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Which famous online brand is a green circle containing three stacked arcs?
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Brand logo green background with 3 slightly arched lines? - Lines are 3 shades of green lines are one on top of the other :: Ask Me Fast
Brand logo green background with 3 slightly arched lines?
A
Top Solutions
1333 Answers, 22 Friends, 104 Followers
5
I hope you LiKE this.
Thank you!
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Suggested Solutions (10) What's this?
472 Answers, 10 Friends, 19 Followers
1
The answer is S P O T I F Y
based on this picture (source)
source:
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2336 Answers, 3 Friends, 210 Followers
"Here is my answer..."
Tweet
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831 Answers, 7 Friends, 77 Followers
"Base on your description the answer on this level is spotify..."
0
Tweet
Base on your description the answer on this level is SPOTIFY. You can check their logo here:
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2336 Answers, 3 Friends, 210 Followers
"Has three curved green lines is spotify..."
4
Tweet
A brand that has a logo that is green, has three curved green lines is SPOTIFY. Spotify a company that produces millions and numerous of songs. You can download songs from Spotify on your mobile device.
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5885 Answers, 10 Friends, 302 Followers
5
Spotify is an application with a logo colored green with green radio lines.
Please reply back with more clues if this is not the answer.
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1333 Answers, 22 Friends, 104 Followers
1
Tweet
The Green Color like a WIFI LAN status is "SPOTIFY"
You may see it through out of some phone that having an application of WIFI LAN.
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8578 Answers, 6 Friends, 287 Followers
1
Tweet
The answer on the game 4pics 1 word game with the hint of brand that slightly curved lined with differen shades of green is SPOTIFY.
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Hello buddy, Youre question is so nice i dont know what to say but of course i have a guess. My answer is SPOTIFY .. thank you.
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451 Answers, 5 Friends, 2 Followers
0
Hello there friend, In regards to your question. Perhaps you should try "SPOTIFY".
Cheers mate!
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61 Answers, 3 Friends, 2 Followers
0
Friend, please try "Spotify".
Hope that helps. Thanks.
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Brand logo green background with 3 slightly arched lines?
Lines are 3 shades of green lines are one on top of the other
What is a brand with a green circle like your talking?
Its a brand with a green color
What brand has green background with 3 arched green lines?
Green background with 3 arched lines of different shades of green
What Brand logo has green background with 3 slightly arched lines?
Whose Brand logo has green background with 3 slightly arched lines
Blue crown logo name starts with l and ends with l?
Logo quiz for kindle fire level 4
What`s the jugglers name in Disneys Hunchback?
He is wearing purple &a yellow pointed shoes with bells?
A logo with 3 back horizontal lines?
Picture of a logo i`d be really greatful
"Brand logo blue round background..."
0
Brand logo blue round background, 5 letters and last letter is B?
Logo brand, blue rounded background, 5 letters and last letter is B
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Brand logo green background with 3 slightly arched lines?
35% - I dropped my nextus 7 tablet and norway the bottom right hand corner it`s chipped and dented slightly and has diaganal lines going up the screen?
The following questions have been merged into this one. If you feel any of these questions have been included in error help us improve our content by splitting these questions into seperate discussions. Please unmerge any questions that are not the same as this one:
Brand logo green background with 3 slightly arched lines?
What is the brand with thegreen circle logo with lines?
- Logo green circle with 3 lines
What logo has a green circle with three lines?
- Green circle logo with three lines
What logo has a green circle with three black lines?
- Logo green circle three black lines
What has a logo with green lines or circle through it?
- Green circle with black lines logo
What brand has 3 green curved lines?
- Green circle logo with 3 curved white lines
What s the company which has a green circle logo and three white lines?
- Green circle three white lines logo
What is the green logo with 3 lines?
- Logos with green circle and white lines
What logo is a green ball with yellow markings on?
- Logo green ball with three black stipes
What symbol has a green circle with 3 lines?
- Green circle with 3black lines symbol
What is lime green circle with 3 in it galaxy 5 app?
- A green circle with three white lines
What is a green circle with 3 lines?
- A symbol with a green circle and three black lines
What logo is a green circle with three black lines?
- Whos logo is green with circle three black lines
What is the logo in a green circle with?
- Green circle with 3 lines logo
What logo is a green sphere with 3 black lines?
- Green circle 3 black lines logo
What symbol is green with three black lines?
- Green symbol with three black lines
What symbol is a green circle with 3 black lines?
- Green circle black lines
What is the logo with a green circle with 3 black lines?
- Green circle three black lines logo
What is green ball with 3 black lines logo?
- Logos with green ball with 3 black lines
What brand has three lines?
- Brand with three lines as logo
What is the green logo with circle?
- Green circle and lines logo
What is the logo that is lime green with three black lines in the middle?
- Logo green egg shap with three black lines
What is a green round logo with lines in it?
- Round green logo with black lines
What brand logo is green with three stripes on top?
- Music logo green circle with three stripesin middle
Which brand is green with three lines?
- Brand icon green with three lines
What brand is 3 black lines green background?
- Logo green spot and black lines
What app is green circle with three black lines?
- Green circle three black lines
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Spotify
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What Andalusian city gave its name to a bitter orange used especially in marmalade?
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Icomania: brand, 3 green wifi-shaped curved green lines on green background. Letters are (yfispot)? - Icomania level 2 number 44. Clue is brand. Three green curved lines like a wifi signal on a green background. Letters ae (yfispot) :: Ask Me Fast
Icomania: brand, 3 green wifi-shaped curved green lines on green background. letters are (yfispot)?
A
Top Solutions
5885 Answers, 10 Friends, 302 Followers
5
Spotify is an application with a logo colored green with green radio lines.
Please reply back with more clues if this is not the answer.
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Suggested Solutions (10) What's this?
1333 Answers, 22 Friends, 104 Followers
"/> base on your description given the icomania which has green background..."
0
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Hi mate..
Base on your description given the icomania which has green background, yellow horizontal line at the top and has 2 vertical lines is
"BP" If not, please provide more clues.
Hope this Helps!
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2336 Answers, 3 Friends, 210 Followers
"Has three curved green lines is spotify..."
4
Tweet
A brand that has a logo that is green, has three curved green lines is SPOTIFY. Spotify a company that produces millions and numerous of songs. You can download songs from Spotify on your mobile device.
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1333 Answers, 22 Friends, 104 Followers
1
Tweet
The Green Color like a WIFI LAN status is "SPOTIFY"
You may see it through out of some phone that having an application of WIFI LAN.
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425 Answers, 3 Friends, 15 Followers
"Box or green circle with three stripes inside of the box or circle.
..."
Tweet
Try the logo of the SPOTIFY. You might see it in green box or green circle with three stripes inside of the box or circle.
Have a nice day.
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"Spotify has more than 2 letters..."
1
Can`t all of you read!!?!?!?!
The questions says 2 letters.
Last time I count, spotify has more than 2 letters.
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3958 Answers, 4 Friends, 171 Followers
"Has a green background and with a horizontal arc..."
2
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The answer you are looking for is SPOTIFY it is a brand name that has a green background and with a horizontal arc:)) try it!
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5885 Answers, 10 Friends, 302 Followers
1
Tweet
The answer may be SPOTIFY.
Please reply back to my post if this is not the answer and give further descriptions.
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1915 Answers, 20 Friends, 156 Followers
1
SPOTIFY!
This should be correct as per description you have mentioned.
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1333 Answers, 22 Friends, 104 Followers
9
This is the Sure answer;
SPOTIFY
Thanks !
CHEERS !
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Someone said: Spotify
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50% Helpful
"That is a part of the logo of the spotify company...."
1
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HI. The answer for that question is SPOTIFY. That is a part of the logo of the Spotify Company.
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Add Your Answer
Icomania: brand, 3 green wifi-shaped curved green lines on green background. letters are (yfispot)?
Icomania level 2 number 44. Clue is brand. Three green curved lines like a wifi signal on a green background. Letters ae (yfispot)
Yellow bell shaped and brown mouth is icon of what?
Yellow bell shaped head snd brown mouth
"Glasses and a hat in iconomia with letter cynpojw?~beard..."
0
Tweet
Who is this famous people with beard, glasses and a hat in iconomia with letter cynpojw?
Beard, glasses and a hat in iconomia with letter cynpojw
is a logo that has three Wi-Fi bars in it`s green?
It`s green and has 3 wifi bars
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Icomania: brand, 3 green wifi-shaped curved green lines on green background. letters are (yfispot)?
32% - Replaced lcd on samsung grand duos and green lines appeared on mob cat see anything apart from lines?
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Icomania: brand, 3 green wifi-shaped curved green lines on green background. letters are (yfispot)?
What brand circle with 3 curved lines inside it?
- Green circle 3 curved lines
What is the symbol that is a green circle with wifi lines?
- Symbol green 3 lines like wifi
Which wi fi company has green colour logo?
- Green wifi signal logos
What is the symbol with 3 green lines?
- Green lines like a wifi brand name
What brand looks like a wifi signal?
- Brand that looks like wifi signal
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What famous headwear and safety harness brand was devised from the original raw materials silk, angora and wool?
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CP november 2014 online by CityPages Kuwait - issuu
issuu
NOVEMBER 2014
Dr. Kazem Behbehani Leading a legendary center:
issuu.com/citypageskuwait Scan this QR code with your smart phone /tablet and enjoy reading CityPages. To read it on your computer, simply visit the web link above.
Dasman Diabetes Institute
pinterest.com/citypagesmag
Scan this QR code with your smart phone /tablet and enjoy reading and sharing slective pages from this issue of CityPages. To read it on your computer, simply visit the web link above.
LIFESTYLE / PEOPLE / EVENTS / FASHION
contents ISSUE 59, VOLUME 4, NOVEMBER 2014
104
140 134
BEAUTY
126. The Ultimate Beauty Rituals 128. Perfume Types And Categories 130. Orogold Cosmetics 132. Make Up Call By Layla Harmony
20
140. November Movie Releases 142. Top Music Charts 143. Music With MJB
FASHION
134. Naturally Playful/Naturally Kenzo 158. Fashion News
136
20. Are You A Morning Or An Evening Person? 22. Stiff Upper Lip 24. Rant And Rabbit 26. كلمة ستغير حياتك 28. Self Care For The Modern Man 30. Rumours And Wars 32. Welcome To A Rubbish House 34. Men...Why Do They Cheat?? 124. 21 Productivity Tips 144. Fashionable Movies For Men 56. Wearing Young Single ‘Tache With Pride 102. Vie Fitness Studio
FOOD
136. Nat’s Kitchen Tales... With Love
107
contents ISSUE 59, VOLUME 4, NOVEMBER 2014
40
106
HEALTH
40. Understanding Astigmatism 42. Ebola Virus Disease – An Overview 44. Impacted Canine Teeth In Kuwait 46. Car Seat Safety For Infants 106. IKEA’S PAX
36
KIDS
138 52
36. Dr.Kazem Behbehani 48. Dr.Noora AlNouri 60. Moayad AlSuwaidan 112. Shaima ‘a Qabazard And Fajer Al-Owaish 194. Kids Pages
LITERATURE
138. Short Stories By Nadia AlHassan 146. Writing Tips By Nada Faris 149. Arabic Poetry By Tasnim Hassoun
NUTRITION
52. How Not To Gain Weight In Winter 54. Gelatin – The Next Super Food? 58. Nutrition Recover For Atheletes 101. املكمالت الغذائية و صحة املرأه
98
TECHNOLOGY
118
98. Long Live Lawn Bowls 66. E-Commerce 152. Cool New Gadgets 154. Tech Updates & News 156. What Is Gamergate?
TRAVEL
118. St. Petersburg
REGULARS 104. Tea With T 107. Life Of A Diva 110. Green In The City 116. The City Guide 150. November Book Releases 151. Book Club 167. Events 182. Press 192. Say Cheese With CityPages 196. Homework For Grown Ups 197. Horoscopes
Dear Readers… Dhari Al-Muhareb Editor-in-Chief
Jameel Arif
General Manager & Editor Eng. Homoud AlMuhareb Publishing Director
Abeer Al-Abduljalil Managing Editor
Muhammed Altaf Sr. Sales Manager
Claudia Farias
Ghadeer Kareemi Editorial Assistant
Tanya Burns
Creative Director Graphic Designers Mohammed Syed Khaled Al-Enezi Contributing Team Nadia Al-Hassan Abdullah Y. Shams AlDeen Abdulaziz Al-Khamis Nada Soliman Abdalla AlMuzaini Nada Faris Adnan Najeeb Al-Abbar Nour Al-Zaabi Ali - DJ RAVEN Oussama T. Hussein ARTRONAUTS Paul Tunbridge ASAMA Perfumes Reshmi Revi BirthKuwait Deema DeCaux Sanaa Abdul Hamid Dr. Nazia Nausheen Sandra Bakhamian Faisal Al-Dhofari Sherihan A. Hassabo Erika Habig Talah Alabdulaaly John McArthur Tassnim Hassoun Khaled Al-Zawawi Zahra Ashkanani Layla Harmony Zahra Taqi Maha Al-Rashed
Happy November! I would start this with one of my favorite quote by Jung. “You are what you do, not what you say you'll do.” ~ C.G. Jung Since 2003, the ‘N’ in November has been replaced with an ‘M’. Men the world over hide their upper lips with facial hair in a bid to raise awareness about men’s health. This year, CityPages is once again encouraging you to join the trend. Talking of Movember, our November issue is also dedicated to Movember from the past three years and as you would have noticed, we are always featuring a prominent male personality on our November covers. This year, we were lucky enough to get some time from the busy schedule of Dr. Kazem Behbehani and interview him exclusively for our readers. In our Exclusives section, For the second year , we profile 15 of the most inspiring and respected men in Kuwait. These men are inspiring visionaries, who represent Kuwait on a global stage. We catch up with them, as they share details about their latest projects and also tell us some things you may not have known about them before! Bringing this section was not easy but its was worth meeting all these inspiring men and learning something from them. We hope you enjoying reading about them as much as we did interviewing them. Our team member Abdullah Y. Shams Al-Deen brings you another exclusive interview with Moayad Al Suwaidan - Kuwait's First International Rower. We are all excited here at CityPages for our next issue with which we complete our 60 issues and 5 successful years. We have something in store to make it special, so stay tuned for some great action! Enjoy the read!
Jameel Arif General Manager & Editor
[email protected]
Photography Team Abdulaziz AlSoraya Shahbaz Hussain Abdulaziz AlShayaji Abdullah Hamadah Ahmad Emad Othman AlMishaan Natalia Sitcai Dalal AlDhughaishem Bulk Distribution Team V. Rajan S. V. Gopal
Corporate Copies and Subscriptions Distributed through:
DISCLAIMER Extra care has been used to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this magazine. However, the publisher will not accept responsibility for errors and omissions in the publication. In addition, the views expressed in this magazine are not necessarily those of the publisher. Photos have been altered to comply with the Laws of Kuwait.
Published by: Reduce Waste: Pass me along to a friend or recycle me after reading
All rights reserved. No part of this publication including pictures, articles, artworks, and overall design may be reproduced, copied, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, or translated in any language in any form or means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise) without the written permission of the editor or the publisher. Copyright © November 2014
2014/171/ ج-ت Offer is valid from 1/7/2014 to 1/7/2015
Burgan Bank’s Youth Account now gives you the amazing opportunity to double your educational allowance every month and win additional KD 200. For every KD 20 in your Youth account you get an additional chance to be the winner.
With Youth Account you are the winner! follow us on:
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Hawally - Zawya Center
Its finally here the month that marks the beginning of winter, we
I hope all of you will be having a pleasant time. We are knocking
are ecstatic here at CityPages since that means we can actually
at the doors of winter after a long summer season. November
enjoy going out to the various events that have been and will
is a month which is also significant with reference to ‘Men’.
take place during this incredible weather..
CityPages has also come up with its Movemebr special issue.
It's Movember guys, and just so you know how important prostate screening is, we've dedicated our entire issue to you! We are featuring a handful of talented, impressive men of all
Like last year we have featured 15 inspiring men from Kuwait who can impress anyone and can be guiding stars for those who want to achieve some milestone in their lives.
shapes, sizes and walks of life – to inspire you to succeed in life
CityPages attended so many events during this time and are
and take care of your health in order to do so. I know it sounds
bringing to you the latest happenings in town. Other than that
clichéd, but "it is health that is real wealth and not pieces of gold
don’t forget to read my segment "Life of a Diva" where I have
and silver" – Mahatma Ghandhi.
something special for all the Divas out there.
I hope you enjoy your read this month, have a great November!
Our November issue has a lot for you to read, so enjoy the ride.
Enjoy the read!
ON THE COVER: Dr. Kazem Behbehani (Dasman Diabetes Institute)
Social networking shizzle Be our friend and we'll tell you secrets
@citypageskuwait @citypageskuwait /Citypageskuwait citypageskuwait.com /citypagesmag /citypageskuwait 66973003
MORE NEW CONTRIBUTORS
Are you a local writer or artist? If you're passionate about your work we want to showcase it, so get in touch and get involved in 2014:
FEATURE
INTERNSHIPS
If you are an artist with work to exhibit, an event or entertainment organiser with an event coming up or a business with some exciting news or a new product to feature, get in touch. We're keen to feature anything of interest that will entertain our readers.
WOULD YOU LIKE TO INTERN AT CITYPAGES?, EMAIL: [email protected] and let us know what is your area of interest.
CONTRIBUTE
ADVERTISE
Rip it, scrap it, comment, critique, research, report. Opinions wanted on fashion, lifestyle, business, news, home, music, gadgets, sports, and culture. Something annoyed you and you want to tell? We're here for you. If you'd like to see your name in... er... print, get in touch.
We understand that the medium is the message. The quality of a magazine reflects on the businesses that advertise within it. CityPages is Kuwait's highest quality magazine and premium print media option for stylish and progressive brands. If you have a business or strategy to promote to Kuwait's forward thinking consumer, get in touch. Call us on 66973003 or drop us an email...
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ع -ك / 2014 / 1 /ع
Are you a morning or an evening person? Philips reveals key insights about the effects of lighting on sleep cycles Have you ever wondered why you always hit the snooze button for an extra 15 to 30 minutes of sleep in the morning? A whitepaper issued by Philips, the global leader in lighting, has compiled key insights from over 10 years of ongoing research about the effect of light on our sleep/wake cycle or “circadian rhythm”. It reveals that the amount and quality of light you are exposed to every day may be responsible for your Sunday morning blues. Indeed, light ultimately dictates whether you are a morning person or a night owl. Lighting, whether natural or artificial, affects all life on our planet. In humans, it plays a crucial role in regulating our circadian rhythm, one of our natural biorhythms otherwise known as the body clock. Our circadian rhythm is not naturally in sync with our artificial clock. Instead it is a little slower running for 24 hours and 30 minutes on average. This means we are naturally inclined to sleep and wake 30 minutes later each day. If this slower rhythm is not regulated then by the end of the week our sleep/wake cycle could be off by more than 2 hours and we would be hitting that snooze button quite frequently.
Regulating our circadian rhythm Alarm clocks offer one way to manage the time lag created by our naturally slower circadian rhythm. But we have recently discovered that a specific quality of light hitting the photoreceptors in our eyes not only regulates our internal body clock, but can actually reset it every single day. For millennia, we like many animals, have used the rising and setting sun to regulate our body clock without realizing it. Today, high intensity artificial blue-rich light is also capable of resetting our body clock because of its qualitative resemblance to natural morning light. As we have a natural tendency to sleep in, our modern 9 to 5 lifestyle means we may be getting too little sleep during the working week and lying in at the weekends. Longer sleep at the weekend may compensate for the lack of 20
citypageskuwait.com
Circle of light
How to beat
Sunday morning blues Our internal sleep/wake cycle is about 30 minutes slower than the clock we live by, so we naturally want to sleep in (and stay up) 30 minutes later each day.
rest during the week, but can reset a later circadian rhythm the following week, resulting in that ‘Sunday morning blues’ feeling. “The message from nature is clear,” says Light and Sleep Scientist at Philips Research, Luc Schlangen. “Our bodies have evolved a kind of steering wheel, constantly adjusting the sleep-wake cycle, driven by light, allowing us to adapt to the differing daylight lengths during the seasons. We can help regulate our body clock through lighting by providing light injections at appropriate times, for instance through brighter office lighting on Sunday mornings.” Exposure to blue-rich morning light can speed up our circadian rhythm to wake us up earlier and improve the daily functioning of people with an early morning lifestyle. Lighting Expert Professor Derk Jan Dijk, University of Surrey adds, “Dimming lights a few hours before bedtime facilitates a more rapid onset to sleep and it will prevent your body clock from being shifted to later hours. If you want to shift your clock to earlier hours it is good to be exposed to light and specifically high intensity blue-rich light, when you wake up.” Philips dedicates 5% of its Lighting sales revenue to R&D, and is testing and developing a series of energy efficient lighting products for homes, offices, schools and hospital environments that can variously improve alertness, productivity, calm, sleep and mood.
Light can resynchronize it to match our lifestyle.
7:00
24hrs +30min
7:30
Our sleep wake cycle is easily disrupted by modern living: jet lag, late nights, shift work, etc.
Blue-rich light keeps you awake
Natural daylight is blue-rich
Bright artificial light is blue-rich
...so use warm light to prolong your evening
Our body cannot tell the difference between natural and artificial light. So don't confuse it at night.
Different activities require different types of light
Only a few pulses of blue-rich light is needed to wake you up. Set your lights on a timer on darker winter days.
You can still dine late without resetting your body clock, but try candle light which is rich in red and yellow light.
Use dimmers or tunable light in your kitchen so you don't mistake your finger for the vegetables you're slicing, but dim the light when you're done.
STIFF UPPER LIP
citypageskuwait.com
Dentally challenged. Still single.
A lifetime or so ago, I had the dubious pleasure of addressing a convocation of officers and gentlemen from the Royal Air Force. For nonBrits, this basically means gentlemen fliers of combat aircraft. They consider themselves superior to the Royal Navy because they can look down on them and the Army because they get to give them a lift to wherever the fighting is. Also, their aircraft were, and as far as I know still are, equipped with a terrifying array of armament capable of doing a fearful amount of damage. You may, of course, be wondering why old Peregrine was selected for such a task, which is the stuff of quite a different story. Anyway, there I was, being led into this large, beautifully furnished room with a dove-grey ceiling and crystal chandeliers – one hesitates to call it a conference hall - as if I’d just won the Derby, and was confronted by a sea of blue-grey uniforms. The expensive seating at the front appeared to be reserved for the organisation’s senior ranks and I found myself being applauded – without much enthusiasm, I might add – by at least three Air Commodores, a few Wing Commanders, a goodly cohort of Squadron Leaders and a large selection of other beribboned individuals all of whom seemed to have one thing in common. Almost all of them wore a moustache. The seniors had grey ones – even white - and the younger element sported colours varying from a quite shocking red to brown or black. Looking more closely, they all seemed to have trained their moustaches to grow in the same way, rather like Peter Sellers’ in ‘Dr Strangelove’. Nobody’s drooped earthward like Fu Man Chu – instead most were swept to a briskly tufted left and right. Occasional uptwirls gave a Dali-esque look to a few of them and one or two had impressive mutton-chop whiskers which would have not been out of place in a Victorian drawing-room. I have to confess to feeling slightly intimidated and I have no doubt that the quality of my presentation suffered in consequence. Why then this discussion about upperlip festoonery? Well, to tell the truth, it does bring me quite nicely to the meat and potatoes, as it were. We men are strange cattle. We’d rather gnaw off our own finger than talk to the rest of the lads about, er, gentlemen’s ailments. Our own plumbing and waterworks, to be precise. Now, before you all throw the magazine down in embarrassment and go back to watching the football, do hear me out. I’m not going to go into details so do bear with me for just a moment longer. You see, so many of us end up undiagnosed and hence untreated because we’re a bit shy of going to the doctor and spilling the beans about the contents of our underwear, including our prostates. So, there’s an organization called “Movember” for people like us. The idea is really quite simple, outlined in the Movember Foundation’s Global Action Plan or GAP. The Executive Director, Paul Villanti, puts it better than me…
“Our vision is to have an everlasting impact on the face of men’s health and it’s to this end that we’ve established GAP. We believe that team- based research, performed across borders with a strong collaborative mindset, avoiding duplication of work, can deliver innovation and knowledge sharing that leads to an acceleration of results that benefit men diagnosed and living with prostate cancer and testicular cancer today.” “As a global men’s health movement, the Movember Foundation has the ambition to contribute to improving the lives of men around the world.” “We will achieve this by challenging men to grow moustaches during Movember (the month formerly known as November) to spark conversation and raise funds for prostate and testicular cancer. In other words, become a MoBro.” “We see success as moving the dial on progress towards reduced mortality from these ailments, also men living with them being physically and mentally well. Finally, developing an understanding of the health risks they face and taking action to remain healthy.” So, here’s the deal. Become a MoBro this November. You know, it really can be a lot of fun. I was part of an organization last year, which signed up. All the guys had to stick to the rules and grow and look after their moustache. We took before-and-after photographs and displayed them. One particular participant – yes, he’ll remember when he reads this - was one of those whose facial hair growth was on steroids and he normally had to shave at least twice a day to avoid looking like a Neanderthal privet hedge. In less than a week, he’d grown a full-scale, perfectly formed handlebar and spent the next three weeks trimming it back. His wife loved it. There are some quite delightfully oldfashioned rules about becoming a MoBro. In fact, five in all – here they are. First, you have to begin on November the First with a clean-shaven face. Second, for the entire month of November, you have to grow and groom your moustache. This can often involve investing in expensive trimmers with a variety of fiddly little settings to play with and other male accoutrements which an enthusiastic wife or girl friend might be persuaded to buy for you. Except of course in my case. If I’m going to take part I expect I shall have to manage with a dirty comb and a pair of nail scissors. The consequent topiary on the upper lip has therefore to be welltrained. Thirdly – the rules say - don’t fake it. By this one assumes that they mean one is not allowed to augment one’s growth, should it not progress satisfactorily, with dog hair and glue, mascara or other cheats bought from fancy dress shops, and the addition of a beard and goatee is similarly prohibited. So, nothing winsome and streetwise like Ali G. In other words, you can’t just go
native and hope for the best; some personal husbandry is required. Fourth – I love this – “use the power of the moustache” to create conversations about men’s health and talk to all your friends about their prostate. No, it doesn’t say that, really, but it’s supposed to be an ice-breaker of some sort so the conversation can be gently steered towards, perhaps, a fund-raising initiative or some such. Going into a lounge in a large hotel is likely to be an interesting experience in midmonth when most participants will have a suitably presentable growth which doesn’t resemble the stuffing coming out of an old mattress. Eyebrows will be raised at one another and a silent camaraderie of almost imperceptible sign language developed, as if everyone were Masons or members of Alcoholics Anonymous. Finally, the fifth rule. “Each MoBro must conduct himself like a gentleman.” I assume this must refer to the Americans. The British, especially those who have been glued to ‘Downton Abbey’, have a naturally stiff upper lip and a moustache simply heightens the whole psychological feeling of innate superiority. I had a relative who was a senior Army officer during the Second World War. He had a permanently luxuriant growth on his upper lip, which meant that plumbers and other sons of toil almost used to doff their hats to him in the street. Being a gentleman, as my father used to teach me, involved standing up for the ladies. So, one assumes, during this mad November, emergency departments around the world will be deluged with moustachioed men with sabre slashes because of an increased interest in duelling. I myself would quite welcome the chance to defend a lady’s honour, but being a bit on the myopic side, doubt that I would survive to month end. Nevertheless, the offer is there, ladies. Speaking of whom, no MoBro is complete without a MoSista. Yes, the ladies can get involved as well by raising money and awareness. Here’s one great story which is featured on the Movember website. “In August 2012, Rosa’s father passed away after losing his battle with prostate cancer. Rosa used her dad’s strength, courage and selflessness during his last few months as her inspiration when she embarked upon her first Mo Sista journey. Rosa hatched a simple yet innovative plan to entice donations by vowing to get a moustache tattooed on her finger if she got 1000 people to donate £10 each. As a Mo Sista, Rosa spoke up: “Tell your story to your friends, tell them why you're passionate, and tell them why they should care. Don't be afraid to lead”. Rosa encourages daughters, mums and Mo Sistas worldwide to talk to the men in their life and openly discuss their health together.” So, gentlemen. The gauntlet has been thrown down. Let hairiness commence. November, 2014
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RANT AND RABBIT... Paul Turnbridge
Sounds like the name of a good old English Public House, doesn’t it? And perhaps it should be, but here it’s used merely as an introduction for me to have a little moan. We all like to “sound off” about something every now and again. Having a good moan about the things that annoy us somehow helps to release tension and pent-up emotion. This generally happens when friends get together socially as, amongst friends, it’s comforting to have willing ears that will listen to a real rant and to be allowed to give all those grievances a good airing. Now, I appreciate that many readers may not have come across the word “rant” before, so I should first disclose that, according to a dictionary, to rant is “to speak or declaim extravagantly or violently; to talk in a wild or vehement way; to rave!” So where does the rabbit come in? Well, social get-togethers are not all about moans and groans, but provide an opportunity just to talk – about anything and everything, and “rabbit” is cockney rhyming slang for “talk”. I expect you’re now wondering how rabbit associates with talk, when it so clearly doesn’t rhyme...and the fact is that a lot of cockney rhyming slang is abbreviated with only one word used instead of the full rhyming phrase (there’s a good reason for this, but I’ll not discuss that now). Simply put, the full slang phrase is “rabbit and pork” which clearly does rhyme with “talk”. Explanation over! I thought I would take this opportunity, since I’m sure I can count all CityPages readers as personal friends, to get a few things off my chest. A little self-indulgent, maybe, but I’ve heard the same moans from so many others that I dare say you will be able to join me in a shared rant before I conclude with just a little rabbit. So here goes....
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Texting whilst Driving Nobody will be surprised that I start with a road-related rant, as there is so much to rant about when it comes to the roads and to the behaviour of drivers in Kuwait. One of the biggest annoyances for me is the insistence of so many drivers to use their phones when they’re driving! Do they really fail to understand just how dangerous this is; how many accidents, injuries and deaths are caused by people who would rather focus their attentions on their phones than on the traffic all around them? Are they really so oblivious to the fact that they are behaving so irresponsibly, and with little or no respect for anyone around them, either in other cars or as passengers in their own? I’m sure that we have all witnessed drivers in front or alongside us who fail to drive in a straight line within the markings of just one lane because one hand is glued to the phone and attached to their ear. Most cars these days ae kitted out with bluetooth technology, so why don’t these people make use of it? Or simply wait until they reach their destination and stop driving to make that oh-so-important call? Earlier this week I was driving out of the city on my way home from the office, and had quickly reached the maximum speed limit in the third (outside) lane of road 40. Looking in my rear-view mirror I was concerned to see a large 4x4 bearing down on me a little too quickly for my liking, yet the middle lane was busy and I was unable to pull over. As it got closer, I was alerted to its headlights that were being rapidly flashed at me, no doubt as a signal for me to get out of the way ... but I could not. When the 4x4 was practically licking my rear tailgate, I could clearly see the driver holding a mobile phone immediately in front of her, and focusing on the text message she was sending; I could see from her eyes (and yes, she really was that close to me) that she was not paying any attention to my presence in front of her and, had I needed to brake, she would have rearranged my
bodywork in an instant. I have to say that I believe drivers like that should be instantly and permanently removed from the roads. Yet what hope do they have when even the local driving instructors so blatantly flout the laws of the highway? Just two weeks ago I was passing a Driving Instructor’s car (I could tell it was an instructor’s car from the two steering wheels and the signage on its roof and door, so no hiding possible, buddy) even though there was just one person in the car ... hence I deduced that the driver was actually the qualified instructor who was so publicly promoting his services with the signwriting, someone who teaches others how to drive and sets an example for other drivers to follow! Yet there he was, driving with a phone held glued to his ear. I know I shouldn’t have done what I did, but I offer no apologies for having blasted continuously on my horn as I drove alongside, until he looked at me and, with a guilty expression, put his phone down. Aaaaaaghhhh ... I shall say no more ... rant over!
Supermarket Labels I appreciate that food products need to have extra labels with cooking instructions printed in Arabic, but why oh why do they always get stuck over the instructions that are written in English? Every time! And on all packets and tins in the same stupid place for all similar items on the shelf? Are the in-store labellers doing this deliberately to annoy us? Is it supermarket policy? And while I’m on the subject of supermarkets, I have to highlight how infuriating it can be to find inconsistency of product availability. I have a liking for certain products, and get comfortable knowing that I can pick them from the shelves whenever I’m doing a weekly or monthly shop. But then the inevitable happens. I go to the shelf, and the shelf is empty; stocks have sold out; so I wait until my next visit; and the next; and the next; and then I try an alternative
supermarket; and then another. Do you get the picture? You probably do, because it will have happened to you – for no apparent reason, replacement stocks do not arrive for several months, or years, if ever again! Am I to starve???
Litter Need I say more? Obviously I must because, no matter how many campaigns are launched to encourage people to stop simply discarding their litter, it continues to be a problem across Kuwait. Only a few weeks ago I was waiting for traffic signals to turn red, and was horrifed when the driver of the car in front of me opened his door and empied the contents of his litter bin on to the street. He was a young guy driving a flash new Camaro, yet he so clearly displayed the behaviour that’s expected of what Americans would call “Trailer Trash”. Nobody these days can claim to be uneducated; to not know the damage they cause to the environment by throwing their litter anywhere except in the correct rubbish container. For goodness sake, how difficult is it to find a bin, or to take your rubbish home with you and deposit it in the correct
place? We hear of regular beach cleans, in which groups of volunteers descend on one of the beaches and spend several hours clearing up after other, thoughtless folk have left their mess behind....but these charitable projects should not be necessary in civilised society. Okay, I’ve had three good rants and am feeling less stressed already, so shall finish with just a short rabbit and, hopefully, just a little good advice...
Good Pain vs. Bad Pain I have never really been what could be called “sporty”, although I used to play squash a few times each week in my teens and twenties, and visited the gym three times weekly when I was approaching my forties. But as the years passed, my food intake increased whilst exercise diminished, and the resultant effect has led me to feel like I should have taken better care of my physical condition. I tried recently to play a game of squash but was quickly exhausted – out of breath and in some discomfort. I wanted to play again, but have to concede that the risk of heart attack and entry to an early grave is
too great for me to contemplate. When it comes to exercise, pain can be a good thing or a bad thing. It's crucial that you know the difference. When you work out and truly challenge your muscles, you'll experience the good kind of pain. You probably recognize this as "feeling the burn" as you finish the last few reps of an exercise. This sensation means you're creating enough resistance to transform your lean muscle tissue. You may feel a bit sore after a challenging workout, but this is perfectly fine. On the other hand, bad pain happens when an injury occurs during the exercise or when you aggravate a pre-existing injury. If this is the pain you feel, you should stop immediately. Ignoring it and continuing to exercise or "pushing through the pain" will only cause more damage. Most importantly, of course, if you have a pre-existing injury or health condition, I recommend seeing your family doctor before starting any exercise program. Stay healthy and safe, my friends.
RANT
November, 2014
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كلمة ستغير حياتك " في كتاب من الكتب ،في صفحة من الصفحات في سطر من االسطر هناك كلمة ستغير مجرى حياتك" روبن شارما في المقولة السابقة حكمة بالغة األهمية لو فهمناها لفهمنا الحياة أكثر ،وال تنطبق المقولة على قراءة الكتب فقط ،أعلم أن األمة العربية واإلسالمية مازالت تعاني من نقص القراءة ،ولكنها تنطبق على كل ما يجري في الحياة .أحيانًا تعتريك أيام عصيبة في حياتك، قد تخسر فيها صداقاتك ،أهلك ،عملك ،صحتك وقد تشعر أنك شخص فاشل بال قيمة في هذه الحياة ،وأعلك كذلك أن بعض من يقرأ مقالي اآلن تعرض لصدمة في حياته ،أو قد يكون حزينًا أو حتى أن دموعه بدأت تذرف ربما مرت في باله ذكرى مؤلمة ،لكني على يقين أيضًا أن هناك قارئ آخر مبتسم وآخر حقق نجاحًا وربما أحدهم اآلن ُي ّ بشر بترقية في عمله .هذه هي الحياة ال حزن يدوم وال فرح يدوم، فحياتنا كمخطط دقات القلب يصعد تارة ويهبط تارة .ليس خطأ أو عيب أن تشعر بالحزن وتقول بأنك شخص إيجابي لذلك ال يمكن أن تحزن ،بل من الوعي وحسن التعامل مع الذات أن تشعر بما تشعره ،ان شعرت بمشاعر سلبية كحزن أو خوف أو غيره اسمح لنفسك أن تعيشها ولكن ال تسمح لها ان تطول ،تحكم أنت فيها .ففي بعض االحيان تدلك اللحظات الحزينة لرسالة معينة عليك أن تنتبه لها وتفهما وتفسير األحداث يعتمد عليك ال على شخص آخر ،وربما تكون هي مرحلة انتقالية جديدة لك ستكتشف بعدها أمور جديدة أو قد تتغير شخصيتك وتتطور لألفضل ،فاسعى لفهمها. تذكر أن كل أمور حياتك واألحداث واألشخاص تحمل لك رسالة ،افهمها وابحث عن األفضل لحياة جديدة.
Nour AlZaabi
Nour holds a Master in Business Administration and a Bachelor in Marketing and is a Member at The Kuwait Economic Society and British Council Entrepreneur Network in Kuwait. Stay tuned for her articles and features in the CityPages magazine.
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Self Care for the
MODERN MAN
Many men find the topic of self-care either elusive or self-indulgent or both. The truth of the matter is that selfcare impacts your very world as man, father, spouse and employee. The better you are at taking care of yourself, the better you are at everything else; a better spouse, friend, father and employee. Despite common belief, self-care is not only for women; men need to practice the same art too. By implementing the correct methods for yourself you will find that your life all of a sudden becomes less stressful, your problems manageable and your relationships more meaningful and rewarding. Caring for yourself as a man provides with a higher level of mental and physical wellbeing; allowing you to feel more satisfied with the life you have and the people in it.
Self-Care Tips: 1.Diet and exercise. You have heard it countless times before to the point that you start to tune out any talk around diet or exercise; yet exercising regularly and eating a healthy, well balanced diet are the first steps in your self-care regiment. The impact that exercise and diet have on both your physical and mental health is tremendous and cannot be exaggerated enough. 2.Create a support network. Your friends are essential to your wellbeing; create a network of friends who you meet regularly and whose company you enjoy. Your friends are the family you choose for your self so work hard on building these relationships and stay connected to them. 3.Unplug. Take a break from work and technology and unplug every once in a while and allow your brain to rest from constantly being on. 4.Meditate. Develop a practice that exercise your mind and soul; it could be mediation, prayer, yoga or any other mean of working on your spirituality. 5.Accept yourself. Accept that you are not perfect and don't strive for perfection; the Zahra Taqi Zahra is a Certified Professional Coach and the President of Milestones Coaching. She would love to hear back from you. So please feel free to drop her a line on her email: [email protected] or find her on FB: http://www.facebook. com/MilestonesCoaching or twitter: @ MilestonesCoach
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beauty of life is in its imperfections and your life is no different. It is all right to make mistakes, to falter and fail; what is important is your will to get back up again and to keep on trying. While we are on the subject of acceptance let me throw this at you too: 6.Learn to say “No!”. You don't need to cater to everyone; it is completely normal to decline a few things every once in a while. 7.Write your own “Personal Mission Statement”. What do you want to accomplish in life? Where do you want to go? What do you aspire to? Answer these questions to write your own personal statement. When you clearly outline your direction in life, you become more mindful of your daily decisions and what you are choosing to spend your time on. Your personal statement is all about creating a vision for yourself as an individual, a spouse and father. 8.Spend time doing something you enjoy. Pursue your hobbies and interests; take advantage of the beautiful weather and do something outdoors. 9.Get out of your comfort zone. Push your self to do something that scares you, take a risk in your career, do something completely out of the ordinary. The end of your comfort zone is the beginning of your learning zone
so go ahead and push that envelope to that point of exhilaration. 10.Invest in You. Your relationship with yourself is the most important relationship you will ever have. If this relationship works, if you love your self and enjoy being with yourself; that will reflect positively on all aspects of your life and well being. You will love better, work better and enjoy your life so much better. All of these steps are designed to help you create meaning and add purpose to your life. It is undoubtedly hard to implement all of them at once; or it might seem like too much work. Take it one step at a time, one task at a time; the key is to being consistent in your effort. Try to come up with a plan on how you will incorporate these steps in your daily life. Plan your life, don’t allow life plan it self for you.
“It is only when you have mastered the art of loving yourself that you can truly love others. It’s only when you have opened your own heart that you can touch the hearts of others. When you feel centered and alive, you are in much better position to be a better person.” ~Robin Sharma
Upgroom Yourself
Tel.: +965 2232 2336 Dar Al Awadi Ahmed Al Jaber St. Sharq
ﺻﺎﻟﻮن- ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮات رﺟﺎﻟﻴﺔ
RUMOURS
AND WARS John McArthur
Since early man began acquiring possessions, there has grown up with him the oldest technology in the world, the art of war. That to which he laid claim, whether livestock, wives or farmland, had therefore to be defended. Before he learned to make bread that rose, he made weapons to slaughter his rivals, plunder their goods and defend himself against invasion and conquest. Alexander the Great of Macedonia was considered to be one of the greatest military commanders of all time. Almost two thousand three hundred years ago, during 30
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a ten-year campaign, he had created one of the largest empires the ancient world had ever seen, stretching from the Adriatic in the west to the Indus river in ancient India. Still only thirty years old, he sought to reach "the ends of the world and the Great Outer Sea" and wept because there were no more worlds to conquer. Twenty cities bore his name, most notably, Alexandria in Egypt. His efforts resulted in a cultural diffusion - the spread of ideas, customs, religions, technology and language; remnants of his Hellenistic civilisation still remaining in the traditions of the Byzantine Empire, eighteen hundred years later. In the years following his death, his empire
was torn apart by feuding generals, his being one of the first of many whose fall was as ignominious as their rise was meteoric. Even Alexander's empire-building aspirations were dwarfed by the master politician of the twelfth century, Tem端jin, later Genghis Khan, the godfather of Mongolia. When Moscow was little more than a village, all there was between eastern Europe and the Chinese were great, barren tracts of land sparsely inhabited by fierce nomadic and tribal peoples. No political alliances between neighbours existed except by virtue of arranged marriages which provided at best a temporary and often fragile peace between warring
factions. Rivalry, thievery, raids, corruption and continual acts of revenge carried out by loosely knit confederacies were Tem端jin's inheritance where life on the howling steppe could be and frequently was, "nasty, brutish and short.". To make matters worse, there were enemies without as well as within and constant interference from Chinese dynastic powers threatened whatever small peace there might have been. His mother, it is alleged, taught him the need for alliances and as he slowly tightened his grip on power, he set in place mechanisms to cement progress already made and facilitate further conquest. Authority was delegated, against all tradition, by merit and loyalty rather than family ties. Language was standardised, in much the same way as Atat端rk did when founding modern Turkey. His insistence on absolute obedience to a rule of law was legendary, justification for which was a policy of inclusion. He promised civilians and soldiers plunder from future spoils of war and as rival tribes fell one by one he took them under his protection and integrated its members into his own tribe. He would even have his mother adopt orphans from the conquered tribe, bringing them into his family. Of course this made him stronger with each victory until his empire at its height was the largest the world had ever seen, extending from China to the eastern fringes of modern Europe. The turn of the nineteenth century brought the relatively poor but welleducated Corsican, Napoleon Bonaparte to the attention of the world, or, at least, the European theatre of war. In the wake of a bloody proletarian revolution his promotion to one high office after another gave scope for his military genius. His early years were marked by expansionist aspirations with brilliant tactical victories and as First Consul then Emperor, his warmongering in the first decade of that century secured the position of the French against shifting and treacherous alliances. He introduced conscription, and such was the loyalty he commanded that battalions of men walked calmly to their deaths often in gigantic pincer movements that resulted in catastrophic losses on the battlefield, to the sound of fife and drum. It is hard for us, so very used as we have become to live reporting, to imagine that conflicts like these were almost local, impacting participants, innocent victims and almost nobody else. Jane Austen's novels, written at the height of the wars
with the French, made no mention of them, despite the fact that she had brothers serving in the Royal Navy. There were no newspapers which reported fact and opinion, instead the papers contented themselves with reprinting official bulletins, embellished with fictional rumour from outdated continental sources which provided dinner-party chatter and little else. Before the turn of the nineteenth century, few private soldiers wrote home, the simple reason being that very few could write. We might speculate, probably accurately, that having taken the King's Shilling and gone off to fight, a private soldier might well be all but forgotten by his friends and family. The educated officer class did write, but in the remaining archive of such correspondence, little mention seemed to be made of the battles and their part in them; most wrote with importunate requests for money. The British, typically, might celebrate a famous victory such as Trafalgar or Waterloo with a clamour of village church bells, an ox-roast, pageants and parades, fake cannon and jingiostic music. Thereafter, the war would be forgotten until the casualty lists were posted and the wounded hobbled home, to be a burden on the parish. This November, as we have done since 1919, all over the world, we commemorate the end of the so-called "war to end all wars". The crisis which began it came after a long and difficult series of diplomatic clashes among the so-called Great Powers over European and colonial issues in the decade before 1914 that had left tensions high. Austria-Hungary competed with both Serbs and Russians for territory and influence in the Balkan region and they pulled the rest of the Great Powers into the conflict through various alliances and treaties, the participants having spent the previous decade arming themselves to the teeth. Even a very cursory study of the reasons for war enmeshes the student in a web of political intrigue, a catalogue of ineptitude and the inescapable fact that powerful nations wanted to hold on to their ill-gotten colonial property in Africa, the Far East and elsewhere concealed behind a paper-thin veneer of commercial transaction. Much as one side or another would love to point a unilateral finger of blame at the other, the truth is - as always - the first casualty of war, drowned in mendacity and walled up behind silent politics of expediency. The result was the most catastrophic conflict the world had ever seen. When the guns fell silent four years later and the flower of
European manhood had been cut down, the aftermath witnessed political, cultural, and social upheaval across Europe, Asia, Africa, and even in areas outside those that were directly involved. Four empires collapsed, old countries were abolished, new ones were created, boundaries were redrawn, international organisations established, and many new ideologies took a firm hold in people's minds. And, once again its solemn peace treaties paved the way for a newer and more rapacious monster to rear its head twenty years later. If there is a thread running like a shameful scarlet ribbon through mankind's seemingly unslakable thirst for the blood of his enemies, it must be this. From the first moment we declared ourselves owners of something, whether land, material wealth or property, somebody else has wanted to take it from us and we have had to learn to fight to keep it. Riches are gained at someone else's expense and kept by making sure that others are disempowered so they do not represent a threat. In the modern world, where colonial activity is considered undemocratic, one might imagine that conquest as causus belli could be relegated to the dustier and more shameful pages of history. And yet, we persist, more so than ever before, it would seem. Modern warfare, adjudicated by the UN, takes the peacekeeping initiative and conflict and land-grabbing on an historical scale is simply not tolerated in the modern world as Saddam Hussein found out to his cost. Instead, people find something else to fight about. They fight over ideas and belief systems instead where the need is less for boots on the ground and more for drones in the air. Our media overwhelm us with footage from any one of a dozen theatres. We can cherry-pick a smorgasbord of slaughter from Nigeria to Syria, to Libya and Iraq and watch it live. We, the bystanders, both appalled at the consequences and relieved not to be part of them, align ourselves, or not, with protagonists on either side, either because we support the ideas they seek to spread or resent their attempts to spread them. How little, I wonder, have we actually learned in the last hundred years, since the time when war as a glorious fight for liberty can now so much more easily be seen as a desperate and feral struggle for survival, mostly by people who, if given a choice, would never have wanted to go to war in the first place.
November, 2014
WELCOME TO A
RUBBISH HOUSE Paul Turnbridge
to create a collaborative eco-build project in the grounds of Brighton University's Faculty of Arts. Taking inspiration from a project he had previously worked on with TV designer and presenter Kevin McCloud, plans were drawn up to build the country's first ever live-able waste house made almost entirely from recycled and unwanted products and materials. To the untrained eye the house looks pretty ordinary, but its components are anything but. They include 19,800 old toothbrushes, two tonnes of denim jeans, 4,000 video cassettes and 2,000 used carpet tiles. In total, more than 85% of the materials used in the construction of this building were items that would usually be considered as rubbish! The aim of the pioneering project was to show how low carbon homes could be built cheaply and quickly using waste including surplus material from building sites (the construction industry discards 20% of everything it uses, the equivalent of scrapping one in five houses built). A team of 253 students and apprentices led by architects BBM spent three months designing, and another twelve building the house, with work completed in April this year. Waste disposal: more than 85% of the materials used to construct the building at the University of Brighton's Grand Parade campus was rubbish
Earlier this year, when I was conducting some research for an article I was writing about the three Rs (Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle) for the CityPages June issue, I came across a project which had taken the three Rs to an extreme. At the time I had felt that it was too large a project to mention in an article which, in essence, was written as an attempt to generate a 32
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With the added support from Brighton and Hove Local Authority, local school children, apprentice schemes and small businesses were all heavily involved in the construction, which made it a positive community project.
greaer understanding of how even the smallest of initiatives could have an effect on our environment, but I also felt that it was worthy of its own feature. So, welcome to the Rubbish House - a permanent building built almost entirely of rubbish by students at Brighton University in England, which opened its doors to the public in June 2014.
The house provided hands-on educational resources to develop skills such as bricklaying, carpentry, electrical, plumbing and decorating works, and created a oncein-a-lifetime opportunity for apprentices to be at the forefront of sustainable development, creating a legacy for future generations.
It was back in 2012 that Brighton lecturer and architect Duncan Baker-Brown had an idea
So what is this unique second-hand home made from? The frame and floors are
Waste not want not: The Waste House exterior is tiled with impressive looking used carpet tiles
recycled wood, 4,000 VHS video tapes work as wall installation, while 500 bicycle tyre inner tubes work well as window seals and soundproofing. Although the house is primarily made from recycling, some new materials have also been installed, such as high performance tripleglazed windows and high-performance skylights, further extending the project’s commitment to low-carbon and environmentally friendly initiatives whilst also allowing the house to double as a showcase for new technologies. The building has its own street entrance, putting the house at the heart of the Brighton and Hove community, as it will serve as an exhibition space and design studio and will be available to schools,
Fine brush work: school children with some of the used toothbrushes used to fill wall cavities. Many of the brushes have only been used once by business and first class passengers flying from Gatwick
Coffee break: the kitchen worktops are made from coffee grinds and coffee cups. Walls are clad with thrown away date-sensitive exhibition signs
colleges and community groups for green-themed events and workshops. Moving forwards, it will also continue to be used as a means for testing innovative construction materials and methods at the university. Final word should go to the architect and project initiator. “Reusing waste saves money for big and small businesses, and relieves pressures on our planet,” claims Duncan Baker-Brown. “There is no such thing as waste or surplus material, and reusing it saves the environment by reducing the need to mine so much raw material in the first place.” But with local recycling efforts in their infancy, and struggling, I somehow doubt we’ll ever see such rubbish real estate in Kuwait.
'Rubbish is just stuff in the wrong place': the staircase is made of compressed waste paper, which is harder than paving stone
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MEN
WHY DO THEY CHEAT?? I, and even though I’m not a man, truly understand why men can easily fall for other women than their wives. I, and even though I’m not a man, totally comprehend the fact that men might not be built for a battle in which they have to fight temptation. I, and even though I’m not a man, believe that a man should never be forced to spend his life with a woman that he is unhappy with. I, and even IF I were a man, would Never Ever cognize WHY DO MEN CHEAT!!! Men are double the human beings women are. How? Human beings are weak and vulnerable creatures, God made us this way. God also doubled this feature for men. If a woman can fight temptation with a 50%, a man just finds it twice as hard to fight the very same temptation. That’s a fact and we need to give them the credit for it. It is not entirely in their hands. So we do stand on a firm ground where men can’t be blamed because they are “weak” – Be careful ladies, they can admit they are weak when they need to get out of a difficulty they see worthy of this very last card, but you are never allowed to utter it no matter what. Women tend not to believe that a man can’t help looking at other women if there is enough to provoke him. They choose not to give men the privilege to have a hanger that can handle all their faults and wrong doings. Sherihan A. Hassabo Sherihan A. Hassabo is a passionate writer who started expressing her opinion about controversial subjects when she was 14. When she is not directing events, she likes to investigate the interesting relationships' controversy in our Eastern society. Every month, and from real life experience; Sherihan will share a story, an idea, opinion, or a simple advice for men and women to live happily ever after.
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Although, we simply should let every man possess one of those hangers! He goes out with you, looks the other way on a pretty woman and plead not-guilty if you catch him because he only did it because YOU don’t take care of yourself. He flirts with a single woman who throws any flirting invitation-bone on his way and again pleads not-guilty because the only reason he does this is that you never notice him anymore; you demasculinate him and you take him for granted. Well, well, well.. So we understand that you are: lUncontrollably weak with no button that helps you resist temptations – Check lA Suppressed creature who lives with a hideous monster that tortures you for fun – Check lSimply, a non-blamable person who has a way of turning all his faults into dilemmas and jump from being the victimizer to being the victim in a split second – Check lAll this and more can be checked, we can push ourselves enough to understand those things, we know we are (or at least some of us) to blame in some of those situations. How many women has gone from a super model’s face to a “I don’t care” one after marriage convinced that where else would he go now “he is MINE” and that there is no need to worry about it anymore. We admit it, It happens. So you are a man, and you are unhappy; why is that = cheating? The equation should be as simple as Man + Unhappy = tell her and go your separate ways Why is the urge to lie and cheat?? You don’t like
her, she is no good for you, she makes you feel less of a man, takes you for granted, doesn’t take care of herself, forgets that you are a weak creature that can’t fight temptations….etc TELL HER LEAVE HER MARRY ANOTHER (who fits perfectly for your criteria) Instead, you keep her in the dark and you cheat (P.S. in our dictionary, having a second wife is cheating if we don’t know about it!). Why would you want to keep such a woman in your life? This is the question I am asking this month. Why Why Why? I can’t think of one good reason. If it is the fear of her reaction, then I am telling you that you should never be with a woman of whom YOU are frightened. If it is the idea of not letting go until the other woman proves herself to be better, then you are pure evil and 100% selfish. If it is that you don’t want to hurt her feelings, then you don’t know a thing about women because when she finds out (and she will), you will kill rather than hurt her. What is it? WHAT IS IT? All that being said, here is the harsh part guys. A MAN can fall in and out of love a million times. I, as a woman, willingly understand that about men. A REAL MAN would never cheat on one woman and be with another. He would let her know what is going on. He would never lie. I, as a woman, have the right to possess such perspective about real men. I would really love to hear your take on this relationship eternal problem on sh.hassabo@ gmail.com
November, 2014
Dr. Kazem Behbehani Leading a legendary center:
Dasman Diabetes Institute
You have held many important positions around the world, including Assistant Director General at the World Health Organization (WHO). What motivated you to take this position at Dasman and actively retain it?
It is true I have had many positions around the world and the last position I held was as Assistant Director General in Genève at the World Health Organization. When I was offered the position of Director General at Dasman Diabetes Institute I took it as a chance to be able to return and to be able to help my country. I saw great potential in Dasman and knew that it would be a place that has the potential save people and the country a lot of burden in the future.
Please share with us a brief history of Dasman and some of the important milestones of the institute.
In pursuance to the wishes of His Highness Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmed Al-Jaber Al-Sabah the Late Amir of the State of Kuwait (may he rest in peace) to present his people with a timeless gift that would ensure their health for generations to come; the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KFAS) performed a survey of the top diseases in Kuwait in order to establish a specialized research and treatment center for the leading disease. As Diabetes was found to be the fastest growing disease in Kuwait, KFAS financed the 36
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establishment of Dasman Diabetes Institute. The corner stone was laid on 8th May 2001 and the Institute was officially inaugurated on 6th June 2006 by His Highness Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmed Al- Jaber Al-Sabah the current Amir of the State of Kuwait. Since I joined Dasman in 2009 I have had the privilege to watch it become one of the most respected institutes in the Middle East and has received official recognition which was declared by the Executive Board of the Health Ministers’ Council for Cooperation Council States, as a Center of Excellence and Reference for diabetes mellitus in the GCC countries. In addition Dasman reached significant achievements of accreditation with Accreditation Canada International.
Diabetes is a global epidemic. Dasman is addressing the problem from many different angles. Can you explain briefly what are the different measures taken and in your view, what is currently the most important measure?
Dasman has approached dealing with diabetes in Kuwait through several approaches including research and education, patient empowerment, clinical services, health promotion as well as outreach and in-house programs. Supporting a citizen-centered health approach and creating
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a knowledge-based economy led by skilled professionals that can be accessed and utilized by the public and that is up to international standards is the most important factor in the fight against diabetes.
The incidence and prevalence of diabetes is also very high among kids due to unhealthy lifestyles. How does Dasman address these issues?
Kuwait has developed very rapidly from a developing country with a largely nomadic population, to a modern and wealthy country with a Western lifestyle. This economic progress has brought undoubted social benefits and opportunities for Kuwaiti citizens; however, rapid modernization and urbanization have contributed to a significant problem with chronic diseases, particularly obesity-related diabetes risk. At Dasman we have numerous programs dedicated to teaching children about diabetes, how it can be prevented, how they can incorporate physical activity into their lives, the importance of weight management and how to make healthy nutritional choices both at home and when eating out.
Dasman is doing pioneering work in the health sector. What is the mission of DDI?
At Dasman our mission is to prevent, control and mitigate the impact of diabetes and related conditions in Kuwait through effective programs of research, training, education, and health promotion and thereby improve quality of life in the population.
In this digital era, do you think IT can play role in improving the quality of diabetes care?
Two of the major determinants that have helped develop our understanding of diabetes are knowledge exchange and technology. Of course I believe that Information and Communication Technology (ICT) can make diabetes care more effective and convenient for both patients and healthcare providers and can play an extremely important role in the management of the condition. My Health Academy initiative was a driving force for the development and adoption of a World Health Assembly resolution on eHealth and of the WHO’s eHealth strategy, both of which were developed with my active involvement and under my leadership as Assistant Director-General at the WHO.
Please tell us about Dasman’s affiliations and collaborations:
Dasman is affiliated with renowned international bodies through partnerships and research collaborations, including Accreditation Canada International, Harvard Medical School affiliated with Joslin Diabetes Center, Forsythe Institute, World Health Organization, Oxford University, University College London, University of Cambridge and Dundee University. As well as local key players including the Kuwait 38
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Ministry of Information, Kuwait Ministry of Health, Kuwait Ministry of Education and Kuwait University.
What would you like to call attention to when it comes to diabetes?
We urge people to not only focus on ways to manage diabetes but to also focus on prevention and early detection of the condition. Changing our current lifestyle habits may be the main key to reducing the rates of diabetes or its complications in the future. Increasing physical activity, choosing healthy nutritious food choices and balancing mental well being are all
“We believe that our ability to work in cohesion with international and local bodies has been our greatest accomplishment. Being able to achieve international recognition has allowed us to create tight links with other world renowned institutes and organizations, and since Dasman has become the diabetes reference center for the entire GCC region it will in turn benefit all the countries involved.” factors that if left unchanged will lead to a continuation in both the obesity and diabetic epidemics.
What can be done to increase people’s awareness about the risk of diabetes?
We are highlighting the growing public health problem of diabetes and recommending preventive strategies for reducing the incidence of diabetes and its complications especially Type 2 diabetes which accounts for 90 per cent of all diabetes and is the most preventable. Though we may have no control over our age or family history, both of which are important risk factors for diabetes, we can change our health
behaviors. Even slight changes in diet and physical activity have been proven to provide long-term benefits for individuals, and the country. By promoting the importance of lifestyle changes and creating the environmental supports needed for these changes, we can promote health, save lives, and reduce the burden of diabetes in Kuwait. Empowering the general public to actively participate in their health is important in the development of health-knowledge-based society.
What are the latest developments in the treatment and care of diabetes?
New antidiabetic drugs that have been approved for use in diabetics in 2014 in the United States include Pramlintide (Symlin) which is currently the only agent in its class and can be used in both type 1 and type 2 diabetics, as well as Canagliflozin. Neither medication is available in Kuwait at this time.
Dasman is internationally known as a center of excellence and it is said that leaders play a very important role in steering the organization towards success. As the Director-General of this institute, what do you consider as your greatest accomplishment?
We believe that our ability to work in cohesion with international and local bodies has been our greatest accomplishment. Being able to achieve international recognition has allowed us to create tight links with other world renowned institutes and organizations, and since Dasman has become the diabetes reference center for the entire GCC region it will in turn benefit all the countries involved.
Key to Dasman’s success:
The key to a successful institute is the talent and effort of the employees who strive for excellence in fulfilling the institutes’ mission as well as the innovative methods which are used to battle any barriers that may arise. I would like to thank all of Dasman’s employees for their support and inputs in creating such a reputable institute.
What is your message to our readers?
Everyone in Kuwait needs to understand the seriousness of this disease because all of us are susceptible to diabetes and its resultant impact on health. The prevalence of diabetes is alarmingly high and is expected to increase over the next century. The individual, the family, and the community collectively must be responsible for their own health, the environment in which they live, and the attitudes and behavior of the inhabitants with regards to health.
Your message to us at CityPages magazine:
I would like to thank CityPages for their efforts and wish you success in all your future endeavors.
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Understanding Astigmatism
What is astigmatism? A simple question with many complicated answers!. Here is an easy guide to understanding astigmatism! Often mistaken for an eye disease, astigmatism is in fact a visual defect of the structure of the eye and the eye’s inner lens. It is a refractive error, like short-sightedness and far-sightedness. Simply, astigmatism is a problem with how the eye focuses light. It results in imperfect Erika Habig Erika Habig is an optometrist and contact lens specialist at International Optique. She studied at the Beuth University of Applied Sciences in Berlin, Germany and has a Bachelor of Science degree in Optometry and Dispensing Optics. For more information contact International Optique. Tel: 25714007 – 97234787, www.intoptic.com – [email protected], Instagram: @intoptique
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and blurred vision. Astigmatism is usually caused by an irregularly shaped cornea. The cornea of an astigmatic eye has “toric” form, comparable to that of a rugby ball, instead of being spherical like a tennis ball. This is called a corneal astigmatism and is the most common cause of astigmatism. Sometimes, the astigmatism can be related to the irregular geometry of the lens inside the eye. In this case we speak of a lenticular astigmatism. The combination of the two results in total astigmatism. The blurriness experienced by astigmatic patients is due to the way light enters the eye and how it is focused on the retina. In a non-astigmatic eye, with a symmetrically shaped cornea, the light converges at a single point on the retina, allowing a defined
and clear image. This phenomenon is not possible through an astigmatic eye. Instead, light reaches different points on the retina. The loss of contrast and sharpness of the image caused by astigmatism creates blurred and distorted vision. An uncorrected or poorly corrected astigmatism can cause eyestrain and headaches, especially after prolonged visual tasks, like reading. Squinting and rubbing of the eyes are other common symptoms. Astigmatism is detected by optometrists and eye care practitioners during routine eye exams. The strength of the astigmatism is determined using the same instruments and techniques as for checking shortsightedness and far-sightedness. As with other refractive errors, astigmatism can usually be corrected by eyeglasses and contact lenses.
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Your eyes blink ove 10-million times r each year!
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- Sharq
November, 2014 Optique
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Ebola Virus Disease an overview Ebola virus disease is a serious, usually fatal, disease for which there are no licensed treatments or vaccines. But for people living in countries outside Africa, it continues to be a very low threat. The recent outbreak of the Ebola virus mainly affects three countries in West Africa: Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone. Around 8,300 cases and more than 4,000 deaths have been reported across these countries by the World Health Organization. This is the largest known outbreak of Ebola. So far, Kuwait is free of the virus but Kuwait Health Ministry urged the citizenry not to travel to Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone due to rising numbers of people infected with Ebola virus there amidst fears of spreading to other African countries.
What are the symptoms?
A person infected with Ebola virus will typically develop a fever, headache, joint and muscle pain, a sore throat, and intense muscle weakness. These symptoms start suddenly, between two and 21 days after becoming infected, but usually after five to seven days.
How does Ebola spread among people?
People can become infected with the Ebola virus if they come into contact with the blood, body fluids or organs of an infected person. Most people are infected by giving care to other infected people, either by directly touching the victim's body or by cleaning up body fluids (stools, urine or vomit) that carry infectious blood.
How is Ebola virus disease treated?
There's currently no licensed treatment or vaccine for Ebola virus disease, although potential new vaccines and drug therapies are being developed and tested. Patients diagnosed with Ebola virus disease are placed in isolation in intensive care, where their blood oxygen levels and blood pressure are maintained at the right level and their body organs supported. Healthcare workers need to avoid contact with the bodily fluids of their infected patients by taking strict precautions. ZMapp is an experimental treatment that can be tried, although it has not yet been tested in humans for safety or effectiveness. The product is a combination of three different antibodies that bind to the protein of the Ebola virus.
How is it diagnosed?
It's difficult to know if a patient is infected with Ebola virus in the early stages as symptoms such as fever, headache and muscle pain are similar to those of many other diseases. But specialist infection clinicians will make expert judgments on what the most likely diagnosis is, based on the patient’s history. Why is the risk low for people in Kuwait? The likelihood of catching Ebola virus disease is considered very low unless you've travelled to a known infected area and had direct contact with a person with Ebola-like symptoms, or had contact with infected animal or contaminated objects.
Who is at risk, and how can we prevent its spread?
Not easily transmitted So far there has been no imported case of Ebola in Kuwait. While it is possible more people infected with Ebola could arrive in Kuwait on a plane, the virus is not as easily transmitted as a respiratory virus such as influenza.
Dr. Nazia Nausheen
Only infectious when symptoms start People infected with Ebola do not become infectious until they have developed symptoms, such as a fever. The
Anyone who cares for an infected person or handles their blood or fluid samples is at risk of becoming infected. Hospital workers, laboratory workers and family members are at greatest risk. Strict infection control procedures and wearing protective clothing minimizes this
Dr. Nazia Nausheen is a certified medical doctor. She also holds a Masters Degree in Business, Specializing in Sales and Marketing. Readers should look forward to her regular articles on women health and other general health related issues.
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risk. Simply washing hands with soap and water can destroy the virus.
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disease then progresses very rapidly. This means infectious people do not walk around spreading the disease for a long period. It typically takes five to seven days for symptoms to develop after infection, so there is time to identify people who may have been exposed, put them under surveillance and, if they show symptoms, quarantine them. Effective infection control procedures In past outbreaks, infection control measures have been very effective in containing Ebola within the immediate area. Kuwait has a robust public health system with the trained staff and facilities necessary to contain cases of Ebola.
Precautionary measures by Kuwait to confront Ebola virus
Ministry of Health has taken a number of precautionary and preventive measures to confront the spread of the deadly epidemic Ebola disease. The measures include monitoring the health conditions of people coming from virusinfected countries at air, sea and land border posts. The ministry has issued a circular on hygienic and disinfection measures and health education for those who could have close contact with infected cases and to medical staff in public and private hospitals detailing the symptoms of the disease and how to deal with and report the suspected cases. Ministry of Health is continuing contacts with the World Health Organization to follow up the latest developments of the disease and international medical organizations recommendations to confront it. The Ministry of the Interior has also stopped issuance of visas for workers coming from infected areas.
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Impacted canine teeth in Kuwait CAUSES AND MANAGEMENT The teeth are important part of our body and an integral component of our smile and personality. In humans, teeth start to appear in the mouth in childhood through adolescence in an organized and timed process. Normally, a person has a total number of four canine teeth, two in the upper jaw and two in the bottom jaw. They begin to appear in the mouth at approximately the age of 12 years. Failure of the eruption can cause a major problem to the individual, as these canines are positioned in the corner of the mouth and they support the lips, without them, the lips may drop and this will eventually compromise our facial appearance. Impacted canine is an international issue and is well-documented in the scientific literature in many countries around the globe. Here in Kuwait, a small study was conducted in one of the specialty dental centers in 2012 to assess whether this problem is present in the country and if so, to what magnitude. The preliminary results showed that, impacted canines occur in about 2-3% of the study group which fits very well with the percentage given in most of the international trials. There are several causes of this problem. Genetic predisposition is an established cause i.e. if one of the parents had an impacted canine, the offspring are at risk of having the same problem. Furthermore, other causes include; crowding of teeth and Dr. Saud A. Al-Anezi
Specialist Orthodontist Dar Al-Shifa Hospital, Kuwait Twitter/Instagram : @q8braces
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This picture demonstrates how impacted canines are treated through orthodontic appliances.
lack of space, a thick layer of dense gum that prevents the eruption of the canine and the presence of an extra tooth or a cyst (a lump) above the canine which leads to its failure to appear in the mouth. The diagnosis of such a problem takes place via a clinical examination in the dental office. After talking to the patient and taking the full medical/dental history, the doctor will determine the status of the impacted canines. In almost all the cases, it is fundamental to perform further tests to the patient including radiographs, photographs, molds of the teeth and CT Scans. The management of this problem is categorically divided into two lines of
treatment; Either to bring the impacted canine to its normal position in the mouth through orthodontic braces or to remove it and replace it with a dental implant. The decision to how each case is managed depends on several factors. For instance, the age of the person is a crucial factor, if the patient is young, then orthodontic alignment of the impacted canine is suitable and vice versa, the older the patient the lesser the chance of success. Moreover, the location of the tooth in the jaw, the higher the tooth’s position in the jaw, the harder to bring it to its normal location and likewise, the nearer the tooth to its position, the easier its treatment becomes.
November, 2014
CAR SEAT SAFETY FOR INFANTS
Sarah Paksima
Sarah Paksima is BirthKuwait Co-Founder and President Emeritus and a Doula, Childbirth Educator.
BirthKuwait is a non-profit organization operating as part of The Voluntary Health Association.For more information, visit their website: www.birthkuwait.com or Instagram: @birthkuwait
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your child’s armpits, not the abdomen or neck. Make sure the straps and harness lie flat against your child’s chest and over his or her hips with no slack.
5. Recline your car seat at the correct angle In the rear-facing positions, recline your car seat according to the manufacturers instructions, using any included angle indicators or adjusters. If your baby is slouching inside the car seat, place a rolled washcloth between the crotch strap and your baby, or tightly rolled blankets along the sides of your newborn. Don’t use any additional “products” unless they were designed and sold by the original manufacturer of your car seat.
6. Don’t switch to the forward facing car seat too soon
Kuwait has one of the highest traffic accidents and fatality rates in the world. In addition to driving safely, you can keep your new infant safe on the road by following the Mayo Clinic’s 7 tips for infant car seat safety.
1. Know your car seat’s history The safest car seat is a new car seat. If you choose to buy or acquire a used car seat, make sure the car seat: • Comes with instructions and a label showing the manufacture date and model number • Hasn’t been recalled • Isn’t expired or more than 6 years old • Has no visible damage or missing parts • Has never been in a moderate or severe car crash If you don’t know the car seat’s history, don’t use it.
2. Place your car seat in the correct spot in the car The best place for an infant car seat is the back center-seat. This position, rather than next to one of the doors, minimizes risk of injury during a crash. If you are placing more than one car seat in the back, be sure to activate the child lock on the doors. If you must place an infant car seat in the front row of a one-row car (like a truck) you must de-activate the air bags. If a car seat is placed in the front seat and the air bag inflates, it could hit the back of a rear-facing car seat, right where your child’s head is, and cause a serious or fatal injury.
3. Use your car seat during travel, not as a replacement crib A car seat is designed to protect your child during travel, not as a replacement for an infant crib. Studies show that infants who sleep for extended times in their car seat: • Receive less oxygen while sleeping: sitting up right in a car seat while sleeping can compress a newborn’s chest and lead to lower levels of oxygen, which can impair a child’s development. • Are more likely to develop a flat spot on the back of their head • Can worsen gastro esophageal reflux disease (GERD), a chronic digestive disease. • Are at higher risk of being injured by falling out of the car seat if not properly buckled in, or while sitting in a car seat that falls from an elevated surface, such as a table or couch. While it is absolutely essential to buckle your child into an infant car seat while traveling, don’t let your child sleep or relax in the car seat for extended amounts of time when you are outside of the car.
Infants should remain in a rear-facing car seat until the child reaches the age of 2 or weighs at least 16 kilograms (35 pounds), or the height limit set by the manufacturer of your infant car seat. If your child outgrows the infant rear-facing car seat but is still under the age of two or under 16 kilos, you can switch to a convertible car seat. This is a car seat that can still be placed rearfacing until your child is old enough or large enough, and then can be turned around and used in the forward facing position.
7. Don’t dress your child in bulky outerwear Infants that are dressed in bulky outwear may not be fully protected by the harness straps of an infant car seat. If it’s cold, dress your baby in close fitting clothing and hat first, then buckle the harness snugly and tuck a blanket around the outside of your baby for warmth. You can dress your baby in bulky outerwear once you have reached your destination and are ready to move into the outdoors. Protect and keep your baby safe by properly using an infant car seat at all times while traveling in a vehicle. Don’t bring your baby home from the hospital without one!
4. Install your car seat properly Be sure to thoroughly read and follow the manufacturers instructions and the section on car seats in your vehicle’s owners manual. • Make sure the seat is secure, with no more than 1-inch of movement from side to side or front to back when grasped at the bottom near the attachment points • Install your infant car seat rear facing • Place the harness or chest clip even with November, 2014
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Dr. Noora AlNouri End Violence Against Women (EVAW - Kuwait) project
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Why and how did the idea for End Violence Against Women (EVAW Kuwait) project come about?
Violence against women has existed worldwide since the dawn of time and it’s something we as doctors are exposed to very often especially in emergency departments. At the most we can comfort the victims, help them by writing a forensic medical report and hope for the best. At the worst, it would horrify our own moral values on life and we’d be at a loss as to how we can fix this. The idea for the campaign was inspired by a lone 17yr old girl. I was giving a lecture on mental health in one of the high schools under the “Taqabal” mental health campaign, and because I’m a psychiatrist, there’s usually a very long line of students with personal questions at the end of the lecture. One of those girls approached me hesitantly and asked me “What can a girl do if her father always beats her up?” I could see her eyes begin to well up with tears, and this is how the conversation went: “Do you have any brothers or anyone that can help you at home?” “No I’m the eldest” “What about your mother?” Tears started streaming down her face. “Your mother gets beaten up as well doesn’t she?” “Yes” “Don’t you have any uncles or family that can help you?” “I just have one uncle and he can’t really do anything” I was at a complete and utter loss. Here’s this poor teenage girl who gets abused everyday and I can’t help her because she can’t drive to the mental health center for help or counseling. Her mother can’t help her because she gets abused as well. There is no family support on the issue. The school counselor was absolutely amazing but not clinically trained to deal with these situations and the girl sat there crying with no solutions at all that we could use to help her. In the end, the best thing I could think of was to tell her this “Sweetie, tell your mother, that if it gets really bad, and she can’t handle it anymore, just to know that she can always go to the police and ask for help” And that’s when it occurred to me that most of these women are so entangled in their own despair and suffocated by our hushhush culture that it doesn’t even occur to them that they can and actually have all the right to seek protection from the law.
What are the main goals of the EVAW project? What are your hopes for what it will accomplish?
The main goals of the project are to break the taboo on talking about violence against women. To let them know that it’s NOT okay to be abused, and to educate them about existing laws that can help them as well as inform them about laws and resources that are lacking.
Please tell us about your team:
I am working on this project as a part of Kuwait Women Doctors or “6abebat”, which was founded last year by six Kuwaiti female doctors including myself to form a network 50
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that unites and strengthens ties between all Kuwaiti women doctors. In fact, if it weren’t for those ties and our connections to other female doctors then many parts of this project would have been impossible. We’re also collaborating with the Women’s Social and Cultural Society for their beautifully done project ‘Wracati’ which means “my paper” in Arabic. The project explains in detail all Kuwaiti laws that have anything to do with women, including a special section on violence against women. More about their project can be found on www.wracati.com. I advise everyone to check out their website as it is very informative. And a special thanks to the third party of our team; Kuwait Civil Alliance which has been the glue of the project from day one and without them this whole thing wouldn’t stick together. Kuwait Civil Alliance is an alliance of six civil societies: Human Line Organization, Kuwait Graduate Society, Kuwaiti Bedouns Congregation, Social Work Society of Kuwait, Youth Association of Kuwait and Musawah Group. I would just like to mention that none of this would have come to life if each and every person on this team hadn’t been absolutely dedicated to the cause. We all believe that women should be able to live a safe, happy and protected life and won’t stop fighting for that right till we achieve it.
What are your plans for the EVAW project?
We have a big project planned out in three phases: the first phase will commence on November 25th 2014 which is International End Violence Against Women Day. We’re holding a Walkathon event called “Stop Suffering in Silence” starting at Marina Crescent at 5.30 - 7.30 pm, online registration for the walkathon is available on the End Violence Against Women page on www.6abebat.com. We’ll have a booth at Marina Mall a couple of days before the event for onsite registration. Hope to see you there! During that week there will be a workshop for health care professionals on how to deal with victimized women in health care settings. And we hope to distribute the Wracati brochure of laws concerning violence against women in areas most accessible to battered women such as emergency departments. The second and third phases will be held in January and next November, we are planning an even bigger campaign then. The details still aren’t approved so I can’t really describe it in detail but there will be a public event in January regarding domestic violence.
How would your foundation reach out to the women population?
Actually my target population wouldn’t be the people participating in the walkathon. It’s the battered women, and they most likely won’t be the ones who are able to leave home and participate in public events. The idea is to rely heavily on the media generated from the walkathon to be able to reach this population. We’re involving a lot of TV, radio and newspapers as well as magazines, blogs and social media. Anyone who spreads the message even by word of mouth is helping hundreds of women who are suffering in silence in their homes.
Women are generally perceived to be oppressed members of society. Do you agree?
I don’t think women in Kuwait are oppressed. Oppression and domestic violence are two different things. Domestic violence can occur in the most liberal of homes; the problem with society is that it enables these actions by turning a blind eye to them.
How prevalent is violence against women in Kuwait?
There is only one study done in Kuwait by the WCSS on the Wracati project and it spanned almost 10 years and they found that there is at least 1 reported legal case of domestic violence in Kuwait. Imagine the number of unreported ones. This is a huge disaster because we know we have a serious problem but we can’t tell how extensive this problem is. What do you think are the origins of male violence against women? Is it rooted in a patriarchal society? Is it biological? Sociological? A desire for power and control? There are many factors involved in what ‘makes’ an abuser. Two of the most important ones is having a history of violent acts and coming from a home where domestic violence was prevalent. Mostly because humans learn how to deal with other humans by mirroring their guardians, this is the only real relationship they have to compare anything else with from a young age. The main theme in domestic violence is a theme of control. It usually begins with small things, taking her to and from places incessantly, picking her friends, keeping the car keys. In the beginning this could be misinterpreted as over-caring. A big life event could occur like marriage or the birth of a baby and that could be the trigger for a cycle of domestic abuse.
What do you mean by cycle?
In most cases of domestic violence, after the victim is abused, the perpetrator (in most cases) male will be apologetic and even sweet, full of promises that this will never happen again. He could minimize his behavior and tell the victim that she’s “making a big deal” or that he was “just joking”. A period of tension and apprehension usually follows where the couple may try to reconcile and pretend nothing happened. During this period the tension will continue growing and anything could trigger the violence again and a vicious cycle occurs where the violence becomes more frequent and escalates in intensity over time.
Does society also encourage women to be victims?
This is actually a dangerous misconception. In medical literature there is no “personality” of a victim. No one asks to be abused against their will or deserves it. After endless cycles of abuse women share many traits such numbness, dissociation, learned helplessness and general “dullness” which may come across as a shared ‘personality’.
What can we do as a society to discourage violence? There are those who say it's inevitable. Is it? Can we change? How do we change?
Human beings are very flexible in general.
I think we can do many things as a society to incorporate change. We can begin with ourselves; we can teach ourselves and our young to respect women of all ages. We can advocate for change, if we hear someone mentioning the topic we can educate them that it’s not acceptable and that there are laws to protect women. We can reach out to women we know and give them resources so they are better informed about what decisions they can make with their lives. We can start lobbying corporations to become more involved and to tackle these issues in the work place. We have to start lobbying policy makers to pass laws that protect women and children from abuse and to provide shelters and hotlines for victims. The list is absolutely endless.
Why aren't crimes against women taken as seriously? We have laws, yet they're not always diminish violence, Why is that?
Most cases of abuse are unreported. Even in developed countries where there are multiple resources and violence against women is a crime punishable by law, still most cases go unreported. Mostly because these acts of violence are being committed by someone known to the victim and they are fearful of the consequences that will bring. This is a serious issue that needs to be addressed by Kuwaiti law.
What are the legal rights of domestic abuse victims?
In Kuwaiti Law there is no law specific to domestic abuse; however the Penalty Law can be used to protect abused women. For example, Article 160 of the Penalty Law states that whoever so beats a person or physically hurts him is sentenced to a 2000KD fine or a 2 year prison sentence or both. However, you can see the loopholes that can be used in that argument, if there is no evidence of physical injury many people can get away with abuse. More information about the Kuwait Laws can be found through www.wracati.com website.
Is the EVAW project active on social media? Website?
We are currently operating the EVAW project under the @6abebat social media and on the #itsnotok and #EVAWq8 and on the www.6abebat.com website. More resources are available on the www.wracati. com website.
How can people support the EVAW project?
People can support us in many ways. Participate: Come to our events to learn more about violence against women. Raise awareness: Talk to your friends and family, spread the word using social media, use our hashtags #itsnotok #EVAWq8, educate yourself on the topic, educate others, have a zero tolerance attitude for this behavior at schools, workplaces and public places, teach children to respect women. Tell them that Its Not Okay to Abuse. Volunteer with us or send us your ideas and suggestions on how to help at [email protected]. November, 2014
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HOW NOT TO GAIN
WEIGHT IN WINTER
Winter can be a bleak time of year for dieters, and not just because of the holidays. The cold weather can interrupt your workout routine, make you more likely to reach for comfort foods like mac and cheese, and can even lead to overeating. A clinical depression may be brought on by winter's short days; and may also lead to overeating.
How to beat it? Here’s the plan: 1. High Water Content Foods Foods with high water content include soups (80 to 95 percent water), fruits and veggies (80 to 95 percent), and hot cereal
(85 percent). "Water adds weight and volume without adding calories. 2. Get Some Sun Sunlight can prevent dips in serotonin, a mood-boosting brain chemical that is also partly responsible for feelings of fullness. Even a heavy dose of artificial light, especially in the morning, may help suppress food cravings and the urge to overeat. 3. Increase Protein According to a recent University of Washington study. "A high-protein diet appears to fool the brain into thinking you've eaten more than you have. Stick with lean protein rather than high-fat, artery-clogging meat and dairy products. For breakfast, use low-fat milk instead of water in your oatmeal and sprinkle nuts on top. Or make a veggie omelette with one whole egg and two or three egg whites. Eat plenty of beans, fish, and skinless chicken breast. 4. Cut Down on Your Screen Time
Areen Al Refai
Clinical and Community Dietitian, Diet Care
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Turn off the TV and the computer and enjoy your meal without distractions. Making an
effort to be mindful, no matter what you’re eating, can help break the tendency to overeat—and help you feel more satisfied. 5. Indulge Your Cravings Studies suggest that feeling deprived, even if you are consuming plenty of calories, can trigger overeating. And making any food off-limits just increases its allure. So a small treat: it won’t break your diet! Two squares of dark chocolate or 1/2 cup of ice cream are both under 150 calories. 6. Get 8 Hours of Sleep Skimping on shut-eye can pack on the pounds, possibly by altering hunger hormones. Recent Harvard research shows that missing even an hour or two of sleep may make you more likely to give in to junk food the next day. Why? The prefrontal cortex—part of the brain responsible for self-control—is compromised by sleep loss. So much of our eating is not related to hunger. The more variety of foods available at a meal, the more likely you are to eat more food. The stress of a social setting and an environment with many food choices will tend to foster overeating. This winter, practice Mindfulness.
GELATIN THE NEXT SUPER FOOD?
This has been a topic I have been discussing with colleagues and clients at work a lot lately. I’ve been using gelatin a lot lately because I’ve read recently that the body starts to break down at the age of 21; so I thought I should start working on maintaining my bone strength while I can before its too late, although I’m a firm believer that it’s never too late. I’ve noticed that the ache that I’ve been having in my knees has subsided, as a result I’ve Maha AlRashed
Maha AlRashed is a CHEK Certified Exercise Coach and a regular contributor for CityPages magazine.
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decided to share the information with you this month. When thinking of gelatin, your mind goes straight to strawberry jello you buy in the store, just add hot water to it, stick it in the fridge and munch on it, or maybe you go to the other end of the spectrum and remember having it in hospital; either way, that isn’t the one I’m talking about. Gelatin is a flavorless substance derived from the processing of animal connective tissue and bones to extract collagen, which is a fibrous protein. Once it is extracted and powdered, gelatin dissolves in liquids and becomes more solid as it cools. What you may not know is that gelatin contains half of the essential amino acids needed for survival. Let’s take it back to the days when we used to hunt the animals for food; at that time our
ancestors tried to use as much of the animal as possible. The organs were eaten right away, and the bones were cooked down into a broth. So what is gelatin good for? There are several benefits for gelatin use, the first is that it is loaded with protein, it also helps in digests on it naturally binds to water and helps food move through the digestive tract easily. It is also used to help heal food allergies and intolerances to help heal “leaky gut”. It is great for bone and joint health, which helps prevent the weakness and degeneration of cartilage in joints because it has anti-inflammatory properties, is has shown to reduce the pain and inflammation of arthritis. Through my own trial I have found that I have benefited from the use of gelatin, and I want to make sure you guys benefit too!
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Menus Abu Halifa
WEARING YOUR ‘TACHE WITH PRIDE
WHY YOU LADS SHOULD LIVE AND LIFT FIT THIS MOVEMBER
In the spirit of the mighty Movember, I went off searching far and wide as to what aspires men worldwide in growing a (sometimes godawful looking) moustache and keeping said hairy facial creation for the entire 30 days in the 11th month of the year. In doing so I came across http:// us.movember.com and their vision: To have an everlasting impact on the face of men’s health. Pun intended of course. Movember; a play on the words “moustache” and “November,” is a month which pays homage to men worldwide and in raising awareness on the gender’s health related issues, most notably awareness on prostate cancer and testicular cancer and subsequently fundraising charities for such organizations. Here’s a couple of interesting facts for you lads: -The average life expectancy for men in the United States is 5 years less compared to women, averaging at 76.2 years while us women average at 81 years of age. -1 in 2 men will be diagnosed with cancer in their lifetime. -12.1% of men 18 years and older are in fair or poor health. These are the numbers representing the United States. I’d imagine our Ktown stats to be similar. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) ‘s Health Statistic Report of 2012: -The average life expectancy for men and women in Kuwait is 12 months apart, averaging at 78 years for men and 79 for women. What’s interesting to note is that as of 2014, the country with the highest life expectancy is Monaco at 89.57 years. That’s almost a 12 year difference to the life expectancy of men here and in Monaco. So for all you blokes out there, here are a couple of steps you can take to increase and improve your health and wellbeing.
1. Let’s Get Physical
Whether you’re in your 20s, 30s and so Reshmi Revi
on, you should get a physical check-up by your doctor every year. Your cars get a tune-up at the garage after completing certain miles, hence why shouldn’t you? Depending on where you are with your age, you should get add-on check-ups too. For example, if you’re in your 30s, I’d advocate you do an annual screening for testicular cancer including monthly selfexams. If you’re in your 50s, I’d recommend screening for colon cancer which involves getting a colonoscopy done. Seeing as we tend to love the sun come summer time, it doesn’t hurt too to screen for skin cancer (depending on risk factors so speak to your GP). As they say, early detection is one of the best ways to thwart whatever illness in its initial stages.
2. Tickets to the Gun Show
Exercise is one of the best preventatives against a whole host of cardiovascular illnesses so go on and hit the gym. Blowing off steam and managing your stress levels by exercising is great way to increase your wellbeing for unmanaged stress can lead to a vast array of health problems- both mental and physical which include depression and anxiety disorders as well as diabetes, obesity and heart disease. According to the Harvard Journal of Medicine, did you know that exercise is far more effective than taking oral-antidepressants? #foodforthought
3. Kick that Big Butt to the Curb Business Development Manager Multi Works General Trading & Contracting Co. L.L Hospitality Consultancy & Personal Training Division
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I’m talking cigarettes. If you think smoking is sexy, it really isn’t and really you’re putting your health at risk for a hobby that bears no positive benefits. In fact, smokers are 20
times more likely to develop lung cancer than their non-smoking counterparts. What’s depressing about this factoid is that not only does it double your risk of heart disease, smoking accounts for 90% of lung cancer death in males in the United States.
4. Be Your Own Sleeping Beauty
No one loves an insomniac Prince Charming. Depending on your age and lifestyle factors, you should be getting at least 6-8 hours of sleep a day. You need proper unbroken sleep and this activity plays a vital role in healthy brain and immune function, cell regeneration, metabolism and keeping you in a positive state of mind (no one who’s sleep deprived ever woke up happy, sa7?)
5. Eat to Refuel
Coming back to the car analogy, you’d never “feed” your car with crap fuel so why would you feed your body with crap food? Load up on your 5 serves a day of fresh fruit and veggies and cut down your serving of red meat to 2 serves a week (high consumption of red meat has been linked to colon cancers while having a high percentage of belly fat has been linked to illnesses like diabetes). You can get your protein sources from turkey, chicken and fresh fish. I understand Kuwait is known as the ‘City of Restaurants’ however it doesn’t mean you’ve to load up on take-out every day. Most of all, hydrate your body with water. You should treat your body like the sacred vessel that it is. After all, you only get one in this lifetime.
6. Keep a positive mind and smile! That pretty much sums it up no?
Nutrition Recovery for Athletes After a rigorous exercise session, your body may be lacking energy and nutrients it needs to recover. The term ‘Recovery’ simply means returning your body’s state back to the normal condition of health. This is usually a challenge for athletes who are participating for two or more sessions each day, training for prolonged periods or competing in an event that involves multiple activities. Attention to nutrition after training sessions or events has been shown to positively affect performance. Goals of post exercise nutrition 1.Refuelling the muscle and glycogen (carbohydrates) stores used during the training session 2.Supply protein to the body to assist with muscle repair and synthesis 3.Replacing the fluids and electrolytes lost in sweat Refuelling Glycogen Stores Carbohydrate intake is the main factor involved in muscle glycogen synthesis post exercise. Failure to adequately replace the glycogen stores that have been used up during the workout will compromise an athlete’s ability to train at a high intensity in later sessions. As a general guide, the carbohydrate intake goal is 1 - 1.2g/kg bodyweight per hour for the first four hours (e.g. 70 – 85g carbohydrate for a 70 kg athlete) as glycogen synthesis peaks during this period, followed by resuming normal carbohydrate intake depending on the athletes overall daily energy requirement. A lot of athletes find consuming such large amounts of Sanaa Abdul Hamid Sanaa holds Masters of Clinical Dietetics from University of Queensland, Australia and is a Clinical dietitian and a Certified Yoga Teacher. Sanaa is a also a blogger and very active on Instagram. Read more from Sanaa at: Blog: www. balancewithsanaa.com , Instagram: Sanaa_dietitian
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carbohydrates post exercise undesirable. A more realistic option is to co-ingest protein (0.2-0.4 g/kg) with a smaller amount of carbohydrate (0.8g/kg bodyweight). This option also provides the body with similar results. Protein for Muscle Repair High quality protein is extremely important for muscle repair and synthesis. Essential amino acid such as leucine during the recovery period is vital for promoting muscle synthesis and recovery. Protein intake of 20-30 gram helps maximize muscle protein synthesis during the first hour post exercise. Since meeting your protein and carbohydrate intake requirement post exercise is not always possible, using a rapidly digested whey derived protein supplement may be a practical option especially if one experiences a suppressed appetite, time constrains or other commitments . Regular intake of small serves of protein as part of your meals and snacks are equally useful for recovery and meeting your overall nutrition goals. Rehydration It is very common to finish a training session with some level of fluid deficit. If adequate rehydration strategies are not adopted to restore fluid balance, performance in subsequent training sessions can be negatively affected. It is advised to aim to consume 120 – 150% of the estimated fluid losses within 4 - 6 hours after training. In addition, electrolytes replacement especially sodium also need to be considered (lost while sweating). Fluid consumption alone will not guarantee rehydration and will only make you urinate frequently, defeating the purpose of rehydration. The addition of sodium along with the fluids helps to replace the lost electrolytes and assists in the retentions of the fluids consumed. The optimal amount of sodium is 50 – 80mmol. Sports drink alone do not meet this amount, therefore athletes are advised to combine their fluids with other everyday food that contain sodium. It is good to know that you do not always
need to spend big bucks on commercially available sports drinks. Research has shown milk to be effective hydrating drink post training. It not only has a similar electrolyte composition to sports drinks, it also provides us with the added benefit of carbohydrate and protein without breaking your budget. Common carbohydrate foods Food item
Carbs in gram
30 gram peanuts
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It is important to note that the above information should be used only as a guide and every athlete’s recovery plan should be tailored to meet their specific exercise routine and their personal goals. It is advisable to consult a practising sport dietitian for a tailored recovery plan. References: www.sportsdietitians.com.au www.ausport.gov.au
Kuwait's First International Rower Moayad Tareq Al Suwaidan is a 22 year-old Kuwaiti who graduated from Bentley University with a B.S. in Finance and currently pursuing his law degree at Suffolk University Law School in Boston, Massachusetts. While many Kuwaiti students abroad tend to take up common sports or extracurricular activities during their collegiate experience, Moayad rather went against the currents. He chose rowing as the sport that he would make his own and perhaps to some extent rowing chose him. It seems that he’s progressively breaking barriers and venturing into unknown murky waters where no Kuwaiti has endeavored before him. Just this last October, he became the first Kuwaiti and possibly the first Arab to participate in the 50th edition of the prestigious Head of the Charles Regatta, a rowing race held in October of each year on the Charles River, which separates Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts. It is the largest 2-day regatta in the world, with nearly 9,000 athletes rowing in over 1,900 boats in 61 events. It attracts roughly 300,000 spectators during regatta weekend. Abdullah Y. Shams Al-Deen 60
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Tell us a little about how you first came across this sport and the story behind what got you into it. The first time I came across rowing was when I was watching the 2012 London Olympics. I was watching it with my father and coincidently rowing was what they were airing at that time. I asked my father “What was the difference between us and them? How are they so much stronger?” and his reply was “There is no difference physically. They just WANT it more than you do and they are willing to work harder.” At that point I got up and started researching what would be the best sport I can choose to compete in at my age and my body build with no experience. Rowing happened to be it! So when exactly did Rowing become a serious part of your daily life? Why? When I first started rowing in August 2012, I was testing the waters (no-pun intended) trying to see if I actually liked the sport and not just choose it because I fit the category. I started taking it seriously after my first race in November 2012. It just sort of clicked with me during the race that this would one day be the sport I would excel in and the thrill of the race made all the training worthwhile. What is your training like? Were there any other Kuwaitis rowing with you? I train 1-2 times a day, depending on my academic schedule, every day of the week. We usually take one day off every two weeks. Right now there are no Kuwait’s rowing with me. Abdulaziz Al-Refai was training with me but went back to Kuwait in September after he had finished his studies. In Kuwait and the region in general, Rowing isn't that popular.. Do you think that can change? What needs to be done? I definitely think that can change! The problem right now is that where the training is happening in Kuwait is in somewhat open water. So it is very choppy and very hard for rowing boats to row through that kind of water. Rowing boats are very delicate and extremely sensitive to external factors such as wind, current and waves. So putting a new rower in a boat and asking him to row through that is almost impossible and the person will most likely not enjoy it at all. I think what Kuwait needs is a proper bay that is somehow closed so that these external factors are blocked and allows the rower to practice on clear flat water. I would also say that having a legitimate boathouse with the proper facilities and equipment and docks dedicated for rowing boats to launch out of will help greatly. Who do you look up to in the Rowing world and why? Who has supported you the most? Do you think there should be support from the Ministry of State for Youth Affairs or the Public Authority For
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Youth and Sports? In the rowing world I would without a doubt say I couldn’t have done this without my coach Ellis Evans-Brown. When I went to the club and told them that I never rowed in my life and wanted to make it to the Olympics, he was the only one that believed in me and was willing to put the time and effort to train me. He has been very patient and very understanding throughout the ups and downs of our training. I can’t go on without mentioning my parents; they have supported me without a blink emotionally and mentally and funded me from the start, I really could
“It makes every moment of practice and during the race worth the while when you know that all of your family, friends and the rest of the country is standing behind you and cheering. It was simply an incredible feeling.” not have even started without them. I believe the ministry has its reasons for funding certain sports more than others and that is understandable given rowing is not one of the most prominent or popular sports in our region. But I believe that the only way a sport will grow and for its athletes to medal is to invest in it and show the athletes that they are there for them in wins and losses, So in that sense I believe that they can do more in trying to promote the sport and supporting the rowers on the team. I must also thank the Ministry and the Kuwait Rowing Federation for funding me during my trips to Qatar for the Asian Indoor Rowing championships and for the Incheon 2014 Asian Games. Has it been difficult balancing your academics with the sport?
During my undergrad it was moderately difficult. Now that I have started Law School in Boston it has become increasingly more but for some goals you just have to find the time even if it means not going out with my family or friends on weekends and going to training instead. Share with us your most memorable moments within the many competitions in Boston you took part in. I can’t really pinpoint a most memorable moment but I can say it’s always during the last 250 meters of a race when I am winning the race. In rowing you row backwards so when you are in first place you see the other rowers in your race. It’s a thrill going into that last stretch and then finding the energy to push even harder and add space between you and 2nd place. You recently participated in the 2014 Asian Games in South Korea, tell us a little bit about that unique experience. It was such an honor and such an adventure to be and race there. I was honestly not prepared for the media coverage but I did not let that get to me. During practice in Boston, it’s usually just my coach and I and a fairly quiet river so seeing the cameras and the stands and the officials all together and ready to send us down the racecourse was amazing. Racing itself was great, even though I did not win, it was unforgettable to be able to row next to world-class athletes and be able to give them a hard time at winning. It was a tiring trip to be honest. I flew out of Boston and twenty hours later I arrived at the rowing village at 7pm South Korea timing and raced at 10am the next day. So my first race was not my best. I did not let that get to me, I pushed it aside and focused on Heat 2, which I did well in but again did not break personal best. Overall, I think my performance was not at my highest level but these are all lessons and experiences one needs for the future races and hopefully to win international medals! Prior to the Asian Games, what were some other notable competitions you participated in? How were they different than the Asian Games? I participated in the 2014 Asian indoor rowing championship that was held in Doha, Qatar. There I got a silver medal in the international quad 2000m relay races. I would say the main difference was that this was indoor on the ergometer and the Asian Games were actually on the water, which does make a huge difference given the external factors such as balance and technique that you have to have on the water.
How did representing your country at a grand stage as the Asian Games feel? It was such an honor being able to represent Kuwait. Everyone I knew and even those who I did not know were very supportive and having that kind of push going into the races was an exhilarating feeling. It makes every moment of practice and during the race worth the while when you know that all of your family, friends and the rest of the country is standing behind you and cheering. It was simply an incredible feeling. Participating in a competition such as the Asian Games is an achievement of its own, although you came out of the Asian
Games without a medal, does that motivate you to keep pushing and focus on the next competition. Of course! As my coach always tells me when I come out without a medal “It never get's any easier, you just go faster.” So it was very important to me that I use this experience as fuel to the fire during future training and prepare harder mentally and physically for what is to come. How far do you want to go with Rowing?
I haven’t given this question much thought. But I can definitely say I will be in the rowing community for as long as I can row down the racecourse and give the other competitors a hard time.. For now my actual goal is to reach the Olympics. After that only time will tell! Being an international student in Boston, how important is participating in sporting activities for new and existing Kuwaiti students abroad? It is very important! A lot of students come here with the main goal of studying (which is great!) but nothing else other than that. So you see Kuwaiti students not taking the opportunities they have here that they wouldn’t have back home to do or try something new. Of
course, there are some who do but I would say there are a greater number who don’t. These good opportunities that you choose or somehow stumble upon, sort of like how I did end up defining who you are and changing you for the better. A lot of students worry about being able to balance school, social life and the extra curricular activities. But I honestly believe that sporting activities make a person a better student because it forces you to organize your time and sets your priorities for you. They will definitely have time to go out and have fun so that shouldn’t be something that worries students.
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Upon returning to Kuwait after completing your academia, will you keep rowing? What does the future of rowing look like in Kuwait? Is there possibility of a “Rowing Revolution”? I will absolutely keep rowing once I come back after I’m done with my studies! The plan is to buy my own rowing boat before I go back and ship it to Kuwait for me to be able to train in the equipment I’m used to having. Also, I like to train whenever I want and due to safety reasons the federation must send a coach out with the athletes when they train on the water, which is perfectly understandable, but personally I like to train very early and sometimes very late depending on my day so having my own equipment will allow me to do so. Like I said before, there is so much potential for rowing to flourish in Kuwait IF the proper facilities, equipment and staff are available for the athletes. I believe that one day that can happen, hopefully I can be a part of making it happen, and rowing will become more than a sport you hear about from friends and something Kuwait can medal in and be proud to send its athletes to world class races. Well, we believe that you can make it happen. Thank you for giving us your time Moayad and know that CityPages is amongst your supporters! It was my pleasure, your effort and support
“I honestly believe that sporting
is much appreciated and it really makes me happy and hopeful when I see a magazine like CityPages devote its time to help the building and supporting a growing sport like rowing in Kuwait! It truly means a lot so THANK YOU.
activities make
It’s our pleasure! Anything else you would like to add…?
a person a better student because it forces you to organize your time and sets your priorities for you.”
I would really just like to thank my parents again because I can never thank them enough for being so supportive during my rowing career. My siblings, for being there for me and helping me pick myself back up when I would fall. My friends for pushing me when I felt there was nothing left in me to push, I’m sorry I’m am not listing names but I’m sure you all know who you are! For everyone who came out to watch one of my races in the states or around the world, your cheers kept me going. Thank you to the Kuwait Federation and the team for welcoming me in like a brother and including me as one of their own when I don’t train or see them very often. Finally, the two people I see everyday and are with me every step of the way, my rowing coach Ellis Evans-Brown and my strengthconditioning coach Colin Gerrit, you two have pushed me to the limit and to places where I never thought I could possibly reach and it has and will continue to be a pleasure to be able to call you my coaches!
Credits: Joel Ray
“I believe that one day that can happen, hopefully I can be a part of making it happen, and rowing will become more than a sport you hear about from friends and something Kuwait can medal in and be proud to send its athletes to world class races.”
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E-COMMERCE THE RAPIDLY GROWING BUSINESS TREND IN THE 21ST CENTURY
Nowadays where everything has become only a click away, e-commerce has grown rapidly to be one of the most significant trends in business world and a major investment for thousands if not millions of
people. Current e-commerce statistics state that 40% of worldwide internet users have bought products online via desktop, mobile, tablet or other online devices. This amount is projected to continuously grow. It’s unbelievable how simple this business starts but how great it grows in an extremely short time. Statistics have proved that among all GCC countries, around 43% of Internet users reported making an online purchase at least once a month and Therefore GCC e-commerce industry is estimated to grow to US $15 billion by 2015 up from $3.5 billion in 2010. Such huge numbers sheds the light on this flourishing business and raises some questions that this article will answer. What is e-commerce? It’s the buying – selling act of goods and data over the internet, it occurs on many levels.
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environment, companies sell their online goods to consumers who are the end users of their products or services, Live example is Apple.com
Business-to-Business (B2B) Companies sell their online goods to other companies without being engaged in sales to consumers
Consumer-to-Business (C2B) Consumers usually post their products or services online on which companies can post their bids. A consumer reviews the bids and selects the company that meets his price expectations.
Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) Consumers sell their online goods to other consumers. A well-known example is eBay Being an owner of an e-commerce business will put you in a challenge to exist in the market .one of the major challenges you will face is how to make sure that the delivery process is going smooth to your target audience. And vice versa if you are buying products online. A good trustworthy courier company will not only deliver your product but will also give your small business the image it deserves. Posta plus a Kuwaiti based courier company is such an example of a professional solution to all your delivery needs. Providing customers with multiple
delivery and courier solutions with a reasonable price and excellent service quality. Why do you need Posta plus? 1-Easing the delivery process to your target audience based on geographical segmentation. 2-Removing headache: It will deliver your product safely and on time to the right destination.
3-Better organization for delivery schedule: It will save your time and effort
coordinating delivery appointments for hundreds of not thousands of customers. 4-Systematic process: relying on a welldesigned accurate system that decreases error percentage and appointment clashes. 5-Cutting off cost: decreasing the need to pay for employees’ salaries, insurance and even vehicles.
6-Prolonging the delivery duration:
with the flexible delivery timings that Posta plus offer from 8 am till 9.30 pm.
Whether you are a business owner or one of those big fans of online shopping, Posta plus can make it much easier for you to get the job done For more information please visit our website www.postaplus.com or contact us on 1881881
15 INSPIRING
MEN IN KUWAIT 2014
This is a selection of inspirational men – men who have made a lasting contribution towards creating a better world. These men have inspired others not only by their various achievements but also their attitude and values. Not everyone who’s on top today got there with success after success. More often than not, those who history best remembers were faced with numerous obstacles that forced them to work harder and show more determination than others. We set out to find them across every field of endeavor, the men who are bending the ordinary, who are defying those who say ‘it is easier said than done’ and result is a determined, defiant, earnest, brilliant, and philanthropic list of men that form only the first chapter of many more, This does not aim to be a fully ‘comprehensive list’ but it provides a start. These are ordinary people that aim to be extraordinary.
Interviews conducted and written by: Ghadeer Kareemi Abdul Majeed Al-Shatti interviewed by: Kinda AlFaris Mohannad Al Mutawa interviewed by: Nazia Nausheen
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Abdul Majeed Al-Shatti Inspires us to follow our bliss AbdulMajeed Al-Shatti, Busammy as those who know him well affectionately refer to him as ‘Busammy’ is one of CityPages most inspiring men, and to be able to identify one reason would be difficult for he inspires many of us for a number of reasons depending on the day. I met Busammy in 1998 when we both worked together at the Commercial Bank of Kuwait, where he was Head of Private Banking and I, Acting Head of Marketing. I was in my very early twenties and was the youngest on the management team, and Busammy was my stable lifeline and mentor during that challenging time; for the first time in mylife, I was able to witness the most patience I had ever seen one man can exhibit. He was onto something, he knew a secret about how life worked and I took notice, and started to glean as many life lessons as I could while working there. Not surprisingly, I came to know that eventually he went on to become the Chairman of the Bank and all I could do was grin from ear to ear when hearing the news because I knew that eventually his wisdom and artfulness would eventually lead him there. Fast forward many years later, all I can say is that he has grown magically more unfazed, ‘Zen’ if you will. Busammy is like an all-knowing soul, and always has the most pervading perspective on things, including the most tragic of situations. However to refer to him as an old soul would also be quite erroneous, for he is the furthest from being old in any way, and probably puts those that are closest to him in a bit of a conundrum when they are asked to describe him, for the truth he is incredibly young at heart. Born in Kuwait, AbdulMajeed finished high school and went off to study in the United States of America at Syracuse University for his undergraduate degree in Industrial Engineering Operations Research then after a stint working for KOC and KISR he proceeded to Standford for his graduate degree in Engineering Economics Systems where he got to learn a lot about designing optimal systems whether economically or within public policy, and applies the theories daily to most things in life. He met his wife Golnar at Stanford, moved back to Kuwait and worked with KISR until he eventually moved on to the Compensation Authority as DGM of operations and on to KPC to establish the International Relations Department. That was when he decided to move to the private sector where he ended up as the Chairman of CBK for six years as well as the Kuwait Banking Association. He eventually decided to step away from the 9-5, but he always held each place he worked at in high regard. His firm yet friendly mentor style helped him develop a great handle on those he worked with, insisting “You take care of the people they take care of the institution”, and he is a strong believer in respecting the people one works with. He claims he’s “quasi-retired”, and states that in life one never retires” he is currently a member of the Supreme Petroleum Council and does a lot of consultancy work for International Organizations such as the UNDP and various international financial firms. However, nowadays Busammy is starting to become recognized as quite the talented photographer. He started taking the time to learn more about the art form which was always a hidden interest, unknowingly to us. However, his style is what is being raved about, being a style of street photography. He claims to be a beginner, however in a very short period of time he has been able to capture the beauty of life, something he is intent on doing. He looks at his pictures as “snapshots of time” which he finds as beautiful and has managed to capture moments that most people miss. His photos tell stories, and those are the essence of his photos. I asked why he prefers the Leica which he constantly flits between and although he has access to some high tech Nikons. The smaller Leica allows him to subtly capture the expressions that would otherwise be missed if not for this powerful yet compact camera that holds a permanent place draped around his neck even when the other cameras and zoom lenses are relegated to the back-pack. Although he may not like to admit it, Busammy has taken some prolific pictures of late, posting them to strong acclaim from his friends and contacts. As humble as he would like to remain on the subject, I see a few good exhibits in the making if only he would give me the time of day to organize one for him. Off I go to have a word about it with him, and should anyone want to follow his work he has a Facebook page that features all of his incredibly beautiful photography.
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Mubarak Al-Rumaidhi Passionate Drifter With a large community of auto sport enthusiasts in Kuwait, it is very difficult to source a suitable location to practice their passion of either racing or drifting so they often take it to the streets. Mubarak Al-Rumaidhi, a champion drifter, recognized the needs of this community and is out to make a difference by charting his own career path by educating and gently coercing the authorities and automotive clubs to initiate such sporting activities in the State of Kuwait. Mubarak’s passion for cars started at the young age of 7 driving his father's car, faced with family and community career expectations, forced into accepting his father’s advice of pursuing a college education, he focused on his studies and graduated with a finance degree which helped him kick off his career with a bank. But finance and number crunching wasn’t going to put that little fire burning within him to pursue his passion with cars. The moment he believed that he could turn his passion into a career, he bid adieu to his banking career, got out of his comfort zone and spent the next two years chasing his dream. His journey of success didn’t start where he intended, but in the neighboring country of Bahrain, where he successfully organized the first Drifting event at the Bahrain International Circuit. This helped him launch these kind of events here in Kuwait. He is now taking his work to the next level, through an initiative launching in January 2015. Mubarak aims to create a safe and secure environment for motorsports enthusiasts and drifters to practice. Not only is it generated for the motorsport community, but will also include raising awareness for the younger generation about respecting the laws and regulations on the streets, to make Kuwait’s roads safer. Utilizing his expertise as a drifting champion and starting a community of drifters in 2012, Mubarak is building a professional motor sports team to compete in Kuwait and abroad. He also aims at organizing auto sport events and awareness campaigns pushing for Kuwaitis to join this initiative to benefit by gaining skills and training in a secure and safe environment, teaching them how to be better drivers, not by being the fastest, but through control, discipline and determination, as well as learning more about the history of motor sports and building awareness. This team's talents can vary from drivers, mechanics, photographers, videographers and directors. Mubarak has faced many challenges to make his dream come true, from bureaucracy to negative reactions. His advice to anyone seeking to make their dream a reality is: “Every great accomplishment doesn’t happen over night, don’t give up on your passions and don’t lose hope, because you will never know how close you were to achieving it, if you give up a step too soon. The more you fail the more innovative you get with your ideas, on how to approach your goal”. Follow on Instagram @rumaidhi
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Talal Al-Muhanna Strategic Management Graduated from the USA (ASU – Arizona) with a bachelor’s degree in Computer Systems Engineering in 2005 and obtained his MBA from Kuwait University in 2012. Talal has 9 years worth of accumulated experience in the fields of IT, project management and strategic management. Since 2009, he started perusing his passion in SMEs and thus became a shareholder in Shiraa for Project Management. Doing his MBA added a great value to his personal knowledge base and aided in directing his perspective in life. Furthermore, starting different SMEs through Shiraa for Project Management molded his strategic thinking experience on top of his professional experience in the private sector in Kuwait. Now leading the strategies department at Shiraa for Project Management where they specialize in preparing feasibility studies; perform competitor analysis and KPIs reports. The growth of the company, Talal believes, came from team cooperation, long term planning, strong social networking and strong communication. While the key to their success is their commitment to meeting deadlines and financial promises, achieving financial and market growth and making good social networks. Inspired and supported by his mother to become the person he is today, a kind, passionate and hardworking individual. Conquering challenges is what motivates Talal; he explains: “Since my childhood, I have always wanted to become a person who people turn to for consultations in any serious matter in life and loved to be a problem solver and a facilitator”, he adds: “I’d like to be remembered as a wise person who solves critical and strategic problems and who can bring people together". Talal believes that the future doesn’t belong to to those who only believe in the beauty of their dreams, but there is also room for destiny, planning and hard work. “The secret of my success is planning, and implementing what I plan; basically talk the talk and walk the walk”.
