us to look it up, I guess we look it up.
Deems
August 22, 2000 - 03:37 pm
Admiral Fop, SIR---Any ship with an ADMIRAL aboard is a flag ship, SIR!!!
YiLi Lin
August 22, 2000 - 04:50 pm
Yoeman Rum Dipper reporting in sir- but beggin your pardin, er capn- howzbout (burp- oops) Yoe'person' Rum Dipper? or is it YO- person! Anyway methinks that somewhere along on this voyage we'll wish for a bit of political correctness.
And so I recant my petition for the nest and graciously will walk my watch, ladle firm girth'd about me middle. The rum now there's the rub- won't tell a soul where the sweet elixir is stored. For a small "donation" I'll make that last plankwalk - one smal step for...oops wrong century!
GingerWright
August 22, 2000 - 05:10 pm
Look up, I am doing so, and I see the clouds. What a group of ship mates we have here.
Yoeman Will have some of that Rum, yee have had enough. Burp oops.
patwest
August 22, 2000 - 06:32 pm
Cap'n Ginny... I am running low on space to list the roster.
Ginny
August 22, 2000 - 06:36 pm
Ye'll have to move some of yon Sailors under the ship, O Helmsman! Or write them over it?
Yon Cap'n always has an answer!
Admiral FOP, hath brought your own stewards or art relying on the Cap'n's own crew?
Cap'n Courageous
betty gregory
August 22, 2000 - 07:18 pm
Psst, Cap'n. I just got my book, book I say---full of contemporary criticism essays on the Rime and bibliographies out the waazoo. Looks like everybody and their dog have had something to say about this literary poem. I think I'm in over my head, excuse the expression, and not a very good expression out on all that water. Maybe I should just stick to blood-letting and trying to the keep Admiral Fop out'a my sick bay. Fine German surgical instruments, for crying in the bucket.
FaithP
August 22, 2000 - 07:27 pm
Cap'n , Admiral Fop has 2 men and a little boy coming aboard imminently as his personal crew. They will survive in the side room of the Quarters you assigned to me, the Admiral.We will take meals in my quarters. But Please Cap'n, tell your crew to keep that Dum Ripper or what ever his name is away from my quarters.Aye, there is a not so benign look to him. Not that any of this motley crew (I love the definitions of motley)be anything other than incongruous.Aha I think there is more than one kind of shroud aboard this boat.
betty gregory
August 22, 2000 - 07:38 pm
There are two MEN staying with the her royalness, the Admiral? Oh, my, oh, my, oh, my.
Excuse me, Cap'n, permission requested to go ashore to find two male physician's assistants.
FaithP
August 22, 2000 - 07:44 pm
Ay spye the Doc ..did she get the message that the Admiral has a nice set of surgical tools..I am worth being nice too Doc. Adm.Fop
Malryn (Mal)
August 22, 2000 - 07:45 pm
With all this ado on board I am taking out my mouth organ and playing a little chanty to calm everybody down. Give 'em their mugs and dole out the allotted pint, Rum Dipper. Brew's up, laddies. The party's begun.
robert b. iadeluca
August 22, 2000 - 07:46 pm
Does anyone get the feeling that this ship is beginning to sink?
Robby
Jonathan
August 22, 2000 - 07:47 pm
There's no turning back. Come right up, YiLi Lin. It will give me a great pleasure (and a break, too) if I can help you with fulfilling a sea-faring wish to occupy this perch with a view. If it's land you will be looking for, ye need go no further. Isn't that a lovely place for a kirk, at the foot of the hill? You must share the nest with Albatross (aka Stowaway), whom you are to release ater we have rounded the Horn (if we ever do). And one more thing. Where did ye leave the rum? Methinks I will want something before I walk the one-way Plank Patrol. Alby and I have become good friends. I promised him a proper burial, as befits one who daily came for vespers. Do what you can. The Service to be used for burial at sea, 'We therefore commit his body...', is to be found on page 401 of The Book of Common Prayer. Thankee.
Jonathan
August 22, 2000 - 09:58 pm
Nautical tidbit:
CHARLEY NOBLE: Many a rookie sailor has been sent to find Charley Noble. Usually after much searching and being unable to find the person named, he will eventually discover that Charley Noble is the galley stove pipe. This is akin to being put on lookout duty for the mail buoy.
DEADEYE WATCH: 4 am to 8 am watch
DEADWOOD: The solid timbers in the bow and stern, just above the keel where the lines narrow down so that separate side timbers will not fit. They are firmly fixed to the keel to add strength.
DEEP SIX: To discard something, specifically to throw it in the water. Water depth is measured in fathoms, six feet to a fathom. The term "deep six" comes from the throwing of the lead to determine water depth and indicates a depth "over six fathoms."
BRASS MONKEY WEATHER - Refers to very cold weather.
FREEZING THE BALLS OFF A BRASS MONKEY - A brass monkey is a brass triangle which is put on the ground and used to keep cannonballs in a neat pile or pyramid beside a gun. When the weather gets very cold the brass triangle contracts more than the iron and causes the cannonballs to roll off, hence the saying.
EARING: A rope used to fasten the top corners of a square sail to its yard.
FURNITURE: The whole moveable equipment of a ship, rigging, sails, spars, anchors, etc.
GARBOARD: The first plank on the outer hull next to the keel.
HORSING IRON: A shipbuilding tool. A caulking iron used when caulking deck seams.
JACK: A sailor or seaman
LARBOARD: The old name for the left hand side of a ship. It was officially changed to 'port' in 1844.
LOGGERHEAD - To be at loggerheads; whalers, when a whale was harpooned, would fasten the line to a timber in the boat called a loggerhead, which would take the strain of the whale's pull. Also, to have a disagreement.
MARLIN SPIKE - A steel rod, tapered to a point at one end, the other usually has a wider head. Used to open up the strands of a rope in order to tuck another strand under. Used in splicing rope. See also Fid.
MARLIN SPIKE SEAMANSHIP - A general term referring to the working of rope, cable, etc. Encompasses tying of knots, bends, lashing and other activities. Sailors, even modern day ones, often take great pride in their marlinspike seamanship. Even on modern missile cruisers, it is not unusual to see a Knot Board, made by a member of the crew, displaying many different kinds of knots, both usefull and decorative.
MOONRAKER: A small light sail set above the sky sail of a square rigged ship.
RATLINE: Any of the small ropes fastened horizontally to the shrouds of a ship and forming a ladder for going aloft
RIGGING: There is, generally, two types of rigging, even on a modern steam ship, standing and running rigging. Standing rigging is that rigging which is fixed in place, such as halyard and stays which support a mast, and are not intended to be easily adjusted or changed. Running rigging is that which is easily adjustable, such a the main sheet, used to adjust the main sail, or the rigging on a ships crane which raises and lowers cargo.
ROPE: There is some confusion over the term rope. Rope is considered to be the bulk source of line. While the rope is stored waiting for use it is properly termed "rope." Once it has been taken from storage and put to use it should then be called line.
SCURVY AT SEA: It is a little known fact that James Cook's report to the Admiralty based on his experiences from his first and second voyages came to delay the introduction of lemon juice (later lime juice) against scurvy in the Royal Navy for twenty years or until 1795.
SHAKE A LEG: There was a time when women went to sea with their sailors on certain ships. The crew and their women slept in hammocks, slung on hooks. When the Bos'n rousted out the crew for a sail change he would yell "Shake a leg". He could then tell by the leg if it was a crewman that had to be rolled out.
SHROUDS: One of a set of ropes, or wire cables stretched from the masthead to a vessel's sides to support the mast
SPRUCE BEER: Vice Admiral Samuel Graves to Philip Stephens Preston Boston Sept. 22. 1775 - the custom of supplying New England Rum to his Majesty's Ships is in my humble opinion highly prejudicial to the State. The use of it destroys the Health and Faculties of the People and debilitates them surprizinzly. The Seamen always continue healthy and active when drinking spruce Beer; but in a few days after New England Rum is served, altough mixed with four or five Waters, the Hospital is crouded with sick, and those on board are pallid, weak, and incapable of doing half their Duty. I appeal to the Captains of the Squadron that this is always the Consequence of their Crews having New England Rum.
SON OF A GUN: The original meaning, when a woman gave birth on (or under) the gun deck, the child was said to be a son of a gun. Usually the father's name was not known, hence calling some one a son of a gun is short of calling him a ba----d.
SQUARE RIGGER: A sailing vessel square-rigged on all of three or more masts, having jibs, staysails, and a spanker on the aftermost mast. THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SQUARE - RIGGED SHIP
Barbara St. Aubrey
August 22, 2000 - 10:06 pm
SEA CHANTEY; Farewell to Grog
Come, messmates, pass the bottle 'round,
Our time is short, remember,
For our grogg must stop, our spirits drop,
On the first day of September.
Chorus:
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Macular refers to which sensory organ?
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Macular degeneration - NHS Choices
Macular degeneration
Macular-degeneration Complications
Introduction
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a painless eye condition that causes you to lose central vision, usually in both eyes.
Central vision is what you see when you focus straight ahead. In AMD, this vision becomes increasingly blurred, which means:
reading becomes difficult
people's faces are difficult to recognise
This sight loss usually happens gradually over time, although it can sometimes be rapid.
AMD doesn't affect your peripheral vision (side vision), which means it will not cause complete blindness .
Read more about the symptoms of age-related macular degeneration and the complications of age-related macular degeneration .
When to seek medical advice
Visit your GP or optometrist if your vision is getting gradually worse. If your vision suddenly gets worse, images are distorted or you notice blind spots in your field of vision, seek medical advice immediately and book an emergency appointment with an optometrist.
If AMD is suspected, you'll be referred to an ophthalmologist (eye specialist) for tests and any necessary treatment.
Read more about how age-related macular degeneration is diagnosed .
Why it happens
Macular degeneration develops when the part of the eye responsible for central vision (the macula) is unable to function as effectively as it used to. There are two main types – dry AMD and wet AMD.
Dry AMD
Dry AMD develops when the cells of the macula become damaged by a build-up of deposits called drusen. It's the most common and least serious type of AMD, accounting for around 9 out of 10 cases.
Vision loss is gradual, occurring over many years. However, an estimated 1 in 10 people with dry AMD go on to develop wet AMD.
Wet AMD
Wet AMD – sometimes called neovascular AMD – develops when abnormal blood vessels form underneath the macula and damage its cells.
Wet AMD is more serious than dry AMD. Without treatment, vision can deteriorate within days.
Read more about the causes of age-related macular degeneration .
Who's affected?
AMD currently affects more than 600,000 people in the UK and is the leading cause of vision loss . By 2020, it's predicted almost 700,000 people will have late-stage AMD in the UK.
For reasons that are unclear, AMD tends to be more common in women than men. It's also more common in white and Chinese people.
The condition is most common in people over the age of 50. It's estimated 1 in every 10 people over 65 have some degree of AMD.
Treating macular degeneration
There's currently no cure for either type of AMD. With dry AMD, treatment aims to help a person make the most of their remaining vision – for example, magnifying lenses can be used to make reading easier.
There's some evidence to suggest a diet rich in leafy green vegetables may slow the progression of dry AMD.
Wet AMD can be treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) medication. This aims to stop your vision getting worse by preventing further blood vessels developing.
In some cases, laser surgery can also be used to destroy abnormal blood vessels.
The early diagnosis and treatment of wet AMD is essential for reducing the risk of severe vision loss.
Read more about treating age-related macular degeneration .
Reducing your risk
It's not always possible to prevent macular degeneration because it's not clear exactly what triggers the processes that cause the condition.
Your risk of developing AMD is closely linked to your age and whether you have a family history of the condition.
However, you may be able to reduce your risk of developing AMD, or help prevent it getting worse, by:
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The medieval occupation and derived surname Scullion referred to a basic worker in a?
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Macular Degeneration Tests, Symptoms & Treatment
Read more on Macular Degeneration from Healthwise
What Is Macular Degeneration?
The diagnosis of macular degeneration is becoming increasingly more common due to patient awareness, physician access, and improvements in tools for detection. Additionally, because of the increase in our elderly population, there has been an increase in the percentage of the population at risk for this condition. Macular degeneration is a formidable challenge to patients, their doctors, and our society as the costs for delivering state-of-the-art care increase.
Macular degeneration, also called age-related macular degeneration (AMD or ARMD), affects the macula , which is the central portion of the retina of the eye. Our central vision (what you see directly in front of you rather than what you see at the side [or periphery] of your vision) is dependent on a healthy macula.
The retina is a layer of tissue inside the eye consisting of the receptors and nerves that sense and transmit light signals from the eye to the optic nerve . From there, the optic nerve sends the information to the brain for interpretation as our sense of vision. The macula is the very central portion of the retina and is responsible for the detailed vision that we use to read, thread a needle, sign a check, or recognize faces.
Age-related macular degeneration is the leading cause of blindness in people older than 55 years in the United States affecting more than 2 million people. Because overall life expectancy continues to increase, age-related macular degeneration has become a major public-health concern.
There are two types of age-related macular degeneration:
Dry form: This type results from the gradual breakdown of cells in the macula, which can result in a gradual blurring of central vision. Small, round, yellow-white spots called drusen accumulate under the macula in the dry type. Drusen can be seen by your doctor using standard eye exam equipment. Drusen can become visible at any age but are much more common in people over the age of 55. Many people with drusen alone have excellent vision and no symptoms. However a small percentage of people will go on to develop an advanced form of dry AMD known as geographic atrophy (GA), in which the macular tissue gradually thins. When this occurs, there can be vision loss ranging from mild to profound.
Wet (exudative or neovascular) form: In the wet form of AMD, abnormal blood vessels grow under the macula. These blood vessels may leak fluid or blood, distorting or diminishing central vision. Wet AMD usually starts in one eye and may affect the other eye later. In contrast to the dry type, vision loss may be rapid.
Wet macular degeneration affects only 10%-15% of people who have AMD but accounts for the majority of people who have significant visual loss.
Juvenile macular degenerations (for example, Stargardt disease) are uncommon inherited macular diseases of childhood that are not discussed here.
Medically Reviewed by a Doctor on 8/15/2016
Medical Author:
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i don't know
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The prefix 'meso' usually means?
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Meso- | Define Meso- at Dictionary.com
meso-
a combining form meaning “middle,” used in the formation of compound words:
mesocephalic.
Also, especially before a vowel, mes- .
Origin of meso-
combining form representing Greek mésos middle, in the middle; akin to Latin medius; see mid 1
Dictionary.com Unabridged
British Dictionary definitions for meso-
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Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
© William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins
Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
Word Origin and History for meso-
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word-forming element meaning "middle, intermediate, halfway," sometimes mes- before vowels, comb. form of Greek mesos "middle, in the middle; middling, moderate; between" (see medial (adj.)).
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
In the middle; middle: mesoderm.
Intermediate: mesomere.
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'Forage' refers to crops that are?
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Meaning of Biology Prefix Meso-
Meaning of Biology Prefix Meso-
Updated on September 9, 2012
Importance Of Learning Biology Terminology
In most sciences, including biology, there is a preponderance of new terminology that must be learned quickly and remembered. Research suggests that students who are knowledgeable of biological terminology do much better in standardized testing including the EOC, ACT, and PSAT tests. It is helpful that students learn to recognize word parts which usually give a clue to the meaning of the entire word. Identifying common prefixes and suffixes in a word allows students to relate them to the definitions. In biology, there are many suffixes and prefixes commonly used. After their meanings are memorized, it will become easier to remember and learn new terminology.
'Meso' Structures In Biology
Click thumbnail to view full-size
Horizontal disposition of the peritoneum in the lower part of the abdomen. 3. mesentery | Source
Leaf anatomy. Legend: 1) cuticle 2) upper epidermis 3) palisade mesophyll 4) spongy mesophyll 5) lower epidermis 6) stoma 7) guard cells 8) xylem 9) phloem 10) vascular bundle | Source
Insect anatomy diagram. Number 9 is the mesothorax where the wings attach. | Source
Meaning Of The Prefix 'Meso'
Meso is a prefix (a group of letters added before a word to alter its meaning and form a new word) which means middle, between, partially, or intermediate. It is derived from the ancient Greek word 'mesos' meaning 'middle'. Meso, as a prefix, is extremely common in scientific nomenclature including biology.
When the prefix meso comes before a noun it often refers to a spatial relationship, signifying location. For example, the word mesoderm refers to the middle layer of the skin and the word mesosphere refers to the middle layer of the atmosphere. The prefix meso can also refer to a temporal relationship. The word mesozoic means middle life and relates to a middle stage of earth's evolutionary history.
The prefix meso also occurs in biochemistry nomenclature. A meso is a substance having bilaterally symmetrical structure. It also has two or more atom groups not consisting of hydrogen. Tantaric acid, found in grapes, is a meso compound.
Meso Words In The Language Of Biology
Meso Word
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What term refers to a style of fatalistic or menacing cinema, coined first by French critics in describing US thrillers of the 1940s?
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The 100 Best Film Noirs of All Time :: Movies :: Lists :: Page 1 :: Paste
The 100 Best Film Noirs of All Time
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Since its coining in 1946 by French critic Nino Frank, who observed from afar something dark, quite literally, going on at the American cinema, the term “film noir” has been debated and debated and debated some more. Is it a genre? A subgenre? A movement? A trend? A commentary? A style? For the purposes of this introduction, let’s call it a response.
Noir was nothing if not a reaction, a reflection of a nation reeling from despicable evil overseas and revolutionary upheaval on the domestic front. It started matter-of-factly enough. The men—including the screenwriters—had gone off to fight, and as the women stepped up, into the public sector and newfound independence, studio chiefs turned to the fast-and-cheap pulp mysteries of Raymond Chandler, Dashiell Hammett, and James M. Cain for their next productions. International directors like Fritz Lang, Michael Curtiz, and Robert Siodmak, who’d honed the dramatic visuals of German Expressionism, fled their war-torn homes for the plentiful opportunities in Tinseltown.
But things get complicated here, and fast. See, noir didn’t play by any rules, not really. We think of noirs as urban stories, but that’s not always the case—for every L.A. and N.Y.C.-set saga, there’s a small, heartland tragedy. We think of a never-ending, rain-soaked night—sunlight replaced with neon and nocturnal reflections, the optical trickery of mirrors and shadows—but in contrast, the days of noir scorched its characters. We admire its heavily stylized approach—exaggerated camera angles, tension-crafting mise-en-scène, flashbacks, deep focus and trademark shadows—but also its neo-realist and documentary-like experiments. We talk about noir plotting and tropes, but in fact it drew liberally from the gangster pics of the Depression/Prohibition era, crime procedurals, heist movies, horror films (again, the German Expressionist influence), romantic melodrama, Gothic thrillers, tawdry B-movies, and that other quintessentially American breed, the Western. Though its blueprints were everywhere, noir forged its own language, its own playbook, its own universe.
Some define noir as or by a tone, and it’s very much a mood, a sensibility. Noir is a state of mind, of subconscious, a fever dream, an existential crisis. Life had grown profoundly strange for its first-generation audience … off-balance, alienating, lonely. Think about it: As the classic period of noir, generally regarded as 1940-58, wore on, more jaded and pessimistic, shell-shocked soldiers were returning to a forever changed urban and suburban landscape. Homes they didn’t recognize, communities that had gone on in their absence, workplaces that no longer needed them, and wives who weren’t dependent on them anymore. The roles were reversed, the world was upside down. Things didn’t make sense. All that paranoia and pathos, before the second Red Scare.
Enter the private detective and his antihero ilk—a scarred, brooding fella who for his considerable flaws was sympathetic. You couldn’t say the same for the ladies, what with that Madonna-whore complex running rampant through noir’s icky Freudian gender dynamics. Unless they were a good, subservient girl, women were brazen, sexual bitches, more often than not smarter, and more powerful, than the guys—at least at the outset. Extrapolated to the off-screen world, the logic was, solve the crime, solve the problem. Put the femme fatale in her place, show the girl—the world—who’s boss. Take it all back. The nightmare was made wish-fulfillment. It’s not overreaching to read all of this from the 300 or so titles generally considered the classic noir canon. Remember: The folks at the Hollywood Production Code couldn’t handle it either, mandating changes in service of propriety, i.e., social conformity. (Had Will Hays, Joseph Breen, and their censoring kind not been around, noir would’ve been an even more nihilistic realm.) In any case, the M.O. was linear: Talk it out, trace the clues, tell us about it with a voiceover.
Except it wasn’t that easy. Like the ink on those yellow hard-boiled pages, film noir was a smeared affair from the start—hard to define and harder to reconcile. Its characters were dirty, displaced, disillusioned, distrustful, just plain dumb. Everyone was running some kind of scam, even the cops—especially the cops. Everyone was out for themselves, phonies subject to their basest fears and vices. The attraction was as ugly as the repulsion. When he wasn’t a truth-seeker, our protag was often a criminal, at the very least someone of ambivalent moral code or weakness, a fall-guy running out of time, and hope for redemption. The world was a cruel and perilous place, be it the crowded streets or open road, the inner city or a rural outpost. There was no escape, no forgiveness. In fact, perhaps the only clear-cut element of noir was the razor-sharp, imminently quotable dialogue, and its venomous sense of humor.
And so noir cast its misfits—gun-toting, hard-drinking, lipstick and stiletto-wearing human chimneys of neuroses—into a seductive, violent postwar labyrinth, in which the terror was internal and external. Fear of the next world conflict, fear of each other, fear of never getting back to a pure time, the fear in realizing there never really was one. A study in extremes that dealt in innuendo (thanks again, censors!) as it departed from accepted cultural norms and, sometimes, basic humanity—film doesn’t get more perverse, or more unapologetic about it, than the noir environment.
Was noir a conscious “response”? It’s pretty tough, given the very deliberation of filmmaking, to think noir was just a happenstance bunch of flicks that expressed the same anxieties and subverted the same sociopolitical conventions—at least after the first few years, when World War II had ended. And while by the time of 1958’s Touch of Evil noir was a shrewdly self-aware conceit, it’s worth going back to who coined the term just 12 years earlier.
An outsider called it. A bystander observing a uniquely American phenomenon. And, for decades, a largely unacknowledged bystander at that.
However (un)conscious a reaction, noir resonates to this day, with several neo-noir cycles beginning with the Cold War era through Gen X and the millennials. And while a healthy share of neo-noirs make our list, the classic period remains the most telling—context is critical. Then there are the sub-classifications within the subgenre: proto-noirs, foreign noirs (like the British “Spiv” cycle), neon noirs, and, of course, neo-noirs.
Maybe that’s what makes a list like this so problematic—Raging Bull has strong noir elements, as do Hardcore, Klute, To Live and Die in L.A., Reservoir Dogs , Payback, and Collateral. The first Sin City is a terrific pastiche, as is Carl Reiner’s more sincere homage, Dead Men Don’t Wear Plaid. The original Insomnia was a brilliant reverse noir, exchanging the claustrophobia of night for Nordic midnight sun. John Woo’s classic actioner Hard Boiled is self-explanatory. And in the tradition of Blade Runner (No. 29), modern sci-fi films from Gattaca to this year’s Ex Machina possess inarguably noir traits. So how do you draw a line in an ambiguous-by-nature whatever it is?
We’ll start with the following 100 titles. Some 70 years after the term “film noir” was first uttered, take a trip through the screwed-up terrain of the mid-century psyche, with all its sex, lies, and crime scene tape. Let’s get going—don’t say we didn’t warn you.—Amanda Schurr
100. Angel Heart
Director: Alan Parker
Year: 1987
Voodoo plays a prominent role in this Alan Parker noir, equal parts hard-boiled detective mystery and horror movie. As gumshoe Harry Angel in 1950s Harlem, Mickey Rourke is at his best, hired by a devilish-looking man (Robert DeNiro) to track down a big band singer, only to be lured into the occult subcultures of Louisiana. As Angel’s investigation takes him south from New York City to the New Orleans neighborhood of Algiers—a change of scenery suggested to Parker by the story’s author, novelist William Hjortsberg—the color-drained, highly stylized production reflects his descent into hell. Parker wrings the humidity and torrid filth from each frame. You can practically smell the pervasive overripeness and touch Angel’s sweat-crinkled suits. The feverish mood boils to the surface, giving up bodies and body parts of assorted creatures. Lisa Bonet, as chicken-loving priestess Epiphany Proudfoot (yup), exudes a delta sensuality; the MPAA required trims of her and Rourke’s blood-bathed sex scene. Headlines aside, Angel Heart is a wanton spectacle whose extremes suit the noir genre. —A.S.
99. Hard Eight
Director: Paul Thomas Anderson
Year: 1996
Paul Thomas Anderson made his feature debut with this underrated, underseen crime drama, in which Philip Baker Hall’s aging gambler Sydney takes young halfwit John (John C. Reilly) under his wing, all the way to the Vegas (and then Reno) craps tables. Hall is fantastic in this nuanced character study, a methodical, stand-up gentleman whose sell to Reilly starts with the old “Give a man a fish vs. teach a man to fish” philanthropy and goes downhill swiftly thereafter. Just because he’s straightforward and direct doesn’t mean his cards aren’t held closely to his vest, at physical risk to others. In an early, against-type turn, Gwyneth Paltrow is solid as a Reno cocktail waitress-slash-prostitute whom Reilly gets mixed up with, Samuel L. Jackson is typically good as the casino’s shady security guy, and Philip Seymour Hoffman—in a reportedly ad-libbed performance—makes the most of his limited screen time. A minor marvel of atmosphere and nuance, what started from a short entitled “Cigarettes & Coffee” is no less economical as a full-length film, thanks to Anderson’s now signature unsentimentality and shrewdness of visual style—he worked deftly with Super 35 here due to budgetary constraints before switching over to the anamorphic format. —A.S.
98. A Simple Plan
Director: Sam Raimi
Year: 1998
In 1998, director Sam Raimi put aside his signature frenetic stylings to make A Simple Plan, an adaptation of novelist/screenwriter Scott B. Smith’s 1993 thriller about three working-class men who end up stumbling upon a crashed plane filled with millions of dollars in cash. Seeing this as the answer to their financial woes, the men divvy up the money only to quickly find their close-knit group torn apart by greed and paranoia. While not ostensibly film noir in its construction, the story nevertheless touches upon classic noir themes—namely, the corruptive power of greed and the folly of man in attempting to control life’s chaos. Whatever its designation, the film presents an absorbing, if unmistakably devastating, modern-day morality tale. —Mark Rozeman
97. Croupier
Director: Mike Hodges
Year: 1998
Get Carter director Mike Hodges’s last great film was budding star Clive Owen’s first. In fact, even now more than 15 years after its release, Croupier may be the best thing Owen has ever done, playing a struggling novelist who takes a job at a casino, looking for inspiration but finding mostly trouble. Watch this film now to be reminded where the actor first prompted speculation that he’d make a great James Bond: His character Jack Manfred isn’t a super-spy, but he’s got the jet-black suaveness, lady-killing panache and dry wit we associate with 007. Croupier is a movie attracted to the sleazier side of life, and Owen’s antihero was the perfect tour guide. —Tim Grierson
96. After Dark, My Sweet
Director: James Foley
Year: 1990
Among James Foley’s (Glengarry Glen Ross, House of Cards ) early career successes was this under-the-radar mood piece, a neo-noir adaptation of hard-boiled provocateur Jim Thompson’s 1955 novella. Jason Patric stars as soft-spoken former boxer “Collie” Collins, who escapes the loony bin only to fall under the spell of boozing widow Fay (Rachel Ward). Drifter and femme fatale are soon entangled in a doomed kidnapping plot devised by her sketchy ex-cop acquaintance “Uncle Bud” (a pitch-perfect Bruce Dern). That there winds up being a diabetic child involved offers no spoiler; we know these lost, spent souls are going to rot in the Palm Springs sun—it’s simply a matter of when. Even Fay’s mid-century mod ranch house, what should be an Architectural Digest spread, is instead an ode to emptiness and general disrepair. As is characteristic of Thompson’s work, the conflict here is largely in the mind, and Patric’s measured performance is mesmerizing. His slack-jawed, dead-eyed antihero leads with a deceptively well-mannered façade whose voiceovers reveal a quiet, terrifying nihilism. —A.S.
95. Angel Face
Director: Otto Preminger
Year: 1953
Some noirs get their hooks into you within their first few minutes and don’t let go even after the credits roll. Angel Face isn’t one of those. It’s a deliberate, considerate film, one that has a destination in mind and makes no bones about taking its time getting there. Whether you ride with it is up to you, but come on: This is Otto Preminger—lesser Otto Preminger, perhaps, certainly not one of his better celebrated films. Even lesser Preminger is worth your time, though, particularly when he’s as laser-focused as he is here. Angel Face builds. It’s a movie that constantly sets itself up and points toward its shocker of a climax. Preminger’s direction renders this story of crazy love, shared between Robert Mitchum and Jean Simmons, unpredictable if slow. Don’t let the apparent languidness get in your way. The unhurried pace adds to the film’s grimmer pleasures. —Andy Crump
94. The Grifters
Director: Stephen Frears
Year: 1990
British director Stephen Frears does a marvelous job of adapting one of the toughest hard-boiled nuts to crack, mid-1900s novelist Jim Thompson, in this pulpy oedipal neo-noir. John Cusack sheds the last remnants of his Say Anything teen-star sincerity as Roy Dillon, a slick but stupid young con artist. He thinks he’s smarter than chemical blonde mom Angelica Huston, an odds fixer at the track who oozes calculation with every utterance of “Los ANG-guh-LEEZ,” and hustling girlfriend Annette Bening, a newer version of dear old mum on the hunt for her own long game. The shitshow of Freudian damage and deception, penned for the screen by Donald E. Westlake, is unsettling even by Thompson standards. Frears and his core triangle of actors—restrained but revelatory, all—keep the one-upsmanship taut, the better to let Thompson’s subversive, straight-up HAM gender dynamics and festering worldview have their way. (Pat Hingle, Stephen Tobolowsky and the late, great J.T. Walsh are other casting masterstrokes.) You can almost smell the putrid yellows and browns of Roy’s apartment—with its too-obvious clown paintings—and L.A. at large. When trouble is a gut punch—or an unwanted child, pick your stomach ill—you know things aren’t gonna end well. —A.S.
93. The Naked City
Director: Jules Dassin
Year: 1948
Placed next to the rest of his filmography, Jules Dassin’s The Naked City feels somewhat rote. If you’ve ever watched a single episode of Law and Order, or if you have a distinct fondness for procedural fare at large, then you really owe a debt of thanks to Dassin’s stripped-down work here. Unlike so many other noirs, The Naked City aims for realism over stylish melodrama. That verisimilitude has kept the film from aging well, but Dassin’s commitment to authenticity lends a great deal of heft to his story of brute violence in New York City, even if the plot runs pretty much by the numbers. That’s sort of the point, of course: to showcase the way that law operates in service to justice. The results might be flat, but their influence and dedication to purity call for our acknowledgement. —A.C.