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Neda Aldihany Establishing Grounds
Husband and father of three boys, received his bachelor’s degree in 2004 from the College of Social Science at Kuwait University. In 2011, he obtained his IMBA from IE Business School in Madrid, Spain. Although his childhood wasn’t his favorite period in life, he stresses that it was a recharging period for him. It was a time in his life that taught him one simple quote: “The best way to predict your future is to create it.” Spain, was life changing experience for Neda, while he was completing his MBA in Madrid, his circle included 350 students from 89 different countries. He found it amazing to get to know people from different cultures who spoke different languages. Career wise Neda acknowledges that working at Human Soft Holding Company from 2004 to 2008 really added a lot to his character and helped him in the way he does business. Currently, running a very dynamic business, he deals with a lot of different startups and entrepreneurs in Kuwait and from throughout the region. Helping them decide what should be their next step and how they can become big and sustainable. Recognizing that establishing or expanding a startup is not only a journey - it’s an adventure. “I usually compare it with skydiving… It starts with free falling and we all hope it ends with a safe landing.” Neda explains. The growth of the company for Neda comes from belief, leadership, dedication and a good team. Motivated by challenges and the words “you can’t.”, success for him is to be productive. He finds inspiration in every single person around him and believes in “Do good and good will do well to you”.
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Faisal Al-Nashmi Palate Evolution
Film and photography graduate, no one would have anticipated that Faisal AlNashmi would become a chef, however, having studied in Miami, united states, Faisal was introduced to a vast variety of cuisines with influences from Cuban to south American and Asian to Spanish. Faisal was fascinated by this colorful and vibrant culture, combined with an existent love for cooking; he knew this was his true calling. His identity as a chef doesn’t come down to just cooking, but also in the setting, platting, design, and the music that goes hand in hand in creating the ultimate dining experience. Faisal’s greatest asset in embarking upon this journey came from his family’s support, who encouraged him into fulfilling his ambitions to becoming a chef through believing in him and his vision. Perusing his culinary degree in Le Cordon Bleu, London, he built his foundation of French culinary techniques as a chef, mastering the fundamentals of French gastronomy to add to his infatuation for cooking. Faisal lives a life that evolves around food; he continues to expand his knowledge through books and video classes with a constant thirst to learn about thousands of different techniques and ingredients in hundreds of cultures and cuisines around the world. Faisal is a strong believer that as long as you have a strong base, you can succeed in anything from a taco truck, to a three Michelin star restaurant. Aspiring to expand the Kuwaiti palate, he mixes flavors from different cuisines in the items he’s introducing on his menu. He takes the road less travelled in terms of the dishes he cooks, steering away from the common trend foods. Recently opening his restaurant St.AlMakan, and at the young age of 24 years old, Faisal does not believe in luck, he believes in the courage to accept challenges, to hold on to your passions, and to take opportunities. “Do not complain about the circumstances that you can change, and more importantly, do not be afraid of change.” Follow on Instagram @st_almakan
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Shahzad Gidwani Hard Work
General manager of Behbehani Group, Retail Division, Shahzad sets a fine example of a man who built his career through hard work and persistence. Born and raised in Kuwait, Shahzad describes himself to be a family man, husband of a supporting wife and one son. His father came to Kuwait in 1960, to build his future and family within a secure environment.. Shahzad had a regular childhood, spending time in school, gatherings and sports. A turning point in Shahzad’s life was The Iraqi Invasion to Kuwait in 1990, where he realized that a human being can lose his value in a blink of an eye ( and you have one thing to count on) your credentials. During the Invasion, he realized how education is important, and his dream was to study abroad (USA in particular), so he pursued his dream by getting his bachelor and master’s degrees from The United States. Along with education, Shahzad found the support of his family, specially his wife, to be a key motivation to work harder and go further towards reaching his goals. Started his career in 1995 with Ericsson Kuwait, as an Assistant Manager, where he gained great experience and knowledge ( as they have invested in him and gave him room to grow. In 2000, was promoted to Key Account Manager and remained in the same post until 2008 when he joined Ooredoo (Wataniya) as a Corporate Sales Manager up to 2010 when he was nominated to be the Deputy GM of Behbehani Group (Retail Division). where he was introduced to the Luxury retail sphere and with the support he got from the President of the Group (Mr. Ali Morad Behbehani) he found that his Journey became smoother and more knowledgeable, In 2012 he got his promotion to General Manager, having a stable growth for the past two of years (almost growing 12 % to 15 %), as well as geographical spread as they opened several new stores and our brand profile has been increasing by representing new brands in Kuwait. Inspiration to Shahzad comes from Mr. Ali Morad Yousuf Behbehani, as he was inspired by him to take a task that he had no experience in, His words of wisdom were “if you manage people, the product will manage itself.”, Which gave Shahzad a new definition of success, for him, success is to manage teams, to a common goal.
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Mishari Bu Yabis Digital Politician
With one of the biggest number of twitter followers in Kuwait, reaching almost 405K, Mishari is the well known name in the twitter community due to his approach on political and social issues in the country. Mishari is a business administration graduate from Kuwait University, currently working in the Public Services Company as the head of the customer care department, where he handles many projects with the private sector. His passion for politics started at a very young age through the influence of his father, and continued on until this day. It was never his intention to become a social celebrity, as he doesn’t enjoy being recognized everywhere he goes, though he does admit that being recognized does have its perks, such as meeting people he would have never met before. His main interest is to make a difference in people’s lives by addressing the political issues that the country faces and to reach solutions to make the country a better place. One incident for example, was when a mother was diagnosed with cancer and needed to receive immediate treatment abroad. After tweeting about it, Mishari got a call from the Minister of Health and the mother was sent abroad to receive her treatment within a week. And it's those immediate responses from the officials, whether ministers or parliament members, to his tweets is that what motivates him to help more people and make even the smallest difference in people’s lives. Mishari’s advice to the younger generation is to start their own businesses and not rely on governmental jobs as there might come a time when those jobs will not be as secured as they are now, and to realize how lucky they are to live in a time where they can reach anywhere and get anything they desire.
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Jassim Jassim Outsourcing Promises Founder and managing director of Phoenix services, an outsourcing company targeting all business owners, from small entrepreneurs that need help with “operations, systems, customer service, sales, marketing & consultancy” to Medium entities that need to grow and improve with new services and strategies, and even Large entities that need to maintain and grow their customers with new added value services, with a vision to change the reasons of outsourcing from “let’s go cheaper and save money” to “let’s go for better quality and improve”. Jassim started working at an early age while he was in college back in 1992 at a major fashion company with over 150 branches in North America, started as Stock in charge until he became a senior area manager. In 1998 moved to Dubai where he was part of the establishing team of the first outsourcing call center in the region. Then moved to Kuwait to be part of the banking sector; establishing and heading call centers and e-banking projects until he reached an executive level. after nine years with several banks in Kuwait and Dubai Jassim moved back to the outsourcing services to implement the first outsourcing call center for a local company in Kuwait until 2011 when he co-founded a new concept of service which was the concierge services, he ran the company for three years then left to established his own company “ Phoenix Services “ Upon establishing Phoenix Services, Jassim emphasizes that what lies behind the growth of his company is Building a good reputation in the major sectors of having the expertise, professionalism and taking the job seriously always guarantees getting business, so building a healthy PR based on positive reputation is your number one selling tool, and you know you are successful by sensing the trust in your clients’ voice. He adds: “the secret to my success is Making the best positive first impression, promise what you can achieve,, do your absolute best not to break your promise.” When asked what motivates and inspires him, Jassim replied: “My family is my number one source to keep me going, nothing more than seeing a proud wife, daughter and a son. The second would be seeing my staff grow and remembering me over the years, and also exceeding my clients’ expectations and getting rewarded by maintaining the relationship.” Jassim doesn’t describe himself as a dreamer, he believes in goals, he sets goals and he shoots to achieve them. Although he admits, there Nothing wrong with dreaming to anticipate a more beautiful tomorrow. His message to the people: “CARE about everything around you “ your health, home, street, family, friends, the public, work. And Be FAIR with the others.” Check www.phoenixservices.co
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Dhari Al-Nafisi Sui generis Vision
Eldest of his brothers, and studied business finance abroad, Dhari was always interested in dealing with people and managing people. Establishing businesses and business departments, such as the sales department and quality department in 52 degrees was his first experience away from working with his father. Getting into jewelry was by coincidence he says. His love to be unique and to stand out from the crowd touches every aspect of his life, from food to clothing, travel destinations and ofcourse jewelry, Qirdala acquired its own unique identity reflecting Dhari’s personality. This grabbed the attention of famous A-list jewelry designers who started having a very personal relationship with Dhari. Qirdala showcases jewelry designs from Athens and Beirut, and has since started to support local designers, including Mai Al-Qassar and Nada Al-Nafisi. With many jewelry designers in his family, people often mistake Dhari to be a designer himself which he isn’t, he is a businessman with a keen eye for quality design and an immaculate attention to detail. Running businesses is a family matter in the Al-Nafisi household, with Dhari and his brothers Turkey and Zaid running their fathers business, who is Dhari’s biggest influence and inspiration, also the person behind the name “Qirdala”. Qirdala was the birth of a family decision. Owned by all, and run by Dhari. Dhari’s approach when it comes to choosing the designs is focused on quality, originality of the design, value and the mechanism of each individual piece. The first multi-brand boutique in Kuwait that specializes in jewelry, local designers are supported by Qirdala by having their designs go through Qirdala’s quality department, production improvements, and marketing. Bringing the quality of Kuwaiti jewelry to a higher standard to melt with international brands. Dhari is also planning to expand Qirdala into Dubai, Abu Dhabi, as well as Europe.
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Sulaiman Maher Arab Connection to Leadership
Founder of Vigor-Enterprise, an event management company which is managed by a group of young entrepreneurs who decided to accumulate their professional experience in one place. In addition to his own business, he worked as a Business Development Consultant for Knowledge Brokers International (KBI) in the Middle East & North Africa Region. Since he started his professional life, he has worked and partnered with many international and well-known HRD consulting houses. delivering different HRD services as a consultant for many reputable organizations in the GCC region such as Zain, VIVA Telecom, Wataniya Telecom, Burgan Bank, AUB, Qualitynet and many others. He also worked on the human development operations of organizations from different industries; banking, telecom, manufacturing, retail, healthcare and hospitality. Now, managing Vigor-Events, a first class venue for seminars, training and conferences serving the business and the sophisticated cultural audiences in the Middle East and North Africa region. His team is bringing in the world's most prominent leaders, speakers, and authors in a wide range of fields. His strategy is to focus on the most important problems and business challenges facing society, the business community and the individuals in the region and invite industrial, economic, financial, political, social and cultural leaders to discuss these issues in reserved settings that encourage frank and open dialogue. “The constant challenge is differentiating ourselves from other competitors in the market. In the last 2 years we had many success stories and many unpleasant experiences, but guess what; this is how we learned something new, improved our services and took one more step forward towards our goals.” Sulaiman describes himself as a self-motivated person, always hungry to achieve more, read and learn more, meet new people, acquire more customers, also motivated by appreciation, especially the verbal one. He believes he has reached his life long dream of having his own business, and being able to travel the world. When asked what inspired you to be the person you are today? Sulaiman said: “Throughout my life, I have been inspired by many people through direct and indirect relations. First and most of all, I am inspired by my father; he is the most dedicated and disciplined person I have ever seen. I am also inspired by the behavior of the Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him; what a peaceful and wise person he was!” Sulaiman is a firm believer that everything happens for a reason, “We mistakenly categorize or name situations as a good or bad thing, while in fact it always happens for our own good; thus we have to accept it and take it positively.” One of the secrets of his success is that he keeps himself surrounded by positive and successful people; this always guided him to more successful places. a life changing experience for Sulaiman was working with Nick Vujicic, the motivational speaker who has no arms and no legs, they traveled together to deliver speeches in different countries. Working with Nick made him change the way he perceives “challenges”, this experience was different and had a deep impact on his attitude. He says: “it made me a stronger more positive person” http://www.vigorenterprise.com
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Mohannad Al Mutawa
Accepting Challenges As Opportunities Mohannad Al Mutawa is the definitive modern Kuwaiti. He represents a generation that is ambitious and driven; dazzling in its possibilities and determined to make a difference. He’s that person who is so naturally great at dealing with people, clients and peers that you can’t understand how does it seems so effortless. And he’s that colleague who is way more mature than his years, and who can come up and execute great ideas because he understands what makes people tick. He is an extraordinary intelligent person who cherishes his family. Being the youngest of a family of 5 he was automatically considered as "the spoiled one" but he has always worked on proving otherwise. Currently Mohannad works as the General Sales Manager for KIA Motors Kuwait with National Agencies Group. One would think that achieving this designation might have come easy for the grandson of Abdul Aziz Ali Al Mutawa (May his soul rest in peace), chairman & founder of National Agencies Group. But that was not the case for him. He could have very well gone along with the flow, like many other abiding sons do, and followed the path of working at the family owned business. But that wasn't what his father advised. On the contrary, his father wanted him to gain diversified work experiences before joining the family business to carry out his duties and responsibilities as third generation family member to maintain and further develop the success story of his grandfather. So after graduating from the American University in Sharjah – UAE during Fall 2000 majoring in MIS, he decided to join the American University in Paris – France before moving back to Kuwait to complete his education at Kuwait University where he got a degree in Business Administration / Marketing, he kicked-off his career as a banker. To say his career has been impressive would be an understatement. After completing his education he joined a Kuwaiti Real Estate company based in Lebanon as a marketing associate for the project which was targeting GCC nationals as investors. Not too long into the job, Lebanon was under attack, 2006 war. Obviously, marketing real estate was not the best thing to do in a war zone, as work stopped, and people started leaving the country, he refused to leave believing that the war was temporary. Being the kind of person he is, active and energetic, he was not able to just sit back, watch the news and do nothing, which led him to start working with the Kuwait embassy team in Lebanon as they were short staffed and under a lot of pressure evacuating Kuwaitis out of Lebanon using shuttles to the Syrian borders, and then on planes out of Syria back to Kuwait. “This was an experience I will never forget as it was very challenging and adventurous driving through roads where airstrikes were inevitable” Mohannad reminisces. After coming back to Kuwait he started to work in a local bank going through an intensified rotation program walking through all key departments of a bank touching on retail banking, corporate banking, investment banking, treasury, and trade finance. Few years later, he decided to take up a new challenge when an opportunity came to be a part of the corporate banking world in an international bank. After working for a couple of years he decided to accept another offer from one of the largest and most reputable local banks in Kuwait to be a part of the piloting team of their corporate division. Finally he decided to wrap up his banking career and joined his family business not only to take up new challenges but also to fulfill his family obligations. Mohannad’s success formula is simple Passion = Success. A firm believer in team work he says “Personally, I always inspire my colleagues, subordinates and seniors by “Teamwork” it leads to success and that the word S_CCESS cannot be spelled without U". November, 2014
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Hmoud Adel Al-Amri Ambitious Voice
Self defined as a husband of a supporting wife and father of three beautiful daughters. Most people recognize Hmoud’s name as a producer and director in Marina FM. However, he is one with a restless mind, which projects onto his various work areas as a marketing advisor, a playwright and a videographer. Graduating with excellence as a petroleum engineer, and starting his work in an international petroleum services company, Hmoud realized that this wasn’t the life he wanted for himself. In a bold move he resigned and turned into the mass media world starting his career in Marina FM in 2006 as a voice-over. he quickly progressed to be an announcer, a producer and a director in a number of shows, including Nagham Al-Sabah, Refresh and Al-Diwaniyah. As well as directing a radio drama series called “Habibty Dayman” written by Abdullah Al-Mudhaf, and “Entah El-Film” in Ramadan. The most important part of this job is the freedom and trust he is given to come up and carry out his ideas for the shows broadcasted on Marina FM, “it makes me feel limitless” he says. The job however, comes with a great sense of responsibility, putting into account the image you present to thousands of people as a public figure. Keeping up-to-date in all areas of life, in politics, sports, and arts, as well as local and international news. His love for radio is the only drive for Hmoud, as the materialistic aspect of the business is what drives many people, Hmoud finds that the real reward is in the love and the reactions he receives from the people who tune into his shows and the direct connection it provides with the audience. He hopes to inspire people to be spontaneous and humble, “being yourself is the key, I don’t have a different personality on the air that I do meeting people in my everyday life” He says. As for him, he finds his inspiration in the people who built their careers from scratch, with no help from anyone or any connection, and those who have the courage to turn their ideas and dream into a reality. Hmoud encourages younger people to chase after their visions, believing that in this day and age you can achieve anything you set your mind to. A profession is not merely a paycheck at the end of the month, it has to do with something you are passionate about, and as long as you have that passion, you will find yourself excelling and enjoying your job, so much that it will not feel like a job anymore. With a theatre production coming up next Eid, and opening his own audio and visual production company, expect to hear Hmoud’s name more often in the near future.
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Dr. Ahmad Al-Mutawa The Designer Doctor
Born in Egypt in 1974, father of 3 beautiful daughters, a designer and a businessman. Dr. Ahmad was one of the first batches to be sent to the UK to study medicine after Kuwait’s liberation from the Iraqi invasion. After his foundation year his father suffered a stroke, he had to cut his scholarship short and return to Kuwait to attend medical school here. He realized that it wasn’t bad after all and that Kuwait offered him the highest level of education. One can achieve his dreams no matter where he is and what curve balls life might throw at him. As part of his postgraduate internship he was posted in many hospitals and experienced many specialties until he fell in love with psychiatry. Simultaneously, he was building his house and with the income of a student he didn’t have the luxury of hiring professional interior decorators so had to rely on himself, which made him realize his passion for designing, so he started designing more and expanded into jewelry and accessories, which was appreciated by many. In designing he had to work with a lot of gold and diamond dealers which made him use a lot of banking procedures, such as opening a letter of credit or a bank guarantee, which intrigued him to learn banking. So he met a lot of bankers both local and international and educated himself about innovative financing. This led him to collaborate with world-class Islamic bankers from Malaysia and other Islamic countries to formulate an Islamic financing platform that adhered to Sharia compliance. For most success is a goal, for Dr. Ahmad success is a way of living. He doesn’t see obstacles he just sees a goal and no matter how many times he falls, he rises above and beyond to reach that goal. He says: “For me that is success, giving a 110% of yourself no matter the outcome” When asked what his greatest achievements are, Dr. Ahmed said: “ I have modified and designed some pieces that amazed even their original designers. For example, I have modified three shoes of Mr. Christian Louboutin that was appreciated by him and he even signed them for me. But my pride and joy is my Islamic financing platform, as well as my three little daughters.” Dr. Ahmad believes Dreamers are the pioneers of the world. Every milestone in the history of humanity started with a dream. The invention of the telephone, railways, airplanes, mobiles and satellites are just examples of dreams that came true by dreamers who dared to be different.
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Sulaiman Almukhaizeem Conquering Summits Well accomplished and somewhat of a passionate, board member of Oman investment corporation and a devoted employee of Gulf Investment corporation, a developmental investment corporation enhancing private enterprises in the GCC region throughout various sectors, Sulaiman’s job requires constant traveling to search for and analyzing opportunities in the region. On his annual leave however, his choice of destination is far from ordinary, While most people choose to travel for shopping and sight-seeing, Sulaiman climbs high mountain summits enduring up to -40 Celsius degrees, high altitudes and extreme physical and mental challenges. His interest in mountaineering began when he was studying in the American University of Beirut and was sent to Washington D.C., United states as part of an exchange program. He stumbled upon a show airing on television about a man with no legs, who has successfully climbed Mount Everest, and so his journey began to conquer mountains, one summit at a time. He started off as an amateur, and succeeded to climb a few peaks including Mount Kilimanjaro, which was extremely challenging, and only made Sulaiman realize he needed proper training if he was going to pursue his passion. he then decided to enroll in the Northwest Mountain School in Washington where he completed a series of courses in mountaineering. With the skills to back up his enthusiasm, he since then conquered many mountains; his list includes Qurna AlSawda Mountain in Lebanon, Mt Kilimanjaro for a second time, Mt Baker, Mt Rainier, Mt Shuksan, Mt Elbrus (Highest peak in Europe) and Mt. Aconcagua (Highest peak in South America) Sulaiman admits that the bigger challenge in mountain climbing is the mental challenge not the physical, he says: “there were moments when I thought to myself, what am I doing?, but I pushed through by believing that I can and will do this, and when I reached the top, it was all worth it, it was the greatest feeling in the world” Driven by ambition and determination, he is planning a historic journey to be revealed in the near future, and with an adventurous soul such as Sulaiman’s, we know it will be nothing less than remarkable. Sulaiman urges people, and specially the younger generation to have the courage to go on new adventures; adding: “think to yourself, what value did you add to your life, and to your character? Try new things, get out of your comfort zone, you will surprise yourself”.
Follow Sulaiman Al-Mukhaizeem: Instagram @salmukhaizeem Twitter: salmukhaizeem84 Facebook: Sulaiman Al-Mukhaizeem
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Hamad Al-Qattan Walking on a String In a typical job, one might find himself working for eight hours a day waiting for the opportunity to be promoted to the next position in the following years, and to repeat that same scenario again and again. Being one of those employees Hamad found that this time was rather wasted, a practical man himself, he believes that you can create your own path of success by working hard and taking yourself to where you want to be. Hamad never thought he would be a professional musician, as his love for music was nothing more than just a hobby. Specializing in key board and guitar, this self-taught musician turned his hobby into a profession by writing and producing music to a number of artists as well as some commercials and television productions in the Arab world and in the Gulf, including songs such as “Ajr wa Afyah” for the singer Shammah hamdan, “Sekat Janabik” for the singer Talal Salamah, and more than one song for the famous Latifah Al-Tounisiah. “This is a time where musicians and artists can shine in a flash, you no longer have to work for 20 years to be a famous singer or musician.” Hamad explains “But the key to success is continuity and consistency, because if you let it get to your head that you’re famous and not put in the time of effort to produce new work, your star will disappear just as quickly.” He adds. Hamad also believes that there is no support for local musicians, whether from companies or from famous musicians, he explains with a bit of frustration, that although those great musicians influenced his music, they never offer any support to younger musicians who only want a chance to showcase their potential. This is not such a bad thing after all, he further explains, it’s what’s pushing young musicians to work harder and prove to ourselves as well as others how creative and hard working we are. He finds that the most vital aspect one can have on anyone’s life is not to discourage him or her. Adding positivity to the people around you can only result in a more creative and innovative community.
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Long Live Lawn Bowls!
Rhonda McKenzie
Finally, Bowls has arrived in Kuwait! We’re not talking about dishware, bowl cuts, bowler hats or 5 and 10 pin bowling—we’re talking about the ancient and much loved sport of Bowls!
History There’s a belief that Bowls has been played in different forms or ways for centuries. Archaeologists have found biased stone bowls dating as far back as 5, 000 BC(E). A form of bowls was also said to have been played in ancient Egyptian times and in ancient Greece. It is entirely possible that the ancient Romans’ game of Bocce was spread by the legions to the rest of Europe including the British Isles where it started to resemble bowls as we know it today—and maybe not, who can say. Let’s make it crystal clear though that Bowls and Bocce are completely, totally, very and extremely different. Bocce and Bowls experts respectively will all agree on that.
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over as one of the most popular leisure past times, no one was practising their archery which was a very much needed and essential part of the country’s national defense. The first time we see the actual word ‘Bowls’ being used was in 1511, in government regulations enacted by King Henry VIII who was a bowler himself; these rules had to do with who was allowed to bowl, including when and where one could bowl. You can probably guess that only the wealthy or nobility were permitted to play. Hence bowls is often thought of as the sport of royalty or the sport of noblemen—a game for the elite. Although the game was banned in England, it was not in Scotland where the sport continued to thrive. In fact it was the Scots who created rules for the game when in 1864 William Wallace Mitchell published the first Bowls manual which is the basis for the current rules we now have today. The oldest known boulingrin or bowling green in existence dates back to the 13th Century and is still being played on today is the Southampton Old Bowling Green in England.
Now, back to Bowls!
What is Bowls?
For those of us who are Bowlers and or who are familiar with the sport but may not know much about its history, may find it hard to believe but at one time in England (and France), Bowls, a non contact sport, was outlawed—banned. With Bowling taking
Let’s rewind to the very beginning, if we’re not talking about 5 and 10 pin bowling, just what exactly are we talking about? What is bowls? Basically, Bowls is a sport where the aim is
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to get your bowls closest to a little white ball which is perhaps around the size of a golf ball. This little ball is called a ‘jack’ or ‘kitty’. Bowls is usually played outside on rinks called ‘greens’ or grass. Here are a few factors that make the game exciting and challenging:
1.The Bowls The bowls themselves are not round— they’re elliptically shaped, that is they’re biased which means that when delivered, the bowls eventually curve rather than continue on in a straight line. Bowlers know this and a good bowler, an experienced bowler knows how to judge the distance and deliver their bowls to curve at just the right angle to get that winning shot to the jack every time
2.Strategy or Tactics The number of bowls and bowls in play determines one’s delivery—how to bowl around the your opponent’s or the opposing team’s bowls, the delicate strategy or tactics of knocking others’ bowls out of the way or moving the jack closer to yours or your teammates bowls
3.Bowlers Quite literally, other bowlers. Although there is etiquette published in handbooks, sometimes the behaviour of other bowlers can be deliberately or not, distracting.
winning, avid bowler who is a member of 3 different lawn bowling clubs in Toronto, introduced me to the game years ago and suggested bringing this sport to Kuwait. A supremely fantastic idea, all bowlers would agree. Three years ago, I brought a set of old but still usable bowls over in my luggage to start Kuwait Lawn Bowling Club in November 2011 and so it began with more sets of bowls that followed.
More Cool Facts about Bowls
4.The Greens
7.Practise or Experience
If you’ve ever watched a game of bowls and thought ‘Well the grass or lawns look flat enough so, what’s so hard in that?’— they’re not—not exactly anyway. There is a roller, a machine that flatten the lawns so that one isn’t bowling on the kind of lawn found in one’s backyard or garden however, the greens do in fact undulate and players think about how best to deliver their bowls depending on these dips and rises that only the players recognise.
The old adage, ‘Practise Makes Perfect’ holds true for everything and although one might always be playing against more seasoned bowlers, it does help to bowl, to play to compete as much as possible to improve your game. Bowlers who are reading along, are sure to have more factors to add to the fun, but these are just a few.
5.The Jack or Kitty
Hooray and Hurrah! Kuwait is the 3rd country in this region to play the sport of Bowls. All 3 countries have something in common too, which is their playing surface. We all bowl indoors on artificial turf—that’s the part that makes our status ‘special’. And since the English helped to ‘carve up’ the Gulf region, setting borders and boundaries so that we have the shapes and geographical sizes of kingdoms and countries as they are today, it’s only fitting that bowls be played in Kuwait—and it is, at a private school in Hawalli. What is ironic is that Kuwait Lawn Bowling Club has come about via Canada, another commonwealth country that was ‘carved up by’ Britain. My mother, who is a competitive, tournament
If the jack is quite far, some players, particularly more mature (elderly) players are not always able to bowl the distance if it’s a ‘long jack’. The ‘short jack’ can sometimes be easier but at the same time also trickier as the bowler has to adjust his or her delivery. There are also long and short mat games too which is kind of related.
6.The Weather Playing during or after it’s rained, can slow down the delivery of the bowls. Bowls, by the way is a sport normally played outdoors—not always, but usually! Bowls is played in the summer, so games require one to be in good health. Sunscreen, a hat and or an umbrella and water to keep hydrated are important to be able to withstand the heat as players travel up and down the rinks after each ‘end’ is played.
Bowls in Kuwait
1.Bowls is played in over 40 countries all over the world, including Kuwait 2.Bowls is very similar to a winter sport played on the ice—Curling! 3.Bowls and Bocce are totally different 4.Many married couples play this sport together 5.Whole families can and do bowl together 6.Bowls is a sport for all ages and can be learnt at any age 7.Bowls is a lot of fun and no two games you’ll ever play will be alike in any way 8.Bowls were once called ‘woods’ as they were made out of a dense wood called lignum vitae, now they’re made out of a hard plastic material 9.No 2 sets of bowls in the world are alike and bowls come in every colour 10.Kuwait Lawn Bowling Club was established in 2011 in Hawalli—fact!
Famous Bowlers
Walt Disney Shakespeare King Henry VIII Queen Victoria Victor Hugo John D. Rockefeller 1.Walt Disney and the woman responsible for giving Mickey Mouse his name, his wife Lillian were avid lawn bowlers in California 2.Queen Victoria 3.Edward VIII (abdicated the throne for love) 4.Victor Hugo 5.ohn D. Rockefeller (installed greens on his private estate) 6.George Vanderbilt 7.Sir Walter Raleigh 8.Shakespeare 9.King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn (mother of Queen Elizabeth I was also a bowler!) 10.King James I Feel free to join the elite and google ‘Bowls’ or ‘Lawn Bowls’ for videos on how to play this incredible sport. Maybe there’s a club you can join in your neighbourhood in your home country. Or better yet, come visit our club. Get in touch with the magazine for details! Rhonda McKenzie PGCE OCT November, 2014
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Baghdad Street – Building 38 same as Boushahri Seema Pharmacy, Opposite Suleiman Al-Luhaib Mosque - Tel : 1888877
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المكمالت الغذائية و صحة المرأه المرأة والمكمالت الغذائية
إن المكمالت الغذائية هي مستحضر��ت هدفها تكملة النظام الغذائي بفيتامينات ،معادن وعدة مواد مغذية يمكن أن تكون مفقودة لدى األشخاص الذين هم بحاجة إليها .هذه الفيتامينات والمعادن يجب أن تأتي أساسًا من الغذاء السليم والصحي لكن هناك من همن بحاجة إلى كمية أكبر من غيرهم من الفيتامينات والتي يجب أن تأخذ هذه المكمالت الغذائية أال وهن: الفتيات في فترة الدراسة واإلمتحانات الصعبة. الفتيات أو النساء في فترة الحيض. الفتيات والنساء اللواتي يعانين من نقص معين من أحد الفيتامينات أو المعادن كنقص فيتامين د او نقص في الكالسيوم أو الحديد. الفتيات والنساء اللواتي يعانين من إنعدام النشاط والتعب المستمر. الفتيات والنساء اللواتي يقمن بحمية تعتمد على أقل من 1200وحدة حرارية. النساء الحوامل اللواتي تحتاج إلى المزيد من المغذيات .حيث تحتاج المرأة الحامل إلى تغذية إضافية مثل حامض الفولفيك لتجنب التشوهات الخلقية والغثيان ،والمغنيسيوم لمنع تسمم الحمل ويحذر من استخدام فيتامين Aخالل األشهر الثالث األولى األمهات الجدد اللواتي يبذلن الكثير من الجهد. المكمالت الغذائية المختلفة لصحة المرأة
أهم المك ّونات الغذائية للمرأة :
أهمية المكونات الغذائية لنضارة بشرة المرأة تحصل المرأة عاد ًة على أهم المكونات الغذائية من الطعام ومن العادات التي تتبعها في نمط حياتها .لكن بشكل عام يالحظ أن معظم النساء ال يحصلن على كميات كافية من الفوالت ( حمض الفوليك) ،وهو أحد الفيتامينات «ب» ،والكالسيوم بشكل تلبي فيها حاجات جسمها .علمًا أن الفوالت أو حمض الفوليك يساعد في النمو ويساعد على الوقاية من بعض التشوهات الخلقية ومن فقر الدم خالل الحمل وقد يخفف خطر اإلصابة بأمراض القلب وبعض أنواع السرطان . أما الكالسيوم فال يعتبر مهمًا لصحة العظام فحسب بل يفيد صحة الجسم ككل .لذلك في حال عدم تناول كميات كافية من الكالسيوم بدءًا من المراهقة يزيد خطر اإلصابة بترقق العظام الحقًا في 101
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مرحلة انقطاع الطمث .أما كمية الفوالت اليومية التي يحتاجها جسم المرأة فهي ٤٠٠ميكروغرام في اليوم ،فيما تراوح كمية الكالسيوم التي يحتاجها جسم المرأة بين سن ١١سنة و ٢٤ما بين ١٢٠٠ميلليغرام و .١٥٠٠أما بين سن ٢٤سنة و ٥٠سنة فيحتاج جسم المرأة إلى ١٠٠٠ميلليغرام ،وبعد سن الخمسين في حال اتباع عالج بديل الهرمونات يحتاج الجسم إلى ١٠٠٠ميلليغرام من الكالسيوم أو ١٥٠٠ في حال عدم اتباع العالج .كما أنه من الضروري أن تحصل المرأة على كميات كافية من الفيتامين «د» لمساعدة الجسم على امتصاص الكالسيوم
التوصية
اإلسراف السيئ في إستخدام المكمالت الغذائية ال يمكننا التوصية باستخدام المكمالت الغذائية التي تحتوي على الفيتامينات والمعادن كإجراء وقائي فقط .على األقل ليس لألشخاص األصحاء الذين يتغذون بشكل جيد .فمن يتناول كميات جيدة من الفواكه والخضروات و الغذاء المتنوع فلن تنفعه هذه المكمالت الغذائية فهي لن تضيف فوائد غذائية لهذا الشخص ولكنها قد تسبب له الضرر. والحل األمثل إن كان غذاؤك ينقص أحد المغذيات فيجب الحرص على تناول األطعمة الغنية بهذه بعض األطعمة الغنية بالمغذيات: المغذيات وبذلك تقلل من ضرر اللجوء إلى تناول المانجو، المشمش، األطعمة الغنية بفيتامين(أ): المكمالت الغذائية .فتصحيح الحمية الغذائية الجزر، اللفت اليقطين، السلق ،البطيخ األصفر، والخيارات السبانخ ،الكرنب ،البطاطا الحلوة ،اللحوم العضوية، البيض. األطعمة الغنية بفيتامين(د) :صفار البيض ،األسماك الدهنية ،الحليب ،كما يقوم الجسم بإنتاجه في الجلد عند التعرض ألشعة الشمس. األطعمة الغنية بفيتامين(ب :)6األسماك ،الدواجن، اللحوم الخالية من الدهون ،الحبوب ،البطاطا. األطعمة الغنية بفيتامين(ب :)2الحليب ومنتجاته، اللحوم الحمراء ،فول الصويا ،الفطر السبانخ. األطعمة الغنية بحمض الفوليك :الخضروات الورقية الخضراء ،الفاصوليا الجافة ،الدواجن ،الحبوب، البرتقال ،المكسرات. األطعمة الغنية بالكالسيوم :الخضروات الداكنة والورقية ،الحليب ومنتجاته ،منتجات الصويا. األطعمة الغنية بالكلوريد :السمك ،ملح الطعام. األطعمة الغنية بالماغنيسيوم :المشمش، المكسرات ،نخالة القمح ،الموز ،المأكوالت البحرية، الحبوب الكاملة ،فول الصويا والخضروات الخضراء الداكنة ،الشاي األخضر. األطعمة الغنية بالفوسفور :اللحوم ،البيض، المشروبات الغازية ،البقوليات ،الحليب ومنتجاته، الحبوب الكاملة ،األسماك. األطعمة الغنية بالحديد :اللحوم ،األسماك ،الدواجن Dr. Ahmad Alkholi واللحوم العضوية ،الفاصوليا ،الحبوب الكاملة General Medicine والمدعمة ،الخضروات الورقية الخضراء. األطعمة الغنية بالبوتاسيوم :المشمش ،التمر، Specialized Boushahri Polyclinic الفاصوليا الخضراء ،البرتقال ،الموز ،المانجو ،السبانخ، Baghdad Street, Building # 38, In front of Suleiman البروكلي ،البقوليات ،البطاطا ،الزبيب ،الطماطم، Al-Luhaib Mosque. Tel: 1888877 Ext: 151 األرضي شوكي.
Today, more than ever people are realizing the value of exercise to achieve weight control and to improve their daily physical health and strength. With lifestyle ailments like diabetes soaring, doctors and healthcare experts are screaming themselves hoarse urging people to eat healthy and keep fit. Based on the principle that working out is a social activity, Vie Fitness Studio, adds an entirely new dimension to your lifestyle, enhancing your opportunities to stay fit and in shape, and creating room for individual training objectives. Vie Fitness Studio, an exceptional fitness facility, is a functional training gym located on the 32nd floor of Panasonic Tower in the heart of Kuwait City. Boasting a stateof-the-art facility, Vie as it is referred to in short, offers a phenomenal view of the Kuwait City from their floor-to-ceiling windows with picturesque daily sunsets that revitalizes and inspires your daily workout. This modern facility is specially designed to offer a comfortable environment designed to house all your fitness needs under one roof. Offering the most advanced fitness equipment like, WOODWAY Curve 102
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VIE FITNE
SS STUDIO
treadmills, Queenax, Life Fitness multi functional machines, Pavi circuit training floor, Cross Core etc. supported by knowledgeable fitness experts, this health facility provides 1-1 Personal Training and Functional Training group exercise classes for groups of 4-6 people. Vie also offers a cutting-edge technology ‘My Zone’, the ultimate workout partner and fitness motivational tool, which keeps track of a client’s fitness performance at every workout providing performance efficacy, heart rate and calories utilized at each session. Each client is emailed feedback immediately upon finishing their workout via email. Vie Fitness Studio is open 6 days a week from 7am - 11pm except Friday unless required upon special request. Vie is also known for its high-caliber team of stellar trainers with vast experience from a variety of fitness backgrounds and nationalities ranging from Kuwaitis, Portuguese and British. Their staff is experienced and dedicated to help you realize your goals. Their Personal Trainers and Group Instructors are also qualified to provide clients with body weight assessments and tailor healthy eating nutritional packages to complement a client’s individual fitness needs. November, 2014
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By Tamara Qabazard
euthanasia There’s a fine line that is crossed when good intentions start to become detrimental and it’s usually associated with unconscious selfishness. You can see it in your relationships: two people with a child try to make something work when their marriage is clearly not working. They try to stick together for their family but in the long run it ends up affecting the people around them more than they think. Their intentions are good – they want the best for their child – but that tension becomes overwhelming and negatively impacts the third party. Okay what? When I did become an expert on relationships? I’m not. I can barely keep one together. But what I do understand is that sometimes when you are trying to help someone, you’re not. I’m going to put this in a language I understand, moo neigh bark oink meow. Let’s talk about euthanasia. (gasp!) Euthanasia comes from the greek word for “good death” which already gives it a positive connotation. Generally, animals that are in pain or are dying are put down to lessen the suffering they are experiencing. But how can you put another souls life in the hands of your own? Because as a future practitioner my duty is to weigh in and assess the quality of life of the patient. If the animal is suffering, alleviate it. If medical or surgical intervention is insufficient, then you need to consider euthanasia. It’s simple. No one wants to see someone or something they love in pain. With the recent allegations against PAWS Kuwait for mistreatment, neglect, and
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therefore abuse of their shelter animals due to overpopulation, this is an imperative measure to exercise. A large part of veterinary medicine is population control, which is why we implement trap-neuterrelease programs and also occasionally have to practice euthanasia on animals that are perfectly healthy if they are not adopted after a predetermined duration of time. The idea behind this is because of the constant influx of animals into shelters, we must make room for more. Most shelters do not have the funding and space to support an infinite number of animals and sometimes the supply surpasses the demand. In Kuwait, people are constantly buying puppies, and once they are 1 year old and realize how much work they actually are, they surrender them to a shelter or throw them out on the street. Please stop doing this. But why would you euthanize an animal that is healthy? Quality of life. If an animal has been in a shelter for over a year and has not been adopted yet and more animals are coming in you need to weight your resources vs giving the newer animals a chance. Does it suck? Yes, it’s absolutely heartbreaking. But this wouldn’t be happening if people don’t throw their animals out on the streets or spayed or neutered their animals. If your animal is sterilized you can’t breed it, and therefore you can’t have a litter of puppies that no one wants which you will then most likely drop off at a shelter. Also if your pet escapes and is already neutered then it won’t have an oopsie pregnancy or cause one. If we start with sterilization, then there’s a less chance of having to euthanize an unwanted pet in a shelter. The biggest problem with the public response to the PAWS exposure videos is that regardless of the detriment the animals are in – medically and behaviorally, the unsanitary conditions and obvious breeding ground for disease and overcrowding
(animals living in hallways) the biggest “defense” is “Well at least PAWS doesn’t euthanize their animals!” Precisely. This is precisely why this is happening. Understaffed, underequipped, underfunded, overpopulated. Euthanize your animals or come up with the proper facilities and funding to give them the best possible life. The saddest part of all of this is that because animals are so neglected, about 90% of them have to be euthanized because of their medical issues and behavioral issues. The cost of helping them medically will be impossible for this organization especially if they don’t even have the funding to keep the animals in proper conditions. In terms of behavior, the chance of these dogs getting adopted is low. Chronic stress has detrimental effects on the body especially on brain mass and connectivity (yes, it literally eats your brain over time). Think about the learning capacity of these animals. If they’re already poorly behaved – and only because they were never given a chance – then they most likely won’t be recovering. Can there be a miracle case where one of these animals is adopted and then becomes the perfect family pet? Yes, but in a country that treats animals like property: what’s the chance? Heartbreaking to note but instead of euthanizing what would have been a total of 30% (i.e the ones that aren’t adopted after a certain length of time), now you are euthanizing triple that amount. This is the prime example on how something, which started out with love, and good intentions, has gone sour. Ethically this may be a debate for most people, but hard facts override emotion and personal bias. Everyone is entitled to their opinion, but once that impedes and hurts the life of another being, you should probably reevaluate and consider everything on a case-by-case basis.
By Tamara Qabazard
LIFE OF A
by: Abeer AlAbduljalil
Keep Calm Divas and Wear Leather this fall! Abeer AlAbduljalil is wearing: sZara Poncho sAsos legging sAlexander McQueen Ankle Boot
Photo taken by: Hamad Alshaijy MĂŠmoire Studio www.memoire-studio.com Instagram: @memoire_studio Directed by : Fatma AlNasser
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Delicates Fix & Clean fixes your handbags & shoes mess No one ever said love was easy, especially if you love couture handbags and shoes. The price of high-end handbags has skyrocketed in recent years and with this kind of investment, proper cleaning and maintenance is essential. But I have to be honest, when it comes to some of my favorite luxury bags, I’m afraid to carry them. I tuck these bags into their dust bags and boxes after I use them and only turn to them when I think I can carry them and treat them nicely. These are bags I treasure and I never want to treat them poorly. But carrying a bag shouldn’t equate with treating it poorly, so why do I end up feeling that way? Part of it is the price of these bags. The more a bag costs, the more likely I am to baby it. Another factor is the materials used; when it comes to my Celine Trapeze, I worry about ruining the calf hair as it rubs against my body. If you pair my trepidations with living a busy life in a city where dust seems to come without notice, with hundreds of coffee meetings, and millions of people are around you at all times, it sort of makes sense why I worry a bit. But now I have found a great solution for 108
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my worries that I want to share with all my DIVAS:
Delicates Fix and Clean, a leading couture dry cleaner that specializes in cleaning high-end designer products, handbags & shoes is in town! Delicates has a track record of handling leather, suede, exotics, as well as fabrics. Delicates leather and suede cleaning experts take special care and attention to do a great job. After all, you don’t spend a fortune on designer handbags and shoes for just one time wear. They are an investment, and they get the most use on a daily basis. So your shoes need to go where you go and need to look good at all time. But daily wear can take its toll on these CHANEL, Dior, Louboutin or Jimmy Choo shoes, and on your Gucci, Prada, Dolce&Gabbana, or Balenciaga bag. Spills, dirt, grime, lotions inside all sorts of things happen to your handbag. But Delicates Fix and Clean also happens. At Delicates, they understand that leather cleaning is a specialized process that requires not only experience, but the right equipment, cleaning products and finishing. Their combined experience, knowledge and
expertise enable them to give the highest standard of leather care service and product knowledge in this country. Delicates can professionally clean your designer handbags and shoes and restore them back to new condition. They also offer to repair minor damages such as scuffs, scratches, rips & burns and also offer professional services to replace zips, handles, linings and loose stitching. Your beloved items will return to you as good as new. They welcome divas in Al-Rai and in Salmiya, but also offer free pickup and delivery services. For more info, call Salmiya 25721110, or Al-Rai 69977509, or the hotline 6566 7777 - 69977484.
LIFE OF A
by: Abeer AlAbduljalil November, 2014
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Is it a bird? Is it a plane? No, its Super Moringa Labeled as the miracle tree, tree of life and many other super plant names, The Moringa is native to parts of Africa and Asia, belongs to genus in the plant family Moringaceae. The name is derived from murungai, the Tamil word for drumstick relative to its seed pods. It contains 13 species that range in size from tiny herbs to massive trees. Moringa Olifiera is the superstar of the family creating a large following from super food crowd. Moringa Oleifera has cemented her position with edible power greens such as wheat grass, chlorella and spirulina. Moringa is rich in minerals like potassium, iron, calcium, and sulfur, as well as B vitamins and many amino acids, including all of the essential amino acids. Moringa products have antibiotic, hypotensive, antispasmodic, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, hypo-cholesterolemic, and hypoglycemic properties, Its nutritional profile is competitive with any beneficial plant on the planet. Even more amazing is its love for unfertile lands and extreme conditions. 110
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Murungai is a very hardy plant that can grow in very dry climates such as Kuwait, though it will grow bigger and faster with more water. With proper care and watering they can grow up to 6 meters in a year. It is recommended however, to cut it back and keep it short and bushy for ease of harvesting the leaves and pods unless it's used for landscaping purposes. Moringa shines as a superstar in the arid landscape climate by producing highly nutritious leaves during the dry season and during times of drought, an excellent source of green vegetable when little other food is available. Seeds are used to purify water, has edible flowers and roots with building wood to boot. From head to toe, all parts of the plant are useful.
Availability:
Seeds can be dried from ripe Moringa pods sold in grocery stores. Sprouting can occur within a week or as long as two or three weeks Seedlings/Trees are widely available in plant nurseries.
IN THE CITY
By: HAMAD J. ALKULAIB
Planting tips
1. Find a sunny place. 2. Make holes in the ground 30 to 60 cm deep 3. Fill the hole with loose ground and fertilizer 4. cover
Watering
Moringa trees do not need much watering, which make them ideally suited for the climate of places such as Kuwait. In very dry conditions, water regularly for the first two months and afterwards reduce frequency. Moringa trees will flower and produce pods whenever there is sufficient water available, flowering can be induced through irrigation. Good growing and spread the Moringa
November, 2014
SHAIMA'A QABAZARD & FAJER AL-OWAISH Breath of fresh air - Let's Help Kuwait
Please introduce yourselves to our readers:
The founders of Let's Help Kuwait are Fajer Al Owaish, from the American University of Kuwait and Shaima’a Qabazard from the Gulf University for Science and Technology. We are two young citizens of Kuwait trying to make a mark and change for the better.
What are you currently doing?
We started a small and basic charity in order to help many of those in need in Kuwait by lending a hand and collecting donations; in return each donator receives a bracelet that represents Let's Help Kuwait and would remind them of the donations and their cause. Personally, our lives are consistent with studying and trying to make something of ourselves and with that we try to manage our time between our charity and our university studies.
How and when did the idea of Let's Help Kuwait come up?
Fajer established this charity on July 11, 2014. She is known for owning an Instagram boutique, which sells a variety of accessories and much more. The use of natural stones in her collections, gave her an idea, which was to design friendship bracelets for both of us. We always wanted to join and help out with volunteer work in different organizations and charities around Kuwait, but never had the chance to. We considered volunteering in the past but decided
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to try our own thing, as you can never have enough charitable organizations. Given the success of the Instagram boutique we felt that we could use that experience to actually make a difference. So we started our own charity using the stones for bracelets that could represent Let's Help Kuwait.
Which existing charities did you seek inspiration from?
We were inspired by many charity organizations in Kuwait, but the main organization and volunteer group we look up to is Kuwait Red Crescent Society for their excellent work in helping the people in need all around the world.
Tell us more about the organization and how does it work?
Let's Help Kuwait has a simple technique to go along with it, every month the bracelets change colors based on what month it is and what project is planned. For every donation a person gets a bracelet in return, depending on how many they donate for of course. All the donations that are collected every month go to different people around Kuwait depending on the project that is chosen. The bracelets represent the month, project, the donation itself, and Let's Help Kuwait.
How are you unique from existing charities?
Every month is different at Let's Help Kuwait. We differ and are unique from other charities in two ways, our projects and the color of our bracelets. As for the bracelets, the colors change representing the month and project. We try to differentiate ourselves from other charities through our flexibility. No cause is too big or too small for Lets Help Kuwait. We meet up with our volunteers on a regular basis to decide on a cause for the upcoming months and we work to target that cause. We are also considering opening up suggestions to our followers to help target what they feel is the priority cause in a specific month.
What has been the greatest challenge for you?
As we started, our main challenge was the support of others and how we would gain their trust. It is always difficult to gain trust when it comes to charity work. We faced lots of negativity when we first started out, and we still do yet we learned now how to cope with it and deal with it the right way. That also makes us stronger as a charity and it helps us grow.
What kind of fundraising project did you accomplish and what are some of your future projects?
So far we have accomplished three separate projects. We first started out in the month of July during Ramadan, our project for that month was to collect as many donations as we possibly can 114
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and we aimed to give them out to the workers in need; specifically the ones who work in the heat and have low salaries. During the month of August we received many donations, and with that money we decided to buy food and water for the workers out there who can’t really afford it. So we gathered 60 bags filled with food and water and went out near the area of Sharq and we distributed them to the workers there. Our third project took place in the following month, September. During that time our goal was to gain as much donations as we can and to donate it to the Red Crescent Society in Kuwait; which is the reason that encouraged us to begin forming out the charity. We later donated a check worth 300kd to their society, mainly to help the people in need around Syria and some other places.
How much does the bracelet cost? Can someone donate more than the price of the bracelet?
Our bracelets cost 5KD per bracelet. Yes, people can donate more than the price of the bracelets and also donate without getting a bracelet.
How do you bring awareness of the fundraising projects that you are working on?
All our work is always published on social media. We use Instagram to let people know what we do and where the money goes. We also sometimes use our personal accounts to spread the word to notify people of our charity.
Are all your projects inside Kuwait or do you also consider working on projects outside Kuwait?
When we first started our projects were mainly inside of Kuwait. Our only project that was directed outside of Kuwait was the Red Crescent project; which helped us donate to areas that were in need in other countries. We hope that with time we will be able to not only help Kuwait but help the rest of world as well. For now we are focusing our projects in Kuwait but we definitely aspire to work on more large-scale projects regardless of their locations.
Where can one buy the bracelets from?
Our bracelets are sold on Instagram, to order them we advise people to contact us via WhatsApp or email.
How can people reach and know more about your upcoming projects?
To know more about us you can visit our Instagram page on @letshelp_kwt.
Your message for our readers:
Basically, we would like to thank all our amazing donators and our family members who always stood by our side and for always supporting us with every decision that we make with our charity. We would also like to thank our amazing volunteers who have been with us throughout everything, from the start as we would not have grown and become what we are today without your amazing help and infinite support.
Your message for us at CityPages magazine:
We would also like to thank the members of CityPages magazine for taking the time to feature us in their magazine; it is such an honor to be a part of it. November, 2014
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Berlin
Berlin is the only city of Germany that will tell you the story of this country from its divided state to its reunification; and this, through the numerous world-class museums, art galleries and historical sites.
Where to Stay
The most luxurious hotels: Grand Hyatt, Intercontinental Berlin, Hotel Adlon Kempinski, Radisson Blu Hotel, The RitzCarlton & Hotel de Rome.
What to do:
Boat trips: a trip to the island town of Werder is a great way to discover the surrounding region of Berlin. The tour goes via the 'peacock island': the Pfaueninsel, Potsdam and Caputh. Parks:: The Grunewald forest is the perfect park for a morning jog, afternoon promenades, or Sunday picnics. You will surely spend a great time relaxing in this park. Do not miss the Grunewaldsee, a pretty lake hidden among the trees, offering a magical experience in snowy winter.inspiration.
City Views
FERNSEHTURM The Fernsehturm, know as the 'teleasparagus', The view from the rotating restaurant at the top is regarded as the best in town, but prepare yourself for long queues and food that matches the spectacle only in the sense that both make you feel queasy.
SIEGESSAULE The golden, winged statue on top of the Siegessäule: the column celebrating victories over Denmark, Austria and France in the 19th-century. If you can manage the 285 steps to the top, the view is woth it!
What to see
You can relive the history of the Germans through the many buildings and monuments built throughout the years from Hitler to the new and democratic Germany: Hitler’s Bunker, Reichstag and the German bundestag, the Wall and the east side gallery where you can find the biggest slice of the notorious Berlin Wall Christmas markets
Outside the City The home of the Prussian Hohenzollern dynasties: Potsdam. Potsdam is half-anhour out of central Berlin on the S-Bahn. Sanssouci, Potsam’s biggest attraction, is known for its magnificent landscaped park surrounding the palace. Famous attractions: the immigrant-built Dutch quarter, Cecilienhof, where Stalin, Churchill and Truman conferred over postwar Europe; a 19th-century Russian colony of timbered houses at the foot of a pearl-like Orthodox chapel; and the Babelsberg film studios.
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Here is a list of most famous Christmas markets in Berlin where you will find a mixture of arts and crafts, on stage performances and delicacies, activities such as curling, ice skating and snow tubing: Mitte, Winter World and Christmas market at Potsdamer Platz, Christmas market at Charlottenburg Palace.
Museums And Art Galleries
The Centrum Judaicum restores the connections between Berliners and the Jews. Admire old master paintings at the Gemäldegalerie. A world-class gallery, just a short walk from the Philharmonie, it is an attractive modern building where german and italian artists meet. The hauss am checkpoint charlie is a remarkable museum. You could relive each risk taken by those who tried to escape the communist east Germany through the many photographs or improvised balloons and aircraft. Situated between the river and the Spree Canal, reaching The Pergamonmuseum is like crossing a moat to enter a fortress. Inside, the major exhibit is the spectacular Pergamon Altar, dedicated to Zeus and Athena and dating from 180160BC.
A special event
25 Years Fall Of The Wall Besides the illumination of the former track of the Berlin Wall a celebration in front of the Brandenburg Gate with special guests Daniel Barenboim and Peter Gabriel and German artists Clueso, Udo Lindenberg, Die Fantastischen Vier, Paul Kalkbrenner and Silly will take place on November 9th.
Bon voyage!
Part 1 of 2
St. Petersburg - the city of the Tsars, palaces, white nights, and museums What comes to your mind when you hear the word "Russia"? For me, it's all those fairy tale books I read as a kid, with those giant ravens, snow filled landscapes, huts, samovar, turnip soup. Some of the typical Russian images, that are in my mind are: Gary Kasparov, and yes the chess players in general, Lenin and Stalin still come to mind when I hear Russia, Dmitri Mendeelev and the Periodic table, thanks to the Chemistry classes at high school, Battle of Stalingrad, and MiG Aircrafts. St. Petersburg may be only 300 years old, but it has a history as rich as any ancient city in world. It is a city of great culture and great conflict, a city looking out to the future and a city rooted in the past. And St. Petersburg's continual search for its identity is also what ensures the city's vibrant and imaginative spirit. The imperial city built by Peter the Great as Russia’s window to the west is filled with beautiful Baroque and Neoclassical architecture and hundreds of bridges crossing the River Neva. The former capital of the tsars and tsarinas, today St Petersburg is one of the 30 most expensive cities to live in. Yet its grace, glamour and rich 300-year history continue to attract visitors and travellers to its world-class museums, palaces and cultural institutions. Italian architects gave St. Petersburg its distinctive look, but its flavour is distinctly Russian. Built on a series of natural islands and carved through by a number of canals and the Neva River, this city on the Gulf of Finland is home to some of Russia’s greatest national treasures, from the magnificent Hermitage Museum, housed in the tsars’ Winter Palace; to the Peter and Paul Cathedral, where Peter the Great and other Romanovs are buried; to the grandiose Palace Square, the central square at the end of Nevsky Prospekt. Many of the city’s main attractions are on Nevsky Prospekt, the grand boulevard and commercial heart of St. Petersburg. St. Petersburg has the benefits of big city life, with great 118
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opportunities and a lot of interesting places to visit, but it is quieter than Moscow, Over the last 20 years St. Petersburg has become a popular tourist destination, with a wealth of luxury hotels and top restaurants as well as a sense of modern urbanity. I recently made a 10 day trip to Russia, visiting St. Petersburg and Sochi and really enjoyed it. I made some wonderful decisions that made my trip a memorable experience and I wish to share them with our readers. Starting with my airline choice. I travelled with Turkish Airline, which was the best option and a very reasonably priced one. My flight was total of 6 hours from Kuwait to Pulkovo - New Terminal St. Petersburg including a 4 to 5 hours of transit at Istanbul. I enjoyed my stay at the Turkish Airline's VIP lounge at the airport. I highly recommend all my readers to visit St. Petersburg with Turkish Airline and see for yourself what you have been missing. As I stepped out of the airport, the cold wind made me shiver a bit and I had to put on my jacket. Weather was stereotypically marginal. Temperatures were mild around 10 to 12 degrees celcius. The drive to my hotel through the city was quite pleasant, I enjoyed seeing the city and wanted to share my experience with my readers.
Where to stay?
St. Petersburg is divided into 18 administrative districts, and one of the most popular and expensive areas to live is the Central district on the south bank of the Neva, home to the Hermitage and Palace Square, and filled with beautiful 18thand 19th-century buildings as well as some very high-end new constructions. My stay was at Corinthia Hotel - St. Petersburg, which was located at the heart of the city on the Nevsky prospect – the main historic thoroughfare of St. Petersburg The luxury Corinthia Hotels brand is operated by CHI Hotels & Resorts, a leading hotel management company based in Malta. The original 4-flour building was constructed during second half of the 19th century in a popular Louis XIV style and was used as a common house for pupils from specialized handicraft school, “Ampir” cinema, “Benz & Co” cars store, etc. After the Revolution of 1918, the building was turned into the hotel named “Hermes”. In 1950s it passed under control of “Baltiyskaya” hotel and in 1990s the building was completely restored to its original splendor maintaining a classic façade to become “Nevsky Palace” hotel. Since 2001 the building has been in management of CHI Hotels & Resorts and is known as “Corinthia Hotel St. Petersburg” offering high-quality, comfort and convenient facilities. Corinthia Hotel comprises of 203 Superior Rooms, 95 Executive Rooms, 47 Business Deluxe Rooms, and 43 Suites.
Other good hotels: W. Hotel - St. Petersburg
Make history at W. Hotel, St. Petersburg, a modern wonder romanced by St Petersburg's elegant traditions, where luxury meets cutting edge cool in Russia's historical capital of fashion, glamour and music. Conceptualized by award-winning architects Antonio Citterio Patricia Viel and Partners, W. Hotel, St. Petersburg is located in the center of the historical "Venice of the North" next to St. Isaac's Cathedral, a stone throw from the lavish Winter Palace with the famed Hermitage Museum and a short stroll from the spectacular Neva River. Retreat to W. Hotel's 137 guest rooms and suites, where bold décor by the famous Italian architect Antonio Citterio recalls a masterpiece of Russian craft and artistry - Fabergé egg and mingles with furnishings by B&B Italia, personal extras and vivid views of St. Isaac's Cathedral or its tranquil courtyard. Located at 6 Voznesensky Prospect • St. Petersburg, 190000 Phone: (7)(812) 6106161 Fax: (7)(812) 6106160
I had booked an Executive room and loved the room and my stay for almost 4 nights. The hotel houses different restaurants and cafes such as: Imperial Restaurant offering authentic Mediterranean, European and Russian cuisines with perfect view on the Nevsky prospect, Café Vienna, Nevsky Bar & Lounge, Lobby Bar, and an Executive Lounge are other options for a cup of tea or coffee with delicious desserts. I also realized during my stay that it was the first ECO certified hotel in St. Petersburg I would like to share their number (Tel.: +7 (812) 380 2001, ext. 139) in case you may wish to stay with them.
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Bread & Salt Ceremony
As I entered the hotel, I was greeted with the Bread and Salt Ceremony. The “Bread and Salt” is a form of specially baked round bread with a salt shaker placed on top of the bread. When important, respected, or admired guests arrive, they are presented with a loaf of bread placed on a tray as a sign of hospitality. You can find this custom being practiced during official events and even in restaurants when you go with a group of tourists. Usually the “Bread and Salt” on a round tray is covered with an embroidered towel and is presented by a young woman dressed in a national costume (e.g., “sarafan” with “kokoshnik”). If you are presented with a “Bread and Salt”, you should help yourself for sure: you need to break off a piece of bread, dip it in salt and eat it with a smile. You should not refuse, or the host would get greatly offended.
No Smoking Law What I realized during my stay at the hotel and throughout the country was that smoking in hotels is strictly prohibited. There are no designated areas for smoking within the hotel. The latest provisions of the law came into force on June 1 that prohibit smoking in most public indoor places -- including bars, restaurants, offices, and public transportation. Apart from smoking, cigarettes cannot be displayed in stores, and showing the inhaling of tobacco smoke in films and on television is illegal "unless it is an integral part of the artist's idea." The law aims to reduce smoking among Russians by 15 percent by 2020, increase budget revenue by 1 trillion rubles ($29.6 billion), and reverse the precipitous population decline that hit Russia after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
Astoria Hotel Hotel Astoria is a five-star hotel in Saint Petersburg, Russia that first opened in December 1912. It has 213 bedrooms, including 52 suites and is located on Saint Isaac's Square, next to Saint Isaac's Cathedral and across from the historic Imperial German Embassy. Hotel Astoria, along with its neighboring sister hotel, Hotel Angleterre, is owned and managed by Rocco Forte Hotels and is a member of The Leading Hotels of the World. The hotel underwent a complete refurbishment in 2002. It is a city landmark, a list of illustrious guests is engraved in brass at reception. Lenin. Rasputin. HG Wells. Follow in their footsteps through the historic corridors, where aristocratic traditions continue in contemporary surroundings. East meets West in the Astoria Café, where you can enjoy a light bite or a Russian extravaganza of caviar all-day. Located at Bolshaya Morskaya ulitsa, 39, St. Petersburg, Russia, 190000 Phone:+7 812 494-57-57 120
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Peter & Paul's Fortress
What to See? The best way to see St. Petersburg is to hire a professional guide or a tour management agency as you cannot manage your way if you don't speak Russian. I was lucky to find an amazing Destination Management company. They prepared a perfect 4 day tour for me and also arranged a professional tour guide who was speaking fluent English with a British accent. The details of the office is: Russkie Prostori located at (Nab.
Reki Moika 82, office 22, Ph: +7 812 703 4400 , office@russkie-prostori. com). Ruslan SUPRUN was our guide
and he can be booked by contacting him (+7(921)9429455) on his phone.
On the second day, I visited the Peter & Paul's Fortress. The Peter and Paul Fortress is certainly no less of a St. Petersburg landmark. The first structure to be built in St. Petersburg, and thus the birthplace of the city, it never served its intended defensive function. Instead it has had a rich, hugely varied, and sometimes sinister history as a military base, a home of government departments, the burial ground of the Russian Imperial family, the site of groundbreaking scientific experiments, and a forbidding jail that held some of Russia's most prominent political prisoners. Today, the Peter and Paul Fortress is for the most part under the auspices of the St. Petersburg Museum of History, with a number of permanent and temporary exhibitions charting the various aspects of the compound's past. While the central visitor attraction is undoubtedly the Ss. Peter and Paul Cathedral, one of St. Petersburg's most striking buildings, there is plenty within the walls of the fortress to keep children and adults occupied for a full day at least. The Peter and Paul Fortress is also the centre of a number of St. Petersburg's urban traditions, among them the daily firing of the cannon from the Naryshkin Bastion at noon and the
including the recently opened Storage Facility in the north of St. Petersburg, which offers guided tours through some of the museum's vast stocks. The other affiliated museums are: General Staff Building, Winter Palace of Peter I. Menshikov Palace, Museum of Porcelain, Storage Facility at Staraya Derevnya, Hermitage Theatre, Permanent Exhibitions at the Konstantinovsky Palace
"walruses" who use the beach in front of the fortress to sunbathe and swim in ice-holes in the winter. In the summer, the beach is a popular picnic site and is also used to host a variety of events, festivals and concerts, including the respected Petrojazz annual festival. When Peter the Great re-claimed the lands along the Neva River in 1703, he decided to build a fort to protect the area from possible attack by the Swedish army and navy. The fortress was founded on a small island in the Neva delta on May 27, 1703 (May 16 according to the old calendar) and that day became the birthday of the city of St Petersburg. The Swedes were defeated before the fortress was even completed. For that reason, from 1721 onwards the fortress housed part of the city's garrison and rather notoriously served as a high security political jail. Among the first inmates was Peter's own rebellious son Alexei. Later, the list of famous residents included Dostoyevsky, Gorkiy, Trotsky and Lenin's older brother, Alexander. Parts of the former jail are now open to the public. In the middle of the fortress stands the impressive Peter and Paul Cathedral, the burial place of all the Russian Emperors and Empresses from Peter the Great to Alexander III. The Cathedral was the first church in the city to be built of stone (between 1712-33) and its design is curiously unusual for a Russian Orthodox church. On top of the cathedrals’ gilded spire stands a magnificent golden angel holding a cross. This weathervane is one of the most prominent symbols of St Petersburg, and at 404 feet tall, the cathedral is the highest building in the city. Other buildings in the fortress include the City History Museum and the Mint, one of only two places in Russia where coins and medals are minted.
Russian Museum of Ethnography
I also visited the Russian Museum of Ethnography which is one of the largest and richest museums in Russia. The collections include objects of ethnic culture of more than 150 peoples of Russia and its neighbors. Various cultures and religions meet in the space of the Russian Museum of Ethnography which has been created to function like a medium between people and science that comprehend their everyday life as an object to study. People give ethnology the matter of its studies - artifacts, music, folklore - and then find it in the space of ethnomuseums whose task is not to mummify their culture but to help them in identifying and understanding themselves. The contemporary life of the Russian Museum of Ethnography include exhibition activities as well as providing ethnological conferences and educational programs for students and children. The collections from
Address: 190000, St Petersburg, Dvortsovaya Naberezhnaya 34 Contact Details: Phone +7 (812) 571-34-65 Fax +7 (812) 570-47-58 E-mail [email protected]
the Museum travel around the world and are on display at the museums of America, Netherlands, Spain, Germany, France and other countries. I was also informed that you can book the hall of the museum for private events. Phone: (812) 570-5768 , 570-5421 Address: 191011, Saint-Petersburg, 4/1, Ulitsa Inzhenernaya Location: Metro Stations: 'Nevsky Prospect', 'Gostiny Dvor'
The Czars Winter Palace Hermitage State Museum
St. Petersburg's most popular visitor attraction, and one of the world's largest and most prestigious museums, the Hermitage is a must-see for all first-time travellers to the city. With over 3 million items in its collection, it also definitely rewards repeat visits, and new-comers can only hope to get a brief taste of the riches on offer here, from Impressionist masterpieces to fascinating Oriental treasures. One estimate has it that you would need eleven years to view each exhibit on display for just one minute, so many visitors prefer to organize a guided tour to ensure they have time to catch all the collection's highlights. Art aficionados, however, may find it more rewarding to seek out for themselves the works that they are particularly interested in. The bulk of the Hermitage collection is housed in the Winter Palace, formerly the official residence of the Romanov Tsars, and its several annexes. However, there are a number of other sites that constitute part of the Hermitage,
The Yusupov Palace - The story of Rasputin's murder unfolds here!
On a quiet stretch of the Moika River stands a long yellow building, which was once the residence of the wealthy and respected Yusupov family and which saw one of the most dramatic episodes in Russia's history - the murder of Grigory Rasputin. In 1916 a group of the city's noble elite, including one of the Grand Dukes and led by the prominent anglophile Prince Felix Yusupov, conspired to kill the one man who they felt threatened the stability of an already war-torn Russian Empire. Grigory Rasputin, a peasant and selfproclaimed holy man, had gradually won favor with the Tsar's family through his alleged supernatural powers. His control over the decisions of the family and the Russian ruler himself, put him in a potentially manipulative position November, 2014
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and posed a very real threat to their power. Consequently, Rasputin was murdered at the Yusupov Palace on the night of December 16-17 1916, and his death proved to be an almost greater mystery than his life had been. As my expert guide led me through the beautifully recreated interiors of the palace, the full story of the murder of Rasputin unfolded before me. The Rasputin exhibition can be visited only with a tour. Ruslan-my guide made this arrangement for me. The tour included a visit to the Yusupov Palace's magnificent interiors. Address: 190000, Naberezhnaya Reki Moyki 94 Telephone: +7 (812) 314-9883
The Summer Palace & Park of Catherine's the Great, Pushkin The Catherine Palace or the Summer Palace is a Rococo palace located in the town of Tsarskoye Selo (Pushkin), 25 km southeast of St. Petersburg, Russia. The Catherine Palace is named after Catherine I, the wife of Peter the Great, who ruled Russia for two years after her husband's death. Originally a modest two-storey building commissioned by Peter for Catherine in 1717, the Catherine Palace owes its awesome grandeur to their daughter, Empress Elizabeth, who chose Tsarskoe Selo as her chief summer residence. Starting in 1743, the building was reconstructed by four different architects, before Bartholomeo Rastrelli, Chief Architect of the Imperial Court, was instructed to completely redesign the building on a scale to rival Versailles. The resultant palace, completed in 1756, is nearly 1km in circumference, with elaborately decorated blue-and-white 122
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facades featuring gilded atlantes, caryatids and pilasters designed by German sculptor Johann Franz Dunker, who also worked with Rastrelli on the palace's original interiors. In Elizabeth's reign it took over 100kg of gold to decorate the palace exteriors, an excess that was deplored by Catherine the Great when she discovered the state and private funds that had been lavished on the building. The interiors of the Catherine Palace are no less spectacular. The so-called Golden Enfilade of state rooms, designed by Rastrelli, is particularly renowned and forms the focus of the palace tour. Guests enter via the State Staircase which although blends effortlessly with the rococo grandeur of Rastrelli's interiors, in fact dates from the 1860s. With its ornate banisters and reclining marble cupids, it gives a taste of what is to come. The Great Hall, also known as the Hall of Light, measures nearly 1,000 square meters, and occupies the full width of the palace so that there are superb views on either side. The large arched windows provide enough light to relieve the vast quantity of gilded stucco decorating the walls, and the entire ceiling is covered by a monumental fresco entitled The Triumph of Russia. Using similar techniques but on a smaller scale, the White Dining Room is equally luxurious but, like many of the rooms in the palace, its grandeur is softened by the presence of a beautiful traditional blue-and-white tiled stove in the corner. Other highlights of the Grand Enfilade include the Portrait Hall, which contains remarkably good portraits of both Catherine and Elizabeth, the Picture Gallery, in which almost every inch of wall space is covered with paneling comprising 17th and 18th century canvases and, of course, the legendary Amber Room.
Once you are done from the museum, don't miss the opportunity to have your lunch at the Podvorie restaurant.
and Stables of the Horse Guard Regiment only short walk away from Saint Isaac's Cathedral right behind "Manege" Central Exhibition Hаll.
Malls Galeria
Phone: + 7 (812) 314 5514
Galeria is the second-largest shopping center in Saint Petersburg. The huge five-floor shopping mall located in the city center at Vosstaniya Square, just 5 minute’s walk from Nevsky prospect, next to Moskovsky railway station. It has over 290 stores featuring hundreds of brands – clothes, footwear, sports equipment and home goods, jewelry, cosmetics, perfumes, electronics, etc. The fourth floor is all about goods for kids, while the ground one is a huge food supermarket “Okay”. Hours: 10:00 am – 11:00 pm Phone: +7 812 643-31-72
4, Konnogvardeysky Boulevard, St. Petersburg www.stroganoffsteakhouse.ru Sadko Russian restaurant "Sadko" is situated in the historical center of SaintPetersburg, two steps away from the Theatre square. For years of successful work the restaurant has got many admirers, both Petersburgers and foreign visitors. The interior of "Sadko" combines Russian traditions and modern European style. Vaulted ceilings are decorated in a Gostovo technique on a noble gray background, which underlines the light of magnificent chandeliers and shillerization of scarlet Murana glass. The floor is covered with soft carpets, massive stylized antique buffets, served with bright tableware. Restaurant conditions – elegant, celebratory, combining beauty of Russian style with the European restraint and elegance. Address: ulitsa Glinki, 2, St Petersburg, Russia Phone:+7 812 570-08-32 RestoraN Spacious, with soft lighting and earth tones, the surroundings are at once stylish and traditional, and as straightforward as the name, which means "restaurant" in Russian. The menu of traditional classics is as nonfussy as the decor; try the sterlet (sturgeon) baked in fragrant herbs with horseradish sauce, veal with mashed potatoes and chanterelles, or the house-made pelmeni (dumplings) filled with lamb, beef, or potatoes and dill. A long, wooden table at the entrance supports a wide selection of house-made flavored vodkas in rustic glass decanters.
Metro Tour St. Petersburg
I highly recommend taking a short tour by the Metro. Don't miss this or your Russian trip will not be complete. The Saint Petersburg Metro exhibits many typical Soviet designs and features, exquisite decorations, and artwork, making it one of the most attractive and elegant metros in the world. Due to the city’s unique geology (many rivers and swampy subsoil), the Saint Petersburg Metro is one of the deepest subway systems (not only to minimize disruption, but also, because of the Cold War threat, they were built to double as bomb shelters, and many old stations feature provisions such as blast doors and air filters) in the world with vertiginous escalators that almost nobody walks up. Serving nearly three million passengers daily, it is also the 13th busiest subway system in the world covering most parts of the city. Trains run daily from about 5:45am till midnight every one or two minutes during peak periods. Apart from being so unique and impressive, the St. Petersburg metro is also a low-cost, efficient, and fast way to travel in the city. No matter how far you ride - you will always be paying the same fare. I will continue sharing my experience from Sochi in the next issue, so make sure to pick your copy of our December issue.
Where to eat? Korushka Restaurant Petropavlovskaya Krepost, 3 | Zayachiy Island, St. Petersburg 191015, Russia
Address:: House 2 . Tamozhenny Lane, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia Phone: 007 812-327–8979 Tandoori Nights Opened in 2004 opposite to St. Isaac's Cathedral, Tandoori Nights is an attractively designed modern eatery offering what the owners describe as "London Indian cuisine", although it's several notches above what's served at the average English curry house. Address: 4, Voznesensky Prospekt Phone:: +7 (812) 312-8772 Staraya Tamozhnya (Old Customs House) Long recognized as one of St. Petersburg's finest restaurants, the Old Customs House has a superb location in a historic building just behind the Kunstkammer. Popular with wealthy tourists and well fed local businessmen, the restaurant has conservative but attractive interiors and a fairly formal atmosphere. The owners are British and the head chef is currently Australian, but the menu is very much based on traditional French bourgeois cuisine, with rich sauces, winter vegetables, truffles and foie gras. A few more modern, Asian influences make an occasional appearance, but the highlight is probably the fresh seafood flown in from the farthest corners of Russia (Kamchatka crabs and Sakhalin oysters). Location: Vasilevsky Island Phone: +7 (812) 327-8980 Podvorie Restaurant Lunch or dinner at the restaurant 'Podvorie' will be a perfect continuation of their walk through the parks of Pavlovsk or Pushkin. In 10 years of its existence this restaurant gained its popularity and reputation. Prominent politicians, businessmen, artists have become regular customers of the restaurant. VV Putin celebrated his birthday here, Rostropovich coming to St. Petersburg always visits 'Podvorie'. Prince Charles, Guerjard Shred, Jack Shirack - are among those who visited this restaurant.
Stroganoff Steak House
The 'Podvorie' call it the most Russian of all Russian restaurants. Here we propose the traditional Russian cuisine, home products and exclusive wines, prepared by the restaurant owner in his own house which is located in Crimea from grapes raised in its own territory.
Stroganoff Steak House is located in the historical building of Headquarters
Phone (812) 466-85-44
To be continued in December issue... November, 2014
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Robin Sharma knows a thing or two about being productive. He wants to help you create explosive productivity so you get big things done. Here are his 21 top tips to increase your productivity dramatically. 124
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1. CHECK EMAIL IN THE AFTERNOON.
your life (the negative souls who steal your enthusiasm).
workout around 7:00pm to set you up for wow in the evening.
This way you protect the peak energy hours of your mornings for your best work.
7. RUN ROUTINES
15. DRINK MORE WATER
2. THE TIME IS NOW Stop waiting for perfect conditions to launch a great project. Immediate action fuels a positive feedback loop that drives even more action.
3. SET GOALS Remember that big, brave goals release energy. So set them clearly and then revisit them every morning for 5 minutes.
4. KEEP IT CLEAN Mess creates stress (I learned this from tennis icon Andre Agassi who said he wouldn’t let anyone touch his tennis bag because if it got disorganised, he’d get distracted). So clean out the clutter in your office to get more done.
5. SELL YOUR TV You’re just watching other people get successful in lieu of doing the things that will get you to your dreams .
6. STAY POSITIVE
Say goodbye to the energy vampires in
When I studied the creative lives of massively productive people like Stephen King, John Grisham and Thomas Edison, I discovered they follow strict daily routines. (i.e. when they would get up, when they would start work, when they would exercise and when they would relax). Peak productivity’s not about luck. It’s about devotion.
8. GET UP AT 5:00AM Win the battle of the bed. Put mind over mattress. This habit alone will strengthen your willpower so it serves you more dutifully in the key areas of your life.
9. DON’T DO SO MANY MEETINGS I’ve trained the employees of our Fortune 500 clients on exactly how to do this – including having the few ROBIN SHARMA ENJOY LIFE meetings they now do standing up – and it’s created breakthrough results for them.
10. DON’T SAY YES TO EVERY REQUEST Most of us have a deep need to be liked. That translates into us saying yes to everything – which is the end of your elite productivity.
11. FOCUS ON YOUR TALENTS Outsource everything you can’t be BIW (Best in the World) at. Focus only on activities within what I call “Your Picasso Zone”.
12. STOP MULTI-TASKING New research confirms that all the distractions invading our lives are rewiring the way our brains work (and dropping our IQs by as much as five points!). Be one of the rare-air, mentally and physically disciplined few who can focus mono-maniacally on one thing for hours on end. It’s all about practice .
When you’re dehydrated, you’ll have far less energy, so you get less done.
16. BLOCK YOUR TIME Work in 90-minute blocks with 10-minute intervals to recover and refuel. This is another game-changing move I personally use to do my best work.
17. WRITE A STOP-DOING LIST Every productive person obsessively sets to-do lists. But those who play at the worldclass level also record what they commit to stop doing. Steve Jobs said that what made Apple Apple was not so much what they chose to build but all the projects they chose to ignore.
18. USE YOUR COMMUTE TIME If you’re commuting 30 minutes each way every day, get this: at the end of a year, you’ve spent 6 weeks of 8-hour days in your car. I encourage you to use that time to listen to fantastic audiobooks, excellent podcasts, or valuable learning programs. Remember, the fastest way to double your income is to triple your rate of learning.
19. BE A CONTRARIAN Why buy your groceries at the time the store is busiest? Why go to movies on the most popular nights? Why hit the gym when the gym’s completely full? Do things at off-peak hours and you’ll save a great deal of time and energy.
20. GET THINGS RIGHT THE FIRST TIME
Getting to your absolute best physical condition will create explosive energy, renew your focus and multiply your creativity.
Most people are wildly distracted these days, which leads to mistakes. To unleash your productivity, become one of the special performers who have the mind-set of doing what it takes to get it flawless first. This saves you days of having to fix problems.
14. WORKOUT TWICE A DAY
21. GET LOST.
13. GET FIT LIKE MADONNA
This is just one of the little-known productivity tactics that I’ll walk you through in my new online training program, Your Productivity Unleashed, but here’s the key: exercise is one of the greatest productivity tools in the world. So do 20 minutes first thing in the morning and then another
Don’t be so available to everyone. I often spend hours at a time in the cafeteria of a university close to our headquarters. I turn off my devices and think, create, plan and write. Zero interruptions. Pure focus. Massive results. November, 2014
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THE ULTIMATE
BEAUTY RITUALS
Each morning as we analyze ourselves in the mirror, there is always something we choose to quibble about, it is either in our skin, hair, nails or body. But simple beauty routines can bolster a woman’s confidence and for this reason it is important to cater to our basic beauty needs. It can either be the DIY tips or a luxury professional session at a salon or a spa. Hereditary is the most common cause of thinning hair, while other scalp conditions can be a result of malnutrition, infection, unhealthy lifestyle habits, hormonal imbalance, physical emotional stress or side effects of medicinal use.
HAIR “The Crowning Glory” If your tresses are a victim of chemical procedures, overuse of styling products, climatic influences and daily use of your favorite hot tools, you surely complain about dry, damaged and brittle hair texture. In this case you need to opt for nourishing oil rituals, conditioning mask treatments or keratin infusion therapy that will help to regain the lost luster, rehydrate and replenish the hair shaft with optimal nutrients. For the ultimate repair you will need more than one session to combat the negative effects of all the stress your hair has been through. Our Star Treatment: DNA Intensive Repair Hair Therapy, Keratin Infusion Therapy
Scalp treatments are targeted to treat the hair follicles and encourage healthy scalp environment to promote hair growth, control hair fall and neutralize the unbalanced scalp conditions. Every scalp condition needs a customized professional treatment along with specialized home care routine to ensure maximum benefits. Our Star Treatment: Scalp Treatments with Ayurvedic Herbal Extracts & Oils
LIPS “Sealed with Secrets” Cracked or chapped lips are a big NO, and especially when you cannot go a day without wearing your favorite shade of lipstick. Environmental factors, repeated licking of lips, cold sore, common cold and allergic reactions to lip products are some of the causes for that dry, rough, flaky and dark lips. Dehydration is the most common factor, externally and internally; which is why it is important to stay hydrated all day long. You need to nourish, moisturize and protect your lips through all seasons Exfoliate once a week to get rid of dead cells and residues of lip products. Massage lips with products enriched with Vitamin E or natural oils to keep the lips soft and supple. To protect, use a Lip balm with an SPF. Our Star Treatment: ALGO VITAL Lip Therapy
SCALP “The Root Cause” If you are suffering from hair fall, thinning hair, dandruff, itchiness, flaky scales and oiliness you need to get to the root of it. Anisaa New LaFem Salon & Beauty Co.
Anisaa is an Aesthetic Consultant and Trainer with New Lafem Salon & Beauty Co. You can follow them on Facebook and Instagram at: @lafemsalonq8
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HANDS “Age Gateway” Spending a fortune on those anti-aging magic potion face products might surely cut back a few years on your facial age but fine lines, creases, age spots, and bulging veins on the back of your hands are the sneaky little tattletales that give away your age. The skin on the back of our hands is thinner compared to our face which is why it gets affected sooner by the aging process.
But frequent exposure to the sun, sudden weight loss and lack of moisturizing them just makes it more obvious. Defying the age of your hands is just as simple as keeping them protected with a good SPF hand cream and moisturizing them daily. Exfoliating will encourage better penetration of products. The antiaging creams or serums for your face also does the trick for your hands and works best when used with an ultrasound therapy. But if you are a late bloomer, products are just not enough and you need professional treatments to do the job. Our Star Treatment: Green Peel® Fresh up, Glycolic Peel, Paraffin Therapy.
BODY “The Temple” Our body doesn’t get the attention it deserves with the hectic lifestyles and busy schedules. But it’s important to care sooner than to face something drastic and worry about it endlessly. Dark knees, coarse elbows, ingrown and bumps, grainy texture and rough skin are just a few signs that your body is being neglected. Booking that appointment for a massage or body polishing along with a sauna or steam does wonders. It is not just about relaxation, but the therapeutic effects it has on your muscles, the detoxifying effect while it flushes your system and the beautifying effect it has on your skin is simply body bliss. Use rich formula butter and oil body potions to keep your body skin baby soft. Our Star Treatment: Enzyme Moroccan Bath, Hot Stone Massage, Kizhi (Herbal Potli Massage)
Blondes to Brunettes ‌. Length to Volume Spotted on celebrities throughout the showbiz world, Great LengthsŽ transforms your hair with Length, Volume & Color. Anyone and Everyone can experience the luxury of owning glamorous lustrous hair.
Exclusive Distributor & Trainer - Kuwait & UAE
New LAFEM Salon & Beauty Co.
Salmiya - Hamad AlMubarak Street, Block 9, Bldg. 33, 1st Floor
Tel.: 25722507 / 8 - 66733222 - 66711140
www.lafemkuwait.com
[email protected]
lafemsalonq8
PERFUME TYPES & CATEGORIES Nowadays, we are more likely to treat fragrance as an accessory, changing our perfume daily - or even more often - to suit our busy lives and shifting moods. But sometimes, too much choice can lead to confusion. If you're like most people, you have multiple perfume bottles cluttering your vanity table. To help you cut through the clutter, we've created this brief guide to the major fragrance categories, with suggestions for where to wear each one. Citrus Infused with the tangy essence of citrus fruits, these perfumes are lively and energetic. They are best enjoyed as a daytime delight, just the thing to wake you up in the morning before you've had that second coffee. Wear a citrus perfume to meet your friend for brunch, brighten a baby shower, or ride your bicycle to the organic market. Floral Sweet and romantic, these scents are the "good" of the fragrance aisle. Florals ASAMA Perfumes The creative method gave ASAMA Perfumes the time and the opportunity to craft fragrances while working with the highest quality ingredients in a bottle and using Arabic and Western scents as a unique concept point for the fragrances. They welcome your comments at [email protected] Follow them on Instagram and Twitter @ ASAMAPerfumes
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are sometimes single note, but generally combine the scents of various flowers to create a classic feminine appeal. Fruity Like a cheerleader with a wicked side, fruity perfumes are fresh and spicy. These fragrances please the nose with the bright and familiar smells of apple, peach, berry, mango and other juicy fruits, often blended with florals to create a compelling aroma. Pretty without being overwhelming, these perfumes are ideal for a movie-and-dinner. Just apply sparingly. Green Smelling of fresh leaves and newly-mown grass, the green fragrances are a natural and energetic group. Save them for daytime instead, when their sporty, modern appeal makes them a great fit for any casual or outdoor gathering. Wear one to cheer on your favorite football team, at the golfing range, or on a flea market amble with friends. Oceanic Oceanic perfumes are a modern invention, first appearing with Christian Dior's Dune in 1991. These scents use a blend of synthetic compounds to evoke natural aromas such as mountain air, ocean spray or clean linen. Crisp and fresh, they are an ideal choice for job interviews, when you want your perfume to say, "I'm clean, efficient and won't stink up
the joint if hired." Oriental Think of oriental perfumes as the fragrance equivalent of cleavage and a killer pair of stilettos. Distinctly feminine, these sensual blends feature an earthy, animalistic base scent such as musk or ambergris, often combined with warm notes such as amber. (When combined with florals, these scents are called "florientals"). Spicy Sugar and spice and everything nice, that's what these perfumes smell like. Uncap one and be transported to your mom's kitchen - if your mom was the type who baked cinnamon rolls and gingerbread from scratch. With notes of cloves, ginger, cinnamon, cardamon and pepper, spicy perfumes are comforting and alluring in an old-fashioned way. Woody (Chypre) Woody scents are built on base notes of bark and moss, conjuring winding forest paths. While more unisex than other fragrance categories, that's not to say these scents are masculine. They evoke a particular brand of no-nonsense femininity. Think Marion in Raiders of the Lost Ark, or Katharine Hepburn in any movie. This strong and classic appeal translates well to the corporate office, too. Wear one to your next performance review.
November, 2014
OROGOLD COSMETICS THE LUXURY OF GOLD'S HEALING ON YOUR SKIN
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Orogold is an exclusive line of skincare formulated with gold as a major ingredient, the line boasting a mixture of essential vitamins, minerals and antioxidants aimed at providing a top of the line solution to various skin concerns. Sara Abaza - The Brand Manager at Orogold Kuwait, explained me that using the methods of the ancient times as done in Ancient Egypt and Japan, when gold was used frequently for its healing properties and for providing radiance, rejuvenation and eliminating fine lines from the ski Orogold was formulated with the very best ingredients with the aim to offer women in the West access to these ancient secrets. Quite recently the West has fallen upon Gold's its restorative qualities and has begun to infuse gold fa rmore frequently into only select items within the lines. However, the Orogold line of skincare, irrespective of the skin type or concern contains gold as the MAIN ingredient (among others such as essential vitamins) in the entire line. Another unique feature of this line of products is that it is very easy to use due to its simplified, targetted steps program, a philosophy that the company prides itself on. The idea behind this simplified number of steps is because they have kept in mind that it isn’t about the number of steps you follow during the skincare regimen, but rather the consistency of the regimen plus quality of ingredients one places on their skin in the first place. In the case of Orogold cosmetics, enough can't be said regarding the texture, smell and overall efficiency of the various treatment lines that the company has, but most notably superior is the 24K Vitamin C serum which is exquisite. Priced at the higher range of skin care and cosmetics, this line of skin care isn’t easily affordable to most people, however those few lucky ones who are able to afford the hefty cost are probably the ones who receive the most compliments on the state of their complexions. How do I know? Well I agreed to test the serum and have been using it day and night as well as under my makeup and have had numerous people ask me what I have been doing to my skin lately. Happy with that feedback, I hope to go back and purchase the rest of the line including their vitamin and mineral infused foundations which are perfectly formulated for Middle Eastern skin tones, another plus. Orogold skin care can be found at the Hilton Mangaf shopping area, and are soon to open in Al Fanar mall. Stay tuned with CityPages for the launch date and head there fast to experience the amazing line of products in store. November, 2014
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PERMANENT MAKEUP
TATTOO
The face plays a major role in defining a woman’s beauty, especially the curves and the lines of her eyebrows. Thus, eyebrows tattoo is one of the essential factors that need to be taken seriously. We have already talked about this subject in our previous editions but upon customer’s request, more explanation will be provided. There are different shapes depending on the type of the facial structure. We should not always follow fashion; sometimes it depends on the shape of your face and eyes. Nowadays thick and large shapes of the eyebrows is in fashion but it doesn’t suit everyone, that’s why we will try to explain what shape will be perfect for you depending on your eyes and face shape. For a good analysis, it is advisable to use a number of imaginable lines on the face as follow: Line 1: indicates where the eyebrow should start. Line 2: shows on the crossing with line 4 where the highest point of the eyebrow is, this should be on 2/3 of the eyebrow. Line 3: shows where the eyebrow and eye shadow should end. Line 4: indicates the ideal angle of the eyebrow.
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Our brief advice: •Large eyebrow suits the big eyes. •Thin and normal eyebrow suits the deep-set eyes •Horizontal and normal eyebrow suits the droopy eyes and bulging eyes. How we can modify and adjust the eyebrows: First step is by depilation or dyeing. We present many diversified choices from our
AK EU P
LL
M
1-Brow powder: the baked brow powder with a silkening texture enables you to color and shape the eyebrow in a subtle yet defined way. Suitable for wet and dry use.
CA
by:
2-Eyebrow fix: fixative gel beautiful and long-lasting eyebrow shaping. 3-Eyebrow pencil: different colors. 4-Brow definer: a series of waterproof,
smudge proof and stay proof eyebrow pencils. Usually we draw our eyebrow during the makeup session. But if the person needs to draw it every day for some specific reasons we advise her to do a permanent makeup known as tattoo.
MOST COMMONLY QUESTIONS:
ASKED
The difference between tattoo and permanent makeup:
Tattoo: big machine (gun) is used for body, very deep and painful procedure. The draw is permanent. The color will change slightly with the time.
The permanent makeup: digital
machine. The pigment stays in the superficial layers (epidermis), no pain, no bleeding and no redness. Session duration is maximum one hour. At the beginning we draw the eyebrow with pencil and choose the color according to the carnation and hair color. It may cause allergy but good pigments never cause allergy. In some health cases we should avoid to do it unless under the doctor’s permission.
Convenient age: over 25 years old. How long it will last: usually for two years. The pigment starts to decrease after one year gradually. At some point it’s better to rectify the shape according to the arcade modification.
Is it removable: the deep tattoo cannot be removed 100%; mostly we get 50 to 60 % result, although the permanent makeup is corrected up to 90%. We have different ways of correction depending on the type and skin color. We can do the permanent makeup as shadow or hair by hair. For more information do not hesitate to visit us or contact our salon. November, 2014
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NATURALLY PLAYFUL / NATURALLY KENZO This year evian® and French fashion house KENZO, partner to create a pure bottle, driven by a playful yet distinctly mysterious spirit. KENZO’s Creative Directors, Carol Lim and Humberto Leon have united with evian® to convey their graphic, intimate vision for a unique, one-of-a-kind bottle. The mysterious and strange œuvre of artist and director David Lynch influenced the KENZO FallWinter 2014 collections for men and women and it is in this vein that the bottle’s motif features a broken floor pattern, toying with the idea of shifting the elements. Offering a magnifying glass effect when full, the bottle’s purple fragmented pattern is penetrated by a sole lime zig-zag, giving the holder a distorted and skewed view of its ultra-pure contents. Born in the purity of the Alps, dressed with a twisted spirit, the bottle embodies a naturally playful energy: a theme that united the two brands. The evian® + KENZO bottle will be available in two sizes: 75 cl and 33 cl, and this year takes the Limited Edition to a PET range. Exclusively revealed at Fashion Forward Dubai, the evian® + KENZO bottle will be available in the Middle East in selected restaurants and retailers from November 2014
What prompted the collaboration with the international designer KENZO ? Both evian® and KENZO share a deep enthousiasm for boundless creativity. evian® felt there was an obvious connexion between our worlds, namely in the way we celebrate playfulness and the beauty of a colorful vision of life.
Why have you specifically chosen KENZO ? We chose KENZO for its ageless spirit : like evian®, KENZO’s surrealistic universe promotes the youthful sense of wonder which lies within every one of us and overcomes the very notion of age.
What is the leading theme for this bottle? The leading theme appeared evident for the both of us : the 2015 Limited Edition bottle is naturally playful. Its design awakens our child-like curiosity : it is not just a bottle to be seen but to be held and played with, in accordance with the “Live Young” state of mind to which evian® as always been dedicated.
Was it hard to agree on a conjoint design version between both brands ? From the begining KENZO wanted to apply their pattern and evian was looking for something that conveys the water transparency and playfulness. We agreed very quickly on the design, both teams had to work hard in order to convey the exact spirit embraced by evian® and KENZO. Therefore, 45 prototypes were made before we validated the definitive bottle you can now see.
What are the legal restrictions ? Legal restrictions depend on countries, we split into 4 clusters to meet legal expectations.
How many bottle formats did you develop this year ? We developed three formats this year for this Limited Edition : 75 cl, 33 cl and PET. 134
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KENZO is ageless and evian® Live Young? Is it a perfect match ? The collaboration between evian® and KENZO is a wonderful match. evian® “Live Young” is precisely about advocating youth as a state of mind, including an exuberant creativity, an ageless sense of wonder, high-spirits and a youthful approach to the world - feelings that we strongly share. Our motto and goals at KENZO are resolutely democratic, everything we create are pieces we hope everyone will enjoy. This partnership is a great example of us collaborating on one of the most democratic products out there, water. Can you tell us your concern about water ? KENZO is entirely committed to nature and its preservation, as it is absolutely necessary to the development of human life. Our ongoing ‘No Fish No Nothing’ campaign, designed to fund the Blue Marine Foundation’s actions to save the oceans and its marine life, shows how much we have always been dedicated to this cause. Indeed, overfishing is deeply disturbing the course of nature, which is why we decided to take action and develop the partnership. So far we have had huge results and awareness across the globe. We hope to continue the project for years to come. What did you try to convey by partnering with evian® ? By partnering with evian®, we take KENZO’s playful spirit and merge it with that of a global company who’s inherent message is that of life, wellbeing and healthy living. We are always trying to convey how we feel young at heart in our collections. In creating glass bottles, this partnership also allows us to join forces in our shared causes, as we like to do as much as we reasonably can to promote sustainable development. KENZO and evian® are also French companies, and we’re proud of that. We wanted to share the French appreciation for life and fun with the world. Why choosing the broken floor pattern ? The broken-floor pattern is the perfect illustration for the bottle
as it both symbolizes our current identity and magnifies the water by altering the notions of perspectives. The pattern is also a smart reference to the mountains, where evian®’s water takes its source. The violet lines representing the mountains and the lime line, a stream. How did you get into the fashion business ? We have always been somewhat exposed to fashion. Humberto’s mother was a sewer in a garment factory and Carol’s mother designed jewelry. It’s something we have been around since we were young. How would you summarize the brand in a nutshell? What is KENZO about ? A creative jungle. Playful. Fresh. Exciting. Inviting. A borderless culture. Why did you want to work at KENZO ? We had always admired the brand Kenzo Takada founded in 1970 and knew it from vintage shopping and obsessively reading fashion magazines. Taking on this challenge excited us and we have been creatively stimulated ever since. Where do you find your inspiration ? We find it everywhere. We’re obsessed with all culture, from films to art and music to just seeing kids hanging out on the street all over the world. You have always worked as a duo and enjoyed it. In which ways do you complement each other ? We have worked together for so long that at this point everything runs seamlessly between us. When one of us is working on a specific project, the other is perfectly capable to manage whatever is happening congruously. We know each other inside out and know what the other is thinking, so it makes for a very easy partnership. What advice would you give to a young fashion designer ? Stay true to yourself, never give up and always have fun with whatever you’re doing. November, 2014
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SPAIN Spain is located on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe. Along with France and Morocco, it is one of only three countries to have both Atlantic and Mediterranean coastlines. I have had the pleasure of visiting Madrid, Seville and the beautiful beaches of Marbella and Puerto Banus but I have always enjoyed making a very delicious dish for friends, that originates from Valencia, so it is definitely one part of Spain that is on the agenda. Paella is a rice dish with ancient roots that originated in its modern form in the mid-nineteenth century near Albufera lagoon, a coastal lagoon in Valencia, on the east coast of Spain. There are mainly 3 popular types, Paella Valenciana which consists of chicken, chorizo sausage, shrimp and rice with vegetables. Then there is Seafood Paella and Mixed Paella. My favorite is Seafood Paella, so here goes‌
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SEAFOOD PAELLA (PRONOUNCED PA- EYA)
CARAMEL & CINNAMON FLAN
INGREDIENTS:
A flan is a type of open-topped pie similar on many counts with custard tart or crème caramel. It is one of the most popular desserts in Spain and served almost on every occasion. The classic Spanish flan is typically made up of a vanilla egg custard and topped with caramel sauce however there are many varieties so we are adding cinnamon in this one… just to break the sweetness.
•1 large onion, finely chopped •5 tablespoons olive oil •2 garlic cloves, crushed to a paste or finely chopped •2 tomatoes, peeled and chopped •1/2 teaspoon sugar •Salt •1 teaspoon pimento or sweet paprika •A good pinch of saffron threads •4 cleaned small squid, bodies sliced into 1/4-inch-wide rings, tentacles left whole •2 cups medium-grain Spanish paella rice or risotto rice, such as Arborio or Carnaroli •3 cups fish or chicken stock plus more if needed •2 fillets of cod fish (or any meaty fish) cut into medium sized cubes and lightly seasoned with salt and pepper •12 jumbo shrimp in their shells •16 mussels, scrubbed and debearded (I have mussels as an optional
INGREDIENTS: •1/4 cup sugar •1 tablespoon water •1 1/2 cups milk •1/2 teaspoon ground cinnamon •2 large eggs •1/2 cup sweetened condensed milk •1 teaspoon vanilla extract
ingredients since I don’t eat it but I like to use it if I have guests for dinner)
METHOD: 1.Fry onion in the oil in a 16-inch paella pan ( I also use a large wok or
METHOD: 1.Preheat oven to 180 degrees Celsius. Place four 3/4-cup custard
2.In a separate pan fry the cubes of fish until almost cooked.
2.Stir sugar and 1 tablespoon water (30ml) in heavy small skillet
deep dish pan) until soft, stirring often.
Remove from pan 3.Stir in the garlic, and before it begins to color, add the tomatoes. Add sugar, salt to taste, pimento or paprika, and saffron, stir well, and cook until the tomatoes are reduced to a jammy sauce and oil is sizzling. 4.Add squid and cook, stirring, for a minute or so. Add the rice and stir well until all the grains are coated. (You can prepare the dish to this point up to an hour in advance.)
5.Bring the stock to a boil in a saucepan. Pour over the rice, bring to a boil, and add salt to taste (even if the broth tastes a bit salty, it will not be salty when it is absorbed by the rice). 6.Stir well and spread the rice out evenly in the pan (do not stir again). Cook the rice over low heat for 18 to 20 minutes, moving the pan around and rotating it so that the rice cooks evenly. 7.Lay the shrimp on top after 10 minutes and turn them when they have become pink on the first side. Add a little more hot stock toward the end if the rice seems too dry and you hear crackly frying noises before it is done. Add the cubes of fish between shrimps 8.When the rice is done, turn off the heat and cover the pan with a large piece of foil. (I drop a few tablespoons of butter in just to prevent the dish from drying out)
9.Steam the mussels with a finger of water in a pan with a tight-
fitting lid. As soon as they open, they are cooked. Throw away any that have not opened. 10.Arrange the mussels on top of the paella. Garnish with freshly chopped coriander and serve with lemon wedges on the side…. Enjoy as always… with Love.
cups in 13x9x2-inch baking pan.
over medium-low heat until sugar dissolves. Boil without stirring until syrup is deep amber color, occasionally brushing down sides of skillet with pastry brush dipped into water and swirling skillet, about 8 minutes. (this will prevent crystals which can make the sauce grainy) Immediately pour syrup into custard cups, dividing equally. 3.Whisk milk and cinnamon in small saucepan and bring to simmer. 4.Cover and allow to cool for 15 minutes. 5.Whisk eggs in medium bowl. Gradually whisk in cinnamon milk, then sweetened condensed milk and vanilla. 6.Divide among caramel-lined custard cups. Pour enough hot water into baking pan to come halfway up sides of cups. Bake custards until set in center, about 55 minutes. Cool in water in pan. Remove custard cups from water; cover and refrigerate overnight. 7.Run small knife around custards to loosen. To unmold each, place small plate atop custard; firmly holding plate and custard cup together, invert and shake gently, allowing custard and caramel to settle onto plate. 8.For added indulgence, serve with whipped cream and shaved almonds… and enjoy with Love…
November, 2014
PUT DOWN YOUR PHONE
AND MAKE MEMORIES
As I walk down the streets of Dublin, I take in everything around me. “Where do you want to go next love?” I hear an old man say to his wife, catching her hand as they both stroll down the street. I couldn’t help but notice something, the glint in his eye whenever he looked at her. When it comes to true love, I am a hopeless romantic. I sit at a small café in the corner, a nice and cosy place and I observe my surroundings. I notice a young woman in her 20s sitting with a young man, both on their phones, not a single word muttered between them. Twenty minutes later and still not a spoken word exchanged. However, I hear them both laugh but not with each other, laughing at Nadia AlHassan
Nadia Al-Hassan is a student in Ireland, studying Journalism. She is passionate about writing stories and poetry. Nadia loves helping people with her stories. She believes that words are beautiful and powerful.
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their phones. As they start to leave, he catches her hand, still on his phone, they walk out and that was it. No glint in his eye, no conversation, I was left disappointed. It then occurred to me, is true love disappearing? Do the younger generation take life for granted? Are they forgetting to enjoy life? Since technology has improved, it has been a wonderful experience, it truly has so much to offer us. But, has it robbed us from actually living our lives? An older couple sit at the table next to me, “You truly are a wonderful woman,” the old man in the wheelchair says to his wife. She smiles at him, her face turns red and she giggles like a little girl. She places his tea in front of him, tucking a napkin into his shirt and hands him a biscuit. “Now love, don’t get the biscuit all over the place this time,” she says with a cheeky smile. As I sat there, on my own, watching other people, I couldn’t help but think about what I have just observed. Love is more alive when technology isn’t around. “I hate when you are always on that thing,” a woman says to the man next to her. He looks up
from his phone and sighs. I can immediately tell that she is yearning for some sort of conversation, some affection. “It is the only time I can check my emails from work and you know that,” he says. She looks at him with a blank expression and turns away. A thick silence falls between them for a while and I was sitting there waiting for something else to happen. Nothing happened though, after an hour of sitting there, they both ended up leaving. I look at the elderly couples and perhaps, it may be how they were raised or how life was back in the day, but they definitely enjoyed every minute they had with each other, not wasting a single second. When a mobile phone is in somebody’s hand, it really takes away your valuable and precious time. Elderly people rarely ever have a phone in their hand when they are out. They cherish the time they have together. I sip on my hot chocolate and look out the window as my mind drifts off. We really only get to live once, remember this next time your head is stuck in your phone, put it down and don’t miss out on making memories.
Soft potato bun that does not overpower the meat
Toppings made from fresh local produce prepared daily
Real unprocessed cheddar cheese
100 % organic grass-fed free-range beef. Organic Grass-Fed beef is free from antibiotics, pesticides and hormones, lean on fat, and rich with Vitamin A, Vitamin E, and Omega 3
Menus Abu Halifa
Bidaa
NOVEMBER Movie Releases THE HUNGER GAMES: MOCKINGJAY, PART 1
Director: Francis Lawrence Starring: Jennifer Lawrence, Josh Hutcherson, Liam Hemsworth, Jena Malone, Philip Seymour Hoffman, Woody Harrelson Genres: Thriller, Action, Adaptation, Sequel Synopsis: Against all odds, Katniss Everdeen has survived the Hunger Games twice, but even though she's made it out of the bloody arena alive, she's still not safe. The Capitol is angry. The Capitol wants revenge. President Snow makes it clear that no one is safe either -- not Katniss's family, not her friends and not the people of District 12.
OPEN WINDOWS
Director: Nacho Vigalondo Starring: Elijah Wood, Sasha Grey, Neil Maskell, Nacho Vigalondo, Rachel Arieff
FOXCATCHER
THE HOBBIT: THE BATTLE OF THE FIVE ARMIES
BEYOND THE LIGHTS
Director: Bennett Guillermo del Toro Director: Miller
Director: Simon J. Smith
Starring: Mark Ruffalo, Steve Carell, Channing Tatum, Anthony Michael Hall, Sienna Miller, Vanessa Redgrave
Starring: Tom McGrath, Chris Miller LX, Christopher Knights, Benedict Cumberbatch, Ken Jeong, Peter Stormare
Starring: Martin Freeman, Ian McKellen, Andy Serkis, Benedict Cumberbatch, Manu Bennett, Luke Evans
Starring: Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Nate Parker, Danny Glover, Minnie Driver, Aisha Hinds
Genres: Drama, Biography
Genres: Family, CGI Animation, Kids
Genres: Family, Drama, Adventure
Synopsis: Tells the story of Olympic Gold
Synopsis: Discover the secrets of the most
Medal-winning wrestler Mark Schultz (Tatum), who sees a way out from the shadow of his more celebrated wrestling brother Dave (Ruffalo) and a life of poverty when he is summoned by eccentric multi-millionaire John du Pont (Carell) to move onto his estate and train for the 1988 Seoul Olympics. Desperate to gain the respect of his disapproving mother, du Pont begins "coaching" a world-class athletic team and, in the process, lures Mark into dangerous habits, breaks his confidence and drives him into a self-destructive spiral.
entertaining and mysterious birds in the global espionage game: Skipper, Kowalski, Rico and Private now must join forces with the chic spy organization, the North Wind, led by Agent Classified, voiced by Benedict Cumberbatch, to stop the villainous Dr. Octavius Brine, voiced by John Malkovich, from taking over the world.
Synopsis: The Hobbit: The Battle of the
Synopsis: Beyond the Lights is the story of Noni Jean, the music world’s latest superstar. But not all is what it seems, and the pressures cause Noni to nearly fall apart - until she meets Kaz Nicol, a promising young cop and aspiring politician who’s been assigned to her detail. Drawn to each other, Noni and Kaz fall fast and hard, despite the protests of those around them who urge them to put their career ambitions ahead of their romance. But it is ultimately Kaz's love that gives Noni the courage to find her own voice and break free to become the artist she was meant to be.
ROSEWATER
Starring: Gael García Bernal, Shohreh Aghdashloo, Golshifteh Farahani, Dimitri Leonidas, Haluk Bilginer, Andrew Gower
Starring: Katie Holmes, James Badge Dale, Callan Mulvey
Five Armies brings to an epic conclusion the adventures of Bilbo Baggins (Martin Freeman), Thorin Oakenshield (Richard Armitage) and the Company of Dwarves. Having reclaimed their homeland from the Dragon Smaug, the Company has unwittingly unleashed a deadly force into the world. Enraged, Smaug rains his fiery wrath down upon the defenseless men, women and children of Lake-town. Obsessed above all else with his reclaimed treasure, Thorin sacrifices friendship and honor to hoard it as Bilbo’s frantic attempts to make him see reason drive the Hobbit towards a desperate and dangerous choice. But there are even greater dangers ahead. Unseen by any but the Wizard Gandalf (Ian McKellen), the great enemy Sauron has sent forth legions of Orcs in a stealth attack upon the Lonely Mountain.
Director: David Hayter Starring: Lucas Till, Jason Momoa, Merritt Patterson, Stephen McHattie
Director: Sean Anders Starring: Jason Bateman, Charlie Day, Jason Sudeikis, Jamie Foxx, Chris Pine, Christoph Waltz
Genres: Thriller, Crime, Action
Synopsis: Nick (Elijah Wood) is excited to
Synopsis: Reporter Maziar Bahari is
Synopsis: Katie Holmes plays a sweet and
Synopsis: Popular high school student
Synopsis: Fed up with answering to
accused of being a spy and imprisoned by
proper elementary school teacher whose
the Iranian government shortly after a "Daily
perfect manners and pretty floral dresses
Show" correspondent interviews him in Iran
hide a dark secret: when she's not teaching
in 2009. He spends the next three months in
at the local elementary school or tending to
Iran’s most notorious prison, enduring brutal
her garden, she's moonlighting as a gun-toting
interrogation sessions at the hands of a man
vigilante.
discover that he's won a dinner date with his favorite actress, Jill Goddard (Sasha Grey). But when Jill refuses to honor the contest, her manager Chord (Neil Maskell) makes an offer he can't refuse - the ability to view Jill secretly via computer. Nick begins watching the unknowing star on her webcam, not realizing that this decision will put both himself and Jill at risk as they enter a terrifying world of catand-mouse where nothing, and no one are as they seem.
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he knows only by his smell: Rosewater. Bahari later reveals he was not imprisoned because of the TV show interview, but because his captors wanted an excuse to lock him up.
Cayden Richards wakes from a horrific nightmare, only to realize that he’s living it… He is changing into something vicious, unpredictable and wild. Forced to hit the road after the brutal murder of his parents, Cayden tries to hunt down the truth of what he is. In the remote, mountain town of Lupine Ridge, he discovers others like him — Including the beautiful Angelina, a young woman caught between two ancient clans of "wolves". And when he finally discovers the shocking truth behind his ancestry, Cayden realizes there is only one way to save the woman he loves… a grisly fight to the death against forces more savage than he could have ever imagined.
higher-ups, Nick, Dale and Kurt decide to become their own bosses by launching their own business in Horrible Bosses 2. But a slick investor soon pulls the rug out from under them. Outplayed and desperate, and with no legal recourse, the three would-be entrepreneurs hatch a misguided plan to kidnap the investor's adult son and ransom him to regain control of their company.
Travel Made Easy DYING OF THE LIGHT
MERRY FRIGGIN' CHRISTMAS
Director:Paul James Wan Director: Schrader
Director: Tristram Shapeero
Starring: Nicolas Cage, Anton Yelchin, Alexander Karim, Irene Jacob
Starring: Joel McHale, Lauren Graham, Robin Williams, Pierce Gagnon, Bebe Wood, Wendi McLendon-Covey
Genres: Thriller, Suspense, Drama
Synopsis: Evan Lake (Nicolas Cage), a
Synopsis: Follows Boyd Mitchler (Joel
veteran CIA agent, has been ordered to retire. But when his protégé (Anton Yelchin) uncovers evidence that Lake's nemesis, the terrorist Banir (Alexander Karim), has resurfaced, Lake goes rogue, embarking on a perilous, intercontinental mission to eliminate his sworn enemy.
McHale) and his wife Luann (Lauren Graham) as they spend a dreaded Christmas with Boyd’s father Mitch (Robin Williams) and his family of misfits. Upon realizing that he has left all of his son’s gifts at home, Boyd hits the road with his father and younger brother in an attempt to make the eight-hour round trip before sunrise.
JOHN WICK
THEORY OF EVERYTHING
Director: Chad Stahelski Starring: Keanu Reeves, Adrianne Palicki, Bridget Regan, Willem Dafoe, Ian McShane, Jason Isaacs
Director: James Marsh Starring: Eddie Redmayne, Felicity Jones, Emily Watson, David Thewlis, Harry Lloyd, Maxine Peake
Genres: Thriller, Action
Genres: Biography, Drama
Synopsis: An ex-hitman comes out of retirement to track down the gangsters that took everything from him. An ex-hitman comes out of retirement to track down the gangsters that took everything from him. With New York City as his bulletriddled playground, John Wick (Keanu Reeves) is a fresh and stylized take on the "assassin genre".
Synopsis: Follows Eddie Redmayne as theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking, worldfamous as the author of A Brief History of Time, opposite Felicity Jones. The movie explores the excitement of the 1960s for Stephen as he studies at Cambridge University. At the dawn of a brilliant life’s work, he falls passionately in love with arts student Jane Wilde. Their relationship leads him through personal and scientific challenges and breakthroughs, and as his world opens up he opens up the entire world to new ways of seeing.
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Whether you are arriving, departing or transiting at Kuwait International Airport, Hala Kuwait is there to make your journey easy. From the moment you get to the airport, our team is there to take care of your every need whether it is using our Fast Track immigration, dedicated check in area, Pearl Lounge, private transportation, or our Meet & Assist Service to guide you every step of the way.
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TOP MUSIC CHARTS 1
Meghan Trainor Rae Sremmurd
with MJB Star of the Month Sam Smith
Here are some albums that you can pre-order on iTunes: Album title: Four Artist: One Direction Expected: Nov 17, 2014 Album title: Listen Artist: David Guetta Expected: Nov 24, 2014 Album title: Nick Jonas Artist: Nick Jonas Expected: Nov 10, 2014
Some interesting facts! Samuel Fredrick Smith was born on May 19, 1992 in London England, Sam Smith does not have a long biography like other artists I’ve written about before because he rose to fame in 2012, before 2 years only when he featured on Disclosure’s single “Latch,” and his feature on Naughty Boys’ “La La La” shot to number one on the UK Chart. His debut album, In The Lonely Hour was released on May 26, 2014, and it got to number one on the UK Charts and his two latter singles “Money On My Mind” and “Stay with me” as well. The reason behind his huge success in the U.S is because of his performances on Saturday Night Live on March 29, and when he covered Whitney Houston’s “How Will I Know” for Sirius XM in New York June 29.
1-To win a gold disc, an album needs to sell 100,000 copies in Britain, and 500,000 in the United States. 2-40 billion songs are downloaded illegally every year, that’s some 90% of all music downloads. 3-The number of recorded CDs and blank CDs sold were about equal. November, 2014
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Moulin Rouge! (2001)
Catch me if you Can (2002)
The Blues Brothers was a movie that brought the old southern blues to the American public- but moreso, it brought a unique style that is still classic to this day. The Blues Brothers made the skinny tie, fedora, and Ray Ban Wayfarer combo famous. While somewhat outplayed to this day, The Blues Brothers nonetheless created a style entirely it's own.
Moulin Rouge is amazing in every single waythere is not a single part of it that is not remarkably unique, bohemian, clever, or stylish. One large part of it's success is the intricate clothing- and for both men and women in the movie, and while you won't be wearing a tophat and tails any time soon, it's nonetheless as fashionable as it can be.
it's an excellent movie for both men and women alike. However, what really makes the movie shine is the overall styles in the movie, varying between different popular trends in the 60s, as if a gallery of awesome. While it has it's share of ugly fashion (see: the sweater DiCaprio wears later in the movie at his party), some costumes/uniforms (especially the fetching pilot uniform and his ladies, above) really set a trend and "display the era", so to speak.
Reign Over Me (2007) Reign Over Me is a movie that was generally poorly accepted by the box office because of it's somewhat uneven storyline, but it nonetheless features style that really encompasses the "professional urban" style that has emerged in New York and similar cityscapes as of recent. Both of the characters played by Adam Sandler and Don Cheadle are stylish in their unique ways, with dark coats accented by bright shirts and ties with unique accents to their style, this movie embodies the kind of urban style that becomes increasingly popular today.
James Bond/Thomas Crowne Naturally, Pierce Brosnan (mainly known for his role as James Bond) takes a part in this lineup, being one of the most fashionable (yet traditional) actors today. In both the James Bond and Thomas Crowne roles, as well as the Remington Steele role, Brosnan teaches audiences the value of the traditional suit and tux. Who needs modern design when the traditional clothing looks so much sexier?
Oceans 11/12/13 (2001/2004/2007) the Oceans series (both the original Rat Pack version and the more recent remake(s)) are wonderful for seeing stylish clothing, and generally the best example of how to pull off a comfortable professional style. The Oceans series is damn sexy, and it's mainly due to the fashion: taking cues from this is never a bad idea. The Men's clothing is the real trendsetter here- the Women's side is less original, but nonetheless interesting. Abdulaziz AlKhamis
Abdulaziz is a Kuwaiti Film Maker, Visual Artist and a Script Writer. He graduated from the UK, with a passion to mix art and visuals.
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Hitch (2005) Hitch is a movie that has, countless times, been likened to Well Cultured. In any case, Will Smith's character "Hitch" is actually very well dressed, and his entire role in the movie is stylish in it's own unique way. While the movie is stereotypical and smacks of making Will Smith a "Magical Negro", it's a good watch to pick up some casual style ideasjust don't expect much for the ladies.
Gattaca (1997) Gattaca is one of those movies that continues to set trends- not only is it famous for sparking discussion on human genetic work, but also for it's striking character design. Gattaca has a style that could only be considered early American at best, and is one of the few movies to really use a double breasted suit- and it does it extremely well. Uma Thurman's style in the movie is similarly interesting for females- while remarkably plain, it nonetheless acts as a strong contrast later in the film- but it certainly wouldn't be advised for most, due to the matronly look it gives off.
Doctor Who (David Tennant version) While fans argue about his acting in the newest rendition of Doctor Who, no-one can doubt that his revised style, with a sharp pinstriped suit and trench coat, is anything but awesome. Doctor Who is an amazing example of how geekiness can still be incredibly sexy and stylish- just with the right clothing and atmosphere. This is the kind of style that brings pocket watches back into fashion.
Croupier (1998) Cropier (also known as "that movie few have heard of") is an amazing film noir style movie that captures the essence of casino style and the classiness of upper scale establishments with a flair that defies explanation. While not without its problems, the movie is amazing for the way it potrays casino staff- and even more importantly, the styles within the movie reflect a kind of "broken down" allure that is fascinating, yet wholly unappreciated.
American Psycho (2000) This is a movie you must absolutely see. American Psycho is a black comedy, a thriller, and a reminder of 80s-90s style all in one- and a jarring attack on yuppie obsessions all in one. Of course, most of you know why this is on here: Patrick Bateman, played by Christopher Bale, is a fashion-obsessed lunatic, and the fashion itself is interesting enough to justify watching this movie (if you don't find the rampant "killing" exciting enough)- business cards be damned.
American Gigolo (1980) Armani. That's all you need to know. Thanks to American Gigolo, the world was introduced to the Armani suit, and thus the sexiness and style of the modern American suit was born.
American Gangster (2007) with the "American" prefix, is a movie that, more recently, has provided a throwback to American style in a way that no other movie can: style hand in hand with power. American Gangster, like no other movie, is far from intentionally ostentatious, but the insane amount of masculinity and power makes it so. Denzel Washington looks good in a suit, and he'll make you want to wear nothing but suits and traditional menswear when you're done watching this movie.
Alfie (2004) Much like it's original version, the new version of Alfie reads like a primer to decent Men's fashion. Alfie is somewhat obsessed with his looks and sex appeal, and his adornment in this movie is still in vogue even today- something few movies seem to be able to do. Everything about Jude Law's character- the suits, the scarves, the shoes, the haircuts, the Aviators, even the damn watches- is immaculate. This movie is probably one of the best for any Well Cultured reader to see period but if you watch it for anything, watch it for the fashion.
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5 Things to Keep in Mind when Writing in English in the Arab World 3 - How to ‘Discover’ Your Writing Voice Tips on discovering one’s writing voice tend to sound airy and abstract. A writer’s voice, we are often told, distinguishes one great writer from another. In describing the difference between ‘talent’ and ‘genius,’ Jack Kerouac writes, “genius is simply a person who originates something never known before. Nobody but Melville could have written Moby-Dick, not even Whitman or Shakespeare. Nobody but Whitman could have written Leaves of Grass; Whitman was born to write Leaves of Grass and Melville was born to write Moby-Dick.” For Kerouac a genius creates something new and a person with great talent improves on the already-created product of the genius. It is true that neither Shakespeare nor Whitman could have written Melville’s book. In a previous article about generating relevant writing topics, I wrote “Ideas are both social and personal and are constantly modifying one other.” Hence, only Melville—due to his personal experiences, genetic composition and subconscious mind, and the ways in which these elements have been formed by his own social and political environment—could have possibly envisaged and delineated the story of Moby-Dick. Both Shakespeare and Whitman belong to different eras with different concerns and, more importantly, different utilizations of the English language. I spoke about language in last month’s article. “English” I wrote “does not fall down from trees. It is picked up laboriously, it is strung together with intent, it is sculpted and graven with inconsistency.” As a result of the materiality of language and its dependency on the social sphere, Shakespeare could not have written Whitman’s Leaves of Grass nor Whitman could have written Shakespeare’s Othello since the former lived in sixteenth-century England and the latter in nineteenth-century America. In Divine Fury: A History of Genius, Darrin M. McMahon traces the origins and evolution of the term ‘genius,’ which has been in use for more than 2,000 years. Roots of the term have been found in the Ancient world where geniuses were thought to be humans protected by divine-like entities that guide and inspire them to accomplish exceptional tasks or to create new ideas and ways of life. Even though the book does not focus on writing geniuses and rather traces the evolution of the general term itself, its conclusions are helpful to understand (or to decode) contemporary views on writing voice and their emphases on genius and authenticity Nada Faris Nada Faris is a Kuwaiti who writes poetry, articles, and fiction in English. Her latest book, Before Young Adult Fiction, is a collection of short, award-winning articles, poems, and short stories that shaped her writing voice. Reach her at: www.nadafaris.com or @nadafaris
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as core features. It shows us the synchronicity of contemporary views—their adhesion to the time and place of their origin. Today, there are two prominent reasons to develop one’s writing voice. The first supports a commercial impetus, whereby authenticity is reinterpreted as a writer’s position in the literary market, and developing a writing voice is aimed at creating a recognizable consumer brand. The second, which continues to adhere to Romantic inclinations, views authenticity through idealistic goggles that understand humans as distinct and separate from one another. To help writers discover their own writing voice, members of the second camp utter statements such as “be yourself” or “write as you speak, because no one speaks like you”. The first camp suggests manifold ways to improve one’s writing (if one viewed writing as a commodity and if one identified success in terms of the maximum amount of sales or visibility). The second camp prioritizes aesthetics, shying away from the ugly term ‘commodity’ and instead rephrasing the importance of one’s writing by paying lip-service to the ‘timelessness’ of the work of art; they explain that one ought to be unique and authentic in order for the text to remain sufficiently valuable for eternity. The first method may garner money and gather fans. The second method may bestow accolades upon writers with unique voices and admit them into the ivory tower of international literature. Unfortunately, the second camp also views writing as a commodity even if the camp uses other terms to describe the work of art, such as Literature with a capital L, or Art with a capital A. The difference between the first and second camp is that one caters for the ‘masses’ by preparing easily consumable products, and the second caters to an ‘elite’ audience that depends upon its previous conditioning and education to comprehend the complex commodity posing as pure Art. Neither position really pays much attention to the social responsibility of the work of art, as both camps tend to perpetuate and endorse the social status quo. The first depoliticizes the work in order to enter into the lucrative mass market; the second aestheticizes its politics in order to be presented to a small elite audience. Neither camp really aspires to encounter and alter the real world. I had mentioned earlier that the aim of Anglowaiti writers should not be to “write propaganda to serve the status quo, or [to] make commercial goods to grow a writing brand—[but to] create art to elevate social consciousness, to dislodge dogma, and to change the status quo, even if we end up making a living out of our calling.” In this third view, it becomes imperative for Anglowaiti writers to discover their writing voice to be able to bring new insights, to create new ways of thinking, and to positively influence social consciousness. To begin with, we need to recall Mark Twain’s
statement. “Substantially,” Twain said, “all ideas are second-hand, consciously and unconsciously drawn from a million outside sources, and daily used by the garnerer with a pride and satisfaction born of the superstition that he originated them.” Ideas are never organically or entirely novel. Novelty or innovation requires segments of raw materials (thoughts, words, mediums, objects, tools, etc.), that when added together create a new whole. Authenticity and the spark of one’s writing voice (the flammable element that sets one writer apart from another) is a very particular ability to repossess and reorganize accessible creative materials in new ways. This means that one does not necessarily ‘discover’ one’s writing voice in the sense that one arbitrarily stumbles upon it one morning. Rather, a writing voice is constructed both consciously and unconsciously overtime. One’s memories, desires, fears or hopes depend upon certain experiential elements mixed with one’s own genetic makeup and the specific circumstances of his or her time and place. One cannot be unique if one does not eliminate one’s social and personal programming. In the past few months, I explained how to exorcise automated responses. In addition, I explained that the English language in Kuwait appears in various clusters that limit or make possible certain thoughts. For instance, learning ethics and philosophy in English will open up new ways of thinking that learning marketing or business in English will not. Far from being merely an aesthetic appearance, or a ghost-like entity, transparent, consistently fleeting from one’s mental grasp, your writing voice is the material outcome of form, content, and context. Form is the body of the text itself, the way in which writers rearrange signs (language’s visual symbols such as letters, words, or phrases) to achieve certain sounds (the audible elements of language produced in the mouth) and signification (the overall meaning of signs and sounds). Content is the collection of ideas within the text; it is the subject or topic the author chooses to write about. Finally, context is the socio-political landscape with all its heterogeneous conditions of possibility and limitations. A final word on the issue of writing voice: one must keep in mind global culture and global technology. Writing on a computer, the Internet easily within reach, or with a quill on a deserted Island, will influence and modify one’s writing voice. Just as language systems limit or make possible new ways of thinking, so too does the technology we use to transcribe our thoughts. In responding to one of his composer friends who noticed a change in the style of his writing when he moved from longhand to machine transcription, Friedrich Nietzsche explained, “our writing equipment takes part in the forming of our thoughts.” In short, your writing voice—everything from the ideas to the style in which they are presented—invariably depend upon the very instruments that bring it to life.
August, 2014
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أصدقاء جميلين الحياةُ طويلة بما يكفي ألن نلتقي كأصدقاء جميلين... وان لم نلتقي يا صديقي.. فليكن... ْ ُ فة... سأحمل الحنين اليك في أكياس مغ َل ٍ رطوبة الوقت.. ضد ٍ ُ ٌ عبئ الشوق في ّ سأ ُ حمام.. أظرف بيضاء وارسلها مع سرب ٍ ضفاف ع ّينيك... اعتاد الترحال بين ِ ُ نيه االنتظار... سأبعث مع صديقتي الغريبة رائحة ِش ْعري حين ُي ْ ض ِ الصدف... واغترابي حين تخذ ُله ُ ُ طويلة إذن... الحياةُ وسنلتقي إذن.. يوما.. فليكن يا صديقي... وان لم يكن..
وان غد َر بنا الغياب... وسقطنا بهاوية االنتظار... ُ سأبحث من هنا... ربة ت ُ وقح... ُطل في وطن من شرفة غُ ٍ ِ ٍ ُ سأبحث منها، عن أبجديتي في صمتك... وسأكتب قصائدي بما بقي من وعودك... ُ عب ْر تضاريس المباال ِتك... سأكون أول من َي ٌ المفتعلة... ُ ويخترق ُجدان قسوتك ُ الحلم... كفراشة صيفية على وسأرقد ٍ ِ نافذة ُ ُ يوم الحياة.. الى أن تجمعنا ذات ٍ كأصدقاء جميلين... Tassnim Hassoun
Tassnim is an accounts specialist. She has been writing poetry and short stories since she was twelve and currently is in the process of writing a book, needless to say she loves reading. Additionally Tassnim is a gym and nutrition junky.
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NOVEMBER Book Releases Curious about what books will be released in the months ahead so you can pre-order or reserve them? Then check our list below.
Please note we have not included every book that is coming out, but rather some that caught our eye --- and that we thought should catch yours as well.
Fighting the Fall J.B. Salsbury
The toughest fighters aren’t created in the octagon but are born of necessity. When life delivers blow after punishing blow, you fight back or get destroyed. Eve Dawson has had her fill of bad luck. A string of unhealthy relationships has left her angry, bitter, and frustrated. She’s given up on being happy and settles for content. Swearing off men, she repels advances and makes herself a challenge to even the most persistent suitors. After all, how much can the fragile human heart take? But life isn’t finished with her, and when things can’t possibly get worse . . . they do. Stay on your feet.
41: A Portrait of My Father George W. Bush
George W. Bush, the 43rd President of the United States, has authored a personal biography of his father, George H. W. Bush, the 41st President. Forty-three men have served as President of the United States. Countless books have been written about them. But never before has a President told the story of his father, another President, through his own eyes and in his own words. A unique and intimate biography, the book
Sheltered by the Millionaire
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Maureen Child
A cowboy gets a baby surprise from USA TODAY bestselling author Maureen Child All former marine Jake Hunter wants is peace and quiet. But when his business-minded mother sends her assistant Cassidy Moore from Boston to see him about a long-standing family dispute, chaos ensues. Their attraction rages out of control as a snowstorm strands them on his Montana ranch. Flash-forward fourteen months: Cassie can't bring herself to tell Jake she's had his child. But when his mother interferes again, Cassie rushes back to Jake…just in time for another blizzard—and for the Christmas spirit to open one reclusive cowboy's heart.
13 Hours: The Inside Account of What Really Happened in Benghazi Amy Poehler
The harrowing, true account from the brave men on the ground who fought back during the Battle of Benghazi. 13 HOURS presents, for the first time ever, the true account of the events of September 11, 2012, when terrorists attacked the US State Department Special Mission Compound and a nearby CIA station called the Annex in Benghazi, Libya. A team of six American security operators fought to repel the attackers and protect the Americans stationed there. Those men went beyond the call of duty, performing extraordinary acts of courage and heroism, to avert tragedy on a much larger scale. This is their personal account, never before told, of what happened during the thirteen hours of that now-infamous attack.
Captivated by You (Crossfire Series #4)
Catherine Mann
Michel Faber
A life-and-death rescue leads to love for a single mom in USA TODAY bestselling author Catherine Mann's Texas Cattleman's Club story Texas tycoon Whit Daltry has always been a thorn in Megan Maguire's side, especially when he tries to put the kibosh on her animal shelter. But when he saves her daughter during the worst tornado in recent memory, Megan sees beneath his prickly exterior to the hero underneath. Soon, the storm's recovery makes bedfellows of these opposites. Until Megan's old reflexes kick in—should she brace for betrayal or say yes to Whit once and for all?
Gideon calls me his angel, but he’s the miracle in my life. My gorgeous, wounded warrior, so determined to slay my demons while refusing to face his own. The vows we'd exchanged should have bound us tighter than blood and flesh. Instead they opened old wounds, exposed pain and insecurities, and lured bitter enemies out of the shadows. I felt him slipping from my grasp, my greatest fears becoming my reality, my love tested in ways I wasn’t sure I was strong enough to bear. At the brightest time in our lives, the darkness of his past encroached and threatened everything we’d worked so hard for. We faced a terrible choice: the familiar safety of the lives we’d had before each other or the fight for a future that suddenly seemed an impossible and hopeless dream
Revival
The Long Haul (Diary of a Wimpy Kid Series #9)
A dark and electrifying novel about addiction, fanaticism, and what might exist on the other side of life. In a small New England town, over half a century ago, a shadow falls over a small boy playing with his toy soldiers. Jamie Morton looks up to see a striking man, the new minister. Charles Jacobs, along with his beautiful wife, will transform the local church. The men and boys are all a bit in love with Mrs. Jacobs; the women and girls feel the same about Reverend
A family road trip is supposed to be a lot of fun . . . unless, of course, you’re the Heffleys. The journey starts off full of promise, then quickly takes several wrong turns. Gas station bathrooms, crazed seagulls, a fender bender, and a runaway pig—not exactly Greg Heffley’s idea of a good time. But even the worst road trip can turn into an adventure—and this is one the Heffleys won’t soon forget.
Stephen King
The Cowboy's Pride and Joy
Jeff Kinney
BOOK CLUB
ONWARD Starbucks was and still is a worldwide phenomenon in the art of coffee making. It was recently introduced to the Kuwaiti market back in 1999 and I don't know if you guys can recall the first Starbucks that is still located in Souq Sharq Mall. I felt it is very important for me to review this book because of the way that this brand has become part of the Kuwaiti culture in no time. Onward: How Starbucks Fought for Its Life without Losing Its Soul written by Starbucks founder Howard Schultz and author Joanne Gordon (2011). This book was written to show the struggle that Starbucks as company went through to maintain its worldwide image, not just as an efficient company that serves people with the best coffee beans in the world but also as a company that creates an emotional connection between the coffee experience that a customer has, not making it only a trip to a coffee shop but what we call in marketing a "High Involvement" process. When CEO of Starbucks Howard Schultz left the position in 2000 but felt he has to go back to take matters in his own hands and make sure the company stays true to the vision of Starbucks when it started 40 years Nada Soliman
[email protected]
Meet Nada, our team member is simply a book savvy. Every month Nada picks her favourite book and shares with you its review. Please feel free to contact Nada to discuss your opinion or ask her opinion on your favourite book or author.
ago. Howard Schultz is chairman, president and CEO of Starbucks Coffee Company. Howard moved from his native New York and joined the company in 1982 as a director of operations and marketing when Starbucks had only four stores. He has been recognized extensively for his passion, leadership, and efforts to strengthen communities, with honors including the Horatio Alger Award for those who have overcome adversity to achieve success; the Rev. Theodore M. Hesburgh Award of Business Ethics given by Notre Dame University's Mendoza College of Business; the Botwinick Prize in Business Ethics from Columbia Business School; and the first ever John Wooden Global Leadership Award from UCLA Anderson School of Management. He has also been included in Time Magazine's "Time 100," a list of the most influential people in the world and co-author Joanne Gordon is a former Forbes writer who has spent more than a decade profiling companies and business leaders for numerous publications. She has written five books previously. "Onward" is the remarkable story of transformation. It is more than just a business book. Personally inspiring and unexpectedly candid, it brings a dramatic story to life with the emotional power and narrative suspense of a novel. November, 2014
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to add to your wishlist Some things are just ... better.
BACTrack Vio The size of a key chain, the Vio is one of the smallest breathalyzers available. It measures blood alcohol content, and even estimates when the level will drop low enough to safely drive.
Nerf Combat Creatures
The company’s first remote-controlled dart blaster has six legs, walks like an insect, and can shoot darts 360 degrees and up to 45 feet. Plus, it will almost assuredly scare any opponent into submission.
Civilization: Beyond Earth Beyond Earth is the first game in the Civilization series to be set in the future (a departure from previous releases). Players can build and tear down societies and even explore maps inspired by real exoplanets.
Milwaukee Jobsite Scissors Thanks to cutting edges made from iron carbide, the Jobsite scissors are 10 times more durable than ones made from standard stainless steel. Cut through tough materials with abandon. 152
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Yeti Hopper
At first blush, a cooler made of fabric sounds dicey. But Yeti made its crushable, packable one from DryHide material (borrowed from whitewater rafts) and reinforced it with fully sealing zippers (borrowed from hazmat suits). Then they lined it with up to 1.5 inches of insulation, ensuring that everything in the 6.5-gallon cooler stays ice cold.
Nike Vapor 360 Breaking in a new baseball glove is tough. The Vapor 360 makes it easier. Built with a perforated and nearly seamless construction into the palm, Nike designers made the Vapor 360 ready to use right out of the box—no need to perform feats of strength trying to cool, warm, and stretch it into submission.
Blackout Buddy H2O Ill-prepared for inclement weather? This emergency light can run for 72 hours without any batteries. Developed by Etón Corporation with the American Red Cross, the device needs just a few drops of water to activate it.
Tzukuri smart sunglasses will alert your iPhone when they go missing
Wearables company Tzukuri has developed a new type of sunglasses that are described as unloseable, and they're now available for pre-order. Relying on tracking beacons embedded in the frame, Tzukuri's smart sunglasses make use of Apple's iBeacon technology in order to pair with a nearby iPhone and ultimately pipe notifications to the phone about their whereabouts. In fact, when you leave the shades behind, an alarm will ring on your iPhone.
Climendo Climendo aggregates data from popular forecasters including Wunderground, Forecast.io, and NOAA, and then compares it with weather outcomes to show which is the most accurate for your area.
Jabra Pulse Your heart rate monitor has a new home, and it’s in your ears. Jabra’s wireless headphones can measure heart rate (more accurately than on your wrist), step count and pace, and can record a given route. And because it includes a microphone, you can still field calls mid-workout. November, 2014
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Ultrasounds Gestures Coming Soon!
قريبا اإليماءات بالموجات فوق الصوتية
This input technology from Elliptic Labs will definitely change the way to control everything. Starting from smartphones in the first half of 2015. That is not the only good news, the best news is a feature called “multi layer interaction” which allows to move hand towards and away from the screen. Compared to other technologies, Ultrasound is more suitable for everyday use, thanks to 180-degree active area around the entire face of the the device. Other technologies need your hand to be positioned in front of the camera which is easily missed if you’re not waving carefully. The team in Elliptic Labs say it’s possible to integrate this technology into car dashboards. healthcare equipments and wearables, but for now, they are focusing on smartphones, tablets and laptops.
. ستغير حتمًا طريقة التحكم في كل شيءElliptic Labs تقنية اإلدخال من ليس هذا الخبر.2015 ابتداء من الهواتف الذكية في النصف األول من عام ولكن الخبر األفضل هي ميزة تسمى “ التفاعل متعدد،السعيد فحسب بالمقارنة مع.الطبقات” والذي يسمح بتحريك اليد لألمام أو بعيدًا عن الجهاز التقنيات اآلخرى فإن التحكم بالموجات الفوق صوتية مالئمة أكثر لإلستخدام درجة من180 ويرجع الفضل بذلك للمنطقة الفعالة والتي تغطي،اليومي التقنيات األخرى تتطلب أن تكون يدك متمركزة أمام.واجهة الجهاز بالكامل الكاميرا والتي من السهل جدًا فقد حركتها ان لم تقم بتحريكها بشكل يقولون انه من الممكن دمج هذه التقنيةElliptic Labs فريق العمل في.حذر ولكنهم اآلن، ،في لوحة قيادة السيارة والمعدات الصحية والساعات الذكية .يركزون على الهواتف الذكية واألجهزة اللوحية والحواسيب المحمولة
Yousif AlSaeed Yousif holds a BSc. in Information Technology & Computing Degree and is a Teacher and Software Developer. He loves sharing the latest technology news and gadgets with people. Yousif believes that behind everything in the tech-world is a great story. He spends most of his time reading technology blogs and self development.
Saad Almseikan A burger lover who works as a Computer Technician during the day. Saad has a curious mind that likes to discover everything new that's related to computers, hardware, gadgets and technology. You'll most probably find him holding a burger while playing with a new gadget. He is 27 years old, loves Mixed Martial Arts. Music is what keeps him going especially Rock & Roll.
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“3DAround" Is Your Next New Favorite 3D Camera App For Your Food. Since almost 2009 - 2010 all of the tech enthusiasts in the middle east were dying to have an Apple store near us, and after almost 5 years we will have the biggest store in the world. Patience is finally paid. Apple listed a job listing on their website for jobs in UAE, this indicates a future retail store in the area. No plans so far or any official release, but the rumor says the store will be opened in the first quarter of 2015. Tim Cook “Apple CEO’ visited the UAE earlier this year and he met Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid and Tim probably were scouting the best location for the store. We are happy for this news, and we can't wait for this to actually happen. The app is yet to be released, but from the video we saw it's gonna be a great way to take photos of your food in all angles. The app turns your camera into a 3D scanner. Taking a series of photos and stitching them together to create a 360-degree view of any object. We loved the idea, its simple and really effective. This will be released soon, no date for an official release so far. The food on our social media feeds will be more delicious and mouth watering, God help us.
Google's Search Change Search Results To Destroy Pirates Sites Google is changing their search algorithm to demote and destroy pirates sites and put them in the last of the queue. Some top pirate site reports that they have taken a huge hits in the traffic coming from google and its reduced to almost the half. By searching a specific tv show, google will direct you to a legal way to watch the show or to give you the least popular Torrent sites. This is a dumb move to be honest, when people want Torrents they know where to search. It's a move copyright owners initiated to reduce their losses. Google removed 223 millions links in 2013.
Credit Card With Fingerprint Scanner MasterCard is introducing Credit Cards with fingerprint scanner to secure your payments at stores. This method prevents people from paying for items in case of a stolen card. Specially if the Credit Card using contact-less payment option which is new method too. Zwipe MasterCard is offered in UK for now with fingerprint scanner that stores your thumbprint. when you put your thumb on the scanner, the embedded chip unlocks and you’re able to tap the card to make purchase, as simple as that. November, 2014
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WHAT IS GAMERGATE?
Even though you might not be familiar with videogames or the gaming community, you may still have heard about the new uproar on social media sites coming from GamerGate. So, what is this GamerGate, and why is it all over the news? Gamergate is a controversy that is interpreted by many as a wholly different thing rather than what it really is. It is about gamers’ discontent with some unethical gaming journalists who are in favour of videogames whose developers have been in an intimate relationship with them. Of course, they should have the liberty to, but what really bothers us is that we, as a community of gamers, are represented by those lousy journalists. So, if they criticize us, we are looked down upon for no reason other than that they have criticized us. And it’s such a big problem since any activist with the power to do change, and so little information about the current subject, may ruin the whole industry for us. It all started when game developer, Zoe Quinn, made a video-game about battling depression, and received many threats by anonymous people, whom many assume to be some sociopaths who play videogames. The videogame media highlighted this game, and greatly acclaimed it, and it was later revealed that most of those critics which did so had been in an intimate relationship with Ms. Quinn. And then came Anita Sarkeesian, the pop-culture feminist, and started bashing at videogames for being sexist and misogynistic. Many gamers and non-gamers saw her arguments as bizarre and irrelevant, and thus countered her. That’s the story in a nut-shell. To most real gamers, this issue is about Adnan Najeeb Al-Abbar
Adnan is a student in Kuwait University. His hobbies include playing videogames, reading, and writing. Adnan can be contacted by email: [email protected]
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showing the errors of these journalists, and telling the world that they’re immoral, and they’re wrong. It’s wrong to acclaim a videogame because you had an intimate relationship with the developer. It’s wrong to slander the whole population of gamers because some anonymous people threatened some feminist activists (who are doing a lot of damage to the community as a whole). It’s wrong to speak for us what you think is fit! Alas, there is another viewpoint on this subject. Some modern feminists poured gallons of gas over the fire by complaining about how women are supposedly mistreated and misrepresented in videogames. And some “social critics” agree with them without insisting on proof. Most evidences on the “misogyny” seen in videogames is not really misogyny, but a casual reflection of the outside world. Meaning: These modern feminists are not satisfied with the world around them, so they are blaming it on videogames. Think of the defenseless gamers who just want to have fun, because in the gaming community, it really does not matter if you’re a boy or a girl. Everyone is treated the same. Gaming is genderblind. These feminists, who are considered outsiders, won’t have any of that. No one can change their false conviction. They even called Super Mario the product of a patriarchal society!! These feminists claim that videogames are making people misogynistic, which is obviously wrong. In games like Call of Duty or Battlefield, millions of players are killed in the battlefield, and the statistics show NO SIGNS of murder increasing among gamers. In fact, I think it’s becoming more obvious how in the current generation, we are slowly ridding ourselves of the prejudices handed down by our ancestors, and the gaming community is the most accepting of others. That’s why we do not see much racist or sexist people anywhere near Nintendo or Sony consoles. So, how one can deduct from this that boys now will become misogynists is way beyond us. The only way the gaming industry could be
bad is by it being inherently sexist, or have been proven to cause gamers to be violent. Now, how can people who take gaming as a lifestyle and enjoy playing games be any worse than anyone other? And why are we gaining even more enemies by doing absolutely nothing? You can find a sociopath among every group of people, and even though that’s bad, it has been the case throughout history. So why are we looked down upon because of these few which we would be happy to discard from our community had we known who they were? I believe that all this inconvenience is the cause of the gaming industry expanding to include even a wider variety of people who are not even dedicated to videogames, the publishers insatiable lust for money, and the gaming journalists’ efforts at turning gaming into a wide-spread sensation for their greedy gains. And sadly, there’s nothing to be done to stop this. Gaming as a form of entertainment is slowly deteriorating, and it’s becoming more of a pop-culture than ever. And I fear that this is the start of a new generation of gamers who care less about gaming, and more about anything that is not related to gaming whatsoever. In the end, I ask you, reader. What happens to us gamers when we just want to play videogames? Unscrupulous journalists try to represent us in the worst possible way for ad-revenue and popularity from the people who have no relation to videogames, or from people who support their ideology. Misguided feminists creating problems out of thin-air, and trying to blot our reputation, and ruin gaming for us. And worst of all, criticism of the whole society of gamers just because of some stupid videogames which no real diehard gamer would play. The situation is far too entangled, and problematic than it may seem. It’s not only about them, as it is about the whole gaming community becoming a business or a media for people who do not know anything about videogames to take advantage of. Will this be the end of our lifelong hobby? Will feminists’ and journalists’ influence corrupt gaming forever? Will more developers bring in wider audiences for our diffident community? Only time will tell.
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Get Cozy with Gap Gap launches its Holiday Collection this November. Be prepared to be delighted by the festive assortment both to wear and give. Organized by the themes of Crazy Stripes, Fair Isle and Party, the collection recognizes Rebekka Bay, Creative Director and Head of Marketing’s cohesive design direction.
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The exclusive collection for Printemps
November, 2014
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L’OCCITANE LAUNCHES ARLESIENNE FOR HOLIDAYS 2014 There is so much more to this woman from the South than the ties she shares with L’OCCITANE. Her very character, rooted in the ground, in the stonework of Arles, is what spurred the desire of L’OCCITANE and the creation of this fragrance – signature perfume in Provence. The Arlesienne is like no other. She arouses creativity and inspires artists (Van Gogh, Picasso, Leo Lelee, Mistral, Bizet etc.) She is the silent, markedly absent heroine of a play by Daudet in tree acts, in which she is constantly referred to, yet never appears.
ARLESIENNE - THE WOMAN OF ARLES In her wake, this woman leaves a distinct trace of her presence. You can still hear the whisper of fabrics; still smell the lingering trail of a new fragrance. Three floral notes, each one like a trait of her character, fuse together: the fiery temperament of saffron, the grace of rose, and the mystery of violet. The head notes bring bursts of colour and joie de vivre. Radiant and precious, the saffron flower in full bloom introduces its sensual, peppery and spicy notes. Elegant and difficult to subdue, the Grasse rose at the heart of the scent is enhanced by a few sprigs of lily of the valley. While violet goes slightly astray, settling into enveloping, sensorial white wood. KEY RAW MATERIALS Rose from Grasse, and Violet from Provence FAMILY Floral To satisfy all your desires, L’OCCITANE imagined a woman who has everything of the Arlesienne: Beautiful, satiny, velvet soft powdered skin, perfumed hands, irresistible lips; and created this collection for you.
Permanent Products: 75ml Body Oil – 250ml Shower Cream – 250ml Beauty Milk – 30ml Velvet Hand Cream – 50g Perfumed Soap.
Limited Edition Products: 50ml Hair Mist – 9g Beautifying Powder – 12ml Lip Gloss – 10g Solid Perfume – 140g Perfumed Candle.
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Hamilton Watches Return to the Big Screen in Interstellar New Christopher Nolan Film ‘Stars’ Two Hamilton Timepieces Hamilton watches, known for their leading role in the worlds of aviation and cinema as well as their innovative timekeeping technology, return to the big screen this fall in the Paramount Pictures and Warner Bros. epic adventure, Interstellar. Cooper (played by Matthew McConaughey) is equipped with a Hamilton Khaki Pilot Day Date in the film. The Khaki Pilot Day Date features an aviator design perfect for Cooper’s pioneering spirit. Cooper’s daughter Murph wears an exclusive watch developed by Hamilton specifically for her character. This watch is a unique and customized piece, composed of different elements of signature Hamilton watches perfectly suited to her character. This ‘starring role’ in Interstellar is the latest in over 400 movie placements for Hamilton. The first came more than 60 years ago when the brand’s watches first appeared in The Frogmen. Since then, Hamilton has worked closely with costume designers and prop masters to supply watches to filmmakers. “Our work with Interstellar exemplifies the ongoing relationship we’ve had with Hollywood for the past six decades and how we’ve collaborated with many talented behind the scenes professionals to help bring their characters to life,” said Sylvain Dolla, CEO of Hamilton International. A similar request for collaboration came from the Interstellar production team, to outfit the characters Cooper and Murph. Because of its continued involvement with Hollywood, Hamilton recognizes the wide spectrum of work that leads to the red carpet, the brand created the annual Hamilton Behind the Camera Awards. Held each year in both Los Angeles and Shanghai, the awards pay tribute to the brilliant off-screen talent that contributes to the quality of a motion picture and to the lasting impression it makes on its audience. “INTERSTELLAR” stars Matthew McConaughey, Anne Hathaway, Jessica Chastain, Bill Irwin, Ellen Burstyn, John Lithgow and Michael Caine. With our time on Earth coming to an end, a team of explorers undertakes the most important mission in human history; traveling beyond this galaxy to discover whether mankind has a future among the stars. Directed by Christopher Nolan, written by Jonathan Nolan and Christopher Nolan, and produced by Emma Thomas, Christopher Nolan and Lynda Obst. 162
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Jimmy Choo Kuwait invites customers to design their own Jimmy Choo shoes Alyasra Fashion introduces Jimmy Choo Made-To-Order service in Kuwait Alyasra Fashion today announced that it will provide the 2014 Jimmy Choo Made-to-Order service at their Avenues store between December 15 to 19, offering customers a tempting suite of signature styles that can be custom made in a myriad of colourways, textures and finishes tailored to personal style preferences. With the Made-to-Order offering, dream shoes become design reality with the stunning range of material and colour options to choose from. Women in Kuwait may choose from delicate suedes, lustrous satins, sumptuous leathers, glitter, crocodile or exotic snakeskins, and be
creative with a palette of colourways. For an extra personal touch, Made-to-Order customers are offered the chance to personalize the soles of the shoes with the addition of monogram initials. Alyasra Fashion Head of Marketing, Adel Al-Ansari said: “Made-toOrder by Jimmy Choo has been introduced in the global market only a few months ago, and will soon be in Kuwait. This fabulous service is ideal for shoe aficionados looking to build a bespoke wardrobe or for brides planning their wedding shoe wardrobe. The Made-toOrder service combines quintessential skilled Italian Jimmy Choo craftsmanship invested with the luxurious quality of materials used. We invite women in Kuwait to book their appointments to experience this for themselves as the offering will only be available for a limited time.” The tradition of made-to-order shoes can be traced back to the roots of the brand and has continued quietly throughout the company’s evolution as it has grown from a small London atelier to a global luxury fashion brand. Occasionally, by special request, a client would order a special fabrication, an exotic material or unique colour for a special event, most notably on the red carpet, where Jimmy Choo Made-to-Order shoes continue to have a steady presence. Jimmy Choo Creative Director, Sandra Choi said: “Throughout the years at Jimmy Choo, we set out to maintain the same level of personalized service and attention to detail as when we were crafting shoes one pair at a time, for one client at a time. Bringing this Made-to-Order service directly to our customers in our stores allows us to faithfully preserve our heritage of personalisation, and allow every woman to have a unique pair of Jimmy Choo shoes.” Representing the House signature style, Creative Director Sandra Choi has selected her favourite Jimmy Choo silhouettes for inclusion in the Made-to-Order programme. These shoes are the time-honoured iconic designs, continually adored by clients worldwide and perfectly suited for customization and include the ANOUK, LANCE, XENIA and TITE in varying heel heights. Made-to-Order will be available at Jimmy Choo, Prestige – The Avenues between December 15-19, 2014. Customers may book their appointment by calling: 25309912. November, 2014
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Splash launches ‘Studio Collection’ as part of the Fall Winter’14 fashion show
Mamas & Papas New Winter Collection
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IVANKA TRUMP FINE JEWELRY LAUCNHES THE ATHÉNÉE COLLECTION On the heels of unveiling of this season’s Empire collection, Ivanka Trump Fine Jewelry today announced Athénée, a series of pieces inspired by Greek Goddess Athena. The collection incorporates key Greek elements mixed with fluid curves to highlight the balance of strength and femininity that the Ivanka Trump brand represents. Athénée re-imagines the iconic imagery of Athena with rich materials such as brushed 18kt gold and stunning white diamonds. These multi-faceted pieces combine Ivanka’s signature oval shape, and iconic ‘IT’ motif, with unique swirl patterns. The line features 26 pieces featuring aquamarine and tanzanite in select styles.
Light Up the Season L’Occitane en Provence Offers Discounted Gift Sets For the Holidays Season Our indulgent gifts are the perfect way to celebrate any occasion from holidays, to birthdays to simply letting that special someone know you care. Choose from our range of beauty gift sets (for him and her) for a spa-style experience. Enjoy discounted gift sets from December 1st across all L’Occitane stores in the Middle East region. November, 2014
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At The Opening Of The First Pandora Store In Kuwait At Salhiya Complex
At A Special Event And Special Appearance Of Mr. Caito Maia (Founder Of Chilli Beans)
At The Opening Of Volkswagen, Behbehani Motors Company's New Quick Service Center In Shuwaikh
November, 2014
At The Opening Of “Argo Tea Café”
At The Press Conference To Announce The Opening Of Residence Inn By Mariott Kuwait City
At The Grand Opening Of Easyfit By Pilates And More Women’s Health Club In Hawally At Emall
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At The Launch Of The All New Hyundai Sonata 2015 By Northern Gulf Trading Co. Kuwait
At The Graduation Ceremony Of Box Hill College
November, 2014
At The Official Opening Of Costa Coffee's New Flagship Store At Miral Mall
At The Opening Of Bistro By Mais Alghanim At Miral Mall
At The Big Pink Bow Grand Opening Of The Hello Kitty Beauty Spa Kuwait
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At The BEY2OLLAK Comedy Show
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FROM THE PRESS
In appreciation for their endless efforts TSC held Employee Open Day
Introducing the new No7 Protect & Perfect ADVANCED Serums, clinically proven to be even more effective at reducing the appearance of lines and wrinkles
Victoria’s Secret Pink Opens Freestanding Store At The Avenues On November 15
Victoria’s Secret PINK is a spirited lifestyle brand dedicated to the independent and inspired college-age woman. It will open its first freestanding full assortment store in Kuwait at 1st Avenue – The Avenues on November 15. PRODUCT OFFERINGS The store will feature a wide assortment of the brand’s signature lingerie, the colorful and comfortable apparel it is known for including hoodies, tees and tanks, sweats, and yoga, as well as accessories and beauty products.
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The Sultan Center (TSC) held an Employee Open Day for its staff as part of its ongoing social activity program for associates; TSC Together. The event held at Entertainment City, was attended by company employees, families, friends and TSC management; where all experienced an unforgettable day of entertainment and relaxation. This TSC’s initiative stems from its commitment to motivate its workforce by acknowledging their hard work and dedication to the company. This event enables all employees to come together and enjoy a day out away from the office to socialize relax and reinforce friendships. The open day was filled with contests, games and a raffle draw in which fabulous prizes could be won from electronics and sports gear to household appliances. Staff were delighted to join in the celebration. According to Antoinette Sullivan, Human Resource Director, “We would like to thank all the associates for their support and service which has made us today a leading organization”. Adding: “We, at TSC, take pride in our working environment which is marked with the high teamwork spirit, trust, integrity, commitment, innovation and collaboration. All of these factors have made us the institution everyone is aiming to join. We are delighted that our associated and families were able to attend this event and share a day out while enjoying a variety of activities”. Attendees thanked the management for organizing this event and for their continued support of these activities that foster team spirit which reflects positivity in the work environment.
After seven years of research, reformulation and further extensive scientific testing, Boots is launching the new No7 Protect & Perfect ADVANCED Serums. Remember the storm of interest in 2007 when Boots revealed that its original No7 Protect & Perfect Serum had anti-ageing effects equivalent to a gold-standard, prescription only treatment? Now, new and more powerful formulas, with even greater antiwrinkle benefits, are about to hit the Boots store shelves to help women look and feel their best. No7 Protect & Perfect ADVANCED Serum, for improving the first signs of ageing that usually start to appear between ages 25 and 35. No7 Protect & Perfect Intense ADVANCED Serum, for improving the appearance of deep lines and wrinkles typically experienced by women aged 35+. Now even more powerful: The scientists at No7 have reformulated the proven anti-ageing classic serums for greater anti-ageing power with a new blend of key ingredients carefully chosen for their ability to help repair and protect the skin. More powerful repair with a peptide complex that includes greater quantities of Matrixyl 3000, the star ingredient which drives repair of fibrillin, a structural protein in the skin combined with a new peptide. The concentration of peptides in the No7 Protect & Perfect Intense ADVANCED Serums have now been significantly increased compared to the original serums. More powerful protection with a patented antioxidant complex to help protect skin from unstable free radical molecules combined with inhibitors of enzymes that cause break down of structural proteins in ageing skin.
K’ S PATH’s Second Fundraiser Yogafest a huge success! Zafran launches its exquisite new Winter menu
Marina Hotel Kuwait launches its much awaited Barbeque nights On October 25th, 2014,K’S PATH and Mona Salmeen of Grounded Growth Yoga partnered to host Kuwait’s Second Yoga Festival for charity, with all proceeds going to the Kuwait Society for Protection of Animals and Their Habitat K’S PATH. The festival aimed to educate the community in Kuwait to live healthy, happy and peacefully by integrating elements of yoga and meditation and to cultivate compassion for animals and the environment. An estimated of 100 people took part in the event, which was held at Al Bayan Nursery, AlJabriya where a group of 15 yoga and meditation teachers came together to teach yoga of various styles such as Hatha, Vinyasa, PranaVayu, Akhanda, Artistic, Power and Body Tone Yoga, Kids yoga, yoga for families and meditation. "The work that K’SPATH is doing gives those animals in need the opportunity to be nursed back to health, as well as a chance to live the happy, healthy lives they deserve, and I want to support that," Mona says. "Yoga is about living healthy, trying to achieve inner peace, and then sharing that peace with all sentient beings. This is why the fantastic and dedicated group of yogis and yoginis who put this event together found it very easy to align themselves with K’S PATH and sharing their practice to benefit animal welfare.” Thanking the teachers, students and sponsors for supporting a worthy cause, K’S PATH Vice Chairperson Sheikha Fatima M. Al Sabah says, “We are delighted that our second Yogafest was a huge success. It is very encouraging to see members of society keen on supporting our animals and the work we do through an event that promotes healthy living and kindness in action. I would like to thank our partners Grounded Growth Yoga, Al Bayan Nursery and City Pages Kuwait as well as our generous sponsors for believing in our cause.” The event was sponsored by The Yoga Center, SAKS hair and beauty, Titan Kuwait, FunkyYoga, Infusions, Eat Green Kitchen, We Eat Clean, The Bread Barn, JaxCoco, and House Of Butterflies. Visitors also browsed and sampled various eco –friendly and healthy foods and products from the yoga bazaar. K’S PATH is a non-profit organization committed to animal welfare and habitat protection in Kuwait. Founded in 2005 by Chairperson Ayeshah Al Humaidhi, K’S PATH operates Kuwait’s first open-door shelter and sanctuary in Wafra caring for more than 300 animals including dogs, cats, rabbits, tortoises, ducks, horses, goats, sheep, donkeys, baboons, raptors and other species. Its humane education program visits schools and universities to teach children about compassion to animals, while its marine conservation program protects ecologically-rich beaches in Kuwait and teaches the community to protect the environment through activities like recycling.
The popular barbeque season is back at Marina Hotel Kuwait as it welcomes the eagerly awaited cooler months. Following last season’s success, the hotel launched its Barbeque Nights in the presence of local media representatives and senior management, promising them a personalized and entertaining experience. General Manager, Mr Nabil Hammoud along with the hotel’s management team welcomed media representatives upon their arrival. They were treated to a warm and relaxing evening filled with live oriental music, shisha amid the breathtaking views of the Arabian Gulf. On the occasion, Mr Hammoud said: “We launch the BBQ nights at a time when people crave for a soothing and uniquely elevating experience. Our chef has put together a wide range of BBQ specialties which will delight all tastes. The BBQ nights will offer barbequed fresh meats, seafood, variety of delightful salads and desserts every Wednesday from 7:30pm onwards.” The evening was further enhanced by the sounds of soft oriental music which complement the barbeque delights. The event lasted until after midnight and Marina Hotel ensured that every guest had a truly memorable evening. Guests can enjoy a delightful and very pleasant dining experience with their family and friends, surrounded by a warm and welcoming ambience. With live popular entertainment, tantalizing shisha and attentive associates, the unique poolside location has a capacity to accommodate up to 150 guests at a time and has a special area for groups and gatherings.
OYSHO Danced Zumba with Kuwait Media In the presence of local media representatives and invited guests, Zafran, the contemporary Indian restaurant by Foodmark today celebrated the launch of its new menu. The popular restaurant is now tempting food lovers with an exciting new menu with the introduction of new additions along with the regular Zafran favorites. Zafran’s brand Chef Gaurav Singh has crafted the new recipes knitting the global ingredients and techniques with the flavours and traditions of India while complementing the ingredients with the restaurant’s signature contemporary twist. Chef Gaurav Singh along with the entire restaurant team welcomed the local media representatives and other guests to an afternoon of good food and friendly service in heart-warming ambience. They were provided insights on the new dishes that have been introduced in the menu. Speaking at the occasion, Chef Gaurav Singh said: “We're delighted to introduce our new menu and trust it is well received. We strive to continuously expand our offerings with new, great-tasting dishes and look very closely to our guest’s preferences. Emphasis is placed on maintaining the requisite spice levels of dishes and using fresh and natural ingredients. We welcome our patrons as well as residents who are yet to discover our food to enjoy our gastronomic delights.” Some of the new appetizer additions in the Menu include: ‘Masala fried fish’ (deep fried fish with curry leaves and black pepper seasoning), ‘Pakora’ (onion and potato fritters) and ‘Aloo Tikkia’ (pan fried potato cakes on a bed of chickpea masala). New additions also include a sizzling platter for Kebabs – choice of vegetarian, non-vegetarian and seafood designed for family dinners which include chicken mixed grill, veg mixed grill and mixed grill with seafood to name a few. The main dishes have additional choices of biryani’s including ‘Chicken Awadhi Biryani’ and ‘Jumbo Prawn Biryani’. New tandoor items include ‘Hariyali Salmon Yikka’, ‘Bhatti ka Murg’, ‘Pudina Paneer tikka’ and ‘Tandoori king prawn’. Not leaving behind the curries customers can try out the new ‘Zafran chicken curry’, Saag Gosht’ and ‘Lal Mass’ The feast is not complete unless you enjoy the best in-house dessert ‘zafran phirnee’ (reduced milk cooked with broken rice, saffron and rose water), and the famous ‘kulfi’ (Indian milk ice cream with saffron and pistachio’. Zafran, located in Salmiya (Salem Al Mubarak Street), is known for its vibrant and modern setting, and is a warm and welcoming retreat for friends and family who wish to relax and enjoy good high quality food at purse-friendly prices. Come along and enjoy the world of aromatic flavours and taste or take advantage of Zafran’s home delivery service To make a reservation, please call: 25750647
Driven by its core objective to spread a healthy living concept leading to a balanced life OYSHO, the leading Spanish brand have organized an “OYSHO Zumba Challenge” for Media ladies in Kuwait at the pioneer ALTA gym located in Kuwait City. Oysho Zumba Challenge entertaining competition aimed at encouraging people to enjoy a healthy yet fun workout. At first, Media ladies were trained by one of Alta’s Gym professional instructors. On the rhythm of the upbeat Latino Music the ladies enjoyed a fun and effective workout that targeted every single body muscle, but that was just the beginning. The real fun started with the Zumba challenge, when each lady was asked to perform a solo Zumba for 1 minute. The best performer was chosen by a committee of the Zumba instructor and two OYSHO representatives, and won a very special gift from Oysho. OYSHO brand manager Mrs. Luma Frayeh, was very keen to attend the Zumba challenge, she commented: “We are very happy to celebrate our Zumba challenge with Kuwait media today, OYSHO encourages a healthy wellbeing and we are definitely glad to see the change, people now are aware of the importance of maintaining a balanced life, and we at OYSHO believe that being healthy is not just a state but a lifestyle. People should not be obliged to follow this lifestyle but should celebrate following it”. Following the Zumba challenge, the ladies indulged themselves to a healthy buffet while enjoying the Atlas panoramic view of Kuwait. The Zumba challenge is another activity that confirms OYSHO’s commitment towards the society and health, and it’s definitely not the last. To OYSHO, when the necessity of a healthy lifestyle meets the power of human will, a bright future will be born.
November, 2014
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Fawzia Sultan Rehabilitation Institute to hold fourth RunQ8 on November 29 All proceeds to finance rehabilitation Home Centre of children with Launches Latest disabilities Catalogue Featuring 135 New Style Buys
FROM THE PRESS Kosebasi celebrates the Opening of its Jabriya branch
Volkswagen Kuwait opens Express Service in Shuwaikh
Fawzia Sultan Rehabilitation Institute (FSRI) will hold its fourth annual RunQ8 race on November 29 to raise funds towards supporting underprivileged children with physical and/or cognitive disabilities in Kuwait. Medical Director of FSRI, Dr. Elham Hamdan, said, “For the second year in-a-row, funds raised in RunQ8 will support children who suffer from disabilities by providing them with affordable treatment and fund those who do not have access to it. This is why we urge companies to extend their support and call on the community at large to take part in this annual race for a noble cause.” Funds are raised through FSRI’s non-profit Children’s Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center (CERC), which is the first facility of its kind in Kuwait providing comprehensive and multidisciplinary rehabilitation evaluations and care for children with physical and/or cognitive disabilities with the aim of improving their overall quality of life. RunQ8 is an annual 10-kilometer run organized by FSRI, and founded by both FSRI and founding partner, Agility, with a clear mandate to raise public awareness on health issues affecting communities in Kuwait, supporting healthcare initiatives, as well as encouraging healthy living amongst the community-at-large. Dr. Hamdan added, “Ongoing treatment for children takes a toll on the family financially, and we see cases in Kuwait whereby families delay seeking treatment for their child due to financial constraints. CERC aims to ensure that children do get the treatment they require to live a better life.” CERC provides affordable treatments that cater to all segments of society, and even helps families who cannot afford care. CERC fee structure is affordable to the average family in Kuwait, and funds some of the treatments for children through the support of various community entities and donors, as well as through the annual RunQ8 charity marathon. CERC also treats referrals from Bayt Abdullah Hospice for terminally ill children without fees. RunQ8 is supported by founding partner Agility, silver sponsor NIKE, bronze sponsor ASAR Legal, as well as other companies including Tareq Co., iSqueeze, Porsche, and Kuwait’s renowned Bazaar magazine and Good Health Arabia as media sponsors Participants can register at runq8.org. Companies wishing to partner with RunQ8 can register at runq8.org or contact Fawzia Sultan Rehabilitation Institute directly at 2572 0338 / 2572 1757.
Home Centre, the region’s leading home retailer, has released its latest catalogue featuring a bigger and better collection than ever before. The 140-page catalogue features several new style buys to give your home the now-factor. Whether classic or contemporary or a clever combination of the two, the catalogue introduces a comprehensive range of furniture and accessories that quite evidently reinforces the brand's promise that ‘No Two Homes Will Be The Same’ with Home Centre. “Filled with abundant inspirations, ideas and beautiful products to refresh your home, our signature catalogue has something for everyone, whatever the style or budget. And that’s not all, in an attempt to make this user-friendly guide more inspirational for our customers we have replicated the looks of the rooms featured in the catalogue in our stores. The idea is to offer our customers a first-hand experience of the newly launched products,” says Colin Renwick, COO, Home Centre. The newest catalogue from Home Centre takes an editorial slant, offering tips, style advice and recommendations for the house-proud reader. Some of the highlights of this year’s catalogue are new special features such as ‘Six of the Best’, ‘Object of Desire’ and ‘Outstanding Value’. Six of the Best features the top furniture picks of a category, the Object of Desire collection highlights three sought-after products and the Outstanding Value segment reveals a variety of affordable living, dining and bedroom collections and accessories. This year, Home Centre has also amplified engagement with customers on its digital platforms. The brand has added an interactive edge to its digital catalogue with an embedded region-wide contest, a behind-the-scenes video of the making of the catalogue cover, and additional products to view. The interactive catalogue will be available across all digital and social platforms and even on Home Centre’s new mobile application.
Stemming from the depth of south Anatolia lands and flourishing in Kuwait, the authentic Turkish restaurant Kosebasi celebrated the opening of its new branch in a dinner gathering with media dignitaries, and special guests . The opening event was attended by HE Turkish Ambassador in Kuwait Mr. Murat Tamer. The continuous expansion of Kosebasi in the region and most particularly in Kuwait is reaffirming the great turnout from its customers and the ultimate dedication of its team that succeeded to perfectly introduce the Anatolian traditional taste and lifestyle to the Middle East. Kosebasi was firstly opened in 1995, and has witnessed a global success in spreading the word about the Turkish cuisine by being elected as one of the “worlds 50 best restaurants” by Conde Nast Traveler Magazine, it was also awarded with international tourism, Hotel and catering industries prize as “The best representative of Turkish Cuisine, moreover Time magazine has bestowed Kosebasi with the title of “The Best Kebab Restaurant in Istanbul”; Kosebasi is also a footfall to worlds celebrities like jack Nicolson, Chelsea Clinton and many more. All the Above facts make Kosebasi the perfect destination for those who want to enjoy a unique atmosphere with the best quality of food . Mr.Roy Ghattas; Kosebasi Senior Brand Manager for the MENA region commented of the remarkable success of Kosebasi and the new opening in kuwait : “On behalf of all the Kosebasi Team, we are delighted and honored to celebrate this great and expeditious success with you today, and we are proud to announce the opening of our 2rd branch in kuwait while looking forward for 2 more branches to be opened soon, Kosebasi became the eminent destination of the Turkish cuisine In kuwait , and Thanks to AZADEA, people in MENA can now enjoy the Anatolian food experience in their homelands”. Mr. Dany Abou Jamra; AZADEA Group Country Manager in Kuwait.also announced; “We are very proud we introduced Kosebasi as one of our many unique restaurants to our customers in the Middle East. At AZADEA we work hard to cater the best food and services, are also devoted to bring the world’s best brands together in every possible country we operate, and Kosebasi is among the best restaurants we can delight our customers with. We greatly owe the Kosebasi Team for their efforts in creating the real Anatolian atmosphere here and we look forward to further spread the perks of true tastes” . Today, The best Turkish Cuisine is at your hand to answer your cravings and pamper your taste buds Presenting a wide range of freshly handmade dishes. All you need is to head to Jabriya city, at Tavern food court and enjoy an alluring food affair with the friends and family.
Behbehani Motor Company, the exclusive distributor of Volkswagen in Kuwait, today announced the opening of an Express Service centre in Shuwaikh. The newly expanded service centre in the heart of Kuwait city’s automotive hub represents ca 450 sqm of unparalleled customer service with eight new service bays, the latest diagnostic equipment, and internationally trained technical teams and advisors. The Express Service centre, located close to Airport Road, will provide minor service and repairs, without the necessity of prior booking or lengthy waiting times at the state-of-the-art facility, which also features Volkswagen Genuine Parts and Accessories retail. Commenting on the new service facility, Mr. Abdullah Ali, General Manager of Volkswagen Kuwait, said: "Delivering world-class customer service is our first priority. Our cars are finetuned by German-engineering meaning low service intervals from 15,000 km (or one year), with our new Express Service centre, our customers can spend less time on mundane tasks such as vehicle maintenance, and more time drive time on the roads of Kuwait.” The new Express Service centre joins a wellestablished Volkswagen retail proposition, which includes a new flagship showroom located in Al Rai and major service centre in Shuwaikh. Mr Abdullah continued, “This is just the beginning of a major expansion plan by Volkswagen Kuwait, which will include the development of a major one-stop-shop showroom, service centre and express service early next year. We are absolutely focused on delivering Service Excellence, the new Quick Service centre adds a new dimension to our portfolio by achieving the highest levels of customer satisfaction, and international standards of vehicle servicing.” To find out more about Volkswagen or to arrange a test drive, visit your local showroom or log on to www.volkswagen.com.kw or visit the official Facebook page at www.facebook. com/VolkswagenQ8.
November, 2014
FROM THE PRESS
Petrochemical & chemical industries’ value of over USD 3 trillion needs sustainability
EQUATE Petrochemical Company, Kuwait’s first private sector petrochemical company, said that during 2012, the total value of the global petrochemical and chemical production was over USD 3.8 trillion and more than 10% of that production was from Gulf nations. EQUATE President & CEO Mohammad Husain said, “During 2012, the Gulf’s production capacity of petrochemicals and chemicals, excluding pharmaceuticals, exceeded 129 million tons, making these sectors the second main source of income after petroleum. Among other elements, such a value makes our overall sustainability a must.” Husain’s statements came on EQUATE’s sponsorship of the 2nd Gulf Petrochemicals & Chemicals Association (GPCA) Sustainability Conference 2014 in Dubai, the UAE, during October 21-23. Husain added, “Having such significance, the matter is not limited to manufacturing and making profits. It is a comprehensive framework of sustainability through human innovation to ensure addressing all relevant functions, such as the environment, health, safety, technology, production, communication, marketing, supply chain, human resources, sales and business development. For that, throughout the years, EQUATE has launched several critical initiatives, such the Middle East’s First Plant Water Recycling Project and Kuwait’s First CO2 Recovery project, all thanks to its distinguished human resources.” The 2nd GPCA Sustainability Conference 2014 will include the attendance of over 190 industrial leaders, experts and professionals from around the world to discuss several matters regarding the petrochemical and chemical sectors. As a founding member of GPCA, EQUATE has been a strong supporter of the various activities launched by the association since its inception in 2006 within a context of “Partners in Success.” Established in 1995, EQUATE is an international joint venture between Petrochemical Industries Company (PIC), The Dow Chemical Company (Dow), Boubyan Petrochemical Company (BPC) and Qurain Petrochemical Industries Company (QPIC). Commencing production in 1997, EQUATE is the single operator of a fully integrated world-scale manufacturing facility producing over 5 million tons annually of high-quality petrochemical products which are marketed throughout the Middle East, Asia, Africa and Europe.
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Alshaya Trading Co. ’s Office Furniture Projects Division, Offers Latest Office Trends
Alshaya Trading’s furniture division specializes in providing complete home and office furniture solutions for institutional clients across the Kuwait market. Spread across Saudi, Qatar and the UAE, the division is dedicated to serving complete home and office furniture solutions and turnkey services to institutional clients from the conceptual stage to design and installation, through to final commissioning and on-going maintenance. With an aim to providing easy access to global brands and unmatchable quality products at the best prices, the office furniture division in Kuwait, is driven by the increasing demand for furniture and interior décor to meet the construction trade boom across the market. Some of the global brands available include Estel, Sedus, Nowy Styl Group, Aresline, Francesco Molon, Eun grupo. Speaking on behalf of the office furniture division, George Koshy Sales Manager said, “The division understands the intricate environment of contemporary offices, meeting rooms, lounges and specializes in providing consistently dependable solutions that are in a constant development while meeting the exact requirements of our customers. While dealing with the office furniture division at Alshaya Trading Company, clients can be assured with our uncompromised quality and be confident of our international trade agreements in line with environmental sustainability.”
flydubai celebrates its rapid expansion in East Africa with two inaugural flights to Tanzania
Dubai-based flydubai’s inaugural flights to Dar es Salaam and Zanzibar touched down yesterday in Tanzania. The new routes further underline flydubai’s rapid expansion in Africa, which has seen the carrier’s network double to 12 destinations this year. flydubai entered the market in 2009 with flights to Djibouti, and in 2011 Addis Ababa became flydubai’s second East African destination. In 2014, flydubai added six new routes to the continent with the start of flights to Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda and three destinations in Tanzania. Commenting on the start of flights to Tanzania, Ghaith Al Ghaith, Chief Executive Officer of flydubai, said: “The United Arab Emirates has recognised the immense potential in the emerging markets of East Africa, like Tanzania. We continue to work diligently to support the travel, trade and tourism objectives by strengthening the direct links between the UAE and these African markets.” The flydubai delegation led by Sudhir Sreedharan, Senior Vice President Commercial (GCC, Subcontinent and Africa), was met with inaugural events held at Dar es Salaam and Zanzibar airports on 22 October 2014. Among the senior officials who met the inaugural flights were HE Janet Z. Mbene (MP), Deputy Minister for Industry and Trade, HE Dr Omary Mjenga, Consul General to the UAE and HE Samia Hassan Suluhu, Minister of State. “The pace of flydubai’s expansion in East Africa has picked up. Six of the 23 new routes we have launched this year are to Africa. The potential we see for this market is just the tip of the iceberg as it is still a heavily underserved region. We are very excited about our new flights to Tanzania, which are going to be very popular for our passengers whether for leisure or business,” commented Sreedharan. Tanzania has emerged as a noteworthy trade partner for Dubai recently and ranked among the major non-oil trade partners in Africa last year topping USD 1.86 billion in total annual trade, according to recent figures from the Dubai Chamber of Commerce. flydubai started operating its new Boeing 737800 fleet configured with Business Class on its Dar es Salaam, Kilimanjaro and Zanzibar flights from 16 October 2014, providing passengers between Tanzania and the UAE with a more convenient, high-quality and reliable service with the option to connect onwards through Dubai’s aviation hub.
Hollaphonic’s ‘Runaway’ Debuts at No. 1 Spot On iTunes Charts
Universal Music MENA are very proud to announce Hollaphonic’s new single ‘Runaway’ featuring Aaron Camper rightfully took the No.1 spot on the official iTunes Charts yesterday and continues to hold onto the position, beating the likes of David Guetta, Calvin Harris and Enrique Iglesias, only hours after its release on the digital platform. Virgin Radio Dubai was the first station in the world to exclusively play ‘Runaway’ yesterday morning on the Kris Fade Show. The track received an incredibly positive response from fans immediately prompting the addition of the single on their popular playlist. The boys from Hollaphonic said, "We made this song with all our fans in mind, taking us back to the original, powerful Hollaphonic sound. We never expected such an unbelievable reaction and the massive support, so thank you to everyone who bought it!’ With their first single, ‘I Don’t Want It To End’ setting off the succession of hits, ‘Runaway’ is the third single coming from their debut album ‘Personal Space,’ that has gone straight to the top of the singles charts. It has been an excellent week for Hollaphonic already, as it was also announced that they will be taking to the prestigious Abu Dhabi F1 Grand Prix After Race Concert stage, opening for International DJ, Armin Van Buuren on Friday 21st November
Address of Hospitality and Original Taste
24747789 - 24747798 : تلفون. الدور السابع- برج امللتقى, دوار املخفر:الفروانية
Farwaniya: Police Station Roundabout, AlMultaqa Tower, 7th Floor. Tel: 24847789 - 24747798
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FROM THE PRESS Max Unveils the Autumn Collection
Ministry of Health launches Kuwait National Mammography Screening Program
The Ministry of Health, with support from Ali Abdulwahab Al Mutawa Commercial Co. (AAW), one of Kuwait’s leading medical distribution companies and the main distributor of Roche Pharmaceuticals in Kuwait, introduced the Kuwait National Mammography Screening Program (KNMSP), designed to provide free breast cancer screening services at select governmental clinics in conjunction with Breast Cancer Awareness month. The program which was launched on October 1 provides mammography services, physical examination and medical consultations to women over 40 years of age in five governmental clinics that include: South Khaitan Health Center, Al-Zahraa Health Center, Al-Naeem Health Center, Egaila Health Center and soon in Surra area at Shaikhan Ahmad Al-Farsi and his wife Shereefa Al-Awadhi Health Center. Radiology Specialist and President of KNMSP, Dr. Hanaa Al Khawari said: “Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among Kuwait’s population where there are about 1.7 million cases yearly, 440 of them are specifically in Kuwait. To make matters worse, Kuwait has a higher number of delayed cancer detection cases compared to countries like the US and the UK and we know by facilitating free mammogram services we are able to tackle this issue in order to detect cases as early as possible.” AAW’s support stems from their ongoing support in fighting breast cancer alongside NGOs and other private and public institutions. In the last decade, the companies have supported Cancer Awareness Nation (CAN) and Hayatt Breast Cancer Foundation. AAW General Manager of Pharmaceuticals, Dr. Sherif Younan said: “Breast cancer among women in Kuwait is the most alarming of all types of cancers and early detection is key to overcoming the disease. We are in full support of the Ministry of Health’s public program that facilitates mammogram testing for the women that need it the most, and we encourage women that meet the program criteria to get tested regularly.” If you’d like to learn more about breast cancer or more information about KNMSP, please contact: 24620989.
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Pathfinder ‘Midsize Suv Of The Year’
With summer over, every fashionista is thinking about their Autumn/Winter wardrobe. The latest collection from Max is the perfect combination of high fashion and affordability; the styles may be inspired by high fashion catwalks, but the costs are not. For women, this season’s collection is inspired by the international catwalks love of monochrome. Urban inspired monochrome pieces are featured heavily throughout the collection. Tartan grunge and rich warm colours are also seen, taking cue from the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Costume Institute Gala, adding Max’s own ready to wear animal print elements to the mix. The Scottish Highlands are another source of inspiration with kilts, tartan skirts and print on print combinations. Embellished collars and hems are also trends to keep an eye out for at Max this season. It’s all about the detail. For girls 8-14 years old, floral jeans, polka dots, lace and stripes make up the key trends. Country chic, tartan, monochrome and plaids will all be seen this Autumn and are a perfect way to update any young fashionistas wardrobe. The adorable Infant Boys collections are full of cute pieces for your little one. They are heavily inspired by the great outdoors, with key themes of Snow Valley, Varsity Sports and lovely graphic tees with chunky knits or plaid flannel shirts. Max’s Autum/Winter collection for Infant Girls is as cute as it gets! Key items for the season include festive dresses and a-line woven tops, all of which are ideal to be layered underneath the adorable duffle jackets and coats. The mixed palette of classic reds and deep purples combined with herringbone and tweeds, as well as rich purples with turquoise, echoes the full collection. This season the 2-8 boys collection is packed with great pieces in exciting themes. With cut and sew polo’s, padded gilets and washed chinos, collegiate and argyle themes featuring lots of chunky striped polos, elbow patch shirts and paneled jeans are the focal point of the collection. Some edgy looks for your aspiring rock star are also available, with the Rock Rebel collection, with a classic monochrome palette with a splash of red and forest. This season the 2-8 girls collections updates some classic shapes with modern details, mixed with lovely textures such as herringbone and tweed. If this wasn’t enough, the My Little Kitty collection consists of golds, ebony and ivory with gorgeous prints and girly shapes.
The Nissan Pathfinder has won ‘Midsize SUV of the Year’ in the Automan Magazine awards, bringing another prestigious trophy to the Japanese automaker’s bulging showcase. “For the Pathfinder to be awarded the title of Midsize SUV of the Year is a tremendous honour for Nissan,” says Samir Cherfan, Managing Director, Nissan Middle East. “This is a highly-competitive segment which makes the Automan award even more noteworthy.” Automan is the leading automotive publication in Oman. Its annual Car of the Year awards are held in high regard throughout the Middle East. The award was received by Katib Belkhodja, Brand Manager for SUVs and Crossovers in Nissan Middle East during the Award Ceremony that was held in ‘On the Rocks’ restaurant in Muscat. Judges have noted that Nissan has achieved its goal with the fourth generation Pathfinder of not just satisfying the faithful customers but attracting new buyers to the famed vehicle and the brand. The all-new vehicle has enjoyed ultra-high levels of popularity since its launch in 2013 with Pathfinder sales more than doubling for financial year 2013 compared to the previous 12 months. The GCC countries, a heartland for the Pathfinder and Nissan vehicles generally, saw 5,936 Pathfinders leave the showroom floors during the 2013 financial year as opposed to 2,827 for the previous generation Pathfinder in financial year 2012, a 110 per cent increase. In the wider Middle East Pathfinder sales notched 6,393 for financial year 2013, a 121 per cent hike on the 2,887 for the previous generation Pathfinder units in financial year 2012. A breakdown of sales throughout the GCC states for financial year 2013 compared to the previous 12 month shows that while in UAE and Kuwait sales more than doubled, for Oman sales increased by 43%, in Qatar sales shot up by 74% and sales in Bahrain were up by 38%. Cherfan says the Pathfinder is maintaining its impressive momentum in 2014. “With fresh design and improved levels of standard technology, the all-new Pathfinder is all about generating new wave of Middle Eastern buyers looking for a stylish, premium and authentic SUV while staying true to the roots of this extremely popular vehicle,” says the automaker’s Middle East chief.
Royale Hayat Hospital Launches Breast Cancer Awareness Campaign
Breast Cancer Awareness month is marked every October to help increase attention and awareness to detect the disease earlier, treat it and support patients. This year, Royale Hayat Hospital Breast Cancer awareness campaign focused on the importance of early detection, self-breast exam, and mammogram. Experts at Royale Hayat Hospital encourage women above 40 to have mammogram scans annually, which could detect breast cancer at its early stages and increase survival chances. They also encouraged women to perform self-breast exam at least once a month to detect any physical changes in the shape of the breast. At Royale Hayat Hospital Radiology Department, advanced technology and qualified medical teams can easily help save lives through early detection and proper treatment. Although there are no sufficient knowledge on the causes of breast cancer, but the risk factors could include lifestyle, menstruation, motherhood, hormones, family history and genetic, and age, in addition to factors that could be controlled such as, smoking, weight, and alcohol intake.
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الفروانية -شارع اخملفر فوق بيت التمويل تلفون24725558 / 24726164 : 189
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الفحيحيل -شارع الدبوس البرج األخضر -الدور 16 تلفون25456100 / 25456969 :
www.6alabat.com
الساملية -شارع سالم املبارك فوق ماكس -الدور 4 تلفون25721717 / 25721818 :
كيفان -قطعة - 2مول جمعية حولي -شارع بيروت مقابل البنك التجاري كيفان اجلديد الدور 1 تلفون 24914081 / 24914082 :تلفون22661604 / 22661603 :
بدالة مطاعم 1808099
FROM THE PRESS Radisson Blu’s #Bluroutes Programme On Track For Middle East Launch 3M Posts Record Third-Quarter Sales and Earnings per Share
TANG encourages 100 days of family mealtime through a region wide campaign The Sultan Center (TSC) Introduces “Picnic Time” A prestigious US brand for picnics and camping
3M (NYSE: MMM) today reported third-quarter earnings of $1.98 per share, an increase of 11.2 percent versus the third quarter of 2013. Sales grew 2.8 percent year-on-year to $8.1 billion. Organic local-currency sales grew 3.9 percent, acquisitions added 0.1 percent to sales and currency impacts reduced sales by 1.2 percent year-on-year. Third-quarter operating income was $1.9 billion and operating income margins were 23.4 percent. Net income was $1.3 billion and the company converted 103 percent of net income to free cash flow in the quarter. 3M paid $550 million in cash dividends to shareholders and repurchased $1.2 billion of its own shares during the quarter. Organic local-currency sales growth was 5.4 percent in Health Care, 4.3 percent in Electronics and Energy, 4.2 percent in Industrial, and 3.1 percent in both Consumer, and Safety and Graphics. On a geographic basis, organic local-currency sales grew 6.0 percent in the U.S., 4.9 percent in Asia Pacific, 0.8 percent in EMEA (Europe, Middle East and Africa) and 0.4 percent in Latin America/Canada. “This was another strong quarter for 3M,” said Inge G. Thulin, 3M’s chairman, president and chief executive officer. “The 3M team once again delivered broad-based organic growth with operating margins exceeding 22 percent in all businesses. As we look forward, our focus will remain on actively managing the portfolio and strategically investing in the business to continue delivering profitable growth across the company. 3M remains on track to deliver its long-term financial objectives.” 3M updated its 2014 full-year performance expectations. The company now anticipates earnings in the range of $7.40 to $7.50 per share versus a prior expectation of $7.30 to $7.55. Organic local-currency sales growth is expected to be 4 to 5 percent versus 3 to 6 percent previously. 3M estimates foreign currency impacts will reduce sales by approximately 1.5 percent for the year versus a previous estimate of approximately 1 percent. The company also updated its full-year free cash flow conversion expectation to 95 to 100 percent from a prior range of 90 to 100 percent.
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Winter is almost here!! Kuwait’s favorite pastime is to head to the outdoor to enjoy the cool weather and spend time with family and friends. Gearing up for the season, The Sultan Center (TSC) is pleased to announce the arrival of the most prestigious US brand “Picnic Time” which offers European-style picnic baskets, portable totes, grilling accessories and gift items that are uniquely, stylish. “Picnic Time” is considered to be a distinguished product and eco friendly. Commenting on the product range, Makram Malaeb, Director of International Buying said “The Sultan Center has always been the customers’ preferred choice for the best Outdoors selection. One thing that has not changed over the years is our commitment to serving our customers and delighting them with the latest industry trends. With the upcoming season, TSC is glad to introduce “Picnic Time” brand which is a product line that would inspire people to spend quality time with family and friends” Malaeb concluded by saying ““Picnic Time” products are exclusively available at TSC, and are of exceptional quality. What better way to enjoy the season”.
Radisson Blu®, one of the world’s leading hotel brands, unveiled details for the #BluRoutes programme in the Middle East. #BluRoutes provides guests with running and cycling routes at select Radisson Blu properties. #BluRoutes provides guests with routes that begin and end at a chosen Radisson Blu property. The programme has been designed to help visitors maintain their exercise routines while travelling. In the Middle East, #BluRoutes will be launched initially in Radisson Blu hotels in the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait and Bahrain and will be rolled out in more properties over the next few months. “Our guests, whether they travel for business or leisure, typically have packed schedules with little downtime. Because of this, habits like exercise or physical fitness end up very low on their list of priorities,” said Mark Willis area vice president Middle East and sub-Saharan Africa from The Rezidor Hotel Group. “With #BluRoutes, we hope to change this scenario in an engaging, fun way. We constantly try to find ways to provide holistic services that contribute to the well- being of our guests so this programme offers them a way to not only maintain their fitness during their stay, but also a chance to experience the sights of the city around them.” Participating hotels will have one or more routes of varying distances and degrees of difficulty that start and end at the hotel. Guests may access #BluRoutes via the hotel’s web site, or request a printed map from the hotel’s reception desk. “Radisson Blu Hotel Kuwait is located on Al Bida’aa Road with a walking route on the premises, a popular running track with exercise machines nearby, and another longer running route along a long public beach making it an ideal #BluRoutes destination,” said Philippe Pellaud, General Manager at the Radisson Blu Hotel Kuwait. With over 275 hotels in 62 countries, Radisson Blu properties can be found in prime locations, including major cities, airport gateways and leisure destinations around the world. The hotel group’s Middle East portfolio includes 30 properties across 10 countries.
TANG, the popular powdered fruit-flavored beverage from Mondelēz International (formerly Kraft Foods), today announced the start of a region-wide campaign titled 100 LUNCHES WITH TANG encouraging family mealtime and togetherness in the region. Tang is inviting consumers to post photos of their lunch meal tables, every day for 100 days on #100LUNCHESWITHTANG. The campaign invites mothers to participate by capturing photos of their unique lunch tables accompanied with Tang by posting them on www.100luncheswithtang.com and earning five points for each submission. The weekly and monthly winners will be chosen based on the number of entries submitted, with a minimum of two and eight submissions to be done to qualify for the weekly and monthly prizes respectively thereby permitting single winning chances only. The top ten participants with maximum number of weekly and monthly submissions will enter a draw to win valuable prizes ranging from Tang goodie hampers to Digital cameras and lavish family brunches. A leader board present on-site, will monitor the number of submissions for each entrant. The top three entrants with the highest number of submissions throughout the contest will walk away with grand prizes of family getaways and dining room makeovers. “We aim to execute meaningful campaigns for the community. With this campaign introduced for the first time by TANG along with a legacy of social initiatives, we are going one step further to encourage our consumers to indulge in family mealtimes and togetherness, said Mr. Vishal Tikku, Area Director for Mondelēz International in the Middle East. I am pleased to announce this initiative from TANG that instills and encourages mothers to pride in their culture of family mealtime occasions and revere the close knit social ethos of Arabia.” Commencing today, the campaign will last 100 days and span the GCC region. Send in your pictures of family mealtimes on www.100luncheswithtang.com to win valuable prizes from Tang Arabia. Participation is open till 16th January 2015, as the 100th day of the campaign.
Be a part of the musical magic of Disney’s Frozen by bringing home your very own Queen Elsa, Princess Anna, and Olaf from Build-A-Bear Workshop this November!
Build-A-Bear Workshop® - the world’s only global company that offers an interactive make-your-own stuffed animal retailentertainment experience. Come to Build-A-Bear Workshop and you can build and customize three of your favourite Frozen characters; Queen Elsa, Princess Anna, and Olaf!
Prices start at: KD 9.6
Build-A-Bear store in Kuwait is located in The Avenues Mall November, 2014
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Dalal AlDughaishem
Website: www.saycheeez.net Email: [email protected] Twitter & flicker & instagram: @saycheeez_photo phone number (only Whats App): 55062262
Dalal is a professional photographer specializing in Kids and Babies Photography. Contact us if you wish to feature your Kids brand in CityPages magazine.
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JUMBLED WORDS
1.We add 17 to the smallest two-digit number and then we divide the sum by the largest one-digit number. What is the result?
2.My units digit is 7, my tens digit is 5, my hundreds digit is 4. What number am I?
3.The amount of soft drink in a standard bottle is most probably: 0.6 milliliter, 0.6 liter, 0.6 cm3, 0.6 m3
4.For the number 6398, what does the 9 mean? 5.Riley rounded 615 to the nearest hundred. What result did he get?
6.What is the least common multiple of 12 and 16? 7.Do this without using a calculator. Calculate: 827 × 60 - 327 × 60 8.What is the largest 7 digit number that you can make using these cards?1,8,5,6,2,0,4
9.If 75 out of 300 bananas were found to be overripe, what percent was that?
10.How many minutes is 16 hours and 3 minutes? 7. 30,000, 8. 8,654,210, 9. 25%, 10. 963 minutes
ANSWERS: 1.3, 2. 457, 3. 0.6 liter, 4. 9 Hundreds, 5. 600, 6. 48,
FUN RIDDLES
FUN FACTS ABOUT CAMELS
1f you had a pizza with crust thickness 'a' and radius 'z', what's the volume of the pizza? 2.What two words does this say? esgg sgeg gegs gsge 3.All men take off their hats to a person. Which personal am I talking about? 4.Mark has a tank with filled with petrol that weighs 10kg. Mark then puts something into it and now the barrel weighs less than 10kg. What does Mark put in the barrel? 5.The man who invented it doesn't want it. The man who bought it doesn't need it. The man who needs it doesn't know it. What is it? 6.What does this rebus riddle represent? EST EST EST EST Coffin, 6. Forest
ANSWERS: 1. Pi * z * z * a., 2.Scrambled eggs, 3.Barber, 4.A Hole, 5.A 194
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= 1. RCEPI = 2. RAMACE 3. TMNEOUCD= = 4. HNTTE = 5. ONUIN = 6. LPIOS = 7. NAPCITA 8. PCCKKAAB = = 9. TARUQER 10. LEPTUIML = 11. OTNTMU = 12. AOLRM = ANSWERS: 1. PRICE, 2.CAMERA, 3.DOCUMENT, 4.TENTH, 5.UNION, 6. SPOIL, 7.CAPTAIN, 8.BACKPACK, 9.QUARTER, 10.MULTIPLE, 11. MUTTON, 12.MORAL
MATHS QUIZ
•Camels are even-toed ungulates that have one or two humps…the one-humped camel, or dromedary camel, is found in the Arabian deserts of the Middle East and North Africa, while the two-humped camel, or Bactrian camel, is native to the Gobi Desert in China and the Bactrian steppes of Mongolia. •Want to remember the difference between Dromedaries and Bactrians? Take the first letter in their names and drop it onto its flat side. The "D" in Dromedary has only one hump. The "B" in Bactrian has two humps. •Camels do not store water in their humps… the hump is actually a reservoir of fatty tissue… when this tissue is metabolized, it acts as a source of energy, and yields more than 1 gallon of water for each 1 gallon of fat that is converted…their kidneys and intestine are able to hold water…because of this ability, the camel can live in very dry and hot climates and go without water for long periods of time. •When camels walk they move both legs on one side of their body and then the other…their feet are also flat and wide…both of these features help them from sinking into the sand…camels are powerful runners and can reach the speed of 40 miles per hour in a short burst, which is as fast as a horse. •Camels were domesticated more than 3,500 years ago… many people still depend on these "ships of the desert" for transportation…they can carry over 200 pounds for 20 miles in the hot desert heat. •Camels can grow to be 7 feet tall at the hump…the hump can be 30 inches tall and they can live to be 80 years old.
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HOMEWORK FOR GROWN UPS EVERYTHING YOU LEARNED AT SCHOOL... BUT CAN YOU REMEMBER? Brand 'mottos' Quiz To whom do these mottos belong? Match the answers with the brands listed below:
Test Your Vocabulary The opposite of unadulterated is:
1. Albion is the oldest word for: France; America; England/Britain; or Scandinavia?
1. tainted
2. What Andalusian city gave its name to a bitter orange used especially in
2. admired
3. What famous headwear and safety harness brand was devised from the original
4. coolheaded
4. Which once war-torn Balkan capital city has a world-leading human DNA analysis laboratory? 5. Georges Bizet devised the word 'toreador' for what opera? 6. The continent having the highest average elevation is: Africa; Asia; Europe; or Antartica? 7. What is a remark, act, or chess move seeking advantage, from Italian for trip-up,
ANSWER: 1.In this question, unadulterated is an adjective that means not mixed with impurities. Something that's pure, not mixed with other ingredients, is unadulterated. If you stand in your yard every time it rains singing "Singin' in the Rain" with unadulterated enthusiasm, your neighbors will eventually call the police. Food or drink that is pure is also said to be unadulterated. Some people like chocolate milk, but you might prefer the unadulterated variety. The adjective unadulterated also means "without qualifications," and it can be used in a negative way to mean "complete and utter." You'd probably feel like an unadulterated idiot if you shocked yourself by sticking a knife in the toaster after being advised not to.
raw materials silk, angora and wool?
and leg? 8. The Dewey Decimal, Universal Decimal, and Bliss Bibliographic classifications are used by: Farmers; Librarians; Architects; or Travel agents? 9. Which big-selling artist 1999-2003 shares her name with the founding Queen of Carthage? 10. The Carthage civilization (814-200BC) was based around modern: Copenhagen; Tunis; Mexico City; or Moscow? 11. The volume of a pyramid or cone is: base area x height x (what fraction?): A Quarter; A Third; A Half; or Nine-Fourteenths?
Tricky Mathematics Problem A game is being played where eight players can last for seventy minutes. Six substitutes alternate with each player in this game. Thus, all players are on the pitch for the same amount of time including the substitutes. For how long is each player on the pitch?
12. What edible weed is named from 'lion's tooth'? Now dividing that with 14, we can conclude that each player was there on the pitch for 40 minutes (560/14)
13. Disney's Lion King movie/musical is generally said to be based on what Shakespeare play?
70 x 8 = 560 min in total. Now, the question has told us that only eight players are present on the field at one time. Total players = 8 + 6 = 14
14. What is the UK's most senior royal palace and official residence of the monarch? 15. What instrument is sized according to terms such as 0, 00, 000, Grand
ANSWER:40 minutes
Auditorium and Dreadnought? 16. The Occident (from Latin 'going down') refers generally to which part of the world: Europe/US; Asia; Australia; or Africa? 17. The traditional Windows/Mac keyboard shortcut to undo the last operation is Ctrl or Cmd and what key?
JUMBLED WORDS H I R E K
18. The Gannex brand, popularised by British prime minister Harold Wilson in the 1960s, was a: Pipe; Cigar; Fountain pen; or Raincoat?
D U M Y D
19. What mountain's peak is the farthest point from Earth's centre/center: Everest; Kilimanjaro; Chimborazo; or McKinley?
E E G U L D
20. What 1930s-originating genericized trademark came to refer to 'piped'
ANSWERS: 1.England/Britain, 2.Seville, 3.Kangol, 4.Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina capital - the laboratory expertise and scale grew from the aftermath of the 1992-5 Bosnian War), 5.Carmen (based on the Spanish term torero, it refers to the main bullfighter, matador de toros, killer of bulls), 6.Antartica, 7.Gambit, 8.Libraries, 9.Dido, 10.Tunis (Tunisia), 11. A Third, 12.Dandelion, 13.Hamlet, 14.St James's Palace, 15.Guitar (acoustic), 16.Europe/US (the reference is to the sunset), 17.Z, 18.Raincoat, 19.Chimborazo (Ecuador, farthest due to equatorial bulge of the Earth), 20.Muzak
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C A P T I M T I S I S N ANSWERS:HIKER, MUDDY, DELUGE, IMPACT, INSIST
background recorded music played in elevators, reception areas, airports, etc?
NOVEMBER HOROSCOPES The Full Moon in money-hungry Taurus on November 6 smiles at money-fanatic Pluto, and they conspire to increase resources the easy way. A week later, on November 14, it's more than just the Sun and Moon bickering. They also challenge Saturn, who wants to and usually succeeds at slowing things down. It may seem impossible to wait out a seemingly promising deal, but Neptune comes to the rescue as he turns direct on November 16. Suddenly there is clarity where once there was darkness. A New Moon in optimistic Sagittarius on November 22 lights the way to the success you'd hoped for.
ARIES (March 21 - April 19)
You may look like everybody's savior during the November 6 Full Moon. You may want to be one, too. What will save you is that you know how not to neglect yourself and properly put yourself first. The November 22 New Moon could turn you into a teacher or mentor. You might not even notice, but you'll have a profound influence on how and what a lot of people think. Don't underestimate the power of your suggestions. Wednesday, November 26, is a power day. The Moon conjoins Mars and springs you out of bed with a zillion things to do. Pace yourself.
LEO (July 23 - August 22)
If a home problem has been stressing you out, relax and watch things improve with the November 6 Full Moon. You could find some extra money you didn't know you had, or you may hear or read something that drops an answer in your lap. The Moon conjoins lucky Jupiter in Leo on Friday, November 14. Expect many hugs as people hope that your luck rubs off. Starting with the New Moon on November 22, your inner child is going to want to romp, so keep tabs on all that fun you're having and how you're having it.
TAURUS
(April 20 - May 20)
(August 23 - September 22)
Love is big and bright with the November 6 Full Moon. It will have a generous share of elegance, too. That cozy feeling of perfection may not last for long, but it will be powerful and real. The weekend of November 8 could be packed with surprises, probably romantic ones. Keep that sense of humor and enjoy the thrill. Someone else's perceived crisis or difficulty could intrude around the New Moon of November 22. Don't worry about getting involved. Simply having you learn about it will probably give them what they need to solve the whole problem (if it's real to begin with).
Have a fantastic time with your friends at the November 6 Full Moon. They're all going to want to be with you anyway. It's a weeknight and could interfere with work tomorrow, so don't let it run too late. Sunday, November 16, holds extra energy and ambition as Mars trines the Virgo Moon. Work on one big thing or several small ones and feel grateful. Home life will be in the spotlight with the November 22 New Moon. You can have everything arranged exactly the way you want it without agonizing over a single detail. Your family will love it, too.
SAGITTARIUS (November 22 - December 21)
Privacy and intimacy may be the chief pleasures during the November 6 Full Moon. You're not slowing down or getting lazy. Rather, you're getting more selective and insisting on more quality and fulfillment in your life. November 13 could be a day full of stubbornness. If you can't be flexible, be as gracious as possible. Starting with the November 22 New Moon, everyone is going to love you for the next month. You can be whatever someone needs you to be, if that's what you want to do. Some people will find it nurturing just to be with you.
CAPRICORN (December 22 - January 19)
Charm your way into whatever position you want in any group you choose with the Full Moon on November 6. You might prefer to remain the secret master wielding power and influence from behind the scenes, however. There's less interference that way. Be extra organized on November 10 or the day could get exhausting and the fatigue lead to arguments over nothing. No matter how angry or contrary you're feeling around the November 22 New Moon, you should be able to hold it together and deal nicely with everyone. Don't exaggerate the niceness, though. That would just make some people suspicious.
GEMINI
(September 23 - October 22)
(January 20 - February 18)
You'll feel at your best, healthiest, and strongest at the Full Moon on November 6. It should be a great day at work, too. Conserve your strength and give yourself a treat in the evening. As Mercury enters Scorpio on Saturday, November 8, you could begin looking at things more seriously. Are you seeking love? As of the November 22 New Moon, it will be looking for you, too. There's no way for you to be anything but charming and friendly, so freshen up your repertoire of polite ways to say, "No, thank you" and "Not now" unless you want to be inundated with attention.
The Full Moon pours generosity your way on November 6. Love what you already have and don't worry if someone looks at you and gets jealous or envious. Don't provoke them, though. November 18 could have a few rough spots. Cheerfully focus on what's important and you can breeze through anything. The New Moon on November 22 is going to surprise you with more friends than you ever imagined you had. They may not descend on you all at once, but over the course of the next month expect to see smiling faces that you haven't seen in a while.
Be the rock star out in public during the November 6 Full Moon. Turn heads and have cute strangers introduce themselves. Be cool if someone asks for your autograph. You'll rock your work world, too, so be awesome. The New Moon on November 22 begins a social and fun month. Keep a journal because it's going to fly by. Everyone will want to pitch in to throw that big holiday party, so share the work and expense and go for it. On Thanksgiving Day, November 27, if you're overwhelmed by your countless blessings, remember that people are grateful to you, too.
CANCER
(October 23 - November 21)
(February 19 - March 20)
It's easygoing fun at the November 6 Full Moon. If you aren't going out, have a super-yummy supper with friends or family (and maybe camp out in front of your favorite movie). Monday, November 10, gets emotional as the Moon enters Cancer and trines both Mercury and Neptune. Feelings get hard to express, they're so deep. Radiate health and comfort, especially at work, with the New Moon on November 22. Take care of yourself as well. If a partner or companion unwittingly upsets things for you, your calmness will be too strong to allow it. You don't have to hold a grudge.
The Full Moon on November 6 is all yours. If you aren't already with someone you love, flash that smile and turn on your infinite charm. Pamper with affection and be pampered with luxury and all creature comforts. Make the most of it. On Tuesday, November 18, the Sun conjoins Saturn in Scorpio. Respect authority and don't get too harsh should someone disrespect you. There's money in play at this New Moon on November 22. You could receive more than you realized you've already earned. The challenge will be to not let it go out as quickly or easily as it came in.
*All the Illustrations on this page are done by: Sandra Bakhamian @ SandraBakhamian and are Copyrighted
Go somewhere special and far away in your mind for the Full Moon on November 6. Start reading a fantastically long book or watch that six-hour classic movie or series. You may have company doing this, too. Work will get busier but easier as of the November 22 New Moon. It could get more fun, too, but you don't have to reveal that part. Quiet cleverness will add to your mystique, so smile and say only what's necessary. Saturday, November 29, is full of dreamy romance, but feelings may also be vulnerable. Protect that dreamy heart. November, 2014
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Kangol
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Which once war-torn Balkan capital city has a world-leading human DNA analysis laboratory?
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CP november 2014 online by CityPages Kuwait - issuu
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NOVEMBER 2014
Dr. Kazem Behbehani Leading a legendary center:
issuu.com/citypageskuwait Scan this QR code with your smart phone /tablet and enjoy reading CityPages. To read it on your computer, simply visit the web link above.
Dasman Diabetes Institute
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Scan this QR code with your smart phone /tablet and enjoy reading and sharing slective pages from this issue of CityPages. To read it on your computer, simply visit the web link above.
LIFESTYLE / PEOPLE / EVENTS / FASHION
contents ISSUE 59, VOLUME 4, NOVEMBER 2014
104
140 134
BEAUTY
126. The Ultimate Beauty Rituals 128. Perfume Types And Categories 130. Orogold Cosmetics 132. Make Up Call By Layla Harmony
20
140. November Movie Releases 142. Top Music Charts 143. Music With MJB
FASHION
134. Naturally Playful/Naturally Kenzo 158. Fashion News
136
20. Are You A Morning Or An Evening Person? 22. Stiff Upper Lip 24. Rant And Rabbit 26. كلمة ستغير حياتك 28. Self Care For The Modern Man 30. Rumours And Wars 32. Welcome To A Rubbish House 34. Men...Why Do They Cheat?? 124. 21 Productivity Tips 144. Fashionable Movies For Men 56. Wearing Young Single ‘Tache With Pride 102. Vie Fitness Studio
FOOD
136. Nat’s Kitchen Tales... With Love
107
contents ISSUE 59, VOLUME 4, NOVEMBER 2014
40
106
HEALTH
40. Understanding Astigmatism 42. Ebola Virus Disease – An Overview 44. Impacted Canine Teeth In Kuwait 46. Car Seat Safety For Infants 106. IKEA’S PAX
36
KIDS
138 52
36. Dr.Kazem Behbehani 48. Dr.Noora AlNouri 60. Moayad AlSuwaidan 112. Shaima ‘a Qabazard And Fajer Al-Owaish 194. Kids Pages
LITERATURE
138. Short Stories By Nadia AlHassan 146. Writing Tips By Nada Faris 149. Arabic Poetry By Tasnim Hassoun
NUTRITION
52. How Not To Gain Weight In Winter 54. Gelatin – The Next Super Food? 58. Nutrition Recover For Atheletes 101. املكمالت الغذائية و صحة املرأه
98
TECHNOLOGY
118
98. Long Live Lawn Bowls 66. E-Commerce 152. Cool New Gadgets 154. Tech Updates & News 156. What Is Gamergate?
TRAVEL
118. St. Petersburg
REGULARS 104. Tea With T 107. Life Of A Diva 110. Green In The City 116. The City Guide 150. November Book Releases 151. Book Club 167. Events 182. Press 192. Say Cheese With CityPages 196. Homework For Grown Ups 197. Horoscopes
Dear Readers… Dhari Al-Muhareb Editor-in-Chief
Jameel Arif
General Manager & Editor Eng. Homoud AlMuhareb Publishing Director
Abeer Al-Abduljalil Managing Editor
Muhammed Altaf Sr. Sales Manager
Claudia Farias
Ghadeer Kareemi Editorial Assistant
Tanya Burns
Creative Director Graphic Designers Mohammed Syed Khaled Al-Enezi Contributing Team Nadia Al-Hassan Abdullah Y. Shams AlDeen Abdulaziz Al-Khamis Nada Soliman Abdalla AlMuzaini Nada Faris Adnan Najeeb Al-Abbar Nour Al-Zaabi Ali - DJ RAVEN Oussama T. Hussein ARTRONAUTS Paul Tunbridge ASAMA Perfumes Reshmi Revi BirthKuwait Deema DeCaux Sanaa Abdul Hamid Dr. Nazia Nausheen Sandra Bakhamian Faisal Al-Dhofari Sherihan A. Hassabo Erika Habig Talah Alabdulaaly John McArthur Tassnim Hassoun Khaled Al-Zawawi Zahra Ashkanani Layla Harmony Zahra Taqi Maha Al-Rashed
Happy November! I would start this with one of my favorite quote by Jung. “You are what you do, not what you say you'll do.” ~ C.G. Jung Since 2003, the ‘N’ in November has been replaced with an ‘M’. Men the world over hide their upper lips with facial hair in a bid to raise awareness about men’s health. This year, CityPages is once again encouraging you to join the trend. Talking of Movember, our November issue is also dedicated to Movember from the past three years and as you would have noticed, we are always featuring a prominent male personality on our November covers. This year, we were lucky enough to get some time from the busy schedule of Dr. Kazem Behbehani and interview him exclusively for our readers. In our Exclusives section, For the second year , we profile 15 of the most inspiring and respected men in Kuwait. These men are inspiring visionaries, who represent Kuwait on a global stage. We catch up with them, as they share details about their latest projects and also tell us some things you may not have known about them before! Bringing this section was not easy but its was worth meeting all these inspiring men and learning something from them. We hope you enjoying reading about them as much as we did interviewing them. Our team member Abdullah Y. Shams Al-Deen brings you another exclusive interview with Moayad Al Suwaidan - Kuwait's First International Rower. We are all excited here at CityPages for our next issue with which we complete our 60 issues and 5 successful years. We have something in store to make it special, so stay tuned for some great action! Enjoy the read!
Jameel Arif General Manager & Editor
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Photography Team Abdulaziz AlSoraya Shahbaz Hussain Abdulaziz AlShayaji Abdullah Hamadah Ahmad Emad Othman AlMishaan Natalia Sitcai Dalal AlDhughaishem Bulk Distribution Team V. Rajan S. V. Gopal
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DISCLAIMER Extra care has been used to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this magazine. However, the publisher will not accept responsibility for errors and omissions in the publication. In addition, the views expressed in this magazine are not necessarily those of the publisher. Photos have been altered to comply with the Laws of Kuwait.
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Its finally here the month that marks the beginning of winter, we
I hope all of you will be having a pleasant time. We are knocking
are ecstatic here at CityPages since that means we can actually
at the doors of winter after a long summer season. November
enjoy going out to the various events that have been and will
is a month which is also significant with reference to ‘Men’.
take place during this incredible weather..
CityPages has also come up with its Movemebr special issue.
It's Movember guys, and just so you know how important prostate screening is, we've dedicated our entire issue to you! We are featuring a handful of talented, impressive men of all
Like last year we have featured 15 inspiring men from Kuwait who can impress anyone and can be guiding stars for those who want to achieve some milestone in their lives.
shapes, sizes and walks of life – to inspire you to succeed in life
CityPages attended so many events during this time and are
and take care of your health in order to do so. I know it sounds
bringing to you the latest happenings in town. Other than that
clichéd, but "it is health that is real wealth and not pieces of gold
don’t forget to read my segment "Life of a Diva" where I have
and silver" – Mahatma Ghandhi.
something special for all the Divas out there.
I hope you enjoy your read this month, have a great November!
Our November issue has a lot for you to read, so enjoy the ride.
Enjoy the read!
ON THE COVER: Dr. Kazem Behbehani (Dasman Diabetes Institute)
Social networking shizzle Be our friend and we'll tell you secrets
@citypageskuwait @citypageskuwait /Citypageskuwait citypageskuwait.com /citypagesmag /citypageskuwait 66973003
MORE NEW CONTRIBUTORS
Are you a local writer or artist? If you're passionate about your work we want to showcase it, so get in touch and get involved in 2014:
FEATURE
INTERNSHIPS
If you are an artist with work to exhibit, an event or entertainment organiser with an event coming up or a business with some exciting news or a new product to feature, get in touch. We're keen to feature anything of interest that will entertain our readers.
WOULD YOU LIKE TO INTERN AT CITYPAGES?, EMAIL: [email protected] and let us know what is your area of interest.
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Rip it, scrap it, comment, critique, research, report. Opinions wanted on fashion, lifestyle, business, news, home, music, gadgets, sports, and culture. Something annoyed you and you want to tell? We're here for you. If you'd like to see your name in... er... print, get in touch.
We understand that the medium is the message. The quality of a magazine reflects on the businesses that advertise within it. CityPages is Kuwait's highest quality magazine and premium print media option for stylish and progressive brands. If you have a business or strategy to promote to Kuwait's forward thinking consumer, get in touch. Call us on 66973003 or drop us an email...
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ع -ك / 2014 / 1 /ع
Are you a morning or an evening person? Philips reveals key insights about the effects of lighting on sleep cycles Have you ever wondered why you always hit the snooze button for an extra 15 to 30 minutes of sleep in the morning? A whitepaper issued by Philips, the global leader in lighting, has compiled key insights from over 10 years of ongoing research about the effect of light on our sleep/wake cycle or “circadian rhythm”. It reveals that the amount and quality of light you are exposed to every day may be responsible for your Sunday morning blues. Indeed, light ultimately dictates whether you are a morning person or a night owl. Lighting, whether natural or artificial, affects all life on our planet. In humans, it plays a crucial role in regulating our circadian rhythm, one of our natural biorhythms otherwise known as the body clock. Our circadian rhythm is not naturally in sync with our artificial clock. Instead it is a little slower running for 24 hours and 30 minutes on average. This means we are naturally inclined to sleep and wake 30 minutes later each day. If this slower rhythm is not regulated then by the end of the week our sleep/wake cycle could be off by more than 2 hours and we would be hitting that snooze button quite frequently.
Regulating our circadian rhythm Alarm clocks offer one way to manage the time lag created by our naturally slower circadian rhythm. But we have recently discovered that a specific quality of light hitting the photoreceptors in our eyes not only regulates our internal body clock, but can actually reset it every single day. For millennia, we like many animals, have used the rising and setting sun to regulate our body clock without realizing it. Today, high intensity artificial blue-rich light is also capable of resetting our body clock because of its qualitative resemblance to natural morning light. As we have a natural tendency to sleep in, our modern 9 to 5 lifestyle means we may be getting too little sleep during the working week and lying in at the weekends. Longer sleep at the weekend may compensate for the lack of 20
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Circle of light
How to beat
Sunday morning blues Our internal sleep/wake cycle is about 30 minutes slower than the clock we live by, so we naturally want to sleep in (and stay up) 30 minutes later each day.
rest during the week, but can reset a later circadian rhythm the following week, resulting in that ‘Sunday morning blues’ feeling. “The message from nature is clear,” says Light and Sleep Scientist at Philips Research, Luc Schlangen. “Our bodies have evolved a kind of steering wheel, constantly adjusting the sleep-wake cycle, driven by light, allowing us to adapt to the differing daylight lengths during the seasons. We can help regulate our body clock through lighting by providing light injections at appropriate times, for instance through brighter office lighting on Sunday mornings.” Exposure to blue-rich morning light can speed up our circadian rhythm to wake us up earlier and improve the daily functioning of people with an early morning lifestyle. Lighting Expert Professor Derk Jan Dijk, University of Surrey adds, “Dimming lights a few hours before bedtime facilitates a more rapid onset to sleep and it will prevent your body clock from being shifted to later hours. If you want to shift your clock to earlier hours it is good to be exposed to light and specifically high intensity blue-rich light, when you wake up.” Philips dedicates 5% of its Lighting sales revenue to R&D, and is testing and developing a series of energy efficient lighting products for homes, offices, schools and hospital environments that can variously improve alertness, productivity, calm, sleep and mood.
Light can resynchronize it to match our lifestyle.
7:00
24hrs +30min
7:30
Our sleep wake cycle is easily disrupted by modern living: jet lag, late nights, shift work, etc.
Blue-rich light keeps you awake
Natural daylight is blue-rich
Bright artificial light is blue-rich
...so use warm light to prolong your evening
Our body cannot tell the difference between natural and artificial light. So don't confuse it at night.
Different activities require different types of light
Only a few pulses of blue-rich light is needed to wake you up. Set your lights on a timer on darker winter days.
You can still dine late without resetting your body clock, but try candle light which is rich in red and yellow light.
Use dimmers or tunable light in your kitchen so you don't mistake your finger for the vegetables you're slicing, but dim the light when you're done.
STIFF UPPER LIP
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Dentally challenged. Still single.
A lifetime or so ago, I had the dubious pleasure of addressing a convocation of officers and gentlemen from the Royal Air Force. For nonBrits, this basically means gentlemen fliers of combat aircraft. They consider themselves superior to the Royal Navy because they can look down on them and the Army because they get to give them a lift to wherever the fighting is. Also, their aircraft were, and as far as I know still are, equipped with a terrifying array of armament capable of doing a fearful amount of damage. You may, of course, be wondering why old Peregrine was selected for such a task, which is the stuff of quite a different story. Anyway, there I was, being led into this large, beautifully furnished room with a dove-grey ceiling and crystal chandeliers – one hesitates to call it a conference hall - as if I’d just won the Derby, and was confronted by a sea of blue-grey uniforms. The expensive seating at the front appeared to be reserved for the organisation’s senior ranks and I found myself being applauded – without much enthusiasm, I might add – by at least three Air Commodores, a few Wing Commanders, a goodly cohort of Squadron Leaders and a large selection of other beribboned individuals all of whom seemed to have one thing in common. Almost all of them wore a moustache. The seniors had grey ones – even white - and the younger element sported colours varying from a quite shocking red to brown or black. Looking more closely, they all seemed to have trained their moustaches to grow in the same way, rather like Peter Sellers’ in ‘Dr Strangelove’. Nobody’s drooped earthward like Fu Man Chu – instead most were swept to a briskly tufted left and right. Occasional uptwirls gave a Dali-esque look to a few of them and one or two had impressive mutton-chop whiskers which would have not been out of place in a Victorian drawing-room. I have to confess to feeling slightly intimidated and I have no doubt that the quality of my presentation suffered in consequence. Why then this discussion about upperlip festoonery? Well, to tell the truth, it does bring me quite nicely to the meat and potatoes, as it were. We men are strange cattle. We’d rather gnaw off our own finger than talk to the rest of the lads about, er, gentlemen’s ailments. Our own plumbing and waterworks, to be precise. Now, before you all throw the magazine down in embarrassment and go back to watching the football, do hear me out. I’m not going to go into details so do bear with me for just a moment longer. You see, so many of us end up undiagnosed and hence untreated because we’re a bit shy of going to the doctor and spilling the beans about the contents of our underwear, including our prostates. So, there’s an organization called “Movember” for people like us. The idea is really quite simple, outlined in the Movember Foundation’s Global Action Plan or GAP. The Executive Director, Paul Villanti, puts it better than me…
“Our vision is to have an everlasting impact on the face of men’s health and it’s to this end that we’ve established GAP. We believe that team- based research, performed across borders with a strong collaborative mindset, avoiding duplication of work, can deliver innovation and knowledge sharing that leads to an acceleration of results that benefit men diagnosed and living with prostate cancer and testicular cancer today.” “As a global men’s health movement, the Movember Foundation has the ambition to contribute to improving the lives of men around the world.” “We will achieve this by challenging men to grow moustaches during Movember (the month formerly known as November) to spark conversation and raise funds for prostate and testicular cancer. In other words, become a MoBro.” “We see success as moving the dial on progress towards reduced mortality from these ailments, also men living with them being physically and mentally well. Finally, developing an understanding of the health risks they face and taking action to remain healthy.” So, here’s the deal. Become a MoBro this November. You know, it really can be a lot of fun. I was part of an organization last year, which signed up. All the guys had to stick to the rules and grow and look after their moustache. We took before-and-after photographs and displayed them. One particular participant – yes, he’ll remember when he reads this - was one of those whose facial hair growth was on steroids and he normally had to shave at least twice a day to avoid looking like a Neanderthal privet hedge. In less than a week, he’d grown a full-scale, perfectly formed handlebar and spent the next three weeks trimming it back. His wife loved it. There are some quite delightfully oldfashioned rules about becoming a MoBro. In fact, five in all – here they are. First, you have to begin on November the First with a clean-shaven face. Second, for the entire month of November, you have to grow and groom your moustache. This can often involve investing in expensive trimmers with a variety of fiddly little settings to play with and other male accoutrements which an enthusiastic wife or girl friend might be persuaded to buy for you. Except of course in my case. If I’m going to take part I expect I shall have to manage with a dirty comb and a pair of nail scissors. The consequent topiary on the upper lip has therefore to be welltrained. Thirdly – the rules say - don’t fake it. By this one assumes that they mean one is not allowed to augment one’s growth, should it not progress satisfactorily, with dog hair and glue, mascara or other cheats bought from fancy dress shops, and the addition of a beard and goatee is similarly prohibited. So, nothing winsome and streetwise like Ali G. In other words, you can’t just go
native and hope for the best; some personal husbandry is required. Fourth – I love this – “use the power of the moustache” to create conversations about men’s health and talk to all your friends about their prostate. No, it doesn’t say that, really, but it’s supposed to be an ice-breaker of some sort so the conversation can be gently steered towards, perhaps, a fund-raising initiative or some such. Going into a lounge in a large hotel is likely to be an interesting experience in midmonth when most participants will have a suitably presentable growth which doesn’t resemble the stuffing coming out of an old mattress. Eyebrows will be raised at one another and a silent camaraderie of almost imperceptible sign language developed, as if everyone were Masons or members of Alcoholics Anonymous. Finally, the fifth rule. “Each MoBro must conduct himself like a gentleman.” I assume this must refer to the Americans. The British, especially those who have been glued to ‘Downton Abbey’, have a naturally stiff upper lip and a moustache simply heightens the whole psychological feeling of innate superiority. I had a relative who was a senior Army officer during the Second World War. He had a permanently luxuriant growth on his upper lip, which meant that plumbers and other sons of toil almost used to doff their hats to him in the street. Being a gentleman, as my father used to teach me, involved standing up for the ladies. So, one assumes, during this mad November, emergency departments around the world will be deluged with moustachioed men with sabre slashes because of an increased interest in duelling. I myself would quite welcome the chance to defend a lady’s honour, but being a bit on the myopic side, doubt that I would survive to month end. Nevertheless, the offer is there, ladies. Speaking of whom, no MoBro is complete without a MoSista. Yes, the ladies can get involved as well by raising money and awareness. Here’s one great story which is featured on the Movember website. “In August 2012, Rosa’s father passed away after losing his battle with prostate cancer. Rosa used her dad’s strength, courage and selflessness during his last few months as her inspiration when she embarked upon her first Mo Sista journey. Rosa hatched a simple yet innovative plan to entice donations by vowing to get a moustache tattooed on her finger if she got 1000 people to donate £10 each. As a Mo Sista, Rosa spoke up: “Tell your story to your friends, tell them why you're passionate, and tell them why they should care. Don't be afraid to lead”. Rosa encourages daughters, mums and Mo Sistas worldwide to talk to the men in their life and openly discuss their health together.” So, gentlemen. The gauntlet has been thrown down. Let hairiness commence. November, 2014
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RANT AND RABBIT... Paul Turnbridge
Sounds like the name of a good old English Public House, doesn’t it? And perhaps it should be, but here it’s used merely as an introduction for me to have a little moan. We all like to “sound off” about something every now and again. Having a good moan about the things that annoy us somehow helps to release tension and pent-up emotion. This generally happens when friends get together socially as, amongst friends, it’s comforting to have willing ears that will listen to a real rant and to be allowed to give all those grievances a good airing. Now, I appreciate that many readers may not have come across the word “rant” before, so I should first disclose that, according to a dictionary, to rant is “to speak or declaim extravagantly or violently; to talk in a wild or vehement way; to rave!” So where does the rabbit come in? Well, social get-togethers are not all about moans and groans, but provide an opportunity just to talk – about anything and everything, and “rabbit” is cockney rhyming slang for “talk”. I expect you’re now wondering how rabbit associates with talk, when it so clearly doesn’t rhyme...and the fact is that a lot of cockney rhyming slang is abbreviated with only one word used instead of the full rhyming phrase (there’s a good reason for this, but I’ll not discuss that now). Simply put, the full slang phrase is “rabbit and pork” which clearly does rhyme with “talk”. Explanation over! I thought I would take this opportunity, since I’m sure I can count all CityPages readers as personal friends, to get a few things off my chest. A little self-indulgent, maybe, but I’ve heard the same moans from so many others that I dare say you will be able to join me in a shared rant before I conclude with just a little rabbit. So here goes....