92. State of Grace
Director: Phil Joanou
Year: 1990
Phil Joanou’s State of Grace had the great misfortune to hit theaters the same month as Martin Scorsese ’s Goodfellas. Talk about rough luck. Maybe Joanou’s work will be rediscovered someday in the future as people dig back through the ’90s to uncover hidden gems of the era; it’s certainly worthy of reevaluation. State of Grace does a lot of things well, and mostly suffers from “wrong place, wrong time” syndrome. Like Scorsese, Joanou peels back the layers of mob tropes, dissecting gang heavies in an effort to see what kind of people they are beneath the surface. Better still, he’s able to drive right at the heart of urban crime through portraits of the intercultural beefs that drive it. The cast is terrific—you can hardly go wrong with Sean Penn, Gary Oldman, Ed Harris and Robin Wright, let alone John Turturro and John C. Reilly—but it’s what Joanou does with them that makes State of Grace special. —A.C.
91. Devil in a Blue Dress
Director: Carl Franklin
Year: 1995
Devil in a Blue Dress perfectly casts Denzel Washington as a down-on-his-luck WWII veteran who relocates to L.A. to start a new career as a private investigator. As tends to happen with PIs in this subgenre, the man inevitably finds himself embroiled in a complicated murder investigation. Adding his own spin to the well-trodden noir plotlines, writer/director Carl Franklin uses his film’s detective story as a launching pad to explore the racial landscape of 1940s America. Philip Marlowe certainly had his share of rough encounters, but he had the benefit of never being instantly judged on the basis of his skin color. Mix in a scene-stealing turn from Don Cheadle and Devil in a Blue Dress makes for one tantalizing riff on the film noir formula. —M.R.
90. Kiss of Death
Director: Henry Hathaway
Year: 1947
Does any psychopath in film noir’s rogues gallery strike quite as much immediate, stomach-churning terror as Tommy Udo? The man’s got a leering, sunken visage only a mother could love, provided she keeps her eyes closed tightly and doesn’t give him reason to shove her down the stairs. Richard Widmark’s wolf grin might be the only thing about Kiss of Death that matters. Bereft of him, of course, Henry Hathaway’s film remains solid, but Widmark’s Oscar-nominated performance makes the entire enterprise feel vital. He’s a villain for the ages, perhaps robbed of his due by Hathaway’s need to architect a happy ending. Such is life working with production codes. —A.C.
89. The Usual Suspects
Director: Bryan Singer
Year: 1995
The movie is a cheat and a fraud. It’s as manipulative as it is dishonest, but unlike many other far lesser films worthy of the same description, all this flick’s shamelessness is on purpose. When it was released The Usual Suspects left viewers gob smacked, staring at screens with expressions matching Michael Caine and Steve Martin on the runway at the end of Dirty Rotten Scoundrels: at first confused, then maybe a little angry, but then ultimately delighted by how fooled they’d just been. Perfectly paced, brilliantly scored by director Bryan Singer and editor/composer John Ottman—the film never lets the marks know they’re being conned by the irresistible ensemble or Christopher McQuarrie’s dark, mischievous script. And then like that … it’s gone… —Bennett Webber
88. Black Widow
Director: Bob Rafelson
Year: 1987
Taking the femme fatale conceit to literal extremes, director Bob Rafelson, whose credits include Five Easy Pieces and the 1981 remake of The Postman Always Rings Twice, delivers a modern noir elevated by two ace lead performances. Debra Winger does Debra Winger as an FBI agent, Alex, who grows obsessed with the perpetrator of a series of unsolved marriages-then-murders. Theresa Russell matches her note for note as gold-digging vixen Catharine, who’s as good at the long con as she is a cat-and-mouse game with Winger’s humdrum suit. Then there’s the staggering amount of research involved—Catharine on the passions of her soon-to-be victims, Alex on her suspect. It’s smart, with pointed gender commentary to boot. The plain-Jane Fed plays frenemies with the glamorous chameleon while cinematography great Conrad L. Hall (Cool Hand Luke, American Beauty) mines suspense in the shadows, all the better to spotlight Russell’s steely eyes and porcelain veneer—she’s bone-chilling. Bonus points for a droll cameo from Dennis Hopper as one of Catharine’s marks, and a lecherously long-nailed Diane Ladd as one of his relatives. —A.S.
87. Dark City
Director: Alex Proyas
Year: 1998
Taking a cue from Blade Runner , Alex Proyas’ 1998 magnum opus serves up a cerebral sci-fi extravaganza as filtered through the visual tropes of film noir and German Expressionism. The result is a staggering achievement in imagination that, like Blade Runner , flopped at the box office only to be revived later as a beloved cult classic. The film casts Rufus Swell as an amnesiac who wakes up one night to discover that his city is (quite literally) being manipulated by a band of mysteriously pale men in jet-black trench coats and fedoras. Along for the ride is Kiefer Sutherland as a crazed scientist and Jennifer Connelly as our hero’s estranged wife (who, it must be noted, was born to play a noir femme fatale). —M.R.
86. Gaslight
Director: George Cukor
Year: 1944
Ingrid Bergman won her first Oscar for playing a vulnerable young woman slowly being driven insane by her charismatic husband in Gaslight. And while certainly well earned, Bergman’s award-winning portrayal is but one reason to catch this exceptional 1944 psychological thriller. For one, unlike other noirs, Gaslight is a period story, set in the Edwardian era, and reiterates the frightening notion that evil can emerge not just from the corrupt city setting inherent to the genre but from a domestic context, as well. As the film’s villain, Charles Boyer delivers a hypnotic, chilling performance that perfectly matches Bergman’s volatile characterization. If all that weren’t enough, Murder, She Wrote fans will be delighted at the feature film debut of an 18-year-old Angela Lansbury. —M.R.
85. Obsession
Director: Edward Dmytryk
Year: 1949
Unlike so many of its peers on this listing, Edward Dmytryk’s Obsession doesn’t lean on violence in its plotting and scheming. But the film isn’t gentle by any stretch. In fact, Obsession is one of the more gruesome classic noirs, a slow-burning bit of nastiness that could give Breaking Bad a run for its money in the body disposal department. Dmytryk rides on the strength of great work by Robert Newton, here playing a psychiatrist who determines to kill his wife’s lover, an American diplomat played by Phil Brown. (Obviously, because everybody knows that all psychiatrists secretly harbor homicidal urges.) Newton’s a creepy hoot, and Dmytryk has such a good handle on his suspense that even the tonal dissonance of unwelcome comedy doesn’t break the film’s insidious spell. —A.C.
84. Se7en
Director: David Fincher
Year: 1995
It’s hard to think of a movie that did more short-term damage to the length of your fingernails in the ’90s than David Fincher ’s Se7en. The film follows detectives David Mills (Brad Pitt) and almost-retired William Somerset ( Morgan Freeman ) on the trail of John Doe, a murderer who plans his kills around the seven deadly sins. We see Somerset teach a still-naive Mills valuable life lessons around the case, which has morally charged outcomes aimed at victims that include a gluttonous man and a greedy attorney. But with all the disturbing crime scenes considered, Se7en’s never as unpredictable or emotionally draining as when Mills and Somerset make the final discovery of “what’s in the box” after capturing their man. —Tyler Kane
83. Tension
Director: John Berry
Year: 1949
One of film noir’s more under-loved minor works, Tension showcases great work by Audrey Totter while fiddling with gender roles and postwar disenchantment. There are few saps as sappy as Richard Basehart’s cuckolded Warren Quimby, and even in the realm of femme fatales, few are even half as downright mean as Claire Quimby (Phyllis Dietrichson, Lily Carver and Brigid O’Shaughnessy notwithstanding). Forget the fact she habitually cheats on poor borin’ Warren: Check the scene where he drives her to the house he scrimped and saved for, a gesture she can only respond to with contempt. Totter is such a hoot you almost forget to feel bad for Basehart, but even his gentle male ego can only endure so much abuse before he decides to remake himself in the image of Claire’s “type,” all the better to get even with her and her lover. Tension might not have the iconography of John Berry’s peers, but the film makes a worthy study of masculine American identity. —A.C.
82. King of New York
Director: Abel Ferrara
Year: 1990
Abel Ferrara’s modern day take on Robin Hood transposes the crusader of the common man to the scum-infested streets of the Big Apple, where Christopher Walken ’s formerly incarcerated drug lord Frank White returns to his old stomping ground. His strategy for social (and personal) reform: Eliminate competing kingpins and their rackets, and channel profits to the lower classes while funding a hospital in the South Bronx. A win/win, albeit a perverted one, right? Except that we know better. When the cops (David Caruso and Wesley Snipes among them) are just as morally flexible as the crooks (as Walken’s associate, “Larry” Fishburne is unhinged), none of these figures on the margins are going to wind up any closer to a fighting chance. As unapologetic judge and jury, Walken is never better, nor cooler: “I must’ve been away too long because my feelings are dead. I feel no remorse,” he states flatly. B-movie vet Ferrara (Ms. 45, China Girl) revels in the extremes in textures, juxtaposing the inner city guts and grime with the blinged-out glamour of White’s penthouse lifestyle—this gangster film wound up a gangsta touchstone for ’90s hip-hop. King of New York’s standing on this list could arguably be swapped with Ferrara’s even more corrosive follow-up two years later, Bad Lieutenant, another pitch-black fable about attempts at redemption gone spectacularly awry—it’s hardly surprising that, exceptional as Harvey Keitel was in the 1992 film, the lead role was originally intended for Walken. —A.S.
81. Oldboy
Director: Park Chan-wook
Year: 2003
Park Chan-wook’s Oldboy makes the smart choice most genre homages don’t: The film relegates reference to the soundtrack titles, some of which crop up elsewhere on this very list. It takes more than a few hat tips to Tourneur, Hawks and Ray to make a noir, but Oldboy boasts the lion’s share of noir’s best trappings in its story of long-term revenge and dirty family secrets. The film is probably best revered for a single fight scene, one of only a handful to occur throughout its two-hour running time. Admittedly, that hallway scrap is pretty glorious, but Park boils his protagonist hard, and spoken from beneath star Choi Min-sik’s grizzled mane, the film’s dialogue crackles with beefy, unhinged ennui. Years from now when the next big international neo-noir import arrives stateside, don’t be surprised if you see Oldboy’s moniker on its OST. —A.C.
80. Bound
Director: Andy and Lana Wachowski
Year: 1996
Before The Matrix launched them into blockbuster superstardom, Andy and Larry (now Lana) Wachowski announced their arrival with this sleek, sexy neo-noir. The film centers on Corky, a female ex-con who ends up falling into a sexual relationship with her next-door neighbor, Violet. The two promptly hatch a plan to run off together after stealing money from Violet’s mafia-affiliated husband. Predictably, this seemingly straightforward plan goes dangerously awry. There’s much to love about Bound—from Gina Gershon’s and Jennifer Tilly’s career-defining performances to Bill Pope’s stylish cinematography to the progressive portrayal of a lesbian relationship. In the end, however, Bound delights because, well, it’s just so darn entertaining. Its success provides all the more evidence that, in the wake of Jupiter Ascending, the Wachowskis might do well to get back to their low-budget roots. —M.R.
79. The Asphalt Jungle
Director: John Huston
Year: 1950
An artfully staged robbery sequence is among the highlights of John Huston’s heist classic, an obvious blueprint for films spanning Ocean’s 11 to Reservoir Dogs . What marks it firmly in the noir realm, though, is a censors-baiting taste for the bleak and merciless, a thread of self-loathing amid the double-crosses, and an urban wasteland motif that gets even more suffocating when the underworld rises. Fresh out of the clink, criminal mastermind Doc Reidenschneider (Oscar nominee Sam Jaffe) assembles a crew of irredeemable lowlifes to break into a jewelry store vault. (Fun fact: The Coen Brothers paid homage in their 2001 noir The Man Who Wasn’t There with Tony Shalhoub’s character, Freddy Riedenschneider.) Among Jaffe’s cohorts are Sterling Hayden (well more than a decade before Dr. Strangelove and 20 years before The Godfather) as small-time crook Dix, Louis Calhern as a corrupt lawyer-turned-the group’s fence Emmerich and, as the latter’s mistress, a then-fledgling and essentially unknown actress by the name of Marilyn Monroe. Huston eschewed some of the genre’s flourishes for a more naturalistic approach, keeping musical cues to a bare minimum and detailing the procedural minutia of the break. The dialogue, peppered with slang, is both crackling and realistic. Story has it that MGM chief Louis B. Mayer said, “That ‘Asphalt Pavement’ thing is full of nasty, ugly people doing nasty things. I wouldn’t walk across the room to see a thing like that.” Don’t listen to him. —A.S.
78. Drive
Director: Nicolas Winding Refn
Year: 2011
Of the pivotal elevator kiss toward the end of Drive, Ryan Gosling has said it’s the moment before his nameless driver becomes the werewolf. But there are several points of no return, and genres, in Nicolas Winding Refn’s thriller, from action flick to superhero to grindhouse B-movie. Its roots are unmistakably noir, however, specifically that L.A. subset of sprawling asphalt, actors, and the false appearances and loneliness therein. Gosling’s Hollywood stuntman by day, getaway driver by night is part of an age-old tradition of antiheroes who want to do the right thing but can’t put down the monster within. It’s violent, romantic and quintessentially noir. Framed by a retro sheen of neons and ’80s synths, Drive transports the genre to the present day with a supporting cast that includes a menacing Albert Brooks, Carey Mulligan, Ron Perlman, Bryan Cranston and Christina Hendricks. —A.S.
77. The Prowler
Director: Joseph Losey
Year: 1951
Of all the films collected on this list that aren’t directed by Alfred Hitchcock, Joseph Losey’s The Prowler comes closest to feeling truly Hitchcockian. It’s morbid and nasty, the kind of feature that feels spun from the cloth of pulp comics; you can see this being a really good episode of Tales From the Crypt in an alternate timeline, though we’re probably better off here, because Losey’s movie is phenomenally macabre. What happens when obsession takes a hold of you? What happens when you slowly begin to wither and morph into the worst version of yourself, all to obtain the good things in life you arrogantly believe you deserve? In The Prowler, Van Heflin’s covetous, murderous cop is undone by his own scheming, all in the pursuit of getting what’s his. There’s a life lesson in there about greed, but you might be too caught up in the film’s sweaty, grimy sheen for it to sink in. —A.C.
76. Lady in the Lake
Director: Robert Montgomery
Year: 1947
Forty years before The Blair Witch Project popularized the idea of a film being told from the camera’s perspective, actor/director Robert Montgomery gave this radical idea a spin with Lady in the Lake, his adaptation of one of Raymond Chandler’s Philip Marlowe detective stories. Ultimately, the case proves to be minor Marlowe and the first-person gimmick does eventually wear thin over the course of the film’s runtime. Putting aside these reservations, however, the film is most certainly worth a watch if just to witness Montgomery’s sheer audacity and inventiveness. It’s the textbook example of a film being ahead of its time. —M.R.
75. Memento
Director: Christopher Nolan
Year: 2000
During a brutal attack in which he believes his wife was raped and murdered, insurance-fraud investigator Leonard Shelby (played with unequivocal intensity, frustration and panic by Guy Pearce) suffers head trauma so severe it leads to his inability to retain new memories for more than a few minutes. This device allows Christopher Nolan to brilliantly deconstruct traditional cinematic storytelling, toggling between chronological black-and-white vignettes and full-color five-minute segments that unfold in reverse order while Shelby frantically searches for his wife’s killer. The film is jarring, inventive and adventurous, and the payoff is every bit worth the mind-bending descent into madness. —Steve LaBate
74. D.O.A.
Director: Rudolf Maté
Year: 1950
In one of the most intriguing opening scenes in film history, D.O.A. commences with a lengthy tracking shot of a man as he stumbles into the police office to make an unusual request—he wants to report his own murder. This opening image just about sums up D.O.A., a brisk yet exhilarating noir thriller with one hell of a high-concept. After being administered a deadly poison, the main character has only a few days to discover who dosed him and why. What follows is a glorious mix of high-stakes melodrama and entertaining sleaze all compacted into a concise hour-and-twenty minute running time. —M.R.
73. Detour
Director: Edgar G. Ulmer
Year: 1945
A pioneering work in the film noir movement, Detour was initially conceived as little more than yet another quickie product straight from Hollywood ’s poverty row. The story concerns a piano player who, while hitchhiking from New York to Hollywood, ends up getting a ride from a pill-popping bookie who later turns up dead. Thus begins a series of bad decisions that provides the template for any good noir yarn. Filmed in less than a month with a miniscule budget, the eventual theatrical cut barely clocked in over an hour. It was from these severe limitations, however, that the vocabulary of down-and-dirty noir films began to take shape. Indeed, Detour’s ragged edges and technical hiccups helped inadvertently create the kind of grimy, hard-boiled atmosphere that served as the perfect reflection of its equally gritty content. —M.R.
72. Zodiac
Director: David Fincher
Year: 2007
I hate to use the word “meandering,” because it sounds like an insult, but David Fincher’s 2007 thriller is meandering in the best possible way—it’s a detective story about a hunt for a serial killer that weaves its way into and out of seemingly hundreds of different milieus, ratcheting up the tension all the while. Jake Gyllenhaal is terrific, and the story is content to release its clues slowly, leaving the viewer in ambiguity for long stretches, while still feeling like a fast-paced burner. It’s not Fincher’s most famous film, but it’s absolutely one of the most underrated thrillers since 2000. —Shane Ryan
71. Key Largo
Director: John Huston
Year: 1948
The fourth and final film teaming of Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall doesn’t rank with their other onscreen pairings—the real dance here is between Bogie, as a returning veteran, and Edward G. Robinson, as a gangster who has Bogie’s war buddy’s island resort in a stranglehold, just in time for a hurricane to make landfall. Adapted from Maxwell Anderson’s hit Broadway play, the resulting chamber piece swaps the Spanish Civil War for the second World War. Also exchanged are the typical noir streets for Florida’s coastal environs, every bit as claustrophobic and oppressive as the barometric pressure drops. Though only the film’s opening scenes were shot on location (the rest on the Warner Bros. lot), the exotic setting and meteorological fate render isolation to an extreme degree. Robinson is electrifying as the ex-bootlegger, whose hostages include John Barrymore as the wheelchair-bound father of Bogart’s deceased war colleague, Bacall as the soldier’s widow, and Academy-Award winner Claire Trevor as Robinson’s mistreated moll. As with Bacall here, it’s not Bogart’s finest collaboration with director John Huston, but the palpable sense of atmospheric dread and postwar disillusionment make this a trip worth taking. —A.S.
70. The Sound of Fury
Director: Cy Enfield
Year: 1950
Social consciousness, a recurring theme throughout noir’s history, meets with the grisly side of mob politics in Cy Endfield’s lesser-known yarn, ripped straight from the headlines. Like The Wrong Man, The Sound of Fury purports to be based on actual events. How well the film plays that out depends on your knowledge of the case that inspired it. In Endfield’s hands, the story becomes a discomfiting exploration of American inclinations toward taking matters into one’s own hands. Unlike so many legit bad guys on this list, Frank Lovejoy’s Howard Tyler does bad things for good reasons. He’s a family man fallen on hard times. Endfield makes the case for his guilt, but through the complex worldview of noir he’s able to critique the lack of cultural empathy (alongside socially irresponsible journalism) that ushers him toward a downfall disproportionate to his crime. What the film lacks in stylishness, it makes up for in raw emotion. —A.C.
69. Brick
Director: Rian Johnson
Year: 2005
High-school sleuths are popular on TV—Veronica Mars, Buffy the Vampire Slayer , and The Hardy Boys, to name a few. Social cliques and hormonal tensions coupled with deceptively blasé suburban backdrops tend to refresh gumshoe maneuvers, even as murderous intrigue adds zap to all the Clearasil melodrama. But Brick, director Rian Johnson’s crackling debut, shakes up a genre that’s grown a bit routine, while indulging our familiarity with it. Joseph Gordon-Levitt plays Brendan, the smart, loner kid whose broken heart leads him to the local teenage underworld when his ex-girlfriend (Lost’s Emilie de Ravin) goes missing. The extremely mannered dialogue evokes the clipped lingo of Philip Marlowe, cross-wired with David Mamet. Southern California kids who look like they should be in line for a Gwen Stefani show drop slang like “duck soup” (easy pickings) and “bulls” (cops) as if they were studying James Ellroy in English class. Like those punches that lunge across the screen and send Brendan reeling toward his next clue, it’s a left-field surprise. —Steve Dollar
68. Force of Evil
Director: Abraham Polonsky
Year: 1948
A favorite of Martin Scorsese, Force of Evil centers on a lawyer who finds himself involved with an influential gangster looking to take over all smaller rackets in town. The problem? One of those desirable rackets is run by the lawyer’s older brother. Like T-Men, the film makes great use of shooting on location. Moreover, at times, the film’s familial themes and stylized writing help elevate the conflict to near Shakespearean levels (or Biblical levels, considering how frequently it alludes to the story of Cain and Abel). Though relatively small in scale, Force of Evil finds greatness in its aim to convey grandiose, large-scale ideas. —M.R.
67. Angels With Dirty Faces
Director: Michael Curtiz
Year: 1938
Jimmy Cagney, Pat O’Brien, and Humphrey Bogart star in this early entry in the noir canon, a surprisingly restrained morality play about two childhood friends whose lives take different yet intersecting paths (natch). During their youthful delinquent days in Hell’s Kitchen, Cagney’s Rocky took the rap for a railroad car robbery after saving the life of his pal Jerry (O’Brien), who subsequently got away—he “couldn’t run as fast as I could,” Jerry laments guiltily. Years later, Rocky is out of juvey and back into crime—along with his new associate, lawyer/heavy Bogart—while Jerry has become a man of the cloth. The priest is doing his best to discourage the neighborhood’s street kids, a.k.a. the “Dead End Kids” and “Bowery Boys” of several film series, to learn from his mistakes. Instead, the fledgling hoodlums idolize Father Jerry’s former BFF, who eats up the attention. What distinguishes Angels With Dirty Faces from its earlier, clear-cut gangster peers (e.g., The Public Enemy ) is an emotional, redemptive thread, along with the focus on forces, both internal and external, upon the characters’ fates. A social conscience and introspection elevate what in lesser hands than Michael Curtiz’s would be a contrived melodrama. That, and a smartly paced production led by performances from O’Brien and, particularly Cagney, whose charismatic turn—check that up-for-interpretation climactic reckoning—landed him his first Best Actor Oscar nomination. —A.S.
66. T-Men
Director: Anthony Mann
Year: 1947
Prior to gaining his reputation as a premier Western filmmaker, director Anthony Mann established his name in Hollywood via several low-budget noir productions. One of his most widely celebrated is T-Men, which centers on two Treasury agents who must go undercover to infiltrate a notorious counterfeiting ring. While not boasting any big-name actors or even a particularly novel story, the film is noted for its inventive cinematography, with Mann and cinematographer John Alton deciding to shoot several scenes on location in Detroit and Los Angeles, thus necessitating some creative uses of lighting. This commitment to realism would help perfect the film noir style we all know and love. —M.R.
65. Kiss Kiss Bang Bang
Director: Shane Black
Year: 2005
Shane Black’s Kiss Kiss Bang Bang isn’t just one of the early stops on Robert Downey Jr. ’s early aughts career redemption tour: It’s arguably the strongest American neo-noir produced in postmillennial cinema. You don’t need to know the Philip Marlowes, the Billy Wilders, the Robert Siodmaks or the Sam Spades of noir canon to have a blast with this one. You only need to have a sense of humor and an appreciation of snappy dialogue, courtesy of a smirking, self-aware script that’s as snarky about its own tropes and contrivances as it is infinitely quotable. The basic foundation of the noir is all there, from the equal doses of gunplay and wordplay to the grisly whodunit driving the plot’s mounting pile of incidents forward. But Black, Downey, and a supporting cast that includes Michelle Monaghan and a rarely better Val Kilmer make the familiar structure here feel new by giving it a coat of fresh, modern vibrancy. —A.C.
64. Sweet Smell of Success
Director: Alexander Mackendrick
Year: 1957
They don’t come much seamier than Alexander Mackendrick’s masterpiece of blind items and blind ambition. NYC gossip columnist J.J. Hunsecker (Burt Lancaster) commands fear from politicians and celebs as he holds court in the social scene. Among his subjects is suck-up Sidney Falco (Tony Curtis); he’s a hustling publicist who’ll do anything to get in Hunsecker’s good graces, even if it means setting up the musician beau of Hunsecker’s younger sister as a pot-smoking commie. Witch-hunt or blackmail, scruples be damned. It’s a round of the nastiest poison for everyone here—from the newspaper giant’s thinly veiled feelings for his sis to a cop in Hunsecker’s pocket to Falco’s pimping out of his girlfriend to advance his agenda. James Wong Howe’s stark yet lyrical cinematography, Ernest Lehman and Clifford Odets’ fast-paced dialogue (adapted from Lehman’s novella), and most explicitly, Elmer Bernstein’s iconic score exemplify what would become known as “crime jazz”—whose gritty brand of urban cool was dangerous, sexy and unforgiving. Sweet Smell of Success pops as a ruthless portrait of New York nightlife and its creatures, and an eerily prescient nod to media sensationalism more than a half century before Facebook and Twitter. Then again, maybe it’s just as canny as everything else at play here. —A.S.
63. Fargo
Director: Joel and Ethan Coen
Year: 1996
Having already made the more traditional neo-noir with their debut feature, Blood Simple (No. 37), the Coen Brothers opted for a more subversive take with Fargo. The story involves a mild-mannered car salesman who hires two men to kidnap his wife. His hope is that her father’s ransom money can be put toward fixing some of his cash-flow issues. Of course, the situation quickly sours and local police chief Marge Gunderson (a perfect Frances McDormand), who just happens to be heavily pregnant, is brought in to investigate. Trading in the subgenre’s traditional shadow-drenched imagery in favor of wide expanses of the snow-coated Midwest landscapes, the Coens take a conventional noir set-up (a simple plan gone horribly wrong), place it in an unorthodox setting and coat the proceedings under a layer of Midwestern politeness. The result is a devilishly clever black comedy that proved to be the Coens’ mainstream breakout, earning both them and McDormand Academy Awards for writing and acting, respectively. —M.R.
62. The Limey
Director: Steven Soderbergh
Year: 1999
Bad deeds and worse parenthood catch up to Terence Stamp’s Cockney-rhyming antihero, an Englishman in L.A. searching for answers about his daughter’s “accidental” death. Recently released from prison after a decade-long stint, Wilson (Stamp) suspects the young woman’s boyfriend, a record producer of his own age (played with nonchalant skeeze by Peter Fonda) whom he discovers has a drug business on the side. What ensues is an unsettling retread of oedipal dynamics and tragedy repeating itself, the double-crosses and retribution told via flashbacks, and made more vivid by some inspired audio manipulation. The effect calls to mind what Steven Soderbergh did in Out of Sight a year earlier, but here editor Sarah Flack tweaks the motif more (in)consistently and dramatically, excerpting both dialogue and background details at seemingly disjointed moments in the narrative’s timeline. It disorients while bringing plot points and mood into sharp focus. Ed Lachman’s cinematography is likewise inventive. Stamp is simply badass, whether he’s crashing Fonda’s cantilevered Hollywood Hills manse party or having the last word with thugs. Wilson is a righteous avenger who’s resigned to his screwups and what they’ve cost him. That Soderbergh winks at Stamp’s and Fonda’s onscreen legacies ups the psychological ante of players who know the glory days are behind them—“someplace far away, half-remembered,” as Fonda’s character puts it. The Limey is stylish and hip as all get-out, but also more than a little sad. —A.S.
61. Red Rock West
Director: John Dahl
Year: 1993
A key figure in the neo-noir renaissance of the early ’90s, John Dahl followed his promising if not-quite-there directorial debut Kill Me Again with the one-two punch of Red Rock West and, a year later, The Last Seduction (No. 55). For its part, Red Rock West is a classic pulp throwback, scripted by Dahl and his brother Rick. Nicolas Cage, all denim-and-drawl in a tailor-made role if ever there were one, plays a Marine-turned-homeless drifter who stumbles into the eponymous Wyoming town, and into a murder plot. Mistaken for a hitman by the hiring party (J.T. Walsh), he passes himself off as the assassin until he makes the acquaintance of his lovely target (Lara Flynn Boyle), and the real killer (Dennis Hopper). The list of plot twists grows long as the late-afternoon shadows, each double-cross bathed in a gorgeous wash of sun and aided by a twangy soundtrack. (Dwight Yoakam, who wrote a song for the film, shows up as a truck driver.) Red Rock West is terrific fun. It’s a confident, authentic entry in the modern canon that feels neither ironic nor like it’s trying too hard. —A.S.
60. The Verdict
Director: Don Siegel
Year: 1946
Don Siegel’s debut picture, The Verdict rests between two axes: Peter Lorre and Sydney Greenstreet. Siegel could have shot the film and styled his misé en scene any way he wanted, and none of it would have mattered so long as he kept his two leading men on the cast. The Verdict is all about them, both from the perspective of narrative and in terms of the viewing experience. Lorre has a habit of stealing our attention while hanging out at the edges of the frame, while Greenstreet uses his imposing bulk to command from the center of the camera. They make a fun pair as antiheroes trying to redeem Greenstreet’s disgraced Scotland Yard superintendent when an innocent man is sent to the gallows thanks to his botched investigation, while Siegel soaks their mission in noir’s dark-washed style and black humor. —A.C.
59. Shoot the Piano Player
Director: François Truffaut
Year: 1960
François Truffaut’s Shoot the Piano Player feels like the tragicomic reverse of Melville’s Le Doulos (No. 53). Instead of adapting French literature through an American lens, Truffaut does the reverse, turning David Goodis’ crime yarn Down There into an altogether unpredictable story about commercialism, artistic purity, and the ways our pasts catch up with us. Shoot the Piano Player keeps its tongue firmly in cheek as Truffaut oscillates between absurd slapstick and heartbreak. A man swears to his honesty on his mother’s soul, and the camera cuts away to dear old mom as she falls down dead in her kitchen; Truffaut’s protagonist, Charlie (Charles Aznavour), plays a ditty in the dive bar where he works, haunted by the death of his wife as well as his rising career as a concert pianist. The film is a romp until it’s a downer. —A.C.
58. Gun Crazy
Director: Joseph H. Lewis
Year: 1950
Of all the films on this list, Joseph H. Lewis’ deliriously lusty Gun Crazy might be the best starting place for viewers looking to brush up on their film noir. Gun Crazy gets it. More than just about any noir of any era, Gun Crazy understands on a cellular level why people watch noirs, why the criminal element has such an incongruously romantic appeal. The film is an embarrassment of naughty delights, notably the tension between John Dall and Peggy Cummins, so taut it’s fit to snap; it’s also made with high-level craftsmanship, best exemplified in a bravura bank robbery sequence shot in one jaw-dropping take. Men do all kinds of crazy stuff in the name of love. Watching Dall embark on a life of gun-toting crime with Cummins doesn’t strike one as all that far-fetched. —A.C.