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Texting whilst Driving Nobody will be surprised that I start with a road-related rant, as there is so much to rant about when it comes to the roads and to the behaviour of drivers in Kuwait. One of the biggest annoyances for me is the insistence of so many drivers to use their phones when they’re driving! Do they really fail to understand just how dangerous this is; how many accidents, injuries and deaths are caused by people who would rather focus their attentions on their phones than on the traffic all around them? Are they really so oblivious to the fact that they are behaving so irresponsibly, and with little or no respect for anyone around them, either in other cars or as passengers in their own? I’m sure that we have all witnessed drivers in front or alongside us who fail to drive in a straight line within the markings of just one lane because one hand is glued to the phone and attached to their ear. Most cars these days ae kitted out with bluetooth technology, so why don’t these people make use of it? Or simply wait until they reach their destination and stop driving to make that oh-so-important call? Earlier this week I was driving out of the city on my way home from the office, and had quickly reached the maximum speed limit in the third (outside) lane of road 40. Looking in my rear-view mirror I was concerned to see a large 4x4 bearing down on me a little too quickly for my liking, yet the middle lane was busy and I was unable to pull over. As it got closer, I was alerted to its headlights that were being rapidly flashed at me, no doubt as a signal for me to get out of the way ... but I could not. When the 4x4 was practically licking my rear tailgate, I could clearly see the driver holding a mobile phone immediately in front of her, and focusing on the text message she was sending; I could see from her eyes (and yes, she really was that close to me) that she was not paying any attention to my presence in front of her and, had I needed to brake, she would have rearranged my
bodywork in an instant. I have to say that I believe drivers like that should be instantly and permanently removed from the roads. Yet what hope do they have when even the local driving instructors so blatantly flout the laws of the highway? Just two weeks ago I was passing a Driving Instructor’s car (I could tell it was an instructor’s car from the two steering wheels and the signage on its roof and door, so no hiding possible, buddy) even though there was just one person in the car ... hence I deduced that the driver was actually the qualified instructor who was so publicly promoting his services with the signwriting, someone who teaches others how to drive and sets an example for other drivers to follow! Yet there he was, driving with a phone held glued to his ear. I know I shouldn’t have done what I did, but I offer no apologies for having blasted continuously on my horn as I drove alongside, until he looked at me and, with a guilty expression, put his phone down. Aaaaaaghhhh ... I shall say no more ... rant over!
Supermarket Labels I appreciate that food products need to have extra labels with cooking instructions printed in Arabic, but why oh why do they always get stuck over the instructions that are written in English? Every time! And on all packets and tins in the same stupid place for all similar items on the shelf? Are the in-store labellers doing this deliberately to annoy us? Is it supermarket policy? And while I’m on the subject of supermarkets, I have to highlight how infuriating it can be to find inconsistency of product availability. I have a liking for certain products, and get comfortable knowing that I can pick them from the shelves whenever I’m doing a weekly or monthly shop. But then the inevitable happens. I go to the shelf, and the shelf is empty; stocks have sold out; so I wait until my next visit; and the next; and the next; and then I try an alternative
supermarket; and then another. Do you get the picture? You probably do, because it will have happened to you – for no apparent reason, replacement stocks do not arrive for several months, or years, if ever again! Am I to starve???
Litter Need I say more? Obviously I must because, no matter how many campaigns are launched to encourage people to stop simply discarding their litter, it continues to be a problem across Kuwait. Only a few weeks ago I was waiting for traffic signals to turn red, and was horrifed when the driver of the car in front of me opened his door and empied the contents of his litter bin on to the street. He was a young guy driving a flash new Camaro, yet he so clearly displayed the behaviour that’s expected of what Americans would call “Trailer Trash”. Nobody these days can claim to be uneducated; to not know the damage they cause to the environment by throwing their litter anywhere except in the correct rubbish container. For goodness sake, how difficult is it to find a bin, or to take your rubbish home with you and deposit it in the correct
place? We hear of regular beach cleans, in which groups of volunteers descend on one of the beaches and spend several hours clearing up after other, thoughtless folk have left their mess behind....but these charitable projects should not be necessary in civilised society. Okay, I’ve had three good rants and am feeling less stressed already, so shall finish with just a short rabbit and, hopefully, just a little good advice...
Good Pain vs. Bad Pain I have never really been what could be called “sporty”, although I used to play squash a few times each week in my teens and twenties, and visited the gym three times weekly when I was approaching my forties. But as the years passed, my food intake increased whilst exercise diminished, and the resultant effect has led me to feel like I should have taken better care of my physical condition. I tried recently to play a game of squash but was quickly exhausted – out of breath and in some discomfort. I wanted to play again, but have to concede that the risk of heart attack and entry to an early grave is
too great for me to contemplate. When it comes to exercise, pain can be a good thing or a bad thing. It's crucial that you know the difference. When you work out and truly challenge your muscles, you'll experience the good kind of pain. You probably recognize this as "feeling the burn" as you finish the last few reps of an exercise. This sensation means you're creating enough resistance to transform your lean muscle tissue. You may feel a bit sore after a challenging workout, but this is perfectly fine. On the other hand, bad pain happens when an injury occurs during the exercise or when you aggravate a pre-existing injury. If this is the pain you feel, you should stop immediately. Ignoring it and continuing to exercise or "pushing through the pain" will only cause more damage. Most importantly, of course, if you have a pre-existing injury or health condition, I recommend seeing your family doctor before starting any exercise program. Stay healthy and safe, my friends.
RANT
November, 2014
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كلمة ستغير حياتك " في كتاب من الكتب ،في صفحة من الصفحات في سطر من االسطر هناك كلمة ستغير مجرى حياتك" روبن شارما في المقولة السابقة حكمة بالغة األهمية لو فهمناها لفهمنا الحياة أكثر ،وال تنطبق المقولة على قراءة الكتب فقط ،أعلم أن األمة العربية واإلسالمية مازالت تعاني من نقص القراءة ،ولكنها تنطبق على كل ما يجري في الحياة .أحيانًا تعتريك أيام عصيبة في حياتك، قد تخسر فيها صداقاتك ،أهلك ،عملك ،صحتك وقد تشعر أنك شخص فاشل بال قيمة في هذه الحياة ،وأعلك كذلك أن بعض من يقرأ مقالي اآلن تعرض لصدمة في حياته ،أو قد يكون حزينًا أو حتى أن دموعه بدأت تذرف ربما مرت في باله ذكرى مؤلمة ،لكني على يقين أيضًا أن هناك قارئ آخر مبتسم وآخر حقق نجاحًا وربما أحدهم اآلن ُي ّ بشر بترقية في عمله .هذه هي الحياة ال حزن يدوم وال فرح يدوم، فحياتنا كمخطط دقات القلب يصعد تارة ويهبط تارة .ليس خطأ أو عيب أن تشعر بالحزن وتقول بأنك شخص إيجابي لذلك ال يمكن أن تحزن ،بل من الوعي وحسن التعامل مع الذات أن تشعر بما تشعره ،ان شعرت بمشاعر سلبية كحزن أو خوف أو غيره اسمح لنفسك أن تعيشها ولكن ال تسمح لها ان تطول ،تحكم أنت فيها .ففي بعض االحيان تدلك اللحظات الحزينة لرسالة معينة عليك أن تنتبه لها وتفهما وتفسير األحداث يعتمد عليك ال على شخص آخر ،وربما تكون هي مرحلة انتقالية جديدة لك ستكتشف بعدها أمور جديدة أو قد تتغير شخصيتك وتتطور لألفضل ،فاسعى لفهمها. تذكر أن كل أمور حياتك واألحداث واألشخاص تحمل لك رسالة ،افهمها وابحث عن األفضل لحياة جديدة.
Nour AlZaabi
Nour holds a Master in Business Administration and a Bachelor in Marketing and is a Member at The Kuwait Economic Society and British Council Entrepreneur Network in Kuwait. Stay tuned for her articles and features in the CityPages magazine.
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Self Care for the
MODERN MAN
Many men find the topic of self-care either elusive or self-indulgent or both. The truth of the matter is that selfcare impacts your very world as man, father, spouse and employee. The better you are at taking care of yourself, the better you are at everything else; a better spouse, friend, father and employee. Despite common belief, self-care is not only for women; men need to practice the same art too. By implementing the correct methods for yourself you will find that your life all of a sudden becomes less stressful, your problems manageable and your relationships more meaningful and rewarding. Caring for yourself as a man provides with a higher level of mental and physical wellbeing; allowing you to feel more satisfied with the life you have and the people in it.
Self-Care Tips: 1.Diet and exercise. You have heard it countless times before to the point that you start to tune out any talk around diet or exercise; yet exercising regularly and eating a healthy, well balanced diet are the first steps in your self-care regiment. The impact that exercise and diet have on both your physical and mental health is tremendous and cannot be exaggerated enough. 2.Create a support network. Your friends are essential to your wellbeing; create a network of friends who you meet regularly and whose company you enjoy. Your friends are the family you choose for your self so work hard on building these relationships and stay connected to them. 3.Unplug. Take a break from work and technology and unplug every once in a while and allow your brain to rest from constantly being on. 4.Meditate. Develop a practice that exercise your mind and soul; it could be mediation, prayer, yoga or any other mean of working on your spirituality. 5.Accept yourself. Accept that you are not perfect and don't strive for perfection; the Zahra Taqi Zahra is a Certified Professional Coach and the President of Milestones Coaching. She would love to hear back from you. So please feel free to drop her a line on her email: [email protected] or find her on FB: http://www.facebook. com/MilestonesCoaching or twitter: @ MilestonesCoach
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beauty of life is in its imperfections and your life is no different. It is all right to make mistakes, to falter and fail; what is important is your will to get back up again and to keep on trying. While we are on the subject of acceptance let me throw this at you too: 6.Learn to say “No!”. You don't need to cater to everyone; it is completely normal to decline a few things every once in a while. 7.Write your own “Personal Mission Statement”. What do you want to accomplish in life? Where do you want to go? What do you aspire to? Answer these questions to write your own personal statement. When you clearly outline your direction in life, you become more mindful of your daily decisions and what you are choosing to spend your time on. Your personal statement is all about creating a vision for yourself as an individual, a spouse and father. 8.Spend time doing something you enjoy. Pursue your hobbies and interests; take advantage of the beautiful weather and do something outdoors. 9.Get out of your comfort zone. Push your self to do something that scares you, take a risk in your career, do something completely out of the ordinary. The end of your comfort zone is the beginning of your learning zone
so go ahead and push that envelope to that point of exhilaration. 10.Invest in You. Your relationship with yourself is the most important relationship you will ever have. If this relationship works, if you love your self and enjoy being with yourself; that will reflect positively on all aspects of your life and well being. You will love better, work better and enjoy your life so much better. All of these steps are designed to help you create meaning and add purpose to your life. It is undoubtedly hard to implement all of them at once; or it might seem like too much work. Take it one step at a time, one task at a time; the key is to being consistent in your effort. Try to come up with a plan on how you will incorporate these steps in your daily life. Plan your life, don’t allow life plan it self for you.
“It is only when you have mastered the art of loving yourself that you can truly love others. It’s only when you have opened your own heart that you can touch the hearts of others. When you feel centered and alive, you are in much better position to be a better person.” ~Robin Sharma
Upgroom Yourself
Tel.: +965 2232 2336 Dar Al Awadi Ahmed Al Jaber St. Sharq
ﺻﺎﻟﻮن- ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮات رﺟﺎﻟﻴﺔ
RUMOURS
AND WARS John McArthur
Since early man began acquiring possessions, there has grown up with him the oldest technology in the world, the art of war. That to which he laid claim, whether livestock, wives or farmland, had therefore to be defended. Before he learned to make bread that rose, he made weapons to slaughter his rivals, plunder their goods and defend himself against invasion and conquest. Alexander the Great of Macedonia was considered to be one of the greatest military commanders of all time. Almost two thousand three hundred years ago, during 30
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a ten-year campaign, he had created one of the largest empires the ancient world had ever seen, stretching from the Adriatic in the west to the Indus river in ancient India. Still only thirty years old, he sought to reach "the ends of the world and the Great Outer Sea" and wept because there were no more worlds to conquer. Twenty cities bore his name, most notably, Alexandria in Egypt. His efforts resulted in a cultural diffusion - the spread of ideas, customs, religions, technology and language; remnants of his Hellenistic civilisation still remaining in the traditions of the Byzantine Empire, eighteen hundred years later. In the years following his death, his empire
was torn apart by feuding generals, his being one of the first of many whose fall was as ignominious as their rise was meteoric. Even Alexander's empire-building aspirations were dwarfed by the master politician of the twelfth century, Tem端jin, later Genghis Khan, the godfather of Mongolia. When Moscow was little more than a village, all there was between eastern Europe and the Chinese were great, barren tracts of land sparsely inhabited by fierce nomadic and tribal peoples. No political alliances between neighbours existed except by virtue of arranged marriages which provided at best a temporary and often fragile peace between warring
factions. Rivalry, thievery, raids, corruption and continual acts of revenge carried out by loosely knit confederacies were Tem端jin's inheritance where life on the howling steppe could be and frequently was, "nasty, brutish and short.". To make matters worse, there were enemies without as well as within and constant interference from Chinese dynastic powers threatened whatever small peace there might have been. His mother, it is alleged, taught him the need for alliances and as he slowly tightened his grip on power, he set in place mechanisms to cement progress already made and facilitate further conquest. Authority was delegated, against all tradition, by merit and loyalty rather than family ties. Language was standardised, in much the same way as Atat端rk did when founding modern Turkey. His insistence on absolute obedience to a rule of law was legendary, justification for which was a policy of inclusion. He promised civilians and soldiers plunder from future spoils of war and as rival tribes fell one by one he took them under his protection and integrated its members into his own tribe. He would even have his mother adopt orphans from the conquered tribe, bringing them into his family. Of course this made him stronger with each victory until his empire at its height was the largest the world had ever seen, extending from China to the eastern fringes of modern Europe. The turn of the nineteenth century brought the relatively poor but welleducated Corsican, Napoleon Bonaparte to the attention of the world, or, at least, the European theatre of war. In the wake of a bloody proletarian revolution his promotion to one high office after another gave scope for his military genius. His early years were marked by expansionist aspirations with brilliant tactical victories and as First Consul then Emperor, his warmongering in the first decade of that century secured the position of the French against shifting and treacherous alliances. He introduced conscription, and such was the loyalty he commanded that battalions of men walked calmly to their deaths often in gigantic pincer movements that resulted in catastrophic losses on the battlefield, to the sound of fife and drum. It is hard for us, so very used as we have become to live reporting, to imagine that conflicts like these were almost local, impacting participants, innocent victims and almost nobody else. Jane Austen's novels, written at the height of the wars
with the French, made no mention of them, despite the fact that she had brothers serving in the Royal Navy. There were no newspapers which reported fact and opinion, instead the papers contented themselves with reprinting official bulletins, embellished with fictional rumour from outdated continental sources which provided dinner-party chatter and little else. Before the turn of the nineteenth century, few private soldiers wrote home, the simple reason being that very few could write. We might speculate, probably accurately, that having taken the King's Shilling and gone off to fight, a private soldier might well be all but forgotten by his friends and family. The educated officer class did write, but in the remaining archive of such correspondence, little mention seemed to be made of the battles and their part in them; most wrote with importunate requests for money. The British, typically, might celebrate a famous victory such as Trafalgar or Waterloo with a clamour of village church bells, an ox-roast, pageants and parades, fake cannon and jingiostic music. Thereafter, the war would be forgotten until the casualty lists were posted and the wounded hobbled home, to be a burden on the parish. This November, as we have done since 1919, all over the world, we commemorate the end of the so-called "war to end all wars". The crisis which began it came after a long and difficult series of diplomatic clashes among the so-called Great Powers over European and colonial issues in the decade before 1914 that had left tensions high. Austria-Hungary competed with both Serbs and Russians for territory and influence in the Balkan region and they pulled the rest of the Great Powers into the conflict through various alliances and treaties, the participants having spent the previous decade arming themselves to the teeth. Even a very cursory study of the reasons for war enmeshes the student in a web of political intrigue, a catalogue of ineptitude and the inescapable fact that powerful nations wanted to hold on to their ill-gotten colonial property in Africa, the Far East and elsewhere concealed behind a paper-thin veneer of commercial transaction. Much as one side or another would love to point a unilateral finger of blame at the other, the truth is - as always - the first casualty of war, drowned in mendacity and walled up behind silent politics of expediency. The result was the most catastrophic conflict the world had ever seen. When the guns fell silent four years later and the flower of
European manhood had been cut down, the aftermath witnessed political, cultural, and social upheaval across Europe, Asia, Africa, and even in areas outside those that were directly involved. Four empires collapsed, old countries were abolished, new ones were created, boundaries were redrawn, international organisations established, and many new ideologies took a firm hold in people's minds. And, once again its solemn peace treaties paved the way for a newer and more rapacious monster to rear its head twenty years later. If there is a thread running like a shameful scarlet ribbon through mankind's seemingly unslakable thirst for the blood of his enemies, it must be this. From the first moment we declared ourselves owners of something, whether land, material wealth or property, somebody else has wanted to take it from us and we have had to learn to fight to keep it. Riches are gained at someone else's expense and kept by making sure that others are disempowered so they do not represent a threat. In the modern world, where colonial activity is considered undemocratic, one might imagine that conquest as causus belli could be relegated to the dustier and more shameful pages of history. And yet, we persist, more so than ever before, it would seem. Modern warfare, adjudicated by the UN, takes the peacekeeping initiative and conflict and land-grabbing on an historical scale is simply not tolerated in the modern world as Saddam Hussein found out to his cost. Instead, people find something else to fight about. They fight over ideas and belief systems instead where the need is less for boots on the ground and more for drones in the air. Our media overwhelm us with footage from any one of a dozen theatres. We can cherry-pick a smorgasbord of slaughter from Nigeria to Syria, to Libya and Iraq and watch it live. We, the bystanders, both appalled at the consequences and relieved not to be part of them, align ourselves, or not, with protagonists on either side, either because we support the ideas they seek to spread or resent their attempts to spread them. How little, I wonder, have we actually learned in the last hundred years, since the time when war as a glorious fight for liberty can now so much more easily be seen as a desperate and feral struggle for survival, mostly by people who, if given a choice, would never have wanted to go to war in the first place.
November, 2014
WELCOME TO A
RUBBISH HOUSE Paul Turnbridge
to create a collaborative eco-build project in the grounds of Brighton University's Faculty of Arts. Taking inspiration from a project he had previously worked on with TV designer and presenter Kevin McCloud, plans were drawn up to build the country's first ever live-able waste house made almost entirely from recycled and unwanted products and materials. To the untrained eye the house looks pretty ordinary, but its components are anything but. They include 19,800 old toothbrushes, two tonnes of denim jeans, 4,000 video cassettes and 2,000 used carpet tiles. In total, more than 85% of the materials used in the construction of this building were items that would usually be considered as rubbish! The aim of the pioneering project was to show how low carbon homes could be built cheaply and quickly using waste including surplus material from building sites (the construction industry discards 20% of everything it uses, the equivalent of scrapping one in five houses built). A team of 253 students and apprentices led by architects BBM spent three months designing, and another twelve building the house, with work completed in April this year. Waste disposal: more than 85% of the materials used to construct the building at the University of Brighton's Grand Parade campus was rubbish
Earlier this year, when I was conducting some research for an article I was writing about the three Rs (Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle) for the CityPages June issue, I came across a project which had taken the three Rs to an extreme. At the time I had felt that it was too large a project to mention in an article which, in essence, was written as an attempt to generate a 32
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With the added support from Brighton and Hove Local Authority, local school children, apprentice schemes and small businesses were all heavily involved in the construction, which made it a positive community project.
greaer understanding of how even the smallest of initiatives could have an effect on our environment, but I also felt that it was worthy of its own feature. So, welcome to the Rubbish House - a permanent building built almost entirely of rubbish by students at Brighton University in England, which opened its doors to the public in June 2014.
The house provided hands-on educational resources to develop skills such as bricklaying, carpentry, electrical, plumbing and decorating works, and created a oncein-a-lifetime opportunity for apprentices to be at the forefront of sustainable development, creating a legacy for future generations.
It was back in 2012 that Brighton lecturer and architect Duncan Baker-Brown had an idea
So what is this unique second-hand home made from? The frame and floors are
Waste not want not: The Waste House exterior is tiled with impressive looking used carpet tiles
recycled wood, 4,000 VHS video tapes work as wall installation, while 500 bicycle tyre inner tubes work well as window seals and soundproofing. Although the house is primarily made from recycling, some new materials have also been installed, such as high performance tripleglazed windows and high-performance skylights, further extending the project’s commitment to low-carbon and environmentally friendly initiatives whilst also allowing the house to double as a showcase for new technologies. The building has its own street entrance, putting the house at the heart of the Brighton and Hove community, as it will serve as an exhibition space and design studio and will be available to schools,
Fine brush work: school children with some of the used toothbrushes used to fill wall cavities. Many of the brushes have only been used once by business and first class passengers flying from Gatwick
Coffee break: the kitchen worktops are made from coffee grinds and coffee cups. Walls are clad with thrown away date-sensitive exhibition signs
colleges and community groups for green-themed events and workshops. Moving forwards, it will also continue to be used as a means for testing innovative construction materials and methods at the university. Final word should go to the architect and project initiator. “Reusing waste saves money for big and small businesses, and relieves pressures on our planet,” claims Duncan Baker-Brown. “There is no such thing as waste or surplus material, and reusing it saves the environment by reducing the need to mine so much raw material in the first place.” But with local recycling efforts in their infancy, and struggling, I somehow doubt we’ll ever see such rubbish real estate in Kuwait.
'Rubbish is just stuff in the wrong place': the staircase is made of compressed waste paper, which is harder than paving stone
November, 2014
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MEN
WHY DO THEY CHEAT?? I, and even though I’m not a man, truly understand why men can easily fall for other women than their wives. I, and even though I’m not a man, totally comprehend the fact that men might not be built for a battle in which they have to fight temptation. I, and even though I’m not a man, believe that a man should never be forced to spend his life with a woman that he is unhappy with. I, and even IF I were a man, would Never Ever cognize WHY DO MEN CHEAT!!! Men are double the human beings women are. How? Human beings are weak and vulnerable creatures, God made us this way. God also doubled this feature for men. If a woman can fight temptation with a 50%, a man just finds it twice as hard to fight the very same temptation. That’s a fact and we need to give them the credit for it. It is not entirely in their hands. So we do stand on a firm ground where men can’t be blamed because they are “weak” – Be careful ladies, they can admit they are weak when they need to get out of a difficulty they see worthy of this very last card, but you are never allowed to utter it no matter what. Women tend not to believe that a man can’t help looking at other women if there is enough to provoke him. They choose not to give men the privilege to have a hanger that can handle all their faults and wrong doings. Sherihan A. Hassabo Sherihan A. Hassabo is a passionate writer who started expressing her opinion about controversial subjects when she was 14. When she is not directing events, she likes to investigate the interesting relationships' controversy in our Eastern society. Every month, and from real life experience; Sherihan will share a story, an idea, opinion, or a simple advice for men and women to live happily ever after.
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Although, we simply should let every man possess one of those hangers! He goes out with you, looks the other way on a pretty woman and plead not-guilty if you catch him because he only did it because YOU don’t take care of yourself. He flirts with a single woman who throws any flirting invitation-bone on his way and again pleads not-guilty because the only reason he does this is that you never notice him anymore; you demasculinate him and you take him for granted. Well, well, well.. So we understand that you are: lUncontrollably weak with no button that helps you resist temptations – Check lA Suppressed creature who lives with a hideous monster that tortures you for fun – Check lSimply, a non-blamable person who has a way of turning all his faults into dilemmas and jump from being the victimizer to being the victim in a split second – Check lAll this and more can be checked, we can push ourselves enough to understand those things, we know we are (or at least some of us) to blame in some of those situations. How many women has gone from a super model’s face to a “I don’t care” one after marriage convinced that where else would he go now “he is MINE” and that there is no need to worry about it anymore. We admit it, It happens. So you are a man, and you are unhappy; why is that = cheating? The equation should be as simple as Man + Unhappy = tell her and go your separate ways Why is the urge to lie and cheat?? You don’t like
her, she is no good for you, she makes you feel less of a man, takes you for granted, doesn’t take care of herself, forgets that you are a weak creature that can’t fight temptations….etc TELL HER LEAVE HER MARRY ANOTHER (who fits perfectly for your criteria) Instead, you keep her in the dark and you cheat (P.S. in our dictionary, having a second wife is cheating if we don’t know about it!). Why would you want to keep such a woman in your life? This is the question I am asking this month. Why Why Why? I can’t think of one good reason. If it is the fear of her reaction, then I am telling you that you should never be with a woman of whom YOU are frightened. If it is the idea of not letting go until the other woman proves herself to be better, then you are pure evil and 100% selfish. If it is that you don’t want to hurt her feelings, then you don’t know a thing about women because when she finds out (and she will), you will kill rather than hurt her. What is it? WHAT IS IT? All that being said, here is the harsh part guys. A MAN can fall in and out of love a million times. I, as a woman, willingly understand that about men. A REAL MAN would never cheat on one woman and be with another. He would let her know what is going on. He would never lie. I, as a woman, have the right to possess such perspective about real men. I would really love to hear your take on this relationship eternal problem on sh.hassabo@ gmail.com
November, 2014
Dr. Kazem Behbehani Leading a legendary center:
Dasman Diabetes Institute
You have held many important positions around the world, including Assistant Director General at the World Health Organization (WHO). What motivated you to take this position at Dasman and actively retain it?
It is true I have had many positions around the world and the last position I held was as Assistant Director General in Genève at the World Health Organization. When I was offered the position of Director General at Dasman Diabetes Institute I took it as a chance to be able to return and to be able to help my country. I saw great potential in Dasman and knew that it would be a place that has the potential save people and the country a lot of burden in the future.
Please share with us a brief history of Dasman and some of the important milestones of the institute.
In pursuance to the wishes of His Highness Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmed Al-Jaber Al-Sabah the Late Amir of the State of Kuwait (may he rest in peace) to present his people with a timeless gift that would ensure their health for generations to come; the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KFAS) performed a survey of the top diseases in Kuwait in order to establish a specialized research and treatment center for the leading disease. As Diabetes was found to be the fastest growing disease in Kuwait, KFAS financed the 36
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establishment of Dasman Diabetes Institute. The corner stone was laid on 8th May 2001 and the Institute was officially inaugurated on 6th June 2006 by His Highness Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmed Al- Jaber Al-Sabah the current Amir of the State of Kuwait. Since I joined Dasman in 2009 I have had the privilege to watch it become one of the most respected institutes in the Middle East and has received official recognition which was declared by the Executive Board of the Health Ministers’ Council for Cooperation Council States, as a Center of Excellence and Reference for diabetes mellitus in the GCC countries. In addition Dasman reached significant achievements of accreditation with Accreditation Canada International.
Diabetes is a global epidemic. Dasman is addressing the problem from many different angles. Can you explain briefly what are the different measures taken and in your view, what is currently the most important measure?
Dasman has approached dealing with diabetes in Kuwait through several approaches including research and education, patient empowerment, clinical services, health promotion as well as outreach and in-house programs. Supporting a citizen-centered health approach and creating
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a knowledge-based economy led by skilled professionals that can be accessed and utilized by the public and that is up to international standards is the most important factor in the fight against diabetes.
The incidence and prevalence of diabetes is also very high among kids due to unhealthy lifestyles. How does Dasman address these issues?
Kuwait has developed very rapidly from a developing country with a largely nomadic population, to a modern and wealthy country with a Western lifestyle. This economic progress has brought undoubted social benefits and opportunities for Kuwaiti citizens; however, rapid modernization and urbanization have contributed to a significant problem with chronic diseases, particularly obesity-related diabetes risk. At Dasman we have numerous programs dedicated to teaching children about diabetes, how it can be prevented, how they can incorporate physical activity into their lives, the importance of weight management and how to make healthy nutritional choices both at home and when eating out.
Dasman is doing pioneering work in the health sector. What is the mission of DDI?
At Dasman our mission is to prevent, control and mitigate the impact of diabetes and related conditions in Kuwait through effective programs of research, training, education, and health promotion and thereby improve quality of life in the population.
In this digital era, do you think IT can play role in improving the quality of diabetes care?
Two of the major determinants that have helped develop our understanding of diabetes are knowledge exchange and technology. Of course I believe that Information and Communication Technology (ICT) can make diabetes care more effective and convenient for both patients and healthcare providers and can play an extremely important role in the management of the condition. My Health Academy initiative was a driving force for the development and adoption of a World Health Assembly resolution on eHealth and of the WHO’s eHealth strategy, both of which were developed with my active involvement and under my leadership as Assistant Director-General at the WHO.
Please tell us about Dasman’s affiliations and collaborations:
Dasman is affiliated with renowned international bodies through partnerships and research collaborations, including Accreditation Canada International, Harvard Medical School affiliated with Joslin Diabetes Center, Forsythe Institute, World Health Organization, Oxford University, University College London, University of Cambridge and Dundee University. As well as local key players including the Kuwait 38
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Ministry of Information, Kuwait Ministry of Health, Kuwait Ministry of Education and Kuwait University.
What would you like to call attention to when it comes to diabetes?
We urge people to not only focus on ways to manage diabetes but to also focus on prevention and early detection of the condition. Changing our current lifestyle habits may be the main key to reducing the rates of diabetes or its complications in the future. Increasing physical activity, choosing healthy nutritious food choices and balancing mental well being are all
“We believe that our ability to work in cohesion with international and local bodies has been our greatest accomplishment. Being able to achieve international recognition has allowed us to create tight links with other world renowned institutes and organizations, and since Dasman has become the diabetes reference center for the entire GCC region it will in turn benefit all the countries involved.” factors that if left unchanged will lead to a continuation in both the obesity and diabetic epidemics.
What can be done to increase people’s awareness about the risk of diabetes?
We are highlighting the growing public health problem of diabetes and recommending preventive strategies for reducing the incidence of diabetes and its complications especially Type 2 diabetes which accounts for 90 per cent of all diabetes and is the most preventable. Though we may have no control over our age or family history, both of which are important risk factors for diabetes, we can change our health
behaviors. Even slight changes in diet and physical activity have been proven to provide long-term benefits for individuals, and the country. By promoting the importance of lifestyle changes and creating the environmental supports needed for these changes, we can promote health, save lives, and reduce the burden of diabetes in Kuwait. Empowering the general public to actively participate in their health is important in the development of health-knowledge-based society.
What are the latest developments in the treatment and care of diabetes?
New antidiabetic drugs that have been approved for use in diabetics in 2014 in the United States include Pramlintide (Symlin) which is currently the only agent in its class and can be used in both type 1 and type 2 diabetics, as well as Canagliflozin. Neither medication is available in Kuwait at this time.
Dasman is internationally known as a center of excellence and it is said that leaders play a very important role in steering the organization towards success. As the Director-General of this institute, what do you consider as your greatest accomplishment?
We believe that our ability to work in cohesion with international and local bodies has been our greatest accomplishment. Being able to achieve international recognition has allowed us to create tight links with other world renowned institutes and organizations, and since Dasman has become the diabetes reference center for the entire GCC region it will in turn benefit all the countries involved.
Key to Dasman’s success:
The key to a successful institute is the talent and effort of the employees who strive for excellence in fulfilling the institutes’ mission as well as the innovative methods which are used to battle any barriers that may arise. I would like to thank all of Dasman’s employees for their support and inputs in creating such a reputable institute.
What is your message to our readers?
Everyone in Kuwait needs to understand the seriousness of this disease because all of us are susceptible to diabetes and its resultant impact on health. The prevalence of diabetes is alarmingly high and is expected to increase over the next century. The individual, the family, and the community collectively must be responsible for their own health, the environment in which they live, and the attitudes and behavior of the inhabitants with regards to health.
Your message to us at CityPages magazine:
I would like to thank CityPages for their efforts and wish you success in all your future endeavors.
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Understanding Astigmatism
What is astigmatism? A simple question with many complicated answers!. Here is an easy guide to understanding astigmatism! Often mistaken for an eye disease, astigmatism is in fact a visual defect of the structure of the eye and the eye’s inner lens. It is a refractive error, like short-sightedness and far-sightedness. Simply, astigmatism is a problem with how the eye focuses light. It results in imperfect Erika Habig Erika Habig is an optometrist and contact lens specialist at International Optique. She studied at the Beuth University of Applied Sciences in Berlin, Germany and has a Bachelor of Science degree in Optometry and Dispensing Optics. For more information contact International Optique. Tel: 25714007 – 97234787, www.intoptic.com – [email protected], Instagram: @intoptique
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and blurred vision. Astigmatism is usually caused by an irregularly shaped cornea. The cornea of an astigmatic eye has “toric” form, comparable to that of a rugby ball, instead of being spherical like a tennis ball. This is called a corneal astigmatism and is the most common cause of astigmatism. Sometimes, the astigmatism can be related to the irregular geometry of the lens inside the eye. In this case we speak of a lenticular astigmatism. The combination of the two results in total astigmatism. The blurriness experienced by astigmatic patients is due to the way light enters the eye and how it is focused on the retina. In a non-astigmatic eye, with a symmetrically shaped cornea, the light converges at a single point on the retina, allowing a defined
and clear image. This phenomenon is not possible through an astigmatic eye. Instead, light reaches different points on the retina. The loss of contrast and sharpness of the image caused by astigmatism creates blurred and distorted vision. An uncorrected or poorly corrected astigmatism can cause eyestrain and headaches, especially after prolonged visual tasks, like reading. Squinting and rubbing of the eyes are other common symptoms. Astigmatism is detected by optometrists and eye care practitioners during routine eye exams. The strength of the astigmatism is determined using the same instruments and techniques as for checking shortsightedness and far-sightedness. As with other refractive errors, astigmatism can usually be corrected by eyeglasses and contact lenses.
vb
n for o i t c e t pro es. Impact y e s ’ n e ildr h c e v i t ac
EYE FACT:
Your eyes blink ove 10-million times r each year!
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- Sharq
November, 2014 Optique
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Ebola Virus Disease an overview Ebola virus disease is a serious, usually fatal, disease for which there are no licensed treatments or vaccines. But for people living in countries outside Africa, it continues to be a very low threat. The recent outbreak of the Ebola virus mainly affects three countries in West Africa: Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone. Around 8,300 cases and more than 4,000 deaths have been reported across these countries by the World Health Organization. This is the largest known outbreak of Ebola. So far, Kuwait is free of the virus but Kuwait Health Ministry urged the citizenry not to travel to Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone due to rising numbers of people infected with Ebola virus there amidst fears of spreading to other African countries.
What are the symptoms?
A person infected with Ebola virus will typically develop a fever, headache, joint and muscle pain, a sore throat, and intense muscle weakness. These symptoms start suddenly, between two and 21 days after becoming infected, but usually after five to seven days.
How does Ebola spread among people?
People can become infected with the Ebola virus if they come into contact with the blood, body fluids or organs of an infected person. Most people are infected by giving care to other infected people, either by directly touching the victim's body or by cleaning up body fluids (stools, urine or vomit) that carry infectious blood.
How is Ebola virus disease treated?
There's currently no licensed treatment or vaccine for Ebola virus disease, although potential new vaccines and drug therapies are being developed and tested. Patients diagnosed with Ebola virus disease are placed in isolation in intensive care, where their blood oxygen levels and blood pressure are maintained at the right level and their body organs supported. Healthcare workers need to avoid contact with the bodily fluids of their infected patients by taking strict precautions. ZMapp is an experimental treatment that can be tried, although it has not yet been tested in humans for safety or effectiveness. The product is a combination of three different antibodies that bind to the protein of the Ebola virus.
How is it diagnosed?
It's difficult to know if a patient is infected with Ebola virus in the early stages as symptoms such as fever, headache and muscle pain are similar to those of many other diseases. But specialist infection clinicians will make expert judgments on what the most likely diagnosis is, based on the patient’s history. Why is the risk low for people in Kuwait? The likelihood of catching Ebola virus disease is considered very low unless you've travelled to a known infected area and had direct contact with a person with Ebola-like symptoms, or had contact with infected animal or contaminated objects.
Who is at risk, and how can we prevent its spread?
Not easily transmitted So far there has been no imported case of Ebola in Kuwait. While it is possible more people infected with Ebola could arrive in Kuwait on a plane, the virus is not as easily transmitted as a respiratory virus such as influenza.
Dr. Nazia Nausheen
Only infectious when symptoms start People infected with Ebola do not become infectious until they have developed symptoms, such as a fever. The
Anyone who cares for an infected person or handles their blood or fluid samples is at risk of becoming infected. Hospital workers, laboratory workers and family members are at greatest risk. Strict infection control procedures and wearing protective clothing minimizes this
Dr. Nazia Nausheen is a certified medical doctor. She also holds a Masters Degree in Business, Specializing in Sales and Marketing. Readers should look forward to her regular articles on women health and other general health related issues.
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risk. Simply washing hands with soap and water can destroy the virus.
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disease then progresses very rapidly. This means infectious people do not walk around spreading the disease for a long period. It typically takes five to seven days for symptoms to develop after infection, so there is time to identify people who may have been exposed, put them under surveillance and, if they show symptoms, quarantine them. Effective infection control procedures In past outbreaks, infection control measures have been very effective in containing Ebola within the immediate area. Kuwait has a robust public health system with the trained staff and facilities necessary to contain cases of Ebola.
Precautionary measures by Kuwait to confront Ebola virus
Ministry of Health has taken a number of precautionary and preventive measures to confront the spread of the deadly epidemic Ebola disease. The measures include monitoring the health conditions of people coming from virusinfected countries at air, sea and land border posts. The ministry has issued a circular on hygienic and disinfection measures and health education for those who could have close contact with infected cases and to medical staff in public and private hospitals detailing the symptoms of the disease and how to deal with and report the suspected cases. Ministry of Health is continuing contacts with the World Health Organization to follow up the latest developments of the disease and international medical organizations recommendations to confront it. The Ministry of the Interior has also stopped issuance of visas for workers coming from infected areas.
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Impacted canine teeth in Kuwait CAUSES AND MANAGEMENT The teeth are important part of our body and an integral component of our smile and personality. In humans, teeth start to appear in the mouth in childhood through adolescence in an organized and timed process. Normally, a person has a total number of four canine teeth, two in the upper jaw and two in the bottom jaw. They begin to appear in the mouth at approximately the age of 12 years. Failure of the eruption can cause a major problem to the individual, as these canines are positioned in the corner of the mouth and they support the lips, without them, the lips may drop and this will eventually compromise our facial appearance. Impacted canine is an international issue and is well-documented in the scientific literature in many countries around the globe. Here in Kuwait, a small study was conducted in one of the specialty dental centers in 2012 to assess whether this problem is present in the country and if so, to what magnitude. The preliminary results showed that, impacted canines occur in about 2-3% of the study group which fits very well with the percentage given in most of the international trials. There are several causes of this problem. Genetic predisposition is an established cause i.e. if one of the parents had an impacted canine, the offspring are at risk of having the same problem. Furthermore, other causes include; crowding of teeth and Dr. Saud A. Al-Anezi
Specialist Orthodontist Dar Al-Shifa Hospital, Kuwait Twitter/Instagram : @q8braces
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This picture demonstrates how impacted canines are treated through orthodontic appliances.
lack of space, a thick layer of dense gum that prevents the eruption of the canine and the presence of an extra tooth or a cyst (a lump) above the canine which leads to its failure to appear in the mouth. The diagnosis of such a problem takes place via a clinical examination in the dental office. After talking to the patient and taking the full medical/dental history, the doctor will determine the status of the impacted canines. In almost all the cases, it is fundamental to perform further tests to the patient including radiographs, photographs, molds of the teeth and CT Scans. The management of this problem is categorically divided into two lines of
treatment; Either to bring the impacted canine to its normal position in the mouth through orthodontic braces or to remove it and replace it with a dental implant. The decision to how each case is managed depends on several factors. For instance, the age of the person is a crucial factor, if the patient is young, then orthodontic alignment of the impacted canine is suitable and vice versa, the older the patient the lesser the chance of success. Moreover, the location of the tooth in the jaw, the higher the tooth’s position in the jaw, the harder to bring it to its normal location and likewise, the nearer the tooth to its position, the easier its treatment becomes.
November, 2014
CAR SEAT SAFETY FOR INFANTS
Sarah Paksima
Sarah Paksima is BirthKuwait Co-Founder and President Emeritus and a Doula, Childbirth Educator.
BirthKuwait is a non-profit organization operating as part of The Voluntary Health Association.For more information, visit their website: www.birthkuwait.com or Instagram: @birthkuwait
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your child’s armpits, not the abdomen or neck. Make sure the straps and harness lie flat against your child’s chest and over his or her hips with no slack.
5. Recline your car seat at the correct angle In the rear-facing positions, recline your car seat according to the manufacturers instructions, using any included angle indicators or adjusters. If your baby is slouching inside the car seat, place a rolled washcloth between the crotch strap and your baby, or tightly rolled blankets along the sides of your newborn. Don’t use any additional “products” unless they were designed and sold by the original manufacturer of your car seat.
6. Don’t switch to the forward facing car seat too soon
Kuwait has one of the highest traffic accidents and fatality rates in the world. In addition to driving safely, you can keep your new infant safe on the road by following the Mayo Clinic’s 7 tips for infant car seat safety.
1. Know your car seat’s history The safest car seat is a new car seat. If you choose to buy or acquire a used car seat, make sure the car seat: • Comes with instructions and a label showing the manufacture date and model number • Hasn’t been recalled • Isn’t expired or more than 6 years old • Has no visible damage or missing parts • Has never been in a moderate or severe car crash If you don’t know the car seat’s history, don’t use it.
2. Place your car seat in the correct spot in the car The best place for an infant car seat is the back center-seat. This position, rather than next to one of the doors, minimizes risk of injury during a crash. If you are placing more than one car seat in the back, be sure to activate the child lock on the doors. If you must place an infant car seat in the front row of a one-row car (like a truck) you must de-activate the air bags. If a car seat is placed in the front seat and the air bag inflates, it could hit the back of a rear-facing car seat, right where your child’s head is, and cause a serious or fatal injury.
3. Use your car seat during travel, not as a replacement crib A car seat is designed to protect your child during travel, not as a replacement for an infant crib. Studies show that infants who sleep for extended times in their car seat: • Receive less oxygen while sleeping: sitting up right in a car seat while sleeping can compress a newborn’s chest and lead to lower levels of oxygen, which can impair a child’s development. • Are more likely to develop a flat spot on the back of their head • Can worsen gastro esophageal reflux disease (GERD), a chronic digestive disease. • Are at higher risk of being injured by falling out of the car seat if not properly buckled in, or while sitting in a car seat that falls from an elevated surface, such as a table or couch. While it is absolutely essential to buckle your child into an infant car seat while traveling, don’t let your child sleep or relax in the car seat for extended amounts of time when you are outside of the car.
Infants should remain in a rear-facing car seat until the child reaches the age of 2 or weighs at least 16 kilograms (35 pounds), or the height limit set by the manufacturer of your infant car seat. If your child outgrows the infant rear-facing car seat but is still under the age of two or under 16 kilos, you can switch to a convertible car seat. This is a car seat that can still be placed rearfacing until your child is old enough or large enough, and then can be turned around and used in the forward facing position.
7. Don’t dress your child in bulky outerwear Infants that are dressed in bulky outwear may not be fully protected by the harness straps of an infant car seat. If it’s cold, dress your baby in close fitting clothing and hat first, then buckle the harness snugly and tuck a blanket around the outside of your baby for warmth. You can dress your baby in bulky outerwear once you have reached your destination and are ready to move into the outdoors. Protect and keep your baby safe by properly using an infant car seat at all times while traveling in a vehicle. Don’t bring your baby home from the hospital without one!
4. Install your car seat properly Be sure to thoroughly read and follow the manufacturers instructions and the section on car seats in your vehicle’s owners manual. • Make sure the seat is secure, with no more than 1-inch of movement from side to side or front to back when grasped at the bottom near the attachment points • Install your infant car seat rear facing • Place the harness or chest clip even with November, 2014
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Dr. Noora AlNouri End Violence Against Women (EVAW - Kuwait) project
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Why and how did the idea for End Violence Against Women (EVAW Kuwait) project come about?
Violence against women has existed worldwide since the dawn of time and it’s something we as doctors are exposed to very often especially in emergency departments. At the most we can comfort the victims, help them by writing a forensic medical report and hope for the best. At the worst, it would horrify our own moral values on life and we’d be at a loss as to how we can fix this. The idea for the campaign was inspired by a lone 17yr old girl. I was giving a lecture on mental health in one of the high schools under the “Taqabal” mental health campaign, and because I’m a psychiatrist, there’s usually a very long line of students with personal questions at the end of the lecture. One of those girls approached me hesitantly and asked me “What can a girl do if her father always beats her up?” I could see her eyes begin to well up with tears, and this is how the conversation went: “Do you have any brothers or anyone that can help you at home?” “No I’m the eldest” “What about your mother?” Tears started streaming down her face. “Your mother gets beaten up as well doesn’t she?” “Yes” “Don’t you have any uncles or family that can help you?” “I just have one uncle and he can’t really do anything” I was at a complete and utter loss. Here’s this poor teenage girl who gets abused everyday and I can’t help her because she can’t drive to the mental health center for help or counseling. Her mother can’t help her because she gets abused as well. There is no family support on the issue. The school counselor was absolutely amazing but not clinically trained to deal with these situations and the girl sat there crying with no solutions at all that we could use to help her. In the end, the best thing I could think of was to tell her this “Sweetie, tell your mother, that if it gets really bad, and she can’t handle it anymore, just to know that she can always go to the police and ask for help” And that’s when it occurred to me that most of these women are so entangled in their own despair and suffocated by our hushhush culture that it doesn’t even occur to them that they can and actually have all the right to seek protection from the law.
What are the main goals of the EVAW project? What are your hopes for what it will accomplish?
The main goals of the project are to break the taboo on talking about violence against women. To let them know that it’s NOT okay to be abused, and to educate them about existing laws that can help them as well as inform them about laws and resources that are lacking.
Please tell us about your team:
I am working on this project as a part of Kuwait Women Doctors or “6abebat”, which was founded last year by six Kuwaiti female doctors including myself to form a network 50
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that unites and strengthens ties between all Kuwaiti women doctors. In fact, if it weren’t for those ties and our connections to other female doctors then many parts of this project would have been impossible. We’re also collaborating with the Women’s Social and Cultural Society for their beautifully done project ‘Wracati’ which means “my paper” in Arabic. The project explains in detail all Kuwaiti laws that have anything to do with women, including a special section on violence against women. More about their project can be found on www.wracati.com. I advise everyone to check out their website as it is very informative. And a special thanks to the third party of our team; Kuwait Civil Alliance which has been the glue of the project from day one and without them this whole thing wouldn’t stick together. Kuwait Civil Alliance is an alliance of six civil societies: Human Line Organization, Kuwait Graduate Society, Kuwaiti Bedouns Congregation, Social Work Society of Kuwait, Youth Association of Kuwait and Musawah Group. I would just like to mention that none of this would have come to life if each and every person on this team hadn’t been absolutely dedicated to the cause. We all believe that women should be able to live a safe, happy and protected life and won’t stop fighting for that right till we achieve it.
What are your plans for the EVAW project?
We have a big project planned out in three phases: the first phase will commence on November 25th 2014 which is International End Violence Against Women Day. We’re holding a Walkathon event called “Stop Suffering in Silence” starting at Marina Crescent at 5.30 - 7.30 pm, online registration for the walkathon is available on the End Violence Against Women page on www.6abebat.com. We’ll have a booth at Marina Mall a couple of days before the event for onsite registration. Hope to see you there! During that week there will be a workshop for health care professionals on how to deal with victimized women in health care settings. And we hope to distribute the Wracati brochure of laws concerning violence against women in areas most accessible to battered women such as emergency departments. The second and third phases will be held in January and next November, we are planning an even bigger campaign then. The details still aren’t approved so I can’t really describe it in detail but there will be a public event in January regarding domestic violence.
How would your foundation reach out to the women population?
Actually my target population wouldn’t be the people participating in the walkathon. It’s the battered women, and they most likely won’t be the ones who are able to leave home and participate in public events. The idea is to rely heavily on the media generated from the walkathon to be able to reach this population. We’re involving a lot of TV, radio and newspapers as well as magazines, blogs and social media. Anyone who spreads the message even by word of mouth is helping hundreds of women who are suffering in silence in their homes.
Women are generally perceived to be oppressed members of society. Do you agree?
I don’t think women in Kuwait are oppressed. Oppression and domestic violence are two different things. Domestic violence can occur in the most liberal of homes; the problem with society is that it enables these actions by turning a blind eye to them.
How prevalent is violence against women in Kuwait?
There is only one study done in Kuwait by the WCSS on the Wracati project and it spanned almost 10 years and they found that there is at least 1 reported legal case of domestic violence in Kuwait. Imagine the number of unreported ones. This is a huge disaster because we know we have a serious problem but we can’t tell how extensive this problem is. What do you think are the origins of male violence against women? Is it rooted in a patriarchal society? Is it biological? Sociological? A desire for power and control? There are many factors involved in what ‘makes’ an abuser. Two of the most important ones is having a history of violent acts and coming from a home where domestic violence was prevalent. Mostly because humans learn how to deal with other humans by mirroring their guardians, this is the only real relationship they have to compare anything else with from a young age. The main theme in domestic violence is a theme of control. It usually begins with small things, taking her to and from places incessantly, picking her friends, keeping the car keys. In the beginning this could be misinterpreted as over-caring. A big life event could occur like marriage or the birth of a baby and that could be the trigger for a cycle of domestic abuse.
What do you mean by cycle?
In most cases of domestic violence, after the victim is abused, the perpetrator (in most cases) male will be apologetic and even sweet, full of promises that this will never happen again. He could minimize his behavior and tell the victim that she’s “making a big deal” or that he was “just joking”. A period of tension and apprehension usually follows where the couple may try to reconcile and pretend nothing happened. During this period the tension will continue growing and anything could trigger the violence again and a vicious cycle occurs where the violence becomes more frequent and escalates in intensity over time.
Does society also encourage women to be victims?
This is actually a dangerous misconception. In medical literature there is no “personality” of a victim. No one asks to be abused against their will or deserves it. After endless cycles of abuse women share many traits such numbness, dissociation, learned helplessness and general “dullness” which may come across as a shared ‘personality’.
What can we do as a society to discourage violence? There are those who say it's inevitable. Is it? Can we change? How do we change?
Human beings are very flexible in general.
I think we can do many things as a society to incorporate change. We can begin with ourselves; we can teach ourselves and our young to respect women of all ages. We can advocate for change, if we hear someone mentioning the topic we can educate them that it’s not acceptable and that there are laws to protect women. We can reach out to women we know and give them resources so they are better informed about what decisions they can make with their lives. We can start lobbying corporations to become more involved and to tackle these issues in the work place. We have to start lobbying policy makers to pass laws that protect women and children from abuse and to provide shelters and hotlines for victims. The list is absolutely endless.
Why aren't crimes against women taken as seriously? We have laws, yet they're not always diminish violence, Why is that?
Most cases of abuse are unreported. Even in developed countries where there are multiple resources and violence against women is a crime punishable by law, still most cases go unreported. Mostly because these acts of violence are being committed by someone known to the victim and they are fearful of the consequences that will bring. This is a serious issue that needs to be addressed by Kuwaiti law.
What are the legal rights of domestic abuse victims?
In Kuwaiti Law there is no law specific to domestic abuse; however the Penalty Law can be used to protect abused women. For example, Article 160 of the Penalty Law states that whoever so beats a person or physically hurts him is sentenced to a 2000KD fine or a 2 year prison sentence or both. However, you can see the loopholes that can be used in that argument, if there is no evidence of physical injury many people can get away with abuse. More information about the Kuwait Laws can be found through www.wracati.com website.
Is the EVAW project active on social media? Website?
We are currently operating the EVAW project under the @6abebat social media and on the #itsnotok and #EVAWq8 and on the www.6abebat.com website. More resources are available on the www.wracati. com website.
How can people support the EVAW project?
People can support us in many ways. Participate: Come to our events to learn more about violence against women. Raise awareness: Talk to your friends and family, spread the word using social media, use our hashtags #itsnotok #EVAWq8, educate yourself on the topic, educate others, have a zero tolerance attitude for this behavior at schools, workplaces and public places, teach children to respect women. Tell them that Its Not Okay to Abuse. Volunteer with us or send us your ideas and suggestions on how to help at [email protected]. November, 2014
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HOW NOT TO GAIN
WEIGHT IN WINTER
Winter can be a bleak time of year for dieters, and not just because of the holidays. The cold weather can interrupt your workout routine, make you more likely to reach for comfort foods like mac and cheese, and can even lead to overeating. A clinical depression may be brought on by winter's short days; and may also lead to overeating.
How to beat it? Here’s the plan: 1. High Water Content Foods Foods with high water content include soups (80 to 95 percent water), fruits and veggies (80 to 95 percent), and hot cereal
(85 percent). "Water adds weight and volume without adding calories. 2. Get Some Sun Sunlight can prevent dips in serotonin, a mood-boosting brain chemical that is also partly responsible for feelings of fullness. Even a heavy dose of artificial light, especially in the morning, may help suppress food cravings and the urge to overeat. 3. Increase Protein According to a recent University of Washington study. "A high-protein diet appears to fool the brain into thinking you've eaten more than you have. Stick with lean protein rather than high-fat, artery-clogging meat and dairy products. For breakfast, use low-fat milk instead of water in your oatmeal and sprinkle nuts on top. Or make a veggie omelette with one whole egg and two or three egg whites. Eat plenty of beans, fish, and skinless chicken breast. 4. Cut Down on Your Screen Time
Areen Al Refai
Clinical and Community Dietitian, Diet Care
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Turn off the TV and the computer and enjoy your meal without distractions. Making an
effort to be mindful, no matter what you’re eating, can help break the tendency to overeat—and help you feel more satisfied. 5. Indulge Your Cravings Studies suggest that feeling deprived, even if you are consuming plenty of calories, can trigger overeating. And making any food off-limits just increases its allure. So a small treat: it won’t break your diet! Two squares of dark chocolate or 1/2 cup of ice cream are both under 150 calories. 6. Get 8 Hours of Sleep Skimping on shut-eye can pack on the pounds, possibly by altering hunger hormones. Recent Harvard research shows that missing even an hour or two of sleep may make you more likely to give in to junk food the next day. Why? The prefrontal cortex—part of the brain responsible for self-control—is compromised by sleep loss. So much of our eating is not related to hunger. The more variety of foods available at a meal, the more likely you are to eat more food. The stress of a social setting and an environment with many food choices will tend to foster overeating. This winter, practice Mindfulness.
GELATIN THE NEXT SUPER FOOD?
This has been a topic I have been discussing with colleagues and clients at work a lot lately. I’ve been using gelatin a lot lately because I’ve read recently that the body starts to break down at the age of 21; so I thought I should start working on maintaining my bone strength while I can before its too late, although I’m a firm believer that it’s never too late. I’ve noticed that the ache that I’ve been having in my knees has subsided, as a result I’ve Maha AlRashed
Maha AlRashed is a CHEK Certified Exercise Coach and a regular contributor for CityPages magazine.
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decided to share the information with you this month. When thinking of gelatin, your mind goes straight to strawberry jello you buy in the store, just add hot water to it, stick it in the fridge and munch on it, or maybe you go to the other end of the spectrum and remember having it in hospital; either way, that isn’t the one I’m talking about. Gelatin is a flavorless substance derived from the processing of animal connective tissue and bones to extract collagen, which is a fibrous protein. Once it is extracted and powdered, gelatin dissolves in liquids and becomes more solid as it cools. What you may not know is that gelatin contains half of the essential amino acids needed for survival. Let’s take it back to the days when we used to hunt the animals for food; at that time our
ancestors tried to use as much of the animal as possible. The organs were eaten right away, and the bones were cooked down into a broth. So what is gelatin good for? There are several benefits for gelatin use, the first is that it is loaded with protein, it also helps in digests on it naturally binds to water and helps food move through the digestive tract easily. It is also used to help heal food allergies and intolerances to help heal “leaky gut”. It is great for bone and joint health, which helps prevent the weakness and degeneration of cartilage in joints because it has anti-inflammatory properties, is has shown to reduce the pain and inflammation of arthritis. Through my own trial I have found that I have benefited from the use of gelatin, and I want to make sure you guys benefit too!
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Menus Abu Halifa
WEARING YOUR ‘TACHE WITH PRIDE
WHY YOU LADS SHOULD LIVE AND LIFT FIT THIS MOVEMBER
In the spirit of the mighty Movember, I went off searching far and wide as to what aspires men worldwide in growing a (sometimes godawful looking) moustache and keeping said hairy facial creation for the entire 30 days in the 11th month of the year. In doing so I came across http:// us.movember.com and their vision: To have an everlasting impact on the face of men’s health. Pun intended of course. Movember; a play on the words “moustache” and “November,” is a month which pays homage to men worldwide and in raising awareness on the gender’s health related issues, most notably awareness on prostate cancer and testicular cancer and subsequently fundraising charities for such organizations. Here’s a couple of interesting facts for you lads: -The average life expectancy for men in the United States is 5 years less compared to women, averaging at 76.2 years while us women average at 81 years of age. -1 in 2 men will be diagnosed with cancer in their lifetime. -12.1% of men 18 years and older are in fair or poor health. These are the numbers representing the United States. I’d imagine our Ktown stats to be similar. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) ‘s Health Statistic Report of 2012: -The average life expectancy for men and women in Kuwait is 12 months apart, averaging at 78 years for men and 79 for women. What’s interesting to note is that as of 2014, the country with the highest life expectancy is Monaco at 89.57 years. That’s almost a 12 year difference to the life expectancy of men here and in Monaco. So for all you blokes out there, here are a couple of steps you can take to increase and improve your health and wellbeing.
1. Let’s Get Physical
Whether you’re in your 20s, 30s and so Reshmi Revi
on, you should get a physical check-up by your doctor every year. Your cars get a tune-up at the garage after completing certain miles, hence why shouldn’t you? Depending on where you are with your age, you should get add-on check-ups too. For example, if you’re in your 30s, I’d advocate you do an annual screening for testicular cancer including monthly selfexams. If you’re in your 50s, I’d recommend screening for colon cancer which involves getting a colonoscopy done. Seeing as we tend to love the sun come summer time, it doesn’t hurt too to screen for skin cancer (depending on risk factors so speak to your GP). As they say, early detection is one of the best ways to thwart whatever illness in its initial stages.
2. Tickets to the Gun Show
Exercise is one of the best preventatives against a whole host of cardiovascular illnesses so go on and hit the gym. Blowing off steam and managing your stress levels by exercising is great way to increase your wellbeing for unmanaged stress can lead to a vast array of health problems- both mental and physical which include depression and anxiety disorders as well as diabetes, obesity and heart disease. According to the Harvard Journal of Medicine, did you know that exercise is far more effective than taking oral-antidepressants? #foodforthought
3. Kick that Big Butt to the Curb Business Development Manager Multi Works General Trading & Contracting Co. L.L Hospitality Consultancy & Personal Training Division
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I’m talking cigarettes. If you think smoking is sexy, it really isn’t and really you’re putting your health at risk for a hobby that bears no positive benefits. In fact, smokers are 20
times more likely to develop lung cancer than their non-smoking counterparts. What’s depressing about this factoid is that not only does it double your risk of heart disease, smoking accounts for 90% of lung cancer death in males in the United States.
4. Be Your Own Sleeping Beauty
No one loves an insomniac Prince Charming. Depending on your age and lifestyle factors, you should be getting at least 6-8 hours of sleep a day. You need proper unbroken sleep and this activity plays a vital role in healthy brain and immune function, cell regeneration, metabolism and keeping you in a positive state of mind (no one who’s sleep deprived ever woke up happy, sa7?)
5. Eat to Refuel
Coming back to the car analogy, you’d never “feed” your car with crap fuel so why would you feed your body with crap food? Load up on your 5 serves a day of fresh fruit and veggies and cut down your serving of red meat to 2 serves a week (high consumption of red meat has been linked to colon cancers while having a high percentage of belly fat has been linked to illnesses like diabetes). You can get your protein sources from turkey, chicken and fresh fish. I understand Kuwait is known as the ‘City of Restaurants’ however it doesn’t mean you’ve to load up on take-out every day. Most of all, hydrate your body with water. You should treat your body like the sacred vessel that it is. After all, you only get one in this lifetime.
6. Keep a positive mind and smile! That pretty much sums it up no?
Nutrition Recovery for Athletes After a rigorous exercise session, your body may be lacking energy and nutrients it needs to recover. The term ‘Recovery’ simply means returning your body’s state back to the normal condition of health. This is usually a challenge for athletes who are participating for two or more sessions each day, training for prolonged periods or competing in an event that involves multiple activities. Attention to nutrition after training sessions or events has been shown to positively affect performance. Goals of post exercise nutrition 1.Refuelling the muscle and glycogen (carbohydrates) stores used during the training session 2.Supply protein to the body to assist with muscle repair and synthesis 3.Replacing the fluids and electrolytes lost in sweat Refuelling Glycogen Stores Carbohydrate intake is the main factor involved in muscle glycogen synthesis post exercise. Failure to adequately replace the glycogen stores that have been used up during the workout will compromise an athlete’s ability to train at a high intensity in later sessions. As a general guide, the carbohydrate intake goal is 1 - 1.2g/kg bodyweight per hour for the first four hours (e.g. 70 – 85g carbohydrate for a 70 kg athlete) as glycogen synthesis peaks during this period, followed by resuming normal carbohydrate intake depending on the athletes overall daily energy requirement. A lot of athletes find consuming such large amounts of Sanaa Abdul Hamid Sanaa holds Masters of Clinical Dietetics from University of Queensland, Australia and is a Clinical dietitian and a Certified Yoga Teacher. Sanaa is a also a blogger and very active on Instagram. Read more from Sanaa at: Blog: www. balancewithsanaa.com , Instagram: Sanaa_dietitian
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carbohydrates post exercise undesirable. A more realistic option is to co-ingest protein (0.2-0.4 g/kg) with a smaller amount of carbohydrate (0.8g/kg bodyweight). This option also provides the body with similar results. Protein for Muscle Repair High quality protein is extremely important for muscle repair and synthesis. Essential amino acid such as leucine during the recovery period is vital for promoting muscle synthesis and recovery. Protein intake of 20-30 gram helps maximize muscle protein synthesis during the first hour post exercise. Since meeting your protein and carbohydrate intake requirement post exercise is not always possible, using a rapidly digested whey derived protein supplement may be a practical option especially if one experiences a suppressed appetite, time constrains or other commitments . Regular intake of small serves of protein as part of your meals and snacks are equally useful for recovery and meeting your overall nutrition goals. Rehydration It is very common to finish a training session with some level of fluid deficit. If adequate rehydration strategies are not adopted to restore fluid balance, performance in subsequent training sessions can be negatively affected. It is advised to aim to consume 120 – 150% of the estimated fluid losses within 4 - 6 hours after training. In addition, electrolytes replacement especially sodium also need to be considered (lost while sweating). Fluid consumption alone will not guarantee rehydration and will only make you urinate frequently, defeating the purpose of rehydration. The addition of sodium along with the fluids helps to replace the lost electrolytes and assists in the retentions of the fluids consumed. The optimal amount of sodium is 50 – 80mmol. Sports drink alone do not meet this amount, therefore athletes are advised to combine their fluids with other everyday food that contain sodium. It is good to know that you do not always
need to spend big bucks on commercially available sports drinks. Research has shown milk to be effective hydrating drink post training. It not only has a similar electrolyte composition to sports drinks, it also provides us with the added benefit of carbohydrate and protein without breaking your budget. Common carbohydrate foods Food item
Carbs in gram
30 gram peanuts
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It is important to note that the above information should be used only as a guide and every athlete’s recovery plan should be tailored to meet their specific exercise routine and their personal goals. It is advisable to consult a practising sport dietitian for a tailored recovery plan. References: www.sportsdietitians.com.au www.ausport.gov.au
Kuwait's First International Rower Moayad Tareq Al Suwaidan is a 22 year-old Kuwaiti who graduated from Bentley University with a B.S. in Finance and currently pursuing his law degree at Suffolk University Law School in Boston, Massachusetts. While many Kuwaiti students abroad tend to take up common sports or extracurricular activities during their collegiate experience, Moayad rather went against the currents. He chose rowing as the sport that he would make his own and perhaps to some extent rowing chose him. It seems that he’s progressively breaking barriers and venturing into unknown murky waters where no Kuwaiti has endeavored before him. Just this last October, he became the first Kuwaiti and possibly the first Arab to participate in the 50th edition of the prestigious Head of the Charles Regatta, a rowing race held in October of each year on the Charles River, which separates Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts. It is the largest 2-day regatta in the world, with nearly 9,000 athletes rowing in over 1,900 boats in 61 events. It attracts roughly 300,000 spectators during regatta weekend. Abdullah Y. Shams Al-Deen 60
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Tell us a little about how you first came across this sport and the story behind what got you into it. The first time I came across rowing was when I was watching the 2012 London Olympics. I was watching it with my father and coincidently rowing was what they were airing at that time. I asked my father “What was the difference between us and them? How are they so much stronger?” and his reply was “There is no difference physically. They just WANT it more than you do and they are willing to work harder.” At that point I got up and started researching what would be the best sport I can choose to compete in at my age and my body build with no experience. Rowing happened to be it! So when exactly did Rowing become a serious part of your daily life? Why? When I first started rowing in August 2012, I was testing the waters (no-pun intended) trying to see if I actually liked the sport and not just choose it because I fit the category. I started taking it seriously after my first race in November 2012. It just sort of clicked with me during the race that this would one day be the sport I would excel in and the thrill of the race made all the training worthwhile. What is your training like? Were there any other Kuwaitis rowing with you? I train 1-2 times a day, depending on my academic schedule, every day of the week. We usually take one day off every two weeks. Right now there are no Kuwait’s rowing with me. Abdulaziz Al-Refai was training with me but went back to Kuwait in September after he had finished his studies. In Kuwait and the region in general, Rowing isn't that popular.. Do you think that can change? What needs to be done? I definitely think that can change! The problem right now is that where the training is happening in Kuwait is in somewhat open water. So it is very choppy and very hard for rowing boats to row through that kind of water. Rowing boats are very delicate and extremely sensitive to external factors such as wind, current and waves. So putting a new rower in a boat and asking him to row through that is almost impossible and the person will most likely not enjoy it at all. I think what Kuwait needs is a proper bay that is somehow closed so that these external factors are blocked and allows the rower to practice on clear flat water. I would also say that having a legitimate boathouse with the proper facilities and equipment and docks dedicated for rowing boats to launch out of will help greatly. Who do you look up to in the Rowing world and why? Who has supported you the most? Do you think there should be support from the Ministry of State for Youth Affairs or the Public Authority For
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Youth and Sports? In the rowing world I would without a doubt say I couldn’t have done this without my coach Ellis Evans-Brown. When I went to the club and told them that I never rowed in my life and wanted to make it to the Olympics, he was the only one that believed in me and was willing to put the time and effort to train me. He has been very patient and very understanding throughout the ups and downs of our training. I can’t go on without mentioning my parents; they have supported me without a blink emotionally and mentally and funded me from the start, I really could
“It makes every moment of practice and during the race worth the while when you know that all of your family, friends and the rest of the country is standing behind you and cheering. It was simply an incredible feeling.” not have even started without them. I believe the ministry has its reasons for funding certain sports more than others and that is understandable given rowing is not one of the most prominent or popular sports in our region. But I believe that the only way a sport will grow and for its athletes to medal is to invest in it and show the athletes that they are there for them in wins and losses, So in that sense I believe that they can do more in trying to promote the sport and supporting the rowers on the team. I must also thank the Ministry and the Kuwait Rowing Federation for funding me during my trips to Qatar for the Asian Indoor Rowing championships and for the Incheon 2014 Asian Games. Has it been difficult balancing your academics with the sport?
During my undergrad it was moderately difficult. Now that I have started Law School in Boston it has become increasingly more but for some goals you just have to find the time even if it means not going out with my family or friends on weekends and going to training instead. Share with us your most memorable moments within the many competitions in Boston you took part in. I can’t really pinpoint a most memorable moment but I can say it’s always during the last 250 meters of a race when I am winning the race. In rowing you row backwards so when you are in first place you see the other rowers in your race. It’s a thrill going into that last stretch and then finding the energy to push even harder and add space between you and 2nd place. You recently participated in the 2014 Asian Games in South Korea, tell us a little bit about that unique experience. It was such an honor and such an adventure to be and race there. I was honestly not prepared for the media coverage but I did not let that get to me. During practice in Boston, it’s usually just my coach and I and a fairly quiet river so seeing the cameras and the stands and the officials all together and ready to send us down the racecourse was amazing. Racing itself was great, even though I did not win, it was unforgettable to be able to row next to world-class athletes and be able to give them a hard time at winning. It was a tiring trip to be honest. I flew out of Boston and twenty hours later I arrived at the rowing village at 7pm South Korea timing and raced at 10am the next day. So my first race was not my best. I did not let that get to me, I pushed it aside and focused on Heat 2, which I did well in but again did not break personal best. Overall, I think my performance was not at my highest level but these are all lessons and experiences one needs for the future races and hopefully to win international medals! Prior to the Asian Games, what were some other notable competitions you participated in? How were they different than the Asian Games? I participated in the 2014 Asian indoor rowing championship that was held in Doha, Qatar. There I got a silver medal in the international quad 2000m relay races. I would say the main difference was that this was indoor on the ergometer and the Asian Games were actually on the water, which does make a huge difference given the external factors such as balance and technique that you have to have on the water.
How did representing your country at a grand stage as the Asian Games feel? It was such an honor being able to represent Kuwait. Everyone I knew and even those who I did not know were very supportive and having that kind of push going into the races was an exhilarating feeling. It makes every moment of practice and during the race worth the while when you know that all of your family, friends and the rest of the country is standing behind you and cheering. It was simply an incredible feeling. Participating in a competition such as the Asian Games is an achievement of its own, although you came out of the Asian
Games without a medal, does that motivate you to keep pushing and focus on the next competition. Of course! As my coach always tells me when I come out without a medal “It never get's any easier, you just go faster.” So it was very important to me that I use this experience as fuel to the fire during future training and prepare harder mentally and physically for what is to come. How far do you want to go with Rowing?
I haven’t given this question much thought. But I can definitely say I will be in the rowing community for as long as I can row down the racecourse and give the other competitors a hard time.. For now my actual goal is to reach the Olympics. After that only time will tell! Being an international student in Boston, how important is participating in sporting activities for new and existing Kuwaiti students abroad? It is very important! A lot of students come here with the main goal of studying (which is great!) but nothing else other than that. So you see Kuwaiti students not taking the opportunities they have here that they wouldn’t have back home to do or try something new. Of
course, there are some who do but I would say there are a greater number who don’t. These good opportunities that you choose or somehow stumble upon, sort of like how I did end up defining who you are and changing you for the better. A lot of students worry about being able to balance school, social life and the extra curricular activities. But I honestly believe that sporting activities make a person a better student because it forces you to organize your time and sets your priorities for you. They will definitely have time to go out and have fun so that shouldn’t be something that worries students.
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Upon returning to Kuwait after completing your academia, will you keep rowing? What does the future of rowing look like in Kuwait? Is there possibility of a “Rowing Revolution”? I will absolutely keep rowing once I come back after I’m done with my studies! The plan is to buy my own rowing boat before I go back and ship it to Kuwait for me to be able to train in the equipment I’m used to having. Also, I like to train whenever I want and due to safety reasons the federation must send a coach out with the athletes when they train on the water, which is perfectly understandable, but personally I like to train very early and sometimes very late depending on my day so having my own equipment will allow me to do so. Like I said before, there is so much potential for rowing to flourish in Kuwait IF the proper facilities, equipment and staff are available for the athletes. I believe that one day that can happen, hopefully I can be a part of making it happen, and rowing will become more than a sport you hear about from friends and something Kuwait can medal in and be proud to send its athletes to world class races. Well, we believe that you can make it happen. Thank you for giving us your time Moayad and know that CityPages is amongst your supporters! It was my pleasure, your effort and support
“I honestly believe that sporting
is much appreciated and it really makes me happy and hopeful when I see a magazine like CityPages devote its time to help the building and supporting a growing sport like rowing in Kuwait! It truly means a lot so THANK YOU.
activities make
It’s our pleasure! Anything else you would like to add…?
a person a better student because it forces you to organize your time and sets your priorities for you.”
I would really just like to thank my parents again because I can never thank them enough for being so supportive during my rowing career. My siblings, for being there for me and helping me pick myself back up when I would fall. My friends for pushing me when I felt there was nothing left in me to push, I’m sorry I’m am not listing names but I’m sure you all know who you are! For everyone who came out to watch one of my races in the states or around the world, your cheers kept me going. Thank you to the Kuwait Federation and the team for welcoming me in like a brother and including me as one of their own when I don’t train or see them very often. Finally, the two people I see everyday and are with me every step of the way, my rowing coach Ellis Evans-Brown and my strengthconditioning coach Colin Gerrit, you two have pushed me to the limit and to places where I never thought I could possibly reach and it has and will continue to be a pleasure to be able to call you my coaches!
Credits: Joel Ray
“I believe that one day that can happen, hopefully I can be a part of making it happen, and rowing will become more than a sport you hear about from friends and something Kuwait can medal in and be proud to send its athletes to world class races.”
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E-COMMERCE THE RAPIDLY GROWING BUSINESS TREND IN THE 21ST CENTURY
Nowadays where everything has become only a click away, e-commerce has grown rapidly to be one of the most significant trends in business world and a major investment for thousands if not millions of
people. Current e-commerce statistics state that 40% of worldwide internet users have bought products online via desktop, mobile, tablet or other online devices. This amount is projected to continuously grow. It’s unbelievable how simple this business starts but how great it grows in an extremely short time. Statistics have proved that among all GCC countries, around 43% of Internet users reported making an online purchase at least once a month and Therefore GCC e-commerce industry is estimated to grow to US $15 billion by 2015 up from $3.5 billion in 2010. Such huge numbers sheds the light on this flourishing business and raises some questions that this article will answer. What is e-commerce? It’s the buying – selling act of goods and data over the internet, it occurs on many levels.
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environment, companies sell their online goods to consumers who are the end users of their products or services, Live example is Apple.com
Business-to-Business (B2B) Companies sell their online goods to other companies without being engaged in sales to consumers
Consumer-to-Business (C2B) Consumers usually post their products or services online on which companies can post their bids. A consumer reviews the bids and selects the company that meets his price expectations.
Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) Consumers sell their online goods to other consumers. A well-known example is eBay Being an owner of an e-commerce business will put you in a challenge to exist in the market .one of the major challenges you will face is how to make sure that the delivery process is going smooth to your target audience. And vice versa if you are buying products online. A good trustworthy courier company will not only deliver your product but will also give your small business the image it deserves. Posta plus a Kuwaiti based courier company is such an example of a professional solution to all your delivery needs. Providing customers with multiple
delivery and courier solutions with a reasonable price and excellent service quality. Why do you need Posta plus? 1-Easing the delivery process to your target audience based on geographical segmentation. 2-Removing headache: It will deliver your product safely and on time to the right destination.
3-Better organization for delivery schedule: It will save your time and effort
coordinating delivery appointments for hundreds of not thousands of customers. 4-Systematic process: relying on a welldesigned accurate system that decreases error percentage and appointment clashes. 5-Cutting off cost: decreasing the need to pay for employees’ salaries, insurance and even vehicles.
6-Prolonging the delivery duration:
with the flexible delivery timings that Posta plus offer from 8 am till 9.30 pm.
Whether you are a business owner or one of those big fans of online shopping, Posta plus can make it much easier for you to get the job done For more information please visit our website www.postaplus.com or contact us on 1881881
15 INSPIRING
MEN IN KUWAIT 2014
This is a selection of inspirational men – men who have made a lasting contribution towards creating a better world. These men have inspired others not only by their various achievements but also their attitude and values. Not everyone who’s on top today got there with success after success. More often than not, those who history best remembers were faced with numerous obstacles that forced them to work harder and show more determination than others. We set out to find them across every field of endeavor, the men who are bending the ordinary, who are defying those who say ‘it is easier said than done’ and result is a determined, defiant, earnest, brilliant, and philanthropic list of men that form only the first chapter of many more, This does not aim to be a fully ‘comprehensive list’ but it provides a start. These are ordinary people that aim to be extraordinary.
Interviews conducted and written by: Ghadeer Kareemi Abdul Majeed Al-Shatti interviewed by: Kinda AlFaris Mohannad Al Mutawa interviewed by: Nazia Nausheen
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Abdul Majeed Al-Shatti Inspires us to follow our bliss AbdulMajeed Al-Shatti, Busammy as those who know him well affectionately refer to him as ‘Busammy’ is one of CityPages most inspiring men, and to be able to identify one reason would be difficult for he inspires many of us for a number of reasons depending on the day. I met Busammy in 1998 when we both worked together at the Commercial Bank of Kuwait, where he was Head of Private Banking and I, Acting Head of Marketing. I was in my very early twenties and was the youngest on the management team, and Busammy was my stable lifeline and mentor during that challenging time; for the first time in mylife, I was able to witness the most patience I had ever seen one man can exhibit. He was onto something, he knew a secret about how life worked and I took notice, and started to glean as many life lessons as I could while working there. Not surprisingly, I came to know that eventually he went on to become the Chairman of the Bank and all I could do was grin from ear to ear when hearing the news because I knew that eventually his wisdom and artfulness would eventually lead him there. Fast forward many years later, all I can say is that he has grown magically more unfazed, ‘Zen’ if you will. Busammy is like an all-knowing soul, and always has the most pervading perspective on things, including the most tragic of situations. However to refer to him as an old soul would also be quite erroneous, for he is the furthest from being old in any way, and probably puts those that are closest to him in a bit of a conundrum when they are asked to describe him, for the truth he is incredibly young at heart. Born in Kuwait, AbdulMajeed finished high school and went off to study in the United States of America at Syracuse University for his undergraduate degree in Industrial Engineering Operations Research then after a stint working for KOC and KISR he proceeded to Standford for his graduate degree in Engineering Economics Systems where he got to learn a lot about designing optimal systems whether economically or within public policy, and applies the theories daily to most things in life. He met his wife Golnar at Stanford, moved back to Kuwait and worked with KISR until he eventually moved on to the Compensation Authority as DGM of operations and on to KPC to establish the International Relations Department. That was when he decided to move to the private sector where he ended up as the Chairman of CBK for six years as well as the Kuwait Banking Association. He eventually decided to step away from the 9-5, but he always held each place he worked at in high regard. His firm yet friendly mentor style helped him develop a great handle on those he worked with, insisting “You take care of the people they take care of the institution”, and he is a strong believer in respecting the people one works with. He claims he’s “quasi-retired”, and states that in life one never retires” he is currently a member of the Supreme Petroleum Council and does a lot of consultancy work for International Organizations such as the UNDP and various international financial firms. However, nowadays Busammy is starting to become recognized as quite the talented photographer. He started taking the time to learn more about the art form which was always a hidden interest, unknowingly to us. However, his style is what is being raved about, being a style of street photography. He claims to be a beginner, however in a very short period of time he has been able to capture the beauty of life, something he is intent on doing. He looks at his pictures as “snapshots of time” which he finds as beautiful and has managed to capture moments that most people miss. His photos tell stories, and those are the essence of his photos. I asked why he prefers the Leica which he constantly flits between and although he has access to some high tech Nikons. The smaller Leica allows him to subtly capture the expressions that would otherwise be missed if not for this powerful yet compact camera that holds a permanent place draped around his neck even when the other cameras and zoom lenses are relegated to the back-pack. Although he may not like to admit it, Busammy has taken some prolific pictures of late, posting them to strong acclaim from his friends and contacts. As humble as he would like to remain on the subject, I see a few good exhibits in the making if only he would give me the time of day to organize one for him. Off I go to have a word about it with him, and should anyone want to follow his work he has a Facebook page that features all of his incredibly beautiful photography.
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Mubarak Al-Rumaidhi Passionate Drifter With a large community of auto sport enthusiasts in Kuwait, it is very difficult to source a suitable location to practice their passion of either racing or drifting so they often take it to the streets. Mubarak Al-Rumaidhi, a champion drifter, recognized the needs of this community and is out to make a difference by charting his own career path by educating and gently coercing the authorities and automotive clubs to initiate such sporting activities in the State of Kuwait. Mubarak’s passion for cars started at the young age of 7 driving his father's car, faced with family and community career expectations, forced into accepting his father’s advice of pursuing a college education, he focused on his studies and graduated with a finance degree which helped him kick off his career with a bank. But finance and number crunching wasn’t going to put that little fire burning within him to pursue his passion with cars. The moment he believed that he could turn his passion into a career, he bid adieu to his banking career, got out of his comfort zone and spent the next two years chasing his dream. His journey of success didn’t start where he intended, but in the neighboring country of Bahrain, where he successfully organized the first Drifting event at the Bahrain International Circuit. This helped him launch these kind of events here in Kuwait. He is now taking his work to the next level, through an initiative launching in January 2015. Mubarak aims to create a safe and secure environment for motorsports enthusiasts and drifters to practice. Not only is it generated for the motorsport community, but will also include raising awareness for the younger generation about respecting the laws and regulations on the streets, to make Kuwait’s roads safer. Utilizing his expertise as a drifting champion and starting a community of drifters in 2012, Mubarak is building a professional motor sports team to compete in Kuwait and abroad. He also aims at organizing auto sport events and awareness campaigns pushing for Kuwaitis to join this initiative to benefit by gaining skills and training in a secure and safe environment, teaching them how to be better drivers, not by being the fastest, but through control, discipline and determination, as well as learning more about the history of motor sports and building awareness. This team's talents can vary from drivers, mechanics, photographers, videographers and directors. Mubarak has faced many challenges to make his dream come true, from bureaucracy to negative reactions. His advice to anyone seeking to make their dream a reality is: “Every great accomplishment doesn’t happen over night, don’t give up on your passions and don’t lose hope, because you will never know how close you were to achieving it, if you give up a step too soon. The more you fail the more innovative you get with your ideas, on how to approach your goal”. Follow on Instagram @rumaidhi
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Talal Al-Muhanna Strategic Management Graduated from the USA (ASU – Arizona) with a bachelor’s degree in Computer Systems Engineering in 2005 and obtained his MBA from Kuwait University in 2012. Talal has 9 years worth of accumulated experience in the fields of IT, project management and strategic management. Since 2009, he started perusing his passion in SMEs and thus became a shareholder in Shiraa for Project Management. Doing his MBA added a great value to his personal knowledge base and aided in directing his perspective in life. Furthermore, starting different SMEs through Shiraa for Project Management molded his strategic thinking experience on top of his professional experience in the private sector in Kuwait. Now leading the strategies department at Shiraa for Project Management where they specialize in preparing feasibility studies; perform competitor analysis and KPIs reports. The growth of the company, Talal believes, came from team cooperation, long term planning, strong social networking and strong communication. While the key to their success is their commitment to meeting deadlines and financial promises, achieving financial and market growth and making good social networks. Inspired and supported by his mother to become the person he is today, a kind, passionate and hardworking individual. Conquering challenges is what motivates Talal; he explains: “Since my childhood, I have always wanted to become a person who people turn to for consultations in any serious matter in life and loved to be a problem solver and a facilitator”, he adds: “I’d like to be remembered as a wise person who solves critical and strategic problems and who can bring people together". Talal believes that the future doesn’t belong to to those who only believe in the beauty of their dreams, but there is also room for destiny, planning and hard work. “The secret of my success is planning, and implementing what I plan; basically talk the talk and walk the walk”.
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Neda Aldihany Establishing Grounds
Husband and father of three boys, received his bachelor’s degree in 2004 from the College of Social Science at Kuwait University. In 2011, he obtained his IMBA from IE Business School in Madrid, Spain. Although his childhood wasn’t his favorite period in life, he stresses that it was a recharging period for him. It was a time in his life that taught him one simple quote: “The best way to predict your future is to create it.” Spain, was life changing experience for Neda, while he was completing his MBA in Madrid, his circle included 350 students from 89 different countries. He found it amazing to get to know people from different cultures who spoke different languages. Career wise Neda acknowledges that working at Human Soft Holding Company from 2004 to 2008 really added a lot to his character and helped him in the way he does business. Currently, running a very dynamic business, he deals with a lot of different startups and entrepreneurs in Kuwait and from throughout the region. Helping them decide what should be their next step and how they can become big and sustainable. Recognizing that establishing or expanding a startup is not only a journey - it’s an adventure. “I usually compare it with skydiving… It starts with free falling and we all hope it ends with a safe landing.” Neda explains. The growth of the company for Neda comes from belief, leadership, dedication and a good team. Motivated by challenges and the words “you can’t.”, success for him is to be productive. He finds inspiration in every single person around him and believes in “Do good and good will do well to you”.
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Faisal Al-Nashmi Palate Evolution
Film and photography graduate, no one would have anticipated that Faisal AlNashmi would become a chef, however, having studied in Miami, united states, Faisal was introduced to a vast variety of cuisines with influences from Cuban to south American and Asian to Spanish. Faisal was fascinated by this colorful and vibrant culture, combined with an existent love for cooking; he knew this was his true calling. His identity as a chef doesn’t come down to just cooking, but also in the setting, platting, design, and the music that goes hand in hand in creating the ultimate dining experience. Faisal’s greatest asset in embarking upon this journey came from his family’s support, who encouraged him into fulfilling his ambitions to becoming a chef through believing in him and his vision. Perusing his culinary degree in Le Cordon Bleu, London, he built his foundation of French culinary techniques as a chef, mastering the fundamentals of French gastronomy to add to his infatuation for cooking. Faisal lives a life that evolves around food; he continues to expand his knowledge through books and video classes with a constant thirst to learn about thousands of different techniques and ingredients in hundreds of cultures and cuisines around the world. Faisal is a strong believer that as long as you have a strong base, you can succeed in anything from a taco truck, to a three Michelin star restaurant. Aspiring to expand the Kuwaiti palate, he mixes flavors from different cuisines in the items he’s introducing on his menu. He takes the road less travelled in terms of the dishes he cooks, steering away from the common trend foods. Recently opening his restaurant St.AlMakan, and at the young age of 24 years old, Faisal does not believe in luck, he believes in the courage to accept challenges, to hold on to your passions, and to take opportunities. “Do not complain about the circumstances that you can change, and more importantly, do not be afraid of change.” Follow on Instagram @st_almakan
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Shahzad Gidwani Hard Work
General manager of Behbehani Group, Retail Division, Shahzad sets a fine example of a man who built his career through hard work and persistence. Born and raised in Kuwait, Shahzad describes himself to be a family man, husband of a supporting wife and one son. His father came to Kuwait in 1960, to build his future and family within a secure environment.. Shahzad had a regular childhood, spending time in school, gatherings and sports. A turning point in Shahzad’s life was The Iraqi Invasion to Kuwait in 1990, where he realized that a human being can lose his value in a blink of an eye ( and you have one thing to count on) your credentials. During the Invasion, he realized how education is important, and his dream was to study abroad (USA in particular), so he pursued his dream by getting his bachelor and master’s degrees from The United States. Along with education, Shahzad found the support of his family, specially his wife, to be a key motivation to work harder and go further towards reaching his goals. Started his career in 1995 with Ericsson Kuwait, as an Assistant Manager, where he gained great experience and knowledge ( as they have invested in him and gave him room to grow. In 2000, was promoted to Key Account Manager and remained in the same post until 2008 when he joined Ooredoo (Wataniya) as a Corporate Sales Manager up to 2010 when he was nominated to be the Deputy GM of Behbehani Group (Retail Division). where he was introduced to the Luxury retail sphere and with the support he got from the President of the Group (Mr. Ali Morad Behbehani) he found that his Journey became smoother and more knowledgeable, In 2012 he got his promotion to General Manager, having a stable growth for the past two of years (almost growing 12 % to 15 %), as well as geographical spread as they opened several new stores and our brand profile has been increasing by representing new brands in Kuwait. Inspiration to Shahzad comes from Mr. Ali Morad Yousuf Behbehani, as he was inspired by him to take a task that he had no experience in, His words of wisdom were “if you manage people, the product will manage itself.”, Which gave Shahzad a new definition of success, for him, success is to manage teams, to a common goal.
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Mishari Bu Yabis Digital Politician
With one of the biggest number of twitter followers in Kuwait, reaching almost 405K, Mishari is the well known name in the twitter community due to his approach on political and social issues in the country. Mishari is a business administration graduate from Kuwait University, currently working in the Public Services Company as the head of the customer care department, where he handles many projects with the private sector. His passion for politics started at a very young age through the influence of his father, and continued on until this day. It was never his intention to become a social celebrity, as he doesn’t enjoy being recognized everywhere he goes, though he does admit that being recognized does have its perks, such as meeting people he would have never met before. His main interest is to make a difference in people’s lives by addressing the political issues that the country faces and to reach solutions to make the country a better place. One incident for example, was when a mother was diagnosed with cancer and needed to receive immediate treatment abroad. After tweeting about it, Mishari got a call from the Minister of Health and the mother was sent abroad to receive her treatment within a week. And it's those immediate responses from the officials, whether ministers or parliament members, to his tweets is that what motivates him to help more people and make even the smallest difference in people’s lives. Mishari’s advice to the younger generation is to start their own businesses and not rely on governmental jobs as there might come a time when those jobs will not be as secured as they are now, and to realize how lucky they are to live in a time where they can reach anywhere and get anything they desire.
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Jassim Jassim Outsourcing Promises Founder and managing director of Phoenix services, an outsourcing company targeting all business owners, from small entrepreneurs that need help with “operations, systems, customer service, sales, marketing & consultancy” to Medium entities that need to grow and improve with new services and strategies, and even Large entities that need to maintain and grow their customers with new added value services, with a vision to change the reasons of outsourcing from “let’s go cheaper and save money” to “let’s go for better quality and improve”. Jassim started working at an early age while he was in college back in 1992 at a major fashion company with over 150 branches in North America, started as Stock in charge until he became a senior area manager. In 1998 moved to Dubai where he was part of the establishing team of the first outsourcing call center in the region. Then moved to Kuwait to be part of the banking sector; establishing and heading call centers and e-banking projects until he reached an executive level. after nine years with several banks in Kuwait and Dubai Jassim moved back to the outsourcing services to implement the first outsourcing call center for a local company in Kuwait until 2011 when he co-founded a new concept of service which was the concierge services, he ran the company for three years then left to established his own company “ Phoenix Services “ Upon establishing Phoenix Services, Jassim emphasizes that what lies behind the growth of his company is Building a good reputation in the major sectors of having the expertise, professionalism and taking the job seriously always guarantees getting business, so building a healthy PR based on positive reputation is your number one selling tool, and you know you are successful by sensing the trust in your clients’ voice. He adds: “the secret to my success is Making the best positive first impression, promise what you can achieve,, do your absolute best not to break your promise.” When asked what motivates and inspires him, Jassim replied: “My family is my number one source to keep me going, nothing more than seeing a proud wife, daughter and a son. The second would be seeing my staff grow and remembering me over the years, and also exceeding my clients’ expectations and getting rewarded by maintaining the relationship.” Jassim doesn’t describe himself as a dreamer, he believes in goals, he sets goals and he shoots to achieve them. Although he admits, there Nothing wrong with dreaming to anticipate a more beautiful tomorrow. His message to the people: “CARE about everything around you “ your health, home, street, family, friends, the public, work. And Be FAIR with the others.” Check www.phoenixservices.co
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Dhari Al-Nafisi Sui generis Vision
Eldest of his brothers, and studied business finance abroad, Dhari was always interested in dealing with people and managing people. Establishing businesses and business departments, such as the sales department and quality department in 52 degrees was his first experience away from working with his father. Getting into jewelry was by coincidence he says. His love to be unique and to stand out from the crowd touches every aspect of his life, from food to clothing, travel destinations and ofcourse jewelry, Qirdala acquired its own unique identity reflecting Dhari’s personality. This grabbed the attention of famous A-list jewelry designers who started having a very personal relationship with Dhari. Qirdala showcases jewelry designs from Athens and Beirut, and has since started to support local designers, including Mai Al-Qassar and Nada Al-Nafisi. With many jewelry designers in his family, people often mistake Dhari to be a designer himself which he isn’t, he is a businessman with a keen eye for quality design and an immaculate attention to detail. Running businesses is a family matter in the Al-Nafisi household, with Dhari and his brothers Turkey and Zaid running their fathers business, who is Dhari’s biggest influence and inspiration, also the person behind the name “Qirdala”. Qirdala was the birth of a family decision. Owned by all, and run by Dhari. Dhari’s approach when it comes to choosing the designs is focused on quality, originality of the design, value and the mechanism of each individual piece. The first multi-brand boutique in Kuwait that specializes in jewelry, local designers are supported by Qirdala by having their designs go through Qirdala’s quality department, production improvements, and marketing. Bringing the quality of Kuwaiti jewelry to a higher standard to melt with international brands. Dhari is also planning to expand Qirdala into Dubai, Abu Dhabi, as well as Europe.
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Sulaiman Maher Arab Connection to Leadership
Founder of Vigor-Enterprise, an event management company which is managed by a group of young entrepreneurs who decided to accumulate their professional experience in one place. In addition to his own business, he worked as a Business Development Consultant for Knowledge Brokers International (KBI) in the Middle East & North Africa Region. Since he started his professional life, he has worked and partnered with many international and well-known HRD consulting houses. delivering different HRD services as a consultant for many reputable organizations in the GCC region such as Zain, VIVA Telecom, Wataniya Telecom, Burgan Bank, AUB, Qualitynet and many others. He also worked on the human development operations of organizations from different industries; banking, telecom, manufacturing, retail, healthcare and hospitality. Now, managing Vigor-Events, a first class venue for seminars, training and conferences serving the business and the sophisticated cultural audiences in the Middle East and North Africa region. His team is bringing in the world's most prominent leaders, speakers, and authors in a wide range of fields. His strategy is to focus on the most important problems and business challenges facing society, the business community and the individuals in the region and invite industrial, economic, financial, political, social and cultural leaders to discuss these issues in reserved settings that encourage frank and open dialogue. “The constant challenge is differentiating ourselves from other competitors in the market. In the last 2 years we had many success stories and many unpleasant experiences, but guess what; this is how we learned something new, improved our services and took one more step forward towards our goals.” Sulaiman describes himself as a self-motivated person, always hungry to achieve more, read and learn more, meet new people, acquire more customers, also motivated by appreciation, especially the verbal one. He believes he has reached his life long dream of having his own business, and being able to travel the world. When asked what inspired you to be the person you are today? Sulaiman said: “Throughout my life, I have been inspired by many people through direct and indirect relations. First and most of all, I am inspired by my father; he is the most dedicated and disciplined person I have ever seen. I am also inspired by the behavior of the Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him; what a peaceful and wise person he was!” Sulaiman is a firm believer that everything happens for a reason, “We mistakenly categorize or name situations as a good or bad thing, while in fact it always happens for our own good; thus we have to accept it and take it positively.” One of the secrets of his success is that he keeps himself surrounded by positive and successful people; this always guided him to more successful places. a life changing experience for Sulaiman was working with Nick Vujicic, the motivational speaker who has no arms and no legs, they traveled together to deliver speeches in different countries. Working with Nick made him change the way he perceives “challenges”, this experience was different and had a deep impact on his attitude. He says: “it made me a stronger more positive person” http://www.vigorenterprise.com
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Mohannad Al Mutawa
Accepting Challenges As Opportunities Mohannad Al Mutawa is the definitive modern Kuwaiti. He represents a generation that is ambitious and driven; dazzling in its possibilities and determined to make a difference. He’s that person who is so naturally great at dealing with people, clients and peers that you can’t understand how does it seems so effortless. And he’s that colleague who is way more mature than his years, and who can come up and execute great ideas because he understands what makes people tick. He is an extraordinary intelligent person who cherishes his family. Being the youngest of a family of 5 he was automatically considered as "the spoiled one" but he has always worked on proving otherwise. Currently Mohannad works as the General Sales Manager for KIA Motors Kuwait with National Agencies Group. One would think that achieving this designation might have come easy for the grandson of Abdul Aziz Ali Al Mutawa (May his soul rest in peace), chairman & founder of National Agencies Group. But that was not the case for him. He could have very well gone along with the flow, like many other abiding sons do, and followed the path of working at the family owned business. But that wasn't what his father advised. On the contrary, his father wanted him to gain diversified work experiences before joining the family business to carry out his duties and responsibilities as third generation family member to maintain and further develop the success story of his grandfather. So after graduating from the American University in Sharjah – UAE during Fall 2000 majoring in MIS, he decided to join the American University in Paris – France before moving back to Kuwait to complete his education at Kuwait University where he got a degree in Business Administration / Marketing, he kicked-off his career as a banker. To say his career has been impressive would be an understatement. After completing his education he joined a Kuwaiti Real Estate company based in Lebanon as a marketing associate for the project which was targeting GCC nationals as investors. Not too long into the job, Lebanon was under attack, 2006 war. Obviously, marketing real estate was not the best thing to do in a war zone, as work stopped, and people started leaving the country, he refused to leave believing that the war was temporary. Being the kind of person he is, active and energetic, he was not able to just sit back, watch the news and do nothing, which led him to start working with the Kuwait embassy team in Lebanon as they were short staffed and under a lot of pressure evacuating Kuwaitis out of Lebanon using shuttles to the Syrian borders, and then on planes out of Syria back to Kuwait. “This was an experience I will never forget as it was very challenging and adventurous driving through roads where airstrikes were inevitable” Mohannad reminisces. After coming back to Kuwait he started to work in a local bank going through an intensified rotation program walking through all key departments of a bank touching on retail banking, corporate banking, investment banking, treasury, and trade finance. Few years later, he decided to take up a new challenge when an opportunity came to be a part of the corporate banking world in an international bank. After working for a couple of years he decided to accept another offer from one of the largest and most reputable local banks in Kuwait to be a part of the piloting team of their corporate division. Finally he decided to wrap up his banking career and joined his family business not only to take up new challenges but also to fulfill his family obligations. Mohannad’s success formula is simple Passion = Success. A firm believer in team work he says “Personally, I always inspire my colleagues, subordinates and seniors by “Teamwork” it leads to success and that the word S_CCESS cannot be spelled without U". November, 2014
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Hmoud Adel Al-Amri Ambitious Voice
Self defined as a husband of a supporting wife and father of three beautiful daughters. Most people recognize Hmoud’s name as a producer and director in Marina FM. However, he is one with a restless mind, which projects onto his various work areas as a marketing advisor, a playwright and a videographer. Graduating with excellence as a petroleum engineer, and starting his work in an international petroleum services company, Hmoud realized that this wasn’t the life he wanted for himself. In a bold move he resigned and turned into the mass media world starting his career in Marina FM in 2006 as a voice-over. he quickly progressed to be an announcer, a producer and a director in a number of shows, including Nagham Al-Sabah, Refresh and Al-Diwaniyah. As well as directing a radio drama series called “Habibty Dayman” written by Abdullah Al-Mudhaf, and “Entah El-Film” in Ramadan. The most important part of this job is the freedom and trust he is given to come up and carry out his ideas for the shows broadcasted on Marina FM, “it makes me feel limitless” he says. The job however, comes with a great sense of responsibility, putting into account the image you present to thousands of people as a public figure. Keeping up-to-date in all areas of life, in politics, sports, and arts, as well as local and international news. His love for radio is the only drive for Hmoud, as the materialistic aspect of the business is what drives many people, Hmoud finds that the real reward is in the love and the reactions he receives from the people who tune into his shows and the direct connection it provides with the audience. He hopes to inspire people to be spontaneous and humble, “being yourself is the key, I don’t have a different personality on the air that I do meeting people in my everyday life” He says. As for him, he finds his inspiration in the people who built their careers from scratch, with no help from anyone or any connection, and those who have the courage to turn their ideas and dream into a reality. Hmoud encourages younger people to chase after their visions, believing that in this day and age you can achieve anything you set your mind to. A profession is not merely a paycheck at the end of the month, it has to do with something you are passionate about, and as long as you have that passion, you will find yourself excelling and enjoying your job, so much that it will not feel like a job anymore. With a theatre production coming up next Eid, and opening his own audio and visual production company, expect to hear Hmoud’s name more often in the near future.
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Dr. Ahmad Al-Mutawa The Designer Doctor
Born in Egypt in 1974, father of 3 beautiful daughters, a designer and a businessman. Dr. Ahmad was one of the first batches to be sent to the UK to study medicine after Kuwait’s liberation from the Iraqi invasion. After his foundation year his father suffered a stroke, he had to cut his scholarship short and return to Kuwait to attend medical school here. He realized that it wasn’t bad after all and that Kuwait offered him the highest level of education. One can achieve his dreams no matter where he is and what curve balls life might throw at him. As part of his postgraduate internship he was posted in many hospitals and experienced many specialties until he fell in love with psychiatry. Simultaneously, he was building his house and with the income of a student he didn’t have the luxury of hiring professional interior decorators so had to rely on himself, which made him realize his passion for designing, so he started designing more and expanded into jewelry and accessories, which was appreciated by many. In designing he had to work with a lot of gold and diamond dealers which made him use a lot of banking procedures, such as opening a letter of credit or a bank guarantee, which intrigued him to learn banking. So he met a lot of bankers both local and international and educated himself about innovative financing. This led him to collaborate with world-class Islamic bankers from Malaysia and other Islamic countries to formulate an Islamic financing platform that adhered to Sharia compliance. For most success is a goal, for Dr. Ahmad success is a way of living. He doesn’t see obstacles he just sees a goal and no matter how many times he falls, he rises above and beyond to reach that goal. He says: “For me that is success, giving a 110% of yourself no matter the outcome” When asked what his greatest achievements are, Dr. Ahmed said: “ I have modified and designed some pieces that amazed even their original designers. For example, I have modified three shoes of Mr. Christian Louboutin that was appreciated by him and he even signed them for me. But my pride and joy is my Islamic financing platform, as well as my three little daughters.” Dr. Ahmad believes Dreamers are the pioneers of the world. Every milestone in the history of humanity started with a dream. The invention of the telephone, railways, airplanes, mobiles and satellites are just examples of dreams that came true by dreamers who dared to be different.
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Sulaiman Almukhaizeem Conquering Summits Well accomplished and somewhat of a passionate, board member of Oman investment corporation and a devoted employee of Gulf Investment corporation, a developmental investment corporation enhancing private enterprises in the GCC region throughout various sectors, Sulaiman’s job requires constant traveling to search for and analyzing opportunities in the region. On his annual leave however, his choice of destination is far from ordinary, While most people choose to travel for shopping and sight-seeing, Sulaiman climbs high mountain summits enduring up to -40 Celsius degrees, high altitudes and extreme physical and mental challenges. His interest in mountaineering began when he was studying in the American University of Beirut and was sent to Washington D.C., United states as part of an exchange program. He stumbled upon a show airing on television about a man with no legs, who has successfully climbed Mount Everest, and so his journey began to conquer mountains, one summit at a time. He started off as an amateur, and succeeded to climb a few peaks including Mount Kilimanjaro, which was extremely challenging, and only made Sulaiman realize he needed proper training if he was going to pursue his passion. he then decided to enroll in the Northwest Mountain School in Washington where he completed a series of courses in mountaineering. With the skills to back up his enthusiasm, he since then conquered many mountains; his list includes Qurna AlSawda Mountain in Lebanon, Mt Kilimanjaro for a second time, Mt Baker, Mt Rainier, Mt Shuksan, Mt Elbrus (Highest peak in Europe) and Mt. Aconcagua (Highest peak in South America) Sulaiman admits that the bigger challenge in mountain climbing is the mental challenge not the physical, he says: “there were moments when I thought to myself, what am I doing?, but I pushed through by believing that I can and will do this, and when I reached the top, it was all worth it, it was the greatest feeling in the world” Driven by ambition and determination, he is planning a historic journey to be revealed in the near future, and with an adventurous soul such as Sulaiman’s, we know it will be nothing less than remarkable. Sulaiman urges people, and specially the younger generation to have the courage to go on new adventures; adding: “think to yourself, what value did you add to your life, and to your character? Try new things, get out of your comfort zone, you will surprise yourself”.
Follow Sulaiman Al-Mukhaizeem: Instagram @salmukhaizeem Twitter: salmukhaizeem84 Facebook: Sulaiman Al-Mukhaizeem
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Hamad Al-Qattan Walking on a String In a typical job, one might find himself working for eight hours a day waiting for the opportunity to be promoted to the next position in the following years, and to repeat that same scenario again and again. Being one of those employees Hamad found that this time was rather wasted, a practical man himself, he believes that you can create your own path of success by working hard and taking yourself to where you want to be. Hamad never thought he would be a professional musician, as his love for music was nothing more than just a hobby. Specializing in key board and guitar, this self-taught musician turned his hobby into a profession by writing and producing music to a number of artists as well as some commercials and television productions in the Arab world and in the Gulf, including songs such as “Ajr wa Afyah” for the singer Shammah hamdan, “Sekat Janabik” for the singer Talal Salamah, and more than one song for the famous Latifah Al-Tounisiah. “This is a time where musicians and artists can shine in a flash, you no longer have to work for 20 years to be a famous singer or musician.” Hamad explains “But the key to success is continuity and consistency, because if you let it get to your head that you’re famous and not put in the time of effort to produce new work, your star will disappear just as quickly.” He adds. Hamad also believes that there is no support for local musicians, whether from companies or from famous musicians, he explains with a bit of frustration, that although those great musicians influenced his music, they never offer any support to younger musicians who only want a chance to showcase their potential. This is not such a bad thing after all, he further explains, it’s what’s pushing young musicians to work harder and prove to ourselves as well as others how creative and hard working we are. He finds that the most vital aspect one can have on anyone’s life is not to discourage him or her. Adding positivity to the people around you can only result in a more creative and innovative community.
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Long Live Lawn Bowls!
Rhonda McKenzie
Finally, Bowls has arrived in Kuwait! We’re not talking about dishware, bowl cuts, bowler hats or 5 and 10 pin bowling—we’re talking about the ancient and much loved sport of Bowls!
History There’s a belief that Bowls has been played in different forms or ways for centuries. Archaeologists have found biased stone bowls dating as far back as 5, 000 BC(E). A form of bowls was also said to have been played in ancient Egyptian times and in ancient Greece. It is entirely possible that the ancient Romans’ game of Bocce was spread by the legions to the rest of Europe including the British Isles where it started to resemble bowls as we know it today—and maybe not, who can say. Let’s make it crystal clear though that Bowls and Bocce are completely, totally, very and extremely different. Bocce and Bowls experts respectively will all agree on that.
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over as one of the most popular leisure past times, no one was practising their archery which was a very much needed and essential part of the country’s national defense. The first time we see the actual word ‘Bowls’ being used was in 1511, in government regulations enacted by King Henry VIII who was a bowler himself; these rules had to do with who was allowed to bowl, including when and where one could bowl. You can probably guess that only the wealthy or nobility were permitted to play. Hence bowls is often thought of as the sport of royalty or the sport of noblemen—a game for the elite. Although the game was banned in England, it was not in Scotland where the sport continued to thrive. In fact it was the Scots who created rules for the game when in 1864 William Wallace Mitchell published the first Bowls manual which is the basis for the current rules we now have today. The oldest known boulingrin or bowling green in existence dates back to the 13th Century and is still being played on today is the Southampton Old Bowling Green in England.
Now, back to Bowls!
What is Bowls?
For those of us who are Bowlers and or who are familiar with the sport but may not know much about its history, may find it hard to believe but at one time in England (and France), Bowls, a non contact sport, was outlawed—banned. With Bowling taking
Let’s rewind to the very beginning, if we’re not talking about 5 and 10 pin bowling, just what exactly are we talking about? What is bowls? Basically, Bowls is a sport where the aim is
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to get your bowls closest to a little white ball which is perhaps around the size of a golf ball. This little ball is called a ‘jack’ or ‘kitty’. Bowls is usually played outside on rinks called ‘greens’ or grass. Here are a few factors that make the game exciting and challenging:
1.The Bowls The bowls themselves are not round— they’re elliptically shaped, that is they’re biased which means that when delivered, the bowls eventually curve rather than continue on in a straight line. Bowlers know this and a good bowler, an experienced bowler knows how to judge the distance and deliver their bowls to curve at just the right angle to get that winning shot to the jack every time
2.Strategy or Tactics The number of bowls and bowls in play determines one’s delivery—how to bowl around the your opponent’s or the opposing team’s bowls, the delicate strategy or tactics of knocking others’ bowls out of the way or moving the jack closer to yours or your teammates bowls
3.Bowlers Quite literally, other bowlers. Although there is etiquette published in handbooks, sometimes the behaviour of other bowlers can be deliberately or not, distracting.
winning, avid bowler who is a member of 3 different lawn bowling clubs in Toronto, introduced me to the game years ago and suggested bringing this sport to Kuwait. A supremely fantastic idea, all bowlers would agree. Three years ago, I brought a set of old but still usable bowls over in my luggage to start Kuwait Lawn Bowling Club in November 2011 and so it began with more sets of bowls that followed.
More Cool Facts about Bowls
4.The Greens
7.Practise or Experience
If you’ve ever watched a game of bowls and thought ‘Well the grass or lawns look flat enough so, what’s so hard in that?’— they’re not—not exactly anyway. There is a roller, a machine that flatten the lawns so that one isn’t bowling on the kind of lawn found in one’s backyard or garden however, the greens do in fact undulate and players think about how best to deliver their bowls depending on these dips and rises that only the players recognise.
The old adage, ‘Practise Makes Perfect’ holds true for everything and although one might always be playing against more seasoned bowlers, it does help to bowl, to play to compete as much as possible to improve your game. Bowlers who are reading along, are sure to have more factors to add to the fun, but these are just a few.
5.The Jack or Kitty
Hooray and Hurrah! Kuwait is the 3rd country in this region to play the sport of Bowls. All 3 countries have something in common too, which is their playing surface. We all bowl indoors on artificial turf—that’s the part that makes our status ‘special’. And since the English helped to ‘carve up’ the Gulf region, setting borders and boundaries so that we have the shapes and geographical sizes of kingdoms and countries as they are today, it’s only fitting that bowls be played in Kuwait—and it is, at a private school in Hawalli. What is ironic is that Kuwait Lawn Bowling Club has come about via Canada, another commonwealth country that was ‘carved up by’ Britain. My mother, who is a competitive, tournament
If the jack is quite far, some players, particularly more mature (elderly) players are not always able to bowl the distance if it’s a ‘long jack’. The ‘short jack’ can sometimes be easier but at the same time also trickier as the bowler has to adjust his or her delivery. There are also long and short mat games too which is kind of related.
6.The Weather Playing during or after it’s rained, can slow down the delivery of the bowls. Bowls, by the way is a sport normally played outdoors—not always, but usually! Bowls is played in the summer, so games require one to be in good health. Sunscreen, a hat and or an umbrella and water to keep hydrated are important to be able to withstand the heat as players travel up and down the rinks after each ‘end’ is played.
Bowls in Kuwait
1.Bowls is played in over 40 countries all over the world, including Kuwait 2.Bowls is very similar to a winter sport played on the ice—Curling! 3.Bowls and Bocce are totally different 4.Many married couples play this sport together 5.Whole families can and do bowl together 6.Bowls is a sport for all ages and can be learnt at any age 7.Bowls is a lot of fun and no two games you’ll ever play will be alike in any way 8.Bowls were once called ‘woods’ as they were made out of a dense wood called lignum vitae, now they’re made out of a hard plastic material 9.No 2 sets of bowls in the world are alike and bowls come in every colour 10.Kuwait Lawn Bowling Club was established in 2011 in Hawalli—fact!
Famous Bowlers
Walt Disney Shakespeare King Henry VIII Queen Victoria Victor Hugo John D. Rockefeller 1.Walt Disney and the woman responsible for giving Mickey Mouse his name, his wife Lillian were avid lawn bowlers in California 2.Queen Victoria 3.Edward VIII (abdicated the throne for love) 4.Victor Hugo 5.ohn D. Rockefeller (installed greens on his private estate) 6.George Vanderbilt 7.Sir Walter Raleigh 8.Shakespeare 9.King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn (mother of Queen Elizabeth I was also a bowler!) 10.King James I Feel free to join the elite and google ‘Bowls’ or ‘Lawn Bowls’ for videos on how to play this incredible sport. Maybe there’s a club you can join in your neighbourhood in your home country. Or better yet, come visit our club. Get in touch with the magazine for details! Rhonda McKenzie PGCE OCT November, 2014
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Baghdad Street – Building 38 same as Boushahri Seema Pharmacy, Opposite Suleiman Al-Luhaib Mosque - Tel : 1888877
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المكمالت الغذائية و صحة المرأه المرأة والمكمالت الغذائية
إن المكمالت الغذائية هي مستحضر��ت هدفها تكملة النظام الغذائي بفيتامينات ،معادن وعدة مواد مغذية يمكن أن تكون مفقودة لدى األشخاص الذين هم بحاجة إليها .هذه الفيتامينات والمعادن يجب أن تأتي أساسًا من الغذاء السليم والصحي لكن هناك من همن بحاجة إلى كمية أكبر من غيرهم من الفيتامينات والتي يجب أن تأخذ هذه المكمالت الغذائية أال وهن: الفتيات في فترة الدراسة واإلمتحانات الصعبة. الفتيات أو النساء في فترة الحيض. الفتيات والنساء اللواتي يعانين من نقص معين من أحد الفيتامينات أو المعادن كنقص فيتامين د او نقص في الكالسيوم أو الحديد. الفتيات والنساء اللواتي يعانين من إنعدام النشاط والتعب المستمر. الفتيات والنساء اللواتي يقمن بحمية تعتمد على أقل من 1200وحدة حرارية. النساء الحوامل اللواتي تحتاج إلى المزيد من المغذيات .حيث تحتاج المرأة الحامل إلى تغذية إضافية مثل حامض الفولفيك لتجنب التشوهات الخلقية والغثيان ،والمغنيسيوم لمنع تسمم الحمل ويحذر من استخدام فيتامين Aخالل األشهر الثالث األولى األمهات الجدد اللواتي يبذلن الكثير من الجهد. المكمالت الغذائية المختلفة لصحة المرأة
أهم المك ّونات الغذائية للمرأة :
أهمية المكونات الغذائية لنضارة بشرة المرأة تحصل المرأة عاد ًة على أهم المكونات الغذائية من الطعام ومن العادات التي تتبعها في نمط حياتها .لكن بشكل عام يالحظ أن معظم النساء ال يحصلن على كميات كافية من الفوالت ( حمض الفوليك) ،وهو أحد الفيتامينات «ب» ،والكالسيوم بشكل تلبي فيها حاجات جسمها .علمًا أن الفوالت أو حمض الفوليك يساعد في النمو ويساعد على الوقاية من بعض التشوهات الخلقية ومن فقر الدم خالل الحمل وقد يخفف خطر اإلصابة بأمراض القلب وبعض أنواع السرطان . أما الكالسيوم فال يعتبر مهمًا لصحة العظام فحسب بل يفيد صحة الجسم ككل .لذلك في حال عدم تناول كميات كافية من الكالسيوم بدءًا من المراهقة يزيد خطر اإلصابة بترقق العظام الحقًا في 101
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مرحلة انقطاع الطمث .أما كمية الفوالت اليومية التي يحتاجها جسم المرأة فهي ٤٠٠ميكروغرام في اليوم ،فيما تراوح كمية الكالسيوم التي يحتاجها جسم المرأة بين سن ١١سنة و ٢٤ما بين ١٢٠٠ميلليغرام و .١٥٠٠أما بين سن ٢٤سنة و ٥٠سنة فيحتاج جسم المرأة إلى ١٠٠٠ميلليغرام ،وبعد سن الخمسين في حال اتباع عالج بديل الهرمونات يحتاج الجسم إلى ١٠٠٠ميلليغرام من الكالسيوم أو ١٥٠٠ في حال عدم اتباع العالج .كما أنه من الضروري أن تحصل المرأة على كميات كافية من الفيتامين «د» لمساعدة الجسم على امتصاص الكالسيوم
التوصية
اإلسراف السيئ في إستخدام المكمالت الغذائية ال يمكننا التوصية باستخدام المكمالت الغذائية التي تحتوي على الفيتامينات والمعادن كإجراء وقائي فقط .على األقل ليس لألشخاص األصحاء الذين يتغذون بشكل جيد .فمن يتناول كميات جيدة من الفواكه والخضروات و الغذاء المتنوع فلن تنفعه هذه المكمالت الغذائية فهي لن تضيف فوائد غذائية لهذا الشخص ولكنها قد تسبب له الضرر. والحل األمثل إن كان غذاؤك ينقص أحد المغذيات فيجب الحرص على تناول األطعمة الغنية بهذه بعض األطعمة الغنية بالمغذيات: المغذيات وبذلك تقلل من ضرر اللجوء إلى تناول المانجو، المشمش، األطعمة الغنية بفيتامين(أ): المكمالت الغذائية .فتصحيح الحمية الغذائية الجزر، اللفت اليقطين، السلق ،البطيخ األصفر، والخيارات السبانخ ،الكرنب ،البطاطا الحلوة ،اللحوم العضوية، البيض. األطعمة الغنية بفيتامين(د) :صفار البيض ،األسماك الدهنية ،الحليب ،كما يقوم الجسم بإنتاجه في الجلد عند التعرض ألشعة الشمس. األطعمة الغنية بفيتامين(ب :)6األسماك ،الدواجن، اللحوم الخالية من الدهون ،الحبوب ،البطاطا. األطعمة الغنية بفيتامين(ب :)2الحليب ومنتجاته، اللحوم الحمراء ،فول الصويا ،الفطر السبانخ. األطعمة الغنية بحمض الفوليك :الخضروات الورقية الخضراء ،الفاصوليا الجافة ،الدواجن ،الحبوب، البرتقال ،المكسرات. األطعمة الغنية بالكالسيوم :الخضروات الداكنة والورقية ،الحليب ومنتجاته ،منتجات الصويا. األطعمة الغنية بالكلوريد :السمك ،ملح الطعام. األطعمة الغنية بالماغنيسيوم :المشمش، المكسرات ،نخالة القمح ،الموز ،المأكوالت البحرية، الحبوب الكاملة ،فول الصويا والخضروات الخضراء الداكنة ،الشاي األخضر. األطعمة الغنية بالفوسفور :اللحوم ،البيض، المشروبات الغازية ،البقوليات ،الحليب ومنتجاته، الحبوب الكاملة ،األسماك. األطعمة الغنية بالحديد :اللحوم ،األسماك ،الدواجن Dr. Ahmad Alkholi واللحوم العضوية ،الفاصوليا ،الحبوب الكاملة General Medicine والمدعمة ،الخضروات الورقية الخضراء. األطعمة الغنية بالبوتاسيوم :المشمش ،التمر، Specialized Boushahri Polyclinic الفاصوليا الخضراء ،البرتقال ،الموز ،المانجو ،السبانخ، Baghdad Street, Building # 38, In front of Suleiman البروكلي ،البقوليات ،البطاطا ،الزبيب ،الطماطم، Al-Luhaib Mosque. Tel: 1888877 Ext: 151 األرضي شوكي.
Today, more than ever people are realizing the value of exercise to achieve weight control and to improve their daily physical health and strength. With lifestyle ailments like diabetes soaring, doctors and healthcare experts are screaming themselves hoarse urging people to eat healthy and keep fit. Based on the principle that working out is a social activity, Vie Fitness Studio, adds an entirely new dimension to your lifestyle, enhancing your opportunities to stay fit and in shape, and creating room for individual training objectives. Vie Fitness Studio, an exceptional fitness facility, is a functional training gym located on the 32nd floor of Panasonic Tower in the heart of Kuwait City. Boasting a stateof-the-art facility, Vie as it is referred to in short, offers a phenomenal view of the Kuwait City from their floor-to-ceiling windows with picturesque daily sunsets that revitalizes and inspires your daily workout. This modern facility is specially designed to offer a comfortable environment designed to house all your fitness needs under one roof. Offering the most advanced fitness equipment like, WOODWAY Curve 102
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VIE FITNE
SS STUDIO
treadmills, Queenax, Life Fitness multi functional machines, Pavi circuit training floor, Cross Core etc. supported by knowledgeable fitness experts, this health facility provides 1-1 Personal Training and Functional Training group exercise classes for groups of 4-6 people. Vie also offers a cutting-edge technology ‘My Zone’, the ultimate workout partner and fitness motivational tool, which keeps track of a client’s fitness performance at every workout providing performance efficacy, heart rate and calories utilized at each session. Each client is emailed feedback immediately upon finishing their workout via email. Vie Fitness Studio is open 6 days a week from 7am - 11pm except Friday unless required upon special request. Vie is also known for its high-caliber team of stellar trainers with vast experience from a variety of fitness backgrounds and nationalities ranging from Kuwaitis, Portuguese and British. Their staff is experienced and dedicated to help you realize your goals. Their Personal Trainers and Group Instructors are also qualified to provide clients with body weight assessments and tailor healthy eating nutritional packages to complement a client’s individual fitness needs. November, 2014
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By Tamara Qabazard
euthanasia There’s a fine line that is crossed when good intentions start to become detrimental and it’s usually associated with unconscious selfishness. You can see it in your relationships: two people with a child try to make something work when their marriage is clearly not working. They try to stick together for their family but in the long run it ends up affecting the people around them more than they think. Their intentions are good – they want the best for their child – but that tension becomes overwhelming and negatively impacts the third party. Okay what? When I did become an expert on relationships? I’m not. I can barely keep one together. But what I do understand is that sometimes when you are trying to help someone, you’re not. I’m going to put this in a language I understand, moo neigh bark oink meow. Let’s talk about euthanasia. (gasp!) Euthanasia comes from the greek word for “good death” which already gives it a positive connotation. Generally, animals that are in pain or are dying are put down to lessen the suffering they are experiencing. But how can you put another souls life in the hands of your own? Because as a future practitioner my duty is to weigh in and assess the quality of life of the patient. If the animal is suffering, alleviate it. If medical or surgical intervention is insufficient, then you need to consider euthanasia. It’s simple. No one wants to see someone or something they love in pain. With the recent allegations against PAWS Kuwait for mistreatment, neglect, and
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therefore abuse of their shelter animals due to overpopulation, this is an imperative measure to exercise. A large part of veterinary medicine is population control, which is why we implement trap-neuterrelease programs and also occasionally have to practice euthanasia on animals that are perfectly healthy if they are not adopted after a predetermined duration of time. The idea behind this is because of the constant influx of animals into shelters, we must make room for more. Most shelters do not have the funding and space to support an infinite number of animals and sometimes the supply surpasses the demand. In Kuwait, people are constantly buying puppies, and once they are 1 year old and realize how much work they actually are, they surrender them to a shelter or throw them out on the street. Please stop doing this. But why would you euthanize an animal that is healthy? Quality of life. If an animal has been in a shelter for over a year and has not been adopted yet and more animals are coming in you need to weight your resources vs giving the newer animals a chance. Does it suck? Yes, it’s absolutely heartbreaking. But this wouldn’t be happening if people don’t throw their animals out on the streets or spayed or neutered their animals. If your animal is sterilized you can’t breed it, and therefore you can’t have a litter of puppies that no one wants which you will then most likely drop off at a shelter. Also if your pet escapes and is already neutered then it won’t have an oopsie pregnancy or cause one. If we start with sterilization, then there’s a less chance of having to euthanize an unwanted pet in a shelter. The biggest problem with the public response to the PAWS exposure videos is that regardless of the detriment the animals are in – medically and behaviorally, the unsanitary conditions and obvious breeding ground for disease and overcrowding
(animals living in hallways) the biggest “defense” is “Well at least PAWS doesn’t euthanize their animals!” Precisely. This is precisely why this is happening. Understaffed, underequipped, underfunded, overpopulated. Euthanize your animals or come up with the proper facilities and funding to give them the best possible life. The saddest part of all of this is that because animals are so neglected, about 90% of them have to be euthanized because of their medical issues and behavioral issues. The cost of helping them medically will be impossible for this organization especially if they don’t even have the funding to keep the animals in proper conditions. In terms of behavior, the chance of these dogs getting adopted is low. Chronic stress has detrimental effects on the body especially on brain mass and connectivity (yes, it literally eats your brain over time). Think about the learning capacity of these animals. If they’re already poorly behaved – and only because they were never given a chance – then they most likely won’t be recovering. Can there be a miracle case where one of these animals is adopted and then becomes the perfect family pet? Yes, but in a country that treats animals like property: what’s the chance? Heartbreaking to note but instead of euthanizing what would have been a total of 30% (i.e the ones that aren’t adopted after a certain length of time), now you are euthanizing triple that amount. This is the prime example on how something, which started out with love, and good intentions, has gone sour. Ethically this may be a debate for most people, but hard facts override emotion and personal bias. Everyone is entitled to their opinion, but once that impedes and hurts the life of another being, you should probably reevaluate and consider everything on a case-by-case basis.
By Tamara Qabazard
LIFE OF A
by: Abeer AlAbduljalil
Keep Calm Divas and Wear Leather this fall! Abeer AlAbduljalil is wearing: sZara Poncho sAsos legging sAlexander McQueen Ankle Boot
Photo taken by: Hamad Alshaijy MĂŠmoire Studio www.memoire-studio.com Instagram: @memoire_studio Directed by : Fatma AlNasser
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Delicates Fix & Clean fixes your handbags & shoes mess No one ever said love was easy, especially if you love couture handbags and shoes. The price of high-end handbags has skyrocketed in recent years and with this kind of investment, proper cleaning and maintenance is essential. But I have to be honest, when it comes to some of my favorite luxury bags, I’m afraid to carry them. I tuck these bags into their dust bags and boxes after I use them and only turn to them when I think I can carry them and treat them nicely. These are bags I treasure and I never want to treat them poorly. But carrying a bag shouldn’t equate with treating it poorly, so why do I end up feeling that way? Part of it is the price of these bags. The more a bag costs, the more likely I am to baby it. Another factor is the materials used; when it comes to my Celine Trapeze, I worry about ruining the calf hair as it rubs against my body. If you pair my trepidations with living a busy life in a city where dust seems to come without notice, with hundreds of coffee meetings, and millions of people are around you at all times, it sort of makes sense why I worry a bit. But now I have found a great solution for 108
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my worries that I want to share with all my DIVAS:
Delicates Fix and Clean, a leading couture dry cleaner that specializes in cleaning high-end designer products, handbags & shoes is in town! Delicates has a track record of handling leather, suede, exotics, as well as fabrics. Delicates leather and suede cleaning experts take special care and attention to do a great job. After all, you don’t spend a fortune on designer handbags and shoes for just one time wear. They are an investment, and they get the most use on a daily basis. So your shoes need to go where you go and need to look good at all time. But daily wear can take its toll on these CHANEL, Dior, Louboutin or Jimmy Choo shoes, and on your Gucci, Prada, Dolce&Gabbana, or Balenciaga bag. Spills, dirt, grime, lotions inside all sorts of things happen to your handbag. But Delicates Fix and Clean also happens. At Delicates, they understand that leather cleaning is a specialized process that requires not only experience, but the right equipment, cleaning products and finishing. Their combined experience, knowledge and
expertise enable them to give the highest standard of leather care service and product knowledge in this country. Delicates can professionally clean your designer handbags and shoes and restore them back to new condition. They also offer to repair minor damages such as scuffs, scratches, rips & burns and also offer professional services to replace zips, handles, linings and loose stitching. Your beloved items will return to you as good as new. They welcome divas in Al-Rai and in Salmiya, but also offer free pickup and delivery services. For more info, call Salmiya 25721110, or Al-Rai 69977509, or the hotline 6566 7777 - 69977484.
LIFE OF A
by: Abeer AlAbduljalil November, 2014
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Is it a bird? Is it a plane? No, its Super Moringa Labeled as the miracle tree, tree of life and many other super plant names, The Moringa is native to parts of Africa and Asia, belongs to genus in the plant family Moringaceae. The name is derived from murungai, the Tamil word for drumstick relative to its seed pods. It contains 13 species that range in size from tiny herbs to massive trees. Moringa Olifiera is the superstar of the family creating a large following from super food crowd. Moringa Oleifera has cemented her position with edible power greens such as wheat grass, chlorella and spirulina. Moringa is rich in minerals like potassium, iron, calcium, and sulfur, as well as B vitamins and many amino acids, including all of the essential amino acids. Moringa products have antibiotic, hypotensive, antispasmodic, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, hypo-cholesterolemic, and hypoglycemic properties, Its nutritional profile is competitive with any beneficial plant on the planet. Even more amazing is its love for unfertile lands and extreme conditions. 110
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Murungai is a very hardy plant that can grow in very dry climates such as Kuwait, though it will grow bigger and faster with more water. With proper care and watering they can grow up to 6 meters in a year. It is recommended however, to cut it back and keep it short and bushy for ease of harvesting the leaves and pods unless it's used for landscaping purposes. Moringa shines as a superstar in the arid landscape climate by producing highly nutritious leaves during the dry season and during times of drought, an excellent source of green vegetable when little other food is available. Seeds are used to purify water, has edible flowers and roots with building wood to boot. From head to toe, all parts of the plant are useful.
Availability:
Seeds can be dried from ripe Moringa pods sold in grocery stores. Sprouting can occur within a week or as long as two or three weeks Seedlings/Trees are widely available in plant nurseries.
IN THE CITY
By: HAMAD J. ALKULAIB
Planting tips
1. Find a sunny place. 2. Make holes in the ground 30 to 60 cm deep 3. Fill the hole with loose ground and fertilizer 4. cover
Watering
Moringa trees do not need much watering, which make them ideally suited for the climate of places such as Kuwait. In very dry conditions, water regularly for the first two months and afterwards reduce frequency. Moringa trees will flower and produce pods whenever there is sufficient water available, flowering can be induced through irrigation. Good growing and spread the Moringa
November, 2014
SHAIMA'A QABAZARD & FAJER AL-OWAISH Breath of fresh air - Let's Help Kuwait
Please introduce yourselves to our readers:
The founders of Let's Help Kuwait are Fajer Al Owaish, from the American University of Kuwait and Shaima’a Qabazard from the Gulf University for Science and Technology. We are two young citizens of Kuwait trying to make a mark and change for the better.
What are you currently doing?
We started a small and basic charity in order to help many of those in need in Kuwait by lending a hand and collecting donations; in return each donator receives a bracelet that represents Let's Help Kuwait and would remind them of the donations and their cause. Personally, our lives are consistent with studying and trying to make something of ourselves and with that we try to manage our time between our charity and our university studies.
How and when did the idea of Let's Help Kuwait come up?
Fajer established this charity on July 11, 2014. She is known for owning an Instagram boutique, which sells a variety of accessories and much more. The use of natural stones in her collections, gave her an idea, which was to design friendship bracelets for both of us. We always wanted to join and help out with volunteer work in different organizations and charities around Kuwait, but never had the chance to. We considered volunteering in the past but decided
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to try our own thing, as you can never have enough charitable organizations. Given the success of the Instagram boutique we felt that we could use that experience to actually make a difference. So we started our own charity using the stones for bracelets that could represent Let's Help Kuwait.
Which existing charities did you seek inspiration from?
We were inspired by many charity organizations in Kuwait, but the main organization and volunteer group we look up to is Kuwait Red Crescent Society for their excellent work in helping the people in need all around the world.
Tell us more about the organization and how does it work?
Let's Help Kuwait has a simple technique to go along with it, every month the bracelets change colors based on what month it is and what project is planned. For every donation a person gets a bracelet in return, depending on how many they donate for of course. All the donations that are collected every month go to different people around Kuwait depending on the project that is chosen. The bracelets represent the month, project, the donation itself, and Let's Help Kuwait.
How are you unique from existing charities?
Every month is different at Let's Help Kuwait. We differ and are unique from other charities in two ways, our projects and the color of our bracelets. As for the bracelets, the colors change representing the month and project. We try to differentiate ourselves from other charities through our flexibility. No cause is too big or too small for Lets Help Kuwait. We meet up with our volunteers on a regular basis to decide on a cause for the upcoming months and we work to target that cause. We are also considering opening up suggestions to our followers to help target what they feel is the priority cause in a specific month.
What has been the greatest challenge for you?
As we started, our main challenge was the support of others and how we would gain their trust. It is always difficult to gain trust when it comes to charity work. We faced lots of negativity when we first started out, and we still do yet we learned now how to cope with it and deal with it the right way. That also makes us stronger as a charity and it helps us grow.
What kind of fundraising project did you accomplish and what are some of your future projects?
So far we have accomplished three separate projects. We first started out in the month of July during Ramadan, our project for that month was to collect as many donations as we possibly can 114
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and we aimed to give them out to the workers in need; specifically the ones who work in the heat and have low salaries. During the month of August we received many donations, and with that money we decided to buy food and water for the workers out there who can’t really afford it. So we gathered 60 bags filled with food and water and went out near the area of Sharq and we distributed them to the workers there. Our third project took place in the following month, September. During that time our goal was to gain as much donations as we can and to donate it to the Red Crescent Society in Kuwait; which is the reason that encouraged us to begin forming out the charity. We later donated a check worth 300kd to their society, mainly to help the people in need around Syria and some other places.
How much does the bracelet cost? Can someone donate more than the price of the bracelet?
Our bracelets cost 5KD per bracelet. Yes, people can donate more than the price of the bracelets and also donate without getting a bracelet.
How do you bring awareness of the fundraising projects that you are working on?
All our work is always published on social media. We use Instagram to let people know what we do and where the money goes. We also sometimes use our personal accounts to spread the word to notify people of our charity.
Are all your projects inside Kuwait or do you also consider working on projects outside Kuwait?
When we first started our projects were mainly inside of Kuwait. Our only project that was directed outside of Kuwait was the Red Crescent project; which helped us donate to areas that were in need in other countries. We hope that with time we will be able to not only help Kuwait but help the rest of world as well. For now we are focusing our projects in Kuwait but we definitely aspire to work on more large-scale projects regardless of their locations.
Where can one buy the bracelets from?
Our bracelets are sold on Instagram, to order them we advise people to contact us via WhatsApp or email.
How can people reach and know more about your upcoming projects?
To know more about us you can visit our Instagram page on @letshelp_kwt.
Your message for our readers:
Basically, we would like to thank all our amazing donators and our family members who always stood by our side and for always supporting us with every decision that we make with our charity. We would also like to thank our amazing volunteers who have been with us throughout everything, from the start as we would not have grown and become what we are today without your amazing help and infinite support.
Your message for us at CityPages magazine:
We would also like to thank the members of CityPages magazine for taking the time to feature us in their magazine; it is such an honor to be a part of it. November, 2014
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Berlin
Berlin is the only city of Germany that will tell you the story of this country from its divided state to its reunification; and this, through the numerous world-class museums, art galleries and historical sites.
Where to Stay
The most luxurious hotels: Grand Hyatt, Intercontinental Berlin, Hotel Adlon Kempinski, Radisson Blu Hotel, The RitzCarlton & Hotel de Rome.
What to do:
Boat trips: a trip to the island town of Werder is a great way to discover the surrounding region of Berlin. The tour goes via the 'peacock island': the Pfaueninsel, Potsdam and Caputh. Parks:: The Grunewald forest is the perfect park for a morning jog, afternoon promenades, or Sunday picnics. You will surely spend a great time relaxing in this park. Do not miss the Grunewaldsee, a pretty lake hidden among the trees, offering a magical experience in snowy winter.inspiration.
City Views
FERNSEHTURM The Fernsehturm, know as the 'teleasparagus', The view from the rotating restaurant at the top is regarded as the best in town, but prepare yourself for long queues and food that matches the spectacle only in the sense that both make you feel queasy.
SIEGESSAULE The golden, winged statue on top of the Siegessäule: the column celebrating victories over Denmark, Austria and France in the 19th-century. If you can manage the 285 steps to the top, the view is woth it!
What to see
You can relive the history of the Germans through the many buildings and monuments built throughout the years from Hitler to the new and democratic Germany: Hitler’s Bunker, Reichstag and the German bundestag, the Wall and the east side gallery where you can find the biggest slice of the notorious Berlin Wall Christmas markets
Outside the City The home of the Prussian Hohenzollern dynasties: Potsdam. Potsdam is half-anhour out of central Berlin on the S-Bahn. Sanssouci, Potsam’s biggest attraction, is known for its magnificent landscaped park surrounding the palace. Famous attractions: the immigrant-built Dutch quarter, Cecilienhof, where Stalin, Churchill and Truman conferred over postwar Europe; a 19th-century Russian colony of timbered houses at the foot of a pearl-like Orthodox chapel; and the Babelsberg film studios.
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Here is a list of most famous Christmas markets in Berlin where you will find a mixture of arts and crafts, on stage performances and delicacies, activities such as curling, ice skating and snow tubing: Mitte, Winter World and Christmas market at Potsdamer Platz, Christmas market at Charlottenburg Palace.
Museums And Art Galleries
The Centrum Judaicum restores the connections between Berliners and the Jews. Admire old master paintings at the Gemäldegalerie. A world-class gallery, just a short walk from the Philharmonie, it is an attractive modern building where german and italian artists meet. The hauss am checkpoint charlie is a remarkable museum. You could relive each risk taken by those who tried to escape the communist east Germany through the many photographs or improvised balloons and aircraft. Situated between the river and the Spree Canal, reaching The Pergamonmuseum is like crossing a moat to enter a fortress. Inside, the major exhibit is the spectacular Pergamon Altar, dedicated to Zeus and Athena and dating from 180160BC.
A special event
25 Years Fall Of The Wall Besides the illumination of the former track of the Berlin Wall a celebration in front of the Brandenburg Gate with special guests Daniel Barenboim and Peter Gabriel and German artists Clueso, Udo Lindenberg, Die Fantastischen Vier, Paul Kalkbrenner and Silly will take place on November 9th.
Bon voyage!
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St. Petersburg - the city of the Tsars, palaces, white nights, and museums What comes to your mind when you hear the word "Russia"? For me, it's all those fairy tale books I read as a kid, with those giant ravens, snow filled landscapes, huts, samovar, turnip soup. Some of the typical Russian images, that are in my mind are: Gary Kasparov, and yes the chess players in general, Lenin and Stalin still come to mind when I hear Russia, Dmitri Mendeelev and the Periodic table, thanks to the Chemistry classes at high school, Battle of Stalingrad, and MiG Aircrafts. St. Petersburg may be only 300 years old, but it has a history as rich as any ancient city in world. It is a city of great culture and great conflict, a city looking out to the future and a city rooted in the past. And St. Petersburg's continual search for its identity is also what ensures the city's vibrant and imaginative spirit. The imperial city built by Peter the Great as Russia’s window to the west is filled with beautiful Baroque and Neoclassical architecture and hundreds of bridges crossing the River Neva. The former capital of the tsars and tsarinas, today St Petersburg is one of the 30 most expensive cities to live in. Yet its grace, glamour and rich 300-year history continue to attract visitors and travellers to its world-class museums, palaces and cultural institutions. Italian architects gave St. Petersburg its distinctive look, but its flavour is distinctly Russian. Built on a series of natural islands and carved through by a number of canals and the Neva River, this city on the Gulf of Finland is home to some of Russia’s greatest national treasures, from the magnificent Hermitage Museum, housed in the tsars’ Winter Palace; to the Peter and Paul Cathedral, where Peter the Great and other Romanovs are buried; to the grandiose Palace Square, the central square at the end of Nevsky Prospekt. Many of the city’s main attractions are on Nevsky Prospekt, the grand boulevard and commercial heart of St. Petersburg. St. Petersburg has the benefits of big city life, with great 118
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opportunities and a lot of interesting places to visit, but it is quieter than Moscow, Over the last 20 years St. Petersburg has become a popular tourist destination, with a wealth of luxury hotels and top restaurants as well as a sense of modern urbanity. I recently made a 10 day trip to Russia, visiting St. Petersburg and Sochi and really enjoyed it. I made some wonderful decisions that made my trip a memorable experience and I wish to share them with our readers. Starting with my airline choice. I travelled with Turkish Airline, which was the best option and a very reasonably priced one. My flight was total of 6 hours from Kuwait to Pulkovo - New Terminal St. Petersburg including a 4 to 5 hours of transit at Istanbul. I enjoyed my stay at the Turkish Airline's VIP lounge at the airport. I highly recommend all my readers to visit St. Petersburg with Turkish Airline and see for yourself what you have been missing. As I stepped out of the airport, the cold wind made me shiver a bit and I had to put on my jacket. Weather was stereotypically marginal. Temperatures were mild around 10 to 12 degrees celcius. The drive to my hotel through the city was quite pleasant, I enjoyed seeing the city and wanted to share my experience with my readers.
Where to stay?
St. Petersburg is divided into 18 administrative districts, and one of the most popular and expensive areas to live is the Central district on the south bank of the Neva, home to the Hermitage and Palace Square, and filled with beautiful 18thand 19th-century buildings as well as some very high-end new constructions. My stay was at Corinthia Hotel - St. Petersburg, which was located at the heart of the city on the Nevsky prospect – the main historic thoroughfare of St. Petersburg The luxury Corinthia Hotels brand is operated by CHI Hotels & Resorts, a leading hotel management company based in Malta. The original 4-flour building was constructed during second half of the 19th century in a popular Louis XIV style and was used as a common house for pupils from specialized handicraft school, “Ampir” cinema, “Benz & Co” cars store, etc. After the Revolution of 1918, the building was turned into the hotel named “Hermes”. In 1950s it passed under control of “Baltiyskaya” hotel and in 1990s the building was completely restored to its original splendor maintaining a classic façade to become “Nevsky Palace” hotel. Since 2001 the building has been in management of CHI Hotels & Resorts and is known as “Corinthia Hotel St. Petersburg” offering high-quality, comfort and convenient facilities. Corinthia Hotel comprises of 203 Superior Rooms, 95 Executive Rooms, 47 Business Deluxe Rooms, and 43 Suites.
Other good hotels: W. Hotel - St. Petersburg
Make history at W. Hotel, St. Petersburg, a modern wonder romanced by St Petersburg's elegant traditions, where luxury meets cutting edge cool in Russia's historical capital of fashion, glamour and music. Conceptualized by award-winning architects Antonio Citterio Patricia Viel and Partners, W. Hotel, St. Petersburg is located in the center of the historical "Venice of the North" next to St. Isaac's Cathedral, a stone throw from the lavish Winter Palace with the famed Hermitage Museum and a short stroll from the spectacular Neva River. Retreat to W. Hotel's 137 guest rooms and suites, where bold décor by the famous Italian architect Antonio Citterio recalls a masterpiece of Russian craft and artistry - Fabergé egg and mingles with furnishings by B&B Italia, personal extras and vivid views of St. Isaac's Cathedral or its tranquil courtyard. Located at 6 Voznesensky Prospect • St. Petersburg, 190000 Phone: (7)(812) 6106161 Fax: (7)(812) 6106160
I had booked an Executive room and loved the room and my stay for almost 4 nights. The hotel houses different restaurants and cafes such as: Imperial Restaurant offering authentic Mediterranean, European and Russian cuisines with perfect view on the Nevsky prospect, Café Vienna, Nevsky Bar & Lounge, Lobby Bar, and an Executive Lounge are other options for a cup of tea or coffee with delicious desserts. I also realized during my stay that it was the first ECO certified hotel in St. Petersburg I would like to share their number (Tel.: +7 (812) 380 2001, ext. 139) in case you may wish to stay with them.
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Bread & Salt Ceremony
As I entered the hotel, I was greeted with the Bread and Salt Ceremony. The “Bread and Salt” is a form of specially baked round bread with a salt shaker placed on top of the bread. When important, respected, or admired guests arrive, they are presented with a loaf of bread placed on a tray as a sign of hospitality. You can find this custom being practiced during official events and even in restaurants when you go with a group of tourists. Usually the “Bread and Salt” on a round tray is covered with an embroidered towel and is presented by a young woman dressed in a national costume (e.g., “sarafan” with “kokoshnik”). If you are presented with a “Bread and Salt”, you should help yourself for sure: you need to break off a piece of bread, dip it in salt and eat it with a smile. You should not refuse, or the host would get greatly offended.
No Smoking Law What I realized during my stay at the hotel and throughout the country was that smoking in hotels is strictly prohibited. There are no designated areas for smoking within the hotel. The latest provisions of the law came into force on June 1 that prohibit smoking in most public indoor places -- including bars, restaurants, offices, and public transportation. Apart from smoking, cigarettes cannot be displayed in stores, and showing the inhaling of tobacco smoke in films and on television is illegal "unless it is an integral part of the artist's idea." The law aims to reduce smoking among Russians by 15 percent by 2020, increase budget revenue by 1 trillion rubles ($29.6 billion), and reverse the precipitous population decline that hit Russia after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
Astoria Hotel Hotel Astoria is a five-star hotel in Saint Petersburg, Russia that first opened in December 1912. It has 213 bedrooms, including 52 suites and is located on Saint Isaac's Square, next to Saint Isaac's Cathedral and across from the historic Imperial German Embassy. Hotel Astoria, along with its neighboring sister hotel, Hotel Angleterre, is owned and managed by Rocco Forte Hotels and is a member of The Leading Hotels of the World. The hotel underwent a complete refurbishment in 2002. It is a city landmark, a list of illustrious guests is engraved in brass at reception. Lenin. Rasputin. HG Wells. Follow in their footsteps through the historic corridors, where aristocratic traditions continue in contemporary surroundings. East meets West in the Astoria Café, where you can enjoy a light bite or a Russian extravaganza of caviar all-day. Located at Bolshaya Morskaya ulitsa, 39, St. Petersburg, Russia, 190000 Phone:+7 812 494-57-57 120
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Peter & Paul's Fortress
What to See? The best way to see St. Petersburg is to hire a professional guide or a tour management agency as you cannot manage your way if you don't speak Russian. I was lucky to find an amazing Destination Management company. They prepared a perfect 4 day tour for me and also arranged a professional tour guide who was speaking fluent English with a British accent. The details of the office is: Russkie Prostori located at (Nab.
Reki Moika 82, office 22, Ph: +7 812 703 4400 , office@russkie-prostori. com). Ruslan SUPRUN was our guide
and he can be booked by contacting him (+7(921)9429455) on his phone.
On the second day, I visited the Peter & Paul's Fortress. The Peter and Paul Fortress is certainly no less of a St. Petersburg landmark. The first structure to be built in St. Petersburg, and thus the birthplace of the city, it never served its intended defensive function. Instead it has had a rich, hugely varied, and sometimes sinister history as a military base, a home of government departments, the burial ground of the Russian Imperial family, the site of groundbreaking scientific experiments, and a forbidding jail that held some of Russia's most prominent political prisoners. Today, the Peter and Paul Fortress is for the most part under the auspices of the St. Petersburg Museum of History, with a number of permanent and temporary exhibitions charting the various aspects of the compound's past. While the central visitor attraction is undoubtedly the Ss. Peter and Paul Cathedral, one of St. Petersburg's most striking buildings, there is plenty within the walls of the fortress to keep children and adults occupied for a full day at least. The Peter and Paul Fortress is also the centre of a number of St. Petersburg's urban traditions, among them the daily firing of the cannon from the Naryshkin Bastion at noon and the
including the recently opened Storage Facility in the north of St. Petersburg, which offers guided tours through some of the museum's vast stocks. The other affiliated museums are: General Staff Building, Winter Palace of Peter I. Menshikov Palace, Museum of Porcelain, Storage Facility at Staraya Derevnya, Hermitage Theatre, Permanent Exhibitions at the Konstantinovsky Palace
"walruses" who use the beach in front of the fortress to sunbathe and swim in ice-holes in the winter. In the summer, the beach is a popular picnic site and is also used to host a variety of events, festivals and concerts, including the respected Petrojazz annual festival. When Peter the Great re-claimed the lands along the Neva River in 1703, he decided to build a fort to protect the area from possible attack by the Swedish army and navy. The fortress was founded on a small island in the Neva delta on May 27, 1703 (May 16 according to the old calendar) and that day became the birthday of the city of St Petersburg. The Swedes were defeated before the fortress was even completed. For that reason, from 1721 onwards the fortress housed part of the city's garrison and rather notoriously served as a high security political jail. Among the first inmates was Peter's own rebellious son Alexei. Later, the list of famous residents included Dostoyevsky, Gorkiy, Trotsky and Lenin's older brother, Alexander. Parts of the former jail are now open to the public. In the middle of the fortress stands the impressive Peter and Paul Cathedral, the burial place of all the Russian Emperors and Empresses from Peter the Great to Alexander III. The Cathedral was the first church in the city to be built of stone (between 1712-33) and its design is curiously unusual for a Russian Orthodox church. On top of the cathedrals’ gilded spire stands a magnificent golden angel holding a cross. This weathervane is one of the most prominent symbols of St Petersburg, and at 404 feet tall, the cathedral is the highest building in the city. Other buildings in the fortress include the City History Museum and the Mint, one of only two places in Russia where coins and medals are minted.
Russian Museum of Ethnography
I also visited the Russian Museum of Ethnography which is one of the largest and richest museums in Russia. The collections include objects of ethnic culture of more than 150 peoples of Russia and its neighbors. Various cultures and religions meet in the space of the Russian Museum of Ethnography which has been created to function like a medium between people and science that comprehend their everyday life as an object to study. People give ethnology the matter of its studies - artifacts, music, folklore - and then find it in the space of ethnomuseums whose task is not to mummify their culture but to help them in identifying and understanding themselves. The contemporary life of the Russian Museum of Ethnography include exhibition activities as well as providing ethnological conferences and educational programs for students and children. The collections from
Address: 190000, St Petersburg, Dvortsovaya Naberezhnaya 34 Contact Details: Phone +7 (812) 571-34-65 Fax +7 (812) 570-47-58 E-mail [email protected]
the Museum travel around the world and are on display at the museums of America, Netherlands, Spain, Germany, France and other countries. I was also informed that you can book the hall of the museum for private events. Phone: (812) 570-5768 , 570-5421 Address: 191011, Saint-Petersburg, 4/1, Ulitsa Inzhenernaya Location: Metro Stations: 'Nevsky Prospect', 'Gostiny Dvor'
The Czars Winter Palace Hermitage State Museum
St. Petersburg's most popular visitor attraction, and one of the world's largest and most prestigious museums, the Hermitage is a must-see for all first-time travellers to the city. With over 3 million items in its collection, it also definitely rewards repeat visits, and new-comers can only hope to get a brief taste of the riches on offer here, from Impressionist masterpieces to fascinating Oriental treasures. One estimate has it that you would need eleven years to view each exhibit on display for just one minute, so many visitors prefer to organize a guided tour to ensure they have time to catch all the collection's highlights. Art aficionados, however, may find it more rewarding to seek out for themselves the works that they are particularly interested in. The bulk of the Hermitage collection is housed in the Winter Palace, formerly the official residence of the Romanov Tsars, and its several annexes. However, there are a number of other sites that constitute part of the Hermitage,
The Yusupov Palace - The story of Rasputin's murder unfolds here!
On a quiet stretch of the Moika River stands a long yellow building, which was once the residence of the wealthy and respected Yusupov family and which saw one of the most dramatic episodes in Russia's history - the murder of Grigory Rasputin. In 1916 a group of the city's noble elite, including one of the Grand Dukes and led by the prominent anglophile Prince Felix Yusupov, conspired to kill the one man who they felt threatened the stability of an already war-torn Russian Empire. Grigory Rasputin, a peasant and selfproclaimed holy man, had gradually won favor with the Tsar's family through his alleged supernatural powers. His control over the decisions of the family and the Russian ruler himself, put him in a potentially manipulative position November, 2014
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and posed a very real threat to their power. Consequently, Rasputin was murdered at the Yusupov Palace on the night of December 16-17 1916, and his death proved to be an almost greater mystery than his life had been. As my expert guide led me through the beautifully recreated interiors of the palace, the full story of the murder of Rasputin unfolded before me. The Rasputin exhibition can be visited only with a tour. Ruslan-my guide made this arrangement for me. The tour included a visit to the Yusupov Palace's magnificent interiors. Address: 190000, Naberezhnaya Reki Moyki 94 Telephone: +7 (812) 314-9883
The Summer Palace & Park of Catherine's the Great, Pushkin The Catherine Palace or the Summer Palace is a Rococo palace located in the town of Tsarskoye Selo (Pushkin), 25 km southeast of St. Petersburg, Russia. The Catherine Palace is named after Catherine I, the wife of Peter the Great, who ruled Russia for two years after her husband's death. Originally a modest two-storey building commissioned by Peter for Catherine in 1717, the Catherine Palace owes its awesome grandeur to their daughter, Empress Elizabeth, who chose Tsarskoe Selo as her chief summer residence. Starting in 1743, the building was reconstructed by four different architects, before Bartholomeo Rastrelli, Chief Architect of the Imperial Court, was instructed to completely redesign the building on a scale to rival Versailles. The resultant palace, completed in 1756, is nearly 1km in circumference, with elaborately decorated blue-and-white 122
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facades featuring gilded atlantes, caryatids and pilasters designed by German sculptor Johann Franz Dunker, who also worked with Rastrelli on the palace's original interiors. In Elizabeth's reign it took over 100kg of gold to decorate the palace exteriors, an excess that was deplored by Catherine the Great when she discovered the state and private funds that had been lavished on the building. The interiors of the Catherine Palace are no less spectacular. The so-called Golden Enfilade of state rooms, designed by Rastrelli, is particularly renowned and forms the focus of the palace tour. Guests enter via the State Staircase which although blends effortlessly with the rococo grandeur of Rastrelli's interiors, in fact dates from the 1860s. With its ornate banisters and reclining marble cupids, it gives a taste of what is to come. The Great Hall, also known as the Hall of Light, measures nearly 1,000 square meters, and occupies the full width of the palace so that there are superb views on either side. The large arched windows provide enough light to relieve the vast quantity of gilded stucco decorating the walls, and the entire ceiling is covered by a monumental fresco entitled The Triumph of Russia. Using similar techniques but on a smaller scale, the White Dining Room is equally luxurious but, like many of the rooms in the palace, its grandeur is softened by the presence of a beautiful traditional blue-and-white tiled stove in the corner. Other highlights of the Grand Enfilade include the Portrait Hall, which contains remarkably good portraits of both Catherine and Elizabeth, the Picture Gallery, in which almost every inch of wall space is covered with paneling comprising 17th and 18th century canvases and, of course, the legendary Amber Room.
Once you are done from the museum, don't miss the opportunity to have your lunch at the Podvorie restaurant.
and Stables of the Horse Guard Regiment only short walk away from Saint Isaac's Cathedral right behind "Manege" Central Exhibition Hаll.
Malls Galeria
Phone: + 7 (812) 314 5514
Galeria is the second-largest shopping center in Saint Petersburg. The huge five-floor shopping mall located in the city center at Vosstaniya Square, just 5 minute’s walk from Nevsky prospect, next to Moskovsky railway station. It has over 290 stores featuring hundreds of brands – clothes, footwear, sports equipment and home goods, jewelry, cosmetics, perfumes, electronics, etc. The fourth floor is all about goods for kids, while the ground one is a huge food supermarket “Okay”. Hours: 10:00 am – 11:00 pm Phone: +7 812 643-31-72
4, Konnogvardeysky Boulevard, St. Petersburg www.stroganoffsteakhouse.ru Sadko Russian restaurant "Sadko" is situated in the historical center of SaintPetersburg, two steps away from the Theatre square. For years of successful work the restaurant has got many admirers, both Petersburgers and foreign visitors. The interior of "Sadko" combines Russian traditions and modern European style. Vaulted ceilings are decorated in a Gostovo technique on a noble gray background, which underlines the light of magnificent chandeliers and shillerization of scarlet Murana glass. The floor is covered with soft carpets, massive stylized antique buffets, served with bright tableware. Restaurant conditions – elegant, celebratory, combining beauty of Russian style with the European restraint and elegance. Address: ulitsa Glinki, 2, St Petersburg, Russia Phone:+7 812 570-08-32 RestoraN Spacious, with soft lighting and earth tones, the surroundings are at once stylish and traditional, and as straightforward as the name, which means "restaurant" in Russian. The menu of traditional classics is as nonfussy as the decor; try the sterlet (sturgeon) baked in fragrant herbs with horseradish sauce, veal with mashed potatoes and chanterelles, or the house-made pelmeni (dumplings) filled with lamb, beef, or potatoes and dill. A long, wooden table at the entrance supports a wide selection of house-made flavored vodkas in rustic glass decanters.
Metro Tour St. Petersburg
I highly recommend taking a short tour by the Metro. Don't miss this or your Russian trip will not be complete. The Saint Petersburg Metro exhibits many typical Soviet designs and features, exquisite decorations, and artwork, making it one of the most attractive and elegant metros in the world. Due to the city’s unique geology (many rivers and swampy subsoil), the Saint Petersburg Metro is one of the deepest subway systems (not only to minimize disruption, but also, because of the Cold War threat, they were built to double as bomb shelters, and many old stations feature provisions such as blast doors and air filters) in the world with vertiginous escalators that almost nobody walks up. Serving nearly three million passengers daily, it is also the 13th busiest subway system in the world covering most parts of the city. Trains run daily from about 5:45am till midnight every one or two minutes during peak periods. Apart from being so unique and impressive, the St. Petersburg metro is also a low-cost, efficient, and fast way to travel in the city. No matter how far you ride - you will always be paying the same fare. I will continue sharing my experience from Sochi in the next issue, so make sure to pick your copy of our December issue.
Where to eat? Korushka Restaurant Petropavlovskaya Krepost, 3 | Zayachiy Island, St. Petersburg 191015, Russia
Address:: House 2 . Tamozhenny Lane, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia Phone: 007 812-327–8979 Tandoori Nights Opened in 2004 opposite to St. Isaac's Cathedral, Tandoori Nights is an attractively designed modern eatery offering what the owners describe as "London Indian cuisine", although it's several notches above what's served at the average English curry house. Address: 4, Voznesensky Prospekt Phone:: +7 (812) 312-8772 Staraya Tamozhnya (Old Customs House) Long recognized as one of St. Petersburg's finest restaurants, the Old Customs House has a superb location in a historic building just behind the Kunstkammer. Popular with wealthy tourists and well fed local businessmen, the restaurant has conservative but attractive interiors and a fairly formal atmosphere. The owners are British and the head chef is currently Australian, but the menu is very much based on traditional French bourgeois cuisine, with rich sauces, winter vegetables, truffles and foie gras. A few more modern, Asian influences make an occasional appearance, but the highlight is probably the fresh seafood flown in from the farthest corners of Russia (Kamchatka crabs and Sakhalin oysters). Location: Vasilevsky Island Phone: +7 (812) 327-8980 Podvorie Restaurant Lunch or dinner at the restaurant 'Podvorie' will be a perfect continuation of their walk through the parks of Pavlovsk or Pushkin. In 10 years of its existence this restaurant gained its popularity and reputation. Prominent politicians, businessmen, artists have become regular customers of the restaurant. VV Putin celebrated his birthday here, Rostropovich coming to St. Petersburg always visits 'Podvorie'. Prince Charles, Guerjard Shred, Jack Shirack - are among those who visited this restaurant.
Stroganoff Steak House
The 'Podvorie' call it the most Russian of all Russian restaurants. Here we propose the traditional Russian cuisine, home products and exclusive wines, prepared by the restaurant owner in his own house which is located in Crimea from grapes raised in its own territory.
Stroganoff Steak House is located in the historical building of Headquarters
Phone (812) 466-85-44
To be continued in December issue... November, 2014
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Robin Sharma knows a thing or two about being productive. He wants to help you create explosive productivity so you get big things done. Here are his 21 top tips to increase your productivity dramatically. 124
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1. CHECK EMAIL IN THE AFTERNOON.
your life (the negative souls who steal your enthusiasm).
workout around 7:00pm to set you up for wow in the evening.
This way you protect the peak energy hours of your mornings for your best work.
7. RUN ROUTINES
15. DRINK MORE WATER
2. THE TIME IS NOW Stop waiting for perfect conditions to launch a great project. Immediate action fuels a positive feedback loop that drives even more action.
3. SET GOALS Remember that big, brave goals release energy. So set them clearly and then revisit them every morning for 5 minutes.
4. KEEP IT CLEAN Mess creates stress (I learned this from tennis icon Andre Agassi who said he wouldn’t let anyone touch his tennis bag because if it got disorganised, he’d get distracted). So clean out the clutter in your office to get more done.
5. SELL YOUR TV You’re just watching other people get successful in lieu of doing the things that will get you to your dreams .
6. STAY POSITIVE
Say goodbye to the energy vampires in
When I studied the creative lives of massively productive people like Stephen King, John Grisham and Thomas Edison, I discovered they follow strict daily routines. (i.e. when they would get up, when they would start work, when they would exercise and when they would relax). Peak productivity’s not about luck. It’s about devotion.
8. GET UP AT 5:00AM Win the battle of the bed. Put mind over mattress. This habit alone will strengthen your willpower so it serves you more dutifully in the key areas of your life.
9. DON’T DO SO MANY MEETINGS I’ve trained the employees of our Fortune 500 clients on exactly how to do this – including having the few ROBIN SHARMA ENJOY LIFE meetings they now do standing up – and it’s created breakthrough results for them.
10. DON’T SAY YES TO EVERY REQUEST Most of us have a deep need to be liked. That translates into us saying yes to everything – which is the end of your elite productivity.
11. FOCUS ON YOUR TALENTS Outsource everything you can’t be BIW (Best in the World) at. Focus only on activities within what I call “Your Picasso Zone”.
12. STOP MULTI-TASKING New research confirms that all the distractions invading our lives are rewiring the way our brains work (and dropping our IQs by as much as five points!). Be one of the rare-air, mentally and physically disciplined few who can focus mono-maniacally on one thing for hours on end. It’s all about practice .
When you’re dehydrated, you’ll have far less energy, so you get less done.
16. BLOCK YOUR TIME Work in 90-minute blocks with 10-minute intervals to recover and refuel. This is another game-changing move I personally use to do my best work.
17. WRITE A STOP-DOING LIST Every productive person obsessively sets to-do lists. But those who play at the worldclass level also record what they commit to stop doing. Steve Jobs said that what made Apple Apple was not so much what they chose to build but all the projects they chose to ignore.
18. USE YOUR COMMUTE TIME If you’re commuting 30 minutes each way every day, get this: at the end of a year, you’ve spent 6 weeks of 8-hour days in your car. I encourage you to use that time to listen to fantastic audiobooks, excellent podcasts, or valuable learning programs. Remember, the fastest way to double your income is to triple your rate of learning.
19. BE A CONTRARIAN Why buy your groceries at the time the store is busiest? Why go to movies on the most popular nights? Why hit the gym when the gym’s completely full? Do things at off-peak hours and you’ll save a great deal of time and energy.
20. GET THINGS RIGHT THE FIRST TIME
Getting to your absolute best physical condition will create explosive energy, renew your focus and multiply your creativity.
Most people are wildly distracted these days, which leads to mistakes. To unleash your productivity, become one of the special performers who have the mind-set of doing what it takes to get it flawless first. This saves you days of having to fix problems.
14. WORKOUT TWICE A DAY
21. GET LOST.
13. GET FIT LIKE MADONNA
This is just one of the little-known productivity tactics that I’ll walk you through in my new online training program, Your Productivity Unleashed, but here’s the key: exercise is one of the greatest productivity tools in the world. So do 20 minutes first thing in the morning and then another
Don’t be so available to everyone. I often spend hours at a time in the cafeteria of a university close to our headquarters. I turn off my devices and think, create, plan and write. Zero interruptions. Pure focus. Massive results. November, 2014
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THE ULTIMATE
BEAUTY RITUALS
Each morning as we analyze ourselves in the mirror, there is always something we choose to quibble about, it is either in our skin, hair, nails or body. But simple beauty routines can bolster a woman’s confidence and for this reason it is important to cater to our basic beauty needs. It can either be the DIY tips or a luxury professional session at a salon or a spa. Hereditary is the most common cause of thinning hair, while other scalp conditions can be a result of malnutrition, infection, unhealthy lifestyle habits, hormonal imbalance, physical emotional stress or side effects of medicinal use.
HAIR “The Crowning Glory” If your tresses are a victim of chemical procedures, overuse of styling products, climatic influences and daily use of your favorite hot tools, you surely complain about dry, damaged and brittle hair texture. In this case you need to opt for nourishing oil rituals, conditioning mask treatments or keratin infusion therapy that will help to regain the lost luster, rehydrate and replenish the hair shaft with optimal nutrients. For the ultimate repair you will need more than one session to combat the negative effects of all the stress your hair has been through. Our Star Treatment: DNA Intensive Repair Hair Therapy, Keratin Infusion Therapy
Scalp treatments are targeted to treat the hair follicles and encourage healthy scalp environment to promote hair growth, control hair fall and neutralize the unbalanced scalp conditions. Every scalp condition needs a customized professional treatment along with specialized home care routine to ensure maximum benefits. Our Star Treatment: Scalp Treatments with Ayurvedic Herbal Extracts & Oils
LIPS “Sealed with Secrets” Cracked or chapped lips are a big NO, and especially when you cannot go a day without wearing your favorite shade of lipstick. Environmental factors, repeated licking of lips, cold sore, common cold and allergic reactions to lip products are some of the causes for that dry, rough, flaky and dark lips. Dehydration is the most common factor, externally and internally; which is why it is important to stay hydrated all day long. You need to nourish, moisturize and protect your lips through all seasons Exfoliate once a week to get rid of dead cells and residues of lip products. Massage lips with products enriched with Vitamin E or natural oils to keep the lips soft and supple. To protect, use a Lip balm with an SPF. Our Star Treatment: ALGO VITAL Lip Therapy
SCALP “The Root Cause” If you are suffering from hair fall, thinning hair, dandruff, itchiness, flaky scales and oiliness you need to get to the root of it. Anisaa New LaFem Salon & Beauty Co.
Anisaa is an Aesthetic Consultant and Trainer with New Lafem Salon & Beauty Co. You can follow them on Facebook and Instagram at: @lafemsalonq8
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HANDS “Age Gateway” Spending a fortune on those anti-aging magic potion face products might surely cut back a few years on your facial age but fine lines, creases, age spots, and bulging veins on the back of your hands are the sneaky little tattletales that give away your age. The skin on the back of our hands is thinner compared to our face which is why it gets affected sooner by the aging process.
But frequent exposure to the sun, sudden weight loss and lack of moisturizing them just makes it more obvious. Defying the age of your hands is just as simple as keeping them protected with a good SPF hand cream and moisturizing them daily. Exfoliating will encourage better penetration of products. The antiaging creams or serums for your face also does the trick for your hands and works best when used with an ultrasound therapy. But if you are a late bloomer, products are just not enough and you need professional treatments to do the job. Our Star Treatment: Green Peel® Fresh up, Glycolic Peel, Paraffin Therapy.
BODY “The Temple” Our body doesn’t get the attention it deserves with the hectic lifestyles and busy schedules. But it’s important to care sooner than to face something drastic and worry about it endlessly. Dark knees, coarse elbows, ingrown and bumps, grainy texture and rough skin are just a few signs that your body is being neglected. Booking that appointment for a massage or body polishing along with a sauna or steam does wonders. It is not just about relaxation, but the therapeutic effects it has on your muscles, the detoxifying effect while it flushes your system and the beautifying effect it has on your skin is simply body bliss. Use rich formula butter and oil body potions to keep your body skin baby soft. Our Star Treatment: Enzyme Moroccan Bath, Hot Stone Massage, Kizhi (Herbal Potli Massage)
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PERFUME TYPES & CATEGORIES Nowadays, we are more likely to treat fragrance as an accessory, changing our perfume daily - or even more often - to suit our busy lives and shifting moods. But sometimes, too much choice can lead to confusion. If you're like most people, you have multiple perfume bottles cluttering your vanity table. To help you cut through the clutter, we've created this brief guide to the major fragrance categories, with suggestions for where to wear each one. Citrus Infused with the tangy essence of citrus fruits, these perfumes are lively and energetic. They are best enjoyed as a daytime delight, just the thing to wake you up in the morning before you've had that second coffee. Wear a citrus perfume to meet your friend for brunch, brighten a baby shower, or ride your bicycle to the organic market. Floral Sweet and romantic, these scents are the "good" of the fragrance aisle. Florals ASAMA Perfumes The creative method gave ASAMA Perfumes the time and the opportunity to craft fragrances while working with the highest quality ingredients in a bottle and using Arabic and Western scents as a unique concept point for the fragrances. They welcome your comments at [email protected] Follow them on Instagram and Twitter @ ASAMAPerfumes
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are sometimes single note, but generally combine the scents of various flowers to create a classic feminine appeal. Fruity Like a cheerleader with a wicked side, fruity perfumes are fresh and spicy. These fragrances please the nose with the bright and familiar smells of apple, peach, berry, mango and other juicy fruits, often blended with florals to create a compelling aroma. Pretty without being overwhelming, these perfumes are ideal for a movie-and-dinner. Just apply sparingly. Green Smelling of fresh leaves and newly-mown grass, the green fragrances are a natural and energetic group. Save them for daytime instead, when their sporty, modern appeal makes them a great fit for any casual or outdoor gathering. Wear one to cheer on your favorite football team, at the golfing range, or on a flea market amble with friends. Oceanic Oceanic perfumes are a modern invention, first appearing with Christian Dior's Dune in 1991. These scents use a blend of synthetic compounds to evoke natural aromas such as mountain air, ocean spray or clean linen. Crisp and fresh, they are an ideal choice for job interviews, when you want your perfume to say, "I'm clean, efficient and won't stink up
the joint if hired." Oriental Think of oriental perfumes as the fragrance equivalent of cleavage and a killer pair of stilettos. Distinctly feminine, these sensual blends feature an earthy, animalistic base scent such as musk or ambergris, often combined with warm notes such as amber. (When combined with florals, these scents are called "florientals"). Spicy Sugar and spice and everything nice, that's what these perfumes smell like. Uncap one and be transported to your mom's kitchen - if your mom was the type who baked cinnamon rolls and gingerbread from scratch. With notes of cloves, ginger, cinnamon, cardamon and pepper, spicy perfumes are comforting and alluring in an old-fashioned way. Woody (Chypre) Woody scents are built on base notes of bark and moss, conjuring winding forest paths. While more unisex than other fragrance categories, that's not to say these scents are masculine. They evoke a particular brand of no-nonsense femininity. Think Marion in Raiders of the Lost Ark, or Katharine Hepburn in any movie. This strong and classic appeal translates well to the corporate office, too. Wear one to your next performance review.
November, 2014
OROGOLD COSMETICS THE LUXURY OF GOLD'S HEALING ON YOUR SKIN
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Orogold is an exclusive line of skincare formulated with gold as a major ingredient, the line boasting a mixture of essential vitamins, minerals and antioxidants aimed at providing a top of the line solution to various skin concerns. Sara Abaza - The Brand Manager at Orogold Kuwait, explained me that using the methods of the ancient times as done in Ancient Egypt and Japan, when gold was used frequently for its healing properties and for providing radiance, rejuvenation and eliminating fine lines from the ski Orogold was formulated with the very best ingredients with the aim to offer women in the West access to these ancient secrets. Quite recently the West has fallen upon Gold's its restorative qualities and has begun to infuse gold fa rmore frequently into only select items within the lines. However, the Orogold line of skincare, irrespective of the skin type or concern contains gold as the MAIN ingredient (among others such as essential vitamins) in the entire line. Another unique feature of this line of products is that it is very easy to use due to its simplified, targetted steps program, a philosophy that the company prides itself on. The idea behind this simplified number of steps is because they have kept in mind that it isn’t about the number of steps you follow during the skincare regimen, but rather the consistency of the regimen plus quality of ingredients one places on their skin in the first place. In the case of Orogold cosmetics, enough can't be said regarding the texture, smell and overall efficiency of the various treatment lines that the company has, but most notably superior is the 24K Vitamin C serum which is exquisite. Priced at the higher range of skin care and cosmetics, this line of skin care isn’t easily affordable to most people, however those few lucky ones who are able to afford the hefty cost are probably the ones who receive the most compliments on the state of their complexions. How do I know? Well I agreed to test the serum and have been using it day and night as well as under my makeup and have had numerous people ask me what I have been doing to my skin lately. Happy with that feedback, I hope to go back and purchase the rest of the line including their vitamin and mineral infused foundations which are perfectly formulated for Middle Eastern skin tones, another plus. Orogold skin care can be found at the Hilton Mangaf shopping area, and are soon to open in Al Fanar mall. Stay tuned with CityPages for the launch date and head there fast to experience the amazing line of products in store. November, 2014
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PERMANENT MAKEUP
TATTOO
The face plays a major role in defining a woman’s beauty, especially the curves and the lines of her eyebrows. Thus, eyebrows tattoo is one of the essential factors that need to be taken seriously. We have already talked about this subject in our previous editions but upon customer’s request, more explanation will be provided. There are different shapes depending on the type of the facial structure. We should not always follow fashion; sometimes it depends on the shape of your face and eyes. Nowadays thick and large shapes of the eyebrows is in fashion but it doesn’t suit everyone, that’s why we will try to explain what shape will be perfect for you depending on your eyes and face shape. For a good analysis, it is advisable to use a number of imaginable lines on the face as follow: Line 1: indicates where the eyebrow should start. Line 2: shows on the crossing with line 4 where the highest point of the eyebrow is, this should be on 2/3 of the eyebrow. Line 3: shows where the eyebrow and eye shadow should end. Line 4: indicates the ideal angle of the eyebrow.
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Our brief advice: •Large eyebrow suits the big eyes. •Thin and normal eyebrow suits the deep-set eyes •Horizontal and normal eyebrow suits the droopy eyes and bulging eyes. How we can modify and adjust the eyebrows: First step is by depilation or dyeing. We present many diversified choices from our
AK EU P
LL
M
1-Brow powder: the baked brow powder with a silkening texture enables you to color and shape the eyebrow in a subtle yet defined way. Suitable for wet and dry use.
CA
by:
2-Eyebrow fix: fixative gel beautiful and long-lasting eyebrow shaping. 3-Eyebrow pencil: different colors. 4-Brow definer: a series of waterproof,
smudge proof and stay proof eyebrow pencils. Usually we draw our eyebrow during the makeup session. But if the person needs to draw it every day for some specific reasons we advise her to do a permanent makeup known as tattoo.
MOST COMMONLY QUESTIONS:
ASKED
The difference between tattoo and permanent makeup:
Tattoo: big machine (gun) is used for body, very deep and painful procedure. The draw is permanent. The color will change slightly with the time.
The permanent makeup: digital
machine. The pigment stays in the superficial layers (epidermis), no pain, no bleeding and no redness. Session duration is maximum one hour. At the beginning we draw the eyebrow with pencil and choose the color according to the carnation and hair color. It may cause allergy but good pigments never cause allergy. In some health cases we should avoid to do it unless under the doctor’s permission.
Convenient age: over 25 years old. How long it will last: usually for two years. The pigment starts to decrease after one year gradually. At some point it’s better to rectify the shape according to the arcade modification.
Is it removable: the deep tattoo cannot be removed 100%; mostly we get 50 to 60 % result, although the permanent makeup is corrected up to 90%. We have different ways of correction depending on the type and skin color. We can do the permanent makeup as shadow or hair by hair. For more information do not hesitate to visit us or contact our salon. November, 2014
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NATURALLY PLAYFUL / NATURALLY KENZO This year evian® and French fashion house KENZO, partner to create a pure bottle, driven by a playful yet distinctly mysterious spirit. KENZO’s Creative Directors, Carol Lim and Humberto Leon have united with evian® to convey their graphic, intimate vision for a unique, one-of-a-kind bottle. The mysterious and strange œuvre of artist and director David Lynch influenced the KENZO FallWinter 2014 collections for men and women and it is in this vein that the bottle’s motif features a broken floor pattern, toying with the idea of shifting the elements. Offering a magnifying glass effect when full, the bottle’s purple fragmented pattern is penetrated by a sole lime zig-zag, giving the holder a distorted and skewed view of its ultra-pure contents. Born in the purity of the Alps, dressed with a twisted spirit, the bottle embodies a naturally playful energy: a theme that united the two brands. The evian® + KENZO bottle will be available in two sizes: 75 cl and 33 cl, and this year takes the Limited Edition to a PET range. Exclusively revealed at Fashion Forward Dubai, the evian® + KENZO bottle will be available in the Middle East in selected restaurants and retailers from November 2014
What prompted the collaboration with the international designer KENZO ? Both evian® and KENZO share a deep enthousiasm for boundless creativity. evian® felt there was an obvious connexion between our worlds, namely in the way we celebrate playfulness and the beauty of a colorful vision of life.
Why have you specifically chosen KENZO ? We chose KENZO for its ageless spirit : like evian®, KENZO’s surrealistic universe promotes the youthful sense of wonder which lies within every one of us and overcomes the very notion of age.
What is the leading theme for this bottle? The leading theme appeared evident for the both of us : the 2015 Limited Edition bottle is naturally playful. Its design awakens our child-like curiosity : it is not just a bottle to be seen but to be held and played with, in accordance with the “Live Young” state of mind to which evian® as always been dedicated.
Was it hard to agree on a conjoint design version between both brands ? From the begining KENZO wanted to apply their pattern and evian was looking for something that conveys the water transparency and playfulness. We agreed very quickly on the design, both teams had to work hard in order to convey the exact spirit embraced by evian® and KENZO. Therefore, 45 prototypes were made before we validated the definitive bottle you can now see.
What are the legal restrictions ? Legal restrictions depend on countries, we split into 4 clusters to meet legal expectations.
How many bottle formats did you develop this year ? We developed three formats this year for this Limited Edition : 75 cl, 33 cl and PET. 134
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KENZO is ageless and evian® Live Young? Is it a perfect match ? The collaboration between evian® and KENZO is a wonderful match. evian® “Live Young” is precisely about advocating youth as a state of mind, including an exuberant creativity, an ageless sense of wonder, high-spirits and a youthful approach to the world - feelings that we strongly share. Our motto and goals at KENZO are resolutely democratic, everything we create are pieces we hope everyone will enjoy. This partnership is a great example of us collaborating on one of the most democratic products out there, water. Can you tell us your concern about water ? KENZO is entirely committed to nature and its preservation, as it is absolutely necessary to the development of human life. Our ongoing ‘No Fish No Nothing’ campaign, designed to fund the Blue Marine Foundation’s actions to save the oceans and its marine life, shows how much we have always been dedicated to this cause. Indeed, overfishing is deeply disturbing the course of nature, which is why we decided to take action and develop the partnership. So far we have had huge results and awareness across the globe. We hope to continue the project for years to come. What did you try to convey by partnering with evian® ? By partnering with evian®, we take KENZO’s playful spirit and merge it with that of a global company who’s inherent message is that of life, wellbeing and healthy living. We are always trying to convey how we feel young at heart in our collections. In creating glass bottles, this partnership also allows us to join forces in our shared causes, as we like to do as much as we reasonably can to promote sustainable development. KENZO and evian® are also French companies, and we’re proud of that. We wanted to share the French appreciation for life and fun with the world. Why choosing the broken floor pattern ? The broken-floor pattern is the perfect illustration for the bottle
as it both symbolizes our current identity and magnifies the water by altering the notions of perspectives. The pattern is also a smart reference to the mountains, where evian®’s water takes its source. The violet lines representing the mountains and the lime line, a stream. How did you get into the fashion business ? We have always been somewhat exposed to fashion. Humberto’s mother was a sewer in a garment factory and Carol’s mother designed jewelry. It’s something we have been around since we were young. How would you summarize the brand in a nutshell? What is KENZO about ? A creative jungle. Playful. Fresh. Exciting. Inviting. A borderless culture. Why did you want to work at KENZO ? We had always admired the brand Kenzo Takada founded in 1970 and knew it from vintage shopping and obsessively reading fashion magazines. Taking on this challenge excited us and we have been creatively stimulated ever since. Where do you find your inspiration ? We find it everywhere. We’re obsessed with all culture, from films to art and music to just seeing kids hanging out on the street all over the world. You have always worked as a duo and enjoyed it. In which ways do you complement each other ? We have worked together for so long that at this point everything runs seamlessly between us. When one of us is working on a specific project, the other is perfectly capable to manage whatever is happening congruously. We know each other inside out and know what the other is thinking, so it makes for a very easy partnership. What advice would you give to a young fashion designer ? Stay true to yourself, never give up and always have fun with whatever you’re doing. November, 2014
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SPAIN Spain is located on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe. Along with France and Morocco, it is one of only three countries to have both Atlantic and Mediterranean coastlines. I have had the pleasure of visiting Madrid, Seville and the beautiful beaches of Marbella and Puerto Banus but I have always enjoyed making a very delicious dish for friends, that originates from Valencia, so it is definitely one part of Spain that is on the agenda. Paella is a rice dish with ancient roots that originated in its modern form in the mid-nineteenth century near Albufera lagoon, a coastal lagoon in Valencia, on the east coast of Spain. There are mainly 3 popular types, Paella Valenciana which consists of chicken, chorizo sausage, shrimp and rice with vegetables. Then there is Seafood Paella and Mixed Paella. My favorite is Seafood Paella, so here goes‌
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SEAFOOD PAELLA (PRONOUNCED PA- EYA)
CARAMEL & CINNAMON FLAN
INGREDIENTS:
A flan is a type of open-topped pie similar on many counts with custard tart or crème caramel. It is one of the most popular desserts in Spain and served almost on every occasion. The classic Spanish flan is typically made up of a vanilla egg custard and topped with caramel sauce however there are many varieties so we are adding cinnamon in this one… just to break the sweetness.
•1 large onion, finely chopped •5 tablespoons olive oil •2 garlic cloves, crushed to a paste or finely chopped •2 tomatoes, peeled and chopped •1/2 teaspoon sugar •Salt •1 teaspoon pimento or sweet paprika •A good pinch of saffron threads •4 cleaned small squid, bodies sliced into 1/4-inch-wide rings, tentacles left whole •2 cups medium-grain Spanish paella rice or risotto rice, such as Arborio or Carnaroli •3 cups fish or chicken stock plus more if needed •2 fillets of cod fish (or any meaty fish) cut into medium sized cubes and lightly seasoned with salt and pepper •12 jumbo shrimp in their shells •16 mussels, scrubbed and debearded (I have mussels as an optional
INGREDIENTS: •1/4 cup sugar •1 tablespoon water •1 1/2 cups milk •1/2 teaspoon ground cinnamon •2 large eggs •1/2 cup sweetened condensed milk •1 teaspoon vanilla extract
ingredients since I don’t eat it but I like to use it if I have guests for dinner)
METHOD: 1.Fry onion in the oil in a 16-inch paella pan ( I also use a large wok or
METHOD: 1.Preheat oven to 180 degrees Celsius. Place four 3/4-cup custard
2.In a separate pan fry the cubes of fish until almost cooked.
2.Stir sugar and 1 tablespoon water (30ml) in heavy small skillet
deep dish pan) until soft, stirring often.
Remove from pan 3.Stir in the garlic, and before it begins to color, add the tomatoes. Add sugar, salt to taste, pimento or paprika, and saffron, stir well, and cook until the tomatoes are reduced to a jammy sauce and oil is sizzling. 4.Add squid and cook, stirring, for a minute or so. Add the rice and stir well until all the grains are coated. (You can prepare the dish to this point up to an hour in advance.)
5.Bring the stock to a boil in a saucepan. Pour over the rice, bring to a boil, and add salt to taste (even if the broth tastes a bit salty, it will not be salty when it is absorbed by the rice). 6.Stir well and spread the rice out evenly in the pan (do not stir again). Cook the rice over low heat for 18 to 20 minutes, moving the pan around and rotating it so that the rice cooks evenly. 7.Lay the shrimp on top after 10 minutes and turn them when they have become pink on the first side. Add a little more hot stock toward the end if the rice seems too dry and you hear crackly frying noises before it is done. Add the cubes of fish between shrimps 8.When the rice is done, turn off the heat and cover the pan with a large piece of foil. (I drop a few tablespoons of butter in just to prevent the dish from drying out)
9.Steam the mussels with a finger of water in a pan with a tight-
fitting lid. As soon as they open, they are cooked. Throw away any that have not opened. 10.Arrange the mussels on top of the paella. Garnish with freshly chopped coriander and serve with lemon wedges on the side…. Enjoy as always… with Love.
cups in 13x9x2-inch baking pan.
over medium-low heat until sugar dissolves. Boil without stirring until syrup is deep amber color, occasionally brushing down sides of skillet with pastry brush dipped into water and swirling skillet, about 8 minutes. (this will prevent crystals which can make the sauce grainy) Immediately pour syrup into custard cups, dividing equally. 3.Whisk milk and cinnamon in small saucepan and bring to simmer. 4.Cover and allow to cool for 15 minutes. 5.Whisk eggs in medium bowl. Gradually whisk in cinnamon milk, then sweetened condensed milk and vanilla. 6.Divide among caramel-lined custard cups. Pour enough hot water into baking pan to come halfway up sides of cups. Bake custards until set in center, about 55 minutes. Cool in water in pan. Remove custard cups from water; cover and refrigerate overnight. 7.Run small knife around custards to loosen. To unmold each, place small plate atop custard; firmly holding plate and custard cup together, invert and shake gently, allowing custard and caramel to settle onto plate. 8.For added indulgence, serve with whipped cream and shaved almonds… and enjoy with Love…
November, 2014
PUT DOWN YOUR PHONE
AND MAKE MEMORIES
As I walk down the streets of Dublin, I take in everything around me. “Where do you want to go next love?” I hear an old man say to his wife, catching her hand as they both stroll down the street. I couldn’t help but notice something, the glint in his eye whenever he looked at her. When it comes to true love, I am a hopeless romantic. I sit at a small café in the corner, a nice and cosy place and I observe my surroundings. I notice a young woman in her 20s sitting with a young man, both on their phones, not a single word muttered between them. Twenty minutes later and still not a spoken word exchanged. However, I hear them both laugh but not with each other, laughing at Nadia AlHassan
Nadia Al-Hassan is a student in Ireland, studying Journalism. She is passionate about writing stories and poetry. Nadia loves helping people with her stories. She believes that words are beautiful and powerful.
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their phones. As they start to leave, he catches her hand, still on his phone, they walk out and that was it. No glint in his eye, no conversation, I was left disappointed. It then occurred to me, is true love disappearing? Do the younger generation take life for granted? Are they forgetting to enjoy life? Since technology has improved, it has been a wonderful experience, it truly has so much to offer us. But, has it robbed us from actually living our lives? An older couple sit at the table next to me, “You truly are a wonderful woman,” the old man in the wheelchair says to his wife. She smiles at him, her face turns red and she giggles like a little girl. She places his tea in front of him, tucking a napkin into his shirt and hands him a biscuit. “Now love, don’t get the biscuit all over the place this time,” she says with a cheeky smile. As I sat there, on my own, watching other people, I couldn’t help but think about what I have just observed. Love is more alive when technology isn’t around. “I hate when you are always on that thing,” a woman says to the man next to her. He looks up
from his phone and sighs. I can immediately tell that she is yearning for some sort of conversation, some affection. “It is the only time I can check my emails from work and you know that,” he says. She looks at him with a blank expression and turns away. A thick silence falls between them for a while and I was sitting there waiting for something else to happen. Nothing happened though, after an hour of sitting there, they both ended up leaving. I look at the elderly couples and perhaps, it may be how they were raised or how life was back in the day, but they definitely enjoyed every minute they had with each other, not wasting a single second. When a mobile phone is in somebody’s hand, it really takes away your valuable and precious time. Elderly people rarely ever have a phone in their hand when they are out. They cherish the time they have together. I sip on my hot chocolate and look out the window as my mind drifts off. We really only get to live once, remember this next time your head is stuck in your phone, put it down and don’t miss out on making memories.
Soft potato bun that does not overpower the meat
Toppings made from fresh local produce prepared daily
Real unprocessed cheddar cheese
100 % organic grass-fed free-range beef. Organic Grass-Fed beef is free from antibiotics, pesticides and hormones, lean on fat, and rich with Vitamin A, Vitamin E, and Omega 3
Menus Abu Halifa
Bidaa
NOVEMBER Movie Releases THE HUNGER GAMES: MOCKINGJAY, PART 1
Director: Francis Lawrence Starring: Jennifer Lawrence, Josh Hutcherson, Liam Hemsworth, Jena Malone, Philip Seymour Hoffman, Woody Harrelson Genres: Thriller, Action, Adaptation, Sequel Synopsis: Against all odds, Katniss Everdeen has survived the Hunger Games twice, but even though she's made it out of the bloody arena alive, she's still not safe. The Capitol is angry. The Capitol wants revenge. President Snow makes it clear that no one is safe either -- not Katniss's family, not her friends and not the people of District 12.
OPEN WINDOWS
Director: Nacho Vigalondo Starring: Elijah Wood, Sasha Grey, Neil Maskell, Nacho Vigalondo, Rachel Arieff
FOXCATCHER
THE HOBBIT: THE BATTLE OF THE FIVE ARMIES
BEYOND THE LIGHTS
Director: Bennett Guillermo del Toro Director: Miller
Director: Simon J. Smith
Starring: Mark Ruffalo, Steve Carell, Channing Tatum, Anthony Michael Hall, Sienna Miller, Vanessa Redgrave
Starring: Tom McGrath, Chris Miller LX, Christopher Knights, Benedict Cumberbatch, Ken Jeong, Peter Stormare
Starring: Martin Freeman, Ian McKellen, Andy Serkis, Benedict Cumberbatch, Manu Bennett, Luke Evans
Starring: Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Nate Parker, Danny Glover, Minnie Driver, Aisha Hinds
Genres: Drama, Biography
Genres: Family, CGI Animation, Kids
Genres: Family, Drama, Adventure
Synopsis: Tells the story of Olympic Gold
Synopsis: Discover the secrets of the most
Medal-winning wrestler Mark Schultz (Tatum), who sees a way out from the shadow of his more celebrated wrestling brother Dave (Ruffalo) and a life of poverty when he is summoned by eccentric multi-millionaire John du Pont (Carell) to move onto his estate and train for the 1988 Seoul Olympics. Desperate to gain the respect of his disapproving mother, du Pont begins "coaching" a world-class athletic team and, in the process, lures Mark into dangerous habits, breaks his confidence and drives him into a self-destructive spiral.
entertaining and mysterious birds in the global espionage game: Skipper, Kowalski, Rico and Private now must join forces with the chic spy organization, the North Wind, led by Agent Classified, voiced by Benedict Cumberbatch, to stop the villainous Dr. Octavius Brine, voiced by John Malkovich, from taking over the world.
Synopsis: The Hobbit: The Battle of the
Synopsis: Beyond the Lights is the story of Noni Jean, the music world’s latest superstar. But not all is what it seems, and the pressures cause Noni to nearly fall apart - until she meets Kaz Nicol, a promising young cop and aspiring politician who’s been assigned to her detail. Drawn to each other, Noni and Kaz fall fast and hard, despite the protests of those around them who urge them to put their career ambitions ahead of their romance. But it is ultimately Kaz's love that gives Noni the courage to find her own voice and break free to become the artist she was meant to be.
ROSEWATER
Starring: Gael García Bernal, Shohreh Aghdashloo, Golshifteh Farahani, Dimitri Leonidas, Haluk Bilginer, Andrew Gower
Starring: Katie Holmes, James Badge Dale, Callan Mulvey
Five Armies brings to an epic conclusion the adventures of Bilbo Baggins (Martin Freeman), Thorin Oakenshield (Richard Armitage) and the Company of Dwarves. Having reclaimed their homeland from the Dragon Smaug, the Company has unwittingly unleashed a deadly force into the world. Enraged, Smaug rains his fiery wrath down upon the defenseless men, women and children of Lake-town. Obsessed above all else with his reclaimed treasure, Thorin sacrifices friendship and honor to hoard it as Bilbo’s frantic attempts to make him see reason drive the Hobbit towards a desperate and dangerous choice. But there are even greater dangers ahead. Unseen by any but the Wizard Gandalf (Ian McKellen), the great enemy Sauron has sent forth legions of Orcs in a stealth attack upon the Lonely Mountain.
Director: David Hayter Starring: Lucas Till, Jason Momoa, Merritt Patterson, Stephen McHattie
Director: Sean Anders Starring: Jason Bateman, Charlie Day, Jason Sudeikis, Jamie Foxx, Chris Pine, Christoph Waltz
Genres: Thriller, Crime, Action
Synopsis: Nick (Elijah Wood) is excited to
Synopsis: Reporter Maziar Bahari is
Synopsis: Katie Holmes plays a sweet and
Synopsis: Popular high school student
Synopsis: Fed up with answering to
accused of being a spy and imprisoned by
proper elementary school teacher whose
the Iranian government shortly after a "Daily
perfect manners and pretty floral dresses
Show" correspondent interviews him in Iran
hide a dark secret: when she's not teaching
in 2009. He spends the next three months in
at the local elementary school or tending to
Iran’s most notorious prison, enduring brutal
her garden, she's moonlighting as a gun-toting
interrogation sessions at the hands of a man
vigilante.
discover that he's won a dinner date with his favorite actress, Jill Goddard (Sasha Grey). But when Jill refuses to honor the contest, her manager Chord (Neil Maskell) makes an offer he can't refuse - the ability to view Jill secretly via computer. Nick begins watching the unknowing star on her webcam, not realizing that this decision will put both himself and Jill at risk as they enter a terrifying world of catand-mouse where nothing, and no one are as they seem.
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he knows only by his smell: Rosewater. Bahari later reveals he was not imprisoned because of the TV show interview, but because his captors wanted an excuse to lock him up.
Cayden Richards wakes from a horrific nightmare, only to realize that he’s living it… He is changing into something vicious, unpredictable and wild. Forced to hit the road after the brutal murder of his parents, Cayden tries to hunt down the truth of what he is. In the remote, mountain town of Lupine Ridge, he discovers others like him — Including the beautiful Angelina, a young woman caught between two ancient clans of "wolves". And when he finally discovers the shocking truth behind his ancestry, Cayden realizes there is only one way to save the woman he loves… a grisly fight to the death against forces more savage than he could have ever imagined.
higher-ups, Nick, Dale and Kurt decide to become their own bosses by launching their own business in Horrible Bosses 2. But a slick investor soon pulls the rug out from under them. Outplayed and desperate, and with no legal recourse, the three would-be entrepreneurs hatch a misguided plan to kidnap the investor's adult son and ransom him to regain control of their company.
Travel Made Easy DYING OF THE LIGHT
MERRY FRIGGIN' CHRISTMAS
Director:Paul James Wan Director: Schrader
Director: Tristram Shapeero
Starring: Nicolas Cage, Anton Yelchin, Alexander Karim, Irene Jacob
Starring: Joel McHale, Lauren Graham, Robin Williams, Pierce Gagnon, Bebe Wood, Wendi McLendon-Covey
Genres: Thriller, Suspense, Drama
Synopsis: Evan Lake (Nicolas Cage), a
Synopsis: Follows Boyd Mitchler (Joel
veteran CIA agent, has been ordered to retire. But when his protégé (Anton Yelchin) uncovers evidence that Lake's nemesis, the terrorist Banir (Alexander Karim), has resurfaced, Lake goes rogue, embarking on a perilous, intercontinental mission to eliminate his sworn enemy.
McHale) and his wife Luann (Lauren Graham) as they spend a dreaded Christmas with Boyd’s father Mitch (Robin Williams) and his family of misfits. Upon realizing that he has left all of his son’s gifts at home, Boyd hits the road with his father and younger brother in an attempt to make the eight-hour round trip before sunrise.
JOHN WICK
THEORY OF EVERYTHING
Director: Chad Stahelski Starring: Keanu Reeves, Adrianne Palicki, Bridget Regan, Willem Dafoe, Ian McShane, Jason Isaacs
Director: James Marsh Starring: Eddie Redmayne, Felicity Jones, Emily Watson, David Thewlis, Harry Lloyd, Maxine Peake
Genres: Thriller, Action
Genres: Biography, Drama
Synopsis: An ex-hitman comes out of retirement to track down the gangsters that took everything from him. An ex-hitman comes out of retirement to track down the gangsters that took everything from him. With New York City as his bulletriddled playground, John Wick (Keanu Reeves) is a fresh and stylized take on the "assassin genre".
Synopsis: Follows Eddie Redmayne as theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking, worldfamous as the author of A Brief History of Time, opposite Felicity Jones. The movie explores the excitement of the 1960s for Stephen as he studies at Cambridge University. At the dawn of a brilliant life’s work, he falls passionately in love with arts student Jane Wilde. Their relationship leads him through personal and scientific challenges and breakthroughs, and as his world opens up he opens up the entire world to new ways of seeing.
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Whether you are arriving, departing or transiting at Kuwait International Airport, Hala Kuwait is there to make your journey easy. From the moment you get to the airport, our team is there to take care of your every need whether it is using our Fast Track immigration, dedicated check in area, Pearl Lounge, private transportation, or our Meet & Assist Service to guide you every step of the way.
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Member of the National Aviation Services Group
Member of the National Aviation Services Group
TOP MUSIC CHARTS 1
Meghan Trainor Rae Sremmurd
with MJB Star of the Month Sam Smith
Here are some albums that you can pre-order on iTunes: Album title: Four Artist: One Direction Expected: Nov 17, 2014 Album title: Listen Artist: David Guetta Expected: Nov 24, 2014 Album title: Nick Jonas Artist: Nick Jonas Expected: Nov 10, 2014
Some interesting facts! Samuel Fredrick Smith was born on May 19, 1992 in London England, Sam Smith does not have a long biography like other artists I’ve written about before because he rose to fame in 2012, before 2 years only when he featured on Disclosure’s single “Latch,” and his feature on Naughty Boys’ “La La La” shot to number one on the UK Chart. His debut album, In The Lonely Hour was released on May 26, 2014, and it got to number one on the UK Charts and his two latter singles “Money On My Mind” and “Stay with me” as well. The reason behind his huge success in the U.S is because of his performances on Saturday Night Live on March 29, and when he covered Whitney Houston’s “How Will I Know” for Sirius XM in New York June 29.
1-To win a gold disc, an album needs to sell 100,000 copies in Britain, and 500,000 in the United States. 2-40 billion songs are downloaded illegally every year, that’s some 90% of all music downloads. 3-The number of recorded CDs and blank CDs sold were about equal. November, 2014
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Moulin Rouge! (2001)
Catch me if you Can (2002)
The Blues Brothers was a movie that brought the old southern blues to the American public- but moreso, it brought a unique style that is still classic to this day. The Blues Brothers made the skinny tie, fedora, and Ray Ban Wayfarer combo famous. While somewhat outplayed to this day, The Blues Brothers nonetheless created a style entirely it's own.
Moulin Rouge is amazing in every single waythere is not a single part of it that is not remarkably unique, bohemian, clever, or stylish. One large part of it's success is the intricate clothing- and for both men and women in the movie, and while you won't be wearing a tophat and tails any time soon, it's nonetheless as fashionable as it can be.
it's an excellent movie for both men and women alike. However, what really makes the movie shine is the overall styles in the movie, varying between different popular trends in the 60s, as if a gallery of awesome. While it has it's share of ugly fashion (see: the sweater DiCaprio wears later in the movie at his party), some costumes/uniforms (especially the fetching pilot uniform and his ladies, above) really set a trend and "display the era", so to speak.
Reign Over Me (2007) Reign Over Me is a movie that was generally poorly accepted by the box office because of it's somewhat uneven storyline, but it nonetheless features style that really encompasses the "professional urban" style that has emerged in New York and similar cityscapes as of recent. Both of the characters played by Adam Sandler and Don Cheadle are stylish in their unique ways, with dark coats accented by bright shirts and ties with unique accents to their style, this movie embodies the kind of urban style that becomes increasingly popular today.
James Bond/Thomas Crowne Naturally, Pierce Brosnan (mainly known for his role as James Bond) takes a part in this lineup, being one of the most fashionable (yet traditional) actors today. In both the James Bond and Thomas Crowne roles, as well as the Remington Steele role, Brosnan teaches audiences the value of the traditional suit and tux. Who needs modern design when the traditional clothing looks so much sexier?
Oceans 11/12/13 (2001/2004/2007) the Oceans series (both the original Rat Pack version and the more recent remake(s)) are wonderful for seeing stylish clothing, and generally the best example of how to pull off a comfortable professional style. The Oceans series is damn sexy, and it's mainly due to the fashion: taking cues from this is never a bad idea. The Men's clothing is the real trendsetter here- the Women's side is less original, but nonetheless interesting. Abdulaziz AlKhamis
Abdulaziz is a Kuwaiti Film Maker, Visual Artist and a Script Writer. He graduated from the UK, with a passion to mix art and visuals.
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Hitch (2005) Hitch is a movie that has, countless times, been likened to Well Cultured. In any case, Will Smith's character "Hitch" is actually very well dressed, and his entire role in the movie is stylish in it's own unique way. While the movie is stereotypical and smacks of making Will Smith a "Magical Negro", it's a good watch to pick up some casual style ideasjust don't expect much for the ladies.
Gattaca (1997) Gattaca is one of those movies that continues to set trends- not only is it famous for sparking discussion on human genetic work, but also for it's striking character design. Gattaca has a style that could only be considered early American at best, and is one of the few movies to really use a double breasted suit- and it does it extremely well. Uma Thurman's style in the movie is similarly interesting for females- while remarkably plain, it nonetheless acts as a strong contrast later in the film- but it certainly wouldn't be advised for most, due to the matronly look it gives off.
Doctor Who (David Tennant version) While fans argue about his acting in the newest rendition of Doctor Who, no-one can doubt that his revised style, with a sharp pinstriped suit and trench coat, is anything but awesome. Doctor Who is an amazing example of how geekiness can still be incredibly sexy and stylish- just with the right clothing and atmosphere. This is the kind of style that brings pocket watches back into fashion.
Croupier (1998) Cropier (also known as "that movie few have heard of") is an amazing film noir style movie that captures the essence of casino style and the classiness of upper scale establishments with a flair that defies explanation. While not without its problems, the movie is amazing for the way it potrays casino staff- and even more importantly, the styles within the movie reflect a kind of "broken down" allure that is fascinating, yet wholly unappreciated.
American Psycho (2000) This is a movie you must absolutely see. American Psycho is a black comedy, a thriller, and a reminder of 80s-90s style all in one- and a jarring attack on yuppie obsessions all in one. Of course, most of you know why this is on here: Patrick Bateman, played by Christopher Bale, is a fashion-obsessed lunatic, and the fashion itself is interesting enough to justify watching this movie (if you don't find the rampant "killing" exciting enough)- business cards be damned.
American Gigolo (1980) Armani. That's all you need to know. Thanks to American Gigolo, the world was introduced to the Armani suit, and thus the sexiness and style of the modern American suit was born.
American Gangster (2007) with the "American" prefix, is a movie that, more recently, has provided a throwback to American style in a way that no other movie can: style hand in hand with power. American Gangster, like no other movie, is far from intentionally ostentatious, but the insane amount of masculinity and power makes it so. Denzel Washington looks good in a suit, and he'll make you want to wear nothing but suits and traditional menswear when you're done watching this movie.
Alfie (2004) Much like it's original version, the new version of Alfie reads like a primer to decent Men's fashion. Alfie is somewhat obsessed with his looks and sex appeal, and his adornment in this movie is still in vogue even today- something few movies seem to be able to do. Everything about Jude Law's character- the suits, the scarves, the shoes, the haircuts, the Aviators, even the damn watches- is immaculate. This movie is probably one of the best for any Well Cultured reader to see period but if you watch it for anything, watch it for the fashion.
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5 Things to Keep in Mind when Writing in English in the Arab World 3 - How to ‘Discover’ Your Writing Voice Tips on discovering one’s writing voice tend to sound airy and abstract. A writer’s voice, we are often told, distinguishes one great writer from another. In describing the difference between ‘talent’ and ‘genius,’ Jack Kerouac writes, “genius is simply a person who originates something never known before. Nobody but Melville could have written Moby-Dick, not even Whitman or Shakespeare. Nobody but Whitman could have written Leaves of Grass; Whitman was born to write Leaves of Grass and Melville was born to write Moby-Dick.” For Kerouac a genius creates something new and a person with great talent improves on the already-created product of the genius. It is true that neither Shakespeare nor Whitman could have written Melville’s book. In a previous article about generating relevant writing topics, I wrote “Ideas are both social and personal and are constantly modifying one other.” Hence, only Melville—due to his personal experiences, genetic composition and subconscious mind, and the ways in which these elements have been formed by his own social and political environment—could have possibly envisaged and delineated the story of Moby-Dick. Both Shakespeare and Whitman belong to different eras with different concerns and, more importantly, different utilizations of the English language. I spoke about language in last month’s article. “English” I wrote “does not fall down from trees. It is picked up laboriously, it is strung together with intent, it is sculpted and graven with inconsistency.” As a result of the materiality of language and its dependency on the social sphere, Shakespeare could not have written Whitman’s Leaves of Grass nor Whitman could have written Shakespeare’s Othello since the former lived in sixteenth-century England and the latter in nineteenth-century America. In Divine Fury: A History of Genius, Darrin M. McMahon traces the origins and evolution of the term ‘genius,’ which has been in use for more than 2,000 years. Roots of the term have been found in the Ancient world where geniuses were thought to be humans protected by divine-like entities that guide and inspire them to accomplish exceptional tasks or to create new ideas and ways of life. Even though the book does not focus on writing geniuses and rather traces the evolution of the general term itself, its conclusions are helpful to understand (or to decode) contemporary views on writing voice and their emphases on genius and authenticity Nada Faris Nada Faris is a Kuwaiti who writes poetry, articles, and fiction in English. Her latest book, Before Young Adult Fiction, is a collection of short, award-winning articles, poems, and short stories that shaped her writing voice. Reach her at: www.nadafaris.com or @nadafaris
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as core features. It shows us the synchronicity of contemporary views—their adhesion to the time and place of their origin. Today, there are two prominent reasons to develop one’s writing voice. The first supports a commercial impetus, whereby authenticity is reinterpreted as a writer’s position in the literary market, and developing a writing voice is aimed at creating a recognizable consumer brand. The second, which continues to adhere to Romantic inclinations, views authenticity through idealistic goggles that understand humans as distinct and separate from one another. To help writers discover their own writing voice, members of the second camp utter statements such as “be yourself” or “write as you speak, because no one speaks like you”. The first camp suggests manifold ways to improve one’s writing (if one viewed writing as a commodity and if one identified success in terms of the maximum amount of sales or visibility). The second camp prioritizes aesthetics, shying away from the ugly term ‘commodity’ and instead rephrasing the importance of one’s writing by paying lip-service to the ‘timelessness’ of the work of art; they explain that one ought to be unique and authentic in order for the text to remain sufficiently valuable for eternity. The first method may garner money and gather fans. The second method may bestow accolades upon writers with unique voices and admit them into the ivory tower of international literature. Unfortunately, the second camp also views writing as a commodity even if the camp uses other terms to describe the work of art, such as Literature with a capital L, or Art with a capital A. The difference between the first and second camp is that one caters for the ‘masses’ by preparing easily consumable products, and the second caters to an ‘elite’ audience that depends upon its previous conditioning and education to comprehend the complex commodity posing as pure Art. Neither position really pays much attention to the social responsibility of the work of art, as both camps tend to perpetuate and endorse the social status quo. The first depoliticizes the work in order to enter into the lucrative mass market; the second aestheticizes its politics in order to be presented to a small elite audience. Neither camp really aspires to encounter and alter the real world. I had mentioned earlier that the aim of Anglowaiti writers should not be to “write propaganda to serve the status quo, or [to] make commercial goods to grow a writing brand—[but to] create art to elevate social consciousness, to dislodge dogma, and to change the status quo, even if we end up making a living out of our calling.” In this third view, it becomes imperative for Anglowaiti writers to discover their writing voice to be able to bring new insights, to create new ways of thinking, and to positively influence social consciousness. To begin with, we need to recall Mark Twain’s
statement. “Substantially,” Twain said, “all ideas are second-hand, consciously and unconsciously drawn from a million outside sources, and daily used by the garnerer with a pride and satisfaction born of the superstition that he originated them.” Ideas are never organically or entirely novel. Novelty or innovation requires segments of raw materials (thoughts, words, mediums, objects, tools, etc.), that when added together create a new whole. Authenticity and the spark of one’s writing voice (the flammable element that sets one writer apart from another) is a very particular ability to repossess and reorganize accessible creative materials in new ways. This means that one does not necessarily ‘discover’ one’s writing voice in the sense that one arbitrarily stumbles upon it one morning. Rather, a writing voice is constructed both consciously and unconsciously overtime. One’s memories, desires, fears or hopes depend upon certain experiential elements mixed with one’s own genetic makeup and the specific circumstances of his or her time and place. One cannot be unique if one does not eliminate one’s social and personal programming. In the past few months, I explained how to exorcise automated responses. In addition, I explained that the English language in Kuwait appears in various clusters that limit or make possible certain thoughts. For instance, learning ethics and philosophy in English will open up new ways of thinking that learning marketing or business in English will not. Far from being merely an aesthetic appearance, or a ghost-like entity, transparent, consistently fleeting from one’s mental grasp, your writing voice is the material outcome of form, content, and context. Form is the body of the text itself, the way in which writers rearrange signs (language’s visual symbols such as letters, words, or phrases) to achieve certain sounds (the audible elements of language produced in the mouth) and signification (the overall meaning of signs and sounds). Content is the collection of ideas within the text; it is the subject or topic the author chooses to write about. Finally, context is the socio-political landscape with all its heterogeneous conditions of possibility and limitations. A final word on the issue of writing voice: one must keep in mind global culture and global technology. Writing on a computer, the Internet easily within reach, or with a quill on a deserted Island, will influence and modify one’s writing voice. Just as language systems limit or make possible new ways of thinking, so too does the technology we use to transcribe our thoughts. In responding to one of his composer friends who noticed a change in the style of his writing when he moved from longhand to machine transcription, Friedrich Nietzsche explained, “our writing equipment takes part in the forming of our thoughts.” In short, your writing voice—everything from the ideas to the style in which they are presented—invariably depend upon the very instruments that bring it to life.
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أصدقاء جميلين الحياةُ طويلة بما يكفي ألن نلتقي كأصدقاء جميلين... وان لم نلتقي يا صديقي.. فليكن... ْ ُ فة... سأحمل الحنين اليك في أكياس مغ َل ٍ رطوبة الوقت.. ضد ٍ ُ ٌ عبئ الشوق في ّ سأ ُ حمام.. أظرف بيضاء وارسلها مع سرب ٍ ضفاف ع ّينيك... اعتاد الترحال بين ِ ُ نيه االنتظار... سأبعث مع صديقتي الغريبة رائحة ِش ْعري حين ُي ْ ض ِ الصدف... واغترابي حين تخذ ُله ُ ُ طويلة إذن... الحياةُ وسنلتقي إذن.. يوما.. فليكن يا صديقي... وان لم يكن..
وان غد َر بنا الغياب... وسقطنا بهاوية االنتظار... ُ سأبحث من هنا... ربة ت ُ وقح... ُطل في وطن من شرفة غُ ٍ ِ ٍ ُ سأبحث منها، عن أبجديتي في صمتك... وسأكتب قصائدي بما بقي من وعودك... ُ عب ْر تضاريس المباال ِتك... سأكون أول من َي ٌ المفتعلة... ُ ويخترق ُجدان قسوتك ُ الحلم... كفراشة صيفية على وسأرقد ٍ ِ نافذة ُ ُ يوم الحياة.. الى أن تجمعنا ذات ٍ كأصدقاء جميلين... Tassnim Hassoun
Tassnim is an accounts specialist. She has been writing poetry and short stories since she was twelve and currently is in the process of writing a book, needless to say she loves reading. Additionally Tassnim is a gym and nutrition junky.
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NOVEMBER Book Releases Curious about what books will be released in the months ahead so you can pre-order or reserve them? Then check our list below.
Please note we have not included every book that is coming out, but rather some that caught our eye --- and that we thought should catch yours as well.
Fighting the Fall J.B. Salsbury
The toughest fighters aren’t created in the octagon but are born of necessity. When life delivers blow after punishing blow, you fight back or get destroyed. Eve Dawson has had her fill of bad luck. A string of unhealthy relationships has left her angry, bitter, and frustrated. She’s given up on being happy and settles for content. Swearing off men, she repels advances and makes herself a challenge to even the most persistent suitors. After all, how much can the fragile human heart take? But life isn’t finished with her, and when things can’t possibly get worse . . . they do. Stay on your feet.
41: A Portrait of My Father George W. Bush
George W. Bush, the 43rd President of the United States, has authored a personal biography of his father, George H. W. Bush, the 41st President. Forty-three men have served as President of the United States. Countless books have been written about them. But never before has a President told the story of his father, another President, through his own eyes and in his own words. A unique and intimate biography, the book
Sheltered by the Millionaire
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Maureen Child
A cowboy gets a baby surprise from USA TODAY bestselling author Maureen Child All former marine Jake Hunter wants is peace and quiet. But when his business-minded mother sends her assistant Cassidy Moore from Boston to see him about a long-standing family dispute, chaos ensues. Their attraction rages out of control as a snowstorm strands them on his Montana ranch. Flash-forward fourteen months: Cassie can't bring herself to tell Jake she's had his child. But when his mother interferes again, Cassie rushes back to Jake…just in time for another blizzard—and for the Christmas spirit to open one reclusive cowboy's heart.
13 Hours: The Inside Account of What Really Happened in Benghazi Amy Poehler
The harrowing, true account from the brave men on the ground who fought back during the Battle of Benghazi. 13 HOURS presents, for the first time ever, the true account of the events of September 11, 2012, when terrorists attacked the US State Department Special Mission Compound and a nearby CIA station called the Annex in Benghazi, Libya. A team of six American security operators fought to repel the attackers and protect the Americans stationed there. Those men went beyond the call of duty, performing extraordinary acts of courage and heroism, to avert tragedy on a much larger scale. This is their personal account, never before told, of what happened during the thirteen hours of that now-infamous attack.
Captivated by You (Crossfire Series #4)
Catherine Mann
Michel Faber
A life-and-death rescue leads to love for a single mom in USA TODAY bestselling author Catherine Mann's Texas Cattleman's Club story Texas tycoon Whit Daltry has always been a thorn in Megan Maguire's side, especially when he tries to put the kibosh on her animal shelter. But when he saves her daughter during the worst tornado in recent memory, Megan sees beneath his prickly exterior to the hero underneath. Soon, the storm's recovery makes bedfellows of these opposites. Until Megan's old reflexes kick in—should she brace for betrayal or say yes to Whit once and for all?
Gideon calls me his angel, but he’s the miracle in my life. My gorgeous, wounded warrior, so determined to slay my demons while refusing to face his own. The vows we'd exchanged should have bound us tighter than blood and flesh. Instead they opened old wounds, exposed pain and insecurities, and lured bitter enemies out of the shadows. I felt him slipping from my grasp, my greatest fears becoming my reality, my love tested in ways I wasn’t sure I was strong enough to bear. At the brightest time in our lives, the darkness of his past encroached and threatened everything we’d worked so hard for. We faced a terrible choice: the familiar safety of the lives we’d had before each other or the fight for a future that suddenly seemed an impossible and hopeless dream
Revival
The Long Haul (Diary of a Wimpy Kid Series #9)
A dark and electrifying novel about addiction, fanaticism, and what might exist on the other side of life. In a small New England town, over half a century ago, a shadow falls over a small boy playing with his toy soldiers. Jamie Morton looks up to see a striking man, the new minister. Charles Jacobs, along with his beautiful wife, will transform the local church. The men and boys are all a bit in love with Mrs. Jacobs; the women and girls feel the same about Reverend
A family road trip is supposed to be a lot of fun . . . unless, of course, you’re the Heffleys. The journey starts off full of promise, then quickly takes several wrong turns. Gas station bathrooms, crazed seagulls, a fender bender, and a runaway pig—not exactly Greg Heffley’s idea of a good time. But even the worst road trip can turn into an adventure—and this is one the Heffleys won’t soon forget.
Stephen King
The Cowboy's Pride and Joy
Jeff Kinney
BOOK CLUB
ONWARD Starbucks was and still is a worldwide phenomenon in the art of coffee making. It was recently introduced to the Kuwaiti market back in 1999 and I don't know if you guys can recall the first Starbucks that is still located in Souq Sharq Mall. I felt it is very important for me to review this book because of the way that this brand has become part of the Kuwaiti culture in no time. Onward: How Starbucks Fought for Its Life without Losing Its Soul written by Starbucks founder Howard Schultz and author Joanne Gordon (2011). This book was written to show the struggle that Starbucks as company went through to maintain its worldwide image, not just as an efficient company that serves people with the best coffee beans in the world but also as a company that creates an emotional connection between the coffee experience that a customer has, not making it only a trip to a coffee shop but what we call in marketing a "High Involvement" process. When CEO of Starbucks Howard Schultz left the position in 2000 but felt he has to go back to take matters in his own hands and make sure the company stays true to the vision of Starbucks when it started 40 years Nada Soliman
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Meet Nada, our team member is simply a book savvy. Every month Nada picks her favourite book and shares with you its review. Please feel free to contact Nada to discuss your opinion or ask her opinion on your favourite book or author.
ago. Howard Schultz is chairman, president and CEO of Starbucks Coffee Company. Howard moved from his native New York and joined the company in 1982 as a director of operations and marketing when Starbucks had only four stores. He has been recognized extensively for his passion, leadership, and efforts to strengthen communities, with honors including the Horatio Alger Award for those who have overcome adversity to achieve success; the Rev. Theodore M. Hesburgh Award of Business Ethics given by Notre Dame University's Mendoza College of Business; the Botwinick Prize in Business Ethics from Columbia Business School; and the first ever John Wooden Global Leadership Award from UCLA Anderson School of Management. He has also been included in Time Magazine's "Time 100," a list of the most influential people in the world and co-author Joanne Gordon is a former Forbes writer who has spent more than a decade profiling companies and business leaders for numerous publications. She has written five books previously. "Onward" is the remarkable story of transformation. It is more than just a business book. Personally inspiring and unexpectedly candid, it brings a dramatic story to life with the emotional power and narrative suspense of a novel. November, 2014
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to add to your wishlist Some things are just ... better.
BACTrack Vio The size of a key chain, the Vio is one of the smallest breathalyzers available. It measures blood alcohol content, and even estimates when the level will drop low enough to safely drive.
Nerf Combat Creatures
The company’s first remote-controlled dart blaster has six legs, walks like an insect, and can shoot darts 360 degrees and up to 45 feet. Plus, it will almost assuredly scare any opponent into submission.
Civilization: Beyond Earth Beyond Earth is the first game in the Civilization series to be set in the future (a departure from previous releases). Players can build and tear down societies and even explore maps inspired by real exoplanets.
Milwaukee Jobsite Scissors Thanks to cutting edges made from iron carbide, the Jobsite scissors are 10 times more durable than ones made from standard stainless steel. Cut through tough materials with abandon. 152
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Yeti Hopper
At first blush, a cooler made of fabric sounds dicey. But Yeti made its crushable, packable one from DryHide material (borrowed from whitewater rafts) and reinforced it with fully sealing zippers (borrowed from hazmat suits). Then they lined it with up to 1.5 inches of insulation, ensuring that everything in the 6.5-gallon cooler stays ice cold.
Nike Vapor 360 Breaking in a new baseball glove is tough. The Vapor 360 makes it easier. Built with a perforated and nearly seamless construction into the palm, Nike designers made the Vapor 360 ready to use right out of the box—no need to perform feats of strength trying to cool, warm, and stretch it into submission.
Blackout Buddy H2O Ill-prepared for inclement weather? This emergency light can run for 72 hours without any batteries. Developed by Etón Corporation with the American Red Cross, the device needs just a few drops of water to activate it.
Tzukuri smart sunglasses will alert your iPhone when they go missing
Wearables company Tzukuri has developed a new type of sunglasses that are described as unloseable, and they're now available for pre-order. Relying on tracking beacons embedded in the frame, Tzukuri's smart sunglasses make use of Apple's iBeacon technology in order to pair with a nearby iPhone and ultimately pipe notifications to the phone about their whereabouts. In fact, when you leave the shades behind, an alarm will ring on your iPhone.
Climendo Climendo aggregates data from popular forecasters including Wunderground, Forecast.io, and NOAA, and then compares it with weather outcomes to show which is the most accurate for your area.
Jabra Pulse Your heart rate monitor has a new home, and it’s in your ears. Jabra’s wireless headphones can measure heart rate (more accurately than on your wrist), step count and pace, and can record a given route. And because it includes a microphone, you can still field calls mid-workout. November, 2014
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Ultrasounds Gestures Coming Soon!
قريبا اإليماءات بالموجات فوق الصوتية
This input technology from Elliptic Labs will definitely change the way to control everything. Starting from smartphones in the first half of 2015. That is not the only good news, the best news is a feature called “multi layer interaction” which allows to move hand towards and away from the screen. Compared to other technologies, Ultrasound is more suitable for everyday use, thanks to 180-degree active area around the entire face of the the device. Other technologies need your hand to be positioned in front of the camera which is easily missed if you’re not waving carefully. The team in Elliptic Labs say it’s possible to integrate this technology into car dashboards. healthcare equipments and wearables, but for now, they are focusing on smartphones, tablets and laptops.
. ستغير حتمًا طريقة التحكم في كل شيءElliptic Labs تقنية اإلدخال من ليس هذا الخبر.2015 ابتداء من الهواتف الذكية في النصف األول من عام ولكن الخبر األفضل هي ميزة تسمى “ التفاعل متعدد،السعيد فحسب بالمقارنة مع.الطبقات” والذي يسمح بتحريك اليد لألمام أو بعيدًا عن الجهاز التقنيات اآلخرى فإن التحكم بالموجات الفوق صوتية مالئمة أكثر لإلستخدام درجة من180 ويرجع الفضل بذلك للمنطقة الفعالة والتي تغطي،اليومي التقنيات األخرى تتطلب أن تكون يدك متمركزة أمام.واجهة الجهاز بالكامل الكاميرا والتي من السهل جدًا فقد حركتها ان لم تقم بتحريكها بشكل يقولون انه من الممكن دمج هذه التقنيةElliptic Labs فريق العمل في.حذر ولكنهم اآلن، ،في لوحة قيادة السيارة والمعدات الصحية والساعات الذكية .يركزون على الهواتف الذكية واألجهزة اللوحية والحواسيب المحمولة
Yousif AlSaeed Yousif holds a BSc. in Information Technology & Computing Degree and is a Teacher and Software Developer. He loves sharing the latest technology news and gadgets with people. Yousif believes that behind everything in the tech-world is a great story. He spends most of his time reading technology blogs and self development.
Saad Almseikan A burger lover who works as a Computer Technician during the day. Saad has a curious mind that likes to discover everything new that's related to computers, hardware, gadgets and technology. You'll most probably find him holding a burger while playing with a new gadget. He is 27 years old, loves Mixed Martial Arts. Music is what keeps him going especially Rock & Roll.
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“3DAround" Is Your Next New Favorite 3D Camera App For Your Food. Since almost 2009 - 2010 all of the tech enthusiasts in the middle east were dying to have an Apple store near us, and after almost 5 years we will have the biggest store in the world. Patience is finally paid. Apple listed a job listing on their website for jobs in UAE, this indicates a future retail store in the area. No plans so far or any official release, but the rumor says the store will be opened in the first quarter of 2015. Tim Cook “Apple CEO’ visited the UAE earlier this year and he met Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid and Tim probably were scouting the best location for the store. We are happy for this news, and we can't wait for this to actually happen. The app is yet to be released, but from the video we saw it's gonna be a great way to take photos of your food in all angles. The app turns your camera into a 3D scanner. Taking a series of photos and stitching them together to create a 360-degree view of any object. We loved the idea, its simple and really effective. This will be released soon, no date for an official release so far. The food on our social media feeds will be more delicious and mouth watering, God help us.