57. Sexy Beast
Director: Jonathan Glazer
Year: 2000
Two decades may as well be a lifetime removed from his career-defining, Oscar-winning role as Gandhi in this wicked 180 for Sir Ben Kingsley . In Jonathan Glazer’s slick directorial debut, Kingsley portrays ferocious sociopath Don Logan, who drops by his retired partner-in-crime Gal Dove’s rural Spanish villa to demand his participation in “one last job” (right), a bank heist in London. The word “no” doesn’t register in Don’s vocabulary, though a litany of scalding, Cockney-infused vitriol most certainly does. As the situation rapidly and bloodily deteriorates, the depths of Kingsley’s savagery is astonishing. Ian McShane intimidates as Logan’s underworld boss, and Ray Winstone, as the contented former safe-cracker on the receiving end of Don’s unchecked rage, provides the most obvious study in contrasts. Note the physicality of Gal’s doughy, overly tanned domesticate versus Don’s lean, mean monster, without an ounce of body fat or, it seems, humanity. (Not-so-fun fact: Kingsley based the characterization on his … grandmother.) So, too, does Glazer (Under the Skin) counter the blistering sun and craggy mountainsides with large bodies of water—both as setting and plot device, in still and torrent form. Sexy Beast is a sophisticated thriller that deals in conflict of all stripes. —A.S.
56. Clash By Night
Director: Fritz Lang
Year: 1952
Fritz Lang’s soapy love triangle, adapted from the Clifford Odets play, stands apart thanks to leading lady Barbara Stanwyck. City girl Mae Doyle (Stanwyck) returns to her native Monterey, California, a salt-of-the-earth coastal community where she reconnects with her resentful younger brother and his impressionable girlfriend (played by Marilyn Monroe). Once a politician’s mistress, Mae has played fast and loose with her life choices and has nothing much to show for it, hence her words, “Home is where you’ve come to when you run out of places.” With equal measures of resignation and embitterment, Mae starts dating an uncomplicated but solid fisherman (Paul Douglas) whom she knows will take care of her. But since she can’t leave well enough, if uneventful, alone, she starts hanging around a drunken, married prick (Robert Ryan) who mirrors her cynical worldview. She marries the simpleton and has his baby but has an affair with the S.O.B., also a nasty misogynist—there’s a not-so-under current of domestic violence and S&M throughout the melodrama—until the fit hits the shan, and Odets’ signature, stylized dialogue smacks the aw-shucks out of small-town life, jarringly so. Split in two parts, separated by a year, of almost equal length, Clash By Night adds up to more than the sum of its boilerplate parts. By framing the portrait of fear and deep disappointment amid the angles of Monterey, with its docks and canneries, Lang heightens the organic consequences of bad decisions—as inevitable as the waves rolling in to shore. There’s a neo-realist tension to the usual genre themes of repression, betrayal, and forgiveness, introduced with Lang’s opening, documentary look at the local fishing industry. As Mae comes to grips with the pointlessness of it all—“Love because we’re lonely, love because we’re frightened, love because we’re bored,” she shrugs—Clash By Night offers a resounding example of the classic noir patriarchy, its femme fatale ultimately put in her place. —A.S.
55. The Last Seduction
Director: John Dahl
Year: 1994
John Dahl hit his stride in this uncompromisingly vicious character study. Bridget (Linda Fiorentino) is a brazenly sexual, proudly scheming vixen who makes off with the bank she convinced her husband to sell drugs for, then snags an unsuspecting stranger in facilitating the getaway. Fiorentino is Oscar worthy as the diabolical femme fatale. Not only does she have absolutely zero compunctions whatsoever, she delights in every foul deed, whether it’s telling her spouse to screw off or screwing her next unwitting victim. Career everyman Bill Pullman has his moments as the jilted hubby out for revenge, and Peter Berg is quaintly endearing as the dummy who falls for her. But this is far and away Fiorentino’s show. With more balls, intellect and self-possession than her male counterparts could muster among themselves, her character bristles with contempt. She toys with her victims when she’s not yawning at them, or flat-out throwing them away. “How ’bout us going out on a real date sometime?” Berg’s poor sucker asks Bridget after a romantic straddle against a chain-link fence. “Why?” she asks—ain’t nobody got time for that. As with Red Rock West, The Last Seduction is self-aware but sincere. It’s sublimely dry, dark comedy that’s dead serious. We can only imagine what the female-fearing Powers That Be at the Production Code would’ve done with this cinematic middle finger. —A.S.
54. Miller’s Crossing
Director: Joel and Ethan Coen
Year: 1990
Like O Brother, Where Art Thou? a decade later, Miller’s Crossing is a terrible choice for those who prefer their Coen films a little less Coen-ish. It’s highly stylized, confusing and often ridiculous. But the parts of this Barry Sonnenfeld-shot noir that do work are glorious—the blustering menace of Albert Finney’s Irish mob boss, Gabriel Byrne’s casual indolence as his right-hand man, and most of all, John Turturro’s masterful painting of the spectacularly weaselly bookie Bernie Bernbaum. “Look in your heart! ”—Michael Dunaway
53. Le Doulos
Director: Jean-Pierre Melville
Year: 1962
At the start of Jean-Pierre Melville’s Le Doulos, a handy dandy intertitle card kindly lets us know that the film’s name refers either to a style of hat or a police informant. Once the picture commences, we get plenty of both plus the oozing-cool style of Melville, whose tendency to play down everything in his frame makes even his use of shadow and light seem aloof. Le Doulos is the most-least French contribution to this list; it’s Melville’s adaptation of a novel by Pierre Lesou, but he blends Lesou’s words with twists on symbols and staples of American noir. A purist might argue that combining a French novel with American sensibilities is an implicit rejection of the filmmaking model he and his fellow Rive Gauche comrades established in the 1950s. In truth, that synthesis produces a celluloid slurry that’s uniquely Melville, minimalist and slick. —A.C.
52. Mulholland Dr.
Director: David Lynch
Year: 2001
Film noir has always been an unmistakable influence in the work of David Lynch, the patron saint of bizarrely gleeful genre experiments. With Mulholland Dr., however, Lynch took his fascination with the subgenre to a whole other level, depicting a world where a character’s interior life influences not only the film’s visual style but its narrative structure as well. In the first great performance of her illustrious career, Naomi Watts plays a wide-eyed actress newly arrived in Hollywood who stumbles upon a beautiful young woman who can’t remember who she is. That pithy logline only touches the tip of the iceberg, as the film delights in throwing numerous other subplots and mysteries at its audience only to violently pull the rug out from under them in its latter half. Mulholland Dr.’s brilliance is enough to make David Lynch ’s exile from the feature film world all the more painful. —M.R.
51. The Long Goodbye
Director: Robert Altman
Year: 1973
It’s muggy in L.A. and Philip Marlowe (Elliott Gould) is shrouded in an opaque suit, a getup whose fabric one assumes barely breathes, especially with so much cigarette smoke clogging up its woolly pores. He’s a deeply square person—though it’s the early ’70s, he can’t even make smoking look cool, and though he lives in an apartment complex with a giggly group of young coeds given to shirtless shenanigans and still sweating off the hangover of Free Love, he’s a barely noticed figure. He’s a loose thread on the fallow fringes of a sophisticated city, a grown man with nothing better to do on a clear, late night than feed his cat … if he can even find it. Marlowe is a man of another time, “a born loser” as even one of his closest friends calls him. And the world into which Altman abandons him isn’t one of dark alleyways or the damp, wan glow of streetlamps—there’s hardly a shot of chiaroscuro to be found—it’s the bright dawn of something new and something disconcertingly shiny in America. The Long Goodbye is Altman’s stab at and devastation of film noir, pitting its beleaguered protagonist not against those stuffy, old, deeply ingrained mechanisms of institutionalized evil, but against a much younger brand of nihilism. In Altman’s noir-ish wasteland, there is nothing lurking beneath the surface—it’s all surface—and our only moral compass is a chain-smoking, asexual dweeb who isn’t so much righteous as he is just plain ignored. —Dom Sinacola
50. Le Samourai
Director: Jean-Pierre Melville
Year: 1967
Flip a coin to decide whether Le Samourai or Le Doulos is the coolest Melville film of them all; odds are, it’ll land upright, because that’s an impossible distinction to make. Melville films pulse with ineffable cool. In the case of Le Samourai, proof of Melville’s dedication to brewing substance from style lies in the film’s enormous influence: Everybody from Jim Jarmusch to Madonna recognizes Melville’s flair, and they’ve been imitating it, or mixing it with their own trademarks, for years. There are hitmen movies, and there are hitmen movies, and standing head and shoulders above most of them there’s Le Samourai, a movie that makes the lethal discipline of knocking people off into fine art. It’s as much a study of human isolation as it is a paean to the magnetic pull of a sleek aesthetic. —A.C.
49. One False Move
Director: Carl Franklin
Year: 1992
Carl Franklin’s excellent early ’90s neo-noir walks a razor-thin tightrope of suspense: You get the sense from one minute to the next that any step out of place could send the entire narrative into violent anarchy. Franklin’s film has great aspirations, delving into the complexities of modern American race relations just a few years after Spike Lee wrote the cinematic book on them with Do the Right Thing. He packages those socially aware goals alongside a tale of drugs, money, spectacularly brutal violence, and familial reconciliation. One False Move never goes quite where you expect it to, and that sense of unpredictability, combined with Franklin’s knack for speaking authentically to experiences from every angle of racial division, make it a sterling gem. —A.C.
48. Journey Into Fear
Director: Orson Welles, Norman Foster
Year: 1943
The story goes that Orson Welles was set to direct this spy thriller but other commitments precluded him from doing so, thus Norman Foster (Kiss the Blood Off My Hands, the Mr. Moto and Charlie Chan series, Woman on the Run) was brought on the production. And though documentary footage has Welles insisting he had no directorial hand whatsoever in the finished product, his touch is all over it—the least of which is the cast, including Mercury Theatre Players Joseph Cotten, Ruth Warrick, Agnes Moorehead and Everett Sloane. Stylistically speaking, the screen adaptation of Eric Ambler’s tail of Nazi-era espionage and double-crosses on the high seas—co-scripted by Cotten and, admittedly in this aspect, Welles, who also produced, co-starred, designed and storyboarded (really, Orson?!)—trades in Welles’ signature angles, lighting schemes, and mise en scène. The noir tells are all there, too: characters of universally suspect motives; subconscious themes and dream states; and moody flourishes like the foreboding refrain of a scratched phonograph record. Then there’s that Citizen Kane-esque pre-credits opening, which Welles did in fact cop to creating, and the climactic, ledge-top showdown (which he did not). Hacked to barely over an hour in length by RKO, Journey Into Fear is a fascinating if flawed preview of genre masterworks like Touch of Evil and The Lady from Shanghai (not to mention The Third Man) to come. —A.S.
47. Sorry, Wrong Number
Director: Anatole Litvak
Year: 1948
A story of unintended connections and one woman’s spiraling descent into paranoia and terror, Sorry, Wrong Number gets sort of a bum rap next to Double Indemnity in Barbara Stanwyck’s catalogue of awesome performances. The film alternates between flashbacks and the present, and so too does Stanwyck’s spoiled, shiftless heiress to a drug-store empire go from lethargy to hysteria. Turns out she’s the center of a murder plot, though she doesn’t quite realize it at first and must piece together the architecture of her own demise as she lies bedridden and alone in her opulent Manhattan digs. Stanwyck gives Sorry, Wrong Number a pulse, while Anatole Litvak’s direction soaks her growing terror in shadows so deep, the intruder sneaking through her house can’t help but bump into the furniture. —A.C.
46. The Blue Dahlia
Director: George Marshall
Year: 1946
George Marshall (Destry Rides Again, How the West Was Won) directed Alan Ladd and Veronica Lake in this Raymond Chandler labyrinth, which gained added notoriety with the real-life “Black Dahlia” murder of Elizabeth Short the year after the film’s premiere. Also of note is Chandler’s Academy Award nomination for best original screenplay; Blue Dahlia marks the only one he ever penned specifically for the screen, his other scripts having been adapted from novels of others and, oddly enough, other film adaptations of his own novels written by other screenwriters. Trivia aside, Ladd is stoic swagger as our hard-boiled protag Johnny, a recently discharged bomber pilot who, upon his return stateside to Hollywood, is accused of his cheating wife’s murder. On the lam to clear his name, he runs across a host of sketchy characters, among them his wife’s lover—the owner of the film’s namesake Sunset Strip nightclub—and, it turns out, said lover’s estranged spouse (Lake). It’s all very sordid—a little too complicated for its own good, really—but a bracing watch, typified by the genre’s tropes and slang-riddled dialogue. One more fun fact, and a minor spoiler alert: Chandler’s original (vastly more satisfying) ending had one of the Navy men as the killer, but given the film’s release came so close to the end of WWII, the U.S. military asked that a veteran not be shown in such a negative light. Thus the ending was rewritten—and with that, folks, you’ve got one of noir’s corrective conceits in a nutshell. —A.S.
45. The Strange Loves of Martha Ivers
Director: Lewis Milestone
Year: 1946
Noir matriarch Barbara Stanwyck, Van Heflin and Kirk Douglas—in his film debut—star in this knotty melodrama, set in motion with the rash murder by teenaged Martha Ivers of her rich bitch of an aunt. Walter, the son of Martha’s tutor, saw it go down but doesn’t say anything, and the two blame the incident on an intruder, who is convicted and hanged (whoops). Stanwyck and Douglas assume the roles of adult Martha and Walter, the latter a drunken, corrupt D.A. who married the now miserable heiress and business mogul. His love for her is entirely one-sided, so the return of Martha’s childhood friend Sam (Heflin) to town stirs up old secrets and older feelings—of jealousy for Walter, of guilt, regret, and tellingly, fear for Martha, who believes Sam also witnessed the murder. Working from a short story by John Patrick, director Lewis Milestone (All Quiet on the Western Front, Two Arabian Nights) takes his time with the backstory and creates a well-crafted web of noir staples: blackmail and betrayal; gambling drifters and conniving dames; the psychological consequences of past sins; seedy and grandiose settings; um, lots of rain; and a morally compromised center that leaves little hope for anyone. There’s also a curiously refreshing gender play in the presence of Sam’s lady friend, Toni (Lizabeth Scott), a fellow former street kid and parolee. Yet while she wants to move on, Sam gets sucked back into Martha’s world. It’s an interesting characterization, as is Douglas’, a broken shell of a man who self-medicates under the weight of one lie upon another. It bears repeating this is his first screen role. He’s as heartbreaking as Stanwyck is heartless—and yet her performance, one in a fine cast of them, still manages sympathy at the film’s tragic end. —A.S.
44. Body Heat
Director: Lawrence Kasdan
Year: 1981
Lawrence Kasdan’s directorial debut remains, to this day, one of the sexiest movies ever to grace the big screen—not to mention, the rare occasion where the phrase “erotic thriller” can be appropriately uttered without the slightest hint of a snicker. Boasting a star-making performance by Kathleen Turner, the film takes the standard Double Indemnity/The Postman Always Rings Twice premise (femme fatale hires lover to kill husband) and grafts it onto the humid nightmare that is Florida in the midst of a heat wave. Memorable sex scenes aside, however, the film is also a master class in how to build suspense and escalate tension. —M.R.
43. Taxi Driver
Director: Martin Scorsese
Year: 1976
Taxi Driver was Scorsese’s breakthrough: a seething condemnation of alienation—not to mention New York’s descent in the 1970s into a crime-ridden hellscape—delivered with such clinical coldness that when Scorsese’s star (and longtime collaborator) Robert De Niro finally explodes, it’s unspeakably upsetting. If Taxi Driver now feels slightly overrated, it’s only because the movie’s DNA has crept into so many subsequent filmmakers’ efforts. Scorsese grew up loving Westerns, and Taxi Driver could just as easily be his version of The Searchers—except his man-out-of-time finds no redemption. —T.G.
42. The Hitch-Hiker
Director: Ida Lupino
Year: 1953
Who can say no to Ida Lupino? (Not Doc Sportello, that’s for sure.) As a woman-helmed production, The Hitch-Hiker was a rarity in its heyday, though if you didn’t know Lupino held the reins, you might not guess the film was directed with a feminine touch. The Hitch-Hiker was as much an anomaly in Hollywood as it was a change of pace for Lupino, who, after directing four features that each revolved around the struggles and victimization of women, decided to try her hand with decidedly more masculine fare. Decades later, her film is still generally considered the first noir directed by a woman, but it should really be thought of first as a slim, unsparing, suspenseful slice of true crime. She puts her foot on the gas and doesn’t let up until the very end. —A.C.
41. White Heat
Director: Raoul Walsh
Year: 1949
The oedipal and criminal collide yet again with James Cagney’s psychopathic mama’s boy Arthur “Cody” Jarrett, whose deadly train-robbing exploits ultimately land him in jail. While there he befriends an undercover fed (Edmond O’Brien, whose other noirs include The Hitch-Hiker) bent on nailing him for greater crimes. After Jarrett’s plottingly protective ma (Margaret Wycherly) get killed—by his equally scheming wife (Virginia Mayo), though she convinces him his right-hand man did the deed—he stages a break, and his next heist. In one of his darkest roles, 50-year-old Cagney is at his unhinged best, a powder keg of neuroses and sadistic impulses who can feign insanity—as he does in the prison infirmary—for only so long before his delusions overtake him completely. Prone to throbbing headaches, he’s a dangerously troubled tough guy who still retreats to his mother’s lap, and declares “Made it, Ma! Top of the World!” as the bottom falls out from under him. This postwar psychic landscape is subversive as hell—and suburban too, no longer confined to metro limits. On that note, the damage is no longer rooted in his environment; Jarrett’s a disaster from the inside out, dysfunctional in his very wiring (thanks, ma!). Director Raoul Walsh, reuniting here with Cagney after The Roaring Twenties and The Strawberry Blonde, echoes the off-the-rails energy of his leading man, infusing the film with an incendiary nihilism and amorality. The bookending set pieces, shot on location in industrial California, pulse with realism. The cumulative effect represents a primal deviation—make that devolution—from social conformity and civilization. So, yeah, of course he’s gotta get blown up, noir-comeuppance style. Still, Cagney is mesmerizing to watch self-destruct. —A.S.
40. Pickup on South Street
Director: Samuel Fuller
Year: 1953
Despite receiving frequent praise from the likes of Martin Scorsese, Wim Wenders, Jim Jarmusch and Quentin Tarantino, writer/director Samuel Fuller remains an underseen and underappreciated filmmaker beyond a circle of Criterion-loving cinephiles. In a career spent challenging audiences with brutal action and controversial subject matter, Pickup on South Street actually marks one of the filmmaker’s more accessible works. Indeed, the opening set-up feels akin to the sort of “wrong man” scenarios favored by Hitchcock—a New York thief ends up pickpocketing a young woman’s wallet, only to discover it contains top-secret government intel. The man quickly realizes he has become an unwitting player in some serious Cold War-era espionage. Though undeniably dated in certain places, the film’s take on politics and sex as well as its willingness to position an unrepentant thief in its main character slot represented the kind of daring mentality that would have been celebrated years later in the New Hollywood era. —M.R.
39. Odd Man Out
Director: Carol Reed
Year: 1947
Rarely has a noir more successfully depicted a misfit on the margins of society than in director Carol Reed’s existential allegory. Two years before The Third Man roamed the streets of Vienna, James Mason’s conflicted IRA cell leader Johnny is abandoned by his own—and hunted by police—in the wet cobblestone alleyways of Belfast, a bullet to the shoulder and a blow to the soul. A botched heist to fund his local organization has left him in frantic search of refuge and in deteriorating physical and psychological condition, a mental state conveyed brilliantly by cinematographer Robert Krasker’s expressionist motifs, first-person POV, and camera trickery. The environment amplifies Johnny’s anxiety and confusion: After months in a safe house, daylight and its inhabitants freak him out; prison time has weakened his constitution and dulled his senses; shifts in the weather (from overcast skies to rain to snowfall) both reflect and affect his plight. Given his overarching state of disrepair, he’s subject to increased delirium and hallucinations, not to mention a profound crisis of faith, dogma, even metaphysics. Heady stuff, sure, yet at its bones Odd Man Out is about humanity. Mason is superb as the angst-ridden antihero of few words. He’s an ordinary man in an extraordinary situation, who during the course of one fateful evening encounters similar persons, of both noble and less-than-noble actions. Johnny’s revolutionary affiliations notwithstanding, this isn’t a political commentary, it’s an intensely personally one, a meditation on what it means to be good or bad, innocent or guilty. A masterpiece of postwar British cinema. —A.S.
38. L.A. Confidential
Director: Curtis Hanson
Year: 1997
This sumptuous adaptation of James Ellroy’s novel never visits Roman Polanski’s preferred corner of Los Angeles, but it rivals Chinatown in both quality of filmmaking and cynicism of spirit. This film not only announced Hanson as a filmmaker well beyond his previous work (The Hand That Rocks the Cradle?), but endeared Russell Crowe and Guy Pearce to American audiences by giving them their first signature roles. This tabloid version of the City of Angels celebrates all the sex, corruption and other seedy circumstances the superficial city can provide. It offers a string of unforgettable sequences, from Bud White’s Yuletide raid to Exley’s interrogations to the final shootout where the film’s utterly Ellroy perspective on police morality is (quite literally) executed with masterful precision. At the time of its release, L.A. Confidential was praised as a throwback, a smeared portrait of the 1950s embracing the spirit of crime noirs (and even westerns) of the 1970s. That was almost 20 years ago. Here’s hoping some young punk or frustrated journeyman is ready to dust off these storytelling tropes again to produce something this timeless. —B.W.
37. Blood Simple
Directors: Joel and Ethan Coen
Year: 1984
Most filmmakers spend large chunks of their careers building up to greatness. Rare is the auteur who comes out swinging with an essential debut. So that means we can just chalk up the Coen Brothers as a rarity, and qualify Blood Simple as something special. Make no mistake: This is a Coen movie through and through, unapologetically nasty and intentionally apathetic to the suffering of their characters. It’s also a remarkably telling blueprint for their careers as masters of crime gone wrong. As with so much of their future output, Blood Simple aestheticizes violence without fetishizing it. Bullet holes and knife wounds help color the film in dark brushstrokes—such is the Coens’ wont—and careful attention to shot composition ratchets the film’s morbid elements to almost intoxicating heights. You’ll want to look away, but the Coens keep your eyes glued to their somber fatalism. —A.C.
36. Nightmare Alley
Director: Edmund Goulding
Year: 1947
We typically define femme fatales as villainesses, charming, scheming women who lure unsuspecting men into the most dire circumstances possible. In Nightmare Alley, that stock character takes on the role of justiciar: It’s true that Helen Ritter’s unscrupulous psychologist leads Tyrone Power’s amoral con man to a bitter end, but do we really mind? It’s not like Stan Carlisle doesn’t deserve to have bad things happen to him, and maybe the price of his deceitful ambition is to spend his days biting off chicken heads in an alcoholic stupor for a third-rate carnival. Justice is blind, and occasionally it’s pretty ugly. Few noirs drive at that sordid reality better than Nightmare Alley. Whatever you think about Edmund Goulding’s film—it only attained its status as a noir masterpiece in recent years—you won’t soon forget it after a viewing. —A.C.
35. Murder, My Sweet
Director: Edward Dmytryk
Year: 1944
Edward Dmytrk’s adaption of the 1940 Raymond Chandler novel Farewell, My Lovely (whose title was used for the film’s U.K. release) cast Dick Powell in what would be the career-redefining role of P.I. Philip Marlowe, who as the movie opens is temporarily blinded and bandaged. As he narrates his story to police, we learn of his entanglement in numerous investigations—of the former girlfriend of an ex-con, a stolen jade necklace, one suspect character after another—and a couple of murders. The false leads mount in a head-spinning maze of cheeky one-upmanship. “I don’t know which side anybody’s on. I don’t even know who’s playing today,” Marlowe levels at one point, voicing viewers’ uncertainty. He’s, dare we say it, vulnerable. Dmytrk does a crafty job of arching a filmic brow at each of his players, in what is one of the most faithful and well-made Chandler adaptations (all the more so given its low budget). The caustic one-liners (John Saxton penned the screenplay) come fast and furious, the performances are uniformly excellent, from the duplicitous (Claire Trevor) to the wholesome (Anne Shirley), and the visuals are elaborate, as with a trippy, terrifying sequence during which Marlowe gets drugged. Powell so thoroughly and wryly inhabits the gumshoe’s, er, shoes, the role effectively broke him out of a decade-long pigeonhole in screen musicals. —A.S.
34. Night Moves
Director: Arthur Penn
Year: 1975
A criminally underrated gem of ’70s cinema, Night Moves stars Gene Hackman as a retired football player-turned-private investigator who is hired by an aging starlet to track down her wayward daughter. Naturally, this seemingly simple assignment leads our hero down a convoluted path littered with illicit relationships and rampant corruption. Released a year after Francis Ford Coppola’s much celebrated The Conversation, Night Moves very much serves as that film’s spiritual sibling—a complex, somewhat opaque treatise on American cynicism in a post-Watergate world. —M.R.
33. Crime Wave
Director: André de Toth
Year: 1954
Tough life out there for a reformed convict, huh? That’s the nugget at the core of André de Toth’s Crime Wave, a movie with a moral compass and surprising amounts of compassion for bad guys trying to go straight. Gene Nelson’s great lament resonates: “Once you do a stretch, you’re never clean again!” His plight is moving to the point of heartbreak. Thankfully, or maybe not, his character has attracted the attentions of Sterling Hayden, a tough-minded detective with a Baratheon-esque devotion to rule of law. Nelson’s in a pickle when a dying bank robber shows up on his doorstep, his partners far, but not far enough, behind him. It’s bad enough to have crooks at your door, but Hayden isn’t the sentimental type. De Toth refuses to glamorize their ordeal, or stylize his Los Angeles filming locations; he shoots with an aesthetic as frank as Hayden’s manner. —A.C.
32. Criss Cross
Director: Robert Siodmak
Year: 1949
Criss Cross marks the screen debut of future movie star Tony Curtis (here billed as “James Curtis”). Fortunately, the film—which reunites Burt Lancaster with Killers director/noir auteur Robert Siodmak—works as much more than merely a footnote in Curtis’ career. Lancaster stars as an armored truck guard who hatches a plan with his ex-wife to fake a vehicle robbing so they can make off with the loot. Per the title, the plotline soon transforms into a tangled web of double- (and triple-) crosses that concludes with an ending that, even by noir standards, is pretty damn bleak. —M.R.
31. Blue Velvet
Director: David Lynch
Year: 1986
Blue Velvet represents everything cinema can be: horrific, hilarious, reality heightened to inexplicable, nearly intolerable heavens. This is storytelling as symbology, traditional American genres like noir and the thriller picked apart with unsettling aplomb. For example, take the noir part of this equation: Lynch concocts an oedipal circumstance out of Kyle MacLachlan’s innocent boy and Dennis Hopper’s evil “daddy,” with Isabella Rossellini’s sexy “mommy” persona both an unobtainable feminine figure and a sweet presence that must be protected. As adorable everyman Jeffrey Beaumont (MacLachlan) is seduced ever deeper into the disgusting underground of American domesticity (represented by a series of insectoid images, the denizens of our creepy crawly underworld), his outlook is light, and psychopathic Frank Booth’s (Hopper) is dark—in fact, Frank comments on this. Of course, he’s talking literally about the illumination of the room, but he also huffs helium and calls himself Van Gogh, so every gesture, every sideways word should be taken with a grain of salt. Or fertilizer. And so, in black and white, Lynch finds blue: There is something deeply sad about the kind of normal, everyday stuff Lynch fixates upon, and in Blue Velvet that sadness is, whether we like it or not, the closest a film in the 1980s ever got to realizing the American Dream. —D.S.
30. The Set-Up
Director: Robert Wise
Year: 1949
Before Robert Wise helmed The Sound of Music, before he enjoyed a briefly sustained stint on the Academy Awards ’ circuit, he made movies like The Set-Up. Before he made The Set-Up, though, he edited two Orson Welles masterpieces, The Magnificent Ambersons and Citizen Kane (for which he was also nominated for an Oscar). Wise’s time with Welles shows in the crisp, clean construction of The Set-Up, a movie that hits with quick percussive impact and spares no time from one bout of action to the next. The film strikes a comparison between youthful and experienced viewpoints: James Edwards’ boxer on the rise is brimming with self-assurance, while David Clarke’s battle-scarred ring veteran speaks aloud to pugilists’ inevitable decline. Is Robert Ryan’s last attempt at glory worth suffering for? Is it worth the mental trauma it inflicts on his wife (Audrey Totter, showing off a different side of herself ahead of 1950’s Tension)? Wise answers both queries pretty definitively, but he builds drama so well that he handily earns the neatly tied-up ending. —A.C.
Director: Ridley Scott
Year: 1982
A box-office flop on its initial run, Ridley Scott ’s Blade Runner (and its numerous post-theatrical re-edits) has since become one of the defining pillars of sci-fi filmmaking. Besides exploring deep, existential questions of what constitutes humanity and the repercussions that come with creating artificial life, the movie features extraordinary performances by Harrison Ford and Rutger Hauer, as well as some of the most emotionally intense action set pieces ever put to film. Moreover, a good portion of the film’s appeal lies in its incorporation of film noir aesthetics—shadow-filled, rainy metropolitan exteriors, a brooding yet resourceful investigator hero, retro ’40s fashion—into its dreary, dystopian setting. At one point, the film even boasted a Philip Marlowe-esque voiceover narration that was thankfully excised from future cuts. Once regarded as a failed experiment, Blade Runner now registers as nothing short of a classic. —M.R.
28. Night and the City
Director: Jules Dassin
Year: 1950
London is cast as a waking nightmare in Jules Dassin’s charged portrait of greed, which stockpiled surpluses of pathos and anxiety early on, behind the scenes. Vilified for past Communist sympathies, Dassin was sent to Britain by 20th Century Fox studio head Darryl F. Zanuck to shoot the adaptation of Gerald Kersh’s best-selling novel (which Dassin admitted he never read). Along with his newfound status on many a Hollywood blacklist, Dassin was told by Zanuck the foreign production would also help lead actress Gene Tierney get over a breakup—she was allegedly suicidal as a result. So even before the cameras started rolling, Night and the City was steeped in despair. Factor in Richard Widmark’s turn as Harry Fabian, a small-time wheeler-dealer who attempts to infiltrate the local wrestling subculture, and Dassin’s refusal to grant his characters clemency, and Night and the City hits new depths of noir pessimism—all threat, no sentiment. It’s no stretch to draw parallels between Dassin’s displaced filmmaker and Fabian’s Yank in London, nor his vision of the noir city, quintessentially American, across the pond. Harry is, as his long-suffering friend Mary (Tierney) tells him, “an artist without an art,” a cipher left to scavenge the hellish urban underbelly, London’s architecture practically suffocated in expressionist chiaroscuro. The bottom-feeders (more Tinseltown commentary, mayhaps?) he comes across are liars of one sort or another: forgers, thieves, panhandlers, smugglers, promoters—but even they have a niche, a trade. “You could have been anything. Anything. You had brains … ambition. You worked harder than any 10 men. But the wrong things. Always the wrong things…” Mary laments. Harry’s nothing, and Dassin—hotly and brilliantly—lets the anger seethe. —A.S.