Google's Search Change Search Results To Destroy Pirates Sites Google is changing their search algorithm to demote and destroy pirates sites and put them in the last of the queue. Some top pirate site reports that they have taken a huge hits in the traffic coming from google and its reduced to almost the half. By searching a specific tv show, google will direct you to a legal way to watch the show or to give you the least popular Torrent sites. This is a dumb move to be honest, when people want Torrents they know where to search. It's a move copyright owners initiated to reduce their losses. Google removed 223 millions links in 2013.
Credit Card With Fingerprint Scanner MasterCard is introducing Credit Cards with fingerprint scanner to secure your payments at stores. This method prevents people from paying for items in case of a stolen card. Specially if the Credit Card using contact-less payment option which is new method too. Zwipe MasterCard is offered in UK for now with fingerprint scanner that stores your thumbprint. when you put your thumb on the scanner, the embedded chip unlocks and you’re able to tap the card to make purchase, as simple as that. November, 2014
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WHAT IS GAMERGATE?
Even though you might not be familiar with videogames or the gaming community, you may still have heard about the new uproar on social media sites coming from GamerGate. So, what is this GamerGate, and why is it all over the news? Gamergate is a controversy that is interpreted by many as a wholly different thing rather than what it really is. It is about gamers’ discontent with some unethical gaming journalists who are in favour of videogames whose developers have been in an intimate relationship with them. Of course, they should have the liberty to, but what really bothers us is that we, as a community of gamers, are represented by those lousy journalists. So, if they criticize us, we are looked down upon for no reason other than that they have criticized us. And it’s such a big problem since any activist with the power to do change, and so little information about the current subject, may ruin the whole industry for us. It all started when game developer, Zoe Quinn, made a video-game about battling depression, and received many threats by anonymous people, whom many assume to be some sociopaths who play videogames. The videogame media highlighted this game, and greatly acclaimed it, and it was later revealed that most of those critics which did so had been in an intimate relationship with Ms. Quinn. And then came Anita Sarkeesian, the pop-culture feminist, and started bashing at videogames for being sexist and misogynistic. Many gamers and non-gamers saw her arguments as bizarre and irrelevant, and thus countered her. That’s the story in a nut-shell. To most real gamers, this issue is about Adnan Najeeb Al-Abbar
Adnan is a student in Kuwait University. His hobbies include playing videogames, reading, and writing. Adnan can be contacted by email: [email protected]
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showing the errors of these journalists, and telling the world that they’re immoral, and they’re wrong. It’s wrong to acclaim a videogame because you had an intimate relationship with the developer. It’s wrong to slander the whole population of gamers because some anonymous people threatened some feminist activists (who are doing a lot of damage to the community as a whole). It’s wrong to speak for us what you think is fit! Alas, there is another viewpoint on this subject. Some modern feminists poured gallons of gas over the fire by complaining about how women are supposedly mistreated and misrepresented in videogames. And some “social critics” agree with them without insisting on proof. Most evidences on the “misogyny” seen in videogames is not really misogyny, but a casual reflection of the outside world. Meaning: These modern feminists are not satisfied with the world around them, so they are blaming it on videogames. Think of the defenseless gamers who just want to have fun, because in the gaming community, it really does not matter if you’re a boy or a girl. Everyone is treated the same. Gaming is genderblind. These feminists, who are considered outsiders, won’t have any of that. No one can change their false conviction. They even called Super Mario the product of a patriarchal society!! These feminists claim that videogames are making people misogynistic, which is obviously wrong. In games like Call of Duty or Battlefield, millions of players are killed in the battlefield, and the statistics show NO SIGNS of murder increasing among gamers. In fact, I think it’s becoming more obvious how in the current generation, we are slowly ridding ourselves of the prejudices handed down by our ancestors, and the gaming community is the most accepting of others. That’s why we do not see much racist or sexist people anywhere near Nintendo or Sony consoles. So, how one can deduct from this that boys now will become misogynists is way beyond us. The only way the gaming industry could be
bad is by it being inherently sexist, or have been proven to cause gamers to be violent. Now, how can people who take gaming as a lifestyle and enjoy playing games be any worse than anyone other? And why are we gaining even more enemies by doing absolutely nothing? You can find a sociopath among every group of people, and even though that’s bad, it has been the case throughout history. So why are we looked down upon because of these few which we would be happy to discard from our community had we known who they were? I believe that all this inconvenience is the cause of the gaming industry expanding to include even a wider variety of people who are not even dedicated to videogames, the publishers insatiable lust for money, and the gaming journalists’ efforts at turning gaming into a wide-spread sensation for their greedy gains. And sadly, there’s nothing to be done to stop this. Gaming as a form of entertainment is slowly deteriorating, and it’s becoming more of a pop-culture than ever. And I fear that this is the start of a new generation of gamers who care less about gaming, and more about anything that is not related to gaming whatsoever. In the end, I ask you, reader. What happens to us gamers when we just want to play videogames? Unscrupulous journalists try to represent us in the worst possible way for ad-revenue and popularity from the people who have no relation to videogames, or from people who support their ideology. Misguided feminists creating problems out of thin-air, and trying to blot our reputation, and ruin gaming for us. And worst of all, criticism of the whole society of gamers just because of some stupid videogames which no real diehard gamer would play. The situation is far too entangled, and problematic than it may seem. It’s not only about them, as it is about the whole gaming community becoming a business or a media for people who do not know anything about videogames to take advantage of. Will this be the end of our lifelong hobby? Will feminists’ and journalists’ influence corrupt gaming forever? Will more developers bring in wider audiences for our diffident community? Only time will tell.
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Get Cozy with Gap Gap launches its Holiday Collection this November. Be prepared to be delighted by the festive assortment both to wear and give. Organized by the themes of Crazy Stripes, Fair Isle and Party, the collection recognizes Rebekka Bay, Creative Director and Head of Marketing’s cohesive design direction.
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The exclusive collection for Printemps
November, 2014
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L’OCCITANE LAUNCHES ARLESIENNE FOR HOLIDAYS 2014 There is so much more to this woman from the South than the ties she shares with L’OCCITANE. Her very character, rooted in the ground, in the stonework of Arles, is what spurred the desire of L’OCCITANE and the creation of this fragrance – signature perfume in Provence. The Arlesienne is like no other. She arouses creativity and inspires artists (Van Gogh, Picasso, Leo Lelee, Mistral, Bizet etc.) She is the silent, markedly absent heroine of a play by Daudet in tree acts, in which she is constantly referred to, yet never appears.
ARLESIENNE - THE WOMAN OF ARLES In her wake, this woman leaves a distinct trace of her presence. You can still hear the whisper of fabrics; still smell the lingering trail of a new fragrance. Three floral notes, each one like a trait of her character, fuse together: the fiery temperament of saffron, the grace of rose, and the mystery of violet. The head notes bring bursts of colour and joie de vivre. Radiant and precious, the saffron flower in full bloom introduces its sensual, peppery and spicy notes. Elegant and difficult to subdue, the Grasse rose at the heart of the scent is enhanced by a few sprigs of lily of the valley. While violet goes slightly astray, settling into enveloping, sensorial white wood. KEY RAW MATERIALS Rose from Grasse, and Violet from Provence FAMILY Floral To satisfy all your desires, L’OCCITANE imagined a woman who has everything of the Arlesienne: Beautiful, satiny, velvet soft powdered skin, perfumed hands, irresistible lips; and created this collection for you.
Permanent Products: 75ml Body Oil – 250ml Shower Cream – 250ml Beauty Milk – 30ml Velvet Hand Cream – 50g Perfumed Soap.
Limited Edition Products: 50ml Hair Mist – 9g Beautifying Powder – 12ml Lip Gloss – 10g Solid Perfume – 140g Perfumed Candle.
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Hamilton Watches Return to the Big Screen in Interstellar New Christopher Nolan Film ‘Stars’ Two Hamilton Timepieces Hamilton watches, known for their leading role in the worlds of aviation and cinema as well as their innovative timekeeping technology, return to the big screen this fall in the Paramount Pictures and Warner Bros. epic adventure, Interstellar. Cooper (played by Matthew McConaughey) is equipped with a Hamilton Khaki Pilot Day Date in the film. The Khaki Pilot Day Date features an aviator design perfect for Cooper’s pioneering spirit. Cooper’s daughter Murph wears an exclusive watch developed by Hamilton specifically for her character. This watch is a unique and customized piece, composed of different elements of signature Hamilton watches perfectly suited to her character. This ‘starring role’ in Interstellar is the latest in over 400 movie placements for Hamilton. The first came more than 60 years ago when the brand’s watches first appeared in The Frogmen. Since then, Hamilton has worked closely with costume designers and prop masters to supply watches to filmmakers. “Our work with Interstellar exemplifies the ongoing relationship we’ve had with Hollywood for the past six decades and how we’ve collaborated with many talented behind the scenes professionals to help bring their characters to life,” said Sylvain Dolla, CEO of Hamilton International. A similar request for collaboration came from the Interstellar production team, to outfit the characters Cooper and Murph. Because of its continued involvement with Hollywood, Hamilton recognizes the wide spectrum of work that leads to the red carpet, the brand created the annual Hamilton Behind the Camera Awards. Held each year in both Los Angeles and Shanghai, the awards pay tribute to the brilliant off-screen talent that contributes to the quality of a motion picture and to the lasting impression it makes on its audience. “INTERSTELLAR” stars Matthew McConaughey, Anne Hathaway, Jessica Chastain, Bill Irwin, Ellen Burstyn, John Lithgow and Michael Caine. With our time on Earth coming to an end, a team of explorers undertakes the most important mission in human history; traveling beyond this galaxy to discover whether mankind has a future among the stars. Directed by Christopher Nolan, written by Jonathan Nolan and Christopher Nolan, and produced by Emma Thomas, Christopher Nolan and Lynda Obst. 162
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Jimmy Choo Kuwait invites customers to design their own Jimmy Choo shoes Alyasra Fashion introduces Jimmy Choo Made-To-Order service in Kuwait Alyasra Fashion today announced that it will provide the 2014 Jimmy Choo Made-to-Order service at their Avenues store between December 15 to 19, offering customers a tempting suite of signature styles that can be custom made in a myriad of colourways, textures and finishes tailored to personal style preferences. With the Made-to-Order offering, dream shoes become design reality with the stunning range of material and colour options to choose from. Women in Kuwait may choose from delicate suedes, lustrous satins, sumptuous leathers, glitter, crocodile or exotic snakeskins, and be
creative with a palette of colourways. For an extra personal touch, Made-to-Order customers are offered the chance to personalize the soles of the shoes with the addition of monogram initials. Alyasra Fashion Head of Marketing, Adel Al-Ansari said: “Made-toOrder by Jimmy Choo has been introduced in the global market only a few months ago, and will soon be in Kuwait. This fabulous service is ideal for shoe aficionados looking to build a bespoke wardrobe or for brides planning their wedding shoe wardrobe. The Made-toOrder service combines quintessential skilled Italian Jimmy Choo craftsmanship invested with the luxurious quality of materials used. We invite women in Kuwait to book their appointments to experience this for themselves as the offering will only be available for a limited time.” The tradition of made-to-order shoes can be traced back to the roots of the brand and has continued quietly throughout the company’s evolution as it has grown from a small London atelier to a global luxury fashion brand. Occasionally, by special request, a client would order a special fabrication, an exotic material or unique colour for a special event, most notably on the red carpet, where Jimmy Choo Made-to-Order shoes continue to have a steady presence. Jimmy Choo Creative Director, Sandra Choi said: “Throughout the years at Jimmy Choo, we set out to maintain the same level of personalized service and attention to detail as when we were crafting shoes one pair at a time, for one client at a time. Bringing this Made-to-Order service directly to our customers in our stores allows us to faithfully preserve our heritage of personalisation, and allow every woman to have a unique pair of Jimmy Choo shoes.” Representing the House signature style, Creative Director Sandra Choi has selected her favourite Jimmy Choo silhouettes for inclusion in the Made-to-Order programme. These shoes are the time-honoured iconic designs, continually adored by clients worldwide and perfectly suited for customization and include the ANOUK, LANCE, XENIA and TITE in varying heel heights. Made-to-Order will be available at Jimmy Choo, Prestige – The Avenues between December 15-19, 2014. Customers may book their appointment by calling: 25309912. November, 2014
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Splash launches ‘Studio Collection’ as part of the Fall Winter’14 fashion show
Mamas & Papas New Winter Collection
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IVANKA TRUMP FINE JEWELRY LAUCNHES THE ATHÉNÉE COLLECTION On the heels of unveiling of this season’s Empire collection, Ivanka Trump Fine Jewelry today announced Athénée, a series of pieces inspired by Greek Goddess Athena. The collection incorporates key Greek elements mixed with fluid curves to highlight the balance of strength and femininity that the Ivanka Trump brand represents. Athénée re-imagines the iconic imagery of Athena with rich materials such as brushed 18kt gold and stunning white diamonds. These multi-faceted pieces combine Ivanka’s signature oval shape, and iconic ‘IT’ motif, with unique swirl patterns. The line features 26 pieces featuring aquamarine and tanzanite in select styles.
Light Up the Season L’Occitane en Provence Offers Discounted Gift Sets For the Holidays Season Our indulgent gifts are the perfect way to celebrate any occasion from holidays, to birthdays to simply letting that special someone know you care. Choose from our range of beauty gift sets (for him and her) for a spa-style experience. Enjoy discounted gift sets from December 1st across all L’Occitane stores in the Middle East region. November, 2014
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At The Opening Of The First Pandora Store In Kuwait At Salhiya Complex
At A Special Event And Special Appearance Of Mr. Caito Maia (Founder Of Chilli Beans)
At The Opening Of Volkswagen, Behbehani Motors Company's New Quick Service Center In Shuwaikh
November, 2014
At The Opening Of “Argo Tea Café”
At The Press Conference To Announce The Opening Of Residence Inn By Mariott Kuwait City
At The Grand Opening Of Easyfit By Pilates And More Women’s Health Club In Hawally At Emall
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At The Launch Of The All New Hyundai Sonata 2015 By Northern Gulf Trading Co. Kuwait
At The Graduation Ceremony Of Box Hill College
November, 2014
At The Official Opening Of Costa Coffee's New Flagship Store At Miral Mall
At The Opening Of Bistro By Mais Alghanim At Miral Mall
At The Big Pink Bow Grand Opening Of The Hello Kitty Beauty Spa Kuwait
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At The BEY2OLLAK Comedy Show
At The "Education UK Exhibition�
At The Exclusive Preview Of The Alexander Wang X H&M Collection
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HOLIDAY handwarmers Spicy Gingersnap Cookie
MOCHA
For more details please visit any of our stores or contact us on @Caribou_social
@Caribou_social
速2014 Caribou CoffeeNovember, Company,2014 Inc. All Rights Reserved. 181
FROM THE PRESS
In appreciation for their endless efforts TSC held Employee Open Day
Introducing the new No7 Protect & Perfect ADVANCED Serums, clinically proven to be even more effective at reducing the appearance of lines and wrinkles
Victoria’s Secret Pink Opens Freestanding Store At The Avenues On November 15
Victoria’s Secret PINK is a spirited lifestyle brand dedicated to the independent and inspired college-age woman. It will open its first freestanding full assortment store in Kuwait at 1st Avenue – The Avenues on November 15. PRODUCT OFFERINGS The store will feature a wide assortment of the brand’s signature lingerie, the colorful and comfortable apparel it is known for including hoodies, tees and tanks, sweats, and yoga, as well as accessories and beauty products.
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The Sultan Center (TSC) held an Employee Open Day for its staff as part of its ongoing social activity program for associates; TSC Together. The event held at Entertainment City, was attended by company employees, families, friends and TSC management; where all experienced an unforgettable day of entertainment and relaxation. This TSC’s initiative stems from its commitment to motivate its workforce by acknowledging their hard work and dedication to the company. This event enables all employees to come together and enjoy a day out away from the office to socialize relax and reinforce friendships. The open day was filled with contests, games and a raffle draw in which fabulous prizes could be won from electronics and sports gear to household appliances. Staff were delighted to join in the celebration. According to Antoinette Sullivan, Human Resource Director, “We would like to thank all the associates for their support and service which has made us today a leading organization”. Adding: “We, at TSC, take pride in our working environment which is marked with the high teamwork spirit, trust, integrity, commitment, innovation and collaboration. All of these factors have made us the institution everyone is aiming to join. We are delighted that our associated and families were able to attend this event and share a day out while enjoying a variety of activities”. Attendees thanked the management for organizing this event and for their continued support of these activities that foster team spirit which reflects positivity in the work environment.
After seven years of research, reformulation and further extensive scientific testing, Boots is launching the new No7 Protect & Perfect ADVANCED Serums. Remember the storm of interest in 2007 when Boots revealed that its original No7 Protect & Perfect Serum had anti-ageing effects equivalent to a gold-standard, prescription only treatment? Now, new and more powerful formulas, with even greater antiwrinkle benefits, are about to hit the Boots store shelves to help women look and feel their best. No7 Protect & Perfect ADVANCED Serum, for improving the first signs of ageing that usually start to appear between ages 25 and 35. No7 Protect & Perfect Intense ADVANCED Serum, for improving the appearance of deep lines and wrinkles typically experienced by women aged 35+. Now even more powerful: The scientists at No7 have reformulated the proven anti-ageing classic serums for greater anti-ageing power with a new blend of key ingredients carefully chosen for their ability to help repair and protect the skin. More powerful repair with a peptide complex that includes greater quantities of Matrixyl 3000, the star ingredient which drives repair of fibrillin, a structural protein in the skin combined with a new peptide. The concentration of peptides in the No7 Protect & Perfect Intense ADVANCED Serums have now been significantly increased compared to the original serums. More powerful protection with a patented antioxidant complex to help protect skin from unstable free radical molecules combined with inhibitors of enzymes that cause break down of structural proteins in ageing skin.
K’ S PATH’s Second Fundraiser Yogafest a huge success! Zafran launches its exquisite new Winter menu
Marina Hotel Kuwait launches its much awaited Barbeque nights On October 25th, 2014,K’S PATH and Mona Salmeen of Grounded Growth Yoga partnered to host Kuwait’s Second Yoga Festival for charity, with all proceeds going to the Kuwait Society for Protection of Animals and Their Habitat K’S PATH. The festival aimed to educate the community in Kuwait to live healthy, happy and peacefully by integrating elements of yoga and meditation and to cultivate compassion for animals and the environment. An estimated of 100 people took part in the event, which was held at Al Bayan Nursery, AlJabriya where a group of 15 yoga and meditation teachers came together to teach yoga of various styles such as Hatha, Vinyasa, PranaVayu, Akhanda, Artistic, Power and Body Tone Yoga, Kids yoga, yoga for families and meditation. "The work that K’SPATH is doing gives those animals in need the opportunity to be nursed back to health, as well as a chance to live the happy, healthy lives they deserve, and I want to support that," Mona says. "Yoga is about living healthy, trying to achieve inner peace, and then sharing that peace with all sentient beings. This is why the fantastic and dedicated group of yogis and yoginis who put this event together found it very easy to align themselves with K’S PATH and sharing their practice to benefit animal welfare.” Thanking the teachers, students and sponsors for supporting a worthy cause, K’S PATH Vice Chairperson Sheikha Fatima M. Al Sabah says, “We are delighted that our second Yogafest was a huge success. It is very encouraging to see members of society keen on supporting our animals and the work we do through an event that promotes healthy living and kindness in action. I would like to thank our partners Grounded Growth Yoga, Al Bayan Nursery and City Pages Kuwait as well as our generous sponsors for believing in our cause.” The event was sponsored by The Yoga Center, SAKS hair and beauty, Titan Kuwait, FunkyYoga, Infusions, Eat Green Kitchen, We Eat Clean, The Bread Barn, JaxCoco, and House Of Butterflies. Visitors also browsed and sampled various eco –friendly and healthy foods and products from the yoga bazaar. K’S PATH is a non-profit organization committed to animal welfare and habitat protection in Kuwait. Founded in 2005 by Chairperson Ayeshah Al Humaidhi, K’S PATH operates Kuwait’s first open-door shelter and sanctuary in Wafra caring for more than 300 animals including dogs, cats, rabbits, tortoises, ducks, horses, goats, sheep, donkeys, baboons, raptors and other species. Its humane education program visits schools and universities to teach children about compassion to animals, while its marine conservation program protects ecologically-rich beaches in Kuwait and teaches the community to protect the environment through activities like recycling.
The popular barbeque season is back at Marina Hotel Kuwait as it welcomes the eagerly awaited cooler months. Following last season’s success, the hotel launched its Barbeque Nights in the presence of local media representatives and senior management, promising them a personalized and entertaining experience. General Manager, Mr Nabil Hammoud along with the hotel’s management team welcomed media representatives upon their arrival. They were treated to a warm and relaxing evening filled with live oriental music, shisha amid the breathtaking views of the Arabian Gulf. On the occasion, Mr Hammoud said: “We launch the BBQ nights at a time when people crave for a soothing and uniquely elevating experience. Our chef has put together a wide range of BBQ specialties which will delight all tastes. The BBQ nights will offer barbequed fresh meats, seafood, variety of delightful salads and desserts every Wednesday from 7:30pm onwards.” The evening was further enhanced by the sounds of soft oriental music which complement the barbeque delights. The event lasted until after midnight and Marina Hotel ensured that every guest had a truly memorable evening. Guests can enjoy a delightful and very pleasant dining experience with their family and friends, surrounded by a warm and welcoming ambience. With live popular entertainment, tantalizing shisha and attentive associates, the unique poolside location has a capacity to accommodate up to 150 guests at a time and has a special area for groups and gatherings.
OYSHO Danced Zumba with Kuwait Media In the presence of local media representatives and invited guests, Zafran, the contemporary Indian restaurant by Foodmark today celebrated the launch of its new menu. The popular restaurant is now tempting food lovers with an exciting new menu with the introduction of new additions along with the regular Zafran favorites. Zafran’s brand Chef Gaurav Singh has crafted the new recipes knitting the global ingredients and techniques with the flavours and traditions of India while complementing the ingredients with the restaurant’s signature contemporary twist. Chef Gaurav Singh along with the entire restaurant team welcomed the local media representatives and other guests to an afternoon of good food and friendly service in heart-warming ambience. They were provided insights on the new dishes that have been introduced in the menu. Speaking at the occasion, Chef Gaurav Singh said: “We're delighted to introduce our new menu and trust it is well received. We strive to continuously expand our offerings with new, great-tasting dishes and look very closely to our guest’s preferences. Emphasis is placed on maintaining the requisite spice levels of dishes and using fresh and natural ingredients. We welcome our patrons as well as residents who are yet to discover our food to enjoy our gastronomic delights.” Some of the new appetizer additions in the Menu include: ‘Masala fried fish’ (deep fried fish with curry leaves and black pepper seasoning), ‘Pakora’ (onion and potato fritters) and ‘Aloo Tikkia’ (pan fried potato cakes on a bed of chickpea masala). New additions also include a sizzling platter for Kebabs – choice of vegetarian, non-vegetarian and seafood designed for family dinners which include chicken mixed grill, veg mixed grill and mixed grill with seafood to name a few. The main dishes have additional choices of biryani’s including ‘Chicken Awadhi Biryani’ and ‘Jumbo Prawn Biryani’. New tandoor items include ‘Hariyali Salmon Yikka’, ‘Bhatti ka Murg’, ‘Pudina Paneer tikka’ and ‘Tandoori king prawn’. Not leaving behind the curries customers can try out the new ‘Zafran chicken curry’, Saag Gosht’ and ‘Lal Mass’ The feast is not complete unless you enjoy the best in-house dessert ‘zafran phirnee’ (reduced milk cooked with broken rice, saffron and rose water), and the famous ‘kulfi’ (Indian milk ice cream with saffron and pistachio’. Zafran, located in Salmiya (Salem Al Mubarak Street), is known for its vibrant and modern setting, and is a warm and welcoming retreat for friends and family who wish to relax and enjoy good high quality food at purse-friendly prices. Come along and enjoy the world of aromatic flavours and taste or take advantage of Zafran’s home delivery service To make a reservation, please call: 25750647
Driven by its core objective to spread a healthy living concept leading to a balanced life OYSHO, the leading Spanish brand have organized an “OYSHO Zumba Challenge” for Media ladies in Kuwait at the pioneer ALTA gym located in Kuwait City. Oysho Zumba Challenge entertaining competition aimed at encouraging people to enjoy a healthy yet fun workout. At first, Media ladies were trained by one of Alta’s Gym professional instructors. On the rhythm of the upbeat Latino Music the ladies enjoyed a fun and effective workout that targeted every single body muscle, but that was just the beginning. The real fun started with the Zumba challenge, when each lady was asked to perform a solo Zumba for 1 minute. The best performer was chosen by a committee of the Zumba instructor and two OYSHO representatives, and won a very special gift from Oysho. OYSHO brand manager Mrs. Luma Frayeh, was very keen to attend the Zumba challenge, she commented: “We are very happy to celebrate our Zumba challenge with Kuwait media today, OYSHO encourages a healthy wellbeing and we are definitely glad to see the change, people now are aware of the importance of maintaining a balanced life, and we at OYSHO believe that being healthy is not just a state but a lifestyle. People should not be obliged to follow this lifestyle but should celebrate following it”. Following the Zumba challenge, the ladies indulged themselves to a healthy buffet while enjoying the Atlas panoramic view of Kuwait. The Zumba challenge is another activity that confirms OYSHO’s commitment towards the society and health, and it’s definitely not the last. To OYSHO, when the necessity of a healthy lifestyle meets the power of human will, a bright future will be born.
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Fawzia Sultan Rehabilitation Institute to hold fourth RunQ8 on November 29 All proceeds to finance rehabilitation Home Centre of children with Launches Latest disabilities Catalogue Featuring 135 New Style Buys
FROM THE PRESS Kosebasi celebrates the Opening of its Jabriya branch
Volkswagen Kuwait opens Express Service in Shuwaikh
Fawzia Sultan Rehabilitation Institute (FSRI) will hold its fourth annual RunQ8 race on November 29 to raise funds towards supporting underprivileged children with physical and/or cognitive disabilities in Kuwait. Medical Director of FSRI, Dr. Elham Hamdan, said, “For the second year in-a-row, funds raised in RunQ8 will support children who suffer from disabilities by providing them with affordable treatment and fund those who do not have access to it. This is why we urge companies to extend their support and call on the community at large to take part in this annual race for a noble cause.” Funds are raised through FSRI’s non-profit Children’s Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center (CERC), which is the first facility of its kind in Kuwait providing comprehensive and multidisciplinary rehabilitation evaluations and care for children with physical and/or cognitive disabilities with the aim of improving their overall quality of life. RunQ8 is an annual 10-kilometer run organized by FSRI, and founded by both FSRI and founding partner, Agility, with a clear mandate to raise public awareness on health issues affecting communities in Kuwait, supporting healthcare initiatives, as well as encouraging healthy living amongst the community-at-large. Dr. Hamdan added, “Ongoing treatment for children takes a toll on the family financially, and we see cases in Kuwait whereby families delay seeking treatment for their child due to financial constraints. CERC aims to ensure that children do get the treatment they require to live a better life.” CERC provides affordable treatments that cater to all segments of society, and even helps families who cannot afford care. CERC fee structure is affordable to the average family in Kuwait, and funds some of the treatments for children through the support of various community entities and donors, as well as through the annual RunQ8 charity marathon. CERC also treats referrals from Bayt Abdullah Hospice for terminally ill children without fees. RunQ8 is supported by founding partner Agility, silver sponsor NIKE, bronze sponsor ASAR Legal, as well as other companies including Tareq Co., iSqueeze, Porsche, and Kuwait’s renowned Bazaar magazine and Good Health Arabia as media sponsors Participants can register at runq8.org. Companies wishing to partner with RunQ8 can register at runq8.org or contact Fawzia Sultan Rehabilitation Institute directly at 2572 0338 / 2572 1757.
Home Centre, the region’s leading home retailer, has released its latest catalogue featuring a bigger and better collection than ever before. The 140-page catalogue features several new style buys to give your home the now-factor. Whether classic or contemporary or a clever combination of the two, the catalogue introduces a comprehensive range of furniture and accessories that quite evidently reinforces the brand's promise that ‘No Two Homes Will Be The Same’ with Home Centre. “Filled with abundant inspirations, ideas and beautiful products to refresh your home, our signature catalogue has something for everyone, whatever the style or budget. And that’s not all, in an attempt to make this user-friendly guide more inspirational for our customers we have replicated the looks of the rooms featured in the catalogue in our stores. The idea is to offer our customers a first-hand experience of the newly launched products,” says Colin Renwick, COO, Home Centre. The newest catalogue from Home Centre takes an editorial slant, offering tips, style advice and recommendations for the house-proud reader. Some of the highlights of this year’s catalogue are new special features such as ‘Six of the Best’, ‘Object of Desire’ and ‘Outstanding Value’. Six of the Best features the top furniture picks of a category, the Object of Desire collection highlights three sought-after products and the Outstanding Value segment reveals a variety of affordable living, dining and bedroom collections and accessories. This year, Home Centre has also amplified engagement with customers on its digital platforms. The brand has added an interactive edge to its digital catalogue with an embedded region-wide contest, a behind-the-scenes video of the making of the catalogue cover, and additional products to view. The interactive catalogue will be available across all digital and social platforms and even on Home Centre’s new mobile application.
Stemming from the depth of south Anatolia lands and flourishing in Kuwait, the authentic Turkish restaurant Kosebasi celebrated the opening of its new branch in a dinner gathering with media dignitaries, and special guests . The opening event was attended by HE Turkish Ambassador in Kuwait Mr. Murat Tamer. The continuous expansion of Kosebasi in the region and most particularly in Kuwait is reaffirming the great turnout from its customers and the ultimate dedication of its team that succeeded to perfectly introduce the Anatolian traditional taste and lifestyle to the Middle East. Kosebasi was firstly opened in 1995, and has witnessed a global success in spreading the word about the Turkish cuisine by being elected as one of the “worlds 50 best restaurants” by Conde Nast Traveler Magazine, it was also awarded with international tourism, Hotel and catering industries prize as “The best representative of Turkish Cuisine, moreover Time magazine has bestowed Kosebasi with the title of “The Best Kebab Restaurant in Istanbul”; Kosebasi is also a footfall to worlds celebrities like jack Nicolson, Chelsea Clinton and many more. All the Above facts make Kosebasi the perfect destination for those who want to enjoy a unique atmosphere with the best quality of food . Mr.Roy Ghattas; Kosebasi Senior Brand Manager for the MENA region commented of the remarkable success of Kosebasi and the new opening in kuwait : “On behalf of all the Kosebasi Team, we are delighted and honored to celebrate this great and expeditious success with you today, and we are proud to announce the opening of our 2rd branch in kuwait while looking forward for 2 more branches to be opened soon, Kosebasi became the eminent destination of the Turkish cuisine In kuwait , and Thanks to AZADEA, people in MENA can now enjoy the Anatolian food experience in their homelands”. Mr. Dany Abou Jamra; AZADEA Group Country Manager in Kuwait.also announced; “We are very proud we introduced Kosebasi as one of our many unique restaurants to our customers in the Middle East. At AZADEA we work hard to cater the best food and services, are also devoted to bring the world’s best brands together in every possible country we operate, and Kosebasi is among the best restaurants we can delight our customers with. We greatly owe the Kosebasi Team for their efforts in creating the real Anatolian atmosphere here and we look forward to further spread the perks of true tastes” . Today, The best Turkish Cuisine is at your hand to answer your cravings and pamper your taste buds Presenting a wide range of freshly handmade dishes. All you need is to head to Jabriya city, at Tavern food court and enjoy an alluring food affair with the friends and family.
Behbehani Motor Company, the exclusive distributor of Volkswagen in Kuwait, today announced the opening of an Express Service centre in Shuwaikh. The newly expanded service centre in the heart of Kuwait city’s automotive hub represents ca 450 sqm of unparalleled customer service with eight new service bays, the latest diagnostic equipment, and internationally trained technical teams and advisors. The Express Service centre, located close to Airport Road, will provide minor service and repairs, without the necessity of prior booking or lengthy waiting times at the state-of-the-art facility, which also features Volkswagen Genuine Parts and Accessories retail. Commenting on the new service facility, Mr. Abdullah Ali, General Manager of Volkswagen Kuwait, said: "Delivering world-class customer service is our first priority. Our cars are finetuned by German-engineering meaning low service intervals from 15,000 km (or one year), with our new Express Service centre, our customers can spend less time on mundane tasks such as vehicle maintenance, and more time drive time on the roads of Kuwait.” The new Express Service centre joins a wellestablished Volkswagen retail proposition, which includes a new flagship showroom located in Al Rai and major service centre in Shuwaikh. Mr Abdullah continued, “This is just the beginning of a major expansion plan by Volkswagen Kuwait, which will include the development of a major one-stop-shop showroom, service centre and express service early next year. We are absolutely focused on delivering Service Excellence, the new Quick Service centre adds a new dimension to our portfolio by achieving the highest levels of customer satisfaction, and international standards of vehicle servicing.” To find out more about Volkswagen or to arrange a test drive, visit your local showroom or log on to www.volkswagen.com.kw or visit the official Facebook page at www.facebook. com/VolkswagenQ8.
November, 2014
FROM THE PRESS
Petrochemical & chemical industries’ value of over USD 3 trillion needs sustainability
EQUATE Petrochemical Company, Kuwait’s first private sector petrochemical company, said that during 2012, the total value of the global petrochemical and chemical production was over USD 3.8 trillion and more than 10% of that production was from Gulf nations. EQUATE President & CEO Mohammad Husain said, “During 2012, the Gulf’s production capacity of petrochemicals and chemicals, excluding pharmaceuticals, exceeded 129 million tons, making these sectors the second main source of income after petroleum. Among other elements, such a value makes our overall sustainability a must.” Husain’s statements came on EQUATE’s sponsorship of the 2nd Gulf Petrochemicals & Chemicals Association (GPCA) Sustainability Conference 2014 in Dubai, the UAE, during October 21-23. Husain added, “Having such significance, the matter is not limited to manufacturing and making profits. It is a comprehensive framework of sustainability through human innovation to ensure addressing all relevant functions, such as the environment, health, safety, technology, production, communication, marketing, supply chain, human resources, sales and business development. For that, throughout the years, EQUATE has launched several critical initiatives, such the Middle East’s First Plant Water Recycling Project and Kuwait’s First CO2 Recovery project, all thanks to its distinguished human resources.” The 2nd GPCA Sustainability Conference 2014 will include the attendance of over 190 industrial leaders, experts and professionals from around the world to discuss several matters regarding the petrochemical and chemical sectors. As a founding member of GPCA, EQUATE has been a strong supporter of the various activities launched by the association since its inception in 2006 within a context of “Partners in Success.” Established in 1995, EQUATE is an international joint venture between Petrochemical Industries Company (PIC), The Dow Chemical Company (Dow), Boubyan Petrochemical Company (BPC) and Qurain Petrochemical Industries Company (QPIC). Commencing production in 1997, EQUATE is the single operator of a fully integrated world-scale manufacturing facility producing over 5 million tons annually of high-quality petrochemical products which are marketed throughout the Middle East, Asia, Africa and Europe.
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Alshaya Trading Co. ’s Office Furniture Projects Division, Offers Latest Office Trends
Alshaya Trading’s furniture division specializes in providing complete home and office furniture solutions for institutional clients across the Kuwait market. Spread across Saudi, Qatar and the UAE, the division is dedicated to serving complete home and office furniture solutions and turnkey services to institutional clients from the conceptual stage to design and installation, through to final commissioning and on-going maintenance. With an aim to providing easy access to global brands and unmatchable quality products at the best prices, the office furniture division in Kuwait, is driven by the increasing demand for furniture and interior décor to meet the construction trade boom across the market. Some of the global brands available include Estel, Sedus, Nowy Styl Group, Aresline, Francesco Molon, Eun grupo. Speaking on behalf of the office furniture division, George Koshy Sales Manager said, “The division understands the intricate environment of contemporary offices, meeting rooms, lounges and specializes in providing consistently dependable solutions that are in a constant development while meeting the exact requirements of our customers. While dealing with the office furniture division at Alshaya Trading Company, clients can be assured with our uncompromised quality and be confident of our international trade agreements in line with environmental sustainability.”
flydubai celebrates its rapid expansion in East Africa with two inaugural flights to Tanzania
Dubai-based flydubai’s inaugural flights to Dar es Salaam and Zanzibar touched down yesterday in Tanzania. The new routes further underline flydubai’s rapid expansion in Africa, which has seen the carrier’s network double to 12 destinations this year. flydubai entered the market in 2009 with flights to Djibouti, and in 2011 Addis Ababa became flydubai’s second East African destination. In 2014, flydubai added six new routes to the continent with the start of flights to Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda and three destinations in Tanzania. Commenting on the start of flights to Tanzania, Ghaith Al Ghaith, Chief Executive Officer of flydubai, said: “The United Arab Emirates has recognised the immense potential in the emerging markets of East Africa, like Tanzania. We continue to work diligently to support the travel, trade and tourism objectives by strengthening the direct links between the UAE and these African markets.” The flydubai delegation led by Sudhir Sreedharan, Senior Vice President Commercial (GCC, Subcontinent and Africa), was met with inaugural events held at Dar es Salaam and Zanzibar airports on 22 October 2014. Among the senior officials who met the inaugural flights were HE Janet Z. Mbene (MP), Deputy Minister for Industry and Trade, HE Dr Omary Mjenga, Consul General to the UAE and HE Samia Hassan Suluhu, Minister of State. “The pace of flydubai’s expansion in East Africa has picked up. Six of the 23 new routes we have launched this year are to Africa. The potential we see for this market is just the tip of the iceberg as it is still a heavily underserved region. We are very excited about our new flights to Tanzania, which are going to be very popular for our passengers whether for leisure or business,” commented Sreedharan. Tanzania has emerged as a noteworthy trade partner for Dubai recently and ranked among the major non-oil trade partners in Africa last year topping USD 1.86 billion in total annual trade, according to recent figures from the Dubai Chamber of Commerce. flydubai started operating its new Boeing 737800 fleet configured with Business Class on its Dar es Salaam, Kilimanjaro and Zanzibar flights from 16 October 2014, providing passengers between Tanzania and the UAE with a more convenient, high-quality and reliable service with the option to connect onwards through Dubai’s aviation hub.
Hollaphonic’s ‘Runaway’ Debuts at No. 1 Spot On iTunes Charts
Universal Music MENA are very proud to announce Hollaphonic’s new single ‘Runaway’ featuring Aaron Camper rightfully took the No.1 spot on the official iTunes Charts yesterday and continues to hold onto the position, beating the likes of David Guetta, Calvin Harris and Enrique Iglesias, only hours after its release on the digital platform. Virgin Radio Dubai was the first station in the world to exclusively play ‘Runaway’ yesterday morning on the Kris Fade Show. The track received an incredibly positive response from fans immediately prompting the addition of the single on their popular playlist. The boys from Hollaphonic said, "We made this song with all our fans in mind, taking us back to the original, powerful Hollaphonic sound. We never expected such an unbelievable reaction and the massive support, so thank you to everyone who bought it!’ With their first single, ‘I Don’t Want It To End’ setting off the succession of hits, ‘Runaway’ is the third single coming from their debut album ‘Personal Space,’ that has gone straight to the top of the singles charts. It has been an excellent week for Hollaphonic already, as it was also announced that they will be taking to the prestigious Abu Dhabi F1 Grand Prix After Race Concert stage, opening for International DJ, Armin Van Buuren on Friday 21st November
Address of Hospitality and Original Taste
24747789 - 24747798 : تلفون. الدور السابع- برج امللتقى, دوار املخفر:الفروانية
Farwaniya: Police Station Roundabout, AlMultaqa Tower, 7th Floor. Tel: 24847789 - 24747798
@aghakuwait
FROM THE PRESS Max Unveils the Autumn Collection
Ministry of Health launches Kuwait National Mammography Screening Program
The Ministry of Health, with support from Ali Abdulwahab Al Mutawa Commercial Co. (AAW), one of Kuwait’s leading medical distribution companies and the main distributor of Roche Pharmaceuticals in Kuwait, introduced the Kuwait National Mammography Screening Program (KNMSP), designed to provide free breast cancer screening services at select governmental clinics in conjunction with Breast Cancer Awareness month. The program which was launched on October 1 provides mammography services, physical examination and medical consultations to women over 40 years of age in five governmental clinics that include: South Khaitan Health Center, Al-Zahraa Health Center, Al-Naeem Health Center, Egaila Health Center and soon in Surra area at Shaikhan Ahmad Al-Farsi and his wife Shereefa Al-Awadhi Health Center. Radiology Specialist and President of KNMSP, Dr. Hanaa Al Khawari said: “Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among Kuwait’s population where there are about 1.7 million cases yearly, 440 of them are specifically in Kuwait. To make matters worse, Kuwait has a higher number of delayed cancer detection cases compared to countries like the US and the UK and we know by facilitating free mammogram services we are able to tackle this issue in order to detect cases as early as possible.” AAW’s support stems from their ongoing support in fighting breast cancer alongside NGOs and other private and public institutions. In the last decade, the companies have supported Cancer Awareness Nation (CAN) and Hayatt Breast Cancer Foundation. AAW General Manager of Pharmaceuticals, Dr. Sherif Younan said: “Breast cancer among women in Kuwait is the most alarming of all types of cancers and early detection is key to overcoming the disease. We are in full support of the Ministry of Health’s public program that facilitates mammogram testing for the women that need it the most, and we encourage women that meet the program criteria to get tested regularly.” If you’d like to learn more about breast cancer or more information about KNMSP, please contact: 24620989.
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Pathfinder ‘Midsize Suv Of The Year’
With summer over, every fashionista is thinking about their Autumn/Winter wardrobe. The latest collection from Max is the perfect combination of high fashion and affordability; the styles may be inspired by high fashion catwalks, but the costs are not. For women, this season’s collection is inspired by the international catwalks love of monochrome. Urban inspired monochrome pieces are featured heavily throughout the collection. Tartan grunge and rich warm colours are also seen, taking cue from the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Costume Institute Gala, adding Max’s own ready to wear animal print elements to the mix. The Scottish Highlands are another source of inspiration with kilts, tartan skirts and print on print combinations. Embellished collars and hems are also trends to keep an eye out for at Max this season. It’s all about the detail. For girls 8-14 years old, floral jeans, polka dots, lace and stripes make up the key trends. Country chic, tartan, monochrome and plaids will all be seen this Autumn and are a perfect way to update any young fashionistas wardrobe. The adorable Infant Boys collections are full of cute pieces for your little one. They are heavily inspired by the great outdoors, with key themes of Snow Valley, Varsity Sports and lovely graphic tees with chunky knits or plaid flannel shirts. Max’s Autum/Winter collection for Infant Girls is as cute as it gets! Key items for the season include festive dresses and a-line woven tops, all of which are ideal to be layered underneath the adorable duffle jackets and coats. The mixed palette of classic reds and deep purples combined with herringbone and tweeds, as well as rich purples with turquoise, echoes the full collection. This season the 2-8 boys collection is packed with great pieces in exciting themes. With cut and sew polo’s, padded gilets and washed chinos, collegiate and argyle themes featuring lots of chunky striped polos, elbow patch shirts and paneled jeans are the focal point of the collection. Some edgy looks for your aspiring rock star are also available, with the Rock Rebel collection, with a classic monochrome palette with a splash of red and forest. This season the 2-8 girls collections updates some classic shapes with modern details, mixed with lovely textures such as herringbone and tweed. If this wasn’t enough, the My Little Kitty collection consists of golds, ebony and ivory with gorgeous prints and girly shapes.
The Nissan Pathfinder has won ‘Midsize SUV of the Year’ in the Automan Magazine awards, bringing another prestigious trophy to the Japanese automaker’s bulging showcase. “For the Pathfinder to be awarded the title of Midsize SUV of the Year is a tremendous honour for Nissan,” says Samir Cherfan, Managing Director, Nissan Middle East. “This is a highly-competitive segment which makes the Automan award even more noteworthy.” Automan is the leading automotive publication in Oman. Its annual Car of the Year awards are held in high regard throughout the Middle East. The award was received by Katib Belkhodja, Brand Manager for SUVs and Crossovers in Nissan Middle East during the Award Ceremony that was held in ‘On the Rocks’ restaurant in Muscat. Judges have noted that Nissan has achieved its goal with the fourth generation Pathfinder of not just satisfying the faithful customers but attracting new buyers to the famed vehicle and the brand. The all-new vehicle has enjoyed ultra-high levels of popularity since its launch in 2013 with Pathfinder sales more than doubling for financial year 2013 compared to the previous 12 months. The GCC countries, a heartland for the Pathfinder and Nissan vehicles generally, saw 5,936 Pathfinders leave the showroom floors during the 2013 financial year as opposed to 2,827 for the previous generation Pathfinder in financial year 2012, a 110 per cent increase. In the wider Middle East Pathfinder sales notched 6,393 for financial year 2013, a 121 per cent hike on the 2,887 for the previous generation Pathfinder units in financial year 2012. A breakdown of sales throughout the GCC states for financial year 2013 compared to the previous 12 month shows that while in UAE and Kuwait sales more than doubled, for Oman sales increased by 43%, in Qatar sales shot up by 74% and sales in Bahrain were up by 38%. Cherfan says the Pathfinder is maintaining its impressive momentum in 2014. “With fresh design and improved levels of standard technology, the all-new Pathfinder is all about generating new wave of Middle Eastern buyers looking for a stylish, premium and authentic SUV while staying true to the roots of this extremely popular vehicle,” says the automaker’s Middle East chief.
Royale Hayat Hospital Launches Breast Cancer Awareness Campaign
Breast Cancer Awareness month is marked every October to help increase attention and awareness to detect the disease earlier, treat it and support patients. This year, Royale Hayat Hospital Breast Cancer awareness campaign focused on the importance of early detection, self-breast exam, and mammogram. Experts at Royale Hayat Hospital encourage women above 40 to have mammogram scans annually, which could detect breast cancer at its early stages and increase survival chances. They also encouraged women to perform self-breast exam at least once a month to detect any physical changes in the shape of the breast. At Royale Hayat Hospital Radiology Department, advanced technology and qualified medical teams can easily help save lives through early detection and proper treatment. Although there are no sufficient knowledge on the causes of breast cancer, but the risk factors could include lifestyle, menstruation, motherhood, hormones, family history and genetic, and age, in addition to factors that could be controlled such as, smoking, weight, and alcohol intake.
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الفروانية -شارع اخملفر فوق بيت التمويل تلفون24725558 / 24726164 : 189
November, 2014
الفحيحيل -شارع الدبوس البرج األخضر -الدور 16 تلفون25456100 / 25456969 :
www.6alabat.com
الساملية -شارع سالم املبارك فوق ماكس -الدور 4 تلفون25721717 / 25721818 :
كيفان -قطعة - 2مول جمعية حولي -شارع بيروت مقابل البنك التجاري كيفان اجلديد الدور 1 تلفون 24914081 / 24914082 :تلفون22661604 / 22661603 :
بدالة مطاعم 1808099
FROM THE PRESS Radisson Blu’s #Bluroutes Programme On Track For Middle East Launch 3M Posts Record Third-Quarter Sales and Earnings per Share
TANG encourages 100 days of family mealtime through a region wide campaign The Sultan Center (TSC) Introduces “Picnic Time” A prestigious US brand for picnics and camping
3M (NYSE: MMM) today reported third-quarter earnings of $1.98 per share, an increase of 11.2 percent versus the third quarter of 2013. Sales grew 2.8 percent year-on-year to $8.1 billion. Organic local-currency sales grew 3.9 percent, acquisitions added 0.1 percent to sales and currency impacts reduced sales by 1.2 percent year-on-year. Third-quarter operating income was $1.9 billion and operating income margins were 23.4 percent. Net income was $1.3 billion and the company converted 103 percent of net income to free cash flow in the quarter. 3M paid $550 million in cash dividends to shareholders and repurchased $1.2 billion of its own shares during the quarter. Organic local-currency sales growth was 5.4 percent in Health Care, 4.3 percent in Electronics and Energy, 4.2 percent in Industrial, and 3.1 percent in both Consumer, and Safety and Graphics. On a geographic basis, organic local-currency sales grew 6.0 percent in the U.S., 4.9 percent in Asia Pacific, 0.8 percent in EMEA (Europe, Middle East and Africa) and 0.4 percent in Latin America/Canada. “This was another strong quarter for 3M,” said Inge G. Thulin, 3M’s chairman, president and chief executive officer. “The 3M team once again delivered broad-based organic growth with operating margins exceeding 22 percent in all businesses. As we look forward, our focus will remain on actively managing the portfolio and strategically investing in the business to continue delivering profitable growth across the company. 3M remains on track to deliver its long-term financial objectives.” 3M updated its 2014 full-year performance expectations. The company now anticipates earnings in the range of $7.40 to $7.50 per share versus a prior expectation of $7.30 to $7.55. Organic local-currency sales growth is expected to be 4 to 5 percent versus 3 to 6 percent previously. 3M estimates foreign currency impacts will reduce sales by approximately 1.5 percent for the year versus a previous estimate of approximately 1 percent. The company also updated its full-year free cash flow conversion expectation to 95 to 100 percent from a prior range of 90 to 100 percent.
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Winter is almost here!! Kuwait’s favorite pastime is to head to the outdoor to enjoy the cool weather and spend time with family and friends. Gearing up for the season, The Sultan Center (TSC) is pleased to announce the arrival of the most prestigious US brand “Picnic Time” which offers European-style picnic baskets, portable totes, grilling accessories and gift items that are uniquely, stylish. “Picnic Time” is considered to be a distinguished product and eco friendly. Commenting on the product range, Makram Malaeb, Director of International Buying said “The Sultan Center has always been the customers’ preferred choice for the best Outdoors selection. One thing that has not changed over the years is our commitment to serving our customers and delighting them with the latest industry trends. With the upcoming season, TSC is glad to introduce “Picnic Time” brand which is a product line that would inspire people to spend quality time with family and friends” Malaeb concluded by saying ““Picnic Time” products are exclusively available at TSC, and are of exceptional quality. What better way to enjoy the season”.
Radisson Blu®, one of the world’s leading hotel brands, unveiled details for the #BluRoutes programme in the Middle East. #BluRoutes provides guests with running and cycling routes at select Radisson Blu properties. #BluRoutes provides guests with routes that begin and end at a chosen Radisson Blu property. The programme has been designed to help visitors maintain their exercise routines while travelling. In the Middle East, #BluRoutes will be launched initially in Radisson Blu hotels in the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait and Bahrain and will be rolled out in more properties over the next few months. “Our guests, whether they travel for business or leisure, typically have packed schedules with little downtime. Because of this, habits like exercise or physical fitness end up very low on their list of priorities,” said Mark Willis area vice president Middle East and sub-Saharan Africa from The Rezidor Hotel Group. “With #BluRoutes, we hope to change this scenario in an engaging, fun way. We constantly try to find ways to provide holistic services that contribute to the well- being of our guests so this programme offers them a way to not only maintain their fitness during their stay, but also a chance to experience the sights of the city around them.” Participating hotels will have one or more routes of varying distances and degrees of difficulty that start and end at the hotel. Guests may access #BluRoutes via the hotel’s web site, or request a printed map from the hotel’s reception desk. “Radisson Blu Hotel Kuwait is located on Al Bida’aa Road with a walking route on the premises, a popular running track with exercise machines nearby, and another longer running route along a long public beach making it an ideal #BluRoutes destination,” said Philippe Pellaud, General Manager at the Radisson Blu Hotel Kuwait. With over 275 hotels in 62 countries, Radisson Blu properties can be found in prime locations, including major cities, airport gateways and leisure destinations around the world. The hotel group’s Middle East portfolio includes 30 properties across 10 countries.
TANG, the popular powdered fruit-flavored beverage from Mondelēz International (formerly Kraft Foods), today announced the start of a region-wide campaign titled 100 LUNCHES WITH TANG encouraging family mealtime and togetherness in the region. Tang is inviting consumers to post photos of their lunch meal tables, every day for 100 days on #100LUNCHESWITHTANG. The campaign invites mothers to participate by capturing photos of their unique lunch tables accompanied with Tang by posting them on www.100luncheswithtang.com and earning five points for each submission. The weekly and monthly winners will be chosen based on the number of entries submitted, with a minimum of two and eight submissions to be done to qualify for the weekly and monthly prizes respectively thereby permitting single winning chances only. The top ten participants with maximum number of weekly and monthly submissions will enter a draw to win valuable prizes ranging from Tang goodie hampers to Digital cameras and lavish family brunches. A leader board present on-site, will monitor the number of submissions for each entrant. The top three entrants with the highest number of submissions throughout the contest will walk away with grand prizes of family getaways and dining room makeovers. “We aim to execute meaningful campaigns for the community. With this campaign introduced for the first time by TANG along with a legacy of social initiatives, we are going one step further to encourage our consumers to indulge in family mealtimes and togetherness, said Mr. Vishal Tikku, Area Director for Mondelēz International in the Middle East. I am pleased to announce this initiative from TANG that instills and encourages mothers to pride in their culture of family mealtime occasions and revere the close knit social ethos of Arabia.” Commencing today, the campaign will last 100 days and span the GCC region. Send in your pictures of family mealtimes on www.100luncheswithtang.com to win valuable prizes from Tang Arabia. Participation is open till 16th January 2015, as the 100th day of the campaign.
Be a part of the musical magic of Disney’s Frozen by bringing home your very own Queen Elsa, Princess Anna, and Olaf from Build-A-Bear Workshop this November!
Build-A-Bear Workshop® - the world’s only global company that offers an interactive make-your-own stuffed animal retailentertainment experience. Come to Build-A-Bear Workshop and you can build and customize three of your favourite Frozen characters; Queen Elsa, Princess Anna, and Olaf!
Prices start at: KD 9.6
Build-A-Bear store in Kuwait is located in The Avenues Mall November, 2014
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Dalal AlDughaishem
Website: www.saycheeez.net Email: [email protected] Twitter & flicker & instagram: @saycheeez_photo phone number (only Whats App): 55062262
Dalal is a professional photographer specializing in Kids and Babies Photography. Contact us if you wish to feature your Kids brand in CityPages magazine.
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JUMBLED WORDS
1.We add 17 to the smallest two-digit number and then we divide the sum by the largest one-digit number. What is the result?
2.My units digit is 7, my tens digit is 5, my hundreds digit is 4. What number am I?
3.The amount of soft drink in a standard bottle is most probably: 0.6 milliliter, 0.6 liter, 0.6 cm3, 0.6 m3
4.For the number 6398, what does the 9 mean? 5.Riley rounded 615 to the nearest hundred. What result did he get?
6.What is the least common multiple of 12 and 16? 7.Do this without using a calculator. Calculate: 827 × 60 - 327 × 60 8.What is the largest 7 digit number that you can make using these cards?1,8,5,6,2,0,4
9.If 75 out of 300 bananas were found to be overripe, what percent was that?
10.How many minutes is 16 hours and 3 minutes? 7. 30,000, 8. 8,654,210, 9. 25%, 10. 963 minutes
ANSWERS: 1.3, 2. 457, 3. 0.6 liter, 4. 9 Hundreds, 5. 600, 6. 48,
FUN RIDDLES
FUN FACTS ABOUT CAMELS
1f you had a pizza with crust thickness 'a' and radius 'z', what's the volume of the pizza? 2.What two words does this say? esgg sgeg gegs gsge 3.All men take off their hats to a person. Which personal am I talking about? 4.Mark has a tank with filled with petrol that weighs 10kg. Mark then puts something into it and now the barrel weighs less than 10kg. What does Mark put in the barrel? 5.The man who invented it doesn't want it. The man who bought it doesn't need it. The man who needs it doesn't know it. What is it? 6.What does this rebus riddle represent? EST EST EST EST Coffin, 6. Forest
ANSWERS: 1. Pi * z * z * a., 2.Scrambled eggs, 3.Barber, 4.A Hole, 5.A 194
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= 1. RCEPI = 2. RAMACE 3. TMNEOUCD= = 4. HNTTE = 5. ONUIN = 6. LPIOS = 7. NAPCITA 8. PCCKKAAB = = 9. TARUQER 10. LEPTUIML = 11. OTNTMU = 12. AOLRM = ANSWERS: 1. PRICE, 2.CAMERA, 3.DOCUMENT, 4.TENTH, 5.UNION, 6. SPOIL, 7.CAPTAIN, 8.BACKPACK, 9.QUARTER, 10.MULTIPLE, 11. MUTTON, 12.MORAL
MATHS QUIZ
•Camels are even-toed ungulates that have one or two humps…the one-humped camel, or dromedary camel, is found in the Arabian deserts of the Middle East and North Africa, while the two-humped camel, or Bactrian camel, is native to the Gobi Desert in China and the Bactrian steppes of Mongolia. •Want to remember the difference between Dromedaries and Bactrians? Take the first letter in their names and drop it onto its flat side. The "D" in Dromedary has only one hump. The "B" in Bactrian has two humps. •Camels do not store water in their humps… the hump is actually a reservoir of fatty tissue… when this tissue is metabolized, it acts as a source of energy, and yields more than 1 gallon of water for each 1 gallon of fat that is converted…their kidneys and intestine are able to hold water…because of this ability, the camel can live in very dry and hot climates and go without water for long periods of time. •When camels walk they move both legs on one side of their body and then the other…their feet are also flat and wide…both of these features help them from sinking into the sand…camels are powerful runners and can reach the speed of 40 miles per hour in a short burst, which is as fast as a horse. •Camels were domesticated more than 3,500 years ago… many people still depend on these "ships of the desert" for transportation…they can carry over 200 pounds for 20 miles in the hot desert heat. •Camels can grow to be 7 feet tall at the hump…the hump can be 30 inches tall and they can live to be 80 years old.
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HOMEWORK FOR GROWN UPS EVERYTHING YOU LEARNED AT SCHOOL... BUT CAN YOU REMEMBER? Brand 'mottos' Quiz To whom do these mottos belong? Match the answers with the brands listed below:
Test Your Vocabulary The opposite of unadulterated is:
1. Albion is the oldest word for: France; America; England/Britain; or Scandinavia?
1. tainted
2. What Andalusian city gave its name to a bitter orange used especially in
2. admired
3. What famous headwear and safety harness brand was devised from the original
4. coolheaded
4. Which once war-torn Balkan capital city has a world-leading human DNA analysis laboratory? 5. Georges Bizet devised the word 'toreador' for what opera? 6. The continent having the highest average elevation is: Africa; Asia; Europe; or Antartica? 7. What is a remark, act, or chess move seeking advantage, from Italian for trip-up,
ANSWER: 1.In this question, unadulterated is an adjective that means not mixed with impurities. Something that's pure, not mixed with other ingredients, is unadulterated. If you stand in your yard every time it rains singing "Singin' in the Rain" with unadulterated enthusiasm, your neighbors will eventually call the police. Food or drink that is pure is also said to be unadulterated. Some people like chocolate milk, but you might prefer the unadulterated variety. The adjective unadulterated also means "without qualifications," and it can be used in a negative way to mean "complete and utter." You'd probably feel like an unadulterated idiot if you shocked yourself by sticking a knife in the toaster after being advised not to.
raw materials silk, angora and wool?
and leg? 8. The Dewey Decimal, Universal Decimal, and Bliss Bibliographic classifications are used by: Farmers; Librarians; Architects; or Travel agents? 9. Which big-selling artist 1999-2003 shares her name with the founding Queen of Carthage? 10. The Carthage civilization (814-200BC) was based around modern: Copenhagen; Tunis; Mexico City; or Moscow? 11. The volume of a pyramid or cone is: base area x height x (what fraction?): A Quarter; A Third; A Half; or Nine-Fourteenths?
Tricky Mathematics Problem A game is being played where eight players can last for seventy minutes. Six substitutes alternate with each player in this game. Thus, all players are on the pitch for the same amount of time including the substitutes. For how long is each player on the pitch?
12. What edible weed is named from 'lion's tooth'? Now dividing that with 14, we can conclude that each player was there on the pitch for 40 minutes (560/14)
13. Disney's Lion King movie/musical is generally said to be based on what Shakespeare play?
70 x 8 = 560 min in total. Now, the question has told us that only eight players are present on the field at one time. Total players = 8 + 6 = 14
14. What is the UK's most senior royal palace and official residence of the monarch? 15. What instrument is sized according to terms such as 0, 00, 000, Grand
ANSWER:40 minutes
Auditorium and Dreadnought? 16. The Occident (from Latin 'going down') refers generally to which part of the world: Europe/US; Asia; Australia; or Africa? 17. The traditional Windows/Mac keyboard shortcut to undo the last operation is Ctrl or Cmd and what key?
JUMBLED WORDS H I R E K
18. The Gannex brand, popularised by British prime minister Harold Wilson in the 1960s, was a: Pipe; Cigar; Fountain pen; or Raincoat?
D U M Y D
19. What mountain's peak is the farthest point from Earth's centre/center: Everest; Kilimanjaro; Chimborazo; or McKinley?
E E G U L D
20. What 1930s-originating genericized trademark came to refer to 'piped'
ANSWERS: 1.England/Britain, 2.Seville, 3.Kangol, 4.Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina capital - the laboratory expertise and scale grew from the aftermath of the 1992-5 Bosnian War), 5.Carmen (based on the Spanish term torero, it refers to the main bullfighter, matador de toros, killer of bulls), 6.Antartica, 7.Gambit, 8.Libraries, 9.Dido, 10.Tunis (Tunisia), 11. A Third, 12.Dandelion, 13.Hamlet, 14.St James's Palace, 15.Guitar (acoustic), 16.Europe/US (the reference is to the sunset), 17.Z, 18.Raincoat, 19.Chimborazo (Ecuador, farthest due to equatorial bulge of the Earth), 20.Muzak
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citypageskuwait.com
C A P T I M T I S I S N ANSWERS:HIKER, MUDDY, DELUGE, IMPACT, INSIST
background recorded music played in elevators, reception areas, airports, etc?
NOVEMBER HOROSCOPES The Full Moon in money-hungry Taurus on November 6 smiles at money-fanatic Pluto, and they conspire to increase resources the easy way. A week later, on November 14, it's more than just the Sun and Moon bickering. They also challenge Saturn, who wants to and usually succeeds at slowing things down. It may seem impossible to wait out a seemingly promising deal, but Neptune comes to the rescue as he turns direct on November 16. Suddenly there is clarity where once there was darkness. A New Moon in optimistic Sagittarius on November 22 lights the way to the success you'd hoped for.
ARIES (March 21 - April 19)
You may look like everybody's savior during the November 6 Full Moon. You may want to be one, too. What will save you is that you know how not to neglect yourself and properly put yourself first. The November 22 New Moon could turn you into a teacher or mentor. You might not even notice, but you'll have a profound influence on how and what a lot of people think. Don't underestimate the power of your suggestions. Wednesday, November 26, is a power day. The Moon conjoins Mars and springs you out of bed with a zillion things to do. Pace yourself.
LEO (July 23 - August 22)
If a home problem has been stressing you out, relax and watch things improve with the November 6 Full Moon. You could find some extra money you didn't know you had, or you may hear or read something that drops an answer in your lap. The Moon conjoins lucky Jupiter in Leo on Friday, November 14. Expect many hugs as people hope that your luck rubs off. Starting with the New Moon on November 22, your inner child is going to want to romp, so keep tabs on all that fun you're having and how you're having it.
TAURUS
(April 20 - May 20)
(August 23 - September 22)
Love is big and bright with the November 6 Full Moon. It will have a generous share of elegance, too. That cozy feeling of perfection may not last for long, but it will be powerful and real. The weekend of November 8 could be packed with surprises, probably romantic ones. Keep that sense of humor and enjoy the thrill. Someone else's perceived crisis or difficulty could intrude around the New Moon of November 22. Don't worry about getting involved. Simply having you learn about it will probably give them what they need to solve the whole problem (if it's real to begin with).
Have a fantastic time with your friends at the November 6 Full Moon. They're all going to want to be with you anyway. It's a weeknight and could interfere with work tomorrow, so don't let it run too late. Sunday, November 16, holds extra energy and ambition as Mars trines the Virgo Moon. Work on one big thing or several small ones and feel grateful. Home life will be in the spotlight with the November 22 New Moon. You can have everything arranged exactly the way you want it without agonizing over a single detail. Your family will love it, too.
SAGITTARIUS (November 22 - December 21)
Privacy and intimacy may be the chief pleasures during the November 6 Full Moon. You're not slowing down or getting lazy. Rather, you're getting more selective and insisting on more quality and fulfillment in your life. November 13 could be a day full of stubbornness. If you can't be flexible, be as gracious as possible. Starting with the November 22 New Moon, everyone is going to love you for the next month. You can be whatever someone needs you to be, if that's what you want to do. Some people will find it nurturing just to be with you.
CAPRICORN (December 22 - January 19)
Charm your way into whatever position you want in any group you choose with the Full Moon on November 6. You might prefer to remain the secret master wielding power and influence from behind the scenes, however. There's less interference that way. Be extra organized on November 10 or the day could get exhausting and the fatigue lead to arguments over nothing. No matter how angry or contrary you're feeling around the November 22 New Moon, you should be able to hold it together and deal nicely with everyone. Don't exaggerate the niceness, though. That would just make some people suspicious.
GEMINI
(September 23 - October 22)
(January 20 - February 18)
You'll feel at your best, healthiest, and strongest at the Full Moon on November 6. It should be a great day at work, too. Conserve your strength and give yourself a treat in the evening. As Mercury enters Scorpio on Saturday, November 8, you could begin looking at things more seriously. Are you seeking love? As of the November 22 New Moon, it will be looking for you, too. There's no way for you to be anything but charming and friendly, so freshen up your repertoire of polite ways to say, "No, thank you" and "Not now" unless you want to be inundated with attention.
The Full Moon pours generosity your way on November 6. Love what you already have and don't worry if someone looks at you and gets jealous or envious. Don't provoke them, though. November 18 could have a few rough spots. Cheerfully focus on what's important and you can breeze through anything. The New Moon on November 22 is going to surprise you with more friends than you ever imagined you had. They may not descend on you all at once, but over the course of the next month expect to see smiling faces that you haven't seen in a while.
Be the rock star out in public during the November 6 Full Moon. Turn heads and have cute strangers introduce themselves. Be cool if someone asks for your autograph. You'll rock your work world, too, so be awesome. The New Moon on November 22 begins a social and fun month. Keep a journal because it's going to fly by. Everyone will want to pitch in to throw that big holiday party, so share the work and expense and go for it. On Thanksgiving Day, November 27, if you're overwhelmed by your countless blessings, remember that people are grateful to you, too.
CANCER
(October 23 - November 21)
(February 19 - March 20)
It's easygoing fun at the November 6 Full Moon. If you aren't going out, have a super-yummy supper with friends or family (and maybe camp out in front of your favorite movie). Monday, November 10, gets emotional as the Moon enters Cancer and trines both Mercury and Neptune. Feelings get hard to express, they're so deep. Radiate health and comfort, especially at work, with the New Moon on November 22. Take care of yourself as well. If a partner or companion unwittingly upsets things for you, your calmness will be too strong to allow it. You don't have to hold a grudge.
The Full Moon on November 6 is all yours. If you aren't already with someone you love, flash that smile and turn on your infinite charm. Pamper with affection and be pampered with luxury and all creature comforts. Make the most of it. On Tuesday, November 18, the Sun conjoins Saturn in Scorpio. Respect authority and don't get too harsh should someone disrespect you. There's money in play at this New Moon on November 22. You could receive more than you realized you've already earned. The challenge will be to not let it go out as quickly or easily as it came in.
*All the Illustrations on this page are done by: Sandra Bakhamian @ SandraBakhamian and are Copyrighted
Go somewhere special and far away in your mind for the Full Moon on November 6. Start reading a fantastically long book or watch that six-hour classic movie or series. You may have company doing this, too. Work will get busier but easier as of the November 22 New Moon. It could get more fun, too, but you don't have to reveal that part. Quiet cleverness will add to your mystique, so smile and say only what's necessary. Saturday, November 29, is full of dreamy romance, but feelings may also be vulnerable. Protect that dreamy heart. November, 2014
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i don't know
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Georges Bizet devised the word 'toreador' for what opera?
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Toreador song (instrumental) by Georges Bizet from his final work, Carmen - HD - YouTube
Toreador song (instrumental) by Georges Bizet from his final work, Carmen - HD
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Published on Jan 23, 2014
Georges Bizet (25 October 1838 -- 3 June 1875), registered at birth as Alexandre César Léopold Bizet, was a French composer of the romantic era. Best known for his operas in a career cut short by his early death, Bizet achieved few successes before his final work, Carmen, which has become one of the most popular and frequently performed works in the entire opera repertory.
The Toreador Song (Votre toast, je peux vous le rendre) is one of the most famous arias from the opera Carmen, composed by Georges Bizet to a libretto by Henri Meilhac and Ludovic Halévy. It is sung by the bullfighter Escamillo as he enters in Act 2 (toréador is reference to "bullfighter"; although the actual correct term is torero, Bizet took some poetic license and "invented" a four-syllable word which he needed in order to match the musical motif), and describes various situations in the bullring, the cheering of the crowds and the fame that comes with victory.
Elements of Toréador re-appear later in Carmen: of note Toréador, en garde, which follows shortly after Votre toast... in Act 2.
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Carmen
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The continent having the highest average elevation is?
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The Story of Bizet's Opera, Carmen (Synopsis)
Zuniga (bass)
The Story of Carmen, Act I
In a town square in Seville, soldiers and townspeople are gathered chatting and moving about, when a young peasant girl name Micaela questions the soldiers about her love, Don Jose. The soldiers try to persuade the young girl to stay with them until Don Jose returns, but she declines and leaves. Soon, Don Jose arrives moments before the cigarette factory bell rings and a group of women, including the beautiful gypsy, Carmen, exit the building. The soldiers flirt with the girls and asks Carmen when when she will love them.
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Her reply is given in the famous aria, "L'amour est un oiseau rebella" a.k.a. the Habanera. (Can't understand French? Read the Habanera lyrics and translation ). ( Watch a video of the Habanera .) Learn more about the creation of the Habanera in this Habanera Profile . When Carmen sees Don Jose she tosses a flower in front of him in order to seduce him. Don Jose picks up the flower and becomes enchanted by the beautiful Carmen. Shortly thereafter, Micaela returns with a letter and a kiss sent to Don Jose by his mother. In the letter, Don Jose's mother has asked him to marry Micaela. Don Jose promises his fidelity and love to Micaela. Moments later, a fight breaks out at the cigarette factory between Carmen and another woman. Carmen injures the woman before she is captured by Officer Zuniga. Zuniga commands Don Jose to escort Carmen to prison. However, Carmen charms Don Jose into letting her escape. When Don Jose is discovered for letting Carmen escape, he is thrown into jail for one month's time.
The Story of Carmen, Act II
At Lilas Pastia's Inn, Carmen and her friends, Mercedes and Frasquita, are socializing with several soldiers including Officer Zuniga, when the victorious bullfighter, Escamillo, arrives with a celebrating entourage. During the Toreador song, "Votre toast, je peux vos le rendre", Escamilo attempts to capture Carmen's heart. ( Watch a video of "Votre toast" (Toreador Song). ) Learn the Toreador Song lyrics and text translation . However, his attempts are unsuccessful, as are Officer Zuniga's, who tells Carmen that he will return to the inn later to meet with her - Carmen's heart waits for Don Jose's release from prison. A while later, once the crowd has dispersed, the smugglers Dancairo and Remendado ask for help from Carmen and her two friends. Mercedes and Frasquita agree to help, but Carmen refuses as she knows that Don Jose will be released from prison that day and meet her at the inn. When he finally arrives, Carmen dances for him. Her dance is cut short when a bugle sounds in the distance, signaling Don Jose to return home. Carmen mocks his obedience and tries to persuade him to remain with her and live the gypsy life. Don Jose does not give in until Zuniga arrives at the inn searching for Carmen. Zuniga orders Don Jose to leave, but in a fit of jealousy, he defies his commanders orders. Dancairo and Remendado tackle Zuniga and take him away from the inn. After all of this, Don Jose, feeling as if he has no other choice, stays at the inn with Carmen.
The Story of Carmen, Act III
Don Jose, now at the smuggler's hideout in the mountains, begins to reminisce about his former home and his mother and starts missing them dearly. Carmen, who has decided she no longer loves him, takes notice and starts taunting him to leave, but he does not. Mercedes and Frasquita tell their fortunes with a deck of cards. For the two girls, the cards reveal a life of wealth, love, and luxury. For Carmen and Don Jose, it reveals death. After discussing their plains, the smugglers and the girls leave, while Don Jose watches over the hideout. Soon, Micaela, assisted by a guide, comes to the mountain hideout and hides behind a mound of rocks when she hears a gunshot fired by Escamillo. Escamillo enters the hideout and begins telling Don Jose about his crush on Carmen. He also tells Don Jose about Carmen's relationship with a soldier, not knowing the story is about Don Jose. Don Jose becomes very angry and starts fighting Escamillo. The smugglers return before the fight gets worse. Escamillo invites Carmen and the others to his upcoming bullfight as he leaves the hideout. Micaela finally emerges from her hiding spot, and tries to convince Don Jose to return home during the aria "Je dis, que rien ne m'épouvante". (Watch a video of "Je dis".) After several unsuccessful attempts, she finally persuades him to leave by telling him his beloved mother is dying. Don Jose promises his return to Carmen and leaves with Micaela. In the distance, Escamillo can be heard singing, and Carmen begins heading in that direction.
The Story of Carmen, Act IV
During the procession of the toreadors, Carmen and Escamillo are seen arriving together. Mercedes and Frasquita warn Carmen that Don Jose is lurking around the crowd plotting to kill her. She tells them that she will speak to him to resolve the matter once and for all. While Escamillo enters the bullfighting ring, a desperate Don Jose meets Carmen outside the arena. He tells her she must commit her love and fidelity to him. She explains that she no longer loves him and throws the ring he gave her on the ground. Now completely mad, Don Jose stabs Carmen in the heart with a dagger. She dies simultaneously with Escamillo's bullfighting victory. When the arena empties, Don Jose confesses his crime to the crowd. (Watch a video of the final scene from Carmen.)
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i don't know
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The Dewey Decimal, Universal Decimal, and Bliss Bibliographic classifications are used by?
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UDC Consortium
a classification scheme for all fields of knowledge
‹ ›
Universal Decimal Classification
UDC is one of the most widely used classification schemes for all fields of knowledge. It is used in libraries, bibliographic, documentation and information services in over 130 countries around the world and is published in over 40 languages.
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UDC Consortium
The UDCC is a non-profit association of publishers established to maintain, develop and distribute the UDC for the benefit of its users. Apart from its strategic, managerial and promotional responsibilities, the UDCC also appoints an editorial team and advisory board to oversee the content of the scheme and contribute to its regular revision in order to reflect new knowledge.
UDC Books and Schedules
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Library
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The Carthage civilization (814-200BC) was based around modern?
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Efficient path-based computations on pedigree graphs with compact encodings
"Prefix-based schemes directly encode the parent of a node in a tree, as a prefix of its label using for instance a depth-first tree traversal. Dewey labelling [16] is a prefix based labelling for trees. EGDL [17] is an extension of the Dewey labelling for DAGs. "
[Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: A pedigree is a diagram of family relationships, and it is often used to determine the mode of inheritance (dominant, recessive, etc.) of genetic diseases. Along with rapidly growing knowledge of genetics and accumulation of genealogy information, pedigree data is becoming increasingly important. In large pedigree graphs, path-based methods for efficiently computing genealogical measurements, such as inbreeding and kinship coefficients of individuals, depend on efficient identification and processing of paths. In this paper, we propose a new compact path encoding scheme on large pedigrees, accompanied by an efficient algorithm for identifying paths. We demonstrate the utilization of our proposed method by applying it to the inbreeding coefficient computation. We present time and space complexity analysis, and also manifest the efficiency of our method for evaluating inbreeding coefficients as compared to previous methods by experimental results using pedigree graphs with real and synthetic data. Both theoretical and experimental results demonstrate that our method is more scalable and efficient than previous methods in terms of time and space requirements.
Full-text · Article · Mar 2012
JeromeDL-Reconnecting Digital Libraries and the Semantic Web
"The tree-structured classifications schemes used to coordinate materials on the same and related subjects lead to the hierarchical organization of catalogs. The most popular classifications schemata (e.g., the Dewey Decimal Classifications (DDC)[6][35] and Universal Decimal Classification (UDC)[21]) provide an additional number identification to improve the selection of the category. The catalog approach to manage resources has been successfully adapted in on-line directories like Yahoo![37] or the Open Directory Project[36]. "
[Show abstract] [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: In the recent years more and more information has been made available on the Web. High quality information is of-ten stored in dedicated digital libraries, which are on their way to become expanding islands of well organized informa-tion. However, managing this information still poses chal-lenges. The Semantic Web provides technologies that help to meet these challenges. In this article we present JeromeDL, a full fledged open-source digital library system developed by us, that exem-plifies how digital libraries benefit from the Semantic Web. We define and evaluate how browsing and searching based on the semantic descriptions of resources and users improves the usability of a digital library, and how digital libraries can be interconnected to exchange semantic descriptions.
Full-text · Article · Jan 2005 · BMC Bioinformatics
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What edible weed is named from 'lion's tooth'?
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Dandelion: Pictures, Flowers, Leaves and Identification | Taraxacum
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To support our efforts please see our store (books with medicinal info & subscriptions), or browse the dandelion products below.
Dandelions are often considered a pesky weed in Canada and the U.S. yet European and Asian nations have greatly benefited for years from the incredible nutritional value that this weed contains. Dandelions are a rich source of vitamins, minerals and it even has antioxidants. For example, one cup of raw dandelion greens contains 112% of your daily required intake of vitamin A and 535% of vitamin K. The common yellow dandelion has a long list of powerful healing abilities as well as other health benefits. Contrary to popular belief, the dandelion is a beneficial plant to have. It’s a great companion plant for gardening because it’s long taproot brings up nutrients to the shallow-rooting plants in the garden adding minerals and nitrogen to the soil. Dandelions attract pollinating insects which helps fruits to ripen.
- click to play video -
Distinguishing Features: The dandelion is a readily identifiable, hardy, perennial weed. It has a rosette base producing several flowering stems and multiple leaves.
Fields of Nutrition has medicinal benefits and vitamin/mineral content of Dandelion.
Leaves: Dandelions have a toothy, deeply-notched, basal leaves that are hairless. They are 5 to 25 cm or longer and they form a rosette above the central taproot.
Height: Depending on several conditions, dandelions can grow as high as 25-30 cm.
Habitat: Dandelions are the most common broadleaf weed in most lawns. It is found in virtually every kind of habitat, from openings in deep woods to cultivated fields, from rocky hillsides to fertile gardens and lawns.
Edible parts: Leaves, root, and flower. Dandelion leaves can be added to a salad or cooked. They can also be dried and stored for the winter or blanched and frozen. Flowers can be made into juice, or added into many recipes. The root can be made into a coffee substitute. The root and leaves can be dried, stored and made into tea.
Similar plants: Sow-Thistle, Agoseris.
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Taraxacum
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Disney's Lion King movie/musical is generally said to be based on what Shakespeare play?
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All About Dandelions (aka Taraxacum officinale)
All About Dandelions (aka Taraxacum officinale)
All About Dandelions (aka Taraxacum officinale)
One Bite and You May Never Use Weed Killer Again
dandelions. Ellen Zachos
Updated April 27, 2016.
About the Dandelion Plant
A familiar weed in sunny lawns, fields, and playgrounds, the dandelion elicits strong reactions among gardeners and lawn-lovers. If this weed is the bane of your existence, I’m about to suggest an excellent revenge. Or if, like me, you don’t care what plants make up your lawn as long as they’re soft underfoot, here’s how you can enjoy one of the most versatile and tasty weeds around.
Dandelion gets its common name from the French "dents de lion" which means lion's teeth. These teeth are an important identification characteristic. There are lots of weeds out there with toothed leaves, but dandelion leaves are smooth, and deeply toothed. Their teeth point backward toward the center of the basal rosette . The direction in which the teeth point is important. Other plants with notched leaves, like wild lettuces, cat's ear (which is hairy), and false dandelion also have notched leaves, but the teeth point forward, out and away from the center of the plant.
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The depth of the notches on dandelion leaves is highly variable but the direction in which they point is not .
Dandelions produce one flower per flowering stem. And while one plant may produce more than one stem, that stem will never branch or include multiple flowers. The dandelion look-alikes have branching stems and often produce more than one flower at a time.
Which Parts of the Dandelion Can You Eat?
The dandelion has multiple edible parts, and years ago was a well-regarded edible and medicinal plant. In fact, American colonists brought dandelion seed with them from Europe and planted it for food and medicine. Since then, dandelions have spread far, wide, and plentifully; you couldn't eradicate the population if you tried. Feel free to pull them up by the roots and use every bit of them.
1) Dandelion greens are packed with vitamins and minerals. Mature dandelions can be quite bitter, but fresh, young dandelion leaves are a good kind of bitter, the kind that gets your digestive juices flowing. They can be used raw in salads to balance mild greens like chickweed or miner’s lettuce. As the weather warms, dandelion foliage can go from pleasantly bitter to overpowering in just a few days. Plants growing in shade remain palatable longer.
You can extend the dandelion season by cooking the leaves. Blanching dandelion greens in boiling water removes some of the bitterness. Then, combine them with milder greens like nettles and dock in pitas (that's pies in Greek), egg dishes, custards , or stir fries.
2) Unopened flower buds can be used raw in salads, pickled, or lightly boiled for no more than a minute or two. A little butter, some S&P, and you’re all set. Collect the buds from the center of the foliage at ground level, before they expand. And remove the calyces before eating; those can be too bitter. To separate the petals from the bitter green calyx at the flower’s base, grab the base of the petals in one hand, the calyx in the other, and twist in opposite directions.
3) To use open flowers, remove the petals from their calyces, then use those petals in cookies, quick breads, jelly, and wine.
4) Dandelions have taproots that are best harvested in late fall to early spring, when they're full of stored nutrition. Remember that a piece left behind will produce more flowers. If you’d like to cultivate your dandelion crop, this isn’t a problem, but if you’re trying to eliminate dandelions, remove the entire root. While large roots can be eaten as a vegetable, their taste is mild and not particularly interesting. Instead, why not make your own New Orleans style coffee by using roasted dandelion roots?
A plant with such tenacity and so many edible parts certainly deserves your respect, if not your admiration. And the best way to pay tribute to the dandelion is to eat it.
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i don't know
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What is the UK's most senior royal palace and official residence of the monarch?
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In Residence: British Royal Palaces
In Residence: British Royal Palaces
By Mandy's Royalty Tuesday, August 25, 1998 0 Royal Residence No tags Permalink 0
In Residence: British Royal Palaces Check out this handy-dandy map of the locations of royal homes across the UK (click to enlarge).
Buckingham Palace
“Buck House” – as it is affectionately known – is the official seat of HM The Queen.
It evolved from a much smaller home that was owned by the Dukes of Buckingham, for whom it was named.
In 1761, King George III bought Buckingham House, as it was known then, for his wife Queen Charlotte. His Majesty liked the house for its close proximity to St. James’s Palace where official state business was carried out at the time. The residence then became known as the “Queen’s House”, where fourteen of George III’s fifteen children were born!
Buckingham Palace became the official residence of the sovereign in July 1837, when a newly crowned Queen Victoria moved in. It has been the official site of the Monarch and their state business ever since. It became so iconic that when it was suggested that Windsor become Queen Elizabeth II’s official residence, Winston Churchill had a good grumble about it. He insisted that Buckingham Palace was to be the site for the Head of State.
Did you know?
Though the monarch lives and works in Buckingham Palace, St. James’s remains the formal “official palace of the Sovereign” and is the most senior royal palace in the United Kingdom.
Buckingham Palace has had numerous additions throughout the years. Today, the room count stands at 775. It houses the offices of the Queen, The Duke of Edinburgh, and other various members of the Royal Family. It is also the scene of many official ceremonies such as Jubilees, the receiving of loyal addresses, State Visits and Investitures. Official wedding photographs of numerous Royal Family members are taken in the Throne Room.
The Changing of the Guard ceremony takes place outside Buckingham Palace at 11:30 am every day from May to July. It takes place on alternate days for the rest of the year, weather permitting.
Information on the opening of State Rooms: royalcollection.org.uk
Windsor Castle
Situated in the town of Windsor, it is the largest occupied castle in the world. It has been a private home as well as a piece of history, built over 900 years ago by William the Conqueror. Windsor contains the most valuable pieces of art in the world, including paintings, sculptures, and furniture. Its fourteenth-century chapel, named for England’s patron Saint George, has been the site of several memorable weddings.
The Queen, as a young princess, lived at Windsor Castle during the war years with her little sister Princess Margaret. The children had been stationed here for their own safety, far from London where the Nazis dropped continuous bombs. It was a shot to the heart for Elizabeth when, in 1992, a lamp overturned and set a curtain alight, burning a large portion of Windsor’s majestic rooms. Her childhood home suffered £30-40m worth of damage.
Thankfully, many of the paintings and tapestries were saved. To honor those who had helped battle the blaze and rescue valuable items, new stained glass was added in the chapel bearing the images of volunteers and firemen.
St. James’s Palace
The walls of this palace housed many a monarch in its time. Built in the 1530s, St. James has long been the “senior” royal palace, and is often in use for official functions. Unlike Windsor and Buckingham Palace, it is not open to the public.
King William IV, uncle of Queen Victoria, was the last Sovereign to use St. James’s Palace as a residence. It is still considered a senior royal palace and the Prince of Wales’s offices are located here, as well as the press office for Princes William and Harry.
The site was brought into the royal orbit when King Henry VIII acquired it from Eton College. He renovated the building into a ‘magnificent and goodly house’, making it the principal official palace of the Sovereign.
Over time, St. James’s has functioned as an official palace as well as a home, and sometimes it has been a private home only. Mary Tudor, Henry’s daughter with Catherine of Aragon, preferred to use St. James’s as a private residence as queen while conducting most official business at Whitehall.
Balmoral
Balmoral Castle is located on the Balmoral Estate in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It was a favorite of Queen Victoria and her husband, Prince Albert. The rolling hills of Scotland reminded Albert of his native Thuringia in Germany, and they came here often with their large brood of children to escape the congested life of London.
This castle is still a firm favorite of the Royal Family, and it is their vacation spot during the summer holiday period in August and September. The Queen still “does the boxes” full of official paperwork while at Balmoral, though. A Queen’s work is never done!
The original Balmoral Castle was built in the fifteenth century, but it was considered too small for Queen Victoria and her nine children. Instead, a new castle, which we recognize as Balmoral today, was constructed near the original site.
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St James's Palace
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The traditional Windows/Mac keyboard shortcut to undo the last operation is Ctrl or Cmd and what key?
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Royal Residences | British Monarchist Society and Foundation
Kensington Palace
Throughout the centuries, Britain’s kings and queens have built or bought palaces to serve as family homes, workplaces and as centres of government. Some of these are still being used today as official Royal residences and many can be visited by the general public. The residences still standing today can be roughly divided into three categories:
Official Royal residences
Are held in trust by the Queen for future generations. As well as being family homes for members of the Royal Family, these are also working buildings which are used for housing the offices of staff from the Royal Household, entertaining official guests and hosting formal events and ceremonies. The best-known of these residences are Buckingham Palace, Windsor Castle and the Palace of Holyroodhouse, as well as St. James’s and Kensington Palaces.
Private Estates
Are owned by The Queen and are often used to generate private income through farming or public access to Royal residences, they also house some well-known private residences such as Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House.
Unoccupied Royal residences
Are all other buildings in Great Britain which once housed members of the Royal Family and are therefore of historical interest. These buildings are owned by numerous bodies and individuals and many are open to the general public.
Buckingham Palace
Buckingham Palace – has served as the official London residence of Britain’s sovereigns since 1837 and today is the administrative headquarters of the Monarch. Although in use for the many official events and receptions held by The Queen, the State Rooms at Buckingham Palace are open to visitors every year. Buckingham Palace has 775 rooms. These include 19 State rooms, 52 Royal and guest bedrooms, 188 staff bedrooms, 92 offices and 78 bathrooms. In measurements, the building is 108 metres long across the front, 120 metres deep (including the central quadrangle) and 24 metres high.The Palace is very much a working building and the centrepiece of Britain’s Constitutional Monarchy. It houses the offices of those who support the day-to-day activities and duties of The Queen and The Duke of Edinburgh and their immediate family. The Palace is also the venue for great Royal ceremonies, State Visits and Investitures, all of which are organised by the Royal Household. Buckingham Palace is furnished and decorated with priceless works of art that form part of the Royal Collection, one of the major art collections in the world today. It is not an art gallery and nor is it a museum. Its State Rooms form the nucleus of the working Palace and are used regularly by The Queen and members of the Royal Family for official and State entertaining. More than 50,000 people visit the Palace each year as guests to banquets, lunches, dinners, receptions and the Royal Garden Parties. For those who do receive an invitation to Buckingham Palace, the first step across the threshold is into the Grand Hall and up the curving marble stairs of the Grand Staircase. Portraits are still set in the walls, as they were by Queen Victoria. The Throne Room, sometimes used during Queen Victoria’s reign for Court gatherings and as a second dancing room, is dominated by a proscenium arch supported by a pair of winged figures of ‘victory’ holding garlands above the ‘chairs of state’.
It is in the Throne Room that The Queen, on very special occasions like Jubilees, receives loyal addresses. Another use of the Throne Room has been for formal wedding photographs. George IV’s original palace lacked a large room in which to entertain. Queen Victoria rectified that shortcoming by adding in 1853-5 what was, at the time of its construction, the largest room in London. At 36.6m long, 18m wide and 13.5m high, the Ballroom is the largest multi-purpose room in Buckingham Palace. It was opened in 1856 with a ball to celebrate the end of the Crimean War. It is along the East Gallery that The Queen and her State guests process to the Ballroom for the State Banquet normally held on the first day of the visit. Around 150 guests are invited and include members of the Royal Family, the government and other political leaders, High Commissioners and Ambassadors and prominent people who have trade or other associations with the visiting country. Today, it is used by The Queen for State banquets and other formal occasions such as the annual Diplomatic Reception attended by 1,500 guests. This is a very formal occasion during which The Queen will meet every head of mission accredited to the Court of St James’s. For the diplomats it is perhaps the highlight of the annual diplomatic social calendar.
The Ballroom has been used variously as a concert hall for memorial concerts and performances of the arts and it is the regular venue for Investitures of which there are usually 21 a year – nine in spring, two in the summer and ten in the autumn. At Investitures, The Queen (or The Prince of Wales as Her Majesty’s representative) will meet recipients of British honours and give them their awards, including knighting those who have been awarded knighthoods. From the Ballroom, the West Gallery, with its four Gobelin tapestries, leads into the first of the great rooms that overlook lawn and the formal gardens – setting for the annual Garden Parties introduced by Queen Victoria in 1868.
The State Dining Room is one of the principal State Rooms on the West side of the Palace. Many distinguished people have dined in this room including the 24 holders of the Order of Merit as well as presidents and prime ministers. Before the Ballroom was added to the Palace in the 1850s, the first State Ball was held in the Blue Drawing Room in May 1838 as part of the celebrations leading up to Queen Victoria’s Coronation. The Music Room was originally known as the Bow Drawing Room and is the centre of the suite of rooms on the Garden Front between the Blue and the White Drawing Rooms. Four Royal babies – The Prince of Wales, The Princess Royal, The Duke of York and Prince William – were all christened by the Archbishop of Canterbury in the Music Room. One of its more formal uses is during a State Visit when guests are presented to The Queen, The Duke of Edinburgh and the visiting Head of State or for receptions. The last of the suite of rooms overlooking the gardens on the principal floor is the White Drawing Room. Originally called the North Drawing Room, it is perhaps the grandest of all the State Rooms. The Room also serves as a Royal reception room for The Queen and members of the Royal Family to gather before State and official occasions. The Bow Room is familiar to the many thousands of guests to Royal Garden Parties who pass through it on their way to the garden. It was originally intended as a part of George IV’s private apartments – to be the King’s Library – but it was never fitted up as such. Instead, it has become another room for entertaining and is where The Queen holds the arrival lunch for a visiting Head of State at the start of a State visit.
Windsor Castle
Windsor Castle – is an official residence of The Queen and the largest occupied castle in the world. A Royal home and fortress for over 900 years, the Castle remains a working palace today. The Queen uses the Castle both as a private home, where she usually spends the weekend, and as a Royal residence at which she undertakes certain formal duties. Every year The Queen takes up official residence in Windsor Castle for a month over Easter (March-April), known as Easter Court. During that time The Queen hosts occasional ‘dine and sleep’ events for guests, including politicians and public figures.
The Queen is also in residence for a week in June, when she attends the service of the Order of the Garter and the Royal Ascot race meeting. The Order of the Garter ceremony brings together members of the senior order of chivalry for a service in St George’s Chapel. Beforehand, The Queen gives a lunch for the Knights of the Garter in the Castle’s Waterloo Chamber. Any new Knights of the Garter are invested by The Queen in the Garter Throne Room. On the walls are portraits of monarchs in their Garter Robes, from George I to the present Queen, whose State portrait by Sir James Gunn was painted in 1954. Windsor Castle is often used by The Queen to host State Visits from overseas monarchs and presidents. Foreign Heads of State enter the Castle in horse-drawn carriages through the George IV Gateway into the quadrangle in the Upper Ward, where a military guard of honour is drawn up.
The traditional State Banquet is held in St George’s Hall (55.5m long and 9m wide), with a table seating up to 160 guests. Recent State visits held at Windsor Castle include those of President and Mrs. Mbeki of South Africa (2001), and King Abdullah II and Queen Rania of Jordan (2001), as well as a special visit by President and Madame Chirac of France to mark the centenary of the Entente Cordiale (2004). St George’s Chapel remains an active centre for worship, with daily services open to all. The Chapel is a Royal Peculiar, that is, a chapel which is not subject to a bishop or archbishop but which owes its allegiance directly to the Sovereign. The Chapel, together with the remainder of the College of St George (a school for 400 children and St George’s House, a consultation centre), is governed by the Dean and Canons of Windsor, who, with their officers and staff, are independent of the Royal Household.
Many Royal weddings have been celebrated in St George’s Chapel, most recently that of Prince Edward and Miss Sophie Rhys-Jones in June 1999. In 2005 a service of dedication and prayer was held in the Chapel following the marriage of The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall. Funerals such as those of Princess Margaret and Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, have also taken place there. Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother lies buried in the Chapel with her husband, King George VI, and Princess Margaret, her younger daughter. Various departments of the Royal Household are based at Windsor Castle. The ancient Round Tower houses the Royal Archives and the Royal Photograph Collection. The Print Room and Royal Library house precious drawings, prints, manuscripts and books in the Royal Collection. These are shown in a programme of changing exhibitions in the Castle’s Drawings Gallery.
Those who live and work within the Castle include the titular head of the Castle community, the Constable and Governor of Windsor Castle; the Dean of Windsor, Canons and other staff who run the College of St George; the Military Knights of Windsor; the Superintendent of Windsor Castle and his staff, who are responsible for day-to-day administration; the Housekeeper and her staff; and soldiers who mount a permanent military guard in the Castle. Windsor Castle is also a busy visitor attraction. Many parts of the Castle are open to the public, including the precincts, the State Apartments, Queen Mary’s famous dolls’ house, St George’s Chapel, and the Albert Memorial Chapel. When The Queen is in official residence, Changing the Guard provides a colourful spectacle in the quadrangle.
Palace of Holyrood House
Palace of Holyroodhouse – Founded as a monastery in 1128, the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh is The Queen’s official residence in Scotland. Situated at the end of the Royal Mile, the Palace of Holyroodhouse is closely associated with Scotland’s turbulent past, including Mary, Queen of Scots, who lived here between 1561 and 1567. Successive Kings and Queens have made the Palace of Holyroodhouse the premier Royal residence in Scotland. Today, the Palace is the setting for State ceremonies and official entertaining. During The Queen’s Holyrood week, which usually runs from the end of June to the beginning of July, Her Majesty carries out a wide range of official engagements in Scotland. The Investiture held in the Great Gallery is for Scottish residents whose achievements have been recognised in the twice-yearly Honours List which appears at New Year and on The Queen’s Official Birthday in June. King George V and Queen Mary held the first garden party in the grounds of Holyroodhouse and the tradition has been maintained to the present day. Each year, The Queen and The Duke of Edinburgh entertain around 8,000 guests from all walks of Scottish life during Holyrood week.
The Palace of Holyroodhouse is The Queen’s official residence in Scotland. It stands at the end of Edinburgh’s Royal Mile against the spectacular backdrop of Arthur’s Seat and is closely associated with Scotland’s rich history. The State Apartments reflect the changing tastes of successive monarchs, and are renowned for their fine plasterwork ceilings and unrivalled collection of Brussels tapestries. They are furnished with numerous fine paintings and other works of art, many of which have long associations with Holyroodhouse. Today the State Apartments are used by The Queen and other members of the Royal Family for official ceremonies and entertaining, most notably during Holyrood Week. The Throne Room is where the luncheon is held for the Knights and Ladies of the Order of the Thistle, on the occasion of the installation of a new Knight. In the Morning Drawing Room The Queen gives private audiences, for example with the First Minister of Scotland, the Lord High Commissioner or other visiting dignitaries. Scottish residents who are awarded an honour in either the New Year’s Honours List or The Queen’s Birthday Honours List receive their award at an Investiture ceremony in the Great Gallery.
One of the most famous rooms in the Palace, the Great Gallery is hung with Jacob de Wet’s portraits of the real and legendary kings of Scotland. It is the largest room in the Palace, connecting the King’s Suite on the east side with the historic apartments in James V’s Tower to the west. Included on the tour of the Palace is a display about the Order of the Thistle, the highest honour in Scotland. The Order honours Scottish men and women who have held public office or who have contributed in a particular way to national life. Shown alongside historic insignia is an example of the mantle worn at the Thistle Ceremony at St Giles’ Cathedral in Edinburgh, which The Queen attends during her summer visit to the Palace.
St James’s Palace
St. James’s Palace – is the senior Palace of the Sovereign, with a long history as a Royal residence. As the home of several members of the Royal Family and their household offices, it is often in use for official functions and is not open to the public. St. James’s Palace is one of London’s oldest palaces. It iS situated in Pall Mall, just north of St James’s Park. Although no sovereign Has resided there for almost two centuries, it has remained the official residence of the Sovereign and the most senior royal palace in the UK. For this reason it gives its name to the Royal Court (the “Court of St James’s”). St James’s Palace is still a working palace, and the Royal Court is still formally based there – foreign ambassadors are still accredited to the Court of St James’s, even though they are received by the monarch at Buckingham Palace. It is also the London residence of the Princess Royal and Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy.
The Palace forms part of a sprawling complex of buildings housing Court offices and officials’ apartments. The complex includes York House, the former home of the Prince of Wales and his sons, Princes William and Harry, Lancaster House, which is used by HM Government for official receptions, as well as the nearby Clarence House, the home of the late Queen Mother and now the residence of the Prince of Wales. The Queen’s Chapel, built by Inigo Jones, adjoins St James’s Palace. While the Chapel is open to the public at selected times, the palace is not accessible to the public. St James’s Palace is one of the four buildings in London where guards from the Household Division can be seen (the other three are Buckingham Palace, Clarence House and Horse Guards). Since the beginning of the 2000s, the Royal Philatelic Collection has been housed at St James’s Palace, after spending the entire 20th century at Buckingham Palace. From October 2008 onwards, and officially from 6 January 2009, the staff of Princes William and Harry moved into their own rooms in St James’s Palace and began reporting directly to the royal princes for the first time. Until recently the brothers’ duties were looked after by Prince Charles’s office at Clarence House.
Clarence House
Clarence House – which stands beside St James’s Palace, was built between 1825 and 1827 to the designs of John Nash for Prince William Henry, Duke of Clarence. He lived there as King William IV from 1830 until 1837. During its history, the house has been altered, reflecting the changes in occupancy over nearly two centuries. It was the London home of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother from 1953 until 2002 and was also the home of The Queen, then Princess Elizabeth, and The Duke of Edinburgh following their marriage in 1947. Today Clarence House is the official London residence of The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall. It is open to the public during the summer months each year.
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The Gannex brand, popularised by British prime minister Harold Wilson in the 1960s, was a?
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Harold Wilson | Military Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Congregationalist
Signature
James Harold Wilson, Baron Wilson of Rievaulx, KG , OBE , FRS, FSS , PC (11 March 1916 – 24 May 1995) was a British Labour Party politician who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1964 to 1970 and 1974 to 1976. He won four general elections , and is the most recent British Prime Minister to have served non-consecutive terms.
First entering Parliament in 1945, Wilson was immediately appointed the Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Works and rose quickly through the ministerial ranks, becoming the Secretary for Overseas Trade in 1947 and being appointed to the just months later as the President of the Board of Trade . Later, in the Labour Shadow Cabinet , he served first as Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1955 to 1961 and then as the Shadow Foreign Secretary from 1961 to 1963, when he was elected Leader of the Labour Party after the sudden death of Hugh Gaitskell . Wilson narrowly won the 1964 election, going on to win a much increased majority in a snap 1966 election.
Wilson's first period as Prime Minister coincided with a period of low unemployment and relative economic prosperity, though also of significant problems with Britain's external balance of payments. In 1969 Wilson sent British troops to Northern Ireland . After losing the 1970 general election to Edward Heath , he spent four years as Leader of the Opposition before the February 1974 general election resulted in a hung parliament . After Heath's talks with the Liberals broke down, Wilson returned to power as leader of a minority government until there was a second general election in the autumn, which resulted in a narrow Labour victory. A period of economic crisis was now beginning to hit most Western countries, and in 1976 Wilson suddenly announced his resignation as Prime Minister.
Wilson's own approach to Socialism was moderate, with emphasis on increasing opportunity within society, for example through change and expansion within the education system , allied to the technocratic aim of taking better advantage of rapid scientific progress, rather than on the more controversial socialist goal of promoting wider public ownership of industry. He took little action to pursue the Labour Party constitution's stated dedication to such nationalisation , though he did not formally disown it. Himself a member of the Labour Party's "soft left", Wilson joked about leading a Cabinet that was made up mostly of social democrats, comparing himself to a Bolshevik revolutionary presiding over a Tsarist cabinet, but there was arguably little to divide him ideologically from the cabinet majority. [1] [2]
Wilson's first period in office, in particular, was notable for substantial legal changes in a number of social areas; though they were generally not at the top of his personal agenda. These included the liberalisation of laws on censorship, divorce, homosexuality, immigration, and abortion; as well as the abolition of capital punishment , which was due in part to the initiatives of backbench MPs who had the support of Roy Jenkins during his time as Home Secretary. Overall, Wilson is seen to have managed a number of difficult political issues with considerable tactical skill, including such potentially divisive issues for his party as the role of public ownership, British membership of the European Community, and the Vietnam War , in which he consistently resisted US pressure to involve Britain and send British troops, while continuing to maintain a costly military presence East of Suez . [3] Nonetheless, his stated ambition of substantially improving Britain's long-term economic performance remained largely unfulfilled.
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Wilson was born at 4 Warneford Road, Huddersfield , in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England on 11 March 1916, an almost exact contemporary of his rival, Edward Heath (9 July 1916 – 17 July 2005). He came from a political family: his father James Herbert Wilson (December 1882 – 1971) was a works chemist who had been active in the Liberal Party and then joined the Labour Party. His mother Ethel (née Seddon; 1882–1957) was a schoolteacher before her marriage. When Wilson was eight, he visited London and a later-to-be-famous photograph was taken of him standing on the doorstep of 10 Downing Street .
He was a supporter of his hometown football club, Huddersfield Town . [4]
Education
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Wilson won a scholarship to attend Royds Hall Grammar School , his local grammar school (now a comprehensive school ) in Huddersfield in Yorkshire. His education was disrupted in October 1930 when he contracted typhoid fever after drinking contaminated milk on a Scouts' outing. It took him three months to recover. In December 1930, his father, working as an industrial chemist, was made redundant and it took him nearly two years to find work. He moved to Spital on the Wirral , Cheshire in order to do so. Wilson was educated in the Sixth Form at the Wirral Grammar School for Boys , where he became Head Boy .
Wilson did well at school and, although he missed getting a scholarship, he obtained an exhibition; which, when topped up by a county grant, enabled him to study Modern History at Jesus College, Oxford , from 1934. At Oxford, Wilson was moderately active in politics as a member of the Liberal Party but was later influenced by G. D. H. Cole to join the Labour Party. After his first year, he changed his field of study to Philosophy, Politics and Economics . He graduated with "an outstanding first class Bachelor of Arts degree, with alphas on every paper" in the final examinations. [5] A popular urban myth at Oxford University states that Wilson's grade in his final examination was the highest ever recorded up to that date.
Although Wilson had two abortive attempts at an All Souls Fellowship, he continued in academia, becoming one of the youngest Oxford University dons of the century at the age of 21. He was a lecturer in Economic History at New College from 1937, and a Research Fellow at University College .
Marriage
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On New Year's Day 1940, in the chapel of Mansfield College, Oxford , he married Mary Baldwin who remained his wife until his death. Mary Wilson became a published poet. They had two sons, Robin and Giles (named after Giles Alington ); Robin became a Professor of Mathematics, and Giles became a teacher. In their twenties, his sons were under a kidnap threat from the IRA because of their father's prominence. [6]
Second World War
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On the outbreak of the Second World War, Wilson volunteered for service but was classed as a specialist and moved into the civil service instead. For much of this time, he was a research assistant to William Beveridge , the Master of the College, working on the issues of unemployment and the trade cycle. He later became a statistician and economist for the coal industry. He was Director of Economics and Statistics at the Ministry of Fuel and Power 1943–44, and received an OBE for his services. [7]
He was to remain passionately interested in statistics. As President of the Board of Trade , he was the driving force behind the Statistics of Trade Act 1947, which is still the authority governing most economic statistics in Great Britain . He was instrumental as Prime Minister in appointing Claus Moser as head of the Central Statistical Office , and was president of the Royal Statistical Society in 1972–73.
Member of Parliament
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As the war drew to an end, he searched for a seat to fight at the impending general election. He was selected for the constituency of Ormskirk, then held by Stephen King-Hall . Wilson agreed to be adopted as the candidate immediately rather than delay until the election was called, and was therefore compelled to resign from his position in the Civil Service. He served as Praelector in Economics at University College between his resignation and his election to the House of Commons. He also used this time to write A New Deal for Coal, which used his wartime experience to argue for nationalisation of the coal mines on the grounds of the improved efficiency he predicted would ensue.
In the 1945 general election, Wilson won his seat in the Labour landslide. To his surprise, he was immediately appointed to the government by Prime Minister Clement Attlee as Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Works . Two years later, he became Secretary for Overseas Trade , in which capacity he made several official trips to the Soviet Union to negotiate supply contracts. Conspiracy-minded commentators later would seek to raise suspicions about these trips.[ citation needed ]
Cabinet
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On 29 September 1947 Wilson was appointed President of the Board of Trade , at 31 becoming the youngest member of a British Cabinet in the 20th century. He took a lead in abolishing some wartime rationing, which he referred to as a "bonfire of controls". His role in internal debates during the summer of 1949 over whether or not to devalue sterling, in which he was perceived to have played both sides of the issue, tarnished his reputation in both political and official circles. [8] In the general election of 1950, his Ormskirk constituency was significantly altered and he was narrowly elected for the new seat of Huyton near Liverpool.
Wilson was becoming known in the Labour Party as a left-winger and joined Aneurin Bevan and John Freeman in resigning from the government in April 1951 in protest at the introduction of National Health Service (NHS) medical charges to meet the financial demands imposed by the Korean War . After the Labour Party lost the 1951 election , he became the Chairman of Keep Left, Bevan's political group, but soon after he began to distance himself from Bevan.
Shadow Cabinet
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Wilson was appointed to the Shadow Cabinet by Labour Party Leader Hugh Gaitskell in 1955 as Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer , and he proved to be very effective. One of his procedural moves caused a substantial delay to the progress of the Government's Finance Bill in 1955, and his speeches as Shadow Chancellor from 1956 were widely praised for their clarity and wit. [9] He coined the term " Gnomes of Zurich " to describe Swiss bankers whom he accused of pushing the pound down by speculation. As well as his role as Shadow Chancellor, he conducted an inquiry into the Labour Party's organisation following its defeat in the 1955 general election , which compared Labour's organisation to an antiquated "penny farthing" bicycle, and made various recommendations for improvements. Unusually, Wilson combined the job of Chairman of the House of Commons' Public Accounts Committee with that of Shadow Chancellor from 1959, holding that position until 1963.
Wilson steered a course in intra-party matters in the 1950s and early 1960s that left him neither fully accepted nor trusted by the left and the right in the Labour Party. Despite his earlier association with the left-wing Aneurin Bevan , in 1955 he backed Gaitskell, considered the right-of-centre candidate in internal Labour Party terms, against Bevan for the party leadership. [10] He then launched an opportunistic but unsuccessful challenge to Gaitskell's leadership in November 1960 in the wake of the Labour Party's 1959 defeat , Gaitskell's controversial attempt to ditch Labour's commitment to nationalisation by scrapping Clause Four , and Gaitskell's defeat at the 1960 Party Conference over a motion supporting unilateral nuclear disarmament. Wilson would later be moved to the position of Shadow Foreign Secretary in 1961, before he challenged for the deputy leadership in 1962 but was defeated by George Brown .
Hugh Gaitskell died in January 1963, just as the Labour Party had begun to unite and appeared to have a very good chance of winning the next election, with the Macmillan Government running into trouble. Wilson was adopted as the left-wing candidate for the leadership, defeating Brown and James Callaghan to become the Leader of the Labour Party and the Leader of the Opposition.
At the Labour Party's 1963 Annual Conference, Wilson made both his best-remembered speech, on the implications of scientific and technological change. He argued that "the Britain that is going to be forged in the white heat of this revolution will be no place for restrictive practices or for outdated measures on either side of industry". This speech did much to set Wilson's reputation as a technocrat not tied to the prevailing class system. [11]
Labour's 1964 election campaign was aided by the Profumo Affair , a ministerial sex scandal that had mortally wounded Harold Macmillan and was to taint his successor Sir Alec Douglas-Home , even though Home had not been involved in the scandal. Wilson made capital without getting involved in the less salubrious aspects. (Asked for a statement on the scandal, he reportedly said "No comment ... in glorious Technicolor!"). Home was an aristocrat who had given up his title as Lord Home to sit in the House of Commons and become Prime Minister upon Macmillan's resignation. To Wilson's comment that he was the 14th Earl of Home , Home retorted, "I suppose Mr. Wilson is the fourteenth Mr. Wilson".
First term as Prime Minister
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Harold Wilson in 1964.
Labour won the 1964 general election with a narrow majority of four seats, and Wilson became Prime Minister. During 1965, this was reduced to a single seat as a result of by-election defeats, but in March 1966 Wilson called another general election and this time won it by a 96-seat majority. [12]
Domestic affairs
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In economic terms, Wilson's first three years in office were dominated by an ultimately doomed effort to stave off the devaluation of the pound. He inherited an unusually large external deficit on the balance of trade . This partly reflected the preceding government's expansive fiscal policy in the run-up to the 1964 election, and the incoming Wilson team tightened the fiscal stance in response. Many British economists advocated devaluation, but Wilson resisted, reportedly in part out of concern that Labour, which had previously devalued sterling in 1949, would become tagged as "the party of devaluation". [13] In the latter half of 1967, however, an attempt was made to prevent the recession in activity from going too far in the form of a stimulus to consumer durable spending through an easing of credit, which in turn prevented a winter rise in unemployment. [14]
After a costly battle, market pressures forced the government into devaluation in 1967. Wilson was much criticised for a broadcast in which he assured listeners that the "pound in your pocket" had not lost its value. It was widely forgotten that his next sentence had been "prices will rise". Economic performance did show some improvement after the devaluation, as economists had predicted. The devaluation, with accompanying austerity measures, successfully restored the balance of payments to surplus by 1969. This unexpectedly turned into a small deficit again in 1970. The bad figures were announced just before polling in the 1970 general election, and are often cited as one of the reasons for Labour's defeat. [13]
A main theme of Wilson's economic approach was to place enhanced emphasis on "indicative economic planning ". He created a new Department of Economic Affairs to generate ambitious targets that were in themselves supposed to help stimulate investment and growth (the government also created a Ministry of Technology (shortened to Mintech) to support the modernisation of industry). The DEA itself was in part intended to serve as an expansionary counter-weight to what Labour saw as the conservative influence of the Treasury, though the appointment of Wilson's deputy, George Brown, as the Minister in charge of the DEA was something of a two-edged sword, in view of Brown's reputation for erratic conduct; in any case the government's decision over its first three years to defend sterling's parity with traditional deflationary measures ran counter to hopes for an expansionist push for growth. Though now out of fashion, the faith in indicative planning as a pathway to growth, [15] embodied in the DEA and Mintech, was at the time by no means confined to the Labour Party – Wilson built on foundations that had been laid by his Conservative predecessors, in the shape, for example, of the National Economic Development Council (known as "Neddy") and its regional counterparts (the "little Neddies"). [13] Government intervention in industry was greatly enhanced, with the National Economic Development Office greatly strengthened, with the number of "little Neddies" was increased, from eight in 1964 to twenty-one in 1970. The government's policy of selective economic intervention was later characterised by the establishment of a new super-ministry of technology, under Tony Benn . [16]
Harold and Mary Wilson with Richard and Pat Nixon at the White House in 1970.