27. Mildred Pierce
Director: Michael Curtiz
Year: 1945
Like Double Indemnity, Michael Curtiz’ Mildred Pierce succeeds on the strength of its leading lady; in this case that’s the immortal Joan Crawford, who plays the film’s central character, not to mention all of its heart and soul. (Arguably, it’s the most definitive Crawford performance of all time, at least next to What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?.) Mildred Pierce is a strong woman driven by an inexhaustible love for her children, Veda (Ann Blyth) and Kay (Jo Ann Marlowe), but she’s also stymied by the restricting grasp of a patriarchal society. Even Veda is contemptuous of Mildred for daring to have the moxie to have it all. The film is about more than prickly mother-daughter relationships, of course, specifically the murder of Mildred’s second husband. But sandwiched in between Curtiz’ probing whodunit lies one of noir’s most sympathetic and purely humanist tales. —A.C.
26. The Postman Always Rings Twice
Director: Tay Garnett
Year: 1946
“A beautiful femme fatale saunters into an unsuspecting man’s life and entices him into committing murder for her.” This logline could be used to describe any number of classic film noirs. Most of this can be traced back to author James M. Cain, who wrote two books—Double Indemnity and The Postman Always Rings Twice—that hinged on this premise. In the case of Postman, the archetypal sucker is a drifter (John Garfield) who falls into an affair with a beautiful married woman working at a diner (Lana Turner, in one of her most memorable performances). The two subsequently hatch a scheme to murder the woman’s much-older husband and seize control of his assets. Incidentally, MGM actually purchased the rights to Cain’s novel shortly after it was first published 12 years prior, but it took the success of Billy Wilder’s Double Indemnity adaptation at Paramount to convince them the story and its mature themes were a viable gamble. Even before that, Cain’s book had been unofficially adapted into two foreign productions—Le Dernier Tournant in France and Luchino Visconti’s Ossessione in Italy. It would go on to be adapted several more times, including again in 1981 with Jack Nicholson and Jessica Lange, but the 1946 version, with its button-pushing steaminess and stylish direction, remains the gold standard. —M.R.
25. The Wrong Man
Director: Alfred Hitchcock
Year: 1956
Leave it to the master of suspense to meld docudrama realism with the melodrama of film noir. “ Alfred Hitchcock ’s powerful portrait of a man … drawn from life!” The Wrong Man’s original trailer proclaims. It’s to the film’s credit that Hitch doesn’t screw around here, telling in full the story of a man falsely convicted for robberies he never committed. Unsurprisingly, Hitch is every bit as interested in the effects of the outrageous miscarriage of justice that befalls Manny Balestrero as he is in the lasting trauma his detention inflicts on him and his family. The Wrong Man puts a high premium on claustrophobic camerawork—we feel like we’re as confined as poor old Manny—but the film’s greatest impression is left in its aftermath. —A.C.
24. The Big Heat
Director: Fritz Lang
Year: 1953
A pot of boiling coffee to the face is among the lasting impressions that remain long after the first, and second, and tenth viewings of Fritz Lang’s seminal noir. Glenn Ford stars as Det. Sgt. Dave Bannion, the poster boy of black-and-white morality in a sea of film noir gray. He’s a man on a mission, Johnny Law out to clean up the ruinous city. You see, something about the suicide of his colleague, one of scads of cops in the back pocket of the local mob boss, doesn’t sit right with him, and Lord help anyone who gets in his way—or even in his periphery. As the potential for justice seems to slip away, so convinced does Ford’s underdog become of his holy crusade, he’s blind to the collateral damage—emotional, too—or maybe it’s just that his self-righteousness trumps everyone and everything else. Black-and-white no more, eh? Along with Ford’s relentless (anti)hero (that parenthetical, depending on how you look at him), Gloria Grahame is incredible as the moll of Lee Marvin’s (also outstanding) second-in-command gangster. Working from a Saturday Night Post serial adapted by former crime reporter Sydney Boehm, Lang is meticulous in depicting the transition from principled family man to revenge-seeking vigilante, and the below-the-surface hypocrisy of this by-the-book guy, who prefers his own gun to the police department’s, anyway. Viewers can take the thrills at face value—and there are many, and they’re glorious and gut-churning. But what we think is a rather straightforward, if brutal, takedown of systemic corruption becomes something more nuanced, and chilling. “Keep the coffee hot,” the ultimately “triumphant” detective tells a clerk. Given the bodies left in his reckless wake, that line still feels too soon, some 60 years later. —A.S.
23. The Killing
Director: Stanley Kubrick
Year: 1956
Once upon a time, before Stanley Kubrick entered the pupal stages of his career and subsequently emerged as a god and master of his medium, he made movies like The Killing. Lean, mean and economical to a fault, The Killing gets lost in the shuffle of Kubrick’s career landmarks, but the man wielded impressive influence even in overlooked 80-minute heist flicks. (The Quentin Tarantino we all know and love and loathe might be a very different filmmaker today if not for The Killing.) Kubrick’s work here is no-frills and elegantly straightforward: Sterling Hayden plans one final holdup before retiring and settling down with Coleen Gray. No twists and turns, just good old-fashioned theft at the racetrack. The film revels in the gray morality of Hayden’s good intentions. Crime pays, at least until it doesn’t. —A.C.
22. In a Lonely Place
Director: Nicholas Ray
Year: 1950
One of the great noirs of all time and one of the great feel-bad movies of all time. In a Lonely Place treats redemption as a cruel joke, a spell of relief that lasts only long enough for us to view its obsolescence. The film takes jabs at Hollywood and celebrity while telling the kind of dangerous love story E.L. James wishes she could write; Humphrey Bogart is a bad, bad man, but he’s also grossly compelling. He plays Dixon Steele, a Tinseltown screenwriter fallen on hard times whom we sympathize with in spite of ourselves. Apart from being a sad sack, he’s also an explosive lunatic with a frighteningly short fuse, which makes him dangerously alluring bait for his new neighbor, Laurel (Gloria Grahame). Theirs is an ill-fated romance, and through it, Nicholas Ray makes a hauntingly grim study of masculinity, set against the ratcheting suspense of a murder mystery yarn. —A.C.
21. Drunken Angel
Director: Akira Kurosawa
Year: 1948
An act of genre deconstruction and muted political critique all in one. Akira Kurosawa plays with noir tropes more than he plays to them, deflating film noir’s inherent machismo by revealing the chief heavies of his cast as scrabbling cowards. Depending on your mood, Drunken Angel’s climactic brawl between Toshiro Mifune’s Matsunaga and Reizaburô Yamamoto’s Okada may either read as hilarious, pathetic or tragic. Aren’t mob heavies supposed to be intimidating? Like Rashomon, Drunken Angel puts male toughness on trial and makes it look ridiculous, but the study of manliness might be a smokescreen for Kurosawa’s veiled jabs at the board of censors installed by the U.S. government in post-World War II Japan. Note the Western clothing. Observe the recurring image of the bubbling muck that serves as one of the film’s central locations. The American occupation whitewashes and corrupts Japanese culture in equal measure, and Drunken Angel captures it all with deft humanism. —A.C.
20. The Lady From Shanghai
Director: Orson Welles
Year: 1947
Orson Welles could do just about anything except speak in a convincing Irish accent, but regardless of his flimsy brogue, The Lady From Shanghai is a masterpiece. Funny to think that American critics looked down their noses at the film at the time of its release. Maybe they took offense at the inescapable scent of Welles’ passion for Rita Hayworth, his wife at the time and his ex shortly after production wrapped. He captures her in close-up with a hungry, enraptured eye, the most coherent image in a film that’s built on logical incoherence. The Lady From Shanghai has enormous ambitions that belie its tight running time, the end result of odious studio interference that nonetheless fails to impede the viewing experience. Come for Hayworth and Welles, stay for the film’s dizzying hall of mirrors shootout. —A.C.
19. The Killers
Director: Robert Siodmak
Year: 1946
If you’re of the impression that Quentin Tarantino invented the concept of a nonlinear crime story involving boxers and hitmen, Robert Siodmak’s adaptation of Ernest Hemingway ’s celebrated short story is a must-watch. The story commences with two assassins entering a small-town gas station and executing “The Swede” (Burt Lancaster), a former professional boxer. A life insurance investigator is subsequently sent to piece together the events that led to the Swede’s demise. From here, Siodmak and his screenwriters (which included future legendary directors John Huston and Richard Brooks) weave a fascinating story that, while not always the most inspired, more than picks up the slack with the help of dynamic performances and some tensely directed set pieces. According to Hemingway’s biography, The Killers marked one of the only times the author was legitimately impressed by an adaptation of his work. —M.R.
18. Thieves’ Highway
Director: Jules Dassin
Year: 1949
Jules Dassin’s impact on film noir is widely documented—if you need proof, just consider the fact a handful of his best contributions to the genre have landed on this very list—and among them, Thieves’ Highway is perhaps the most economical. At the same time, it’s superficially the least noirish: It’s a revenge movie, sure, but that revenge is sought by a good man driven to right wrongs done to his father. This is a movie built on a pure search for retribution, though of course it’s Dassin, so nothing is ever that simple, and in point of fact everything that can go wrong for Nick Garcos does. Who knew the world of fruit trucking could be so damn cutthroat? —A.C.
17. Raw Deal
Director: Anthony Mann
Year: 1948
After the success of 1947’s T-Men, director Anthony Mann reteamed the following year with star Dennis O’Keefe, screenwriter John C. Higgins, and cinematographer John Alton for Raw Deal. The plot revolves around a prisoner who, after taking the fall for his boss, makes a break from the slammer with the help of his girlfriend. His boss, however, isn’t looking to reward his employee’s loyalty and sets about trying to have him killed. Much like T-Men, Raw Deal boasts some truly arresting images, courtesy of Alton, that worked to crystallize the standard noir look. And though some of the film’s story now comes across a bit rote, particularly the inclusion of a love triangle, there’s enough visual splendor and hard-hitting action to make it essential noir viewing. —M.R.
16. They Live By Night
Director: Nicholas Ray
Year: 1948
Nicholas Ray’s first picture boasts perhaps the dumbest wronged protagonist in film noir’s history. What kind of nitwit plots to clear his name in a wrongful conviction by committing a crime? Sure, fine, maybe knocking over a bank is less heinous than killing a man, but Farley Granger’s doomed hero, Bowie, doesn’t really connect the dots and realize that robbery is still a jailable offense. The intellectual merits of Bowie’s bright idea are irrelevant, though: They Live By Night cares deeply about the inescapable grasp of the law and the people who wind up caught in it. Some of them are genuinely scummy people, like Bowie’s fellow fugitives, One-Eye and T-Dub. Some of them are victims of the system, who lack the means to prove their uprightness. They Live By Night is a superlative example of an atypical noir domain—the film takes place largely on the road instead of in the city—but most of all, it’s a heartbreaking stunner about the decay of human innocence. —A.C.
15. Ace in the Hole
Director: Billy Wilder
Year: 1951
Ladies and gentlemen, meet Chuck Tatum, the forefather of Nightcrawler’s unhinged Louis Bloom. Billy Wilder’s film is a vicious, acerbic, and above all else misanthropic satire of America’s press core, but today we might be inclined to look at it as a scathing critique of American entrepreneurialism. Tatum is one enterprising man, alright, a ladder-climbing dirtbag who sees any opportunity as a golden opportunity, and he seizes them all with deceitful gusto. There’s no situation better left unexploited, if you ask him, and Wilder captures Tatum’s reckless quest of self-aggrandizement beneath New Mexico’s blistering sun. This is an outlaw America, an apathetic postwar America where rules of propriety come a very distant third to getting one over on the other guy and feeding the rushing addiction of sleaze entertainment. It’s an ugly vision that eerily predicted the direction of contemporary pop culture more than half a century ahead of its time. —A.C.
14. Elevator to the Gallows
Director: Louis Malle
Year: 1958
Prior to reinventing filmic language with their playful genre experiments, the members of France’s New Wave movement got their start as film critics. In fact, it was through their writings and discussions that the term “film noir” was first christened as a means of describing a certain breed of brooding postwar films. It’s not surprising then that Louis Malle—though not an official New Wave member—would settle on a film noir-influenced project as his first feature film. Acting both as an homage to noir as well as a subversion of its structure, Elevator to the Gallows stars Jeanne Moreau and Maurice Ronet as a pair of criminals whose plan to kill Moreau’s husband quickly falls apart when the Ronet character gets stuck in an elevator. This already absurd concept becomes all the more confounding when paired with the film’s unorthodox, experimental editing and somber, Miles Davis-performed jazz score. —M.R.
13. Gilda
Director: Charles Vidor
Year: 1946
Seven years before his powerhouse turn in The Big Heat, Glenn Ford played second fiddle to Rita Hayworth—how the hell could you not?—in Charles Vidor’s exotic thriller. From the moment Hayworth whips her sultry tresses into frame—to this day, a disarmingly forward, come-hither introduction made more so by her bare shoulders—we’re as gobsmacked as Ford’s drooling puppy dog. An American thug in Buenos Aires, our narrator Johnny Farrell (Ford) cheats, and then cheats some more: first at the casino of an older businessman involved in a Nazi cartel, and then with the businessman’s young new wife, his ex, Gilda (Hayworth). Johnny and Gilda hurl emotional and physical hostilities as they love-hate on each other, both felt in equal measure. But when the businessman—now Johnny’s boss—seems to meet an untimely end, the guilt-stricken employee is determined to cruelly punish both himself and Gilda for their deceit. (Sadomasochism much?) The Argentinean intrigue is marked by crackling dialogue and cast in lush shadows by cinematographer Rudolph Maté, but Vidor wisely recognizes the film belongs to Hayworth, a femme fatale of epic proportions. With a beauty for the ages as his star, Vidor doesn’t have to do much, and his static, voyeuristic direction shows in fact he didn’t. Gilda represents the oft-discussed male gaze of noir at its most blatant—she’s largely a fetishized object. But at times the framing makes Hayworth’s erotic physicality all the more charged, and dangerous. She’s not bound (at least briefly, repeatedly) to the mise en scène, a rebellious force keenly aware of her charms. She’s also more than a little desperate, as it turns out. Just watch the visual motif of that boudoir introduction recur in the “Put the Blame on Mame” musical number-turned-striptease. Gilda taunts Johnny throughout the film, goading him with her sex appeal, and for his part, Vidor teases us, too—“Gilda, are you decent?” Define decent. —A.S.
12. Night of the Hunter
Director: Charles Laughton
Year: 1955
Film noir or horror—which category does Charles Laughton’s Night of the Hunter belong in? Frankly, all such quibbles are needless. The film fits snugly beneath either appellation, for one thing: It’s a hybridized version of both. (Let’s call it “film noirror.”) For another, it’s a masterwork, so fie upon labels. Night of the Hunter lurks in shadows and revels in misogyny. Whether you’ve seen it or not, you probably have the image of Robert Mitchum’s tattooed knuckles imprinted upon your brain thanks to pop culture osmosis. Reverend Harry Powell is quite the villain, a man as quick to distort the truth with honey-coated lies as Laughton is to distort reality through oblique perspective, unnerving use of shadows and light, and a dizzying array of camera compositions that make small-town West Virginia feel altogether otherworldly. —A.C.
11. The Maltese Falcon
Director: John Huston
Year: 1941
Referred to by many as the first major noir (after the more obscure 1940 film Stranger on the Third Floor), this John Huston classic set the bar for the archetypal detective, the subgenre as a whole, and the rest of star Humphrey Bogart’s career. On the surface a murder mystery revolving around yet another archetype, that of the titular MacGuffin, The Maltese Falcon is in essence a character study, a definitive assurance of masculinity and the cool objectivity it entails, by way of one Sam Spade. Bogart’s antihero is a man of honor, as it suits him—he has no qualms about kissing his dead partner’s widow while the body’s still warm, or turning in the guilty woman he loves to the police. He’s nobody’s “sap.” Interestingly, Spade’s creator, Dashiell Hammett—who once worked as a P.I.—called the character “a dream man in the sense that he is what most of the private detectives I worked with would like to have been, and, in their cockier moments, thought they approached.” In Bogart’s brusque yet smooth hands, that sounds about right. Likewise, this is the adaptation to which vastly inferior attempts, including a 1931 version of the same name and 1936’s Satan Met a Lady, could only aspire. It is impeccable in every sense. Huston also penned the screenplay, on Howard Hawks’ advice, almost verbatim from Hammett’s hard-boiled novel. He painstakingly storyboarded the drama to include complex camerawork and lighting schemes, evocative POVs, and an uninterrupted seven-minute take whose logistics boggle the mind. The violent, stylized set pieces are as visceral as the verbal confrontations. Aside from Bogie’s legendary turn, the other performances are spot-on: among them, an already scandalized Mary Astor as the femme fatale; Sydney Greenstreet (Casablanca) as hulking baddie Kasper “Fat Man” Gutman—astonishingly, his film debut; and Peter Lorre as an obviously gay associate of Gutman’s whose homosexuality was muted for the folks at the Hays Code. One of the first titles to be preserved in the Library of Congress’ National Film Registry, The Maltese Falcon is landmark filmmaking. —A.S.
10. Sunset Boulevard
Director: Billy Wilder
Year: 1950
Billy Wilder’s meta noir is a doozy, an unfailingly cynical critique of showbiz and a portrait of postwar alienation projected on the microcosm of Hollywood . It’s also wickedly funny in Sahara dry fashion, from the opening words of our dead narrator—floating facedown in his killer’s swimming pool—to Norma Desmond’s concluding descent down her staircase, and the rabbit hole. Gloria Swanson is magnificent and sad as Ms. Desmond, a fading beauty of the silent screen who manipulates broke, hackish screenwriter Joe Gillis (William Holden) into becoming her boy toy. Theirs is a fated relationship from the get-go, she of the wordless era, he dependent on them for his very livelihood. They’re on the outs with their industry, and each other, yet coexist out of desperation. Wilder, who co-wrote with Charles Brackett and D. M. Marshman Jr., layered the script with in-joke upon self-referential wink, perhaps the least of which is Desmond’s passion project, about that OG of femme fatales, Salome. There’s a parade of Hollywood cameos, namechecks, and behind-the-scenes instances of “art imitating life” (and vice versa); for example, Erich von Stroheim, who portrays Desmond’s former director/first husband-turned-still lovestruck butler Max, directed Swanson in 1929’s Queen Kelly (excerpted here) before she as the film’s producer fired him, much like her Sunset Blvd. character discards his. Many of these nods were in less-than-good fun, so it’s no shock that Sunset Boulevard met with local disdain, yet Wilder doesn’t flinch. Norma, Joe, Max … they’re all unwanted souls who, try as they might to live in the past, have succumbed to the present—in Joe’s case, most finally. The smoke and mirrors of Tinseltown, of life, don’t do the job anymore (though cinematographer John Seitz, who also lensed Double Indemnity, most certainly did, sprinkling dust into the air for the lights to catch). Desmond may be a seductress past her sell-by date, but Hollywood is the ultimate femme fatale, who chews suckers up and spits them out. Sunset Boulevard gives L.A. its close-up, alright. —A.S.
9. Laura
Director: Otto Preminger
Year: 1944
Maybe falling in love with dead people is just an occupational hazard of being an investigative detective in New York City. Then again, maybe a shotgun blast to the face couldn’t keep anybody from developing a crush on Gene Tierney, which is pretty much how the plot of Otto Preminger’s Laura goes. The film tracks the trajectory of NYPD detective Mark McPherson’s growing obsession with the eponymous young lady as he cobbles together the bits and pieces of her life and death. Poring over her diary and her letters, he comes to moon over her, and why not? She’s every bit as delightful as Preminger’s movie. Laura doesn’t waste time and stacks contrivance on top of unlikelihood, but such is the strength of Preminger’s craft and the performances of his cast that the film’s convolution doesn’t matter. —A.C.
8. Kiss Me Deadly
Director: Robert Aldrich
Year: 1955
Frequently cited as an example of when film noir, to appropriate a TV idiom, “jumped the shark,” Kiss Me Deadly long ago overcame its initial bad press to become one of the most beloved and influential examples of the subgenre and its ability to tell dark, controversial stories. In that regard, director Robert Aldrich’s Kiss Me Deadly wears its insanity like a badge. Ralph Meeker stars as a hard-boiled private eye who ends up bearing witness to the brutal torture and murder of a young hitchhiker (Cloris Leachman in one her first film appearances). He decides to pursue her case, which results in the discovery of one of film’s all-time great MacGuffins—a mysterious piece of luggage that emits intense heat and a bright light when opened. (This visual went on to inspire the glowing briefcase in Pulp Fiction .) This all leads to one of the craziest, most jaw-dropping final sequences you’re likely to see in any American movie made during the Hays Code era. —M.R.
7. Out of the Past
Director: Jacques Tourneur
Year: 1947
There’s no better way to describe Jacques Tourneur’s Out of the Past than “perfect.” For many, this is the epitome of all things noir, a sprawling, rambling examination of betrayal and seduction peppered with shrapnel-sharp dialogue. Out of the Past looks about as bleak as it feels. It’s savage and sexual, deeply unsettling in its nihilism and yet not utterly without hope; the final shot offers a respite of sorts from Tourneur’s otherwise unblinking sobriety. Out of the Past’s cheerlessness towers from the shoulders of its cast, a coterie of acting giants each at the top of their game. Robert Mitchum dominates, whether in his tête-à-têtes with Kirk Douglas or his simmering flirtations with Jane Greer. Together they pop, but no matter how brightly they might shine, Out of the Past remains a masterwork coated in darkness from page to screen. —A.C.
6. The Third Man
Director: Carol Reed
Year: 1949
At this point, any person who calls themselves a cinephile yet has not seen Carol Reed’s phenomenal Third Man needs to stop reading this blurb immediately, carve out two hours and rectify this mistake. In all seriousness though, Vienna has rarely looked more richly cinematic than it does here, with Robert Krasker’s expressionistic camerawork capturing the feel of a city distorted. The plot centers on Joseph Cotten’s Western writer Holly Martins, who arrives in Vienna after hearing about a job from his friend, Harry. Holly is promptly shocked to discover that Harry was killed in a car accident but, suspicious of the shady details, begins to investigate his friend’s death. On the off chance anyone has remained unspoiled (or never watched Pinky and the Brain), I will leave it at that, adding only that the film boasts a brilliant performance from Orson Welles and a thrilling final-act foot chase. —M.R.
5. Touch of Evil
Director: Orson Welles
Year: 1958
With its legendary opening, a single, crane-enabled shot just shy of three-and-a-half minutes in length, Orson Welles essentially closed the book on the classic noir era—and rewrote his own legacy in the process. Welles was 20 years into his career and a Hollywood has-been at 42 when he signed on to adapt Whit Masterson’s novel Badge of Evil for the screen. The result is a masterwork wrought by an auteur of monumental brass ones, even for Welles. The film opens at night, as a bomb is placed in the trunk of a convertible just before an unwitting couple take a drive through town. An echoing strain of horns and percussion situate us in an exotic, obviously dangerous locale, the natural sounds of the streets weaving in and out with the rock ’n’ roll playing on the car stereo. Cinematographer Russell Metty slowly pans away to refocus our attention on Mexican DEA agent Charlton Heston and his American bride Janet Leigh—a bit of breezy, expository chitchat fills us in on those details. They stroll through customs, across the border, into the U.S. on foot and share an embrace, just as the convertible explodes in front of them. In one extended take, we’re hurtled into this thriller with a minimum of screen time and maximum of suspense. Sure, Wells himself will soon command the frame as a fat, drunk, cane-toting corrupt cop, as will Marlene Dietrich as a brothel madam, and Dennis Weaver as a sketchy hotel night manager. The plot will double down with a manhunt, kidnapping, gang rape, drugs and more in a yarn as thick and filthy as Welles’ villain’s final resting place. But those first 3 minutes 20 seconds not only encapsulate a singular mastery of filmmaking—an immaculately orchestrated synergy of technical skill, storytelling, and style—they tick off practically every box on the noir checklist: gritty, maze-like streets; foreign vs. domestic threats; isolation and anxiety; the law and the lawless; the passions of a gorgeous gal and her hero; extremes of shadow and light, angles and composition; unsparing tension, and a palpable, inescapable sense of doom. Three. Unbroken. Minutes. —A.S.
4. Chinatown
Director: Roman Polanski
Year: 1974
When you look at Jack Nicholson ’s run of films in what I’ll call the “New Hollywood” era, starting with Easy Rider in 1969 and ending with The Shining in 1980, it’s truly astounding . There’s barely a dud on the list, so it’s really saying something that Chinatown, Roman Polanski’s crime classic, stands out among the best. The central mystery is bold for its complexity, revolving around water rights in 1930s Southern California—a plot that remains relevant today—and was undoubtedly an influence for the second season of True Detective . Like much of Polanski’s work, an ominous atmosphere works alongside the plot, shadowing every character in doubt and undermining the possibility of a clean conclusion. In Polanski’s world, the mere fact that a mystery is solved doesn’t mean there’s a happy ending, and his incredible powers of ambiguity have never been so strong as in Chinatown. Nominated for 11 Academy Awards, it won the Oscar for Robert Towne’s original screenplay. Add Nicholson at his most essential, along with a young Faye Dunaway and an aging John Huston, and this is truly one of the classics of American cinema. —S.R.
3. Double Indemnity
Director: Billy Wilder
Year: 1944
Long before the Boomers came to know Fred MacMurray as the kindly father on My Three Sons, the actor essayed his best performance in Double Indemnity as the deplorable, hard-boiled Walter Neff, who falls for a married temptress (Barbara Stanwyck) who talks him into killing her husband. Whether in film or on television, MacMurray normally played the nice guy, but for Double Indemnity he turned his everyman decency into a mask—perfect for a character who can barely conceal what a lustful, conniving bastard he is. One of the great noirs, this early effort from Billy Wilder revealed the filmmaker’s talent for wonderfully thorny, unapologetically rotten characters—and it doubles as one of the definitive mid-century Los Angeles movies. —T.G.
2. The Big Sleep
Director: Howard Hawks
Year: 1946
The great granddaddy of all convoluted noirs, The Big Sleep fully embodies every single identifying feature of Raymond Chandler’s writing: dialogue that sears itself into viewers’ brains, rough-cut men, seductive femme fatales, plenty of violence, a respectable body count, and enough plot curveballs to give even the most accomplished noirs twist envy. The film almost demands to be seen twice for the sheer volume of slants and revelations. Truthfully, you’ll want to watch it more than once for Howard Hawks’ direction, Sidney Hickox’ dread-inducing cinematography, and Chandler’s barbed exchanges, not to mention the raw chemistry and animal magnetism of Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall. Production codes at the time of The Big Sleep’s release prohibited it from being as graphic as Chandler’s novel, but maybe thrillers of today can learn a valuable lesson from the restrictions: Less can so often mean much, much more. —A.C.
1. The Woman in the Window
Director: Fritz Lang
Year: 1944
Only a master like Fritz Lang could take a trope as hackish as “it was all just a dream” and turn it into nightmare fuel. Then again, only a master like Lang could surreptitiously flip the board at censors by tacking a happy ending onto a tragedy. The Woman in the Window isn’t just one of Lang’s best films, it’s one of noir’s greatest gifts to cinema, a taut psychological mindscrew about the nature of taking life. When is it okay to take a life? When is it not? By the film’s own standards, Lang’s protagonist, Professor Wanley, kills the jealous lover of young Alice Reed in self-defense, which puts him in the clear from our standpoint. But Wanley winds up falling further and further into hot water, and we start to question the lesson he teaches his students at The Woman in the Window’s commencement. It’s such a juicy, complex film, made impeccably and with unshakable style, that there’s no need to wonder at its role in validating cinema as art and causing a sea change in film criticism as a discipline. —A.C.
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Film noir
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The 1997 BS and 2005 EN No1836 safety standard applies to?
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Film Noir - Films
Film Noir
Classic Film Noir Title Screens (1940-1958)
Film Noir (literally 'black film or cinema') was coined by French film critics (first by Nino Frank in 1946) who noticed the trend of how 'dark', downbeat and black the looks and themes were of many American crime and detective films released in France to theatres following the war, such as
The Maltese Falcon (1941) , Murder, My Sweet (1944),
Double Indemnity (1944) , The Woman in the Window (1944), and Laura (1944) . A wide range of films reflected the resultant tensions and insecurities of the time period, and counter-balanced the optimism of Hollywood's musicals and comedies. Fear, mistrust, bleakness, loss of innocence, despair and paranoia are readily evident in noir, reflecting the 'chilly' Cold War period when the threat of nuclear annihilation was ever-present. The criminal, violent, misogynistic, hard-boiled, or greedy perspectives of anti-heroes in film noir were a metaphoric symptom of society's evils, with a strong undercurrent of moral conflict, purposelessness and sense of injustice. There were rarely happy or optimistic endings in noirs.
Classic film noir developed during and after World War II, taking advantage of the post-war ambience of anxiety, pessimism, and suspicion. It was a style of black and white American films that first evolved in the 1940s, became prominent in the post-war era, and lasted in a classic "Golden Age" period until about 1960 (marked by the 'last' film of the classic film noir era, Orson Welles'
Touch of Evil (1958) ).
Important Note: Strictly speaking, film noir is not a genre, but rather the mood, style, point-of-view, or tone of a film. It is also helpful to realize that 'film noir' usually refers to a distinct historical period of film history - the decade of film-making after World War II, similar to the German Expressionism or the French New Wave periods. However, it was labeled as such only after the classic period - early noir film-makers didn't even use the film designation (as they would the labels "western" or "musical"), and were not conscious that their films would be labeled noirs.
Very often, a film noir story was developed around a cynical, hard-hearted, disillusioned male character [e.g., Robert Mitchum, Fred MacMurray, or Humphrey Bogart] who encountered a beautiful but promiscuous, amoral, double-dealing and seductive femme fatale [e.g., Mary Astor, Veronica Lake, Jane Greer, Barbara Stanwyck, or Lana Turner]. She would use her feminine wiles and come-hither sexuality to manipulate him into becoming the fall guy - often following a murder. After a betrayal or double-cross, she was frequently destroyed as well, often at the cost of the hero's life. As women during the war period were given new-found independence and better job-earning power in the homeland during the war, they would suffer -- on the screen -- in these films of the 40s.
See this site's special tribute to
Greatest Femmes Fatales in Classic Film Noir
Titles of many film noirs often reflected the nature or tone of the style and content itself: Dark Passage (1947), The Naked City (1948), Fear in the Night (1947),
Out of the Past (1947) , Kiss Me Deadly (1955) , etc.
Primary Characteristics and Conventions of Film Noir: Themes and Styles
The primary moods of classic film noir were melancholy, alienation, bleakness, disillusionment, disenchantment, pessimism, ambiguity, moral corruption, evil, guilt, desperation and paranoia.
Heroes (or anti-heroes), corrupt characters and villains included down-and-out, conflicted hard-boiled detectives or private eyes, cops, gangsters, government agents, a lone wolf, socio-paths or killers, crooks, war veterans, politicians, petty criminals, murderers, or just plain Joes. These protagonists were often morally-ambiguous low-lifes from the dark and gloomy underworld of violent crime and corruption. Distinctively, they were cynical, tarnished, obsessive (sexual or otherwise), brooding, menacing, sinister, sardonic, disillusioned, frightened and insecure loners (usually men), struggling to survive - and in the end, ultimately losing.