The continued relevance of industrial nationalisation (a centrepiece of the post-War Labour government's programme) had been a key point of contention in Labour's internal struggles of the 1950s and early 1960s. Wilson's predecessor as leader, Hugh Gaitskell , had tried in 1960 to tackle the controversy head-on, with a proposal to expunge Clause Four (the public ownership clause) from the party's constitution, but had been forced to climb down. Wilson took a characteristically more subtle approach. He threw the party's left wing a symbolic bone with the renationalisation of the steel industry, but otherwise left Clause Four formally in the constitution but in practice on the shelf. [13]
Wilson made periodic attempts to mitigate inflation through wage-price controls, better known in Britain as "prices and incomes policy " [13] (as with indicative planning, such controls—though now generally out of favour – were widely adopted at that time by governments of different ideological complexions, including the Nixon administration in the United States). Partly as a result of this reliance, the government tended to find itself repeatedly injected into major industrial disputes, with late-night "beer and sandwiches at Number Ten" an almost routine culmination to such episodes. Among the most damaging of the numerous strikes during Wilson's periods in office was a six-week stoppage by the National Union of Seamen , beginning shortly after Wilson's re-election in 1966, and conducted, he claimed, by "politically motivated men".
With public frustration over strikes mounting, Wilson's government in 1969 proposed a series of changes to the legal basis for industrial relations (labour law), which were outlined in a White Paper " In Place of Strife " put forward by the Employment Secretary Barbara Castle . Following a confrontation with the Trades Union Congress , which strongly opposed the proposals, and internal dissent from Home Secretary James Callaghan , the government substantially backed-down from its intentions. Some elements of these changes were subsequently to be enacted (in modified form) during the premiership of Margaret Thatcher . [13]
Wilson's government made a variety of changes to the tax system. Largely under the influence of the Hungarian-born economists Nicholas Kaldor and Thomas Balogh , an idiosyncratic "Selective Employment Tax" (SET) was introduced that was designed to tax employment in the service sectors while subsidising employment in manufacturing (the rationale proposed by its economist authors derived largely from claims about potential economies of scale and technological progress, but Wilson in his memoirs stressed the tax's revenue-raising potential). The SET did not long survive the return of a Conservative government. Of longer term significance, Capital Gains Tax (CGT) was introduced across the UK on 6 April 1965. [17] Across his two periods in office, Wilson presided over significant increases in the overall tax burden in the UK. In 1974, three weeks after forming a new government, Wilson's new chancellor Denis Healey partially reversed the 1971 reduction in the top rate of tax from 90% to 75%, increasing it to 83% in his first budget, which came into law in April 1974. This applied to incomes over £20,000 (£186,150 as of 2017), [18] , and combined with a 15% surcharge on 'un-earned' income (investments and dividends) could add to a 98% marginal rate of personal income tax. In 1974, as many as 750,000 people were liable to pay the top-rate of income tax. [19] Labour's identification with high tax rates was to prove one of the issues that helped the Conservative Party under Margaret Thatcher and John Major dominate British politics during the 1980s and early-to-mid-1990s.
Wilson had entered power at a time when unemployment stood at around 400,000. It still stood 371,000 by early 1966 after a steady fall during 1965, but by March 1967 it stood at 631,000. It fell again towards the end of the decade, standing at 582,000 by the time of the general election in June 1970. [20]
Social issues
Edit
A number of liberalising social reforms were passed through parliament during Wilson's first period in government. These included the abolition of capital punishment , decriminalisation of sex between men in private, liberalisation of abortion law and the abolition of theatre censorship . The Divorce Reform Act was passed by parliament in 1969 (and came into effect in 1971). Such reforms were mostly via private member's bills on ' free votes ' in line with established convention, but the large Labour majority after 1966 was undoubtedly more open to such changes than previous parliaments had been.
Wilson personally, coming culturally from a provincial non-conformist background, showed no particular enthusiasm for much of this agenda (which some linked to the "permissive society"), [21] but the reforming climate was especially encouraged by Roy Jenkins during his period at the Home Office. The franchise was also extended with the reduction of the voting age from twenty-one to eighteen in 1969. [22]
Wilson's 1966–70 term witnessed growing public concern over the level of immigration to the United Kingdom . The issue was dramatised at the political level by the famous " Rivers of Blood speech " by the Conservative politician Enoch Powell , warning against the dangers of immigration, which led to Powell's dismissal from the Shadow Cabinet. Wilson's government adopted a two-track approach. While condemning racial discrimination (and adopting legislation to make it a legal offence), Wilson's Home Secretary James Callaghan introduced significant new restrictions on the right of immigration to the United Kingdom.
Education
Edit
Education held special significance for a socialist of Wilson's generation, in view of its role in both opening up opportunities for children from working-class backgrounds and enabling Britain to seize the potential benefits of scientific advances. Under the first Wilson government, for the first time in British history, more money was allocated to education than to defence. [23] Wilson continued the rapid creation of new universities, in line with the recommendations of the Robbins Report , a bipartisan policy already in train when Labour took power. The economic difficulties of the period deprived the tertiary system of the resources it needed. Nevertheless, university expansion remained a core policy. One notable effect was the first entry of women into university education in significant numbers. More broadly, higher education overall was significantly expanded, with a distinct bias towards the non-university sector. [24] Some 29 polytechnics were established, whilst student participation rates were increased from 5% to 10%. [25]
Wilson also deserves credit for grasping the concept of an Open University , to give adults who had missed out on tertiary education a second chance through part-time study and distance learning. His political commitment included assigning implementation responsibility to Baroness Lee , the widow of Aneurin Bevan , the charismatic leader of Labour's left wing whom Wilson had joined in resigning from the Attlee cabinet. The Open University worked through summer schools, postal tuition and television programmes. [26] By 1981, 45,000 students had received degrees through the Open University. [26] Money was also channelled into local-authority run colleges of education. [16]
Wilson's record on secondary education is, by contrast, highly controversial. A fuller description is in the article Education in England . Two factors played a role. Following the Education Act 1944 there was disaffection with the tripartite system of academically-oriented Grammar schools for a small proportion of "gifted" children, and Technical and Secondary Modern schools for the majority of children. Pressure grew for the abolition of the selective principle underlying the " eleven plus ", and replacement with Comprehensive schools which would serve the full range of children (see the article Debates on the grammar school ). Comprehensive education became Labour Party policy. From 1966 to 1970, the proportion of children in comprehensive schools increased from about 10% to over 30%. [27] There was also a move in primary schools towards "child-centred" or individual learning, in keeping with the recommendations of the 1967 Plowden Report on improving the education system. [28] Polytechnics were established in 1965 through the amalgamation of existing institutions such as colleges of technology, art, and commerce. A new external examination, designed for children of middling intellectual ability and leading to a Certificate of Secondary Education (CSE), was also introduced that same year. [29] Advanced level courses in further education were also expanded by the government much faster than under the previous Conservative government. [14]
Labour pressed local authorities to convert grammar schools into comprehensives. Conversion continued on a large scale during the subsequent Conservative Heath administration, although the Secretary of State, Margaret Thatcher , ended the compulsion of local governments to convert.
A major controversy that arose during Wilson's first government was the decision that the government could not fulfil its long-held promise to raise the school leaving age to 16, because of the investment required in infrastructure, such as extra classrooms and teachers. Baroness Lee considered resigning in protest, but narrowly decided against this in the interests of party unity. It was left to Thatcher to carry out the change, during the Heath government.
Attempts were also made to improve the provision of nursery education. In 1960, as a means of saving money, the Conservative government issued a circular which forbade the expansion of nursery education. This restriction was slightly relaxed just before the July 1964 election, when authorities were allowed to provide places "where this would enable married women to return to teaching." In 1965, the Labour government provided a further relaxation which allowed authorities to expand "so long as they provided some extra places for teachers to whom priority was to be given." Nevertheless, the number of children under five in maintained nursery, primary, and special schools increased only slightly, from 222,000 in 1965 to 239,000 in 1969. [14]
Overall, public expenditure on education rose as a proportion of GNP from 4.8% in 1964 to 5.9% in 1968, and the number of teachers in training increased by more than a third between 1964 and 1967. [30] The percentage of students staying on at school after the age of sixteen increased similarly, and the student population increased by over 10% each year. Pupil-teacher ratios were also steadily reduced. As a result of the first Wilson government's educational policies, opportunities for working-class children were improved, while overall access to education in 1970 was broader than in 1964. [24] As summarised by Brian Lapping,
"The years 1964–70 were largely taken up with creating extra places in universities, polytechnics, technical colleges, colleges of education: preparing for the day when a new Act would make it the right of a student, on leaving school, to have a place in an institution of further education." [16]
In 1966, Wilson was created the first Chancellor of the newly created University of Bradford , a position he held until 1985.
Housing
Edit
Housing was a major policy area under the first Wilson government. During Wilson's time in office from 1964 to 1970, more new houses were built than in the last six years of the previous Conservative government. The proportion of council housing rose from 42% to 50% of the total, [31] while the number of council homes built increased steadily, from 119,000 in 1964 to 133,000 in 1965 and to 142,000 in 1966. Allowing for demolitions, 1.3 million new homes were built between 1965 and 1970, [26] To encourage home ownership, the government introduced the Option Mortgage Scheme (1968), which made low-income housebuyers eligible for subsidies (equivalent to tax relief on mortgage interest payments). [32] This scheme had the effect of reducing housing costs for buyers on low incomes. [33] In addition, house owners were exempted from capital gains tax. Together with the Option Mortgage Scheme, this measure stimulated the private housing market. [34]
The government also accepted most of the recommendations of the 1961 Parker Morris Report for significantly improved standards of space and amenities new local authority dwellings. [14] The first Wilson government made Parker Morris recommendations mandatory for public sector housing in new towns in 1967 and for local authorities in 1969. [35] By 1967, almost 85% of council dwellings were being built to the standards laid out by the 1961 Parker Morris Report, and from January 1969 Parker Morris space and heating standards became mandatory. [36] in public housing design. [37]
Significant emphasis was also placed on town planning, with new conservation areas introduced and a new generation of new towns built, notably Milton Keynes . The New Towns Acts of 1965 and 1968 together gave the government the authority (through its ministries) to designate any area of land as a site for a New Town . [29] The government also combined its push for the construction of more new housing with encouragement and subsidisation of the renovation of old houses (as an alternative to their destruction and replacement). [38] The Housing Improvement Act of 1969, for example, made it easier to turn old houses into new homes by encouraging rehabilitation and modernisation through increased grants to property owners. [29] The Act sought to place the economics of housing improvement in a much better relationship to those of redevelopment. Under the Act, local authorities were provided with powers to designate "improvement areas" and to pursue a policy of area-wide improvement. An area could be declared an improvement area if 50% or more of the dwellings within its bounds lacked at least one of the following standard amenities, which included hot and cold running water, an inside toilet, a sink, a wash basin, and a fixed bath or shower. Local authorities in the area could encourage householders in the area to improve their dwellings with the aid of grants. The legislation also introduced major financial changes, including an increase in the normal total standard grant from £155 to £200, an increase from £400 to £1000 in the maximum improvement grant that might be given at the discretion of the local authority, and a new Exchequer grant to local authorities of 50% of the expense for environmental improvement on costs of up to £100 per dwelling in newly designated improvement areas. [39] The legislation introduced special grants for installing amenities in houses in multi-occupation and government grants towards environmental improvement up to an expenditure of £100 per dwelling, while approved works of repair and replacement became eligible for grant aid for the first time ever. [40] Altogether, between 1965 and 1970, over 2 million homes had been constructed (almost half of which were council properties), more than in any other five-year period since 1918. [13]
The Protection from Eviction Act (1964) outlawed the eviction of tenants without a court order, [41] and according to Colin Crouch and Martin Wolf, did much "to stem the rising tide of homelessness," especially in London. [14] The Rent Act (1965) extended security of tenure, introduced registration of rents, and protection from eviction for private tenants. [41] This legislation was attributed to fall in number of homeless families taken into welfare accommodation each year in the LCC area, from 2,000 in 1962–64 to 1,300 in 1965 and 1,500 in 1966. [14] The Leasehold Reform Act (1967) was passed in order to enable holders of long leases to purchase the freehold of their homes. [31] This legislation provided about one million leaseholders with the right to purchase the freehold of their homes. Controls were introduced over increases in the rents of council accommodation, a new Rent Act (introduced in 1965) froze the rent for most unfurnished accommodation in the private sector while providing tenants with greater security of tenure and protection against harassment, and a system was introduced whereby independent arbitrators had the power to fix fair rents. [42] In addition, the first Wilson government also encouraged the introduction of discretionary local authority rent rebates to assist with housing costs. [43]
Generous new subsides were introduced by the government to encourage authorities to construct many more houses and to build them to Parker Morris standards. In 1967, the government issued a circular which urged authorities to adopt and publicise rent rebate schemes. As a result of this circular, the number of authorities adopting such schemes rose from 40% before the circular to 53% by March 1968. About 70% of tenants were covered, though not necessarily in receipt of rebates:
"... 495 authorities operated rent rebate schemes, and the £9.5 million total rebate went to over a quarter of a million tenants, representing nearly 12 per cent of the total housing stock. The average rebate, 13s 9d, amounted to one third of the average rent." [14]
Legislation was introduced which regulated tenancies for properties with a rateable value of up to £200 per year (£400 in London), which meant that tenants were not only to be protected from intimidation, but that evictions would now require court orders. It also restructured the housing subsidy system such that the borrowing charges of local authorities of individual local authorities would be pegged to 4% interest. [29] The 1966 Rating Act introduced the rating of empty properties and provided for the payment of rates in instalments. The Local Government Act introduced that same year introduced a "domestic" element in the new Rate Support Grant, by providing relief to domestic ratepayers on a rising scale, so that as local expenditure rose, government grant was geared to outpace it. As noted by one historian,
"The amount of grant in the domestic element would be calculated as sufficient to subsidise domestic ratepayers to the extent of a fivepenny rate in the first year, tenpence in the second, and so on." [44]
The 1965 Housing (Slum Clearance Compensation) Act continued a provision for home owners of unfit dwellings purchased between 1939 and 1955 to be compensated at market values. The Building Control Act of 1966 introduced building licensing to give priority to housing construction. Under the Supplementary Benefit Act of 1966, an owner occupier on benefits was entitled to an allowance for repairs, insurance, rates, and "reasonable" interest charges on a mortgage. [40] A Land Commission was also established to purchase land for building and therefore prevent profiteering in land values, although it only had limited success. [31] The aim of the Land Commission was to purchase land for public goods such as housing or shopping redevelopment (compulsorily, if the need arose), and investigated the planning needs of a particular area in conjunction with the Ministry of Housing and some planning authorities to see if any land in any particular area would be needed for such developmental schemes. Although the Land Commission purchased substantial quantities of land, it did not become the dominant influence in the land market that the government had hoped for. [16]
The Housing Subsidies Act (1967) fixed interest rates at 4% for councils borrowing to build homes. [16] It also provided financial assistance to local authorities for conversions and improvements, while also reforming the standard of fitness for human habitation. [41] The 1967 Act increased subsides on new houses to such an extent that it became the largest individual source of subsidy after a previous housing subsidy act of 1946. For a period, as part of the prices and incomes standstill introduced by the government, local authorities were not permitted to raise rents. Thereafter, a limit was set on the extent of increases that were permitted. [14]
A Town and Country Planning Act introduced in 1968 provided more local autonomy in town planning. [16] This piece of legislation aimed for greater flexibility and speed in the planning of land use, [45] and made public participation a statutory requirement in the preparation of development plans. [46] The Act also introduced a new system of process planning under which the spatial distribution of social and economic trends superseded physical standards as the principal concern of planners. According to Maureen Rhoden, this effectively meant that the development control system operated by local authorities 'policed' new housing demand. This allowed for new development on infill sites or on the edge of larger towns and villages, "but preventing development in the open countryside and in designated areas such as green belts and Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty." [47] In addition, opportunities for public participation in the planning process were also increased by the Act, partly in response to opposition to some features of urban housing and planning policies. [33] By September 1970, general improvement areas covering 23,254 dwellings had been declared, with work having been completed on 683 dwellings. In addition, the Labour government went further than previous administrations in aiming to safeguard the housing programme from wider economic problems. [14]
Social Services and Welfare
Edit
According to A.B. Atkinson , social security received much more attention from the first Wilson government than it did during the previous thirteen years of Conservative government. [14] Following its victory in the 1964 general election, Wilson's government began to increase social benefits. Prescription charges for medicines were abolished immediately, while pensions were raised to a record 21% of average male industrial wages. In 1966, the system of national assistance (a social assistance scheme for the poor) was overhauled and renamed Supplementary Benefit. The means test was replaced with a statement of income, and benefit rates for pensioners (the great majority of claimants) were increased, granting them a real gain in income. Before the 1966 election, the widow's pension was tripled and redundancy payments for laid-off workers were introduced. Due to austerity measures following an economic crisis, prescription charges were re-introduced in 1968 as an alternative to cutting the hospital building programme, although those sections of the population who were most in need (including supplementary benefit claimants, the long-term sick, children, and pensioners) were exempted from charges. [38] The widow's earning rule was also abolished. [26]
Altogether, the increases made in pensions and other benefits during Wilson's first year in office were the largest ever real term increases carried out up until that point. [43] Social security benefits were markedly increased during Wilson's first two years in office, as characterised by a budget passed in the final quarter of 1964 which raised the standard benefit rates for old age, sickness and invalidity by 18.5%. [48] In 1965, the government increased the national assistance rate to a higher level relative to earnings, and via annual adjustments, broadly maintained the rate at between 19% and 20% of gross industrial earnings until the start of 1970. [14]
Increased funds were allocated to social services during the first Wilson government's time in office. Between 1963 and 1968, spending on housing increased by 9.6%, social security by 6.6%, health by 6%, and education by 6.9%, [27] while from 1964 to 1967 social spending increased by 45%. [49] During the six years of the first Wilson government, spending on social services rose much faster than real personal incomes, and from 1964 to 1969, spending on social services rose from 14.6% to 17.6% of GNP, an increase of nearly 20%. [14] Altogether, from 1964 to 1970, spending on the social services rose from 16% to 23% of national wealth between 1964 and 1970. [2] As noted by the historian Richard Whiting, spending on social services under Wilson rose faster than the growth in GNP, by 65% (excluding housing) as against 37% for GNP, "a substantially better record than that achieved by the preceding Conservative governments." [50]
In terms of social security, the welfare state was significantly expanded through substantial increases in national insurance benefits (which rose in real terms by 20% from 1964 to 1970) [51] and the creation of new social welfare benefits. A variety of measures was introduced under Wilson which improved the living standards of many people with low incomes.
Short-term unemployment benefits were increased, [52] while the National Assistance Board was merged with the Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance to become the new Ministry of Social Security, [31] which replaced national assistance with supplementary benefit, improved benefit scale rates, and provided a statutory right to benefit for the out-of-work needy. [53] Although people were kept above a new unofficial poverty line, however, many thousands lived only just above it. [54]
The government also succeeded in persuading people to draw assistance to which they were entitled to but hadn't claimed before. [55] The number of elderly Britons receiving home helps rose by over 15% from 1964 to 1969, while nearly three times as many meals on wheels were served in 1968 as in 1964. [56] In 1968, the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Social Security were amalgamated into the Department of Health and Social Security, the purpose of which was to coordinate benefits in cash with benefits in kind since "the services needed to deal with social insecurity are not cash benefits only, but health and welfare as well." [29] An Act was passed which replaced National Assistance with Supplementary Benefits. The new Act laid down that people who satisfied its conditions were entitled to these noncontributory benefits. Unlike the National Assistance scheme, which operated like state charity for the worst-off, the new Supplementary Benefits scheme was a right of every citizen who found himself or herself in severe difficulties. Those persons over the retirement age with no means who were considered to be unable to live on the basic pension (which provided less than what the government deemed as necessary for subsistence) became entitled to a "long term" allowance of an extra few shillings a week. Some simplification of the procedure for claiming benefits was also introduced. [16]
The new Supplementary Benefit scheme included a fixed basic weekly rate that those with an income below this level would now have a right to claim, while extra payments were made available on a discretionary basis for additional needs. [57] In 1966, the period for which flat rate unemployment benefit was payable was extended to twelve months, while the earnings limit for pensioners was extended. A long term addition of 9 shillings (which was subsequently increased to 10 shillings) a week was provided for the allowances of all pensioners and for the long term sick, while the real value of most existing benefits was increased, [42] (such as family allowances, which were substantially raised in 1967 and 1968 [58] ) with benefits rising at roughly the same rate as salaries over the course of the first Wilson government, while family allowances were significantly increased. [55] By 1969, family allowances were worth 72% more in real terms to a low income family with three children than in 1964. [56] The single pension was raised by 12s 6d in March 1965, by 10s in 1967 and by a further 10s in 1969. From April 1964 to April 1970, family allowances for four children increased as a percentage of male manual workers aged 21 and above from 8% to 11.3%. [14]
The first Wilson government kept the old age pension rising roughly as fast as average earnings during its time in office, while campaigns were launched by the government to encourage people to take up means-tested benefits to which they were entitled to. [16] For instance, a publicity campaign launched by the government increased the fraction of children eligible to get free school meals. [14]
Under the 1966 Social Security Act, newly unemployed individuals were no longer denied assistance during their first month of unemployment, while men who had had their unemployment benefit disallowed for six weeks (on the grounds that they had been at fault for losing their job) were no longer subjected to a harsh rule applied by the National Assistance confining their payments to below "benefit rate." Instead, a policy was adopted of paying these individuals their full entitlement less 15 shillings. The Act also introduced a long term addition of 9 shillings for all pensioners receiving supplementary benefit and for others (with the exception of those required register for employment) receiving supplementary benefits for two years. In 1967, the earnings limits for retirement pensioners were raised, while other changes were made in the administration of the earnings rule. [14]
Redundancy payments were introduced in 1965 to lessen the impact of unemployment, earnings-related benefits for maternity, [59] unemployment, sickness, industrial injuries and widowhood were introduced in 1966, followed by the replacement of flat-rate family allowances with an earnings-related scheme in 1968. [60] In 1968, the universal family allowance was raised for the first time in a decade. This measure was considered to be redistributive to some degree,
"from richer to poorer and from mainly male taxpayers to mothers who received family allowances, a tentative move towards what Roy Jenkins called 'civilised selectivity'". [38]
The National Insurance Act of 1966, which introduced supplementary earnings-related benefits for short-term sickness and unemployment, had far-reaching distributional consequences by "guaranteeing that insurance benefits rose at the same rate as wages in the late 1960s." Trade unions were supportive of the advances made in social protection by the Wilson government, which had a considerable impact on the living standards of the lowest quintile of the population. A statement by the TUC argued that the unions' acquiescence to the government's incomes policy was justified given that "the government had deliberately refrained from attacking the social services." [48]
The introduction of earnings-related unemployment and sickness benefits significantly reduced inequalities between those in work and those who were unemployed. In 1964, the net income received by the average wage earner, when on unemployment or sickness benefit, was only 45% of what he received at work, whereas by 1968 the figure had increased to 75%. [55] The earnings-related supplement for unemployment benefits was made available to those who had earned at least £450 in the previous financial year. The supplement was paid after a twelve-day waiting period, and the rate was one-third the amount by which the average weekly earnings (up to £30) exceeded £9. The earnings-related supplement was based on the assertion that a person's commitments for mortgages, rents, and hire purchase agreements were related to their normal earnings and could not be adjusted quickly when experiencing a loss of normal income. As a result of this supplement, the total benefit of a married man with two children went up by 52%, and that of a single man by 117.% The duration was limited to 26 weeks, while the total benefit was restricted to 85% of average weekly earnings in the preceding financial year. [14]
As a result of the introduction of earnings related supplements to sickness and unemployment benefits and widows' allowances, the total benefit for a man earning £30 a week now represented 50% of his earnings rather than 27% with just the flat rate (for a married couple).
Personal social services were integrated, expenditure increased and their responsibilities broadened following the enactment of the Children and Young Persons' Act (1969) and the Local Authority Social Services Act (1970). [61] The Children and Young Persons Act of 1969 reformed the juvenile court system and extended local authority duties to provide community homes for juvenile offenders. [41] The legislation provided that "remand homes," "approved schools," and local authority and voluntary children's homes became part of a comprehensive system of community homes for all children in care. [29] This provided that children who got into trouble with the police should more certainly and quickly than ever before receive special educational assistance, social work help or any other form of assistance (financial or otherwise) that the community could provide. [16] In addition, subsidies for farmers were increased, [62] [63] while under the Health Services and Public Health Act of 1968, largely as a result of their insistence, local authorities were granted powers to "promote the welfare" of elderly people in order to allow them greater flexibility in the provision of services. [14]
Health
Edit
The proportion of GNP spent on the NHS rose from 4.2% in 1964 to about 5% in 1969. This additional expenditure provided for an energetic revival of a policy of building health centres for GPs, extra pay for doctors who served in areas particularly short of them, a significant growth in hospital staffing, and a significant increase in a hospital building programme. Far more money was spent each year on the NHS than under the 1951–64 Conservative governments, while much more effort was put into modernising and reorganising the health service. [16] Stronger central and regional organisations were established for bulk purchase of hospital supplies, while some efforts were made to reduce inequalities in standards of care. In addition, the government increased the intake to medical schools. [14]
The Doctor's Charter of 1966 introduced allowances for rent and ancillary staff, significantly increased the pay scales, and changed the structure of payments to reflect "both qualifications of doctors and the form of their practices, i.e. group practice." These changes not only led to higher morale, but also resulted in the increased use of ancillary staff and nursing attachments, a growth in the number of health centres and group practices, and a boost in the modernisation of practices in terms of equipment, appointment systems, and buildings. [29] The charter introduced a new system of payment for GPs, with refunds for surgery, rents, ands rates, to ensure that the costs of improving his surgery did not diminish the doctor's income, together with allowances for the greater part of ancillary staff costs. In addition, a Royal Commission on medical education was set up, partly to draw up ideas for training GPS (since these doctors, the largest group of all doctors in the country, had previously not received any special training, "merely being those who, at the end of their pre-doctoral courses, did not go on for further training in any speciality). [16]
In 1967, local authorities were empowered to provide family planning advice to any who requested it and to provide supplies free of charge. [38] In addition, medical training was expanded following the Todd Report on medical education in 1968. [29] [64] In addition, National Health expenditure rose from 4.2% of GNP in 1964 to 5% in 1969 and spending on hospital construction doubled. [31] The Health Services and Public Health Act 1968 empowered local authorities to maintain workshops for the elderly either directly or via the agency of a voluntary body. A Health Advisory Service was later established to investigate and confront the problems of long-term psychiatric and mentally subnormal hospitals in the wave of numerous scandals. [29] The Family Planning Act (1967) empowered local authorities to set up a family planning service with free advice and means-tested provision of contraceptive devices while the Clean Air Act (1968) extended powers to combat air pollution. [41] More money was also allocated to hospitals treating the mentally ill. [16]
Workers
Edit
The Industrial Training Act of 1964 set up an Industrial Training Board to encourage training for people in work. [41] The Docks and Harbours Act (1966) and the Dock Labour Scheme (1967) reorganised the system of employment in the docks in order to put an end to casual employment. [31] The changes made to the Dock Labour Scheme in 1967 ensured a complete end to casual labour on the docks, effectively giving workers the security of jobs for life. [65] Trade unions also benefited from the passage of the Trade Dispute Act in 1965. This restored the legal immunity of trade union officials, thus ensuring that they could no longer be sued for threatening to strike. [28] According to one MP, nurses also benefited from the largest pay rise they had received in a generation. [66] In May 1966, Wilson announced 30% pay rises for doctors and dentists - a move which did not prove popular with unions, as the national pay policy at the time was for rises of between 3% and 3.5%. [67]
Much needed improvements were made in junior hospital doctors' salaries. From 1959 to 1970, while the earnings of manual workers increased by 75%, the salaries of registrars more than doubled while those of house officers more than trebled. Most of these improvements, such as for nurses, came in the pay settlements of 1970. On a limited scale, reports by the National Board for Prices and Incomes encouraged incentive payments schemes to be development in local government and elsewhere. In February 1969, the government accepted an "above the ceiling" increase for farmworkers, a low-paid group. Some groups of professional workers, such as nurses, teachers, and doctors, gained substantial awards. [14]
Improvements were also made in conditions for nursing staff following the publication of a report by the NBPI in 1968 on the pay of nurses. This led to the introduction of a far more substantial pay lead for nurses in geriatric and psychiatric hospitals, together with (for the first time) premium rates for weekend and night work. Some progress was also made increasing the pay of NHS manual workers through incentive schemes. Despite these improvements, however, the NHS retained a reputation of being a low-wage employer by the end of the first Wilson government's time in office. [14]
The National Insurance Act of 1966 introduced more generous provisions for the assessment of certain types of serious disablement caused by industrial injury. [68] That same year, a Pneumoconiosis, Byssinosis and Miscellaneous Diseases Benefit Scheme was introduced. [69] In 1969, the Employers' Liability (Compulsory Insurance) Act was passed, requiring employers to insure their liability to their employees for personal injury, disease or death sustained in their place of work. [70] The Asbestos Regulations of 1969 sought to protect people in the workplace from exposure to asbestos, [71] while the Employer's Liability (Defective Equipment) Act introduced that same year made employers liable for injuries caused to employees by defective equipment. [72]
Wilson's government also ensured that low-income earners improved their position relative to that of average-income earners during its time in office. One of the principles of the government's prices and incomes policy was that low-paid workers would be given special consideration, and between 1965 and 1969 the earnings of the lowest paid workers increased slightly faster than the average (the increase in inflation in 1969–70 caused by devaluation, however, led to a deterioration in the position of low-paid workers). The Prices and Incomes Board was successful in directing some "above the norm" pay rises to low-paid groups such as local government employees and agricultural workers. However, the large increases in pay given to manual workers in local government in September 1969 (such as street sweepers and dustmen) subsequently set off a spiral of wage demands in industry, which meant that the improvement in the relative position of the local government manual worker was not sustained. [16]
In 1966, extensions and improvements were made in the allowances payable out of the Industrial Injuries Fund to people who had been injured before 5 July 1948 and who were entitled to weekly payments of worker's compensation. [73] In 1968, various steps were taken to reduce the severity with which the "wage-stop" operated, [55] a regressive mechanism which restricted the amount of assistance payable to an unemployed person. [74] For miners, the Coal Industry Act of 1965 introduced aid towards severance payments for miners about to be made redundant or for the vocational retraining of staff, [75] while the Coal Industry Act of 1967 provided subsidisation of redundancy and early retirement. [76]
Transport
Edit
The 1968 Transport Act established the principle of government grants for transport authorities if uneconomic passenger services were justified on social grounds. A National Freight Corporation was also established to provide integrated rail freight and road services. Public expenditure on roads steadily increased and stricter safety precautions were introduced, such as the breathalyser test for drunken driving, [23] under the 1967 Road Traffic Act. [16] The Transport Act gave a much needed financial boost to British Rail , treating them like they were a company which had become bankrupt but could now, under new management, carry on debt-free. The act also established a national freight corporation and introduced government subsidy for passenger transport on the same basis as existing subsidies for roads to enable local authorities to improve public transport in their areas. [16] The road building programme was also expanded, with capital expenditure increased to 8% of GDP, "the highest level achieved by any post-war government". [25]
Regional development
Edit
Encouragement of regional development was given increased attention under the first Wilson government, with the aim of narrowing economic dispratiies between the various regions. A policy was introduced in 1965 whereby any new government organisation should be established outside London and in 1967 the government decided to give preference to development areas. A few government departments were also moved out of London, with the Royal Mint moved to South Wales, the Giro and Inland Revenue to Bootle , and the Motor Tax Office to Swansea. [55] A new Special Development Status was also introduced in 1967 to provide even higher levels of assistance. [26] In 1966, five development areas (covering half the population in the UK) were established, while subsidies were provided for employers recruiting new employees in the Development Areas. [13]
The Industrial Development Act of 1966 changed the name of Development Districts (parts of the country with higher levels of unemployment than the national average and which governments sought to encourage greater investment in) to Development Areas and increased the percentage of the workforce covered by development schemes from 15% to 20%, which mainly affected rural areas in Scotland and Wales. Tax allowances were replaced by grants in order to extend coverage to include firms which were not making a profit, and in 1967 a Regional Employment Premium was introduced. Whereas the existing schemes tended to favour capital-intensive projects, this aimed for the first time at increasing employment in depressed areas. Set at £1.50 a man per week and guaranteed for seven years, the Regional Employment Premium subsidised all manufacturing industry (though not services) in Development Areas. [26]
Regional unemployment differentials were narrowed, and spending on regional infrastructure was significantly increased. Between 1965–66 and 1969–70, yearly expenditure on new construction (including power stations, roads, schools, hospitals and housing) rose by 41% in the United Kingdom as a whole. Subsidies were also provided for various industries (such as shipbuilding in Clydeside ), which helped to prevent a number of job losses. It is estimated that, between 1964 and 1970, 45,000 government jobs were created outside London, 21,000 of which were located in the Development Areas. [55] The Local Employment Act, passed in March 1970, embodied the government's proposals for assistance to 54 "intermediate" employment exchange areas not classified as full "development" areas. [39]
Funds allocated to regional assistance more than doubled, from £40 million in 1964/65 to £82 million in 1969/70, and from 1964 to 1970, the number of factories completed was 50% higher than from 1960 to 1964, which helped to reduce unemployment in development areas. In 1970, the unemployment rate in development areas was 1.67 times the national average, compared to 2.21 times in 1964. Although national rates of unemployment were higher in 1970 than in the early 1960s, unemployment rates in the development areas were lower and had not increased for three years. [26] Altogether, the impact of the first Wilson government's regional development policies was such that, according to one historian, the period 1963 to 1970 represented "the most prolonged, most intensive, and most successful attack ever launched on regional problems in Britain." [13]
Urban renewal
Edit
A number of subsidies were allocated to local authorities faced with acute areas of severe poverty (or other social problems). [16] The 1969 Housing Act provided local authorities with the duty of working out what to do about 'unsatisfactory areas'. Local authorities could declare 'general improvement areas' in which they would be able to buy up land and houses, and spend environmental improvement grants. On the same basis, taking geographical areas of need, a package was developed by the government which resembled a miniature poverty programme. [60] In July 1967, the government decided to pour money into what the Plowden Committee defined as Educational Priority Areas, poverty-stricken areas where children were environmentally deprived. A number of poor inner-city areas were subsequently granted EPA status (despite concerns that Local Education Authorities would be unable to finance Educational Priority Areas). [28] From 1968 to 1970, 150 new schools were built under the educational priority programme. [14]
Section 11 of the 1966 Local Government Act enabled local authorities to claim grants to recruit additional staff to meet special needs of Commonwealth immigrants. [41] According to Brian Lapping , this was the first step ever taken towards directing help to areas with special needs, "the reversal of the former position under which ministers had passed the burden of social help measures in housing, education and health to local authorities without passing them any money." [16]
In 1967, Wilson's government decided to spend £16 million, mainly in "Educational Priority Areas", over the next two years. Over a two-year period, £16 million was allocated by the government for construction of schools in EPAs, while teachers in 572 primary schools "of exceptional difficulty" were selected for additional increments. [77] After negotiations with teachers' unions, £400,000 of this money was set aide to pay teachers an additional £75 per annum for working in "schools of exceptional difficulty", of which 570 schools were designated. The government also sponsored an action research project, an experiment in five of the EPAs to try to devise the most effective ways of involving communities, according to Brian Lapping,
"in the work of their schools, compensating the children for the deprivation of their background, seeing whether, in one area pre-school play groups, in another intensive language tuition, in another emphasis on home-school relations, would be most effective." [16]
The first Wilson government made assistance to deprived urban communities a specific policy of national government in 1969 with the passage of the Local Government Grants (Social Need) Act, which empowered the Home Secretary to dispense grants to assist local authorities in providing extra help to areas "of special social need." The Urban Aid Programme was subsequently launched to provide community and family advice centres, centres for the elderly, money for schools and other services, [60] thereby alleviating urban deprivation. In introducing the Urban Aid Programme, the then Home Secretary James Callaghan stated that the goal of the legislation was to
"provide for the care of our citizens who live in the poorest overcrowded parts of our cities and towns. It is intended to arrest ... and reverse the downward spiral which afflicts so many of these areas. There is a deadly quagmire of need and poverty." [29]
Under the Urban Aid Programme, funds were provided for centres for unattached youngsters, family advice centres, community centres, centres for the elderly, and in one case for an experimental scheme for rehabilitating methylated spirit drinkers. [16] Central government paid 75% of the costs of these schemes, which were nominated by local authorities in areas of 'acute social need'. [60] As a result of this legislation, many ideas were put into practice such as language classes for immigrants, daycentres for the elderly or disabled, day nurseries, adventure playgrounds, and holidays for deprived or handicapped children. The schemes therefore proved successful in making extra social provision while encouraging community development. [29]
Twelve Community Development Projects (CDPs) were set up in areas with high levels of deprivation to encourage self-help and participation by local residents in order to improve their communication and access to local government, [78] together with improving the provision of local services. In the years that followed, these action-research projects increasingly challenged existing ideas about the causes of inner-city deprivation, arguing that the roots of poverty in such areas could be traced to changes in the political economy of inner-city areas, such as the withdrawal of private capital (as characterised by the decline of manufacturing industries).
The Community Development Projects involved co-operation between specially created local teams of social workers, who were supported by part-timers (such as policemen and youth employment officers). The task given to these groups (who were watched over by their own action research teams) was to ascertain how much real demand t here was for support from the social services in their areas of choice, based on the theory that workers in social services usually failed to communicate what they had to offer or to make themselves available, thereby resulting in many deprived people failing to acquire the services that they so desperately needed. [16]
As noted by Brian Lapping, the Community Development Projects were also designed to test the view that within poor communities local residents could articulate local grievances, get conditions in their areas improved, and provide some kind of political leadership, in a way that the existing political structure had failed to do, "largely because these areas of intense poverty were rarely big enough to be electorally important." In assessing the first Wilson government's efforts to uplift the poorest members of British society via the establishment of the Community Development Projects and the designation of the Educational Priority Areas, Brian Lapping noted that
"The determination expressed in the diverse policies to give this unfortunate group the help it needed was among the most humane and important initiatives of the 1964–70 government." [16]
International development
Edit
A new Ministry of Overseas Development was established, with its greatest success at the time being the introduction of interest-free loans for the poorest countries. [26] The Minister of Overseas Development, Barbara Castle , set a standard in interest relief on loans to developing nations which resulted in changes to the loan policies of many donor countries, "a significant shift in the conduct of rich white nations to poor brown ones." Loans were introduced to developing countries on terms that were more favourable to them than those given by governments of all other developed countries at that time. In addition, Castle was instrumental in setting up an Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex to devise ways of tackling global socio-economic inequalities. Overseas aid, however, bore a major brunt of the austerity measures introduced by the first Wilson government in its last few years in office, with British aid as a percentage of GNP falling from 0.53% in 1964 to 0.39% in 1969. [16]
Taxation
Edit
Various changes were also made to the tax system which benefited workers on low and middle incomes. Married couples with low incomes benefited from the increases in the single personal allowance and marriage allowance. In 1965, the regressive allowance for national insurance contributions was abolished and the single personal allowance, marriage allowance and wife's earned income relief were increased. These allowances were further increased in the tax years 1969–70 and 1970–71. Increases in the age exemption and dependant relative's income limits benefited the low-income elderly. [14]
Increases were made in some of the minor allowances in the 1969 Finance Act, notably the additional personal allowance, the age exemption and age relief and the dependent relative limit. Apart from the age relief, further adjustments in these concessions were implemented in 1970. [14]
1968 saw the introduction of aggregation of the investment income of unmarried minors with the income of their parents. According to Michael Meacher, this change put an end to a previous inequity whereby two families, in otherwise identical circumstances, paid differing amounts of tax "simply because in one case the child possessed property transferred to it by a grandparent, while in the other case the grandparent's identical property was inherited by the parent." [14]
In the 1969 budget, income tax was abolished for about 1 million of the lowest paid and reduced for a further 600,000 people, [63] while in the government's last budget (introduced in 1970), two million small taxpayers were exempted from paying any income tax altogether. [79]
Liberal reforms
Edit
The Matrimonial Proceedings and Property Act (1970) made provision for the welfare of children whose parents were about to divorce or be judicially separated, with courts (for instance) granted wide powers to order financial provision for children in the form of maintenance payments made by either parent. [29] This legislation allowed courts to order provision for either spouse and recognised the contribution to the joint home made during marriage. [41] That same year, spouses were given an equal share of household assets following divorce via the Matrimonial Property Act. The Race Relations Act was also extended in 1968 and in 1970 the Equal Pay Act was passed. [38] Another important reform, the 1967 Welsh Language Act, granted 'equal validity' to the declining Welsh language and encouraged its revival. Government expenditure was also increased on both sport and the arts. [31] The Mines and Quarries (Tips) Act of 1969, passed in response to the Aberfan tragedy, made provision for preventing disused tips from endangering members of the public. [80]
The Commons Registration Act 1965 provided for the registration of all common land and village greens , whilst under the Countryside Act 1968 , local authorities could provide facilities "for enjoyment of such lands to which the public has access". [29] The Family Provision Act of 1966 amended a series of pre-existing estate laws mainly related to persons who died interstate. The legislation increased the amount that could be paid of surviving spouses if a will hadn't been left, and also expanded upon the jurisdiction of county courts, which were given the jurisdiction of high courts under certain circumstances when handling matters of estate. The rights of adopted children were also improved with certain wording changed in the Inheritance (Family Provision) Act of 1938 to bestow opon them the same rights as natural-born children. In 1968, the Nurseries and Child-Minders Regulation Act 1948 was updated to include more categories of childminders. [81] A year later, the Family Law Reform Act was passed, which allowed people born outside marriage to inherit on the intestacy of either parent. [82] In 1967, homosexuality was decriminalised by the passage of the Sexual Offences Act. [16] The first Wilson government also introduced a thirty-year rule for access to public records, replacing a previous fifty-year rule. [83]
The Race Relations Act of 1965 outlawed direct discrimination on the grounds of race, colour, and ethnic or national origin in some public places. The legislation also set up a Race Relations Board. [41] A centrally financed network of local officers was provided to smooth inter-racial relations by conciliation, education, and informal pressure, while a National Committee for Commonwealth Immigrants was established (under the chairmanship of the Archbishop of Canterbury) to encourage and help finance staff "for local voluntary, good-neighbour type bodies." A further Race Relations Act was passed in 1968, which made discrimination in letting or advertising housing illegal, together with discrimination in hiring and promotion. The legislation also provided a strengthened Race Relations Board with powers to "conciliate" in cases of discrimination, which meant persuading discriminators to stop such acts and, if they refused to stop, legal action could be taken against them as an ultimate sanction. The legislation also replaced the National Committee for Commonwealth Immigrants with the Community Relations Commission, a statutory body. This body was provided with an annual grant (beginning at £300,000) for social work, propaganda, and education as a means of bringing about good race relations. [16] The Criminal Justice Act of 1967 introduced suspended prison sentences and allowed a ten to two majority vote for jury decisions. An Ombudsman (Parliamentary Commissioner) was appointed in 1967 to consider complaints against government departments and to impose remedies, while censorship of plays by the Lord Chamberlain was abolished (1969). In addition, the law on Sunday Observance was relaxed. [41]
The Nuclear Installations Act of 1965 placed a "strict" statutory duty on the operators of nuclear facilities to ensure that any exposure to radiation resulting from operations did not cause injury or damage. Under the legislation, claimants did not have to prove fault to receive compensation under the Act, only causation. [84] From 1966, a circular from several Whitehall ministries was sent to local authorities across the country urging them to provide permanent caravan sites for gypsies. This was followed by the Caravan Sites Act, introduced by the Liberal MP Eric Lubbock in 1968, which obliged local authorities to carry out the recommendations of the 1966 circular. Under the Act, gypsies became entitled to settle in many areas as well as to enjoy regular visiting rights for their caravans in others. [16] The Civic Amenities Act of 1967 was aimed at improving and safeguarding buildings of architectural or historical interest, together with the planting and preservation of trees. [85] The Administration of Justice Act 1970 introduced (amongst other measures) a new Family Division of the High Court. [39]
A number of private members' bills related to consumer affairs, put forward by Co-operative MPs, became law under the first Wilson government, and much of the consumer legislation taken for granted by contemporary British shoppers can be attributed to the legislation passed during this period. In 1968, the Trade Descriptions Act (the "shoppers' charter") was enacted by parliament, and a farm and garden chemicals bill also became law that same year. Other co-operative bills enacted during this period included a new Clean Air Act, a bill removing restrictions on off-licences, and a bill to promote agriculture co-operatives passed in 1967, which established "A scheme administered by a new Central Council for Agriculture and Horticulture Co-operation with a budget to organise and promote co-operation with agriculture and horticulture". [86] The 1970 Chronically Sick & Disabled Persons Act, regarded as a groundbreaking measure, was the first kind of legislation in the world to recognise and give rights to disabled people, and set down specific provisions to improve access and support for people with disabilities. [87] The government effectively supported the passage of these bills by granting them the necessary parliamentary time. [13]
Record of first term on income distribution
Edit
Despite the economic difficulties faced by the first Wilson government, it succeeded in maintaining low levels of unemployment and inflation during its time in office. Unemployment was kept below 2.7%, and inflation for much of the 1960s remained below 4%. Living standards generally improved, while public spending on housing, social security, transport, research, education and health went up by an average of more than 6% between 1964 and 1970. [88] The average household grew steadily richer, with the number of cars in the United Kingdom rising from one to every 6.4 persons to one for every five persons in 1968, representing a net increase of three million cars on the road. The rise in the standard of living was also characterised by increased ownership of various consumer durables from 1964 to 1969, as demonstrated by television sets (from 88% to 90%), refrigerators (from 39% to 59%), and washing machines (from 54% to 64%). [16]
By 1970, income in Britain was more equally distributed than in 1964, mainly because of increases in cash benefits, including family allowances. [89]
According to one historian,
"In its commitment to social services and public welfare, the Wilson government put together a record unmatched by any subsequent administration, and the mid-sixties are justifiably seen as the 'golden age' of the welfare state". [88]
As noted by Ben Pimlott , the gap between those on lowest incomes and the rest of the population "had been significantly reduced" under Wilson's first government. [90] The first Wilson government thus saw the distribution of income became more equal, [24] while reductions in poverty took place. [91] These achievements were mainly brought about by several increases in social welfare benefits, [92] such as supplementary benefit, pensions and family allowances, the latter of which were doubled between 1964 and 1970 (although most of the increase in family allowances did not come about until 1968). A new system of rate rebates was introduced, which benefited one million households by the end of the 1960s. [26] Increases in national insurance benefits in 1965, 1967, 1968 and 1969 ensured that those dependant on state benefits saw their disposable incomes rise faster than manual wage earners, while income differentials between lower income and higher income workers were marginally narrowed. Greater progressivity was introduced in the tax system, with greater emphasis on direct (income-based) as opposed to indirect (typically expenditure-based) taxation as a means of raising revenue, with the amount raised by the former increasing twice as much as that of the latter. [50] Also, in spite of an increase in unemployment, the poor improved their share of the national income while that of the rich was slightly reduced. [2] Despite various cutbacks after 1966, expenditure on services such as education and health was still much higher as a proportion of national wealth than in 1964. In addition, by raising taxes to pay their reforms, the government paid careful attention to the principle of redistribution, with disposable incomes rising for the lowest paid while falling amongst the wealthiest during its time in office. [93]
Between 1964 and 1968, benefits in kind were significantly progressive, in that over the period those in the lower half of the income scale benefited more than those in the upper half. On average those receiving state benefits benefited more in terms of increases in real disposable income than the average manual worker or salaried employee between 1964 and 1969. [55] From 1964 to 1969, low-wage earners did substantially better than other sections of the population. In 1969, a married couple with two children were 11.5% per cent richer in real terms, while for a couple with three children, the corresponding increase was 14.5%, and for a family with four children, 16.5%. [51] From 1965 to 1968, the income of single pensioner households as a percentage of other one adult households rose from 48.9% to 52.5%. For two pensioner households, the equivalent increase was from 46.8% to 48.2%. [14] In addition, mainly as a result of big increases in cash benefits, unemployed persons and large families gained more in terms of real disposable income than the rest of the population during Wilson's time in office. [24]
Between 1964 and 1968, cash benefits rose as a percentage of income for all households but more so for poorer than for wealthier households. As noted by the economist Michael Stewart,
"it seems indisputable that the high priority the Labour Government gave to expenditure on education and the health service had a favourable effect on income distribution." [55]
For a family with two children in the income range £676 to £816 per annum, cash benefits rose from 4% of income in 1964 to 22% in 1968, compared with a change from 1% to 2% for a similar family in the income range £2,122 to £2,566 over the same period. For benefits in kind the changes over the same period for similar families were from 21% to 29% for lower income families and from 9% to 10% for higher income families. When taking into account all benefits, taxes and Government expenditures on social services, the first Wilson government succeeded in bringing about a reduction in income inequality. As noted by the historian Kenneth O. Morgan ,
"In the long term, therefore, fortified by increases in supplementary and other benefits under the Crossman regime in 1968–70, the welfare state had made some impact, almost by inadvertence, on social inequality and the maldistribution of real income". [94]
Public expenditure as a percentage of GDP rose significantly under the 1964–1970 Labour government, from 34% in 1964–65 to nearly 38% of GDP by 1969–70, whilst expenditure on social services rose from 16% of national income in 1964 to 23% by 1970. [26] These measures had a major impact on the living standards of low-income Britons, with disposable incomes rising faster for low-income groups than for high-income groups during the course of the 1960s. When measuring disposable income after taxation but including benefits, the total disposable income of those on the highest incomes fell by 33%, whilst the total disposable income of those on the lowest incomes rose by 104%. [26] As noted by one historian,
"the net effect of Labour's financial policies was indeed to make the rich poorer and the poor richer". [95]
External affairs
Edit
Wilson with West German Chancellor Ludwig Erhard .
Among the more challenging political dilemmas Wilson faced during his two terms in government and his two spells in Opposition before 1964 and between 1970 and 1974 was the issue of British membership of the European Community , the forerunner of the present European Union. An entry attempt had been issued in July 1961 by the Macmillan government, and negotiated by Edward Heath as Lord Privy Seal , but was vetoed in 1963 by French President Charles de Gaulle . The Labour Party in Opposition had been divided on the issue, with former party leader Hugh Gaitskell having come out in 1962 in opposition to Britain joining the Community. [96]
After initially hesitating over the issue, Wilson's Government in May 1967 lodged the UK's second application to join the European Community. Like the first, though, it was vetoed by de Gaulle in November that year. [13]
Following his victory in the 1970 election (and helped by de Gaulle's fall from power in 1969), the new prime minister Edward Heath negotiated Britain's admission to the EC, alongside Denmark and Ireland in 1973. The Labour Party in opposition continued to be deeply divided on the issue, and risked a major split. Leading opponents of membership included Richard Crossman , who was for two years (1970–72) the editor of New Statesman, at that time the leading left-of-centre weekly journal, which published many polemics in support of the anti-EC case. Prominent among Labour supporters of membership was Roy Jenkins .
Wilson in opposition showed political ingenuity in devising a position that both sides of the party could agree on, opposing the terms negotiated by Heath but not membership in principle. Labour's 1974 manifesto included a pledge to renegotiate terms for Britain's membership and then hold a referendum on whether to stay in the EC on the new terms. This was a constitutional procedure without precedent in British history.
Following Wilson's return to power, the renegotiations with Britain's fellow EC members were carried out by Wilson himself in tandem with Foreign Secretary James Callaghan , and they toured the capital cities of Europe meeting their European counterparts (some commentators have suggested that their co-operation in this exercise may have been the source of a close relationship between the two men which is claimed to have assisted a smooth change-over when Wilson retired from office). The discussions focused primarily on Britain's net budgetary contribution to the EC. As a small agricultural producer heavily dependent on imports, Britain suffered doubly from the dominance of:
(i) agricultural spending in the EC budget ,
(ii) agricultural import taxes as a source of EC revenues .
During the renegotiations, other EEC members conceded, as a partial offset, the establishment of a significant European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), from which it was clearly agreed that Britain would be a major net beneficiary. [97]
In the subsequent referendum campaign, rather than the normal British tradition of "collective responsibility", under which the government takes a policy position which all cabinet members are required to support publicly, members of the Government were free to present their views on either side of the question. The electorate voted on 5 June 1975 to continue membership, by a substantial majority. [98]
Asia
Edit
Prior United States military involvement in Vietnam intensified following the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution in 1964. US President Lyndon Johnson brought pressure to bear for at least a token involvement of British military units in the Vietnam War . Wilson consistently avoided any commitment of British forces, giving as reasons British military commitments to the Malayan Emergency and British co-chairmanship of the 1954 Geneva Conference which agreed the cessation of hostilities and called for internationally supervised elections in Vietnam. [99] His government offered some rhetorical support for the US position (most prominently in the defence offered by the Foreign Secretary Michael Stewart in a much-publicised " teach-in " or debate on Vietnam). On at least one occasion the British government made an unsuccessful effort to mediate in the conflict, with Wilson discussing peace proposals with Alexei Kosygin , the Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers . On 28 June 1966 Wilson 'dissociated' his Government from American bombing of the cities of Hanoi and Haiphong. In his memoirs, Wilson writes of "selling LBJ a bum steer ", a reference to Johnson's Texas origins, which conjured up images of cattle and cowboys in British minds. [100] Wilson's approach of maintaining close relations with the US while pursuing an independent line on Vietnam has attracted new interest in the light of the different approach taken by the Blair government vis-a-vis Britain's participation in the Iraq War (2003).
Harold and Mary Wilson greeting the Prime Minister of Australia Harold Holt and wife Zara in 1967.
Since the Second World War, Britain's presence in the Far East had gradually been run down. Former British colonies, whose defence had provided much of the rationale for a British military presence in the region, moved towards independence under British governments of both parties. Successive UK Governments also became conscious of the cost to the exchequer and the economy of maintaining major forces abroad (in parallel, several schemes to develop strategic weaponry were abandoned on the grounds of cost, for example, the Blue Streak missile and the TSR2 aircraft).
Part of the price paid by Wilson after talks with President Johnson in June 1967 for US assistance with the UK economy was his agreement to maintain a military presence East of Suez . [101] In July 1967 Defence Secretary Denis Healey announced that Britain would abandon her mainland bases East of Suez by 1977, although airmobile forces would be retained which could if necessary be deployed in the region. Shortly afterward, in January 1968, Wilson announced that the proposed timetable for this withdrawal was to be accelerated, and that British forces were to be withdrawn from Singapore, Malaysia, and the Persian Gulf by the end of 1971. [102] However, Wilson's successor Edward Heath sought to reverse this policy, and British forces remained in Singapore and Malaysia until the mid-1970s. Whilst widely criticised at the time, over the longer term the decision can be seen as a logical culmination of the withdrawal from Britain's colonial-era political and military commitments in Asia, the Middle East, Africa and elsewhere that had been underway under British governments of both parties since the Second World War – and of the parallel switch of Britain's emphasis to its European identity.
Wilson was known for his strong pro-Israel views. He was a particular friend of Israeli Premier Golda Meir , though her tenure largely coincided with Wilson's 1970–1974 hiatus. Another associate was West German Chancellor Willy Brandt ; all three were members of the Socialist International . [103]
Africa
Edit
In 1960, Prime Minister Harold Macmillan made his important Wind of Change speech to the Parliament of South Africa in Cape Town. This heralded independence for many British colonies in Africa. The British "retreat from Empire" had made headway by 1964 and was to continue during Wilson's administration. The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland came to present serious problems.
The Federation was set up in 1953, and was an amalgamation of the British Colonies of Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland and the self-governing colony of Southern Rhodesia. The Federation was dissolved in 1963 and the states of Zambia and Malawi were granted independence. Southern Rhodesia, which had been the economic powerhouse of the Federation, was not granted independence, principally because of the régime in power. The country bordered South Africa to the south and its governance was influenced by the apartheid régime, then headed by Hendrik Verwoerd . Wilson refused to grant independence to the white minority government headed by Rhodesian Prime Minister Ian Smith which not willing to extend unqualified voting rights to the native African population. His government's view was that the native population was ingenuous, and doing that would lay them open to undue influence and intimidation. The franchise was open to those who had achieved a certain (fairly low) standard of education, and to property owners, and to people of "importance", i.e. chiefs and indunas - in other words, you needed to qualify for a vote - which many natives did.
Smith's defiant response was a Unilateral Declaration of Independence , timed to coincide with Armistice Day at 11.00 am on 11 November 1965, an attempt to garner support in the UK by reminding people of the contribution of the colony to the war effort (Smith himself had been a Spitfire pilot). [13] Smith was personally vilified in the British media. [104] Wilson's immediate recourse was to the United Nations, and in 1965, the Security Council imposed sanctions, which were to last until official independence in 1979. This involved British warships blockading the port of Beira to try to cause economic collapse in Rhodesia. Wilson was applauded by most nations for taking a firm stand on the issue (and none extended diplomatic recognition to the Smith régime). A number of nations did not join in with sanctions, undermining their efficiency. Certain sections of public opinion started to question their efficacy, and to demand the toppling of the régime by force. Wilson declined to intervene in Rhodesia with military force, believing the British population would not support such action against their "kith and kin". The two leaders met for discussions aboard British warships, Tiger in 1966 and Fearless in 1968. Smith subsequently attacked Wilson in his memoirs, accusing him of delaying tactics during negotiations and alleging duplicity; Wilson responded in kind, questioning Smith's good faith and suggesting that Smith had moved the goal-posts whenever a settlement appeared in sight. [100] The matter was still unresolved at the time of Wilson's resignation in 1976.
Elsewhere in Africa, trouble developed in Nigeria, brought about by the ethnic hatreds and Biafra's efforts to become independent. Wilson supported the established new governments in former colonies and refused to countenance breakaway movements. He supported the government of General Yakubu Gowon during the Nigerian Civil War of 1967–1970. [105]
Defeat and return to opposition
Edit
By 1969, the Labour Party was suffering serious electoral reverses, and by the turn of 1970 had lost a total of 16 seats in by-elections since the previous general election. [106]
Although the first Wilson government had enacted a wide range of social reforms and arguably did much to reduce social inequalities during its time in office, the economic difficulties that it faced led to austerity measures being imposed on numerous occasions, forcing the government to abandon some of its key policy goals. Amongst the controversial austerity measures introduced included higher dental charges, the abolition of free school milk in all secondary schools in 1968, increased weekly national insurance contributions, the postponement of the planned rise in the school leaving age to 16, and cuts in road and housing programmes, [63] which meant that the government's house-building target of 500,000 per year was never met. [26] The government also failed to meet its 1964 manifesto commitment to tie increases in national insurance benefits to increases in average earnings, [107] although this reform would later be implemented during Wilson's second premiership in 1975. [108] There was also much controversy over the government's decision to reintroduce prescription charges in 1968 (after having abolished them in 1964), [13] although the blow of this measure was arguably by softened by the fact that many people were exempted from charges. [38] In 1968, arguably in response to sensationalist stories about supposed "scroungers" and "welfare cheats," the government made the decision to introduce a controversial new rule terminating benefits for single men under the age of 45. Under this rule, young, single, unskilled men who lived in areas of low unemployment would have their supplementary benefits stopped after four weeks. [14]
In the field of housing, the First Wilson Government has received criticism by historians for encouraging the building of high-rise council flats, continuing the high-rise boom launched by the preceding Conservative administration in 1956 when it introduced a progressive storey-height subsidy that gave large increments for four-, five-, and six-storey flats and a fixed increment for every additional storey above that. [109] [110] In 1966, tall flats accounted 25.6% of all approved starts, compared with only 3% in 1954. [111] From 1964 to 1966, the percentage of homes built in England and Wales by local authorities and New Towns in the form of flats in buildings of 5 storeys or more rose from 22.4% to 25.7%, falling to 9.9% in 1970. [112]
According to the historian Andrew Thorpe, much of the high-rise and high-density housing that was erected proved to be poorly constructed and unpopular with tenants, and social and extended family networks were disrupted by rehousing, leading to increased strain on social services and therefore public expenditure as older, informal support networks were ruptured. As argued by Thorpe, Labour's accomplishments "were equivocal, and in retrospect many would see its policies as leading to significant social problems." [13]
According to another historian, Eric Shaw, in the rush to build, and to overcome shortages in funds, the First Wilson Government "succumbed to the fashion for high-rise blocks of flats." For Shaw, the housing drive demonstrated "flaws in Labour's centralist brand of social democracy," the assumption that the interests of ordinary people could be safeguarded by public officials without needing to consult them, "a well-intentioned but short-sighted belief that pledges could be honored by spreading resources more thinly; and a 'social engineering' approach to reform in which the calculation of the effects of institutional reform neglected their impact upon the overall quality of people's lives." This approach resulted in people being wrenched from their local communities and transferred to isolating and forbidding environments which often lacked basic social and commercial amenities and which hindered the revival of community networks. High-rise council flats, according to Shaw, intensified class inequalities by becoming a low-grad reserve for the poorer sections of the working class, which reflecting the "extent to which Keynesian social democracy had departed from the traditions of ethical socialism, with its aspirations to construct institutions which would foster greater fellowship, a communal spirit and more altruistic forms of behaviour." As further noted by Shaw, the "new soulless working-class estates" became the breeding grounds of a host of social evils, "as socialists from an older generation like William Morris could have predicted." [2]
A plan to boost economic growth to 4% a year was never met, while development aid was cut severely as a result of austerity measures. A proposed "minimum income guarantee" for widows and pensioners was never implemented, together with Richard Crossman 's compulsory national superannuation scheme. This scheme, a system of universal secondary pensions, was aimed at providing British pensioners with an income closer to what they enjoyed during the best years of their working life, when their earnings were at their highest. According to Brian Lapping, this would have been Wilson's largest reform of social security, had it been carried out. [26] In addition, the government's austerity measures led to an unpopular squeeze on consumption in 1968 and 1969. [24]
By 1970, the economy was showing signs of improvement, and by May that year, Labour had overtaken the Conservatives in the opinion polls. [113] Wilson responded to this apparent recovery in his government's popularity by calling a general election, but, to the surprise of most observers, was defeated at the polls by the Conservatives under Heath.
Wilson survived as leader of the Labour party in opposition. Economic conditions during the 1970s were becoming more difficult for Britain and many other western economies as a result of the ending of the Bretton Woods Agreement and the 1973 oil shock , and the Heath government in its turn was buffeted by economic adversity and industrial unrest (notably including confrontation with the coalminers which led to the Three-day week ) towards the end of 1973, and on 7 February 1974 (with the crisis still ongoing) Heath called a snap election for 28 February. [114]
Second term as Prime Minister
Edit
Labour won more seats (though fewer votes) than the Conservative Party in February 1974 . As Heath was unable to persuade the Liberals to form a coalition , Wilson returned to 10 Downing Street on 4 March 1974 as Prime Minister of a minority Labour Government. He gained a three-seat majority in another election later that year , on 10 October 1974. One of the key issues addressed during his second period in office was the referendum on British membership of the EEC (see Europe , above).
Domestic affairs
Edit
The Second Wilson Government made a major commitment to the expansion of the British welfare state, with increased spending on education, health, and housing rents. [25] To pay for it, it imposed controls and raised taxes on the rich. It partially reversed the 1971 reduction in the top rate of tax from 90% to 75%, increasing it to 83% in the first budget from new chancellor Denis Healey, which came into law in April 1974. Also implemented was an investment income surcharge which raised the top rate on investment income to 98%, the highest level since the Second World War. In March 1974, an additional £2 billion were announced for benefits, food subsidies, and housing subsidies, including a record 25% increase in the pension. Council house rents were also frozen. That same year, national insurance benefits were increased by 13%, which brought pensions as a proportion of average earnings "up to a value equivalent to the previous high, which was reached in 1965 as a result of Labour legislation." In order to maintain the real value of these benefits in the long term, the government introduced legislation which linked future increases in pensions to higher incomes or wages. [48] In 1974–75, social spending was increased in real terms by 9%. In 1974, pensions were increased in real terms by 14%, while in early 1975 increases were made in family allowances. There were also significant increases in rate and rent subsidies, together with £500 million worth of food subsidies. [24]
An independent Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service (regarded as very much the brainchild of the trade union leader Jack Jones) was set, which according to Robert Taylor continues to provide "an impartial and impressive function in resolving disputes and encouraging good industrial relations practice." A Manpower Services Commission was set up to encourage a more active labour market policy to improve job placements and deal with unemployment. The Pay Board was abolished, while the Price Commission was provided with greater powers to control and delay price increases. In addition, the Housing Rents and Subsidies Act of 1975 gave power over rents back to local authorities. [83]
To help those with disabilities, the government introduced an invalid care allowance, a mobility allowance, a non-contributory invalidity pension for those unable to contribute through national insurance, and other measures. To combat child poverty, legislation to create a universal Child Benefit was introduced in 1975 (a reform later implemented by the Callaghan Government). To raise the living standards of those dependant on national insurance benefits, the government index-linked short-term benefits to the rate of inflation, while pensions and long-term benefits were tied to increases in prices or earnings, whichever was higher. To raise the living standards of those dependant on national insurance benefits, the government index-linked short-term benefits to the rate of inflation, while pensions and long-term benefits were tied to increases in prices or earnings, whichever was higher. [115]
In 1975, a state earnings related pension scheme (SERPS) was introduced. A new pension, which was inflation-proofed and linked to earnings, was added to the basic pension which was to increase in line with earnings for the first time ever. This reform assisted women by the linking of pensions to the 'twenty best years' of earnings, and those who worked at home caring for children or others were counted as contributors. This scheme was later eroded by the subsequent Thatcher Government, and insufficient pension rights had been built up by that time to establish resistance to its erosion. The Sex Discrimination Act (1975) gave women the right in principle to equal access to jobs and equal treatment at work with men, while the Employment Protection Act introduced statutory maternity leave. [38] That same year, the wage stop was finally abolished. [74] In addition, differentials between skilled and unskilled workers were narrowed as a result of egalitarian pay policies involving flat-rate increases.
The Social Security Pensions Act of 1975 introduced equal treatment in pension schemes and eliminated the contributions test which limited state pensions for women. The Housing Finance Act (1974) increased aid to local authorities for slum clearance, introduced a system of "fair rents" in public and private sector unfurnished accommodation, and introduced rent rebates for council tenants. The Housing Act (1974) improved a renovation grants scheme, provided increased levels of aid to housing associations, and extended the role of the Housing Corporation. The Rent Act of 1974 extended security of tenure to tenants of furnished properties and allowed access to rent tribunals. The Community Land Act (1975) allowed for the taking into public control of development land, while the Child Benefits Act introduced an extra payment for lone parents. [41] A Resources Allocation Working Party (RAWP) was also set up to produce a formula for a more equitable distribution of health care expenditure. [116] Anthony Crosland , while serving as a minister during Wilson's second government, made a decision to reform the level of rate support grant, introducing a standard level of relief across the country to benefit poorer urban areas. [83]
Circular 4/74 (1974) renewed pressure for moves towards comprehensive education (progress of which had stalled under the Heath Government), while the industrial relations legislation passed under Edward Heath was repealed. The Health and Safety at Work Act of 1974 set up a Health and Safety Commission and Executive and set up a legal framework for health and safety at work. The Employment Protection Act of 1975 set up the Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Services (ACAS) to arbitrate in industrial disputes, enlarged the rights of employees and trade unions, extended the redundancy payments scheme, and provided redress against unfair dismissal. The legislation also provided for paid maternity leave and outlawed dismissal for pregnancy. The Social Security Act of 1975 introduced a maternity allowance fund, while the Sex Discrimination Act of 1975 set up an Equal Opportunities Commission and outlawed gender discrimination (both indirect and direct). [41]
The Woodworking Machines Regulations 1974, replacing the 1922 Regulations, came into operation on in November 1974. These regulations raised the standard of guarding of the most dangerous machines. [117] Improvements were made in mine-workers' pensions, while the Coal Mines (Respirable Dust) Regulations of 1975, which came into operation in October that year, were aimed at reducing the incidence of coal miners' pneumoconiosis. They prescribed permitted amounts of respirable dust at workplaces in coal mines as well as arrangements for the suppression and continuous sampling of dust, and they include a scheme for the medical supervision of workers at risk. The Protection of Eyes Regulations 1974 and 1975, replacing the 1938 Regulations, extended protection to those employed on construction sites as well as in factories. [118]
Despite its achievements in social policy, however, Wilson's government came under scrutiny in 1975 for the rise in the unemployment rate, with the total number of Britons out of work passing 1,000,000 by April of that year. [119]
Northern Ireland
Edit
Wilson's earlier government had witnessed the outbreak of The Troubles in Northern Ireland. In response to a request from the Government of Northern Ireland , Wilson agreed to deploy the British Army in August 1969 in an effort to maintain the peace.
Out of office in the autumn of 1971, Wilson formulated a 16-point, 15 year programme that was designed to pave the way for the unification of Ireland. The proposal was not adopted by the then Heath government. [120]
In May 1974, when back in office as leader of a minority government, Wilson condemned the Unionist -controlled Ulster Workers Council Strike as a " sectarian strike", which was "being done for sectarian purposes having no relation to this century but only to the seventeenth century". However he refused to pressure a reluctant British Army to face down the loyalist paramilitaries who were intimidating utility workers. In a televised speech later, he referred to the loyalist strikers and their supporters as "spongers" who expected Britain to pay for their lifestyles. The strike was eventually successful in breaking the power-sharing Northern Ireland executive.
On 11 September 2008, BBC Radio Four's Document programme claimed to have unearthed a secret plan – codenamed Doomsday – which proposed to cut all of the United Kingdom's constitutional ties with Northern Ireland and transform the province into an independent dominion. Document went on to claim that the Doomsday plan was devised mainly by Wilson and was kept a closely guarded secret. The plan then allegedly lost momentum, due in part, it was claimed, to warnings made by both the then Foreign Secretary, James Callaghan, and the then Irish Minister for Foreign Affairs Garret FitzGerald who admitted the 12,000-strong Irish army would be unable to deal with the ensuing civil war. [121]
In 1975 Wilson secretly offered Libya's dictator Muammar Gaddafi £14 million (£500 million in 2009 values) to stop arming the IRA, but Gaddafi demanded a far greater sum of money. [122] [123] This offer did not become publicly known until 2009.
Resignation
Edit
On 16 March 1976, Wilson surprised the nation by announcing his resignation as Prime Minister (taking effect on 5 April 1976). He claimed that he had always planned on resigning at the age of 60, and that he was physically and mentally exhausted. As early as the late 1960s, he had been telling intimates, like his doctor Sir Joseph Stone (later Lord Stone of Hendon ), that he did not intend to serve more than eight or nine years as Prime Minister. Roy Jenkins has suggested that Wilson may have been motivated partly by the distaste for politics felt by his loyal and long-suffering wife, Mary. [8] His doctor had detected problems which would later be diagnosed as colon cancer, and Wilson had begun drinking brandy during the day to cope with stress. [3] In addition, by 1976 he might already have been aware of the first stages of early-onset Alzheimer's disease, which was to cause both his formerly excellent memory and his powers of concentration to fail dramatically. [124]
Garter Banner of Lord Wilson of Rievaulx, Jesus College Chapel, Oxford
Queen Elizabeth II came to dine at 10 Downing Street to mark his resignation, an honour she has bestowed on only one other Prime Minister, Sir Winston Churchill .
Wilson's Prime Minister's Resignation Honours included many businessmen and celebrities, along with his political supporters. His choice of appointments caused lasting damage to his reputation, worsened by the suggestion that the first draft of the list had been written by his political secretary Marcia Williams on lavender notepaper (it became known as the "Lavender List"). Roy Jenkins noted that Wilson's retirement "was disfigured by his, at best, eccentric resignation honours list, which gave peerages or knighthoods to some adventurous business gentlemen, several of whom were close neither to him nor to the Labour Party." [125] Some of those whom Wilson honoured included Lord Kagan , the inventor of Gannex, who was eventually imprisoned for fraud, and Sir Eric Miller , who later committed suicide while under police investigation for corruption.
Six candidates stood in the first ballot to replace him, in order of votes they were: Michael Foot , James Callaghan , Roy Jenkins , Tony Benn , Denis Healey and Anthony Crosland . In the third ballot on 5 April, Callaghan defeated Foot in a parliamentary vote of 176 to 137, thus becoming Wilson's successor as Prime Minister and leader of the Labour Party, and he continued to serve as Prime Minister until May 1979, when Labour lost the general election to the Conservatives and Margaret Thatcher became Britain's first female prime minister.
As Wilson wished to remain an MP after leaving office, he was not immediately given the peerage customarily offered to retired Prime Ministers, but instead was created a Knight of the Garter . On leaving the House of Commons after the 1983 general election he was created Baron Wilson of Rievaulx, after Rievaulx Abbey , in the north of his native Yorkshire.
Retirement and death
Edit
Wilson in 1986
Shortly after resigning as Prime Minister, Wilson was signed by David Frost to host a series of interview/chat show programmes. The pilot episode proved to be a flop as Wilson appeared uncomfortable with the informality of the format. Wilson also hosted two editions of the BBC chat show Friday Night, Saturday Morning . He famously floundered in the role, and in 2000, Channel 4 chose one of his appearances as one of the 100 Moments of TV Hell. Wilson also coined the name of charity War on Want . [126]
A lifelong Gilbert and Sullivan fan, in 1975, Wilson joined the Board of Trustees of the D'Oyly Carte Trust at the invitation of Sir Hugh Wontner , who was then the Lord Mayor of London . [127] At Christmas 1978, Wilson appeared on the Morecambe and Wise Christmas Special. Eric Morecambe 's habit of appearing not to recognise the guest stars was repaid by Wilson, who referred to him throughout as 'Morry-camby' (the mis-pronunciation of Morecambe's name made by Ed Sullivan when the pair appeared on his famous American television show). Wilson appeared on the show again in 1980.
Wilson was not especially active in the House of Lords, although he did initiate a debate on unemployment in May 1984. [128] His last speech was in a debate on marine pilotage in 1986, when he commented as an elder brother of Trinity House. [129] In the same year, he played himself as Prime Minister in an Anglia Television drama, "Inside Story". [130]
He continued regularly attending the House of Lords until just over a year before his death; the last sitting he attended was on 27 April 1994. [131] Wilson died from colon cancer and Alzheimer's disease in May 1995, aged 79. His memorial service was held in Westminster Abbey on 13 July 1995. It was attended by Prince Charles , former Prime Ministers Edward Heath , James Callaghan and Margaret Thatcher , then Prime Minister John Major and future Prime Minister Tony Blair . Wilson was buried at St. Mary's Old Church, St. Mary's on the Isles of Scilly on 6 June. His epitaph is Tempus Imperator Rerum (Time the Commander of All Things).
Political style
Edit
Wilson regarded himself as a "man of the people" and did much to promote this image, contrasting himself with the stereotypical aristocratic conservatives who had preceded him. Features of this portrayal included his working man's Gannex raincoat, his pipe (the British Pipesmokers' Council voted him Pipe Smoker of the Year in 1965 and Pipeman of the Decade in 1976, though in private he smoked cigars), his love of simple cooking and fondness for popular British relish HP Sauce , and his support for his home town's football team, Huddersfield Town . [132] He spoke with a studied working class Yorkshire accent , although this was not part of his background, as his father had spoken "upper class" English. Eschewing continental holidays, he returned every summer with his family to the Isles of Scilly. His first general election victory relied heavily on associating these down-to-earth attributes with a sense that the UK urgently needed to modernise, after "thirteen years of Tory mis-rule ...". These characteristics were exaggerated in Private Eye's satirical column " Mrs Wilson's Diary ".
Wilson exhibited his populist touch in June 1965 when he had The Beatles honoured with the award of MBE (such awards are officially bestowed by The Queen but are nominated by the Prime Minister of the day). The award was popular with young people and contributed to a sense that the Prime Minister was "in touch" with the younger generation. There were some protests by conservatives and elderly members of the military who were earlier recipients of the award, but such protesters were in the minority. Critics claimed that Wilson acted to solicit votes for the next general election (which took place less than a year later), but defenders noted that, since the minimum voting age at that time was 21, this was hardly likely to impact many of the Beatles' fans who at that time were predominantly teenagers. It cemented Wilson's image as a modernistic leader and linked him to the burgeoning pride in the 'New Britain' typified by the Beatles. The Beatles mentioned Wilson rather negatively, naming both him and his opponent Edward Heath in George Harrison 's song " Taxman ", the opener to 1966's Revolver —recorded and released after the MBEs.
In 1967, Wilson had a different interaction with a musical ensemble. He sued the pop group The Move for libel after the band's manager Tony Secunda published a promotional postcard for the single " Flowers In The Rain ", featuring a caricature depicting Wilson in bed with his female assistant, Marcia Williams . Gossip had hinted at an improper relationship, though these rumours were never substantiated. Wilson won the case, and all royalties from the song (composed by Move leader Roy Wood ) were assigned in perpetuity to a charity of Wilson's choosing.
Wilson coined the term ' Selsdon Man ' to refer to the anti-interventionist policies of the Conservative leader Edward Heath , developed at a policy retreat held at the Selsdon Park Hotel in early 1970. This phrase, intended to evoke the 'primitive throwback' qualities of anthropological discoveries such as Piltdown Man and Swanscombe Man , was part of a British political tradition of referring to political trends by suffixing 'man'. Another famous quote is "A week is a long time in politics": this signifies that political fortunes can change extremely rapidly. Other memorable phrases attributed to Wilson include "the white heat of the [technological] revolution." In his broadcast after the 1967 devaluation of the pound, Wilson said: "This does not mean that the pound here in Britain – in your pocket or purse – is worth any less ...", and the phrase "the pound in your pocket" subsequently took on a life of its own.
Reputation
Edit
Despite his successes and one-time popularity, Harold Wilson's reputation took a long time to recover from the low ebb reached immediately following his second premiership. Some accuse him of undue deviousness, some claim he did not do enough to modernise the Labour Party's policy positions on issues such as the respective roles of the state and the market or the reform of industrial relations. This line of argument partly blames Wilson for the civil unrest of the late 1970s (during Britain's Winter of Discontent ), and for the electoral success of the Conservative party and its ensuing 18-year rule. His supporters argue that Wilson's skilful management (on issues such as nationalisation, Europe and Vietnam) allowed an otherwise fractious party to stay politically united and govern. This co-existence did not long survive his leadership, and the factionalism that followed contributed greatly to the Labour Party's electoral weakness during the 1980s. The reinvention of the Labour Party would take the better part of two decades, at the hands of Neil Kinnock , John Smith and – electorally, most conclusively – Tony Blair.
In 1964, when Wilson took office, the mainstream of informed opinion (in all the main political parties, in academia and the media, etc.) strongly favoured the type of technocratic, " indicative planning " approach that Wilson endeavoured to implement. Radical market-orientated reforms, of the kind eventually adopted by Margaret Thatcher, were in the mid-1960s backed only by a 'fringe' of enthusiasts (such as the leadership of the later-influential Institute of Economic Affairs ), and had almost no representation at senior levels even of the Conservative Party. Fifteen years later, disillusionment with Britain's weak economic performance and troubled industrial relations, combined with active spadework by figures such as Sir Keith Joseph , had helped to make a radical market programme politically feasible for Thatcher (which was in turn to influence the subsequent Labour leadership, especially under Blair).
An opinion poll in September 2011 found that Wilson came in third place when respondents were asked to name the best post-war Labour Party leader. He was beaten only by John Smith and Tony Blair. [133]
Possible plots and conspiracy theories
Edit
In 1963, Soviet defector Anatoliy Golitsyn is said to have secretly claimed that Wilson was a KGB agent. [134] The majority of intelligence officers did not believe that Golitsyn was credible in this and various other claims, but a significant number did (most prominently James Jesus Angleton , Deputy Director of Operations for Counter-Intelligence at the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency ) and factional strife broke out between the two groups. Former MI5 officer Peter Wright claimed in his memoirs, Spycatcher , that 30 MI5 agents then collaborated in an attempt to undermine Wilson. [135]
In March 1987, James Miller, a former agent, claimed that the Ulster Workers Council Strike of 1974 had been promoted by MI5 in order to help destabilise Wilson's government. [136] In July 1987, Labour MP Ken Livingstone used his maiden speech to raise the 1975 allegations of a former Army Press officer in Northern Ireland, Colin Wallace , who also alleged a plot to destabilise Wilson. Chris Mullin, MP, speaking on 23 November 1988, argued that sources other than Peter Wright supported claims of a long-standing attempt by MI5 to undermine Wilson's government. [137]
In 2009, The Defence of the Realm, the authorised history of MI5 by Christopher Andrew, held that while MI5 kept a file on Wilson from 1945, when he became an MP – because communist civil servants claimed that he had similar political sympathies – there was no bugging of his home or office, and no conspiracy against him. [138] In 2010 newspaper reports made detailed allegations that the bugging of 10 Downing Street had been omitted from the history for "wider public interest reasons". In 1963 on Macmillan's orders following the Profumo Affair, MI5 bugged the cabinet room, the waiting room, and the prime minister's study until the devices were removed in 1977 on Callaghan's orders. From the records it is unclear if Wilson or Heath knew of the bugging, and no recorded conversations were retained by MI5 so possibly the bugs were never activated. [139] Professor Andrew had previously recorded in the preface of the history that "One significant excision as a result of these requirements (in the chapter on The Wilson Plot) is, I believe, hard to justify" giving credence to these new allegations. [140]
Other conspiracy theories
Edit
Richard Hough , in his 1980 biography of Mountbatten, indicates that Mountbatten was approached during the 1960s in connection with a scheme to install an "emergency government" in place of Wilson's administration. The approach was made by Cecil Harmsworth King , the chairman of the International Publishing Corporation (IPC), which published the Daily Mirror newspaper. Hough bases his account on conversations with the Mirror's long-time editor Hugh Cudlipp , supplemented by the recollections of the scientist Solly Zuckerman and of Mountbatten's valet, William Evans. Cudlipp arranged for Mountbatten to meet King on 8 May 1968. King had long yearned to play a more central political role, and had personal grudges against Wilson (including Wilson's refusal to propose King for the hereditary earldom that King coveted). He had already failed in an earlier attempt to replace Wilson with James Callaghan . With Britain's continuing economic difficulties and industrial strife in the 1960s, King convinced himself that Wilson's government was heading towards collapse. He thought that Mountbatten, as a member of the Royal Family and a former Chief of the Defence Staff , would command public support as leader of a non-democratic "emergency" government. Mountbatten insisted that his friend, Zuckerman, be present (Zuckerman says that he was urged to attend by Mountbatten's son-in-law, Lord Brabourne , who worried King would lead Mountbatten astray). King asked Mountbatten if he would be willing to head an emergency government. Zuckerman said the idea was treason and Mountbatten in turn rebuffed King. He does not appear to have reported the approach to Downing Street .
The question of how serious a threat to democracy may have existed during these years continues to be contentious—a key point at issue being who of any consequence would have been ready to move beyond grumbling about the government (or spreading rumours) to actively taking unconstitutional action. Cecil King himself was an inveterate schemer but an inept actor on the political stage. Perhaps significantly, when King penned a strongly worded editorial against Wilson for the Daily Mirror two days after his abortive meeting with Mountbatten, the unanimous reaction of IPC's directors was to fire him with immediate effect from his position as Chairman. King's resignation was considered a serious enough matter for the BBC to have senior journalist William Hardcastle announce it in a news flash. More fundamentally, Denis Healey , who served for six years as Wilson's Secretary of State for Defence , has argued that actively serving senior British military officers would not have been prepared to overthrow a constitutionally-elected government.
By the time of his resignation, Wilson's own perceptions of any threat may very well have been exacerbated by the onset of Alzheimer's disease; his inherent tendency to chariness was undoubtedly stoked by some in his inner circle, including Marcia Williams . He reportedly shared with a surprised George H. W. Bush , at the time the Director of the CIA, his fear that some of the portraits in 10 Downing Street (specifically including Gladstone's portrait in the Cabinet Room) concealed listening devices being used to bug his discussions. [141] Files released on 1 June 2005 show that Wilson was concerned that, while on the Isles of Scilly, he was being monitored by Russian ships disguised as trawlers. MI5 found no evidence of this, but told him not to use a walkie-talkie .
Wilson's Government took strong action against the controversial, self-styled "Church" of Scientology in 1967, banning foreign Scientologists from entering the country, a prohibition which remained in force until 1980. In response, L. Ron Hubbard , Scientology's founder, accused Wilson of being in cahoots with Soviet Russia and an international conspiracy of psychiatrists and financiers. Wilson's Minister of Health, Kenneth Robinson , subsequently won a libel suit against the Scientologists and Hubbard. [142]
Honours
Edit
12 June 1968 Wilson was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society under Statute 12 of the Society's regulations, which covers people who have rendered conspicuous service to the cause of science or are such that their election would be of signal benefit to the Society. [143]
Wilson was an Honorary Fellow of Columbia Pacific University . [144] The former British Prime Minister also delivered a speech at a CPU graduation ceremony.
Statues and other tributes
Edit
Statue in St George's Square, Huddersfield.
A portrait of Harold Wilson, painted by the famous Scottish portrait artist Cowan Dobson , hangs today at University College, Oxford. [145] Two statues of Harold Wilson stand in prominent places. The first, unveiled by the then Prime Minister Tony Blair in July 1999, stands outside Huddersfield railway station in St George's Square, Huddersfield. Costing £70,000, the statue, designed by sculptor Ian Walters, is based on photographs taken in 1964 and depicts Wilson in walking pose at the start of his first term as Prime Minister. His widow, Mary requested that the eight-foot tall monument did not show Wilson holding his famous pipe as she feared it would make the representation a caricature. [146]
In September 2006, Tony Blair unveiled a second bronze statue of Wilson in the latter's former constituency of Huyton , near Liverpool. The statue was created by Liverpool sculptor, Tom Murphy, and Blair paid tribute to Wilson's legacy at the unveiling, including the Open University . He added: "He also brought in a whole new culture, a whole new country. He made the country very, very different". [147]
Also in 2006, a street on a new housing development in Tividale , West Midlands, was named Wilson Drive in honour of Wilson. Along with neighbouring new development Callaghan drive (named after James Callaghan), it formed part of a large housing estate developed since the 1960s where all streets were named after former prime ministers or senior parliamentary figures.
Titles from birth to death
Harold Wilson (11 March 1916 – 1 January 1945)
Harold Wilson, OBE (1 January 1945 – 26 July 1945)
Harold Wilson, OBE, MP (26 July 1945 – 29 September 1947)
The Right Honourable Harold Wilson, OBE, MP (29 September 1947 – 6 December 1969)
The Right Honourable Harold Wilson, OBE, FRS, MP (6 December 1969 – 23 April 1976)
The Right Honourable Sir Harold Wilson, KG, OBE, FRS, MP (23 April 1976 – 9 June 1983)
The Right Honourable Sir Harold Wilson, KG, OBE, FRS (9 June – 16 September 1983)
The Right Honourable The Lord Wilson of Rievaulx, KG, OBE, FRS, PC (16 September 1983 – 24 May 1995) [148]
In popular culture
Edit
In the Fawlty Towers episode "The Germans", Basil blames his fire extinguisher exploding in his face on "... bloody Wilson"
The Lavender List (2006), played by Kenneth Cranham – a BBC Four fictionalised account by Francis Wheen of the Wilson Government of 1974–76, with Gina McKee as Marcia Williams and Celia Imrie as Wilson's wife. The play concentrated on Wilson and Williams' relationship and her conflict with the Downing Street Press Secretary Joe Haines.
The Plot Against Harold Wilson (2006), played by James Bolam – aired on BBC Two on Thursday 16 March. The drama detailed previously unseen evidence that rogue elements of MI5 and the British military plotted to take down the Labour Government, believing Wilson to be a Soviet spy.
Longford (2006), played by Robert Pugh – Channel 4 drama on the life of Lord Longford . In one scene, Wilson was seen dismissing Longford from his cabinet in 1968, in part because of the adverse publicity the latter was receiving for his public campaign to support the Moors Murderer Myra Hindley .
The Queen a 2009 British drama-documentary showing Queen Elizabeth II , Harold Wilson was portrayed by Philip Jackson.
Film
Ziegler, Philip (1993). Wilson: The authorised life of Lord Wilson of Rievaulx. Weidenfeld and Nicolson . ISBN 0-297-81276-9 .
Routledge, Paul (2006). Wilson. Series: The 20 British Prime Ministers of the 20th Century. Haus Publishing . ISBN 1-904950-68-X .
Wilson, Harold. (1979). The Labour Government 1964–1970: A Personal Record (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson/Michael)
Bibliography
Main article: Harold Wilson bibliography
There is an extensive bibliography on Harold Wilson. He is the author of a number of books. He is the subject of many biographies (both light and serious) and academic analyses of his career and various aspects of the policies pursued by the governments he led. He features in many "humorous" books. He was the Prime Minister in the so-called " Swinging London " era of the 1960s, and therefore features in many of the books about this period of history.
External links
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James Harold Wilson, Baron Wilson of Rievaulx, KG , OBE , FRS , FSS , PC (11 March 1916 Template:Spaced ndash 24 May 1995) was a British Labour Party politician who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1964 to 1970 and 1974 to 1976. He won four general elections , and is the most recent British Prime Minister to have served non-consecutive terms.
First entering Parliament in 1945 , Wilson was immediately appointed the Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Works and rose quickly through the ministerial ranks, becoming the Secretary for Overseas Trade in 1947 and being appointed to the Cabinet just months later as the President of the Board of Trade . Later, in the Labour Shadow Cabinet , he served first as Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1955 to 1961 and then as the Shadow Foreign Secretary from 1961 to 1963, when he was elected Leader of the Labour Party after the sudden death of Hugh Gaitskell . Wilson narrowly won the 1964 election , going on to win a much increased majority in a snap 1966 election .
Wilson's first period as Prime Minister coincided with a period of low unemployment and relative economic prosperity, though also of significant problems with Britain's external balance of payments. In 1969 Wilson sent British troops to Northern Ireland . After losing the 1970 general election to Edward Heath , he spent four years as Leader of the Opposition before the February 1974 general election resulted in a hung parliament . After Heath's talks with the Liberals broke down, Wilson returned to power as leader of a minority government until there was a second general election in the autumn, which resulted in a narrow Labour victory. A period of economic crisis was now beginning to hit most Western countries, and in 1976 Wilson suddenly announced his resignation as Prime Minister.
Wilson's own approach to socialism was moderate, with emphasis on increasing opportunity within society, for example through change and expansion within the education system , allied to the technocratic aim of taking better advantage of rapid scientific progress, rather than on the more controversial socialist goal of promoting wider public ownership of industry. He took little action to pursue the Labour Party constitution's stated dedication to such nationalisation , though he did not formally disown it. Himself a member of the Labour Party's "soft left", Wilson joked about leading a Cabinet that was made up mostly of social democrats , comparing himself to a Bolshevik revolutionary presiding over a Tsarist cabinet, but there was arguably little to divide him ideologically from the cabinet majority. [1] [2]
Wilson's first period in office, in particular, was notable for substantial legal changes in a number of social areas; though they were generally not at the top of his personal agenda. These included the liberalisation of laws on censorship, divorce, homosexuality, immigration, and abortion; as well as the abolition of capital punishment , which was due in part to the initiatives of backbench MPs who had the support of Roy Jenkins during his time as Home Secretary . Overall, Wilson is seen to have managed a number of difficult political issues with considerable tactical skill, including such potentially divisive issues for his party as the role of public ownership, British membership of the European Community, and the Vietnam War , in which he consistently resisted US pressure to involve Britain and send British troops, while continuing to maintain a costly military presence East of Suez . [3] Nonetheless, his stated ambition of substantially improving Britain's long-term economic performance remained largely unfulfilled.
Contents
18 External links
Early life
Wilson was born at 4 Warneford Road, Huddersfield , in the West Riding of Yorkshire , England on 11 March 1916. He came from a political family: his father James Herbert Wilson (December 1882 – 1971) was a works chemist who had been active in the Liberal Party and then joined the Labour Party . His mother Ethel (née Seddon; 1882–1957) was a schoolteacher before her marriage. When Wilson was eight, he visited London and a later-to-be-famous photograph was taken of him standing on the doorstep of 10 Downing Street .
He was a supporter of his hometown football club, Huddersfield Town . [4]
Education
Wilson won a scholarship to attend Royds Hall Grammar School , his local grammar school (now a comprehensive school ) in Huddersfield in Yorkshire. His education was disrupted in October 1930 when he contracted typhoid fever after drinking contaminated milk on a Scouts ' outing. It took him three months to recover. In December 1930, his father, working as an industrial chemist, was made redundant and it took him nearly two years to find work. He moved to Spital on the Wirral , Cheshire in order to do so. Wilson was educated in the Sixth Form at the Wirral Grammar School for Boys , where he became Head Boy .
Wilson did well at school and, although he missed getting a scholarship, he obtained an exhibition; which, when topped up by a county grant, enabled him to study Modern History at Jesus College, Oxford , from 1934. At Oxford, Wilson was moderately active in politics as a member of the Liberal Party but was later influenced by G. D. H. Cole to join the Labour Party. After his first year, he changed his field of study to Philosophy, Politics and Economics . He graduated with "an outstanding first class Bachelor of Arts degree, with alphas on every paper" in the final examinations. [5] A popular urban myth at Oxford University states that Wilson's grade in his final examination was the highest ever recorded up to that date.
Although Wilson had two abortive attempts at an All Souls Fellowship, he continued in academia, becoming one of the youngest Oxford University dons of the century at the age of 21. He was a lecturer in Economic History at New College from 1937, and a Research Fellow at University College .
Marriage
On New Year's Day 1940, in the chapel of Mansfield College, Oxford , he married Mary Baldwin who remained his wife until his death. Mary Wilson became a published poet. They had two sons, Robin and Giles (named after Giles Alington ); Robin became a Professor of Mathematics, and Giles became a teacher. In their twenties, his sons were under a kidnap threat from the IRA because of their father's prominence. [6]
Second World War
On the outbreak of the Second World War, Wilson volunteered for service but was classed as a specialist and moved into the civil service instead. For much of this time, he was a research assistant to William Beveridge , the Master of the College, working on the issues of unemployment and the trade cycle. He later became a statistician and economist for the coal industry. He was Director of Economics and Statistics at the Ministry of Fuel and Power 1943–44, and received an OBE for his services. [7]
He was to remain passionately interested in statistics. As President of the Board of Trade , he was the driving force behind the Statistics of Trade Act 1947 , which is still the authority governing most economic statistics in Great Britain . He was instrumental as Prime Minister in appointing Claus Moser as head of the Central Statistical Office , and was president of the Royal Statistical Society in 1972–73.
Member of Parliament
As the war drew to an end, he searched for a seat to fight at the impending general election. He was selected for the constituency of Ormskirk , then held by Stephen King-Hall . Wilson agreed to be adopted as the candidate immediately rather than delay until the election was called, and was therefore compelled to resign from his position in the Civil Service. He served as Praelector in Economics at University College between his resignation and his election to the House of Commons. He also used this time to write A New Deal for Coal, which used his wartime experience to argue for nationalisation of the coal mines on the grounds of the improved efficiency he predicted would ensue.
In the 1945 general election , Wilson won his seat in the Labour landslide. To his surprise, he was immediately appointed to the government by Prime Minister Clement Attlee as Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Works . Two years later, he became Secretary for Overseas Trade , in which capacity he made several official trips to the Soviet Union to negotiate supply contracts.
In the general election of 1950, his Ormskirk constituency was significantly altered and he was narrowly elected for the new seat of Huyton near Liverpool, where he served for 33 years until 1983. [8]
Cabinet
On 29 September 1947 Wilson was appointed President of the Board of Trade , at 31 becoming the youngest member of a British Cabinet in the 20th century. He took a lead in abolishing some wartime rationing, which he referred to as a "bonfire of controls". His role in internal debates during the summer of 1949 over whether or not to devalue sterling, in which he was perceived to have played both sides of the issue, tarnished his reputation in both political and official circles. [9]
Wilson was becoming known in the Labour Party as a left-winger and joined Aneurin Bevan and John Freeman in resigning from the government in April 1951 in protest at the introduction of National Health Service (NHS) medical charges to meet the financial demands imposed by the Korean War . After the Labour Party lost the 1951 election , he became the Chairman of Keep Left, Bevan's political group, but soon after he began to distance himself from Bevan.
Shadow Cabinet
Wilson was appointed to the Shadow Cabinet by Labour Party Leader Hugh Gaitskell in 1955 as Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer , and he proved to be very effective. One of his procedural moves caused a substantial delay to the progress of the Government's Finance Bill in 1955, and his speeches as Shadow Chancellor from 1956 were widely praised for their clarity and wit. [10] He coined the term " Gnomes of Zurich " to describe Swiss bankers whom he accused of pushing the pound down by speculation. As well as his role as Shadow Chancellor, he conducted an inquiry into the Labour Party's organisation following its defeat in the 1955 general election , which compared Labour's organisation to an antiquated "penny farthing" bicycle, and made various recommendations for improvements. Unusually, Wilson combined the job of Chairman of the House of Commons' Public Accounts Committee with that of Shadow Chancellor from 1959, holding that position until 1963.
Wilson steered a course in intra-party matters in the 1950s and early 1960s that left him neither fully accepted nor trusted by the left and the right in the Labour Party. Despite his earlier association with the left-wing Aneurin Bevan , in 1955 he backed Gaitskell, considered the right-of-centre candidate in internal Labour Party terms, against Bevan for the party leadership. [11] He then launched an opportunistic but unsuccessful challenge to Gaitskell's leadership in November 1960 in the wake of the Labour Party's 1959 defeat , Gaitskell's controversial attempt to ditch Labour's commitment to nationalisation by scrapping Clause Four , and Gaitskell's defeat at the 1960 Party Conference over a motion supporting unilateral nuclear disarmament. Wilson would later be moved to the position of Shadow Foreign Secretary in 1961, before he challenged for the deputy leadership in 1962 but was defeated by George Brown .
Gaitskell died in January 1963, just as the Labour Party had begun to unite and appeared to have a very good chance of winning the next election, with the Macmillan Government running into trouble. Wilson was adopted as the left-wing candidate for the leadership, defeating Brown and James Callaghan to become the Leader of the Labour Party and the Leader of the Opposition .
At the Labour Party's 1963 Annual Conference, Wilson made both his best-remembered speech, on the implications of scientific and technological change. He argued that "the Britain that is going to be forged in the white heat of this revolution will be no place for restrictive practices or for outdated measures on either side of industry". This speech did much to set Wilson's reputation as a technocrat not tied to the prevailing class system. [12]
Labour's 1964 election campaign was aided by the Profumo Affair , a ministerial sex scandal that had mortally wounded Harold Macmillan and was to taint his successor Sir Alec Douglas-Home , even though Home had not been involved in the scandal. Wilson made capital without getting involved in the less salubrious aspects. (Asked for a statement on the scandal, he reportedly said "No comment ... in glorious Technicolor!"). Home was an aristocrat who had given up his title as Lord Home to sit in the House of Commons and become Prime Minister upon Macmillan's resignation. To Wilson's comment that he was the 14th Earl of Home , Home retorted, "I suppose Mr. Wilson is the fourteenth Mr. Wilson".
First term as Prime Minister
File:Dodwilson.JPG
Harold Wilson in 1964.
Labour won the 1964 general election with a narrow majority of four seats, and Wilson became Prime Minister , the youngest person to hold that office since Lord Rosebery 70 years earlier. During 1965, by-election losses reduced the government's majority to a single seat; but in March 1966 Wilson took the gamble of calling another general election. The gamble paid off, because this time Labour achieved a 96-seat majority [13] over the Conservatives, who the previous year had made Edward Heath their leader.
Domestic affairs
Economic policies
In economic terms, Wilson's first three years in office were dominated by an ultimately doomed effort to stave off the devaluation of the pound. He inherited an unusually large external deficit on the balance of trade . This partly reflected the preceding government's expansive fiscal policy in the run-up to the 1964 election, and the incoming Wilson team tightened the fiscal stance in response. Many British economists advocated devaluation, but Wilson resisted, reportedly in part out of concern that Labour, which had previously devalued sterling in 1949, would become tagged as "the party of devaluation". [14] In the latter half of 1967, however, an attempt was made to prevent the recession in activity from going too far in the form of a stimulus to consumer durable spending through an easing of credit, which in turn prevented a winter rise in unemployment. [15]
After a costly battle, market pressures forced the government into devaluation in 1967. Wilson was much criticised for a broadcast in which he assured listeners that the "pound in your pocket" had not lost its value. It was widely forgotten that his next sentence had been "prices will rise". Economic performance did show some improvement after the devaluation, as economists had predicted. The devaluation, with accompanying austerity measures, successfully restored the balance of payments to surplus by 1969. This unexpectedly turned into a small deficit again in 1970. The bad figures were announced just before polling in the 1970 general election , and are often cited as one of the reasons for Labour's defeat. [14]
A main theme of Wilson's economic approach was to place enhanced emphasis on "indicative economic planning ". He created a new Department of Economic Affairs to generate ambitious targets that were in themselves supposed to help stimulate investment and growth (the government also created a Ministry of Technology (shortened to Mintech) to support the modernisation of industry). The DEA itself was in part intended to serve as an expansionary counter-weight to what Labour saw as the conservative influence of the Treasury, though the appointment of Wilson's deputy, George Brown, as the Minister in charge of the DEA was something of a two-edged sword, in view of Brown's reputation for erratic conduct; in any case the government's decision over its first three years to defend sterling's parity with traditional deflationary measures ran counter to hopes for an expansionist push for growth. Though now out of fashion, the faith in indicative planning as a pathway to growth, [16] embodied in the DEA and Mintech, was at the time by no means confined to the Labour Party – Wilson built on foundations that had been laid by his Conservative predecessors, in the shape, for example, of the National Economic Development Council (known as "Neddy") and its regional counterparts (the "little Neddies"). [14] Government intervention in industry was greatly enhanced, with the National Economic Development Office greatly strengthened, with the number of "little Neddies" was increased, from eight in 1964 to twenty-one in 1970. The government's policy of selective economic intervention was later characterised by the establishment of a new super-ministry of technology, under Tony Benn . [17]
File:Nixon and Wilson.jpg
Harold and Mary Wilson with Richard and Pat Nixon at the White House in 1970.
The continued relevance of industrial nationalisation (a centrepiece of the post-War Labour government's programme) had been a key point of contention in Labour's internal struggles of the 1950s and early 1960s. Wilson's predecessor as leader, Hugh Gaitskell , had tried in 1960 to tackle the controversy head-on, with a proposal to expunge Clause Four (the public ownership clause) from the party's constitution, but had been forced to climb down. Wilson took a characteristically more subtle approach. He threw the party's left wing a symbolic bone with the renationalisation of the steel industry, but otherwise left Clause Four formally in the constitution but in practice on the shelf. [14]
Wilson made periodic attempts to mitigate inflation through wage-price controls, better known in Britain as "prices and incomes policy " [14] (as with indicative planning, such controls—though now generally out of favour – were widely adopted at that time by governments of different ideological complexions, including the Nixon administration in the United States). Partly as a result of this reliance, the government tended to find itself repeatedly injected into major industrial disputes, with late-night "beer and sandwiches at Number Ten" an almost routine culmination to such episodes. Among the most damaging of the numerous strikes during Wilson's periods in office was a six-week stoppage by the National Union of Seamen , beginning shortly after Wilson's re-election in 1966 , and conducted, he claimed, by "politically motivated men".
With public frustration over strikes mounting, Wilson's government in 1969 proposed a series of changes to the legal basis for industrial relations (labour law), which were outlined in a White Paper " In Place of Strife " put forward by the Employment Secretary Barbara Castle . Following a confrontation with the Trades Union Congress , which strongly opposed the proposals, and internal dissent from Home Secretary James Callaghan , the government substantially backed-down from its intentions. Some elements of these changes were subsequently to be enacted (in modified form) during the premiership of Margaret Thatcher . [14]
Wilson's government made a variety of changes to the tax system. Largely under the influence of the Hungarian -born economists Nicholas Kaldor and Thomas Balogh , an idiosyncratic Selective Employment Tax (SET) was introduced that was designed to tax employment in the service sectors while subsidising employment in manufacturing (the rationale proposed by its economist authors derived largely from claims about potential economies of scale and technological progress, but Wilson in his memoirs stressed the tax's revenue-raising potential). The SET did not long survive the return of a Conservative government. Of longer term significance, Capital Gains Tax (CGT) was introduced across the UK on 6 April 1965. [18] Across his two periods in office, Wilson presided over significant increases in the overall tax burden in the UK. In 1974, three weeks after forming a new government, Wilson's new chancellor Denis Healey partially reversed the 1971 reduction in the top rate of tax from 90% to 75%, increasing it to 83% in his first budget, which came into law in April 1974. This applied to incomes over £20,000 (£186,150 in 2016), [19] , and combined with a 15% surcharge on 'un-earned' income (investments and dividends) could add to a 98% marginal rate of personal income tax. In 1974, as many as 750,000 people were liable to pay the top-rate of income tax. [20] Labour's identification with high tax rates was to prove one of the issues that helped the Conservative Party under Margaret Thatcher and John Major dominate British politics during the 1980s and early-to-mid-1990s.
Wilson had entered power at a time when unemployment stood at around 400,000. It still stood 371,000 by early 1966 after a steady fall during 1965, but by March 1967 it stood at 631,000. It fell again towards the end of the decade, standing at 582,000 by the time of the general election in June 1970. [21]
Social issues
A number of liberalising social reforms were passed through parliament during Wilson's first period in government. These included the abolition of capital punishment , decriminalisation of sex between men in private, liberalisation of abortion law and the abolition of theatre censorship . The Divorce Reform Act 1969 was passed by Parliament (and came into effect in 1971). Such reforms were mostly via private member's bills on ' free votes ' in line with established convention, but the large Labour majority after 1966 was undoubtedly more open to such changes than previous parliaments had been.
Wilson personally, coming culturally from a provincial non-conformist background, showed no particular enthusiasm for much of this agenda (which some linked to the "permissive society"), [22] but the reforming climate was especially encouraged by Roy Jenkins during his period at the Home Office. The franchise was also extended with the reduction of the voting age from twenty-one to eighteen in 1969. [23]
Wilson's 1966–70 term witnessed growing public concern over the level of immigration to the United Kingdom . The issue was dramatised at the political level by the famous " Rivers of Blood speech " by the Conservative politician Enoch Powell , warning against the dangers of immigration, which led to Powell's dismissal from the Shadow Cabinet. Wilson's government adopted a two-track approach. While condemning racial discrimination (and adopting legislation to make it a legal offence), Wilson's Home Secretary James Callaghan introduced significant new restrictions on the right of immigration to the United Kingdom.
Education
Education held special significance for a socialist of Wilson's generation, in view of its role in both opening up opportunities for children from working-class backgrounds and enabling Britain to seize the potential benefits of scientific advances. Under the first Wilson government, for the first time in British history, more money was allocated to education than to defence. [24] Wilson continued the rapid creation of new universities, in line with the recommendations of the Robbins Report , a bipartisan policy already in train when Labour took power. The economic difficulties of the period deprived the tertiary system of the resources it needed. Nevertheless, university expansion remained a core policy. One notable effect was the first entry of women into university education in significant numbers. More broadly, higher education overall was significantly expanded, with a distinct bias towards the non-university sector. [25] During Wilson’s time in office from 1964-1970, some 30 polytechnics were set up to provide vocationally-oriented courses that were not fully provided by universities. [26] In addition, student participation rates were increased from 5% to 10%. [27]
Wilson also deserves credit for grasping the concept of an Open University , to give adults who had missed out on tertiary education a second chance through part-time study and distance learning. His political commitment included assigning implementation responsibility to Baroness Lee , the widow of Aneurin Bevan , the charismatic leader of Labour's left wing whom Wilson had joined in resigning from the Attlee cabinet. The Open University worked through summer schools, postal tuition and television programmes. [28] By 1981, 45,000 students had received degrees through the Open University. [28] Money was also channelled into local-authority run colleges of education. [17]
Wilson's record on secondary education is, by contrast, highly controversial. A fuller description is in the article Education in England . Two factors played a role. Following the Education Act 1944 there was disaffection with the tripartite system of academically oriented Grammar schools for a small proportion of "gifted" children, and Technical and Secondary Modern schools for the majority of children. Pressure grew for the abolition of the selective principle underlying the " eleven plus ", and replacement with Comprehensive schools which would serve the full range of children (see the article Debates on the grammar school ). Comprehensive education became Labour Party policy. From 1966 to 1970, the proportion of children in comprehensive schools increased from about 10% to over 30%. [29] There was also a move in primary schools towards "child-centred" or individual learning, in keeping with the recommendations of the 1967 Plowden Report on improving the education system. [30] Polytechnics were established in 1965 through the amalgamation of existing institutions such as colleges of technology, art, and commerce. A new external examination, designed for children of middling intellectual ability and leading to a Certificate of Secondary Education (CSE), was also introduced that same year. [31] Advanced level courses in further education were also expanded by the government much faster than under the previous Conservative government. [15]
Labour pressed local authorities to convert grammar schools into comprehensives. Conversion continued on a large scale during the subsequent Conservative Heath administration, although the Secretary of State, Margaret Thatcher , ended the compulsion of local governments to convert.
A major controversy that arose during Wilson's first government was the decision that the government could not fulfil its long-held promise to raise the school leaving age to 16, because of the investment required in infrastructure, such as extra classrooms and teachers. Baroness Lee considered resigning in protest, but narrowly decided against this in the interests of party unity. It was left to Thatcher to carry out the change, during the Heath government.
Attempts were also made to improve the provision of nursery education. In 1960, as a means of saving money, the Conservative government issued a circular which forbade the expansion of nursery education. This restriction was slightly relaxed just before the July 1964 election, when authorities were allowed to provide places "where this would enable married women to return to teaching." In 1965, the Labour government provided a further relaxation which allowed authorities to expand "so long as they provided some extra places for teachers to whom priority was to be given." Nevertheless, the number of children under five in maintained nursery, primary, and special schools increased only slightly, from 222,000 in 1965 to 239,000 in 1969. [15]
Overall, public expenditure on education rose as a proportion of GNP from 4.8% in 1964 to 5.9% in 1968, and the number of teachers in training increased by more than a third between 1964 and 1967. [32] The percentage of students staying on at school after the age of sixteen increased similarly, and the student population increased by over 10% each year. Pupil-teacher ratios were also steadily reduced. As a result of the first Wilson government's educational policies, opportunities for working-class children were improved, while overall access to education in 1970 was broader than in 1964. [25] As summarised by Brian Lapping,
"The years 1964–70 were largely taken up with creating extra places in universities, polytechnics, technical colleges, colleges of education: preparing for the day when a new Act would make it the right of a student, on leaving school, to have a place in an institution of further education." [17]
In 1966, Wilson was created the first Chancellor of the newly created University of Bradford , a position he held until 1985.