Storylines were often elliptical, non-linear and twisting. Narratives were frequently complex, maze-like and convoluted, and typically told with foreboding background music, flashbacks (or a series of flashbacks), witty, razor-sharp and acerbic dialogue, and/or reflective and confessional, first-person voice-over narration. Amnesia suffered by the protagonist was a common plot device, as was the downfall of an innocent Everyman who fell victim to temptation or was framed. Revelations regarding the hero were made to explain/justify the hero's own cynical perspective on life.
Film noir films (mostly shot in gloomy grays, blacks and whites) thematically showed the dark and inhumane side of human nature with cynicism and doomed love, and they emphasized the brutal, unhealthy, seamy, shadowy, dark and sadistic sides of the human experience. An oppressive atmosphere of menace, pessimism, anxiety, suspicion that anything can go wrong, dingy realism, futility, fatalism, defeat and entrapment were stylized characteristics of film noir. The protagonists in film noir were normally driven by their past or by human weakness to repeat former mistakes.
Film noir films were marked visually by expressionistic lighting, deep-focus or depth of field camera work, disorienting visual schemes, jarring editing or juxtaposition of elements, ominous shadows, skewed camera angles (usually vertical or diagonal rather than horizontal), circling cigarette smoke, existential sensibilities, and unbalanced or moody compositions. Settings were often interiors with low-key (or single-source) lighting, venetian-blinded windows and rooms, and dark, claustrophobic, gloomy appearances. Exteriors were often urban night scenes with deep shadows, wet asphalt, dark alleyways, rain-slicked or mean streets, flashing neon lights, and low key lighting. Story locations were often in murky and dark streets, dimly-lit and low-rent apartments and hotel rooms of big cities, or abandoned warehouses. [Often-times, war-time scarcities were the reason for the reduced budgets and shadowy, stark sets of B-pictures and film noirs.]
Some of the most prominent directors of film noir included Orson Welles, John Huston, Billy Wilder, Edgar Ulmer, Douglas Sirk, Robert Siodmak, Fritz Lang, Otto Preminger, Henry Hathaway and Howard Hawks.
Femmes Fatales in Film Noir :
The females in film noir were either of two types (or archetypes) - dutiful, reliable, trustworthy and loving women; or femmes fatales - mysterious, duplicitous, double-crossing, gorgeous, unloving, predatory, tough-sweet, unreliable, irresponsible, manipulative and desperate women. Usually, the male protagonist in film noir wished to elude his mysterious past, and had to choose what path to take (or have the fateful choice made for him).
Invariably, the choice would be an overly ambitious one, to follow the dangerous but desirable wishes of these dames. It would be to pursue the goadings of a traitorous, self-destructive femme fatale who would lead the struggling, disillusioned, and doomed hero into committing murder or some other crime of passion coupled with twisted love. When the major character was a detective or private eye, he would become embroiled and trapped in an increasingly-complex, convoluted case that would lead to fatalistic, suffocating evidences of corruption, irresistible love and death. The femme fatale, who had also transgressed societal norms with her independent and smart, menacing actions, would bring both of them to a downfall.
Cinematic Origins and Roots of Classic Film Noir:
The themes of noir, derived from sources in Europe, were imported to Hollywood by emigre film-makers. Noirs were rooted in German Expressionism of the 1920s and 1930s, such as in The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920, Germ.) or Fritz Lang's M (1931, Germ.), Fury (1936) and You Only Live Once (1937). Films from German directors, such as F. W. Murnau, G. W. Pabst, and Robert Wiene, were noted for their stark camera angles and movements, chiaroscuro lighting and shadowy, high-contrast images - all elements of later film noir. In addition, the French sound films of the 30s, such as director Julien Duvivier's Pepe Le Moko (1937), contributed to noir's development.
Another cinematic origin of film noir was from the plots and themes often taken from adaptations of American literary works - usually from best-selling, hard-boiled, pulp novels and crime fiction by Raymond Chandler, James M. Cain, Dashiell Hammett, or Cornell Woolrich. As a result, the earliest film noirs were detective thrillers. Film noir was also derived from the crime/gangster and detective/mystery sagas from the 1930s (i.e., Little Caesar (1930) , Public Enemy (1931) and Scarface (1932) ), but very different in tone and characterization. Notable film noir gangster films, such as They Drive By Night (1940), Key Largo (1948) and White Heat (1949) each featured noir elements within the traditional gangster framework.
The Earliest Film Noirs: In the 1940s
Many sources have claimed that director Boris Ingster's and RKO's Stranger on the Third Floor (1940) was the first full-featured film noir. The expressionistic film starred Peter Lorre as the sinister 'stranger' (cast due to his creepy performance in M (1931)), in a story about the nightmarish after-effects of circumstantial testimony during a murder trial. Others claim Orson Welles' masterpiece
Citizen Kane (1941) was also an early and influential pre-film noir.
The first detective film to use the shadowy, nihilistic noir style in a definitive way was the privotal work of novice director John Huston in the mystery classic
The Maltese Falcon (1941) , from a 1929 book by Dashiell Hammett. [Actually, Huston's film was not the first version - it had been directed earlier by Roy Del Ruth in 1931, starring Ricardo Cortez in the lead role.] It was famous for Humphrey Bogart's cool, laconic private eye hero Sam Spade in pursuit of crooks greedy for a jewel-encrusted statue, and Bogart's foil - Mary Astor as the deceptive femme fatale.
Noir Duo: Alan Ladd and Veronica Lake
The acting duo of Alan Ladd and Veronica Lake was first teamed in the superb early noir thriller This Gun For Hire (1942) (with the tagline: "He's dynamite with a gun or a girl"). From the novel A Gun For Sale by renowned British novelist Graham Greene, the moody noir featured Ladd in a star-making role (his first lead role) as a ruthless, cat-loving, vengeful, unsmiling San Francisco professional hit-man named Raven working for a peppermint-candy loving fat man Willard Gates (Laird Cregar) and his wheelchair-bound Nitro Chemicals executive Alvin Brewster (Tully Marshall) - both double-crossers who were selling secrets to foreign agents (the Japanese). Ladd was paired with popular wartime pinup star Lake as nightclub showgirl singer Ellen Graham, his hostage (and unbeknownst to him working as a federal agent).
Another Dashiell Hammett book of political corruption and murder was adapted for Stuart Heisler's The Glass Key (1942) for Paramount Studios - again with the duo of Ladd and Lake, and noted as one of the best Hammett adaptations. Ladd starred as Ed Beaumont, a right-hand man and political aide attempting to save his employer (Brian Donlevy) from a murder frame-up, while Lake played the seductive fiancee of the boss. The film was noted for the vicious beating given to Ladd by a crime lord thug (William Bendix).
The popular noir couple were brought together again in George Marshall's post-war crime thriller The Blue Dahlia (1946), with an Oscar-nominated screenplay by Raymond Chandler (the only work he ever wrote directly for the screen). Alan Ladd portrayed returning war veteran Johnny Morrison who discovered that his wife Helen (Doris Dowling) was unfaithful during his absence. When she turned up dead and he became the prime suspect, he was aided in the case by the mysterious Joyce Harwood (Lake) - the seductive ex-wife of his wife's former lover.
Orson Welles and Film Noir:
Orson Welles' films have significant noir features, such as in his expressionistically-filmed
Citizen Kane (1941) , with subjective camera angles, dark shadowing and deep focus, and low-angled shots from talented cinematographer Gregg Toland. Welles' third film for RKO, the war-time mystery Journey Into Fear (1943), was one in which he acted and co-directed (uncredited) - it was set in the exotic locale of Istanbul. The film's story was inspired by Eric Ambler's spy thriller about the flight of an American arms engineer (Joseph Cotten) on a Black Sea tramp steamer where he was threatened by Nazi agents intent on killing him.
The complex The Lady from Shanghai (1948) - with its plot (from Sherwood King's novel If I Should Die Before I Wake), told about a destructive love triangle between Irish seaman Michael O'Hara (Welles himself), a manipulative Rita Hayworth as the platinum blonde-haired femme fatale Elsa (or Rosalie), and her husband Arthur Bannister (Everett Sloane). Its final sequence in a San Francisco "hall of mirrors" fun-house was symbolic and reflective of the shattered relationships between the characters, exemplified by a wounded O'Hara's last words: "Maybe I'll live so long that I'll forget her. Maybe I'll die trying."
Welles' Mexican border-town B-movie classic
Touch of Evil (1958) is generally considered the last film in the classic cycle of film noirs. It starred Charlton Heston as Vargas - a naive Mexican-American narcotics cop, Janet Leigh as his imperiled, honeymooning wife Susan, and Welles' own corrupt and corpulent local cop Hank Quinlan. The film also featured a comeback appearance by cigar-smoking bordello madam Marlene Dietrich, and a breathtaking opening credits sequence filmed in a single-take. Later, Welles' expressionistic noir and psychological drama The Trial (1962) was an adaptation of Franz Kafka's classic novel, with Anthony Perkins as Joseph K - a man condemned for an unnamed crime in an unknown country.
More Definitive 40s Noirs:
Early classic non-detective film noirs included Fritz Lang's steamy and fatalistic Scarlet Street (1945) - one of the moodiest, blackest thrillers ever made, about a mild-mannered painter's (Edward G. Robinson) unpunished and unsuspected murder of an amoral femme fatale (Joan Bennett) after she had led him to commit embezzlement, impersonated him in order to sell his paintings, and had been deceitful and cruel to him - causing him in a fit of anger to murder her with an ice-pick. Director Abraham Polonsky's expressionistic, politically-subversive Force of Evil (1948) starred John Garfield as a corrupt mob attorney.
British director Carol Reed's tense tale of treachery set in post-war Vienna,
The Third Man (1949) , with the memorable character of black market racketeer Harry Lime (Orson Welles), ended with a climactic shootout in the city's noirish underground sewer. And the nightmarishly-dark, rapid-paced and definitive D.O.A. (1949) from cinematographer-director Rudolph Mate - told the flashback story of lethally-poisoned and doomed protagonist Frank Bigelow (Edmond O'Brien), a victim of circumstance who announced in the opening: "I want to report a murder - mine." [It was remade as D.O.A. (1988) with Dennis Quaid and Meg Ryan.]
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i don't know
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Posset is a late-medieval curdled drink of alchocol and which other liquid?
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Possets | British Food: A History
British Food: A History
Possets
I expected this post to be a simple recipe with a short history of the creamy dessert. However, as is so often in writing posts for this blog, it ends up being rather more complicated.
When I think of a posset, I think of a simple affair of sweetened cream thickened with an acidic fruit. However, this is very much a modern posset (by modern I mean twentieth century).
King Charles I
Originally the posset was a dessert or drink made from curdled milk enriched with sugar, alcohol (the most popular being sack, a sweet ale similar to sherry). It was often used as a curative for colds or fevers; it is mentioned in the Journals of the House of Lords in the year 1620 that King Charles I was given a posset drink from his physician. These drinks were kept warm and made in a special cup rather like a teapot so that the liquid could be drunk from beneath the foam that develops on the surface. Shakespeare mentions possets several times in his writings, in Hamlet, Act 1 Scene 5, he mentions the posset’s medicinal properties and that it is made from curds:
And with sudden vigour it doth posset,
And curd, like aigre [sour] droppings into milk,
The thin and wholesome blood.
Possets were eaten for pleasure too though:
Yet be cheerful knight: thou shalt eat a posset to-night at my house;
Where I will desire thee to laugh at my wife.
The Merry Wives of Windsor, Act 5, Scene 5
William Shakespeare
Kings and lords had their cream and curd possets, whereas we normal folk had to use bread to thicken ours.By the time we reach the mid-18th century, possets have changed; they are made from milk, but now are thickened with biscuits, bread, egg yolks or almonds, or a combination. Sack seems to still be the most popular and lemon possets make an appearance. Sack possets were drunk at weddings when it came to toasting the bride and groom around this time, though I don’t know where this originated from.
Possets 1769
Grate two Naples biscuits into a pint of thin cream, put in a stick of cinnamon and set it over a slow fire. Boil it till it is of a proper thickness, then add half a pint of sack, a slice of the end of a lemon, with sugar to your taste. Stir it gently over the fire, but don’t let it boil lest it curdle. Serve it up with dry toast.
Elizabeth Raffald, The Experienced English Housekeeper 1769
Mrs Raffald also highlights the fact that you don’t want your posset to curdle: ‘always mix a little of the hot cream or milk with your wine, it will keep the wine from curdling the rest’. In the 19th century, Richard Cox in his Oxford Night Caps (1835) mentions those made from curds and those thickened with cream and egg yolks, so technically a custard, I suppose. Sometimes they were thick, and sometimes drinkable like egg nog. He mentions a black pepper flavoured posset that will ‘promote perspiration’ in order to sweat out a fever.
Here’s a strange thing though; if you rewind time back to Shakespearean days and look for a recipe for a trifle, what you seem to get is a recipe for a modern-day posset:
Take a pint of thick cream, and season it with sugar and ginger, and rose water. So stir it as you would then have it make it luke warm in a dish on a chafing dish and coals. And after put it into a silver piece or a bowl, and so serve it to the board.
Thomas Dawson, The Good Housewife’s Jewel 1596
You can see why a matter of no concern is called a mere trifle – they used to be so simple, but now they are complex and as the trifle changed over time so did the posset and it seems to have filled the niche left behind by the trifle. Possets, however, are no longer that popular. They are easy to make when cream is the sole thickener.
Orange Posset 2012
Here’s the recipe I devised for an orange posset, which I think works very well. You can make a lemon one from two lemons and perhaps an ounce or two more of sugar. I have kept to its historical roots with the addition of a little orange flower water. This makes six helpings.
Ingredients
1 pint (20 fl oz) of double (heavy) cream
4 oz caster sugar
the juice of two oranges and the zest of one
juice of half a lemon
1 to 2 teaspoons of orange flower water (optional)
Bring the cream and sugar slowly to a boil and let it simmer very gently for 5 minutes. Allow to cool before adding the juices and zest whisking well; the acid thickens the cream noticeably. Add the first teaspoon of orange flower and taste, adding more if you like. Pour into six serving dishes and chill for several hours, or overnight. Eat with a crunchy crumbly almond biscuit or some shortbread.
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Milk
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Gurning is a (sometimes competitive) activity involving distortion of?
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Reviews | Feast of the Centuries
Feast of the Centuries
About US
Category Archives: Reviews
A review is an evaluation of a publication, such as a movie, video game, musical composition, book, or a piece of hardware like a car, appliance, or computer. In addition to a critical statement, the review’s author may assign the work a rating to indicate its relative merit. More loosely, an author may review current events or items in the news.
Posted on June 14, 2012 by dollpaparazzi | Leave a comment
Not sure if you out there in cyberspace have seen Ivan May’s great blog or his recent post on “Joke Food” or not. If so, I would strongly suggest giving it a look if you are into illusion foods and learning about some fun things to make with sugar paste, marzipan and the like.
Also, there is a great resource for illusion foods and displays at the Getty called The Edible Monument . Check that one out if you love historical festival research, sugar sculpture info, cookbooks and table setting info… just a lot of great cooking stuff.
Both links have been added to my links sections for reference.
Enjoy!
Posted on February 17, 2012 by mercyasakura | Leave a comment
Last weekend was the West Coast Culinary Symposium . It was in Northern California, Marin County I believe, Camp Bothin Youth Camp in Fairfax, California. I attended the weekend event and enjoyed it immensely.
There were numerous classes held on historical cooking, taught by many knowledgeable teachers, some including live demos (and tasting of much nummy food). The unfortunate thing was there wasn’t enough time in the day to take all the classes I would have wanted plus sometimes there were classes being held at the same time as others I wanted to be at. So, alas, I needed to pick one and stick to it.
I had taken some photos of the event, the site, the people and the classes, in which I posted to Flickr. Here is the slideshow of all the photos over here for you all to enjoy . I’ll put in a few shots here for you to see if you don’t want to really click thru to Flickr.
Next year the symposium will be up in An Tir and in 2014, CAID will hopefully be hosting it. I look forward to the next ones. If you get a chance to go and want to learn more about historic cooking (from 500BC to roughly 1650CE) you should go.
Posted on November 18, 2008 by mistresshuette | 1 comment
Written by: Mistress Huette
Take a pottle of Cream, and boil in it a little whole Cinnamon, and three or four flakes of Mace. To this proportion of Cream put in eighteen yolks of eggs, and eight of the whites; a pint of Sack; beat your eggs very well, and then mingle them with your Sack. Put in three quarters of a pound of Sugar into the Wine and Eggs, with a Nutmeg grated, and a little beaten Cinnamon; set the Bason on the fire with the Wine and Eggs, and let it be hot. Then put in the Cream boiling from the fire, pour it on high, but stir it not; cover it with a dish, and when it is settlede, strew on the top a little fine Sugar mingled with three grains of Ambergreece, and one grain of Musk, and serve it up. From Sir Kenelm Digby The Closet (London: 1671)
1 pint cream
1 cup + 1 tsp granulated sugar
1 whole mace
1 tsp cinnamon, grated
1 pint cream sherry
Scald the cream in a pan with the whole mace and stick cinnamon. Beat egg whites until frothy. Beat egg yolks until lemon colored. Fold in together and then fold in one cup sugar and grated spices. Remove mace and cinnamon from cream. Temper eggs with a bit of cream, then mix the cream and egg mixture together continually beating all the time. Place over a medium-low heat and cook until mixture coats the back of a metal spoon. Remove from heat and add the sherry. Pour into posset pots and let cool somewhat, allowing it to settle/separate. Sprinkle one tsp sugar on top of all and serve. I have deliberately left off the ambergris and the musk, as I don’t like the taste, they are hard to find, and are expensive. This posset tastes just fine without them.
A well made posset was said to have three different layers. The uppermost, known as ‘the grace’ was a snowy foam or aerated crust. In the middle was a smooth spicy custard and at the bottom a pungent alcoholic liquid. The grace and the custard were enthusiastically consumed as ‘spoonmeat’ and the sack-rich liquid below drunk through the ‘pipe’ or spout of the posset pot. At weddings a wedding ring was sometimes thrown into the posset. It was thought that the person who fished it out would be the next to go to the altar.
The Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition, defines posset as a drink composed of hot milk curdled with ale, wine, or other liquor, often with sugar, spices, or other ingredients; formerly much used as a delicacy, or as a remedy for colds or other affections. Its use predates Digby by a couple hundred years; it was referenced in the mid-1400s by J. Baker’s Boke of Nurture. It said, Milke, crayme, and cruddes, and eke the Ioncate, they close a mannes stomake and so doth the possate. (Translation: Milk, cream, and curds, and also the junket, they close a man’s stomach, and so does the posset.)
Visit my sister Historic Pottery Blog: From the Ashes
Historic Pottery throughout the Ages and World
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It's modern, they are dolls, but it's geekery fun anyhow!
Mrs Beeton for the Fall: Soup is on again! October 2, 2015
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mercyasakura
Mrs Beeton for the Fall: Soup is on! September 15, 2015
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mercyasakura
Take a Culinary Adventure September 2, 2015
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mercyasakura
DO drink the Water: Water Consumption in Medieval Europe August 2, 2015
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mercyasakura
Pickling with Mrs Beeton July 2, 2015
Have a lot of cucumbers that you don’t have any idea what to do with? There is a fermentation revolution washing over the culinary world, with its kimchis, sauerkrauts, and the like. Fermentation, or the act of preserving foods, has … Continue reading →
mercyasakura
Carrots and Leeks with Sesame Paste June 15, 2015
This is a nice veggie side dish for the summer months that has a cole slaw type flavor. The tahini gives it a nice nutty flavor, and the carrots have a real natural sweetness that makes this a great dish … Continue reading →
mercyasakura
Kanz: The Period Eggplant Dip May 15, 2015
Another from Medieval Cuisine of the Islamic World by Lilia Zaouali (ISBN: 978-0-520-26174-7). Recipes from the book with the donation of K, for Kanz (the original Kanz al-Fawaid fi tanwi al-mawaid which was “The Treasure of Useful Advice for the … Continue reading →
mercyasakura
Kanz: Fava Bean in Sour Sauce with Hazelnuts May 11, 2015
Here is another recipe in my series of Egyptian recipes that I found in Medieval Cuisine of the Islamic World by Lilia Zaouali (ISBN: 978-0-520-26174-7). The recipes were tagged K, for Kanz (the original Kanz al-Fawaid fi tanwi al-mawaid which … Continue reading →
mercyasakura
Kanz: Puree of Chickpea with Cinnamon and Ginger May 7, 2015
More from Medieval Cuisine of the Islamic World by Lilia Zaouali (ISBN: 978-0-520-26174-7). I looked over all the recipes with the donation of K, for Kanz (the original Kanz al-Fawaid fi tanwi al-mawaid which was “The Treasure of Useful Advice … Continue reading →
mercyasakura
Kanz: Meat with the juice of cooked apricots May 1, 2015
Second dish in my series of Egyptian recipes that I found in Medieval Cuisine of the Islamic World by Lilia Zaouali (ISBN: 978-0-520-26174-7). The recipes were tagged K, for Kanz (the original Kanz al-Fawaid fi tanwi al-mawaid which was “The … Continue reading →
mercyasakura
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i don't know
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A sepulchre is a (what?), usually made/carved from stone?
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sepulchre - Dictionary Definition : Vocabulary.com
Random Word
sepulchre
There are many possible resting places for your body once you die, and a sepulcher is the best option if you want a fancy room made entirely from stone. Think it over, because you can only choose once.
Crypts, mausoleums, sarcophagi, sepulchers: each one is a place to bury someone, with slight variations. A sepulcher (or if you’re British you’ll spell it sepulchre) is basically a stone room with a stone coffin where your body lies. The word comes from the Latin sepulcrum, which means “burial place,” for obvious reasons. Pronouncing sepulcher could trick you, because the ch actually sounds like a k: "SEP-ul-ker."
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Tomb
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"Hilary Mantel's controversial 2014 fictional story is ""The Assassination of (Which controversial leader?)"" ?"
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Sepulcher dictionary definition | sepulcher defined
An ancient sepulcher.
noun
The definition of a sepulcher is a small room, usually made of stone, where a dead person is buried.
A small stone room at a cemetery that is made of rock or stone in which a king is buried is an example of a sepulcher.
verb
Sepulcher is to serve as a place to lay or bury something.
When a ship sinks and people are dead under the water, this is an example of when the ocean sepulchers.
When old maps are set aside in an attic, this is an example of when the maps are sepulchered in the attic.
sepulcher
a vault for burial; grave; tomb
R.C.Ch. a small, sealed cavity, holding martyrs' relics, in a flat rectangular or square stone forming the top or part of the top of an altar
Origin of sepulcher
Middle English ; from Old French sepulcre ; from Classical Latin sepulcrum ; from sepelire, to bury ; from Indo-European an unverified form sepel-, veneration ; from base an unverified form sep-, to honor from source Sanskrit sápati, (he) cultivates, cherishes
to place in a sepulcher; bury
sepulcher
A receptacle for sacred relics, especially in an altar.
transitive verb
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i don't know
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Filibeg is a traditional Scottish word for?
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What does filibeg mean?
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word filibeg
Wiktionary(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition:
filibeg(Noun)
Origin: from Gaelic feileadh beag, from feileadh, "fold" and beag, "little"
Webster Dictionary(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition:
Filibeg(noun)
same as Kilt
Origin: [Gael. feileadhbeag, i. e., little kilt; feileadh kilt + beag little, small; cf. filleadh a plait, fold.]
Numerology
The numerical value of filibeg in Chaldean Numerology is: 5
Pythagorean Numerology
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Kilt
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In the binary system of numbers the binary number 10 equates to which conventional number?
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Glossary of Scottish Words
Bibliography
Glossary of Scottish Words
A Glossary of Scottish words and terms used on this website. The words include definitions and explanations. These Scottish words are listed here to assist you in your wedding planning.
On other pages, when Scottish or Gaelic words are used, with no clarification, the word will link to this page for easy reference. Often unfamiliar words can be confusing, hopefully this glossary will help you clarify such words.
And just think, when you complete your Scottish wedding plans, you will have added a number of Scottish words to your vocabulary.
You can readily return to where you encountered the unfamiliar word by closing this Scottish Words page.
Agley ~ awry. If a plan goes agley, it doesn't go according to plan.
Arasaid ~ ladies’ tartan wrap, secured with an Arasaid belt.
Argie-Bargie ~ a dispute or quarrel. To argie means to argue.
Armseye ~ originally spelled armscye, the armhole opening in a garment.
Arrhae ~ 13 silver coins given to the minister or priest by the groom as part of the wedding ceremony. In any situation something given to bind a bargain between parties.
Àrsaidh ~ old, ancient.
B ~ Scottish words
Bailie ~ justice of the peace.
Barmekin, barmkin, or barnekin ~ a Medieval defensive enclosure found around smaller castles, tower houses, pele towers, and bastle houses in Scotland. As well as the residence, outbuildings were also included, plus a place to protect livestock during cattle raids. From the Roman barbican, meaning an outer fortification of a city or castle. Kirkhope and Smailholm are castles on the Scotttish borders that had a barmekin.
Bawbee ~ sixpence old Scots or half-penny sterling, named after mint-master Alexander Orrock, Laird of Sillebawbe. Also see Sia sgilligean.
Ben ~mountain, also inside or within, as ‘come ben the hoose’.
Beukin’ ~ asking for her hand.
Biggin ~ building.
Birl ~ spin or whirl around as in Scottish country dancing.
Bock Yuan Fannee ~ Manx Gaelic for "John the Flayer's Pony", on foot, shank’s pony or shank’s mare in English dialect.
Bodhran ~ (much disputed, bow-rawn, rhyming with cow brawn) a drum, popular in Scottish and Irish music, originally used to provide cadence for both pipers and warriors. Usually 14” to 18” in diameter and 3” to 8” deep. Played with a double headed stick called a cipin, tipper, or beater.
Boineid ~ (bonaje) originally the name of the Tam o' Shanter, man’s bonnet.
Boinead biorach ~ (bonaje beerach) Balmoral bonnet.
Bonnets ~ traditionally blue
~ Return to top of Glossary page ~
Brae ~ hill.
Brat ~ simply a piece of woolen cloth that one would wear over other clothing. It was often worn like a cloak, but was also used like a sash or shawl. The length of the Brat was entirely dependent upon the wearer and the style at the time. The average Brat would have been 1 to 1.5 yards long from doubled cloth (up to 60" wide). Today the Brat is known as the Fly Plaid.
Braw ~ something good, a braw day is a great weather day.
Breacan ~ old style kilt or philamor, a flat piece of fabric, pleated by hand each time worn.
Breacan feile ~ big kilt, see brecan.
Breid tri chearnach ~ also curtch, kertch, breid, a three-cornered kerchief of white linen, tied under the chin. Often the point hanging down the back was embroidered elaborately, to show off the woman’s needlework skills. Worn only by married women. Young, unmarried girls wore a Cockernonie.
Bridal Concomitant ~ a bridal flag or ensign, flown from the housetop on the wedding day. Embellished with wedding symbols, such as the claddaugh or lukenbooth.
Bridie ~ originating in the town of Forfar, also called Forfar bridie, a baked shortcrust pastry with minced beef, onions, and spices. One hole on top signifies no onions, two holes signify onions have been added.
Brigadoonery ~ gaudy, beyond good taste. The exaggerated Scottishness of the movie ‘Brigadoon’.
Brog, Brogan ~ simple deerskin shoes, the forerunners of today's brogues where the decoration is an outer layer of leather in which holes have been punched.
Brogues ~ footwear made of skin, light weight, with holes punched in to let out the water from streams and rivers.
Bubba ~ derived from brother, a nickname given to boys , especially the eldest son, often replacing their given name. Outside the family, it is a term of affection for a buddy. Outside the southern states, it can mean someone of low economic status and limited education, or apply to a good-ol-boy who doesn’t function well in business or social relationships due to a self-absorbed outlook on life. While not a Scottish word, Clan MacBubba necessitates an explanation.
Bumbee tartan ~ a fabric woven to look like a tartan, but isn’t, a bumbee is a bumblebee. Tartans designed with a complete lack of taste, no sense of history, and incorrect weaving patterns which should have no place in tartan history.
Burn ~ stream.
Burning the Water ~ when salmon lighting was a legal fishing technique, a heather torch was held above the water’s surface to attract the salmon to the surface.
Cantle ~ the metalwork clasp on a dress sporran.
Cath dath, Cada ~ war pattern on hosiery, tartan hose.
Ceety Haw ~ city hall.
Ceilidh ~ ('kel or Kay’-lay) dance, social gathering. A Scottish Gaelic word for “visit”, as these began as informal gatherings in individual’s homes.
Ceilidh Dancing ~ informal, cheerful, lively dancing to Celtic music played on the fiddle, flute, tin whistle, accordion, bodhran, small bagpipes, usually performed in lines of 2 or more dancers.
Celtic Knots ~ decorative knots that are interwoven with no beginning and no end.
Ceud mile failte, cuad mile failte ~ a hundred, thousand welcomes.
Chaipel ~ a wedding chapel.
Chantie ~ chamber pot, used in Bridal hazing.
Clan ~ actually derives from the Gaelic clann, meaning 'children' or 'stock'. In Scotland, it's meaning can be a tribe, race, or family unit.
Clan Badge ~ clan symbol and motto, now worn on the bonnet.
Clan Motto ~ war cry, used in battle.
Cockade ~ an ornamental ribbon on headgear. Can be a rosette, ribbon, or other ornament. Worn as an identifying badge or as part of a livery. From the mid-17th century, French bonnet à la coquarde meaning a bonnet worn proudly, from an obsolete word, coquard, meaning proud. The colloquial word was coq, pronounced cock.
Cockernonie ~ gathering of a woman’s hair into a snood.
Come ben the hoose ~ come in the house, welcome.
Concomitant ~ a flag or banner.
Coor [also cour, cure, cuir] ~ to cover or protect. When referencing a stallion it means to cover.
Cota fiaraidh ~ tartan jacket cut on the bias.
Cota gearr ~ man’s plain cut doublet or jacket.
Covenanters ~ a 17th century Presbyterian religious movement to free Scotland of Catholicism, to develop the character and operation of the Scottish Parliament, and began a revolution throughout the British Isles.
Image courtesy Wikipedia
Crag and tail ~ crag is a rocky block protruding from the surrounding terrain. As a glacier retreats, softer material remains as a gradual fan or ridge that forms a tapered ramp, called a tail, up the leeward side of the crag.
Craiker ~ originally a boaster, evolved into cracker, which is now anyone residing in Georgia.
Cranachan ~ pottage dessert.
Creelin’ ~ a creel is a basket to hold fish.
Creeling is part of the groom’s hazing. A creel was filled with rocks and strapped on the groom’s back. He had to walk the town until his bride kissed him, or he completed a circuit of town.
Crow Road ~ a popular road in Campsie Fells
Due to steep slopes and prior accidents, a local expression for death is "He’s away the Crow Road".
Cuaran ~ boot.
Cuiridh mi clach air do chàrn ~ an old Scottish Gaelic blessing meaning “I’ll put a stone on your cairn.”
Dealg ~ pin, fastener.
Diced ~ ribbon band on bonnets, usually red, black, and white check flashes. A Hanoverian (English) military fashion.
Didgeridoo, didjeridu, didj ~ claimed to be the world’s oldest wind instrument, used by the indigenous tribes of Australia. Described as a wooden trumpet, it’s a cylinder about 30 to 60 inches in length.
Diggings ~ useless parts of sheep fleece
Dinnlin ~ vibrating, tingling.
Dirk ~ a Scottish long dagger, with a blade length of 7 to 14 inches. Its blade length and style varied, but it was generally 7-14 inches. A weapon of offense, used with the targe and sword.
Scotsmen would swear oaths on their dirk. After the Battle of Culloden, the English forced the following oath of fealty, to never “…possess any gun, sword, or pistol, or to use tartan…and if I do so may I be cursed in my undertakings, family and property, may I be killed in battle as a coward, and lie without burial in a strange land, far from the graves of my forefathers and kindred; may all this come across me if I break my oath."
Scottish Wedding Dreams ‘Wedding Ceremony Customs’ The Pledge to Provide and Protect tells the significance of a dirk in the wedding ceremony.
Dool ~ see Dule
Dram ~ a small unit of volume, referring to a drink of Scotch whisky.
Drover ~ one who drove cattle to distant markets, using their Border Collies. Drovers from Scotland were licensed in 1359 to drive stock through England.
Fairings ~ love tokens. Small gifts as tokens of affection, such as sweets, hair ribbons, or small jewelry items.
Fantoosh ~ posh, swanky, possibly above one’s class.
Fede Ring ~ during the Middle Ages, Scots gave a silver fede ring. This ring was consigned to the kirk, when arranging for their proclamation of marriage.
Feile ~ kilted.
Feileadh-beag ~ (feela beg) the small kilt, with no tartan above the waist. Today’s modern kilt.
Feileadh-mor ~ big wrap, or plaid.
Flashes ~ decorative fabric, attached to the garters, to show below the fold of men’s hose when wearing a kilt.
Foreland or Foreshore ~ the beach.
Friggle-Fraggles ~ trifles, useless ornaments of dress.
Hackle ~ a feather plume attached to the military headdress, sitting above the cockade, with the color designating the regiment.
Haggis ~ a traditional Scottish dish made of sheep’s pluck, oatmeal, onion, suet, spices, salt and stock.
Hain ~ husband.
Hather ~ heather seller
Hather Fesgar ~ a facing of heather fastened with boards around the outside of the house to correct leaks of rain water, also a strengthening the rim of straw or heather baskets
Haudin ~ home, house, holding.
Heather-An-Dub ~ heather and daub, sometimes called spelt dab, a mud slurry used with sticks for wall construction
Heather Beetle ~ an insect
Heather Bill ~ the Dragon-Fly in Banffshire
Heather Birns ~ charred sticks of heather used as writing instruments
Heather Blindness ~ a disease of sheep
Heather Caissie ~ on Orkney, a basket to hold fish, fishing line and bait. Lobsters were sent from the Hebrides to London, packed in heather and heather caissies.
Heather Cat ~ the common wild cat
Heather Cling ~ a disease prevalent among sheep that have been grazing too long on heather
Heather Claw ~ a dog’s dew claw, which is often cut off to prevent it’s catching in the heather
Heather Clout or Clu ~ the horny substance protecting a horse’s fetlock
Heather Cubby ~ woven from long straight heather stalks, a basket for carrying turnips to feed the cattle
Heather-fish ~ frog tadpoles in Caithness
Heather Gall Midge ~ an insect
Heather Goose ~ a dolt or ninny
Heather Heidit ~ heather headed, disheveled hair, a bad hair day, indicating a country or rustic background
Heather Ill ~ constipation of the bowels
Heather Jennys ~ women who sold heather goods
Heather Jocks ~ men who sold heather goods
Heather Lamp ~ a springy step common among people accustomed to walking over heathery ground
Heather Lamping ~ lifting feet high when walking
Heather Legs ~ walking with a high and wide step, as on the heather
Heather Lowper ~ hill dweller, countryman
Heather Man ~ heather seller
Heather Piker ~ a contemptuous name for one living in poverty or a miserly way
Heather Range or Reenge ~ equal lengths of heather stems bunched and firmly bound for pot scrubbers and chimney cleaning brushes
Heather Scratter ~ see Heather Range
Heather Step ~ another name for heather lamping
Heather Stopper ~ a Perth term for a heather lowper, a hill dweller or countryman
Heather Taps ~ fresh heather clan badge
Heather Theekit ~ thatched with heather
Heather Wight ~ a Highlander
Heather Wuddie or Widdie ~ see Heather Caissie
Heatherer ~ a thatcher of roofs
Highland Games ~ Highland games are festivals held throughout the year in Scotland and other countries as a way of celebrating Scottish and Celtic culture and heritage, especially that of the Scottish Highlands. While centered on competitions in piping and drumming, dancing, and Scottish heavy athletics, the games also include entertainment and exhibits related to other aspects of Scottish and Gaelic culture. [a direct quote from wikipedia.com]
Houlies ~ wild, drunken brawls, especially at Penny Weddings.
Ilk ~ same, kind, class, family.
Jacobite ~ a partisan of the Stuarts, from the revolution of 1688.
Jacobite shirt ~ a casual kilt shirt of cotton or linen, usually with leather cording to lace to neck opening.
Jeddart, Jethart ~ originating on the Jedburgh Castle estate, a type of justice in which a man would be hanged first, then tried afterward.
Leine, varied spellings ~ (lean or lean-e) shirt, shift, smock.
Leine-croich ~ saffron shirt, war shirt, worn by ancient Highlanders.
Lhiam-Lhiat [lyam-lyat] ~ an inconsistent person who changes sides easily. From Manx Gaelic for "with me - with you".
Linn ~ waterfall.
Loch ~ lake.
Luckenbooth Brooch ~ a decorative brooch with intertwining hearts, topped with a crown symbolic of Mary Queen of Scots.
Lucky Sixpence/Bawbee ~ sixpence old Scots good luck piece.
M ~ Scottish words
MacBubba ~ a clan affiliation formed in South Carolina, tongue-in-cheek, combining a celebration of Scottish ancestry with Southern redneck humor. A certificate of membership is provided, as with joining any other clan. Bubba is a southern term meaning brother, an endearment for close friends, or a slur used by a non-southerner and aimed at men of low economic status and limited education ~ the good-ol-boy who has difficulty maintaining business and social relationships. Obviously, clan MacBubba is meant as a friendly, endearing term.
Mackintosh ~ a waterproof raincoat made of rubberized fabric invented by Charles MacIntosh in 1824.
Mairiage ~ marriage.
Maisie ~ a rope panier for carrying sheaves and peat
Meenister ~ minister, preacher, pastor.
Mindin’ ~ a small gift or momento as a reminder of the giver.
Mo chasen ~ rough deerskin footwear, which the American Indians turned into mocassins.
Modesty piece ~ a decorative piece of cotton, linen or lace , worn over a woman’s bosom for modesty or warmth.
Mogan ~ footless wool hose.
Moor ~ an expanse of open rolling infertile land, possibly boggy, dominated by sedge and grass, often a source of peat.
Neeps and Tatties ~ mashed turnips and potatoes, mashed and served separately
Ootby ~ out of doors.
P ~ Scottish words
Pantalettes ~ undergarments covering the legs of women and girls in the 1800's. Originating in France, later called pantaloons, they were of fine cotton with lace trims that would look pretty, if accidentally revealed. Sometimes hems were shortened to deliberately reveal the handiwork on the pantalettes.
Peallagan ~ young heather used to weave doormats on Islay
Peitean ~ Gaelic for waistcoat, a sleeveless jacket or vest.
Philabeg ~ kilt, from feile, which means kilted.
Philamore ~ big kilt, breacan feile.
Plaid ~ (plade)
Fly plaid ~ simply a piece of woolen cloth that one would wear over other clothing. It was often worn like a cloak, but was also used like a sash or shawl. The length of the Brat was entirely dependent upon the wearer and the style at the time. The average Brat would have been 1 to 1.5 yards long from doubled cloth (up to 60" wide). Today the Brat is known as the Fly Plaid.
Piper’s plaid, long plaid ~ made from 3½ yards of tartan, fringed at both ends.
Drummer’s plaid, formal plaid, small plaid ~ made from 2 yards of tartan, fringed on one end and both sides. The remaining end is pleated. Allows more freedom of movement.
Plinth ~ stand to display a quaich.
Pluck ~ sheep heart, liver and lungs, used in haggis
Polonnaise ~ a fashion from the 1770’s, the skirt is gathered from the waist down. There can be one gather, three, or several, forming poufs along the hemline of the garment.
P.O.S.H. ~ Port Out, Starboard Home, a term derived from the British Empire in India. Traveling to India, the left, North, or port side of the ship was the coolest. When returning to England, the right, North, or starboard side was the coolest. To be assigned a room on the North side of the ship became a luxury…it was posh, elegant, fashionable, luxurious.
Powl ~ pool or pond.
Prince Charlie Jacket ~ formal evening wear, usually worn today for weddings.
Puirt-a-beul ~ mouth music.
R ~ Scottish words
Reiver ~ border raiders from both sides of the English- Scottish border, who stole cattle back and forth from the 13th through the 16th century. The Borders people were always poor and often devastated by armies. The terrain is mountainous or open moorland, but good for grazing. The winter months, with long nights and cattle fat from summer grazing were the most popular reiving months. As soldiers the reivers were considered among the finest light cavalry in all of Europe.
Robert Burns ~ the poet laureate of Scotland, a cultural icon among Scots worldwide, authored Auld Lang Syne
Robert Burns Dinner ~ a celebratory dinner on the evening of Robert Burn’s birthday, January 25th. Haggis is the main entrée, marched in with music and flair. Lots of Scotch whisky flows. Everyone wears sundry interpretations of Scottish national costume ~ the men wearing kilts and the ladies tartan scarves and kilted skirts. There’s usually bagpipes, singing and dancing. The evening closes with reading of Burn’s poetry and a singing of Auld Lang Syne (his poem) which means old, long ago.
Ruana ~ ladies shawl or poncho.
Salmon Lighting ~ a fishing technique where a few kiln-dried heather bunches were tied together to make a heather torch. This special basket was held down by the water’s edge.
Saltire ~ Scottish flag.
Scarf ~ ladies’ tartan plaid, see sgarfa.
Schenachy ~ bard, storyteller who told sgeulachds and sgeulachd bheag.
Scone ~ (99% of Scotland pronounces scone to rhyme with gone), a Scottish quick bread, usually cut into triangles, then cooked on a griddle or baked on a sheet. They also serve fried tattie scones, similar to Jewish latke, in a full Scottish breakfast.
Scotch eggs ~ a cold, peeled hard-boiled egg, wrapped in a sausage mixture, coated with breadcrumbs, then deep-fried. Actually created in Fortnum & Mason, a London food shop in 1738. Common picnic fare.
Scotch Verdict ~ better described as splitting hairs, in the vernacular of Scotland, it’s saying, “We’ll no’ say you did it, but then we’ll no’ affirm ye didna either." Another way to express the verdict is, "awa’ ye gae and dinna dae it again".
Scotch Woodcock ~ an egg entrée of buttered toast spread with anchovy paste, such as The Gentleman's Relish. Creamy, softly scrambled eggs (often with milk and butter added), and sometimes bacon, are layered on top.
Scotch Woodcock Image courtesy Wikipedia
Scottish Country Dancing ~ a more formal style of Scottish dancing than found at a Ceilidh. The participants are grouped into sets of 3, 4, or 5 couples who work together to dance a sequence of formations.
Sea Cubby ~ a basket used to carry fish home
Sealie-Hoo ~ a child’s call, thought to bring luck to it’s possessor, also any unusual headdress.
Seomain Fraoich ~ heather rope
Sept ~ Irish for Clan, modern meaning a subsidiary of a clan.
Sett ~ the color and pattern on a tartan.
Sgal ~ strong wind, gale.
Sgarabhaigh ~ pronounced scaravay, cormorant island, one of the Outer Hebrides, a newly minted collectible coin.
Sgarfa ~ scarf, a ladie’s tartan plaid.
Sgeadasachadh ~ to tidy up, as in the bestman whitewashing the groom’s home.
Sgeulachd ~ story.
Sgeulachd bheag ~ anecdote.
Sgian Dubh ~ short ceremonial dagger, worn with a kilt inserted in the top of the stocking.
Shamrock ~ a potted plant kept in every house for luck.
Image courtesy of stockxchange.com
Sixpence ~ a coin of the realm, see bawbee and sia sgilligean.
Skarrach ~ swiftly passing shower of rain ora light snowfall.
Skirl ~ musical sounds from a bagpipe.
Slàinte ~ (slawn-cha), health, salvation, Deoch-Slàinte, a toast. Slainte Mhach, to your very good health.
Slighted ~ destroying a structure so an opposing enemy cannot utilize the location.
Smuirich ~ kiss.
Snaoim gatrain ~ special knots used to tie garters.
Speerin’ ~ asking the father for his daughter’s hand in marriage.
Sporran ~ man’s purse, worn around the waist.
Sporan Molach ~ hairy purse worn with the kilt.
Spredith ~ cattle or livestock of any kind, hence our ranching term “spread”.
Spreid ~ a flock of sheep, see spredith.
Spuin ~ spoon.
Steading ~ a farm building which combines stables and a dairy
Stonack, stonach ~ a large brown glazed earthenware marble
Stone, stoan, stown ~ 1. a trunk or stump of a tree, the cluster of new suckers that spring from a cut tree2. to cut away the suckers, to trim, to lop3. to go to church, "Have you been at the stones?" means have you been to church4. the telling of a calamitous event indirectly instead of a direct address, "To the stones be it told!" 5. testicle
Backstane, backstone ~1. a stone at the back of the fireplace in cottages which projects and is set on edge, sometimes wide enough for taking a nap.2. a pessimist
Band-stane ~ a bonding stone going through the whole thickness of a wall, adding strength and solidity to the wall
Bannock-stane ~ for baking bannocks, either a rounded stone placed before the fire or a small flat stone laid among the hot ashes. Also used for warming feet. In the Hebrides, folklore tells of a giant's soul hidden in the bannock-stone
Black stone ~ 1. a black stones horse of English breed, fit to get foals for the coach2. a slab of black marble placed upon a chair or stool where a student sat for examinations at Glasgow, St. Andrews, Aberdeen, and Edinburgh Universities. ‘Blackstone chair’ and ‘sit the Blackstone’ came to mean an examination.
Bore-stane ~ 1. a stone bored out to receive a flagstaff2. a boundary stone, either single or one of a series
Caitrin stone ~ a soft shale found in the coal-pit near Cambeltown, used in place of an ordinary slate pencil
Channel stane ~ a curling stone, which were originally channel stones from a river with no particular shape
Chuckie-stane ~ 1. small flat stone for skimming across the water surface, a skipping stone 2. a curling stone3. Quartz nodules of various colors
Chuckie-stanes [check-stones] ~ a girl's game, similar to jacks. Four pebbles are placed on a rock and while a fifth pebble is tossed up in the air, the other 4 must be quickly picked up, then the descending 5th stone caught in the same hand.
Cooling stone ~ in or near a school, a stone where a boy is sent to cool himself after a whipping
Cow-lady-stane, colladie stone, collady stone ~ a kind of quartz with coloring suggesting a beetle, often found in water-worn river beds. Some are large enough to be used as seats.
Crocking stone ~ a stone with a hollow used for husking barley, from the provincial Gaelic croc, meaning to beat or pound
Dog stone ~ a piece of stone suitable for making a millstone
Kapestane, kalpstene, kaping-stane, kepstone, capestone ~ 1. the stone caping a burial vault2. full perfection, as in "The house of God shall not lack the kaipstone"
Knoking-stane ~ 1. a stone hollowed out for husking or knocking-out barley2. a flat stone where linen cloth or washing was 'knocked' or pounded
Paving Stone ~ a flat, heavy cookie with a little icing on top
Pend-stane, pend-stannis ~ a building stone cut to form part of an arch, a vault-stone
Penny-stane ~ 1. a game, similar to quoits, played with a pennystone, or flat round stone. Referred to as "play at the penny-stane".2. the stone used to play penny-stane3. penny-stane cast is the short distance a penny-stane can be cast4. a large stone shaped like a penny-stane, usually four or five foot in diameter, and believed to have money hidden underneath.
Semy stane ~ a semi-precious stone
Serpent-stane ~ 1. an artificial stone used as a remedy for the poison of serpents, sometimes bordered with a gold band2. a piece of serpentine, often blue and white
Splene stone ~ a stone believed to cure disorders of the spleen
Standard stone ~ a standing stone or obelisk near old churches, about 12 foot high x 5 foot wide and 2 foot thick
Stepestane, stepestone, steepston ~ a stone vat for soaking brewing barley or wool
Stoned ~ 1. uncastrated male animal, still having its stones2. to set with precious stones, of jewelry
Stoner, stonern ~ made of stone
Stone-thrust ~ a small pier or quay
Stonie ~ varieties of the game of tig
The Stone of Destiny ~ also known as the Coronation Stone. A block of sandstone, originally it was at the Abbey of Scone. Kenneth MacAlpin, the first King of Scots, was seated on the stone for his coronation ceremony around 847. From then until 1292, when John Baillol was crowned king, the Scottish king sat upon the stone for his coronation.
In 1296 the Stone was captured by Edward I of England and removed to Westminister Abbey. The stone was fitted into the old wooden chair. This chair came to be called St. Edward's Chair. From the coronation of Edward II onward, following the custom in Scotland, the English sovereigns sat upon the stone to be crowned.
In 1950, a group of Scottish students removed the Stone from Westminster Abbey. Their plan was to return it to Scotland. They accidentally broke it into two pieces. They smuggled both pieces north into Scotland. A Glasgow politician arranged for it to be professionally repaired by a stonemason. After four months the stone was left on the altar of Arbroath Abbey. The Stone was then returned to Westminster Abbey.
In 1996 the British government returned the Stone to Scotland. It now sits in Edinburgh Castle. Many Scotsmen feel this is not really a returning, as the castle is the military headquarters of the British Army in Scotland.
There is an understanding that the stone will be taken to Westminister Abbey whenever needed for a British coronation.
Surname - last name, usually derived from the father.
T ~ Scottish words
Targe, Targaid ~ a Scottish word meaning target or shield, a weapon of war. With a spike attached in the center, and a dirk in hand, the two made a double slashing combination, that could be followed by the sword in the other hand.
Tartan ~ a woven fabric, of which kilts are made.
A Tartan identifies a clan, sometimes a clan has several tartans.
The Tartan is a symbol of Scotland, like the bagpipes.
Sett ~ the pattern of a tartan.
Military or Regimental Sett ~ to thestripe, a dominant color stripe is seen inthe same place on each pleat.
To The Pleat Sett ~ the sett pattern is seen across the pleats.
Bumbee tartans ~ fabric woven to look like a tartan, but isn’t.
Tartan Day ~ in the United Sates, April 6th is our National Tartan Day, designated to recognize the contributions that were made by Scottish-Americans to the development of the United States.
Tatties ~ potatoes, see neeps and tatties
Thareoot ~ out of doors.
Thigging ~ fowl feathers washed and saved for pillows and comforters. Possibly evolved into ‘ticking’, the stripped cotton fabric used to hold the feathers.
Thistle ~ the national flower of Scotland.
Image courtesy morguefile.com
Tonag Mhor, Tonnag ~ big shawl, woman's shoulder shawl, poncho.
Toon Green ~ town square.
Toorie ~ little pompom atop the Glengarry and Balmoral bonnets, often red, also a small tower.
Toorie Bunnet ~ another name for a tam o’ shanter.
Torq, torque, torc, muntorc ~ neckpiece, jewelry from ancient Celt times, of various metals, plain or woven, sometimes with knotwork designs and elaborate end caps.
Traa-dy-Liooar [Trah the looar] ~ Manx for "time enough", either an incitement to take things easier or as an insult for a lazy person. An equivalent of the Spanish "Mañana", but without the same sense of urgency.
Trews ~ tartan trousers, more like a pair ofheavy tights with foot stirrups, worn for riding horseback.
Triubhas ~ trews, trousers.
U ~ Scottish words
Unicorn ~ a mythical animal, held in great reverence by the Celts, depicted with the body and head of a horse, hind legs of a stag, tail of a lion, and a single horn in the middle of the forehead.
Usquebagh also usquebaugh (oos-kew-baw) ~ water of life, Scotch whiskey. From the Gaelic uisce beatha which derived from the Medieval Latin aqua vitae.
W ~ Scottish words
Waddin ~ wedding.
Washbacks ~ heather branches used to clean the fermentation stills. In a new still, bundles of heather would be boiled in water in the still to sweeten it before distillation began.
Weskit ~ vest
piper, harper, or fiddler who plays at
weddings or gatherings for loose change
as payment.
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i don't know
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The Hawaiian Islands are closest longitudinally to whose territory?
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Hawaii: The Most Isolated Archipelago? | Dennis Hollier
Hawaii: The Most Isolated Archipelago?
Johnston Atoll
It’s one of those things we say: “The Hawaiian Islands are the most remote landmass on earth.” The truth, as usual, is more complicated than that.
First, let’s deal with the simplest facts. The Hawaiian Islands, by virtue of being an archipelago, many parts of which are actually within eyesight of one another, simply cannot include the most remote landmass on earth. That title, it turns out, belongs to Bouvet Island, a tiny spit of rock in the South Atlantic that, curiously enough, belongs to Norway and is 994 miles from its nearest neighbor, Queen Maud Land Antarctica. Of course, no one lives in Queen Maud Land. Bouvet’s nearest inhabited neighbor, the island of Tristan da Cunha, is 1,404 miles away.
Hawaii isn’t even the most remote archipelago. That distinction belongs to the same Tristan da Cunha, which is 1,740 miles from South Africa, and is part of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascencion and Tristan da Cunha. (Napoleon died in exile in Saint Helena, proving this South Atlantic island to be much more remote than Mediterranean Elba.) Tristan da Cunha is also the most remote inhabited island in the world.
Most of this remoteness data comes from a fascinating (but is it accurate?) Wikipedia entry called “Extreme points of Earth”. In this article, you’ll also learn that the South Pacific Oceanic Pole of Inaccessibility–the point in the ocean farthest from any landmass, also known as Point Nemo, in deference to Jules Verne–lies 1,670 miles from Dulcie Island, which is part of the Pitcairn Islands. Pitcairn, because of the story of the Mutiny on the Bounty, has become a kind of metonym for remoteness at sea, much like Timbuktu has come to represent remoteness on land. (Dulcie was briefly occupied by the starving survivors of the Essex, a whaleship whose sinking by a sperm whale in 1820 served as the inspiration for Melville’s Moby Dick.)
That’s not to say Hawaii’s not remote, of course. Honolulu, for example, is the most remote city in the world of at least 500,000 people. San Francisco, the next city of comparable size, is 2,387 miles away. And, although Easter Island, 2,180 miles off the coast of Chile, is usually considered the island farthest from a continental land mass, Midway, in the Northwest Hawaiian Islands lies 2,500 miles from Tokyo and 3,200 miles from San Francisco. Anyway you look at it, that’s remote.
But the most compelling measure of the remoteness of Hawaii isn’t in miles, but it genes. Hawaii’s isolation has made it the world capital of endemism. For its size, Hawaii has the highest percentage of species that exist nowhere else on Earth. (Sadly, this also makes it the extinction capital of the world; if a species disappears here, it has probably disappeared everywhere.) This high level of endemism is fueled, of course, by the Islands’ remoteness. Few species were able to survive the long float or flight to get here (let alone get here as a mating pair for non-cloning species.) This permitted the rapid speciation that accounts for the wild variation in Hawaiian honeycreepers. But it also limits the number of potential immigrant species.
The genetic remoteness of Hawaii is highlighted in an astonishing paper in Global Ecology and Biogeography . In this paper, Sara Wood, of the University of Bristol, and her colleagues use computer modeling techniques to predict the “global connectivity” of coral species. Basically, they try to account for the likely routes of the colonization of coral reefs around the world. To do this, their model takes into account biological factors, such as the “competency” of coral larvae (coral larvae are only viable for a short window of time,) biogeographic factors (ocean currents and distances limit the potential successful dispersal of coral larvae,) and time frames (coral spawn a limited, albeit enormous, number of times per year.)
Woods computer model of coral distribution is a convenient stand-in for real world remoteness. By her measure, the region surrounding the South Pacific Oceanic Pole of Inaccessibility represents the most genetically remote place on Earth. As she puts it: “The central Pacific was an almost complete barrier to dispersal, only rarely breached westward from the Galapagos to Marquesas Islands.”
According to Woods, though, as far as coral dispersal patterns go, Hawaii is nearly as remote. The great distances and unfavorable currents that separate Hawaii from its nearest neighbors almost completely isolate our local reefs from the potential colonization from elsewhere. Almost.
And here’s the most amazing finding from Wood’s modeling of coral dispersal: Johnston Atoll is “the sole ‘stepping stone’ into Hawaii.” That means, if her study is correct, every species of coral found in Hawaii descends from a species that arrived in the Islands from tiny Johnston Atoll. Were it not for this “stepping stone”, Hawaii might have no coral at all. How’s that for remote?
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United States
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Native to Indonesia, what spice is a flower bud from a tall evergreen tree 'Syzygium aromaticum'?
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Caribbean travel guide - Wikitravel
By boat[ edit ]
Express des Iles offers transport between Dominica , Guadaloupe , Martinique , St. Lucia and other islands for about €67 one-way and €100 round-trip. Bear in mind that at some islands, if you are not a legal resident, proof of onward travel may be required. If you fail to provide it, you may get your entry refused by the immigration officer.
Stay safe[ edit ]
All of the Americas (with 16.3 killed per 100,000 population) suffer from homicide rates far above those in most of Asia (3.0), Europe (3.0) and Oceania (2.9) but some countries in the Caribbean feature in the highest murder rates in the world.
Most visitors are aware of the high rates of gun crime in the United States Virgin Islands (with 52.6) or Jamaica (39.3), but you might be unaware that even sleepy little Saint Kitts and Nevis (33.6) had a murder rate seven times greater than the scary old mainland USA in 2010!
The well policed Bahamas rang up a rate of (29.8), Trinidad and Tobago (28.3), Puerto Rico (26.5), Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (with a state Latin motto of "Pax et Justitia" or "Peace and Justice" had 25.6), Dominican Republic (22.1), Saint Lucia (21.6) and Dominica (21.1).
To put this in perspective, rates in more placid countries like Japan , Singapore , Indonesia , Hong Kong , Switzerland , Germany , Spain and New Zealand average well under a single person intentionally killed per 100,000 of their population each year.
Those of a nervous disposition when confronted by these kind of statistics may want to start researching a holiday in Martinique (2.7) or Cuba (4.2) since it's rather uncomfortable to wear stab or bullet proof vests in these warm and humid climates of course, not to mention it make you look a bit of a prat...
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i don't know
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Shellshock, in Bash, was in 2014 described as the most dangerous (what?) since Heartbleed?
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Shellshock: Bash bug 'bigger than Heartbleed' - Business - NZ Herald News
Shellshock: Bash bug 'bigger than Heartbleed'
8:24 AM Friday Sep 26, 2014
SHARE:
World
Photo / Thinkstock
A security flaw discovered in one of the most fundamental interfaces powering the internet has been described by researchers as 'bigger than Heartbleed', the computer bug that affected nearly every computer user earlier this year.
The 'Bash bug', also known as Shellshock, is located in the command-line shell used in many Linux and Unix operating systems, leaving websites and devices powered by these operating systems open to attack.
Like Heartbleed, Shellshock is a pervasive flaw that security researchers say will take years to fix properly. The responsibility to do so however rests with webmasters and systems administrators - rather than average users.
Security firm Rapid7 has rated the bug as 10 out of 10 for its severity, but "low" for complexity - with hackers able to exploit it using just three lines of code.
Read more:
• Internet Explorer 'security hole' leaves a quarter of web browsers vulnerable
However, unlike Heartbleed, Shellshock will not require users to rush from site to site changing their passwords but it does give hackers another method of attack that they could potentially use to take over computers or mobile devices.
If Heartbleed's effect on users was akin to unlocking everyone's front door simultaneously, sending people scrambling back home to turn the key (ie change their passwords) then Shellshock is like giving thieves a new type of crowbar to break in to houses with - they're just as likely to use older methods, but it's still a blow for general security.
Security researchers are especially worried about its potential - but as yet unknown - effect on Apple Mac computers, which uses the Bash software which the bug exploits directly in the form of its command-line program Terminal.
Continued below.
Hacker yells at baby via monitor
Researchers think that Shellshock could be trouble for Mac users.
Robert Graham, a security expert and CEO of Errata Security told The Independent: "It's really important that people who maintain websites make sure their computers are patched as quickly as they can. Hackers are already going to all websites and trying out this bug."
Mr Graham added that as Shellshock affects "a common bit of code that is used all over the place" it will take a long time for experts to fix all affected systems. "Years from now we'll keep finding yet another device that's still not been patched," he said.
The severity of Shellshock has been recognized by even the US government, with the US Department of Homeland Security releasing a warning about the bug and providing patches to fix affected servers.
Despite this, security experts have said that the affect of Shellshock will be minimal. "Of the top 10 ways hackers will hack computers this year, this won't make the list," said Graham.
The bug itself was first identified by a security team at Red Hat, an American company that provides open-source software and has sponsored initiatives including the Fedora Project and the software for the One Laptop per Child initiative.
It's been estimated that the bug has been present for at least a decade and most likely longer. Writing about the flaw on his blog, security researcher Michal Zalewski commented that it wasn't unusual for Shellshock to have gone unnoticed for so long:
"My take is that it's a very unusual bug in a very obscure feature of a program that researchers don't really look at, precisely because no reasonable person would expect it to fail this way. So, life goes on."
Q&A: The Shellshock / Bash bug
Q. What is Shellshock?
A. Shellshock is a mistake in the code of a program called Bash, which is typically installed on non-Windows operating systems such as Mac, Unix and Linux. The bug allows hackers to send commands to a computer without having admin status, letting them plant malicious software within systems.
Q. Could it be used to steal my financial details?
A. Yes. If banks or online retailers use older, "mainframe"-style computing systems, they are likely vulnerable. Home routers and modems could also be targeted as a way to get to PCs and laptops.
Q. Are there any indications it has already been exploited?
A. It's too early to tell. However, authorities fear a deluge of attacks could soon emerge. The US government has rated the security flaw 10 out of 10 for severity.
Q. What can be done to solve it?
A. Security experts around the world are now rushing to find a fix for the bug, but the widespread and varied use of Bash means there won't be a single solution. Individual organisations and companies such as Apple will develop patches for their own systems.
Q. What can I do to protect against it?
A. Experts recommend not using credit cards or disclosing personal information online for the next few days. Usual precautions are also recommended such as updating anti-virus software and not visiting dodgy websites.
Q. Why are people saying it's worse than "Heartbleed," the flaw that exploited security technology used by hundreds of thousands of websites?
A. While Heartbleed exposed passwords and other sensitive data to hackers, Bash Bug lets outsiders take control of the affected device to install programs or run commands. Bash Bug is rated 10 on a 10-point scale for its impact and ease of exploitability by the Common Vulnerability Scoring System, an industry standard for assessing how bad security flaws are. Heartbleed is rated 5.
On the other hand, a perfect set of conditions need to be present for the bug to be open to exploitation, which could limit its effect.
Heartbleed affected any system running OpenSSL, a common Web encryption technology. With the Bash Bug, your system actually has to be using Bash, Budd said. There are multiple types of command shells, so even if Bash is installed, the system could actually be using a different one.
Q. It's been a quarter century since Bash came out, so why is the bug a threat now?
A. That's because someone - Stephane Chazelas of Akamai Technologies Inc. to be specific - just found it.
"That's the thing with security bugs," Budd said. "It takes a person actually looking at that code, and seeing it, and saying 'that's not right'" to find problems.
Heartbleed was around for more than two years before it was discovered.
Q. What can you do about it?
Everyday users can't do much right now, except to wait for manufacturers to release fixes for the particular product. Companies are already releasing patches that correct the flaw, so Budd recommends applying the patches for routers, Macs and other devices as they come out.
But that can be easier said than done. Budd said it will depend on who made the equipment and whether you get a fix at all. Even if a fix is developed, getting it could be another matter. Budd expects that to be an issue with Android phones, because their manufacturers and carriers are often slow to push out the system updates that Google provides.
Of course, it always helps to run up-to-date security software on your devices.
-Independent with AP
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Software bug
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On a 20cm diameter clockface, the tip of the second-hand travels approximately how many kilometres in a year?
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Shellshock: Bash bug 'bigger than Heartbleed' - Business - NZ Herald News
Shellshock: Bash bug 'bigger than Heartbleed'
8:24 AM Friday Sep 26, 2014
SHARE:
World
Photo / Thinkstock
A security flaw discovered in one of the most fundamental interfaces powering the internet has been described by researchers as 'bigger than Heartbleed', the computer bug that affected nearly every computer user earlier this year.
The 'Bash bug', also known as Shellshock, is located in the command-line shell used in many Linux and Unix operating systems, leaving websites and devices powered by these operating systems open to attack.
Like Heartbleed, Shellshock is a pervasive flaw that security researchers say will take years to fix properly. The responsibility to do so however rests with webmasters and systems administrators - rather than average users.
Security firm Rapid7 has rated the bug as 10 out of 10 for its severity, but "low" for complexity - with hackers able to exploit it using just three lines of code.
Read more:
• Internet Explorer 'security hole' leaves a quarter of web browsers vulnerable
However, unlike Heartbleed, Shellshock will not require users to rush from site to site changing their passwords but it does give hackers another method of attack that they could potentially use to take over computers or mobile devices.
If Heartbleed's effect on users was akin to unlocking everyone's front door simultaneously, sending people scrambling back home to turn the key (ie change their passwords) then Shellshock is like giving thieves a new type of crowbar to break in to houses with - they're just as likely to use older methods, but it's still a blow for general security.
Security researchers are especially worried about its potential - but as yet unknown - effect on Apple Mac computers, which uses the Bash software which the bug exploits directly in the form of its command-line program Terminal.
Continued below.
Hacker yells at baby via monitor
Researchers think that Shellshock could be trouble for Mac users.
Robert Graham, a security expert and CEO of Errata Security told The Independent: "It's really important that people who maintain websites make sure their computers are patched as quickly as they can. Hackers are already going to all websites and trying out this bug."
Mr Graham added that as Shellshock affects "a common bit of code that is used all over the place" it will take a long time for experts to fix all affected systems. "Years from now we'll keep finding yet another device that's still not been patched," he said.
The severity of Shellshock has been recognized by even the US government, with the US Department of Homeland Security releasing a warning about the bug and providing patches to fix affected servers.
Despite this, security experts have said that the affect of Shellshock will be minimal. "Of the top 10 ways hackers will hack computers this year, this won't make the list," said Graham.
The bug itself was first identified by a security team at Red Hat, an American company that provides open-source software and has sponsored initiatives including the Fedora Project and the software for the One Laptop per Child initiative.
It's been estimated that the bug has been present for at least a decade and most likely longer. Writing about the flaw on his blog, security researcher Michal Zalewski commented that it wasn't unusual for Shellshock to have gone unnoticed for so long:
"My take is that it's a very unusual bug in a very obscure feature of a program that researchers don't really look at, precisely because no reasonable person would expect it to fail this way. So, life goes on."
Q&A: The Shellshock / Bash bug
Q. What is Shellshock?
A. Shellshock is a mistake in the code of a program called Bash, which is typically installed on non-Windows operating systems such as Mac, Unix and Linux. The bug allows hackers to send commands to a computer without having admin status, letting them plant malicious software within systems.
Q. Could it be used to steal my financial details?
A. Yes. If banks or online retailers use older, "mainframe"-style computing systems, they are likely vulnerable. Home routers and modems could also be targeted as a way to get to PCs and laptops.
Q. Are there any indications it has already been exploited?
A. It's too early to tell. However, authorities fear a deluge of attacks could soon emerge. The US government has rated the security flaw 10 out of 10 for severity.
Q. What can be done to solve it?
A. Security experts around the world are now rushing to find a fix for the bug, but the widespread and varied use of Bash means there won't be a single solution. Individual organisations and companies such as Apple will develop patches for their own systems.
Q. What can I do to protect against it?
A. Experts recommend not using credit cards or disclosing personal information online for the next few days. Usual precautions are also recommended such as updating anti-virus software and not visiting dodgy websites.
Q. Why are people saying it's worse than "Heartbleed," the flaw that exploited security technology used by hundreds of thousands of websites?
A. While Heartbleed exposed passwords and other sensitive data to hackers, Bash Bug lets outsiders take control of the affected device to install programs or run commands. Bash Bug is rated 10 on a 10-point scale for its impact and ease of exploitability by the Common Vulnerability Scoring System, an industry standard for assessing how bad security flaws are. Heartbleed is rated 5.
On the other hand, a perfect set of conditions need to be present for the bug to be open to exploitation, which could limit its effect.
Heartbleed affected any system running OpenSSL, a common Web encryption technology. With the Bash Bug, your system actually has to be using Bash, Budd said. There are multiple types of command shells, so even if Bash is installed, the system could actually be using a different one.
Q. It's been a quarter century since Bash came out, so why is the bug a threat now?
A. That's because someone - Stephane Chazelas of Akamai Technologies Inc. to be specific - just found it.
"That's the thing with security bugs," Budd said. "It takes a person actually looking at that code, and seeing it, and saying 'that's not right'" to find problems.
Heartbleed was around for more than two years before it was discovered.
Q. What can you do about it?
Everyday users can't do much right now, except to wait for manufacturers to release fixes for the particular product. Companies are already releasing patches that correct the flaw, so Budd recommends applying the patches for routers, Macs and other devices as they come out.
But that can be easier said than done. Budd said it will depend on who made the equipment and whether you get a fix at all. Even if a fix is developed, getting it could be another matter. Budd expects that to be an issue with Android phones, because their manufacturers and carriers are often slow to push out the system updates that Google provides.
Of course, it always helps to run up-to-date security software on your devices.
-Independent with AP
|
i don't know
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This historical region (1300s-1800s) of Bessarabia is in?
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Bessarabia | Military Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
For other uses, see Bessarabia (disambiguation) .
Map of Bessarabia within Moldova and Ukraine
Map of Bessarabia from Charles Upson Clark's book
Basarabia (Romanian language: Basarabia
Russian: Бессарабия Bessarabiya, Ukrainian language
Бессарабія
Bessarabiya) is a historical region in Eastern Europe , bounded by the Dniester River on the east and the Prut River on the west. Nowadays the bulk of the region is part of Moldova, while the northern and southern areas are part of Ukraine.
In the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish War, 1806-1812 , and ensuing Peace of Bucharest , the eastern parts of the Principality of Moldavia , an Ottoman vassal, along with some areas formerly under direct Ottoman rule, were ceded to Imperial Russia . The newly acquired territories were organised as the Governorate of Bessarabia , adopting a name previously used for the southern plains of the Dniester-Prut interfluve. Following the Crimean War , in 1856, the southern areas of Bessarabia were returned to Moldavian rule; nevertheless, Russian rule was restored over the whole of the region in 1878, when Romania, which had emerged from Moldavia's union with Wallachia , was pressured into exchanging those territories for Dobruja.
In 1917, in the wake of the Russian Revolution , the area constituted itself as the Moldavian Democratic Republic , an autonomous republic part of a federative Russian state. Bolshevik agitation in late 1917 and early 1918 resulted in the intervention of the Romanian Army , ostensibly to pacify the region. Soon after, the parliamentary assembly declared independence and then Union with the Kingdom of Romania . [1] The legality of these acts was however disputed, most prominently by the Soviet Union , which regarded the area as a territory occupied by Romania.
In 1940, after securing the assent of Nazi Germany through the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact , the Soviet Union pressured Romania into withdrawing from Bessarabia, allowing the Red Army to militarily occupy the region. The area was formally integrated into the Soviet Union: the core region joined parts of the Moldavian ASSR to form the Moldavian SSR , while the territories inhabited by Slavic majorities in the North and the South of Bessarabia were transferred to the Ukrainian SSR. Axis -aligned Romania briefly recaptured the region in 1941, during the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union , but lost it in 1944, as the tide of war changed. In 1947, the Soviet-Romanian border set along the Prut River was internationally recognised by the Paris Treaty that ended World War II .
During the process of dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Moldavian and Ukrainian SSR proclaimed their independence in 1991, becoming the modern states of Moldova and Ukraine, while preserving the existing partition of Bessarabia. Following a short war in the early 1990s, Transnistria proclaimed itself the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic , separate from the government of the Republic of Moldova, extending its authority also over the municipality of Bender in Bessarabia. Part of the Gagauz -inhabited areas in the southern Bessarabia were organised in 1994 as an autonomous region within Moldova.
Contents
Edit
Map of Bessarabia within Moldavia through the time
The region is bounded by the Dniester River to the north and east, the Prut to the west and the lower River Danube and the Black Sea to the south. It has approximately 17,600 sq mi (46,000 km2). The area is mostly hilly plains with flat steppes . It is very fertile for agriculture, and it also has some lignite deposits and stone quarries. People living in the area grow sugar beets , sunflowers, wheat, maize, tobacco, wine grapes and fruit. They also raise sheep and cattle. Currently, the main industry in the region is agricultural processing.
The region's main cities are Chişinău , the capital of Moldova, Izmail , Bilhorod-Dnistrovs'kyi (historically called Cetatea Albă / Akkerman). Other towns of administrative or historical importance include: Khotyn , Lipcani , Briceni , Soroca , Bălţi , Orhei , Ungheni , Bender/Tighina , Cahul , Reni and Kilia .
History
See also: History of Moldova and History of Moldavia
According to the traditional interpretation, the name Bessarabia (Basarabia in Romanian) derives from the Wallachian Basarab dynasty , who allegedly ruled over the southern part of the area in the 14th century. Recent research has however cast doubt on this view, as the name was first applied to the territory by Western cartographers, showing up in local sources only in the second half of the 17th century. Furthermore, the use of the term to refer to the Moldavian lands near the Black Sea was explicitly rejected as a cartographic confusion by the early Moldavian chronicler Miron Costin . The confusion may have been caused by Polish references to Wallachia as Bessarbia, wrongly interpreted by medieval Western cartographers as a separate land between that country and Moldavia. [2] According to Dimitrie Cantemir , the name originally applied only to the part of the territory south of the Upper Trajan Wall , somewhat bigger than current Budjak .
In late 14th century, the newly established Principality of Moldavia encompassed what later became known as Bessarabia. Afterwards, this territory was directly or indirectly, partly or wholly controlled by: the Ottoman Empire (as suzerain of Moldavia, with direct rule only in Budjak and Khotin ), Russian Empire , Romania , the USSR. Since 1991, most of the territory forms the core of Moldova, with smaller parts in Ukraine.
Prehistory
The territory of Bessarabia has been inhabited by people for thousands of years. Cucuteni-Trypillian culture flourished between the 6th and 3rd millennium BC. The Indo-European culture spread in the region around 2000 BC.
Ancient times
Main articles: Dacians , Dacia , Domitian's Dacian War , Trajan's Dacian Wars , Roman Dacia , and Free Dacians
In Antiquity the region was inhabited by Thracians , as well as for various shorter periods Cimmerians , Scythians, Sarmatians, and Celts, specifically by tribes such as Costoboci , Carpi , Britogali , Tyragetae , and Bastarnae . [3] In the 6th century BC, Greek settlers established the colony of Tyras , along the Black Sea coast and traded with the locals. Also, Celts settled in the southern parts of Bessarabia, their main city being Aliobrix.
The first polity that is believed to have included the whole of Bessarabia was the Dacian polity of Burebista in the 1st century BC. After his death, the polity was divided into smaller pieces, and the central parts were unified in the Dacian kingdom of Decebalus in the 1st century AD. This kingdom was defeated by the Roman Empire in 106. Southern Bessarabia was included in the empire even before that, in 57 AD, as part of the Roman province Moesia Inferior , but it was secured only when the Dacian Kingdom was defeated in 106. The Romans built defensive earthen walls in Southern Bessarabia (e.g. Lower Trajan Wall ) to defend the Scythia Minor province against invasions. Except for the Black Sea shore in the south, Bessarabia remained outside direct Roman control; the myriad of tribes there are called by modern historians Free Dacians . [4] The 2nd to the 5th centuries also saw the development of the Chernyakhov culture .
In 270, the Roman authorities began to withdraw their forces south of the Danube, especially from the Roman Dacia , due to the invading Goths and Carpi. The Goths, a Germanic tribe, poured into the Roman Empire from the lower Dniepr River, through the southern part of Bessarabia ( Budjak steppe ), which due to its geographic position and characteristics (mainly steppe), was swept by various nomadic tribes for many centuries. In 378, the area was overrun by the Huns .
Early Middle Ages
Main articles: Moldavia in the Middle Ages , Romania in the Early Middle Ages , and Origin of the Romanians
During the Wallachian rule of Southern Bessarabia, it acquired its name. (1390 map)
From the 3rd century until the 11th century, the region was invaded numerous times in turn by different tribes: Goths, Huns , Avars, Bulgars, Slavs (South, i.e. Bulgarian, and Eastern), Magyars, Pechenegs, Cumans and Mongols. The territory of Bessarabia was encompassed in dozens of ephemeral kingdoms which were disbanded when another wave of migrants arrived. Those centuries were characterized by a terrible state of insecurity and mass movement of these tribes. The period was later known as the " Dark Ages " of Europe, or Age of migrations. The Byzantine Empire allegedly maintained partial control of several cities and forts in southern Bessarabia until the 7th century. In particular, the fortress city of Tyras was plundered by the Huns in 375, but was rebuilt by the Byzantines in 545 as Turris.[ citation needed ] It served as a trading post with Daco-Romans to the north-west, and Antes and Jassic people to the north-east.[ citation needed ]
In 561, the Avars captured Bessarabia and executed the local ruler Mesamer . Following Avars, Slavs started to arrive in the region and establish settlements. Then, in 582, Onogur Bulgars settled in southeastern Bessarabia and northern Dobruja, from which they moved to Moesia Inferior (allegedly under pressure from the Khazars), and formed the nascent region of Bulgaria. With the rise of the Khazars' state in the east, the invasions began to diminish and it was possible to create larger states. According to some opinions, the southern part of Bessarabia remained under the influence of the First Bulgarian Empire until to the end of the 9th century.
Between the 8th and 10th centuries, the southern part of Bessarabia was inhabited by people from Balkan-Dunabian culture [5] (the culture of the First Bulgarian Empire). Between the 9th and 13th centuries, Bessarabia is mentioned in Slav chronicles as part of Bolohoveni (north) and Brodnici (south) voivodeships, believed[ by whom? ] to be Vlach principalities of the early Middle Ages.
The last large scale invasions were those of the Mongols of 1241, 1290, and 1343. Sehr al-Jedid (near Orhei ), an important settlement of the Golden Horde , dates from this period. They led to a retreat of a big part of the population to the mountainous areas in Eastern Carpathians and to Transylvania. Especially low became the population east of the Prut River at the time of the Tatar invasions.
In the Late Middle Age, chronicles mention a Tigheci "republic", predating the establishment of the Principality of Moldavia , situated near the modern town of Cahul in the southwest of Bessarabia, preserving its autonomy even during the later Principality even into the 18th century. Genovese merchants rebuilt or established a number of forts along the Dniester ( Moncastro , at Tighina , at the Old Orhei , at Soroca /Olhionia) and Danube (including Kyliya/Chilia - Licostomo ).[ citation needed ]
Principality of Moldavia
Main article: History of Moldavia
Most of Bessarabia was for centuries part of the principality of Moldavia. (1800 map, Moldavia in dark orange)
After the 1360s the region was gradually included in the principality of Moldavia , which by 1392 established control over the fortresses of Cetatea Albă and Chilia , its eastern border becoming the River Dniester.
Cetatea Albă (now situated in Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi , Ukraine) was one of the many important castles in Basarabia.
In the latter part of the 14th century, the southern part of the region was for several decades part of Wallachia . The main dynasty of Wallachia was called Basarab , from which the current name of the region originated.
In the 15th century, the entire region was a part of the principality of Moldavia. Stephen the Great ruled between 1457 and 1504, a period of nearly 50 years during which he won 32 battles defending his country against virtually all his neighbours (mainly the Ottomans and the Tatars, but also the Hungarians and the Poles), while losing only two. During this period, after each victory, he raised a monastery or a church close to the battlefield honoring Christianity. Many of these battlefields and churches, as well as old fortresses, are situated in Bessarabia (mainly along the Dniester River).
In 1484, the Turks invaded and captured Chilia and Cetatea Albă (Akkerman in Turkish), and annexed the shoreline southern part of Bessarabia, which was then divided into two sanjaks (districts) of the Ottoman Empire. In 1538, the Ottomans annexed more Bessarabian land in the south as far as Tighina , while the central and northern parts of Bessarabia were already formally a vassal of the Ottoman Empire as part of the principality of Moldavia.
Between 1711 and 1812, the Russian Empire occupied the region five times during its wars against Ottoman and Austrian Empires . Between 1812 and 1846, the Bulgarian and Gagauz population migrated to the Russian Empire via the River Danube , after living many years under oppressive Ottoman rule, and settled in southern Bessarabia. Turkic-speaking tribes of the Nogai horde also inhabited the Budjak Region (in Turkish Bucak) of southern Bessarabia from the 16th to 18th centuries, but were totally driven out prior to 1812.
Annexation by the Russian Empire
Main article: Bessarabia in the Russian Empire
The Moldovan-Russian boundary between 1856/1857 and 1878
By the Treaty of Bucharest of May 28, 1812—concluding the Russo-Turkish War, 1806-1812 —the Ottoman Empire ceded the eastern half of the Principality of Moldavia to the Russian Empire . That region was then called Bessarabia.
In 1814, the first German settlers arrived and mainly settled in the southern parts and Bessarabian Bulgarians began settling in the region too, founding towns such as Bolhrad .
Administratively, Bessarabia became an oblast of the Russian Empire in 1818 and a guberniya in 1873.
By the Treaty of Adrianople that concluded the Russo-Turkish War of 1828-1829 the entire Danube delta of was added to the Bessarabian oblast.[ citation needed ] In 1834, Romanian language was banned from schools and government facilities, despite 80% of the population speaking the language. This would eventually lead to the banning of Romanian in churches, media and books. Those who protested the banning of Romanian could be sent to Siberia. [6]
At the end of the Crimean War , in 1856, by the Treaty of Paris , two districts of southern Bessarabia were returned to Moldavia, causing the Russian Empire to lose access to the Danube river.
In 1859, Moldavia and Wallachia united to form the Kingdom of Romania in 1866, which included the southern part of Bessarabia.
The railway Chişinău -Iaşi was opened on June 1, 1875 in preparation for the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) and the Eiffel Bridge was opened on April 21
[O.S. April 9]
1877, just three days before the outbreak of the war. The Romanian War of Independence was fought in 1877–78, with the help of the Russian Empire as an ally. Northern Dobruja was awarded to Romania for its role in the 1877-78 Russo-Turkish War, and as compensation for the transfer of the Southern Bessarabia.
The Kishinev pogrom took place in the capital of Bessarabia on April 6, 1903 after local newspapers published articles inciting the public to act against Jews; 47 or 49 Jews were killed, 92 severely wounded and 700 houses destroyed. The anti-Semitic newspaper Бессарабец (Bessarabetz, meaning "Bessarabian"), published by Pavel Krushevan, insinuated that a Russian boy was killed by local Jews. Another newspaper, Свет (Svet, "Light"), used the age-old blood libel against the Jews (alleging that the boy had been killed to use his blood in preparation of matzos ).
After the 1905 Russian Revolution , a Romanian nationalist movement started to develop in Bessarabia. In the chaos brought by the Russian revolution of October 1917 , a National Council ( Sfatul Ţării ) was established in Bessarabia, with 120 members elected from Bessarabia by some political and professional organizations and 10 elected from Transnistria (the left bank of the Dniester River where Moldovans and Romanians accounted for less than a third and the majority of the population was Ukrainian. See Demographics of Transdniestria ).
On January 14, 1918, during the disorderly retreat of two Russian divisions from the Romanian front , Chişinău was sacked. The Rumcherod Committee ( Central Executive Committee of the Soviets of Romanian Front , Black Sea Fleet and Odessa Military District) proclaimed itself the supreme power in Bessarabia. The Russian commander of the region, General Dmitriy Shcherbachev , unable to control Bessarabia due to the Bolshevik revolution, allegedly requested the Romanian Army for help.[ citation needed ] Russian historians dispute this request was made.[ citation needed ] On 16 January a Romanian division entered Chişinău, and on the following day Tighina on the shore of the river Dniester. The three-day Soviet rule in Bessarabia ended.
Declaration of unification of Romania and Bessarabia
Ten days later, on January 24, 1918, Sfatul Ţării declared Bessarabia's independence as the Moldavian Democratic Republic .
Unification with Romania
Main article: Union of Bessarabia with Romania
The county councils of Bălţi , Soroca and Orhei were the earliest to ask for unification with the Kingdom of Romania, and on April 9 [O.S. March 27] 1918, in the presence of the Romanian Army, [7] Sfatul Ţării voted in favour of the union, with the following conditions:
Sfatul Ţării would undertake an agrarian reform, which would be accepted by the Romanian Government.
Bessarabia would remain autonomous, with its own diet, Sfatul Ţării, elected democratically
Sfatul Ţării would vote for local budgets, control the councils of the zemstva and cities, and appoint the local administration
Conscription would be done on a territorial basis
Local laws and the form of administration could be changed only with the approval of local representatives
The rights of minorities had to be respected
Two Bessarabian representatives would be part of the Romanian government
Bessarabia would send to the Romanian Parliament a number of representatives equal to the proportion of its population
All elections must involve a direct, equal, secret, and universal vote
Freedom of speech and of belief must be guaranteed in the constitution
All individuals who had committed felonies for political reasons during the revolution would be amnestied.
86 deputies voted in support, 3 voted against and 36 abstained.
The first condition, the agrarian reform, was debated and approved in November 1918. Sfatul Ţării also decided to remove the other conditions and made unification with Romania unconditional. [8] This vote has been judged illegitimate, since there was no quorum: only 44 of the 125 members took part in it (all voted "for"). [8] As of mid 1919, the population of Bessarabia was estimated at around 2 million. [9]
In the autumn of 1919, elections for the Romanian Constituent Assembly were held in Bessarabia; 90 deputies and 35 senators were chosen. On December 20, 1919, these men voted, along with the representatives of Romania's other regions, to ratify the unification acts that had been approved by Sfatul Ţării and the National Congresses in Transylvania and Bukovina.
The union was recognized by France, United Kingdom, Italy, and Japan in the Treaty of Paris of 1920 , which however never came into force, because Japan did not ratify it. The United States refused to sign the treaty on the grounds that Russia was not represented at the Conference. [10] Soviet Russia (and later, the USSR) did not recognize the union, and by 1924, after its demands for a regional plebiscite were declined by Romania for the second time, declared Bessarabia to be Soviet territory under foreign occupation. [11]
The US also considered Bessarabia a territory under Romanian occupation, rather than Romanian territory, despite existing political and economic relations between the US and Romania. [12]
Part of Romania
Bessarabia was part of Greater Romania between 1918 and 1940
Administrative map of the Governorate of Bessarabia in February 1942.
A Provisional Workers' & Peasants' Government of Bessarabia was founded on May 5, 1919, in exile at Odessa, by the Bolsheviks.
On May 11, 1919, the Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed as an autonomous part of Russian SFSR , but was abolished by the military forces of Poland and France in September 1919 (see Polish-Soviet War ). After the victory of Bolshevist Russia in the Russian Civil War , the Ukrainian SSR was created in 1922, and in 1924 the Moldovan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was established on a strip of Ukrainian land on the left bank of the Dniester River where Moldovans and Romanians accounted for less than a third and the relative majority of population was Ukrainian. (See Demographics of Moldovan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic ).
World War II
Main article: Romania during World War II
The Soviet Union did not recognize incorporation of Bessarabia into Romania and throughout the entire interwar period engaged in attempts to undermine Romania and diplomatic disputes with the government in Bucharest over this territory. [11] The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact was signed on August 23, 1939. By Article 4 of the secret Annex to the Treaty, Bessarabia fell within the Soviet interest zone.
In spring of 1940, Western Europe was overrun by Nazi Germany. With world attention focused on those events, on June 26, 1940, the USSR issued an ultimatum to Romania, demanding immediate cession of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina . Romania was given four days to evacuate its troops and officials. The two provinces had an area of 51,000 km2 (20,000 sq mi), and were inhabited by about 3.75 million people, half of them Romanians, according to official Romanian sources. Two days later, Romania yielded and began evacuation. During the evacuation, from June 28 to July 3, groups of local Communists and Soviet sympathizers attacked the retreating forces, and civilians who chose to leave. Many members of the minorities (Jews, ethnic Ukrainians and others) joined in these attacks. [13] The Romanian Army was also attacked by the Soviet Army, which entered Bessarabia before the Romanian administration finished retreating. The casualties reported by the Romanian Army during those seven days consisted of 356 officers and 42,876 soldiers dead or missing. [14]
On August 2, the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic was established on most of the territory of Bessarabia, merged with the western parts of the former Moldavian ASSR . Bessarabia was divided between the Moldavian SSR (70% of the territory and 80% of the population) and the Ukrainian SSR. Bessarabia's northern and southern districts (nowadays Budjak and parts of the Chernivtsi oblast ) were allotted to Ukraine, while some territories (4,000 km2) on the left (eastern) bank of the Dniester (present Transnistria), previously part of Ukraine, were allotted to Moldavia. Following the Soviet takeover, many Bessarabians, who were accused of supporting the deposed Romanian administration, were executed or deported to Siberia and Kazakhstan.
Between September and November 1940, the ethnic Germans of Bessarabia were offered resettlement to Germany, following a German-Soviet agreement. Fearing Soviet oppression, almost all Germans (93,000) agreed. Most of them were resettled to the newly annexed Polish territories.
On June 22, 1941 the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union commenced with Operation Barbarossa . Between June 22 and July 26, 1941, Romanian troops with the help of Wehrmacht recovered Bessarabia and northern Bukovina. The Soviets employed scorched earth tactics during their forced retreat from Bessarabia, destroying the infrastructure and transporting movable goods to Russia by railway. At the end of July, after a year of Soviet rule, the region was once again under Romanian control.
As the military operation was still in progress, there were cases of Romanian troops "taking revenge" on Jews in Bessarabia, in the form of pogroms on civilians and murder of Jewish POWs , resulting in several thousand dead. The supposed cause for murdering Jews was that in 1940 some Jews welcomed the Soviet takeover as liberation. At the same time the notorious SS Einsatzgruppe D , operating in the area of the German 11th Army , committed summary executions of Jews under the pretext that they were spies, saboteurs, Communists, or under no pretext whatsoever.
The political solution of the " Jewish Question " was apparently seen by the Romanian dictator Marshal Ion Antonescu more in expulsion rather than extermination. That portion of the Jewish population of Bessarabia and Bukovina which did not flee before the retreat of the Soviet troops (147,000) was initially gathered into ghettos or concentration camps , and then deported during 1941-1942 in death marches into Romanian-occupied Transnistria , where the " Final Solution " was applied.
After three years of relative peace, the German-Soviet front returned in 1944 to the land border on the Dniester. On August 20, 1944, a c. 3,400,000-strong Red Army began a major summer offensive codenamed Jassy-Kishinev Operation . The Soviet armies overran Bessarabia in a two-pronged offensive within five days. In pocket battles at Chişinău and Sărata
disambiguation needed
the German 6th Army of c. 650,000 men, newly reformed after the Battle of Stalingrad , was obliterated. Simultaneously with the success of the Russian attack, Romania broke the military alliance with the Axis and changed sides . On August 23, 1944, Marshal Ion Antonescu was arrested by King Michael , and later handed over to the Soviets.
Part of the Soviet Union
Main article: Moldovan SSR
Moldavian SSR (in red) as part of the Soviet Union (pink)
The Soviet Union regained the region in 1944, and the Red Army occupied Romania. By 1947, the Soviets had imposed a in Bucharest, which was friendly and obedient towards Moscow. The Soviet occupation of Romania lasted until 1958. The Romanian communist regime did not openly raise the matter of Bessarabia or Northern Bukovina in its diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union.
Between 1969 and 1971, a clandestine National Patriotic Front was established by several young intellectuals in Chişinău, totaling over 100 members, vowing to fight for the establishment of a Moldavian Democratic Republic, its secession from the Soviet Union and union with Romania.
In December 1971, following an informative note from Ion Stănescu , the President of the Council of State Security of the Romanian Socialist Republic, to Yuri Andropov, the chief of KGB, three of the leaders of the National Patriotic Front , Alexandru Usatiuc-Bulgar , Gheorghe Ghimpu and Valeriu Graur , as well as a fourth person, Alexandru Soltoianu , the leader of a similar clandestine movement in northern Bukovina (Bucovina), were arrested and later sentenced to long prison terms.
Rise of independent Moldova
Main articles: Moldovan SSR , Moldova , and History of Moldova
With the weakening of the Soviet Union, in February 1988, the first non-sanctioned demonstrations were held in Chişinău . At first pro-Perestroika, they soon turned anti-government and demanded official status for the Romanian (Moldavian) language instead of the Russian language.
On August 31, 1989, following a 600,000-strong demonstration in Chişinău four days earlier, Romanian (Moldavian) became the official language of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic. However, this was not implemented for many years.
In 1990, the first free elections were held for Parliament, with the opposition Popular Front winning them. A government led by Mircea Druc , one of the leaders of the Popular Front, was formed. The Moldavian SSR became SSR Moldova, and later the Republic of Moldova.
The Republic of Moldova became independent on August 31, 1991. Its boundaries (those established on August 2, 1940) remained unchanged.
Population
Edit
The population before World War II consisted of Romanians (including Moldovans ), Ukrainians (including Ruthenians), Russians, Bulgarians, Gagauz , Germans, and Jews. According to the census data of the Russian Empire , during the 19th century the ethnic Romanians decreased from 86% (1817) to 47.6% (1897) (although other sources cite different data for the same period of time: 52% or 75% (Krusevan) for 1900, 53.9% (1907), 70% (1912, Laskov), or 65-67% (1918, J. Kaba) [15] ).
Russian Census, 1817 (Total: 96,526 families, 482,630 inhabitants): [16]
83,848 Romanian families (86%)
Germans 82,000
others ?
Data of the Romanian census 1939 was not completely processed before the Soviet occupation. Estimates of the total population at 3.2 million.
Soviet census, 1979: 69% of Moldavian SSR's population were Moldovan, and 98% of them declared Moldovan language (Romanian language) as their native language.
Soviet census, 1989: There were 88,419 Bessarabian Bulgarians according to official data from Republic of Moldova
Estimate, 1992: 4,305 immigrants to Israel from the Republic of Moldova constituted 7.1 percent of all the immigrants to Israel from the former U.S.S.R. in this year.
Moldovan census, 2004: There were 65,072 Bessarabian Bulgarians according to the census not including Bulgarians in Transnistria.
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Bessarabia Genealogy - FamilySearch Wiki
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Introduction
Bessarabia is a historical region in Eastern Europe bounded by the Dniester River on the north and east and the Prut River on the west and the Black Sea on the south. It is currently split between Ukraine and Moldova.
This was the name by which Imperial Russia designated the eastern part of the Principality of Moldavia, ceded by the Ottoman Empire to Russia at the Peace of Bucharest in 1812. While this eastern part became the Governorate of Bessarabia, the western part of Moldavia united with Wallachia in 1859 in what would become the Kingdom of Romania. For a short period between 1856 and 1878, two of the nine traditional counties of Bessarabia were also part of Moldavia and then Romania.
In 1918, shortly before the end of World War I, Bessarabia declared its independence from Russia as the Moldavian Democratic Republic, and after three months united with the Kingdom of Romania. In 1940, Bessarabia was occupied by the USSR. Romania recaptured it in 1941 and lost again in 1944. In 1947, the Soviet-Romanian border set along the Prut River was internationally recognised by the Paris Treaty that ended World War II. The core part of Bessarabia was joined with parts of the Moldavian ASSR (Transnistria) to form the Moldavian SSR. At the same time, smaller parts of Bessarabia, in the south (two traditional counties; Budjak) and north (half of one county), were transferred to the Ukrainian SSR.
During the process of dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Moldavian SSR declared itself sovereign (23 June 1990) and declared independence from the USSR on 27 August 1991, becoming the Republic of Moldova. The areas allotted to the Ukrainian SSR in 1940 became part of the new independent Ukraine since 1991, while the area roughly corresponding to Transnistria became the self-proclaimed Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic and is not controlled by the government of the Republic of Moldova.
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i don't know
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What Swiss psychologist conceived 'extraversion' and 'introversion', and personality tendencies of intuition, sensing, feeling and thinking?
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The Theory Behind the TypeFinder | Truity
The Theory Behind the TypeFinder
The TypeFinder looks at your tendencies and characteristics across four dimensions of personality:
Extraversion/Introversion describes your approach to managing your energy level
Sensing/Intuition describes your style of thinking about facts and ideas
Thinking/Feeling describes your orientation to personal values
Judging/Perceiving describes your approach to goals and time management
The goal of the TypeFinder is to help you find the personality type, out of sixteen possibilities, that best reflects your attitudes and behavior. By asking you questions about your approach to each aspect of life, we aim to help you understand how you can best describe your own personality.
You may already recognize the four-letter codes we use to describe personality types. These type codes have been made famous by other assessments such as the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® (a registered trademark of the MBTI Trust, Inc.) and the Keirsey Temperament Sorter® (a registered trademark of David Keirsey). But the TypeFinder is a little different.
The TypeFinder takes the extremely useful system of personality types and improves its validity by incorporating modern personality research. Over the past 60 years, the sixteen-type system has proved itself invaluable in helping people understand themselves and others, choose appropriate careers, and develop as people. However, although Myers' work on personality types was revolutionary, it is also several decades old. Traditional assessments based on her theories don't benefit from the wealth of information about personality that psychologists have discovered in recent years.
We have modernized the concept of personality types by blending the theories of Katharine Briggs and Isabel Myers with the findings of contemporary psychologists, specifically, the Big Five model of personality. While we still use types to describe people, incorporating findings in the Big Five field allows us to give you a more accurate and up-to-date assessment.
Briggs and Myers' Theory
The Modern Five Factor Model
Extraversion vs. Introversion / Extraversion
Your preference for where you get your energy: from other people, or from time alone
The TypeFinder Framework
Extraversion vs. Introversion
Your energy style: Do you engage with the world looking for excitement, or keep to yourself and conserve your energy?
The Modern Five Factor Mode
Extraversion
Describes how much pleasure and reward a person gains from interacting with the world. High scorers are sociable, active, ambitious, and more likely to experience positive emotions.
Sensing vs. Intuition / Openness
Briggs and Myers' Theory
Sensing vs. Intuition
Your preference for how you take in information: through your five senses, or through a "sixth sense" of intuition
The TypeFinder Framework
Your cognitive style: Do you think about things factually and realistically, or symbolically and creatively?
The Modern Five Factor Mode
Openness
Describes a person's tendency to think in abstract, imaginative ways. High scorers are more likely to appreciate art and cultural activities and to adopt unconventional ideas.
Thinking vs. Feeling / Agreeableness
Briggs and Myers' Theory
Thinking vs. Feeling
Your preference for how you make decisions: using logic and objectivity, or moral values and personal concerns
The TypeFinder Framework
Your values style: Do you appreciate cooperation and compassion, or competence and objectivity?
The Modern Five Factor Mode
Agreeableness
Describes how inclined a person is to empathize and cooperate with others. High scorers are compassionate, accommodating, and altruistic.
Judging vs. Perceiving / Conscientiousness
Briggs and Myers' Theory
Judging vs. Perceiving
Your preference for how you organize your life: keeping things planned and organized, or open and spontaneous
The TypeFinder Framework
Your life management style: Do you like structure and order, or freedom and spontaneity?
The Modern Five Factor Mode
Conscientiousness
Describes how goal-oriented and persistent a person is. High scorers are hardworking, resistant to distractions, and responsible.
No equivalent / Neuroticism
The Modern Five Factor Mode
Neuroticism
Describes how prone a person is to experiencing negative emotions like depression, anxiety, and anger. High scorers react easily to stressful stimuli and take longer to recover.
Because Briggs and Myers were so perceptive in their theory, it's possible for us to use the same type codes while still updating our conceptual framework to better reflect modern thinking. The result is information that is better organized, clearer, and more scientific, yet still helpful, versatile, and easy to understand.
It's important to note that personality typing is best thought of as a theory or a system, not a fact. Most personality scientists agree that people cannot be neatly divided into types; it's more accurate to think of us each having an infinite number of traits which may fall anywhere along a spectrum. While this is scientifically correct, it makes personality science difficult and inaccessible to anyone who's not a research psychologist. Real people think about personality in terms of types. Our goal is to help you do this as accurately as possible.
FAQ
Q. Why don't you talk about function pairs or attitudes? Everyone knows this is the foundation of Jungian typology!
A. We don't talk about mental functions or attitudes because, to put it plainly, they don't seem to exist. Yes, we know that's a radical thing to say. We know that Jung's theory of functions and attitudes is the foundation of the typology we use. However, while there's ample evidence to support the idea of four dimensions of personality, there's pretty much zip to support Jung's original theory .
Katharine Briggs and Isabel Myers devised their system of personality types based on the work of Jung, who postulated that individuals had various mental functions which they used in either an external or internal orientation. For instance, Thinking was one such mental function, describing the process of evaluating facts and options in an objective manner. According to Jung, Thinking could either be used externally, by analyzing the world and putting it in order; or internally, by reviewing and organizing concepts and facts within the mind.
Jung further theorized that individuals would vary in their inclination to use Thinking (and all the other functions) as well as their preference for using it internally vs. externally. These variations in preference created differences between people's personalities. From the foundations of this theory, Katharine Briggs and her daughter, Isabel Myers, developed a comprehensive system of personality types to describe individuals and their preferences for the functions. They came up with four dimensions of personality, each with two possible preferences. A person could thus be any one of sixteen personality types.
In the years since Briggs and Myers did their work, scientific researchers have also been hard at work studying the makeup of the human personality. And an odd thing has happened—particularly odd when you consider that neither Briggs nor Myers had any formal psychology education whatsoever. Amazingly, modern personality science has confirmed that the four dimensions conceived by Briggs and Myers do correspond to four of the major components of human personality. Scientists have also found a fifth dimension, known as Neuroticism, which Briggs and Myers did not include—but they were remarkably close nonetheless. No matter how you analyze the human personality, it essentially breaks down to five major dimensions, four of which were described more than 50 years ago by a pair of laypeople working at their kitchen tables. It's an incredible story.
What modern science has not found, however, is evidence to support Jung's original theory. The mental functions he talked about are surely aspects of the way we think, but there's no reason to believe that they are delineated the way he described. We're awfully glad he came up with the theory, since it was the catalyst for one of the most practically useful systems of understanding personality that we have today. But we have found that modern systems of personality type are clearer and more scientifically accurate when they do not attempt to incorporate his original theory.
For an excellent discussion of the validity of cognitive functions (or lack thereof) we recommend this Oddly Developed Types page .
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Carl Jung
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In what discipline was Alex Jesaulenko's 'Mark of the Century'?
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Personality Type Explained
Personality Type Explained
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Personality Type Explained
According to Carl G. Jung's theory of psychological types [Jung, 1971], people can be characterized by their preference of general attitude:
Extraverted (E) vs. Introverted (I),
their preference of one of the two functions of perception:
Sensing (S) vs. Intuition (N),
and their preference of one of the two functions of judging:
Thinking (T) vs. Feeling (F)
The three areas of preferences introduced by Jung are dichotomies (i.e. bipolar dimensions where each pole represents a different preference). Jung also proposed that in a person one of the four functions above is dominant – either a function of perception or a function of judging. Isabel Briggs Myers, a researcher and practitioner of Jung’s theory, proposed to see the judging-perceiving relationship as a fourth dichotomy influencing personality type [Briggs Myers, 1980]:
Judging (J) vs. Perceiving (P)
The first criterion, Extraversion – Introversion, signifies the source and direction of a person’s energy expression. An extravert’s source and direction of energy expression is mainly in the external world, while an introvert has a source of energy mainly in their own internal world.
The second criterion, Sensing – Intuition, represents the method by which someone perceives information. Sensing means that a person mainly believes information he or she receives directly from the external world. Intuition means that a person believes mainly information he or she receives from the internal or imaginative world.
The third criterion, Thinking – Feeling, represents how a person processes information. Thinking means that a person makes a decision mainly through logic. Feeling means that, as a rule, he or she makes a decision based on emotion, i.e. based on what they feel they should do.
The fourth criterion, Judging – Perceiving, reflects how a person implements the information he or she has processed. Judging means that a person organizes all of his life events and, as a rule, sticks to his plans. Perceiving means that he or she is inclined to improvise and explore alternative options.
All possible permutations of preferences in the 4 dichotomies above yield 16 different combinations, or personality types, representing which of the two poles in each of the four dichotomies dominates in a person, thus defining 16 different personality types. Each personality type can be assigned a 4 letter acronym of corresponding combination of preferences:
The 16 personality types
INFP
The first letter in the personality type acronym corresponds to the first letter of the preference of general attitude - “E” for extraversion and “I” for introversion.
The second letter in the personality type acronym corresponds to the preference within the sensing-intuition dimension: “S” stands for sensing and “N” stands for intuition.
The third letter in the personality type acronym corresponds to preference within the thinking-feeling pair: “T” stands for thinking and “F” stands for feeling.
The forth letter in the personality type acronym corresponds a person’s preference within the judging-perceiving pair: “J” for judging and “P” for perception.
For example:
What is your personality type? Take the Test!
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What do percentages next to the personality type words or letters mean?
Humanmetrics Jung Typology Test™ (JTT™) and Jung Typology Profiler for Workplace™ (JTPW™) instrument determine the expressiveness of each of the four personality type dimensions (Extraversion vs. Introversion, Sensing vs. Intuition, Thinking vs. Feeling, and Judging vs. Perceiving.
In JTT™ and JTPW™, the scales of these four dimensions represent a continuum between two opposite poles, from 100 at one pole to 100 at another pole. I.e. Extravert-Introvert dimension is a continuum from 100 on Extraversion (i.e. respondent is a 100% extravert) to 100 on Introversion (i.e. respondent is a 100% introvert). In other words the scale is 200 units long:
Extravert [100% - - - 0% - - - 100%] Introvert
People may reveal features of both poles but typically have a preference of one way over the other. The letter indicates the preference and the percentage indicates the extent of it.
The E-I score of 0% means the respondent is at the borderline between being an extravert and an introvert. Having Extraversion score of greater than 0 - e.g. 20% - means being 20% more slanted toward Extraversion over Introversion. Having Introversion score of greater than 0 - e.g. 20% - means being 20% more slanted toward Introversion over Extraversion.
The same pertains to the S-N, T-F, and J-P dichotomies.
The Basics of Jung's Typology
Jung called Extraversion-Introversion preference general attitude, since it reflects an individual’s attitude toward the external world distinguished by the “direction of general interest” [Jung, 1971]: the extravert maintains affinity for, and sources energy from the outer world, whereas the introvert is the other way around – their general interest is directed toward their inner world, which is the source of their energy.
As mentioned above, Jung introduced a pair of judging functions - thinking and feeling - and a pair of perception functions – sensing (or “sensation”), and intuition.
Sensing-Intuition preference represents the method by which one perceives information: Sensing means an individual mainly relies on concrete, actual information - “in so far as objects release sensations, they matter” [1], whereas Intuition means a person relies upon their conception about things based on their understanding of the world. Thinking-Feeling preference indicates the way an individual processes information. Thinking preference means an individual makes decisions based on logical reasoning, and is less affected by feelings and emotions. Feeling preference means that an individual's base for decisions is mainly feelings and emotions.
Jung introduced the idea of hierarchy and direction of psychological functions. According to Jung, one of the psychological functions - a function from either judging or perception pair – would be primary (also called dominant). In other words, one pole of the poles of the two dichotomies (Sensing-Feeling and Thinking-Feeling) dominates over the rest of the poles. The Extraversion-Introversion preference sets the direction of the dominant function: the direction points to the source of energy that feeds it – i.e. to the outer world for extraverts and to the inner world for introverts.
Jung suggested that a function from the other pair would be secondary (also called auxiliary) but still be “a determining factor” [Jung, 1971]. I.e. if Intuition is dominant, then the auxiliary one is either Thinking or Feeling. If Sensing is dominant, then the auxiliary one can also be either Thinking or Feeling. However, if Thinking is dominant, then the auxiliary one is either Sensing or Intuition, and if Feeling is dominant then the auxiliary one is either Sensing or Intuition. In other words, the auxiliary function never belongs to the same dichotomy.
Jung called feeling and thinking types “rational” because they are characterized by the dominance of judging functions that provide reasoning rationale (be it thinking or feeling). “Rational” or Judging preference results in thinking, feelings, response and behaviour that consciously operate in line with certain rules, principles or norms. People with dominant "rational" or judging preference perceive the world as an ordered structure that follows a set of rules.
He called sensing and intuitive types “irrational” because they are characterized by dominance of the functions of perception (either sensing or intuition), and therefore their “commissions and omissions are based not upon reasoned judgment but upon the absolute intensity of perception” [Jung, 1971]. “Irrational” or Perceiving preference operates with opportunities, i.e. with a range of possible outcomes that result from assumed premises or from sensations, mostly driven by the unconscious processes. People with dominant "irrational" or Perceiving preference thinking see the world as a structure that can take various forms and outcomes. It is possible to determine, either by observation or by asking certain questions, preference of Judging vs. Perceiving and the strength thereof in a person.
References
Jung, C. G. (1971). Psychological types (Collected works of C. G. Jung, volume 6, Chapter X)
Briggs Myers, I. (1980, 1995) Gifts Differing: Understanding Personality Type
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What's the full name of Sherlock Holmes' companion/narrator?
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SparkNotes: Hound of the Baskervilles: Plot Overview
Hound of the Baskervilles
Context
Character List
The Hound of the Baskervilles opens with a mini mystery—Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson speculate on the identity of the owner of a cane that has been left in their office by an unknown visitor. Wowing Watson with his fabulous powers of observation, Holmes predicts the appearance of James Mortimer, owner of the found object and a convenient entrée into the baffling curse of the Baskervilles.
Entering the office and unveiling an 18th century manuscript, Mortimer recounts the myth of the lecherous Hugo Baskerville. Hugo captured and imprisoned a young country lass at his estate in Devonshire, only to fall victim to a marauding hound of hell as he pursued her along the lonesome moors late one night. Ever since, Mortimer reports, the Baskerville line has been plagued by a mysterious and supernatural black hound. The recent death of Sir Charles Baskerville has rekindled suspicions and fears. The next of kin, the duo finds out, has arrived in London to take up his post at Baskerville Hall, but he has already been intimidated by an anonymous note of warning and, strangely enough, the theft of a shoe.
Agreeing to take the case, Holmes and Watson quickly discover that Sir Henry Baskerville is being trailed in London by a mysterious bearded stranger, and they speculate as to whether the ghost be friend or foe. Holmes, however, announces that he is too busy in London to accompany Mortimer and Sir Henry to Devonshire to get to the bottom of the case, and he sends Dr. Watson to be his eyes and ears, insisting that he report back regularly.
Once in Devonshire, Watson discovers a state of emergency, with armed guards on the watch for an escaped convict roaming the moors. He meets potential suspects in Mr. Barrymore and Mrs. Barrymore, the domestic help, and Mr. Jack Stapleton and his sister Beryl, Baskerville neighbors.
A series of mysteries arrive in rapid succession: Barrymore is caught skulking around the mansion at night; Watson spies a lonely figure keeping watch over the moors; and the doctor hears what sounds like a dog's howling. Beryl Stapleton provides an enigmatic warning and Watson learns of a secret encounter between Sir Charles and a local woman named Laura Lyons on the night of his death.
Doing his best to unravel these threads of the mystery, Watson discovers that Barrymore's nightly jaunts are just his attempt to aid the escaped con, who turns out to be Mrs. Barrymore's brother. The doctor interviews Laura Lyons to assess her involvement, and discovers that the lonely figure surveying the moors is none other than Sherlock Holmes himself. It takes Holmes—hidden so as not to tip off the villain as to his involvement—to piece together the mystery.
Mr. Stapleton, Holmes has discovered, is actually in line to inherit the Baskerville fortune, and as such is the prime suspect. Laura Lyons was only a pawn in Stapleton's game, a Baskerville beneficiary whom Stapleton convinced to request and then miss a late night appointment with Sir Charles. Having lured Charles onto the moors, Stapleton released his ferocious pet pooch, which frightened the superstitious nobleman and caused a heart attack.
In a dramatic final scene, Holmes and Watson use the younger Baskerville as bait to catch Stapleton red-handed. After a late supper at the Stapletons', Sir Henry heads home across the moors, only to be waylaid by the enormous Stapleton pet. Despite a dense fog, Holmes and Watson are able to subdue the beast, and Stapleton, in his panicked flight from the scene, drowns in a marshland on the moors. Beryl Stapleton, who turns out to be Jack's harried wife and not his sister, is discovered tied up in his house, having refused to participate in his dastardly scheme.
Back in London, Holmes ties up the loose ends, announcing that the stolen shoe was used to give the hound Henry's scent, and that mysterious warning note came from Beryl Stapleton, whose philandering husband had denied their marriage so as to seduce and use Laura Lyons. Watson files the case closed.
More Help
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Dr. Watson
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Originating in the fictional 'Game of Thrones' and launched internationally in 2014 as a real training program, 'Dothraki' is a?
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SparkNotes: The Red-Headed League: Character List
Character List
Plot Overview
Analysis of Major Characters
Sherlock Holmes - A private detective and the story’s protagonist. Sherlock Holmes’s keen observations and ability to reason allow him to solve puzzles that stymie everyone else. Sometimes quiet and contemplative, other times bursting with energy, Holmes uses methodology that can confuse and frustrate others. He is somewhat of a mystery, rarely divulging his thoughts until he’s already solved the crime.
Read an in-depth analysis of Sherlock Holmes.
Dr. John Watson - Sherlock Holmes’s partner and the story’s narrator. Good-natured, brave, and down-to-earth, Watson is Sherlock Holmes’s sidekick, even though he rarely helps Holmes actually solve any mysteries. His confusion with the mysteries and Holmes often mirrors readers’ own confusion.
Read an in-depth analysis of Dr. John Watson.
Jabez Wilson - A London pawnbroker. Jabez Wilson is an average man whose only remarkable feature is his shock of fiery red hair. His slow and trusting nature prevents him from seeing anything suspicious about either Vincent Spaulding or the preposterous Red-Headed League.
John Clay/Vincent Spaulding - A notorious criminal working at Jabez Wilson’s pawnshop under the pseudonym Vincent Spaulding. Sinister and haughty, John Clay wins the respect of Sherlock Holmes because of his ingenious plot to rob the City and Suburban Bank.
Peter Jones - A Scotland Yard detective. Peter Jones is a tough police officer who both respects and distrusts Sherlock Holmes.
Mr. Merryweather - The manager of the City and Suburban Bank.
Archie/Duncan Ross/William Morris - John Clay’s partner in crime. Archie’s red hair prompts John Clay to devise the Red-Headed League to lure Wilson out of his pawnshop for four hours every day.
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A major share-trading mistake, sometimes worth of $millions, is commonly called a '(What?) Error'?
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Do You Make These 7 Mistakes When You Write? - Copyblogger
Copyblogger
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Do You Make These 7 Mistakes When You Write?
It’s time once again to review those nasty errors that damage our credibility when we write. Not normally a fun task, but absolutely necessary. I promise to keep you amused to diminish the pain (or at least I’ll give it a shot).
As with the last time we explored grammatical errors , I feel compelled to mention that copywriting and blogging should be conversational and engaging, and breaking formal grammatical and spelling conventions can often be a good thing. Every time I see a comment complaining about something like, oh, I don’t know… the improper use of an ellipsis or one-sentence paragraphs, I shake my head with sadness.
They just don’t get it.
Outside of specific professional or academic contexts, writing with a personal style that makes it easier on the reader is more important than pleasing Strunk and White . That said, I also believe you have to know the rules in order to break them. Plus, there are some errors that you’ll never convince anyone that you did intentionally in the name of style (outside of a joke), and even then some people will still assume you’re dumb.
So, let’s take a look at some more of those types of glaring errors that you never want to make. Thanks to reader suggestions and the aforementioned Messrs. Strunk and White, here are seven more common mistakes that can diminish the shine and credibility of your writing.
1. Loose vs. Lose
This one drives a lot of people crazy, including me. In fact, it’s so prevalent among bloggers that I once feared I was missing something, and somehow “loose” was a proper substitute for “lose” in some other English-speaking countries. Here’s a hint: it’s not.
If your pants are too loose, you might lose your pants.
2. Me, Myself, and I
One of the most common causes of grammatical pain is the choice between “me” and “I.” Too often people use “I” when they should use “me,” because since “I” sounds stilted and proper, it must be right, right? Nope.
The easy way to get this one right is to simply remove the other person from the sentence and then do what sounds correct. You would never say “Give I a call,” so you also wouldn’t say “Give Chris and I a call.” Don’t be afraid of me.
And whatever you do, don’t punt and say “myself” because you’re not sure whether “me” or “I” is the correct choice. “Myself” is only proper in two contexts, both of which are demonstrated below.
Many consider Chris a punk, but I myself tolerate him. Which brings me to ask myself, why?
3. Different than vs. Different from
This one slips under the radar a lot, and I’ll bet I’ve screwed it up countless times. It boils down to the fact that things are logically different from one another, and using the word “than” after different is a grammatical blunder.
This vase is different from the one I have, but I think mine is better than this one.
4. Improper Use of the Apostrophe
Basically, you use an apostrophe in two cases:
For contractions (don’t for do not)
To show possession (Frank’s blog means the blog belongs to Frank)
If still in doubt, leave the apostrophe out. It causes more reader confusion to insert an apostrophe where it doesn’t belong than it does to omit one. Plus, you can always plead the typo defense if you leave an apostrophe out, but you look unavoidably dumb when you stick one where it doesn’t belong.
5. Parallelism
Back when I talked about bullet points , one of the tips involved keeping each bullet item in parallel by beginning with the same part of speech. For example, each item might similarly begin with a verb like so:
deliver…
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Typographical error
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What nation, the most sparsely populated of the EU, has nearly 200,000 lakes?
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Resume Mistakes To Avoid to Make A Good Resume | Monster.com
Resume Writing Tips
Top 10 resume mistakes to avoid
Aren't sure what to put on your resume? Make sure you don't include any of these common errors.
Peter Vogt, Monster Senior Contributing Writer
It's deceptively easy to make mistakes on your resume and exceptionally difficult to repair the damage once an employer gets it. So prevention is critical, whether you're writing your first resume or revising it for a mid-career job search. Check out how to write the perfect resume by avoiding these common pitfalls.
1. Typos and grammatical errors
Your resume needs to be grammatically perfect. If it isn't, employers will read between the lines and draw not-so-flattering conclusions about you, like: "This person can't write," or "This person obviously doesn't care."
2. Lack of specifics
Employers need to understand what you've done and accomplished . For example:
A. Worked with employees in a restaurant setting.
B. Recruited, hired, trained and supervised more than 20 employees in a restaurant with $2 million in annual sales.
Both of these phrases could describe the same person, but the details and specifics in example B will more likely grab an employer's attention.
3. Attempting the "One–size–fits–all" approach
Whenever you try to develop a one-size-fits-all resume to send to all employers, you almost always end up with something employers will toss in the recycle bin. Employers want you to write a resume specifically for them. They expect you to clearly show how and why you fit the position in a specific organization.
4. Highlighting duties instead of accomplishments
It's easy to slip into a mode where you simply start listing job duties on your resume. For example:
Attended group meetings and recorded minutes;
Worked with children in a day-care setting;
Updated departmental files.
Employers, however, don't care so much about what you've done as what you've accomplished in your various activities. They're looking for statements more like these:
Used laptop computer to record weekly meeting minutes and compiled them in a Microsoft Word-based file for future organizational reference.
Developed three daily activities for preschool-age children and prepared them for a 10-minute holiday program performance.
Reorganized 10 years worth of unwieldy files, making them easily accessible to department members.
5. Going on too long or cutting things too short
Despite what you may read or hear, there are no real rules governing resume length . Why? Because human beings, who have different preferences and expectations where resumes are concerned, will be reading it.
That doesn't mean you should start sending out five-page resumes, of course. Generally speaking, you usually need to limit yourself to a maximum of two pages. But don't feel you have to use two pages if one will do. Conversely, don't cut the meat out of your resume simply to make it conform to an arbitrary one-page standard.
6. A bad objective
Employers do read your resume objective , but too often they plow through vague pufferies like, "Seeking a challenging position that offers professional growth." Give employers something specific and, more importantly, something that focuses on their needs as well as your own. Example: "A challenging entry-level marketing position that allows me to contribute my skills and experience in fund-raising for nonprofits."
7. No action verbs
Avoid using phrases like "responsible for." Instead, use action verbs: "Resolved user questions as part of an IT help desk serving 4,000 students and staff."
8. Leaving off important information
You may be tempted, for example, to eliminate mention of the jobs you've taken to earn extra money for school. Typically, however, the soft skills you've gained from these experiences (e.g., work ethic, time management) are more important to employers than you might think.
9. Visually too busy
If your resume is wall-to-wall text featuring five different fonts, it will most likely give the employer a headache. So show your resume to several other people before sending it out. Do they find it visually attractive ? If what you have is hard on the eyes, revise.
10. Incorrect contact information
I once worked with a student whose resume seemed incredibly strong, but he wasn't getting any bites from employers. So one day, I jokingly asked him if the phone number he'd listed on his resume was correct. It wasn't. Once he changed it, he started getting the calls he'd been expecting. Moral of the story: Double-check even the most minute, taken-for-granted details -- sooner rather than later.
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Founded 1938 by Lee Byung-chul, Samsung is which country's biggest business (at 2014)?
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History - Corporate Profile - About Samsung - Samsung
Corporate profile
About our US divisions
From its inception as a small export business in Taegu, Korea, Samsung has grown to become one of the world's leading electronics companies, specializing in digital appliances and media, semiconductors, memory, and system integration. Today Samsung's innovative and top quality products and processes are world recognized. This timeline captures the major milestones in Samsung's history, showing how the company expanded its product lines and reach, grew its revenue and market share, and has followed its mission of making life better for consumers around the world.
* Samsung's History Menu Link
1938-1969 Samsung's Beginnings
On March 1, 1938, founding chairman Byung-Chull Lee started a business in Taegu, Korea, with 30,000 won.
At the start, his business focused primarily on trade export, selling dried Korean fish, vegetables, and fruit to Manchuria and Beijing. In little more than a decade, Samsung-which means "three stars" in Korean-would have its own flour mills and confectionery machines, its own manufacturing and sales operations, and ultimately evolve to become the modern global corporation that still bears the same name today.
1938-1969 Samsung's Beginnings
Black-and-white TV (model: P-3202) production started by Samsung-Sanyo
1969
Samsung-Sanyo Electronics established (renamed Samsung Electro-Mechanics in March 1975 and merged with Samsung Electronics in March 1977)
1966
Joong-Ang Development established (known today as Samsung Everland)
1963
DongBang Life Insurance acquired (renamed Samsung Life Insurance in July 1989)
1958
Ankuk Fire & Marine Insurance acquired (renamed Samsung Fire & Marine Insurance in October 1993)
1954
Samsung Moolsan established (now Samsung Corporation)
1938
Copyright © 1995-2016 SAMSUNG All Rights reserved.
Welcome to Samsung
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South Korea
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What sparking wine from Catalonia is traditionally and incorrectly referred to as Spanish Champagne?
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Samsung - YouTube
Samsung
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Published on Jul 11, 2014
Samsung Group (Hangul: 삼성그룹; hanja: 三星그룹; Korean pronunciation: [sʰamsʰʌŋ ɡɯɾup], stylized as SΛMSUNG) is a South Korean multinational conglomerate company headquartered in Samsung Town, Seoul. It comprises numerous subsidiaries and affiliated businesses, most of them united under the Samsung brand, and is the largest South Korean chaebol (business conglomerate).
Samsung was founded by Lee Byung-chul in 1938 as a trading company. Over the next three decades the group diversified into areas including food processing, textiles, insurance, securities and retail. Samsung entered the electronics industry in the late 1960s and the construction and shipbuilding industries in the mid-1970s; these areas would drive its subsequent growth. Following Lee's death in 1987, Samsung was separated into four business groups -- Samsung Group, Shinsegae Group, CJ Group and Hansol Group. Since the 1990s Samsung has increasingly globalized its activities, and electronics, particularly mobile phones and semiconductors, have become its most important source of income.
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