Housing
Housing was a major policy area under the first Wilson government. During Wilson's time in office from 1964 to 1970, more new houses were built than in the last six years of the previous Conservative government. The proportion of council housing rose from 42% to 50% of the total, [33] while the number of council homes built increased steadily, from 119,000 in 1964 to 133,000 in 1965 and to 142,000 in 1966. Allowing for demolitions, 1.3 million new homes were built between 1965 and 1970, [28] To encourage home ownership, the government introduced the Option Mortgage Scheme (1968), which made low-income housebuyers eligible for subsidies (equivalent to tax relief on mortgage interest payments). [34] This scheme had the effect of reducing housing costs for buyers on low incomes [35] and enabling more people to become owner occupiers. [36] In addition, house owners were exempted from capital gains tax. Together with the Option Mortgage Scheme, this measure stimulated the private housing market. [37] To improve conditions for homeless people, a joint circular of the Ministry of Health, Home Office, and Ministry of Local Government of 1966 recommended that families “ought not to be spilt at reception centres, and that more family privacy was desirable.” According to one study, the “great majority” of local authorities incorporated these suggestions into their policies.” [38]
The government also accepted most of the recommendations of the 1961 Parker Morris Report for significantly improved standards of space and amenities new local authority dwellings. [15] The first Wilson government made Parker Morris recommendations mandatory for public sector housing in new towns in 1967 and for local authorities in 1969. [39] By 1967, almost 85% of council dwellings were being built to the standards laid out by the 1961 Parker Morris Report, and from January 1969 Parker Morris space and heating standards became mandatory. [40] in public housing design. [41] In 1965, a national framework of uniform building regulations was introduced. [42]
Significant emphasis was also placed on town planning, with new conservation areas introduced and a new generation of new towns built, notably Milton Keynes . The New Towns Acts of 1965 and 1968 together gave the government the authority (through its ministries) to designate any area of land as a site for a New Town . [31] The government also combined its push for the construction of more new housing with encouragement and subsidisation of the renovation of old houses (as an alternative to their destruction and replacement). [43] The Housing Improvement Act 1969 , for example, made it easier to turn old houses into new homes by encouraging rehabilitation and modernisation through increased grants to property owners. [31] The Act sought to place the economics of housing improvement in a much better relationship to those of redevelopment. Under the Act, local authorities were provided with powers to designate "improvement areas" and to pursue a policy of area-wide improvement. An area could be declared an improvement area if 50% or more of the dwellings within its bounds lacked at least one of the following standard amenities, which included hot and cold running water, an inside toilet, a sink, a wash basin, and a fixed bath or shower. Local authorities in the area could encourage householders in the area to improve their dwellings with the aid of grants. The legislation also introduced major financial changes, including an increase in the normal total standard grant from £155 to £200, an increase from £400 to £1000 in the maximum improvement grant that might be given at the discretion of the local authority, and a new Exchequer grant to local authorities of 50% of the expense for environmental improvement on costs of up to £100 per dwelling in newly designated improvement areas. [44] The legislation introduced special grants for installing amenities in houses in multi-occupation and government grants towards environmental improvement up to an expenditure of £100 per dwelling, while approved works of repair and replacement became eligible for grant aid for the first time ever. [45] Altogether, between 1965 and 1970, over 2 million homes had been constructed (almost half of which were council properties), more than in any other five-year period since 1918. [14]
The Protection from Eviction Act 1964 outlawed the eviction of tenants without a court order, [46] and according to Colin Crouch and Martin Wolf, did much "to stem the rising tide of homelessness," especially in London. [15] The Rent Act 1965 extended security of tenure, introduced registration of rents, and protection from eviction for private tenants, [46] making illegal the harassment of tenants. [47] This legislation was attributed to fall in number of homeless families taken into welfare accommodation each year in the LCC area, from 2,000 in 1962–64 to 1,300 in 1965 and 1,500 in 1966. [15] The Leasehold Reform Act 1967 was passed in order to enable holders of long leases to purchase the freehold of their homes. [33] This legislation provided about one million leaseholders with the right to purchase the freehold of their homes. Controls were introduced over increases in the rents of council accommodation, a new Rent Act 1965 froze the rent for most unfurnished accommodation in the private sector while providing tenants with greater security of tenure and protection against harassment, and a system was introduced whereby independent arbitrators had the power to fix fair rents. [48] In addition, the First Wilson government encouraged the introduction of discretionary local authority rent rebates to assist with housing costs, [49] and also initiated the possibility of paying rates by instalments. [50] In November 1969, legislation was passed by the government limiting rent rises following anti-eviction protests. [51]
Generous new subsides were introduced by the government to encourage authorities to construct many more houses and to build them to Parker Morris standards. In 1967, the government issued a circular which urged authorities to adopt and publicise rent rebate schemes. As a result of this circular, the number of authorities adopting such schemes rose from 40% before the circular to 53% by March 1968. About 70% of tenants were covered, though not necessarily in receipt of rebates:
"... 495 authorities operated rent rebate schemes, and the £9.5 million total rebate went to over a quarter of a million tenants, representing nearly 12 per cent of the total housing stock. The average rebate, 13s 9d, amounted to one third of the average rent." [15]
Legislation was introduced which regulated tenancies for properties with a rateable value of up to £200 per year (£400 in London), which meant that tenants were not only to be protected from intimidation, but that evictions would now require court orders. It also restructured the housing subsidy system such that the borrowing charges of local authorities of individual local authorities would be pegged to 4% interest. [31] The Rating Act 1966 introduced the rating of empty properties and provided for the payment of rates in instalments. The Local Government Act 1966 introduced a "domestic" element in the new Rate Support Grant, by providing relief to domestic ratepayers on a rising scale, so that as local expenditure rose, government grant was geared to outpace it. As noted by one historian,
"The amount of grant in the domestic element would be calculated as sufficient to subsidise domestic ratepayers to the extent of a fivepenny rate in the first year, tenpence in the second, and so on." [52]
The Housing (Slum Clearance Compensation) Act 1965 continued a provision for home owners of unfit dwellings purchased between 1939 and 1955 to be compensated at market values. The Building Control Act 1966 introduced building licensing to give priority to housing construction. Under the Supplementary Benefit Act 1966 , an owner occupier on benefits was entitled to an allowance for repairs, insurance, rates, and "reasonable" interest charges on a mortgage. [45] A Land Commission was also established to purchase land for building and therefore prevent profiteering in land values, although it only had limited success. [33] The aim of the Land Commission was to purchase land for public goods such as housing or shopping redevelopment (compulsorily, if the need arose), and investigated the planning needs of a particular area in conjunction with the Ministry of Housing and some planning authorities to see if any land in any particular area would be needed for such developmental schemes. Although the Land Commission purchased substantial quantities of land, it did not become the dominant influence in the land market that the government had hoped for. [17]
The Housing Subsidies Act 1967 fixed interest rates at 4% for councils borrowing to build homes. [17] It also provided financial assistance to local authorities for conversions and improvements, while also reforming the standard of fitness for human habitation. [46] The 1967 Act increased subsides on new houses to such an extent that it became the largest individual source of subsidy after a previous Housing Subsidy Act 1946 . For a period, as part of the prices and incomes standstill introduced by the government, local authorities were not permitted to raise rents. Thereafter, a limit was set on the extent of increases that were permitted. [15]
The Town and Country Planning Act 1968 provided more local autonomy in town planning. [17] This piece of legislation aimed for greater flexibility and speed in the planning of land use, [53] and made public participation a statutory requirement in the preparation of development plans. [54] The Act also introduced a new system of process planning under which the spatial distribution of social and economic trends superseded physical standards as the principal concern of planners. According to Maureen Rhoden, this effectively meant that the development control system operated by local authorities 'policed' new housing demand. This allowed for new development on infill sites or on the edge of larger towns and villages, "but preventing development in the open countryside and in designated areas such as green belts and Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty." [55] In addition, opportunities for public participation in the planning process were also increased by the Act, partly in response to opposition to some features of urban housing and planning policies. [35] By September 1970, general improvement areas covering 23,254 dwellings had been declared, with work having been completed on 683 dwellings. In addition, the Labour government went further than previous administrations in aiming to safeguard the housing programme from wider economic problems. [15]
Social Services and Welfare
According to A.B. Atkinson , social security received much more attention from the first Wilson government than it did during the previous thirteen years of Conservative government. [15] Following its victory in the 1964 general election , Wilson's government began to increase social benefits. Prescription charges for medicines were abolished immediately, while pensions were raised to a record 21% of average male industrial wages. In 1966, the system of National Assistance (a social assistance scheme for the poor) was overhauled and renamed Supplementary Benefit . The means test was replaced with a statement of income, and benefit rates for pensioners (the great majority of claimants) were increased, granting them a real gain in income. Before the 1966 election, the widow's pension was tripled and redundancy payments for laid-off workers were introduced. Due to austerity measures following an economic crisis, prescription charges were re-introduced in 1968 as an alternative to cutting the hospital building programme, although those sections of the population who were most in need (including supplementary benefit claimants, the long-term sick, children, and pensioners) were exempted from charges. [43] The widow's earning rule was also abolished. [28]
Altogether, the increases made in pensions and other benefits during Wilson's first year in office were the largest ever real term increases carried out up until that point. [49] Social security benefits were markedly increased during Wilson's first two years in office, as characterised by a budget passed in the final quarter of 1964 which raised the standard benefit rates for old age, sickness and invalidity by 18.5%. [56] In 1965, the government increased the national assistance rate to a higher level relative to earnings, and via annual adjustments, broadly maintained the rate at between 19% and 20% of gross industrial earnings until the start of 1970. [15] In the five years from 1964 up until the last increases made by the First Wilson Government, pensions went up by 23% in real terms, supplementary benefits by 26% in real terms, and sickness and unemployment benefits by 153% in real terms (largely as a result of the introduction of earnings-related benefits in 1967). [57]
Increased funds were allocated to social services during the first Wilson government's time in office. Between 1963 and 1968, spending on housing increased by 9.6%, social security by 6.6%, health by 6%, and education by 6.9%, [29] while from 1964 to 1967 social spending increased by 45%. [58] In terms of the social wage, by 1968, spending on health had gone up by 47%, education by 47%, public sector housing by 63%, and the social security budget by 58%. [59] During the six years of the first Wilson government, spending on social services rose much faster than real personal incomes, and from 1964 to 1969, spending on social services rose from 14.6% to 17.6% of GNP, an increase of nearly 20%. [15] Altogether, from 1964 to 1970, spending on the social services rose from 16% to 23% of national wealth between 1964 and 1970. [2] As noted by the historian Richard Whiting, spending on social services under Wilson rose faster than the growth in GNP, by 65% (excluding housing) as against 37% for GNP, "a substantially better record than that achieved by the preceding Conservative governments." [60]
In terms of social security, the welfare state was significantly expanded through substantial increases in national insurance benefits (which rose in real terms by 20% from 1964 to 1970) [61] and the creation of new social welfare benefits. A variety of measures was introduced under Wilson which improved the living standards of many people with low incomes.
Short-term unemployment benefits were increased, [62] while the National Assistance Board was merged with the Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance to become the new Department of Social Security , [33] which replaced national assistance with supplementary benefit, improved benefit scale rates, and provided a statutory right to benefit for the out-of-work needy. [63] Although people were kept above a new unofficial poverty line, however, many thousands lived only just above it. [64]
The government also succeeded in persuading people to draw assistance to which they were entitled to but hadn't claimed before. [65] The number of elderly Britons receiving home helps rose by over 15% from 1964 to 1969, while nearly three times as many meals on wheels were served in 1968 as in 1964. [66] In 1968, the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Social Security were amalgamated into the Department of Health and Social Security , the purpose of which was to coordinate benefits in cash with benefits in kind since "the services needed to deal with social insecurity are not cash benefits only, but health and welfare as well." [31] An Act was passed which replaced National Assistance with Supplementary Benefits. The new Act laid down that people who satisfied its conditions were entitled to these noncontributory benefits. Unlike the National Assistance scheme, which operated like state charity for the worst-off, the new Supplementary Benefits scheme was a right of every citizen who found himself or herself in severe difficulties. Those persons over the retirement age with no means who were considered to be unable to live on the basic pension (which provided less than what the government deemed as necessary for subsistence) became entitled to a "long term" allowance of an extra few shillings a week. Some simplification of the procedure for claiming benefits was also introduced. [17]
The new Supplementary Benefit scheme included a fixed basic weekly rate that those with an income below this level would now have a right to claim, while extra payments were made available on a discretionary basis for additional needs. [67] In 1966, the period for which flat rate unemployment benefit was payable was extended to twelve months, while the earnings limit for pensioners was extended. A long term addition of 9 shillings (which was subsequently increased to 10 shillings) a week was provided for the allowances of all pensioners and for the long term sick, while the real value of most existing benefits was increased, [48] (such as family allowances, which were substantially raised in 1967 and 1968 [68] ) with benefits rising at roughly the same rate as salaries over the course of the first Wilson government, while family allowances were significantly increased. [65] By 1969, family allowances were worth 72% more in real terms to a low income family with three children than in 1964. [66] The single pension was raised by 12s 6d in March 1965, by 10s in 1967 and by a further 10s in 1969. From April 1964 to April 1970, family allowances for four children increased as a percentage of male manual workers aged 21 and above from 8% to 11.3%. [15]
The First Wilson Government kept the old age pension rising roughly as fast as average earnings during its time in office, while campaigns were launched by the government to encourage people to take up means-tested benefits to which they were entitled to. [17] For instance, a publicity campaign launched by the government increased the fraction of children eligible to get free school meals . [15] Early in 1968, the standard charge for welfare milk was increased to 6d but, in addition to remission for low income, the new charge was waived automatically “for children in excess of two in any family with three or more children under five years old.” At the end of 1968, about 200,000 young children in Engalnd and Wales were receiving milk automatically free under this arrangement.” [69]
From 1966 to 1968, various reforms were carried out by the government to improve social security benefits, and which improved the real standards of insurance and assistance provision for low earners. The purchasing power of family allowances were improved, which as a percentage of the gross earnings of an average manual worker with five children rising from 9.5% to 17.% between 1966 and 1968, while improvements were made in additional payments for children via social insurance, with adults receiving a more modest improvement in flat rate payments. In addition, the real level of income guaranteed through assistance was enhanced, with rates increased in the autumn of 1966, 1967, and 1968. Taking into account averages for manual workers, and comparing the last quarter of 1968 with the first quarter of 1966, basic minimum benefits went up in real terms during that period by 4% for a family with 2 children, 18% for a family with 3 children, and 47% for a family with 5 children, while the total benefit went up by 50% for a family with 2 children, by 45% for a family with 3 children, and by 36% for a family with 5 children. According to one study, the doubling of family allowances (in money terms) at the end of 1968 “was sufficient to remove from initial poverty more than half the families (working and non-working) found to be poor at the end of 1966 by the poverty standard then applied.” [70]
Under the Social Security Act 1966 , newly unemployed individuals were no longer denied assistance during their first month of unemployment, while men who had had their Unemployment Benefit disallowed for six weeks (on the grounds that they had been at fault for losing their job) were no longer subjected to a harsh rule applied by the National Assistance confining their payments to below "benefit rate." Instead, a policy was adopted of paying these individuals their full entitlement less 15 shillings. The Act also introduced a long term addition of 9 shillings for all pensioners receiving supplementary benefit and for others (with the exception of those required register for employment) receiving supplementary benefits for two years. In 1967, the earnings limits for retirement pensioners were raised, while other changes were made in the administration of the earnings rule. [15] From Autumn 1966 onwards, part of a widowed mother’s pension was not counted as income when the level of income was determined. In 1966-67 the Ministry of Social Security allowed elderly persons to receive supplementary pensions from the same book as retirement pensions, which led to a marked rise in the rate of applications for supplementary pensions. [71]
Redundancy payments were introduced in 1965 to lessen the impact of unemployment, earnings-related benefits for maternity, [72] unemployment, sickness, industrial injuries and widowhood were introduced in 1966, followed by the replacement of flat-rate family allowances with an earnings-related scheme in 1968. [73] In 1968, the universal family allowance was raised for the first time in a decade. This measure was considered to be redistributive to some degree,
"from richer to poorer and from mainly male taxpayers to mothers who received family allowances, a tentative move towards what Roy Jenkins called 'civilised selectivity'". [43]
The National Insurance Act 1966 , which introduced supplementary earnings-related benefits for short-term sickness and unemployment, had far-reaching distributional consequences by "guaranteeing that insurance benefits rose at the same rate as wages in the late 1960s." Trade unions were supportive of the advances made in social protection by the Wilson government, which had a considerable impact on the living standards of the lowest quintile of the population. A statement by the TUC argued that the unions' acquiescence to the government's incomes policy was justified given that "the government had deliberately refrained from attacking the social services." [56]
The introduction of earnings-related unemployment and sickness benefits significantly reduced inequalities between those in work and those who were unemployed. In 1964, the net income received by the average wage earner, when on unemployment or sickness benefit, was only 45% of what he received at work, whereas by 1968 the figure had increased to 75%. [65] The earnings-related supplement for unemployment benefits was made available to those who had earned at least £450 in the previous financial year. The supplement was paid after a twelve-day waiting period, and the rate was one-third the amount by which the average weekly earnings (up to £30) exceeded £9. The earnings-related supplement was based on the assertion that a person's commitments for mortgages, rents, and hire purchase agreements were related to their normal earnings and could not be adjusted quickly when experiencing a loss of normal income. As a result of this supplement, the total benefit of a married man with two children went up by 52%, and that of a single man by 117.% The duration was limited to 26 weeks, while the total benefit was restricted to 85% of average weekly earnings in the preceding financial year. [15] From 1965 to 1970, including Earnings Related Supplement, unemployment or sickness benefits as a percentage of net income at average earnings rose from 27% to 53.3% for a single person, 41.2% to 65.2% for a married couple, and from 49.3% to 72.7% for a married couple with two children. [74]
As a result of the introduction of earnings related supplements to sickness and unemployment benefits and widows' allowances, the total benefit for a man earning £30 a week now represented 50% of his earnings rather than 27% with just the flat rate (for a married couple).
Personal social services were integrated, expenditure increased and their responsibilities broadened following the enactment of the Children and Young Persons' Act 1969 and the Local Authority Social Services Act 1970 . [75] The Children and Young Persons Act 1969 reformed the juvenile court system and extended local authority duties to provide community homes for juvenile offenders. [46] The legislation provided that "remand homes," "approved schools," and local authority and voluntary children's homes became part of a comprehensive system of community homes for all children in care. [31] This provided that children who got into trouble with the police should more certainly and quickly than ever before receive special educational assistance, social work help or any other form of assistance (financial or otherwise) that the community could provide. [17] Under the Health Services and Public Health Act 1968 , largely as a result of their insistence, local authorities were granted powers to "promote the welfare" of elderly people in order to allow them greater flexibility in the provision of services. [15] Health and welfare services for the elderly were improved, with about 15,000 new places provided in homes for the elderly between 1965 and 1968. From 1964 to 1966, the number of home helps rose from 28,237 to 30,244. Efforts were also made to improve provisions for mentally handicapped adults and children. From 1965 up until the end of 1966, the number of places available in adult training centres rose from 15,000 to 19,000, while for mentally handicapped children there were over 20,000 places in junior training centres by 1966, compared with less than 5,000 in 1960. In addition, spending of local authorities on the mentally ill doubled from £10 million in 1963/64 to £20 million in 1967/68. [76]
Agriculture
Under the First Wilson Government, subsidies for farmers were increased. [77] [78] Farmers who wished to leave the land or retire became eligible for grants or annuities if their holdings were sold for approved amalgamations, and could receive those benefits whether they wished to remain in their farmhouses or not. A Small Farmers Scheme was also extended, and from the 1st of December 1965 40,000 more farmers became eligible for the maximum £1,000 grant. New grants to agriculture also encouraged the voluntary pooling of smallholdings, and in cases where their land was purchased for non-commercial purposes, tenant-farmers could now receive double the previous “disturbance compensation.” [79] A Hill Land Improvement Scheme, introduced by the Agriculture Act of 1967, provided 50% grants for a wide range of land improvements, along with a supplementary 10% grant on drainage works benefitting hill land. [80] The Agriculture Act 1967 also provided grants to promote farm amalgamation and to compensate outgoers. [81]
Health
The proportion of GNP spent on the NHS rose from 4.2% in 1964 to about 5% in 1969. This additional expenditure provided for an energetic revival of a policy of building health centres for GPs, extra pay for doctors who served in areas particularly short of them, a significant growth in hospital staffing, and a significant increase in a hospital building programme. Far more money was spent each year on the NHS than under the 1951–64 Conservative governments, while much more effort was put into modernising and reorganising the health service. [17] Stronger central and regional organisations were established for bulk purchase of hospital supplies, while some efforts were made to reduce inequalities in standards of care. In addition, the government increased the intake to medical schools. [15]
The 1966 Doctor's Charter introduced allowances for rent and ancillary staff, significantly increased the pay scales, and changed the structure of payments to reflect "both qualifications of doctors and the form of their practices, i.e. group practice." These changes not only led to higher morale, but also resulted in the increased use of ancillary staff and nursing attachments, a growth in the number of health centres and group practices, and a boost in the modernisation of practices in terms of equipment, appointment systems, and buildings. [31] The charter introduced a new system of payment for GPs, with refunds for surgery, rents, ands rates, to ensure that the costs of improving his surgery did not diminish the doctor's income, together with allowances for the greater part of ancillary staff costs. In addition, a Royal Commission on medical education was set up, partly to draw up ideas for training GPS (since these doctors, the largest group of all doctors in the country, had previously not received any special training, "merely being those who, at the end of their pre-doctoral courses, did not go on for further training in any speciality). [17]
In 1967, local authorities were empowered to provide family planning advice to any who requested it and to provide supplies free of charge. [43] In addition, medical training was expanded following the Todd Report on medical education in 1968. [31] [82] In addition, National Health expenditure rose from 4.2% of GNP in 1964 to 5% in 1969 and spending on hospital construction doubled. [33] The Health Services and Public Health Act 1968 empowered local authorities to maintain workshops for the elderly either directly or via the agency of a voluntary body. A Health Advisory Service was later established to investigate and confront the problems of long-term psychiatric and mentally subnormal hospitals in the wave of numerous scandals . [31] The Family Planning Act 1967 empowered local authorities to set up a family planning service with free advice and means-tested provision of contraceptive devices while the Clean Air Act 1968 extended powers to combat air pollution. [46] More money was also allocated to hospitals treating the mentally ill. [17] In addition, a Sports Council was set up to improve facilities. [83] Direct government expenditure on sports more than doubled from £0.9 million in 1964/65 to £2 million in 1967/68, while 11 regional Sports Councils had been set up by 1968. In Wales, five new health centres had been opened by 1968, whereas none had been opened from 1951 to 1964, while spending on health and welfare services in the region went up from £55.8 million in 1963/64 to £83.9 million in 1967/68. [84]
Workers
The Industrial Training Act 1964 set up an Industrial Training Board to encourage training for people in work, [46] and within 7 years there were “27 ITBs covering employers with some 15 million workers.” [85] From 1964 to 1968, the number of training places had doubled. [86] The Docks and Harbours Act (1966) and the Dock Labour Scheme (1967) reorganised the system of employment in the docks in order to put an end to casual employment. [33] The changes made to the Dock Labour Scheme in 1967 ensured a complete end to casual labour on the docks, effectively giving workers the security of jobs for life. [87] Trade unions also benefited from the passage of the Trade Dispute Act 1965 . This restored the legal immunity of trade union officials, thus ensuring that they could no longer be sued for threatening to strike. [30] The First Wilson Government also encouraged married women to return to teaching and improved Assistance Board Concessionary conditions for those teaching part-time, “by enabling them to qualify for pension rights and by formulating a uniform scale of payment throughout the country." Soon after coming into office, midwives and nurses were given an 11% pay increase, [88] and according to one MP, nurses also benefited from the largest pay rise they had received in a generation. [89] In May 1966, Wilson announced 30% pay rises for doctors and dentists - a move which did not prove popular with unions, as the national pay policy at the time was for rises of between 3% and 3.5%. [90]
Much needed improvements were made in junior hospital doctors' salaries. From 1959 to 1970, while the earnings of manual workers increased by 75%, the salaries of registrars more than doubled while those of house officers more than trebled. Most of these improvements, such as for nurses, came in the pay settlements of 1970. On a limited scale, reports by the National Board for Prices and Incomes encouraged incentive payments schemes to be development in local government and elsewhere. In February 1969, the government accepted an "above the ceiling" increase for farmworkers, a low-paid group. Some groups of professional workers, such as nurses, teachers, and doctors, gained substantial awards. [15]
Improvements were also made in conditions for nursing staff following the publication of a report by the NBPI in 1968 on the pay of nurses. This led to the introduction of a far more substantial pay lead for nurses in geriatric and psychiatric hospitals, together with (for the first time) premium rates for weekend and night work. Some progress was also made increasing the pay of NHS manual workers through incentive schemes. Despite these improvements, however, the NHS retained a reputation of being a low-wage employer by the end of the first Wilson government's time in office. [15]
The National Insurance Act 1966 introduced more generous provisions for the assessment of certain types of serious disablement caused by industrial injury. [91] That same year, a Pneumoconiosis, Byssinosis and Miscellaneous Diseases Benefit Scheme was introduced. [92] The Employers' Liability (Compulsory Insurance) Act 1969 was passed, requiring employers to insure their liability to their employees for personal injury, disease or death sustained in their place of work. [93] The Asbestos Regulations of 1969 sought to protect people in the workplace from exposure to asbestos, [94] while the Employer's Liability (Defective Equipment) Act 1969 introduced that same year made employers liable for injuries caused to employees by defective equipment. [95] In addition, the Agriculture Act of 1967 gave the Agricultural Wages Board the power to fix minimum rates of sick pay for farmworkers. [96]
Wilson's government also ensured that low-income earners improved their position relative to that of average-income earners during its time in office. One of the principles of the government's prices and incomes policy was that low-paid workers would be given special consideration, and between 1965 and 1969 the earnings of the lowest paid workers increased slightly faster than the average (the increase in inflation in 1969–70 caused by devaluation, however, led to a deterioration in the position of low-paid workers). The Prices and Incomes Board was successful in directing some "above the norm" pay rises to low-paid groups such as local government employees and agricultural workers. However, the large increases in pay given to manual workers in local government in September 1969 (such as street sweepers and dustmen) subsequently set off a spiral of wage demands in industry, which meant that the improvement in the relative position of the local government manual worker was not sustained. [17]
In 1966, extensions and improvements were made in the allowances payable out of the Industrial Injuries Fund to people who had been injured before 5 July 1948 and who were entitled to weekly payments of worker's compensation. [97] In 1968, various steps were taken to reduce the severity with which the "wage-stop" operated, [65] a regressive mechanism which restricted the amount of assistance payable to an unemployed person. [98] For miners, the Coal Industry Act 1965 introduced aid towards severance payments for miners about to be made redundant or for the vocational retraining of staff, [99] while the Coal Industry Act 1967 provided subsidisation of redundancy and early retirement. [100] Under the National Insurance (Industrial Injuries) (Amendment) Act 1967, men who were diagnosed as having over 50% disablement through pneumoconiosis “were allowed to have their accompanying bronchitis and emphysema treated as part of the disease,” although only 3,000 men “fell into this category.” [101]
Transport
The Travel Concessions Act of 1964, one of the first Acts passed by the First Wilson Government, provided concessions to all pensioners travelling on buses operated by municipal transport authorities. [102] The Transport Act 1968 established the principle of government grants for transport authorities if uneconomic passenger services were justified on social grounds. A National Freight Corporation was also established to provide integrated rail freight and road services. Public expenditure on roads steadily increased and stricter safety precautions were introduced, such as the breathalyser test for drunken driving, [24] under the 1967 Road Traffic Act. [17] The Transport Act gave a much needed financial boost to British Rail , treating them like they were a company which had become bankrupt but could now, under new management, carry on debt-free. The act also established a national freight corporation and introduced government subsidy for passenger transport on the same basis as existing subsidies for roads to enable local authorities to improve public transport in their areas. [17] The road building programme was also expanded, with capital expenditure increased to 8% of GDP, "the highest level achieved by any post-war government". [27] Central government expenditure on roads went up from £125 million in 1963/64 to £225 million in 1967/68, while a number of road safety regulations were introduced, covering seat belts, lorry drivers’ hours, car and lorry standards, and an experimental 70 mile per hour speed limit. In Scotland, spending on trunk roads went up from £6.8 million in 1963/64 to £15.5 million in 1966/67, while in Wales, spending on Welsh roads went up from £21.2 million in 1963/64 to £31.4 million in 1966/67. [103]
Regional development
Encouragement of regional development was given increased attention under the first Wilson government, with the aim of narrowing economic dispratiies between the various regions. A policy was introduced in 1965 whereby any new government organisation should be established outside London and in 1967 the government decided to give preference to development areas. A few government departments were also moved out of London, with the Royal Mint moved to South Wales , the Giro and Inland Revenue to Bootle , and the Motor Tax Office to Swansea . [65] A new Special Development Status was also introduced in 1967 to provide even higher levels of assistance. [28] In 1966, five development areas (covering half the population in the UK) were established, while subsidies were provided for employers recruiting new employees in the Development Areas. [14] A Highlands and Islands Development Board was also set up to “re-invigorate” the north of Scotland. [104]
The Industrial Development Act 1966 changed the name of Development Districts (parts of the country with higher levels of unemployment than the national average and which governments sought to encourage greater investment in) to Development Areas and increased the percentage of the workforce covered by development schemes from 15% to 20%, which mainly affected rural areas in Scotland and Wales . Tax allowances were replaced by grants in order to extend coverage to include firms which were not making a profit, and in 1967 a Regional Employment Premium was introduced. Whereas the existing schemes tended to favour capital-intensive projects, this aimed for the first time at increasing employment in depressed areas. Set at £1.50 a man per week and guaranteed for seven years, the Regional Employment Premium subsidised all manufacturing industry (though not services) in Development Areas. [28]
Regional unemployment differentials were narrowed, and spending on regional infrastructure was significantly increased. Between 1965–66 and 1969–70, yearly expenditure on new construction (including power stations, roads, schools, hospitals and housing) rose by 41% in the United Kingdom as a whole. Subsidies were also provided for various industries (such as shipbuilding in Clydeside ), which helped to prevent a number of job losses. It is estimated that, between 1964 and 1970, 45,000 government jobs were created outside London, 21,000 of which were located in the Development Areas. [65] The Local Employment Act, passed in March 1970, embodied the government's proposals for assistance to 54 "intermediate" employment exchange areas not classified as full "development" areas. [44]
Funds allocated to regional assistance more than doubled, from £40 million in 1964/65 to £82 million in 1969/70, and from 1964 to 1970, the number of factories completed was 50% higher than from 1960 to 1964, which helped to reduce unemployment in development areas. In 1970, the unemployment rate in development areas was 1.67 times the national average, compared to 2.21 times in 1964. Although national rates of unemployment were higher in 1970 than in the early 1960s, unemployment rates in the development areas were lower and had not increased for three years. [28] Altogether, the impact of the first Wilson government's regional development policies was such that, according to one historian, the period 1963 to 1970 represented "the most prolonged, most intensive, and most successful attack ever launched on regional problems in Britain." [14]
Urban renewal
A number of subsidies were allocated to local authorities faced with acute areas of severe poverty (or other social problems). [17] The Housing Act 1969 provided local authorities with the duty of working out what to do about 'unsatisfactory areas'. Local authorities could declare 'general improvement areas' in which they would be able to buy up land and houses, and spend environmental improvement grants. On the same basis, taking geographical areas of need, a package was developed by the government which resembled a miniature poverty programme. [73] In July 1967, the government decided to pour money into what the Plowden Committee defined as Educational Priority Areas, poverty-stricken areas where children were environmentally deprived. A number of poor inner-city areas were subsequently granted EPA status (despite concerns that Local Education Authorities would be unable to finance Educational Priority Areas). [30] From 1968 to 1970, 150 new schools were built under the educational priority programme. [15]
Section 11 of the Local Government Act 1966 enabled local authorities to claim grants to recruit additional staff to meet special needs of Commonwealth immigrants. [46] According to Brian Lapping , this was the first step ever taken towards directing help to areas with special needs, "the reversal of the former position under which ministers had passed the burden of social help measures in housing, education and health to local authorities without passing them any money." [17]
In 1967, Wilson's government decided to spend £16 million, mainly in "Educational Priority Areas", over the next two years. Over a two-year period, £16 million was allocated by the government for construction of schools in EPAs, while teachers in 572 primary schools "of exceptional difficulty" were selected for additional increments. [105] After negotiations with teachers' unions, £400,000 of this money was set aide to pay teachers an additional £75 per annum for working in "schools of exceptional difficulty", of which 570 schools were designated. [17] In April 1966, the government authorised school building projects in 57 authorities in England and Wales. [106] It also sponsored an action research project, an experiment in five of the EPAs to try to devise the most effective ways of involving communities, according to Brian Lapping,
"in the work of their schools, compensating the children for the deprivation of their background, seeing whether, in one area pre-school play groups, in another intensive language tuition, in another emphasis on home-school relations, would be most effective." [17]
The first Wilson government made assistance to deprived urban communities a specific policy of national government in 1969 with the passage of the Local Government Grants (Social Need) Act, which empowered the Home Secretary to dispense grants to assist local authorities in providing extra help to areas "of special social need." The Urban Aid Programme was subsequently launched to provide community and family advice centres, centres for the elderly, money for schools and other services, [73] thereby alleviating urban deprivation. In introducing the Urban Aid Programme, the then Home Secretary James Callaghan stated that the goal of the legislation was to
"provide for the care of our citizens who live in the poorest overcrowded parts of our cities and towns. It is intended to arrest ... and reverse the downward spiral which afflicts so many of these areas. There is a deadly quagmire of need and poverty." [31]
Under the Urban Aid Programme, funds were provided for centres for unattached youngsters, family advice centres, community centres, centres for the elderly, and in one case for an experimental scheme for rehabilitating methylated spirit drinkers. [17] Central government paid 75% of the costs of these schemes, which were nominated by local authorities in areas of 'acute social need'. [73] As a result of this legislation, many ideas were put into practice such as language classes for immigrants, daycentres for the elderly or disabled, day nurseries, adventure playgrounds, and holidays for deprived or handicapped children. The schemes therefore proved successful in making extra social provision while encouraging community development. [31] In January 1969, 23 local authorities were awarded a total of £3 million mainly for nursery education but also for children’s homes and day nurseries. The second phase, in July 1969, agreed to finance some 500 projects in 89 authorities to a total of £4.5 million, and while the emphasis again stressed education with teachers; centres, nursery schools and language classes for immigrants, aid was also given through the local authorities to voluntary societies to run adventure playgrounds, play centres, and play groups. [107]
Twelve Community Development Projects (CDPs) were set up in areas with high levels of deprivation to encourage self-help and participation by local residents in order to improve their communication and access to local government, [108] together with improving the provision of local services. In the years that followed, these action-research projects increasingly challenged existing ideas about the causes of inner-city deprivation, arguing that the roots of poverty in such areas could be traced to changes in the political economy of inner-city areas, such as the withdrawal of private capital (as characterised by the decline of manufacturing industries).
The Community Development Projects involved co-operation between specially created local teams of social workers, who were supported by part-timers (such as policemen and youth employment officers). The task given to these groups (who were watched over by their own action research teams) was to ascertain how much real demand t here was for support from the social services in their areas of choice, based on the theory that workers in social services usually failed to communicate what they had to offer or to make themselves available, thereby resulting in many deprived people failing to acquire the services that they so desperately needed. [17]
As noted by Brian Lapping, the Community Development Projects were also designed to test the view that within poor communities local residents could articulate local grievances, get conditions in their areas improved, and provide some kind of political leadership, in a way that the existing political structure had failed to do, "largely because these areas of intense poverty were rarely big enough to be electorally important." In assessing the first Wilson government's efforts to uplift the poorest members of British society via the establishment of the Community Development Projects and the designation of the Educational Priority Areas, Brian Lapping noted that
"The determination expressed in the diverse policies to give this unfortunate group the help it needed was among the most humane and important initiatives of the 1964–70 government." [17]
International development
A new Ministry of Overseas Development was established, with its greatest success at the time being the introduction of interest-free loans for the poorest countries. [28] The Minister of Overseas Development, Barbara Castle , set a standard in interest relief on loans to developing nations which resulted in changes to the loan policies of many donor countries, "a significant shift in the conduct of rich white nations to poor brown ones." Loans were introduced to developing countries on terms that were more favourable to them than those given by governments of all other developed countries at that time. In addition, Castle was instrumental in setting up an Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex to devise ways of tackling global socio-economic inequalities. Overseas aid, however, bore a major brunt of the austerity measures introduced by the first Wilson government in its last few years in office, with British aid as a percentage of GNP falling from 0.53% in 1964 to 0.39% in 1969. [17]
Taxation
Various changes were also made to the tax system which benefited workers on low and middle incomes. Married couples with low incomes benefited from the increases in the single personal allowance and marriage allowance. In 1965, the regressive allowance for national insurance contributions was abolished and the single personal allowance, marriage allowance and wife's earned income relief were increased. These allowances were further increased in the tax years 1969–70 and 1970–71. Increases in the age exemption and dependant relative's income limits benefited the low-income elderly. [15] In 1967, new tax concessions were introduced for widows. [109]
Increases were made in some of the minor allowances in the 1969 Finance Act, notably the additional personal allowance, the age exemption and age relief and the dependent relative limit. Apart from the age relief, further adjustments in these concessions were implemented in 1970. [15]
1968 saw the introduction of aggregation of the investment income of unmarried minors with the income of their parents. According to Michael Meacher, this change put an end to a previous inequity whereby two families, in otherwise identical circumstances, paid differing amounts of tax "simply because in one case the child possessed property transferred to it by a grandparent, while in the other case the grandparent's identical property was inherited by the parent." [15]
In the 1969 budget, income tax was abolished for about 1 million of the lowest paid and reduced for a further 600,000 people, [78] while in the government's last budget (introduced in 1970), two million small taxpayers were exempted from paying any income tax altogether. [110]
Liberal reforms
A wide range of liberal measures were introduced during Wilson's time in office. The Matrimonial Proceedings and Property Act 1970 made provision for the welfare of children whose parents were about to divorce or be judicially separated, with courts (for instance) granted wide powers to order financial provision for children in the form of maintenance payments made by either parent. [31] This legislation allowed courts to order provision for either spouse and recognised the contribution to the joint home made during marriage. [46] That same year, spouses were given an equal share of household assets following divorce via the Matrimonial Property Act. The Race Relations Act 1968 was also extended in 1968 and in 1970 the Equal Pay Act 1970 was passed. [43] Another important reform, the 1967 Welsh Language Act, granted 'equal validity' to the declining Welsh language and encouraged its revival. Government expenditure was also increased on both sport and the arts. [33] The Mines and Quarries (Tips) Act 1969 , passed in response to the Aberfan tragedy, made provision for preventing disused tips from endangering members of the public. [111] In 1967, corporal punishment in borstals and prisons was abolished. [112] 7 regional associations were established to develop the arts, and government expenditure on cultural activities rose from £7.7 million in 1964/64 to £15.3 million in 1968/69. A Criminal Injuries Compensation Board was also set up, which had paid out over £2 million to victims of criminal violence by 1968. [113]
The Commons Registration Act 1965 provided for the registration of all common land and village greens , whilst under the Countryside Act 1968 , local authorities could provide facilities "for enjoyment of such lands to which the public has access". [31] The Family Provision Act 1966 amended a series of pre-existing estate laws mainly related to persons who died interstate. The legislation increased the amount that could be paid of surviving spouses if a will hadn't been left, and also expanded upon the jurisdiction of county courts, which were given the jurisdiction of high courts under certain circumstances when handling matters of estate. The rights of adopted children were also improved with certain wording changed in the Inheritance (Family Provision) Act 1938 to bestow upon them the same rights as natural-born children. In 1968, the Nurseries and Child-Minders Regulation Act 1948 was updated to include more categories of childminders. [114] A year later, the Family Law Reform Act 1969 was passed, which allowed people born outside marriage to inherit on the intestacy of either parent. [115] In 1967, homosexuality was decriminalised by the passage of the Sexual Offences Act. [17] The first Wilson government also introduced a thirty-year rule for access to public records, replacing a previous fifty-year rule. [116]
The Race Relations Act 1965 outlawed direct discrimination on the grounds of race, colour, and ethnic or national origin in some public places. The legislation also set up a Race Relations Board. [46] A centrally financed network of local officers was provided to smooth inter-racial relations by conciliation, education, and informal pressure, while a National Committee for Commonwealth Immigrants was established (under the chairmanship of the Archbishop of Canterbury) to encourage and help finance staff "for local voluntary, good-neighbour type bodies." A further Race Relations Act 1968 was passed, which made discrimination in letting or advertising housing illegal, together with discrimination in hiring and promotion. The legislation also provided a strengthened Race Relations Board with powers to "conciliate" in cases of discrimination, which meant persuading discriminators to stop such acts and, if they refused to stop, legal action could be taken against them as an ultimate sanction. The legislation also replaced the National Committee for Commonwealth Immigrants with the Community Relations Commission, a statutory body. This body was provided with an annual grant (beginning at £300,000) for social work, propaganda, and education as a means of bringing about good race relations. [17] The Criminal Justice Act 1967 introduced suspended prison sentences and allowed a ten to two majority vote for jury decisions. An Ombudsman (Parliamentary Commissioner) was appointed in 1967 to consider complaints against government departments and to impose remedies, while censorship of plays by the Lord Chamberlain was abolished (1969). In addition, the law on Sunday Observance was relaxed, [46] and a strengthening of legal aid was carried out. [117]
The Nuclear Installations Act 1965 placed a "strict" statutory duty on the operators of nuclear facilities to ensure that any exposure to radiation resulting from operations did not cause injury or damage. Under the legislation, claimants did not have to prove fault to receive compensation under the Act, only causation. [118] From 1966, a circular from several Whitehall ministries was sent to local authorities across the country urging them to provide permanent caravan sites for gypsies. This was followed by the Caravan Sites Act, introduced by the Liberal MP Eric Lubbock in 1968, which obliged local authorities to carry out the recommendations of the 1966 circular. Under the Act, gypsies became entitled to settle in many areas as well as to enjoy regular visiting rights for their caravans in others. [17] The Civic Amenities Act 1967 was aimed at improving and safeguarding buildings of architectural or historical interest, together with the planting and preservation of trees. [119] A Land Commission set up in 1967 with powers to acquire land and collect a Betterment Levy (which was initially 40% of development value). [120] The Administration of Justice Act 1970 introduced (amongst other measures) a new Family Division of the High Court. [44]
A number of private members' bills related to consumer affairs, put forward by Co-operative MPs, became law under the first Wilson government, and much of the consumer legislation taken for granted by contemporary British shoppers can be attributed to the legislation passed during this period. In 1968, the Trade Descriptions Act 1968 (the "shoppers' charter") was enacted by parliament, and a farm and garden chemicals bill also became law that same year. Other co-operative bills enacted during this period included a new Clean Air Act, a bill removing restrictions on off-licences, and a bill to promote agriculture co-operatives passed in 1967, which established "A scheme administered by a new Central Council for Agriculture and Horticulture Co-operation with a budget to organise and promote co-operation with agriculture and horticulture". [121] The 1970 Chronically Sick & Disabled Persons Act, regarded as a groundbreaking measure, was the first kind of legislation in the world to recognise and give rights to disabled people, and set down specific provisions to improve access and support for people with disabilities. [122] The government effectively supported the passage of these bills by granting them the necessary parliamentary time. [14]
Record of first term on income distribution
Despite the economic difficulties faced by the first Wilson government, it succeeded in maintaining low levels of unemployment and inflation during its time in office. Unemployment was kept below 2.7%, and inflation for much of the 1960s remained below 4%. Living standards generally improved, while public spending on housing, social security, transport, research, education and health went up by an average of more than 6% between 1964 and 1970. [123] The average household grew steadily richer, with the number of cars in the United Kingdom rising from one to every 6.4 persons to one for every five persons in 1968, representing a net increase of three million cars on the road. The rise in the standard of living was also characterised by increased ownership of various consumer durables from 1964 to 1969, as demonstrated by television sets (from 88% to 90%), refrigerators (from 39% to 59%), and washing machines (from 54% to 64%). [17]
By 1970, income in Britain was more equally distributed than in 1964, mainly because of increases in cash benefits, including family allowances. [124]
According to one historian,
"In its commitment to social services and public welfare, the Wilson government put together a record unmatched by any subsequent administration, and the mid-sixties are justifiably seen as the 'golden age' of the welfare state". [123]
As noted by Ben Pimlott , the gap between those on lowest incomes and the rest of the population "had been significantly reduced" under Wilson's first government. [125] The first Wilson government thus saw the distribution of income became more equal, [25] while reductions in poverty took place. [126] These achievements were mainly brought about by several increases in social welfare benefits, [127] such as supplementary benefit, pensions and family allowances, the latter of which were doubled between 1964 and 1970 (although most of the increase in family allowances did not come about until 1968). A new system of rate rebates was introduced, which benefited one million households by the end of the 1960s. [28] Increases in national insurance benefits in 1965, 1967, 1968 and 1969 ensured that those dependant on state benefits saw their disposable incomes rise faster than manual wage earners, while income differentials between lower income and higher income workers were marginally narrowed. Greater progressivity was introduced in the tax system, with greater emphasis on direct (income-based) as opposed to indirect (typically expenditure-based) taxation as a means of raising revenue, with the amount raised by the former increasing twice as much as that of the latter. [60] Also, in spite of an increase in unemployment, the poor improved their share of the national income while that of the rich was slightly reduced. [2] Despite various cutbacks after 1966, expenditure on services such as education and health was still much higher as a proportion of national wealth than in 1964. In addition, by raising taxes to pay their reforms, the government paid careful attention to the principle of redistribution, with disposable incomes rising for the lowest paid while falling amongst the wealthiest during its time in office. [128]
Between 1964 and 1968, benefits in kind were significantly progressive, in that over the period those in the lower half of the income scale benefited more than those in the upper half. On average those receiving state benefits benefited more in terms of increases in real disposable income than the average manual worker or salaried employee between 1964 and 1969. [65] From 1964 to 1969, low-wage earners did substantially better than other sections of the population. In 1969, a married couple with two children were 11.5% per cent richer in real terms, while for a couple with three children, the corresponding increase was 14.5%, and for a family with four children, 16.5%. [61] From 1965 to 1968, the income of single pensioner households as a percentage of other one adult households rose from 48.9% to 52.5%. For two pensioner households, the equivalent increase was from 46.8% to 48.2%. [15] In addition, mainly as a result of big increases in cash benefits, unemployed persons and large families gained more in terms of real disposable income than the rest of the population during Wilson's time in office. [25]
As noted by Paul Whiteley, pensions, sickness, unemployment, and supplementary benefits went up more in real terms under the First Wilson Government than under the preceding Conservative administration:
“To compare the Conservative period of office with the Labour period, we can use the changes in benefits per year as a rough estimate of comparative performance. For the Conservatives and Labour respectively increases in supplementary benefits per year were 3.5 and 5.2 percentage points, for sickness and unemployment benefits 5.8 and 30.6 percentage points, for pensions 3.8 and 4.6, and for family allowances -1.2 and -2.6. Thus the poor, the retired, the sick and the unemployed did better in real terms under Labour than they did under Conservatives, and families did worse.” [129]
Between 1964 and 1968, cash benefits rose as a percentage of income for all households but more so for poorer than for wealthier households. As noted by the economist Michael Stewart,
"it seems indisputable that the high priority the Labour Government gave to expenditure on education and the health service had a favourable effect on income distribution." [65]
For a family with two children in the income range £676 to £816 per annum, cash benefits rose from 4% of income in 1964 to 22% in 1968, compared with a change from 1% to 2% for a similar family in the income range £2,122 to £2,566 over the same period. For benefits in kind the changes over the same period for similar families were from 21% to 29% for lower income families and from 9% to 10% for higher income families. When taking into account all benefits, taxes and Government expenditures on social services, the first Wilson government succeeded in bringing about a reduction in income inequality. As noted by the historian Kenneth O. Morgan ,
"In the long term, therefore, fortified by increases in supplementary and other benefits under the Crossman regime in 1968–70, the welfare state had made some impact, almost by inadvertence, on social inequality and the maldistribution of real income". [130]
Public expenditure as a percentage of GDP rose significantly under the 1964–1970 Labour government, from 34% in 1964–65 to nearly 38% of GDP by 1969–70, whilst expenditure on social services rose from 16% of national income in 1964 to 23% by 1970. [28] These measures had a major impact on the living standards of low-income Britons, with disposable incomes rising faster for low-income groups than for high-income groups during the course of the 1960s. When measuring disposable income after taxation but including benefits, the total disposable income of those on the highest incomes fell by 33%, whilst the total disposable income of those on the lowest incomes rose by 104%. [28] As noted by one historian,
"the net effect of Labour's financial policies was indeed to make the rich poorer and the poor richer". [131]
External affairs
File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F019859-0022, Staatsbesuch Harold Wilson, Ludwig Erhard.jpg
Wilson with West German Chancellor Ludwig Erhard .
Among the more challenging political dilemmas Wilson faced during his two terms in government and his two spells in Opposition before 1964 and between 1970 and 1974 was the issue of British membership of the European Community , the forerunner of the present European Union. An entry attempt had been issued in July 1961 by the Macmillan government, and negotiated by Edward Heath as Lord Privy Seal , but was vetoed in 1963 by French President Charles de Gaulle . The Labour Party in Opposition had been divided on the issue, with former party leader Hugh Gaitskell having come out in 1962 in opposition to Britain joining the Community. [132]
After initially hesitating over the issue, Wilson's Government in May 1967 lodged the UK's second application to join the European Community. Like the first, though, it was vetoed by de Gaulle in November that year. [14]
Following his victory in the 1970 election (and helped by de Gaulle's fall from power in 1969), the new prime minister Edward Heath negotiated Britain's admission to the EC, alongside Denmark and Ireland in 1973. The Labour Party in opposition continued to be deeply divided on the issue, and risked a major split. Leading opponents of membership included Richard Crossman , who was for two years (1970–72) the editor of New Statesman , at that time the leading left-of-centre weekly journal, which published many polemics in support of the anti-EC case. Prominent among Labour supporters of membership was Roy Jenkins .
Wilson in opposition showed political ingenuity in devising a position that both sides of the party could agree on, opposing the terms negotiated by Heath but not membership in principle. Labour's 1974 manifesto included a pledge to renegotiate terms for Britain's membership and then hold a referendum on whether to stay in the EC on the new terms. This was a constitutional procedure without precedent in British history.
Following Wilson's return to power, the renegotiations with Britain's fellow EC members were carried out by Wilson himself in tandem with Foreign Secretary James Callaghan , and they toured the capital cities of Europe meeting their European counterparts (some[ who? ] commentators have suggested that their co-operation in this exercise may have been the source of a close relationship between the two men which is claimed to have assisted a smooth change-over when Wilson retired from office). The discussions focused primarily on Britain's net budgetary contribution to the EC. As a small agricultural producer heavily dependent on imports, Britain suffered doubly from the dominance of:
(i) agricultural spending in the EC budget ,
(ii) agricultural import taxes as a source of EC revenues .
During the renegotiations, other EEC members conceded, as a partial offset, the establishment of a significant European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), from which it was clearly agreed that Britain would be a major net beneficiary. [133]
In the subsequent referendum campaign, rather than the normal British tradition of "collective responsibility", under which the government takes a policy position which all cabinet members are required to support publicly, members of the Government were free to present their views on either side of the question. The electorate voted on 5 June 1975 to continue membership, by a substantial majority. [134]
Asia
Prior United States military involvement in Vietnam intensified following the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution in 1964. US President Lyndon Johnson brought pressure to bear for at least a token involvement of British military units in the Vietnam War . Wilson consistently avoided any commitment of British forces, giving as reasons British military commitments to the Malayan Emergency and British co-chairmanship of the 1954 Geneva Conference which agreed the cessation of hostilities and called for internationally supervised elections in Vietnam. [135] His government offered some rhetorical support for the US position (most prominently in the defence offered by the Foreign Secretary Michael Stewart in a much-publicised " teach-in " or debate on Vietnam). On at least one occasion the British government made an unsuccessful effort to mediate in the conflict, with Wilson discussing peace proposals with Alexei Kosygin , the Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers . On 28 June 1966 Wilson 'dissociated' his Government from American bombing of the cities of Hanoi and Haiphong. In his memoirs, Wilson writes of "selling LBJ a bum steer ", a reference to Johnson's Texas origins, which conjured up images of cattle and cowboys in British minds. [136] Wilson's approach of maintaining close relations with the US while pursuing an independent line on Vietnam has attracted new interest in the light of the different approach taken by the Blair government vis-a-vis Britain's participation in the Iraq War (2003).
Harold and Mary Wilson greeting the Prime Minister of Australia Harold Holt and wife Zara in 1967.
Since the Second World War, Britain's presence in the Far East had gradually been run down. Former British colonies, whose defence had provided much of the rationale for a British military presence in the region, moved towards independence under British governments of both parties. Successive UK Governments also became conscious of the cost to the exchequer and the economy of maintaining major forces abroad (in parallel, several schemes to develop strategic weaponry were abandoned on the grounds of cost, for example, the Blue Streak missile and the TSR2 aircraft).
Part of the price paid by Wilson after talks with President Johnson in June 1967 for US assistance with the UK economy was his agreement to maintain a military presence East of Suez . [137] In July 1967 Defence Secretary Denis Healey announced that Britain would abandon her mainland bases East of Suez by 1977, although airmobile forces would be retained which could if necessary be deployed in the region. Shortly afterward, in January 1968, Wilson announced that the proposed timetable for this withdrawal was to be accelerated, and that British forces were to be withdrawn from Singapore, Malaysia, and the Persian Gulf by the end of 1971. [138] However, Wilson's successor Edward Heath sought to reverse this policy, and British forces remained in Singapore and Malaysia until the mid-1970s. Whilst widely criticised at the time, over the longer term the decision can be seen as a logical culmination of the withdrawal from Britain's colonial-era political and military commitments in Asia, the Middle East, Africa and elsewhere that had been underway under British governments of both parties since the Second World War – and of the parallel switch of Britain's emphasis to its European identity.
Wilson was known for his strong pro- Israel views. He was a particular friend of Israeli Premier Golda Meir , though her tenure largely coincided with Wilson's 1970–1974 hiatus. Another associate was West German Chancellor Willy Brandt ; all three were members of the Socialist International . [139]
Africa
In 1960, Prime Minister Harold Macmillan made his important Wind of Change speech to the Parliament of South Africa in Cape Town . This heralded independence for many British colonies in Africa. The British "retreat from Empire" had made headway by 1964 and was to continue during Wilson's administration. The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland came to present serious problems.
The Federation was set up in 1953, and was an amalgamation of the British Colonies of Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland and the self-governing colony of Southern Rhodesia . The Federation was dissolved in 1963 and the states of Zambia and Malawi were granted independence. Southern Rhodesia, which had been the economic powerhouse of the Federation, was not granted independence, principally because of the régime in power. The country bordered South Africa to the south and its governance was influenced by the apartheid régime, then headed by Hendrik Verwoerd . Wilson refused to grant independence to the white minority government headed by Rhodesian Prime Minister Ian Smith which not willing to extend unqualified voting rights to the native African population. His government's view was that the native population was ingenuous, and doing that would lay them open to undue influence and intimidation. The franchise was open to those who had achieved a certain (fairly low) standard of education, and to property owners, and to people of "importance", i.e., chiefs and indunas – in other words, you needed to qualify for a vote – which many natives did.
Smith's defiant response was a Unilateral Declaration of Independence , timed to coincide with Armistice Day at 11.00 am on 11 November 1965, an attempt to garner support in the UK by reminding people of the contribution of the colony to the war effort (Smith himself had been a Spitfire pilot). [14] Smith was personally vilified in the British media. [140] Wilson's immediate recourse was to the United Nations, and in 1965, the Security Council imposed sanctions, which were to last until official independence in 1979. This involved British warships blockading the port of Beira to try to cause economic collapse in Rhodesia. Wilson was applauded by most nations for taking a firm stand on the issue (and none extended diplomatic recognition to the Smith régime). A number of nations did not join in with sanctions, undermining their efficiency. Certain sections of public opinion started to question their efficacy, and to demand the toppling of the régime by force. Wilson declined to intervene in Rhodesia with military force, believing the British population would not support such action against their "kith and kin". The two leaders met for discussions aboard British warships, Tiger in 1966 and Fearless in 1968. Smith subsequently attacked Wilson in his memoirs, accusing him of delaying tactics during negotiations and alleging duplicity; Wilson responded in kind, questioning Smith's good faith and suggesting that Smith had moved the goal-posts whenever a settlement appeared in sight. [136] The matter was still unresolved at the time of Wilson's resignation in 1976.
Elsewhere in Africa, trouble developed in Nigeria , brought about by the ethnic hatreds and Biafra's efforts to become independent. Wilson supported the established new governments in former colonies and refused to countenance breakaway movements. He supported the government of General Yakubu Gowon during the Nigerian Civil War of 1967–1970. [141]
Defeat and return to opposition
By 1969, the Labour Party was suffering serious electoral reverses, and by the turn of 1970 had lost a total of 16 seats in by-elections since the previous general election. [142]
Although the First Wilson Government had enacted a wide range of social reforms and arguably did much to reduce social inequalities during its time in office, the economic difficulties that it faced led to austerity measures being imposed on numerous occasions, forcing the government to abandon some of its key policy goals. Amongst the controversial austerity measures introduced included higher dental charges , the abolition of free school milk in all secondary schools in 1968, increased weekly National Insurance Contributions , the postponement of the planned rise in the school leaving age to 16, and cuts in road and housing programmes, [78] which meant that the government's house-building target of 500,000 per year was never met. [28] The government also failed to meet its 1964 manifesto commitment to tie increases in national insurance benefits to increases in average earnings, [143] although this reform would later be implemented during Wilson's second premiership in 1975. [144] There was also much controversy over the government's decision to reintroduce Prescription charges in 1968 (after having abolished them in 1964), [14] although the blow of this measure was arguably by softened by the fact that many people were exempted from charges. [43] In 1968, arguably in response to sensationalist stories about supposed "scroungers" and "welfare cheats," the government made the decision to introduce a controversial new rule terminating benefits for single men under the age of 45. Under this rule, young, single, unskilled men who lived in areas of low unemployment would have their supplementary benefits stopped after four weeks. [15] Wilson’s government also failed to maintain the real value of family allowances during its time in office, which (despite being doubled under Wilson [2] ) fell by 13% in real terms between 1964 and 1969. [145] In addition, tax allowances were reduced in 1968 to pay in part for increases in family allowances, and despite inflation were not increased again until 1971. [146] Family allowances were increased for the fourth and subsequent children from 50p to 75p per week in October 1966, and then in April 1967 to 75p for the second child and 85p for each subsequent child. According to one writer, however, this policy did not help single mothers with only one child, Supplementary Benefit payments were reduced “by the amount of this increase,” and tax allowances were adjusted “to recover the cost of family allowances from taxpayers, including some low earners.” [109]
In the field of housing, the First Wilson Government has received criticism by historians for encouraging the building of high-rise council flats, continuing the high-rise boom launched by the preceding Conservative administration in 1956 when it introduced a progressive storey-height subsidy that gave large increments for four-, five-, and six-storey flats and a fixed increment for every additional storey above that. [147] [148] In 1966, tall flats accounted 25.6% of all approved starts, compared with only 3% in 1954. [149] From 1964 to 1966, the percentage of homes built in England and Wales by local authorities and New Towns in the form of flats in buildings of 5 storeys or more rose from 22.4% to 25.7%, falling to 9.9% in 1970. [150]
According to the historian Andrew Thorpe, much of the high-rise and high-density housing that was erected proved to be poorly constructed and unpopular with tenants, and social and extended family networks were disrupted by rehousing, leading to increased strain on social services and therefore public expenditure as older, informal support networks were ruptured. As argued by Thorpe, Labour's accomplishments "were equivocal, and in retrospect many would see its policies as leading to significant social problems." [14]
According to another historian, Eric Shaw, in the rush to build, and to overcome shortages in funds, the First Wilson Government "succumbed to the fashion for high-rise blocks of flats." For Shaw, the housing drive demonstrated "flaws in Labour's centralist brand of social democracy," the assumption that the interests of ordinary people could be safeguarded by public officials without needing to consult them, "a well-intentioned but short-sighted belief that pledges could be honored by spreading resources more thinly; and a 'social engineering' approach to reform in which the calculation of the effects of institutional reform neglected their impact upon the overall quality of people's lives." This approach resulted in people being wrenched from their local communities and transferred to isolating and forbidding environments which often lacked basic social and commercial amenities and which hindered the revival of community networks. High-rise council flats, according to Shaw, intensified class inequalities by becoming a low-grad reserve for the poorer sections of the working class, which reflecting the "extent to which Keynesian social democracy had departed from the traditions of ethical socialism, with its aspirations to construct institutions which would foster greater fellowship, a communal spirit and more altruistic forms of behaviour." As further noted by Shaw, the "new soulless working-class estates" became the breeding grounds of a host of social evils, "as socialists from an older generation like William Morris could have predicted." [2]
A plan to boost economic growth to 4% a year was never met, while development aid was cut severely as a result of austerity measures. A proposed "minimum income guarantee" [151] for widows and pensioners was never implemented, together with Richard Crossman 's compulsory national superannuation scheme. This scheme, a system of universal secondary pensions, was aimed at providing British pensioners with an income closer to what they enjoyed during the best years of their working life, when their earnings were at their highest. According to Brian Lapping, this would have been Wilson's largest reform of social security, had it been carried out. [28] A proposed means-tested Family Supplement debated in cabinet and supported by the (then) Chancellor James Callaghan. [152] never came into being, although it was later introduced by the Heath Government under the name “Family Income Supplement.” [153] In June 1969, the government announced plans for introducing two new benefits for the disabled an “attendance allowance” for the very severely disabled, and an “invalidity pension” for people forced to retire early due to illness. [154] Neither benefit, however, came into being during the remainder of the First Wilson Government’s time in office, although the proposed attendance allowance would later be introduced by the Heath Government [155] and the invalidity pension by the Second Wilson Government. [156] In addition, the government's austerity measures led to an unpopular squeeze on consumption in 1968 and 1969. [25]
By 1970, the economy was showing signs of improvement, and by May that year, Labour had overtaken the Conservatives in the opinion polls. [157] Wilson responded to this apparent recovery in his government's popularity by calling a general election, but, to the surprise of most observers, was defeated at the polls by the Conservatives under Heath.
Wilson survived as leader of the Labour party in opposition. In the summer of 1973, holidaying on the Isles of Scilly , he tried to board a motor boat from a dinghy and stepped into the sea. He was unable to get into the boat and was left in the cold water, hanging on to the fenders of the motor boat. He was close to death before he was saved by passers by. The incident was taken up by the press and resulted in some embarrassment for Wilson; his press secretary, Joe Haines , tried to deflect some of the comment by blaming Wilson's dog for the problem.
Economic conditions during the 1970s were becoming more difficult for Britain and many other western economies as a result of the ending of the Bretton Woods Agreement and the 1973 oil shock , and the Heath government in its turn was buffeted by economic adversity and industrial unrest (notably including confrontation with the coalminers which led to the Three-day week ) towards the end of 1973, and on 7 February 1974 (with the crisis still ongoing) Heath called a snap election for 28 February. [158]
Second term as Prime Minister
See also: Labour Government 1974–79
Labour won more seats (though fewer votes) than the Conservative Party in February 1974 . As Heath was unable to persuade the Liberals to form a coalition , Wilson returned to 10 Downing Street on 4 March 1974 as Prime Minister of a minority Labour Government. He gained a three-seat majority in another election later that year , on 10 October 1974. One of the key issues addressed during his second period in office was the referendum on British membership of the EEC (see Europe , above).
Domestic affairs
The Second Wilson Government made a major commitment to the expansion of the British welfare state, with increased spending on education, health, and housing rents. [27] To pay for it, it imposed controls and raised taxes on the rich. It partially reversed the 1971 reduction in the top rate of tax from 90% to 75%, increasing it to 83% in the first budget from new chancellor Denis Healey, which came into law in April 1974. Also implemented was an investment income surcharge which raised the top rate on investment income to 98%, the highest level since the Second World War. In March 1974, an additional £2 billion were announced for benefits, food subsidies, and housing subsidies, including a record 25% increase in the pension. Council house rents were also frozen. That same year, national insurance benefits were increased by 13%, which brought pensions as a proportion of average earnings "up to a value equivalent to the previous high, which was reached in 1965 as a result of Labour legislation." In order to maintain the real value of these benefits in the long term, the government introduced legislation which linked future increases in pensions to higher incomes or wages. [56] In 1974–75, social spending was increased in real terms by 9%. In 1974, pensions were increased in real terms by 14%, while in early 1975 increases were made in family allowances. There were also significant increases in rate and rent subsidies, together with £500 million worth of food subsidies. [25]
An Independent Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service (now simply called Acas ) (regarded as very much the brainchild of the trade union leader Jack Jones ) was set, which according to Robert Taylor continues to provide "an impartial and impressive function in resolving disputes and encouraging good industrial relations practice." A Manpower Services Commission was set up to encourage a more active labour market policy to improve job placements and deal with unemployment. The Pay Board was abolished, while the Price Commission was provided with greater powers to control and delay price increases. In addition, the Housing Rents and Subsidies Act 1975 gave power over rents back to local authorities. [116]
To help those with disabilities, the government introduced an Invalid Care Allowance , a Mobility Allowance , a Non-Contributory Invalidity Pension for those unable to contribute through national insurance, and other measures. To combat child poverty, legislation to create a universal Child Benefit was passed in 1975 (a reform later implemented by the Callaghan Government). To raise the living standards of those dependant on national insurance benefits, the government index-linked short-term benefits to the rate of inflation, while pensions and long-term benefits were tied to increases in prices or earnings, whichever was higher. [159]
In 1975, a State Earnings Related Pension Scheme (SERPS) was introduced. A new pension, which was inflation-proofed and linked to earnings, was added to the basic pension which was to increase in line with earnings for the first time ever. This reform assisted women by the linking of pensions to the 'twenty best years' of earnings, and those who worked at home caring for children or others were counted as contributors. This scheme was later eroded by the subsequent Thatcher Government, and insufficient pension rights had been built up by that time to establish resistance to its erosion. The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 gave women the right in principle to equal access to jobs and equal treatment at work with men, while the Employment Protection Act 1975 introduced Statutory Maternity Leave . [43] That same year, the wage stop was finally abolished. [98] In addition, differentials between skilled and unskilled workers were narrowed as a result of egalitarian pay policies involving flat-rate increases.
The 1975 Social Security Pensions Act provided for equal access by men and women to employers’ pension schemes and also included a home responsibilities provision ensuring that parents and those looking after elderly dependents could retain their pension rights in spite of employment breaks. As a means of combating sex discrimination within the social security system, the Act provided that in future married women would receive the same level of personal sickness or unemployment benefit. [160] The Housing Finance Act 1974 increased aid to local authorities for slum clearance, introduced a system of "fair rents" in public and private sector unfurnished accommodation, and introduced rent rebates for council tenants. The Housing Act 1974 improved the Renovation Grants scheme, provided increased levels of aid to housing associations , and extended the role of the Housing Corporation. The Rent Act 1974 extended security of tenure to tenants of furnished properties and allowed access to rent tribunals. The Community Land Act 1975 allowed for the taking into public control of development land, while the Child Benefits Act 1975 introduced an extra payment for lone parents. [46] A Resource Allocation Working Party (RAWP) was also set up to produce a formula for a more equitable distribution of health care expenditure. [161] Anthony Crosland , while serving as a minister during Wilson's second government, made a decision to reform the level of Rate Support Grant , introducing a standard level of relief across the country to benefit poorer urban areas. [116]
Circular 4/74 (1974) renewed pressure for moves towards comprehensive education (progress of which had stalled under the Heath Government), while the industrial relations legislation passed under Edward Heath was repealed. The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 set up a Health and Safety Commission and Executive and a legal framework for health and safety at work. The Employment Protection Act 1975 set up the Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Services (ACAS) to arbitrate in industrial disputes, enlarged the rights of employees and trade unions, extended the redundancy payments scheme, and provided redress against unfair dismissal. The legislation also provided for paid maternity leave and outlawed dismissal for pregnancy. The Act also obliged employers to pay their workers a minimum guaranteed payment “if they are laid off through no fault of their own.” [162] The Social Security Act 1975 introduced a maternity allowance fund, while the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 set up an Equal Opportunities Commission and outlawed gender discrimination (both indirect and direct). [46]
The Woodworking Machines Regulations 1974 , replacing the 1922 Regulations, came into operation on in November 1974. These regulations raised the standard of guarding of the most dangerous machines. [163] Improvements were made in mine-workers' pensions, while the Coal Mines (Respirable Dust) Regulations 1975 , which came into operation in October that year, were aimed at reducing the incidence of coal miners' pneumoconiosis . They prescribed permitted amounts of respirable dust at workplaces in coal mines as well as arrangements for the suppression and continuous sampling of dust, and they include a scheme for the medical supervision of workers at risk. The Protection of Eyes Regulations 1974 and 1975, replacing the 1938 Regulations, extended protection to those employed on construction sites as well as in factories. [164] In addition, the Policyholders Protection Act 1975 introduced safeguards for customers of failed insurance companies. [165]
Despite its achievements in social policy, however, Wilson's government came under scrutiny in 1975 for the rise in the unemployment rate, with the total number of Britons out of work passing 1,000,000 by April of that year. [166]
Northern Ireland
Wilson's earlier government had witnessed the outbreak of The Troubles in Northern Ireland. In response to a request from the Government of Northern Ireland , Wilson agreed to deploy the British Army in August 1969 in an effort to restore the peace.
Out of office in the autumn of 1971, Wilson formulated a 16-point, 15-year programme that was designed to pave the way for the unification of Ireland. The proposal was not adopted by the then Heath government. [167]
In May 1974, when back in office as leader of a minority government, Wilson condemned the Unionist -controlled Ulster Workers Council Strike as a " sectarian strike", which was "being done for sectarian purposes having no relation to this century but only to the seventeenth century". However he refused to pressure a reluctant British Army to face down the loyalist paramilitaries who were intimidating utility workers. In a televised speech later, he referred to the loyalist strikers and their supporters as "spongers" who expected Britain to pay for their lifestyles. The strike was eventually successful in breaking the power-sharing Northern Ireland executive.
On 11 September 2008, BBC Radio Four's Document programme claimed to have unearthed a secret plan – codenamed Doomsday – which proposed to cut all of the United Kingdom's constitutional ties with Northern Ireland and transform the province into an independent dominion. Document went on to claim that the Doomsday plan was devised mainly by Wilson and was kept a closely guarded secret. The plan then allegedly lost momentum, due in part, it was claimed, to warnings made by both the then Foreign Secretary, James Callaghan, and the then Irish Minister for Foreign Affairs Garret FitzGerald who admitted the 12,000-strong Irish army would be unable to deal with the ensuing civil war. [168]
In 1975 Wilson secretly offered Libya's dictator Muammar Gaddafi £14 million (£500 million in 2009 values) to stop arming the IRA, but Gaddafi demanded a far greater sum of money. [169] [170] This offer did not become publicly known until 2009.
Resignation
On 16 March 1976, Wilson surprised the nation by announcing his resignation as Prime Minister (taking effect on 5 April 1976). He claimed that he had always planned on resigning at the age of 60, and that he was physically and mentally exhausted. As early as the late 1960s, he had been telling intimates, like his doctor Sir Joseph Stone (later Lord Stone of Hendon ), that he did not intend to serve more than eight or nine years as Prime Minister. Roy Jenkins has suggested that Wilson may have been motivated partly by the distaste for politics felt by his loyal and long-suffering wife, Mary. [9] His doctor had detected problems which would later be diagnosed as colon cancer , and Wilson had begun drinking brandy during the day to cope with stress. [3] In addition, by 1976 he might already have been aware of the first stages of early-onset Alzheimer's disease , which was to cause both his formerly excellent memory and his powers of concentration to fail dramatically. [171]
File:Wilson banner.jpg
Garter Banner of Lord Wilson of Rievaulx, Jesus College Chapel, Oxford
Queen Elizabeth II came to dine at 10 Downing Street to mark his resignation, an honour she has bestowed on only one other Prime Minister, Sir Winston Churchill .
Wilson's Prime Minister's Resignation Honours included many businessmen and celebrities, along with his political supporters. His choice of appointments caused lasting damage to his reputation, worsened by the suggestion that the first draft of the list had been written by his political secretary Marcia Williams on lavender notepaper (it became known as the "Lavender List"). Roy Jenkins noted that Wilson's retirement "was disfigured by his, at best, eccentric resignation honours list, which gave peerages or knighthoods to some adventurous business gentlemen, several of whom were close neither to him nor to the Labour Party." [172] Some of those whom Wilson honoured included Lord Kagan , the inventor of Gannex, who was eventually imprisoned for fraud, and Sir Eric Miller , who later committed suicide while under police investigation for corruption.
Six candidates stood in the first ballot to replace him, in order of votes they were: Michael Foot , James Callaghan , Roy Jenkins , Tony Benn , Denis Healey and Anthony Crosland . In the third ballot on 5 April, Callaghan defeated Foot in a parliamentary vote of 176 to 137, thus becoming Wilson's successor as Prime Minister and leader of the Labour Party, and he continued to serve as Prime Minister until May 1979, when Labour lost the general election to the Conservatives and Margaret Thatcher became Britain's first female prime minister.
As Wilson wished to remain an MP after leaving office, he was not immediately given the peerage customarily offered to retired Prime Ministers, but instead was created a Knight of the Garter . On leaving the House of Commons after the 1983 general election he was created Baron Wilson of Rievaulx, after Rievaulx Abbey , in the north of his native Yorkshire.
Retirement and death
File:Lord Harold Wilson Allan Warren.jpg
Wilson in 1986
Shortly after resigning as Prime Minister, Wilson was signed by David Frost to host a series of interview/chat show programmes. The pilot episode proved to be a flop as Wilson appeared uncomfortable with the informality of the format. Wilson also hosted two editions of the BBC chat show Friday Night, Saturday Morning . He famously floundered in the role, and in 2000, Channel 4 chose one of his appearances as one of the 100 Moments of TV Hell. Wilson also coined the name of charity War on Want . [173]
A lifelong Gilbert and Sullivan fan, in 1975, Wilson joined the Board of Trustees of the D'Oyly Carte Trust at the invitation of Sir Hugh Wontner , who was then the Lord Mayor of London . [174] At Christmas 1978, Wilson appeared on the Morecambe and Wise Christmas Special. Eric Morecambe 's habit of appearing not to recognise the guest stars was repaid by Wilson, who referred to him throughout as 'Morry-camby' (the mis-pronunciation of Morecambe's name made by Ed Sullivan when the pair appeared on his famous American television show). Wilson appeared on the show again in 1980.
Wilson was not especially active in the House of Lords, although he did initiate a debate on unemployment in May 1984. [175] His last speech was in a debate on marine pilotage in 1986, when he commented as an elder brother of Trinity House . [176] In the same year, he played himself as Prime Minister in an Anglia Television drama, "Inside Story". [177]
He continued regularly attending the House of Lords until just over a year before his death; the last sitting he attended was on 27 April 1994. [178] Wilson died from colon cancer and Alzheimer's disease in May 1995, aged 79. His memorial service was held in Westminster Abbey on 13 July 1995. His death came mere months before the death of his predecessor, Alec Douglas-Home . It was attended by Prince Charles , former Prime Ministers Edward Heath , James Callaghan and Margaret Thatcher , then Prime Minister John Major and future Prime Minister Tony Blair . Wilson was buried at St. Mary's Old Church, St. Mary's on the Isles of Scilly on 6 June. His epitaph is Tempus Imperator Rerum (Time the Commander of All Things).
Political style
Wilson regarded himself as a "man of the people" and did much to promote this image, contrasting himself with the stereotypical aristocratic conservatives who had preceded him. Features of this portrayal included his working man's Gannex raincoat, his pipe (the British Pipesmokers' Council voted him Pipe Smoker of the Year in 1965 and Pipeman of the Decade in 1976, though in private he smoked cigars), his love of simple cooking and fondness for popular British relish HP Sauce , and his support for his home town's football team, Huddersfield Town . [179] He spoke with a studied working class Yorkshire accent , although this was not part of his background, as his father had spoken "upper class" English. Eschewing continental holidays, he returned every summer with his family to the Isles of Scilly . His first general election victory relied heavily on associating these down-to-earth attributes with a sense that the UK urgently needed to modernise, after "thirteen years of Tory mis-rule ...". These characteristics were exaggerated in Private Eye's satirical column " Mrs Wilson's Diary ".
Wilson exhibited his populist touch in June 1965 when he had The Beatles honoured with the award of MBE (such awards are officially bestowed by The Queen but are nominated by the Prime Minister of the day). The award was popular with young people and contributed to a sense that the Prime Minister was "in touch" with the younger generation. There were some protests by conservatives and elderly members of the military who were earlier recipients of the award, but such protesters were in the minority. Critics claimed that Wilson acted to solicit votes for the next general election (which took place less than a year later), but defenders noted that, since the minimum voting age at that time was 21, this was hardly likely to impact many of the Beatles' fans who at that time were predominantly teenagers. It cemented Wilson's image as a modernistic leader and linked him to the burgeoning pride in the 'New Britain' typified by the Beatles. The Beatles mentioned Wilson rather negatively, naming both him and his opponent Edward Heath in George Harrison 's song " Taxman ", the opener to 1966's Revolver —recorded and released after the MBEs.
In 1967, Wilson had a different interaction with a musical ensemble. He sued the pop group The Move for libel after the band's manager Tony Secunda published a promotional postcard for the single " Flowers In The Rain ", featuring a caricature depicting Wilson in bed with his female assistant, Marcia Williams . Gossip had hinted at an improper relationship, though these rumours were never substantiated. Wilson won the case, and all royalties from the song (composed by Move leader Roy Wood ) were assigned in perpetuity to a charity of Wilson's choosing.
Wilson coined the term ' Selsdon Man ' to refer to the anti-interventionist policies of the Conservative leader Edward Heath , developed at a policy retreat held at the Selsdon Park Hotel in early 1970. This phrase, intended to evoke the 'primitive throwback' qualities of anthropological discoveries such as Piltdown Man and Swanscombe Man , was part of a British political tradition of referring to political trends by suffixing 'man'. Another famous quote is "A week is a long time in politics": this signifies that political fortunes can change extremely rapidly. Other memorable phrases attributed to Wilson include "the white heat of the [technological] revolution." In his broadcast after the 1967 devaluation of the pound, Wilson said: "This does not mean that the pound here in Britain – in your pocket or purse – is worth any less ...", and the phrase "the pound in your pocket" subsequently took on a life of its own.
Reputation
Despite his successes and one-time popularity, Harold Wilson's reputation took a long time to recover from the low ebb reached immediately following his second premiership. Some accuse him of undue deviousness, some claim he did not do enough to modernise the Labour Party's policy positions on issues such as the respective roles of the state and the market or the reform of industrial relations. This line of argument partly blames Wilson for the civil unrest of the late 1970s (during Britain's Winter of Discontent ), and for the electoral success of the Conservative party and its ensuing 18-year rule. His supporters argue that Wilson's skilful management (on issues such as nationalisation, Europe and Vietnam) allowed an otherwise fractious party to stay politically united and govern. This co-existence did not long survive his leadership, and the factionalism that followed contributed greatly to the Labour Party's electoral weakness during the 1980s. The reinvention of the Labour Party would take the better part of two decades, at the hands of Neil Kinnock , John Smith and – electorally, most conclusively – Tony Blair .
In 1964, when Wilson took office, the mainstream of informed opinion (in all the main political parties, in academia and the media, etc.) strongly favoured the type of technocratic, " indicative planning " approach that Wilson endeavoured to implement. Radical market-orientated reforms, of the kind eventually adopted by Margaret Thatcher , were in the mid-1960s backed only by a 'fringe' of enthusiasts (such as the leadership of the later-influential Institute of Economic Affairs ), and had almost no representation at senior levels even of the Conservative Party. Fifteen years later, disillusionment with Britain's weak economic performance and troubled industrial relations, combined with active spadework by figures such as Sir Keith Joseph , had helped to make a radical market programme politically feasible for Thatcher (which was in turn to influence the subsequent Labour leadership, especially under Blair).
An opinion poll in September 2011 found that Wilson came in third place when respondents were asked to name the best post-war Labour Party leader. He was beaten only by John Smith and Tony Blair. [180]
Possible plots and conspiracy theories
Main article: Harold Wilson conspiracy theories
MI5 plots
In 1963, Soviet defector Anatoliy Golitsyn is said to have secretly claimed that Wilson was a KGB agent. [181] The majority of intelligence officers did not believe that Golitsyn was credible in this and various other claims, but a significant number did (most prominently James Jesus Angleton , Deputy Director of Operations for Counter-Intelligence at the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency ) and factional strife broke out between the two groups. Former MI5 officer Peter Wright claimed in his memoirs, Spycatcher , that 30 MI5 agents then collaborated in an attempt to undermine Wilson. [182]
In March 1987, James Miller, a former agent, claimed that the Ulster Workers Council Strike of 1974 had been promoted by MI5 in order to help destabilise Wilson's government. [183] In July 1987, Labour MP Ken Livingstone used his maiden speech to raise the 1975 allegations of a former Army Press officer in Northern Ireland, Colin Wallace , who also alleged a plot to destabilise Wilson. Chris Mullin , MP, speaking on 23 November 1988, argued that sources other than Peter Wright supported claims of a long-standing attempt by MI5 to undermine Wilson's government. [184]
In 2009, The Defence of the Realm, the authorised history of MI5 by Christopher Andrew , held that while MI5 kept a file on Wilson from 1945, when he became an MP – because communist civil servants claimed that he had similar political sympathies – there was no bugging of his home or office, and no conspiracy against him. [185] In 2010 newspaper reports made detailed allegations that the bugging of 10 Downing Street had been omitted from the history for "wider public interest reasons". In 1963 on Macmillan's orders following the Profumo Affair, MI5 bugged the cabinet room, the waiting room, and the prime minister's study until the devices were removed in 1977 on Callaghan's orders. From the records it is unclear if Wilson or Heath knew of the bugging, and no recorded conversations were retained by MI5 so possibly the bugs were never activated. [186] Professor Andrew had previously recorded in the preface of the history that "One significant excision as a result of these requirements (in the chapter on The Wilson Plot) is, I believe, hard to justify" giving credence to these new allegations. [187]
Other conspiracy theories
Richard Hough , in his 1980 biography of Mountbatten, indicates that Mountbatten was approached during the 1960s in connection with a scheme to install an "emergency government" in place of Wilson's administration. The approach was made by Cecil Harmsworth King , the chairman of the International Publishing Corporation (IPC), which published the Daily Mirror newspaper. Hough bases his account on conversations with the Mirror's long-time editor Hugh Cudlipp , supplemented by the recollections of the scientist Solly Zuckerman and of Mountbatten's valet, William Evans. Cudlipp arranged for Mountbatten to meet King on 8 May 1968. King had long yearned to play a more central political role, and had personal grudges against Wilson (including Wilson's refusal to propose King for the hereditary earldom that King coveted). He had already failed in an earlier attempt to replace Wilson with James Callaghan . With Britain's continuing economic difficulties and industrial strife in the 1960s, King convinced himself that Wilson's government was heading towards collapse. He thought that Mountbatten, as a member of the Royal Family and a former Chief of the Defence Staff , would command public support as leader of a non-democratic "emergency" government. Mountbatten insisted that his friend, Zuckerman, be present (Zuckerman says that he was urged to attend by Mountbatten's son-in-law, Lord Brabourne , who worried King would lead Mountbatten astray). King asked Mountbatten if he would be willing to head an emergency government. Zuckerman said the idea was treason and Mountbatten in turn rebuffed King. He does not appear to have reported the approach to Downing Street .
The question of how serious a threat to democracy may have existed during these years continues to be contentious—a key point at issue being who of any consequence would have been ready to move beyond grumbling about the government (or spreading rumours) to actively taking unconstitutional action. Cecil King himself was an inveterate schemer but an inept actor on the political stage. Perhaps significantly, when King penned a strongly worded editorial against Wilson for the Daily Mirror two days after his abortive meeting with Mountbatten, the unanimous reaction of IPC's directors was to fire him with immediate effect from his position as Chairman. King's resignation was considered a serious enough matter for the BBC to have senior journalist William Hardcastle announce it in a news flash. More fundamentally, Denis Healey , who served for six years as Wilson's Secretary of State for Defence , has argued that actively serving senior British military officers would not have been prepared to overthrow a constitutionally elected government.
By the time of his resignation, Wilson's own perceptions of any threat may very well have been exacerbated by the onset of Alzheimer's disease ; his inherent tendency to chariness was undoubtedly stoked by some in his inner circle, including Marcia Williams . He reportedly shared with a surprised George H. W. Bush , at the time the Director of the CIA, his fear that some of the portraits in 10 Downing Street (specifically including Gladstone's portrait in the Cabinet Room) concealed listening devices being used to bug his discussions. [188] Files released on 1 June 2005 show that Wilson was concerned that, while on the Isles of Scilly , he was being monitored by Russian ships disguised as trawlers . MI5 found no evidence of this, but told him not to use a walkie-talkie .
Wilson's Government took strong action against the controversial, self-styled "Church" of Scientology in 1967, banning foreign Scientologists from entering the country, a prohibition which remained in force until 1980. In response, L. Ron Hubbard , Scientology's founder, accused Wilson of being in cahoots with Soviet Russia and an international conspiracy of psychiatrists and financiers. Wilson's Minister of Health, Kenneth Robinson , subsequently won a libel suit against the Scientologists and Hubbard. [189]
Honours
12 June 1968 Wilson was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society under Statute 12 of the Society's regulations, which covers people who have rendered conspicuous service to the cause of science or are such that their election would be of signal benefit to the Society. [190]
Wilson was an Honorary Fellow of Columbia Pacific University . [191] The former British Prime Minister also delivered a speech at a CPU graduation ceremony.
Statues and other tributes
File:Harold Wilson statue.jpg
Statue in St George's Square, Huddersfield.
A portrait of Harold Wilson, painted by the famous Scottish portrait artist Cowan Dobson , hangs today at University College, Oxford. [192] Two statues of Harold Wilson stand in prominent places. The first, unveiled by the then Prime Minister Tony Blair in July 1999, stands outside Huddersfield railway station in St George's Square, Huddersfield. Costing £70,000, the statue, designed by sculptor Ian Walters, is based on photographs taken in 1964 and depicts Wilson in walking pose at the start of his first term as Prime Minister. His widow, Mary requested that the eight-foot tall monument did not show Wilson holding his famous pipe as she feared it would make the representation a caricature. [193]
In September 2006, Tony Blair unveiled a second bronze statue of Wilson in the latter's former constituency of Huyton , near Liverpool . The statue was created by Liverpool sculptor, Tom Murphy, and Blair paid tribute to Wilson's legacy at the unveiling, including the Open University . He added: "He also brought in a whole new culture, a whole new country. He made the country very, very different". [194]
Also in 2006, a street on a new housing development in Tividale , West Midlands, was named Wilson Drive in honour of Wilson. Along with neighbouring new development Callaghan drive (named after James Callaghan ), it formed part of a large housing estate developed since the 1960s where all streets were named after former prime ministers or senior parliamentary figures.
Titles from birth to death
Harold Wilson (11 March 1916 – 1 January 1945)
Harold Wilson, OBE (1 January 1945 – 26 July 1945)
Harold Wilson, OBE, MP (26 July 1945 – 29 September 1947)
The Right Honourable Harold Wilson, OBE, MP (29 September 1947 – 6 December 1969)
The Right Honourable Harold Wilson, OBE, FRS, MP (6 December 1969 – 23 April 1976)
The Right Honourable Sir Harold Wilson, KG, OBE, FRS, MP (23 April 1976 – 9 June 1983)
The Right Honourable Sir Harold Wilson, KG, OBE, FRS (9 June – 16 September 1983)
The Right Honourable The Lord Wilson of Rievaulx, KG, OBE, FRS, PC (16 September 1983 – 24 May 1995) [195]
In popular culture
Television
In the Fawlty Towers episode "The Germans", Basil blames his fire extinguisher exploding in his face on "... bloody Wilson"
The Lavender List (2006), played by Kenneth Cranham – a BBC Four fictionalised account by Francis Wheen of the Wilson Government of 1974–76, with Gina McKee as Marcia Williams and Celia Imrie as Wilson's wife. The play concentrated on Wilson and Williams' relationship and her conflict with the Downing Street Press Secretary Joe Haines .
The Plot Against Harold Wilson (2006), played by James Bolam – aired on BBC Two on Thursday 16 March. The drama detailed previously unseen evidence that rogue elements of MI5 and the British military plotted to take down the Labour Government, believing Wilson to be a Soviet spy.
Longford (2006), played by Robert Pugh – Channel 4 drama on the life of Lord Longford . In one scene, Wilson was seen dismissing Longford from his cabinet in 1968, in part because of the adverse publicity the latter was receiving for his public campaign to support the Moors Murderer Myra Hindley .
The Queen a 2009 British drama-documentary showing Queen Elizabeth II , Harold Wilson was portrayed by Philip Jackson .
Film
The Boat That Rocked (2009), played by Stephen Moore (character not actually addressed or credited by name, only as 'Prime Minister')
Other
The Beatles reference both Harold Wilson and Edward Heath in their song Taxman (1966)
A viking in the Asterix story Asterix and the Great Crossing (1975) is named Haraldwilssen, and shares his physical features
The Audience (stage play, 2013, played in the premiere production by Richard McCabe )
Arms
Ziegler, Philip (1993). Wilson: The authorised life of Lord Wilson of Rievaulx. Weidenfeld and Nicolson . ISBN 0-297-81276-9 .
Bibliography
Main article: Harold Wilson bibliography
There is an extensive bibliography on Harold Wilson. He is the author of a number of books. He is the subject of many biographies (both light and serious) and academic analyses of his career and various aspects of the policies pursued by the governments he led. He features in many "humorous" books. He was the Prime Minister in the so-called " Swinging London " era of the 1960s, and therefore features in many of the books about this period of history.
External links
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Name the chemical separation process in which electricity passes through a conducting substance between two electrodes?
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BBC - GCSE Bitesize: What is electrolysis?
Electrolysis is the process by which ionic substances are broken down into simpler substances using electricity. During electrolysis, metals and gases may form at the electrodes.
What is electrolysis?
Ionic substancesionic substance: Ionic substances form when a metal reacts with a non-metal. They contain charged particles called ions. contain charged particlescharged particle: A particle that carries an electric charge. called ions [ion: Positively- or negatively-charged particles - eg positively charged hydrogen, sodium and potassium atoms. Ion charge helps determine a substance's acidity or alkalinity ]. For example, lead bromide contains positively charged lead ions and negatively charged bromide ions.
Electrolysis is the process by which ionic substances are decomposed (broken down) into simpler substances when an electric current is passed through them.
For electrolysis to work, the ions must be free to move. Ions are free to move when an ionic substance is dissolved in water or when melted. For example, if electricity is passed through moltenmolten: Molten means reduced to liquid form by heating. It is mainly used to describe rock, glass or metal. lead bromide, the lead bromide is broken down to form lead and bromine.
Electrolysis
Here is what happens during electrolysis:
Positively charged ions move to the negative electrodeelectrode: Electrodes are conductors used to establish electrical contact with a circuit. The electrode attached to the negative terminal of a battery is called a negative electrode, or cathode. The electrode attached to the positive terminal of a battery is the positive electrode, or anode. during electrolysis. They receive electrons [electron: An electron is a very small negatively-charged particle found in an atom in the space surrounding the nucleus. ] and are reducedreduction: Reduction is a reaction in which oxygen is removed from a substance. Reduction also means a gain in electrons..
Negatively charged ions move to the positive electrode during electrolysis. They lose electrons and are oxidisedoxidation: Oxidation is a reaction in which oxygen combines with a substance. Oxidation also means a loss of electrons..
The substance that is broken down is called the electrolyteelectrolyte: An electrolyte is a substance which in solution will conduct an electric current..
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Electrolysis
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The highest US military award, the Medal of Honor, is what shape?
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Class 8 - CBSE Board - Mathematics, Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology), Social Studies (Geography, History, Civics & Economics) - Study Material, Animated Videos, Summary, Questions and Answers, Wiki, References - LearnNext Online
Summary arrow_upward
LearnNext Lesson Video
Materials through which electric current can pass through easily are called conductors of electricity. Electrical conductivity is a measure of the ability of a substance to allow the flow of an electric current. Among solids metals and graphite are good conductors of electricity which have high electrical conductivity. Some liquids are also good conductors.
Pure water or distilled water is a poor conductor of electricity. But the presence of even small amount of impurities makes water a good conductor. Hence water from taps, wells, ponds, rivers, seas, lakes, etc. conduct electricity as they contain inpurities. That is why we get electrical shock when we touch the conducting parts of electrical appliances with wet hands. Our dry hands also have sweat on them which conducts electricity. So we should never touch the conducting parts of electrical devices.
Solutions of most acids , bases and salts dissolved in water are good conductors of electricity. Electrical conductivity of liquids can be tested by a simple activity of taking a liquid, like lemon juice, in a container, inserting electrodes in it, connecting the two electrodes to the terminals of a battery with a bulb (LED) between them. The bulb glows, indicating that lemon juice is a conductor of electricity. Several liquids can be checked for electrical conductivity in the same way.
We find that liquids like lemon juice, liquid soap, rain water, salt solution, etc. conduct electricity, whereas liquids like distilled water, oil, alcohol, etc. do not conduct electricity. When electricity is passed through a conducting solution, the molecules of the solution dissociate into ions. Ions are atoms or group of atoms with a positive or a negative charge. These ions cause electrical conduction through the liquid. A liquid That conducts electricity due to the presence of ions is called an electrolyte .
The process of decomposition of a chemical compound in a solution when an electric current passes through it is called electrolysis . This process is due to the chemical effect of electric current .
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The Drachma was which nation's main currency unit before the Euro in 2002?
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Drachmae - definition of drachmae by The Free Dictionary
Drachmae - definition of drachmae by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/drachmae
n. pl. drach·mas or drach·mae (-mē)
1. The primary unit of currency in Greece before the adoption of the euro.
2. An ancient Greek silver coin.
3. One of several modern units of weight, especially the dram.
[Latin, from Greek drakhmē, handful, a handful or bundle of six obols such as could be held in the fist (since the early Greek obol had the shape of a long, slender rod), from drassesthai, drakh-, to grasp.]
drachma
(ˈdrækmə)
n, pl -mas or -mae (-miː)
1. (Currencies) the former standard monetary unit of Greece, divided into 100 lepta; replaced by the euro in 2002
2. (Units) US another name for dram 2
3. (Currencies) a silver coin of ancient Greece
4. (Units) a unit of weight in ancient Greece
[C16: from Latin, from Greek drakhmē a handful, from drassesthai to seize]
drach•ma
n., pl. -mas, -mae (-mē).
1. the basic monetary unit of modern Greece.
2. the principal silver coin of ancient Greece.
3. a small unit of weight in ancient Greece.
4. any of various modern weights, esp. a dram.
[1520–30; < Latin < Greek drachmḗ]
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Greece
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Episcopal refers to what authority?
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ExchangeRate.com - Currency Information European Euro
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The euro (sign: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of the Eurozone: 16 of the 27 Member States of the European Union (EU) and is the currency used by the EU institutions. The eurozone consists of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain.Estonia is due to join the eurozone on 1 January 2011.The currency is also used in a further five European countries, with and without formal agreements, and is consequently used daily by some 327 million Europeans.Over 175 million people worldwide use currencies which are pegged to the euro, including more than 150 million people in Africa.
The euro is the second largest reserve currency (a status it inherited from the German mark) as well as the second most traded currency in the world after the U.S. dollar.As of June 2010, with more than €800 billion in circulation, the euro is the currency with the highest combined value of banknotes and coins in circulation in the world, having surpassed the U.S. dollar. Based on IMF estimates of 2008 GDP and purchasing power parity among the various currencies, the eurozone is the second largest economy in the world.
The name euro was officially adopted on 16 December 1995.The euro was introduced to world financial markets as an accounting currency on 1 January 1999, replacing the former European Currency Unit (ECU) at a ratio of 1:1. Euro coins and banknotes entered circulation on 1 January 2002.
Administration
The euro is managed and administered by the Frankfurt-based European Central Bank (ECB) and the Eurosystem (composed of the central banks of the eurozone countries). As an independent central bank, the ECB has sole authority to set monetary policy. The Eurosystem participates in the printing, minting and distribution of notes and coins in all Member States, and the operation of the eurozone payment systems.
The 1992 Maastricht Treaty obliges most EU Member States to adopt the euro upon meeting certain monetary and budgetary requirements, although not all states have done so. The United Kingdom and Denmark negotiated exemptions,while Sweden turned down the euro in a 2003 referendum, and has circumvented the obligation to adopt the euro by not meeting the monetary and budgetary requirements. All nations that have joined the EU since 1993 have pledged to adopt the euro in due course.
CHARACTERISTICS
Coins and banknotes
The euro is divided into 100 cents (sometimes referred to as euro-cents, especially when distinguishing them from other currencies). In Community legislative acts the plural forms of euro and cent are spelled without the s, notwithstanding normal English usage.Otherwise, normal English plurals are recommended and used;with many local variations such as for example 'centime' in France.
All circulating coins have a common side showing the denomination or value, and a map in the background. For the denominations except the 1-, 2- and 5-cent coins that map only showed the 15 Member States which were members when the euro was introduced. Beginning in 2007 or 2008 (depending on the country) the old map is being replaced by a map of Europe also showing countries outside the Union like Norway. The 1-, 2- and 5-cent coins, however, keep their old design, showing a geographical map of Europe with the 15 Member States of 2002 raised somewhat above the rest of the map. All common sides were designed by Luc Luycx. The coins also have a national side showing an image specifically chosen by the country that issued the coin. Euro coins from any Member State may be freely used in any nation which has adopted the euro.
The common (top) and national sides of the €2 coinThe coins are issued in €2, €1, 50c, 20c, 10c, 5c, 2c, and 1c denominations. In order to avoid the use of the two smallest coins, some cash transactions are rounded to the nearest five cents in the Netherlands (by voluntary agreement) and in Finland (by law).This practice is discouraged by the Commission, as is the habit of certain shops to refuse to accept high value euro notes.
Commemorative coins with €2 face value have been issued with changes to the design of the national side of the coin. These include both commonly issued coins, such as the €2 commemorative coin for the fiftieth anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Rome, and nationally issued coins, such as the coin to commemorate the 2004 Summer Olympics issued by Greece. These coins are legal tender throughout the eurozone. Collector's coins with various other denominations have been issued as well, but these are not intended for general circulation, and they are legal tender only in the Member State that issued them.
The design for the euro banknotes have common designs on both sides. The design was created by the Austrian designer Robert Kalina.Notes are issued in €500, €200, €100, €50, €20, €10, €5. Each banknote has its own colour and is dedicated to an artistic period of European architecture. The front of the note features windows or gateways while the back has bridges. While the designs are supposed to be devoid of any identifiable characteristics, the initial designs by Robert Kalina were of specific bridges, including the Rialto and the Pont de Neuilly, and were subsequently rendered more generic; the final designs still bear very close similarities to their specific prototypes; thus they are not truly generic.Some of the highest denominations such as the €500 are not issued in all countries, though they remain legal tender throughout the eurozone.
Payments clearing, electronic funds transfer
Capital within the EU may be transferred in any amount from one country to another. All intra-EU transfers in euro are considered as domestic payments and bear the corresponding domestic transfer costs.This includes all Member States of the EU, even those outside the eurozone providing the transactions are carried out in euro.Credit/debit card charging and ATM withdrawals within the eurozone are also charged as domestic, however paper-based payment orders, like cheques, have not been standardised so these are still domestic-based. The ECB has also set up a clearing system, TARGET, for large euro transactions.
Currency sign
A special euro currency sign (€) was designed after a public survey had narrowed the original ten proposals down to two. The European Commission then chose the design created by the Belgian Alain Billiet. The official story of the design history of the euro sign is disputed by Arthur Eisenmenger, a former chief graphic designer for the EEC, who claims to have created it as a generic symbol of Europe.
~ Inspiration for the € symbol itself came from the Greek epsilon (€)- a reference to the cradle of European civilisation - and the first letter of the word Europe, crossed by two parallel lines to certify the stability of the euro.
The European Commission also specified a euro logo with exact proportions and foreground/background color tones.While the Commission intended the logo to be a prescribed glyph shape, font designers made it clear that they intended to design their own variants instead.Typewriters lacking the euro sign can create it by typing a capital 'C', backspacing and over-striking it with the equal ('=') sign. Placement of the currency sign relative to the numeric amount varies from nation to nation, but for texts in English the symbol (and the ISO-standard "EUR") should precede the amount.
Introduction of the euro
The euro was established by the provisions in the 1992 Maastricht Treaty. In order to participate in the currency, Member States are meant to meet strict criteria such as a budget deficit of less than three per cent of their GDP, a debt ratio of less than sixty per cent of GDP, low inflation, and interest rates close to the EU average. In the Maastricht Treaty, the United Kingdom and Denmark were granted exemptions per their request from moving to the stage of monetary union which would result in the introduction of the euro.
Economists who helped create or contributed to the euro include Fred Arditti, Neil Dowling, Wim Duisenberg, Robert Mundell, Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa and Robert Tollison.[citation needed] (For macro-economic theory, see below.) The name euro was devised on 4 August 1995 by Germain Pirlot, a Belgian Esperantist and ex-teacher of French and history,and officially adopted in Madrid on 16 December 1995.
Due to differences in national conventions for rounding and significant digits, all conversion between the national currencies had to be carried out using the process of triangulation via the euro. The definitive values in euro of these subdivisions (which represent the exchange rates at which the currency entered the euro) are shown at right.
The rates were determined by the Council of the European Union,based on a recommendation from the European Commission based on the market rates on 31 December 1998. They were set so that one European Currency Unit (ECU) would equal one euro. The European Currency Unit was an accounting unit used by the EU, based on the currencies of the Member States; it was not a currency in its own right. They could not be set earlier, because the ECU depended on the closing exchange rate of the non-euro currencies (principally the pound sterling) that day.
The procedure used to fix the irrevocable conversion rate between the drachma and the euro was different, since the euro by then was already two years old. While the conversion rates for the initial eleven currencies were determined only hours before the euro was introduced, the conversion rate for the Greek drachma was fixed several months beforehand.
The currency was introduced in non-physical form (traveller's cheques, electronic transfers, banking, etc.) at midnight on 1 January 1999, when the national currencies of participating countries (the eurozone) ceased to exist independently. Their exchange rates were locked at fixed rates against each other, effectively making them mere non-decimal subdivisions of the euro. The euro thus became the successor to the European Currency Unit (ECU). The notes and coins for the old currencies, however, continued to be used as legal tender until new euro notes and coins were introduced on 1 January 2002.
The changeover period during which the former currencies' notes and coins were exchanged for those of the euro lasted about two months, until 28 February 2002. The official date on which the national currencies ceased to be legal tender varied from Member State to Member State. The earliest date was in Germany where the mark officially ceased to be legal tender on 31 December 2001, though the exchange period lasted for two months more. Even after the old currencies ceased to be legal tender, they continued to be accepted by national central banks for periods ranging from several years to forever (the latter in Austria, Germany, Ireland and Spain). The earliest coins to become non-convertible were the Portuguese escudos, which ceased to have monetary value after 31 December 2002, although banknotes remain exchangeable until 2022.
DIRECT AND INDIRECT USAGE
Direct usage
The euro is the sole currency of 16 EU Member States: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain. These countries comprise the "eurozone", some 326 million people in total. Estonia will join in 2011.
With all but two of the remaining EU members obliged to join, together with future members of the EU, the enlargement of the eurozone is set to continue further. Outside the EU, the euro is also the sole currency of Montenegro and Kosovo and several European micro states (Andorra, Monaco, San Marino and Vatican City) as well as in three overseas territories of EU states that are not themselves part of the EU (Mayotte, Saint Pierre and Miquelon and Akrotiri and Dhekelia). Together this direct usage of the euro outside the EU affects over 3 million people.
It is also gaining increasing international usage as a trading currency, in Cuba,North Korea and Syria.There are also various currencies pegged to the euro (see below). In 2009 Zimbabwe abandoned its local currency and used major currencies instead, including the euro and the United States dollar.
Use as reserve currency
Since its introduction, the euro has been the second most widely held international reserve currency after the U.S. dollar. The share of the euro as a reserve currency has increased from 17.9% in 1999 to 26.5% in 2008, at the expense of the U.S. dollar (its share fell from 70.9% to 64.0% in the same time frame) and the Yen (it fell from 6.4% to 3.3%). The euro inherited and built on the status of the second most important reserve currency from the German mark. The euro remains underweight as a reserve currency in advanced economies while overweight in emerging and developing economies: according to the IMF the total of euros held as a reserve in the world at the end of 2008 was equal to USD 1.1 trillion, with a share of 22% of all currency reserves in advanced economies, but a total of 31% of all currency reserves in emerging and developing economies.
The possibility of the euro becoming the first international reserve currency is now widely debated among economists.Former Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan gave his opinion in September 2007 that it is "absolutely conceivable that the euro will replace the dollar as reserve currency, or will be traded as an equally important reserve currency."In contrast to Greenspan's 2007 assessment the euro's increase in the share of the worldwide currency reserve basket has slowed considerably since the year 2007 and since the beginning of the worldwide credit crunch related recession and sovereign debt crisis.
Currencies pegged to the euro
Outside the eurozone, a total of 23 countries and territories that do not belong to the EU have currencies that are directly pegged to the euro including 14 countries in mainland Africa (CFA franc and Moroccan dirham), two African island countries (Comorian franc and Cape Verdean escudo), three French Pacific territories (CFP franc) and another Balkan country, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark). On 28 July 2009, Sao Tome and Principe signed an agreement with Portugal which will eventually tie its currency to the euro.
With the exception of Bosnia (which pegged its currency against the German mark) and Cape Verde (formerly pegged to the Portuguese escudo) all of these non-EU countries had a currency peg to the French Franc before pegging their currencies to the euro. Pegging a country's currency to a major currency is regarded as a safety measure, especially for currencies of areas with weak economies, as the euro is seen as a stable currency, prevents runaway inflation and encourages foreign investment due to its stability.
Within the EU several currencies have a peg to the euro, in most instances as a precondition to joining the eurozone. The Bulgarian Lev and the Estonian kroon were formerly pegged to the German mark, other EU member states have a direct peg due to ERM II: the Danish krone, the Lithuanian litas and the Latvian lats.
In total, over 150 million people in Africa use a currency pegged to the euro, 25 million people outside the eurozone in Europe and another 500,000 people on Pacific islands.
ECONOMICS
Optimal currency area
In economics, an optimum currency area (or region) (OCA, or OCR) is a geographical region in which it would maximize economic efficiency to have the entire region share a single currency. There are two models, both proposed by Robert A. Mundell: the stationary expectations model and the international risk sharing model. Mundell himself advocates the international risk sharing model and thus concludes in favor of the euro.However, even before the creation of the single currency, there were concerns over diverging economies. Yet the chances of a state leaving the euro, or the chances that the whole zone would collapse, are extremely slim.
Transaction costs and risks
The most obvious benefit of adopting a single currency is to remove the cost of exchanging currency, theoretically allowing businesses and individuals to consummate previously unprofitable trades. For consumers, banks in the eurozone must charge the same for intra-member cross-border transactions as purely domestic transactions for electronic payments (e.g., credit cards, debit cards and cash machine withdrawals).
The absence of distinct currencies also removes exchange rate risks. The risk of unanticipated exchange rate movement has always added an additional risk or uncertainty for companies or individuals that invest or trade outside their own currency zones. Companies that hedge against this risk will no longer need to shoulder this additional cost. This is particularly important for countries whose currencies had traditionally fluctuated a great deal, particularly the Mediterranean nations.
Financial markets on the continent are expected to be far more liquid and flexible than they were in the past. The reduction in cross-border transaction costs will allow larger banking firms to provide a wider array of banking services that can compete across and beyond the eurozone.
Price parity
Another effect of the common European currency is that differences in prices - in particular in price levels - should decrease because of the 'law of one price'. Differences in prices can trigger arbitrage, i.e. speculative trade in a commodity across borders purely to exploit the price differential. Therefore, prices on commonly traded goods are likely to converge, causing inflation in some regions and deflation in others during the transition. Some evidence of this has been observed in specific markets.
Macroeconomic stability
Low levels of inflation are the hallmark of stable and modern economies. Because a high level of inflation acts as a tax (seigniorage) and theoretically discourages investment, it is generally viewed as undesirable. In spite of the downside, many countries have been unable or unwilling to deal with serious inflationary pressures. Some countries have successfully contained them by establishing largely independent central banks. One such bank was the Bundesbank in Germany; as the European Central Bank is modeled on the Bundesbank,it is independent of the pressures of national governments and has a mandate to keep inflationary pressures low.Member countries that join the bank commit to lower inflation, hoping to enjoy the macroeconomic stability associated with low levels of expected inflation.The ECB (unlike the Federal Reserve in the United States of America) does not have a second objective to sustain growth and employment.
Many national and corporate bonds denominated in euro are significantly more liquid and have lower interest rates than was historically the case when denominated in legacy currencies.While increased liquidity may lower the nominal interest rate on the bond, denominating the bond in a currency with low levels of inflation arguably plays a much larger role. A credible commitment to low levels of inflation and a stable debt reduces the risk that the value of the debt will be eroded by higher levels of inflation or default in the future, allowing debt to be issued at a lower nominal interest rate.
Evidence on the effect of the introduction of the euro
In conformity with the economic predictions, empirical studies have found that the introduction of the euro has had a positive impact on the movement of goods, financial assets, and people within the eurozone. In addition, countries which previously had weak currencies have benefited from lower interest rates and their firms now have easier access to capital.
Trade
The consensus from the studies of the effect of the introduction of the euro is that it has increased trade within the eurozone by 5% to 10%.On the lower bound, one study suggested an increase of 3%.A recent study estimates this effect to be between 9 and 14%.
Investment
Studies have found a positive effect of the introduction of the euro on investment. Physical investment seems to have increased by 5% in the eurozone due to the introduction.Regarding foreign direct investment, a study found that the intra-eurozone FDI stocks have increased by about 20% during the first four years of the EMU.Concerning the effect on corporate investment, there is evidence that the introduction of the euro has resulted in an increase in investment rates and that it has made it easier for firms to access financing in Europe. The euro has most specifically stimulated investment in companies that come from countries that previously had weak currencies. A study found that the introduction of the euro accounts for 22% of the investment rate after 1998 in countries that previously had a weak currency.The effect is however less clear for firms coming from the strong currency countries; the introduction has not been beneficial for most of them.
Inflation
The introduction of the euro has led to extensive discussion about its possible effect on inflation. In the short term, there was a widespread impression in the population of the eurozone that the introduction of the euro had led to an increase in prices. Paradoxically, this impression has not been supported by general indices of inflation, showing no major effect of the introduction of the euro. A study of this paradox has found that it is due to an asymmetric effect of the introduction of the euro on prices: while it had no effect on most goods, it had an effect on cheap goods which have seen their price round up after the introduction of the euro. The study found that consumers based their beliefs on inflation of those cheap goods which are frequently purchased.It has also been suggested that the jump in small prices may be due to the fact that prior to the introduction, retailers made fewer upward adjustments and waited for the introduction of the euro to do so.
Exchange rate risk
One of the advantages of the adoption of a common currency is the reduction of the risk associated with changes in currency exchange rates. It has been found that the introduction of the euro created "significant reductions in market risk exposures for non-financial firms both in and outside of Europe".These reductions in market risk "were concentrated in firms domiciled in the eurozone and in non-Euro firms with a high fraction of foreign sales or assets in Europe". These changes were however "statistically and economically small".
Financial integration
The introduction of the euro seems to have had a strong effect on European financial integration. According to a study on this question, it has "significantly reshaped the European financial system, especially with respect to the securities markets.However, the real and policy barriers to integration in the retail and corporate banking sectors remain significant, even if the wholesale end of banking has been largely integrated."Specifically, the euro has significantly decreased the cost of trade in bonds, equity, and banking assets within the eurozone.On a global level, there is evidence that the introduction of the euro has led to an integration in terms of investment in bond portfolios, with eurozone countries lending and borrowing more between each other than with other countries.
Effect on interest rates
The introduction of the euro has decreased the interest rates of most members countries, in particular those with a weak currency. As a consequence the market value of firms from countries which previously had a weak currency has very significantly increased.The countries whose interest rates fell most as a result of the euro are Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, and Italy.
Price convergence
The evidence on the convergence of prices in the eurozone with the introduction of the euro is mixed. Several studies failed to find any evidence of convergence following the introduction of the euro after a phase of convergence in the early 1990s.Other studies have found evidence of price convergence,in particular for cars.A possible reason for the divergence between the different studies is that the processes of convergence may not have been linear, slowing down substantially between 2000 and 2003, and resurfacing after 2003 as suggested by a recent study (2009).
Tourism
A study has found that the introduction of the euro has had a positive effect on tourism flows within the EMU, with an increase of 6.5%.
EXCHANGE RATES
Flexible exchange rates
The ECB targets interest rates rather than exchange rates and in general does not intervene on the foreign exchange rate markets, because of the implications of the Mundell-Fleming Model which suggest that a central bank cannot maintain interest rate and exchange rate targets simultaneously because increasing the money supply results in a depreciation of the currency. In the years following the Single European Act, the EU has liberalized its capital markets, and as the ECB has chosen monetary autonomy, the exchange rate regime of the euro is flexible, or floating.
Against other major currencies
After the introduction of the euro, its exchange rate against other currencies fell heavily, especially against the U.S. dollar. From an introduction at US$1.18/€, the euro fell to a low of $0.8228/€ by 26 October 2000. After the appearance of the coins and notes on 1 January 2002 and the replacement of all national currencies, the euro began steadily appreciating, and regained parity with the U.S. dollar, on 15 July 2002. The euro has not fallen below parity with the U.S. dollar since December 2002 but has risen in value.
On 23 May 2003, the euro surpassed its initial ($1.18) trading value for the first time. At the end of 2004, it reached $1.3668 (€0.7316/$) as the U.S. dollar fell against all major currencies. Against the U.S. dollar, the euro temporarily weakened in 2005, falling to $1.18 (€0.85/$) in July 2005, and was stable throughout the third quarter of 2005. In November 2005 the euro again began to rise steadily against the U.S. dollar, hitting one record high after another. On 15 July 2008, the euro rose to an all-time high of $1.5990 (€0.6254/$). In a reversal, in August 2008 the euro began to drop against the U.S. dollar. In just two weeks the euro fell from its peak to $1.48 and by late October it reached a two and a half year low below $1.25 before moving back above $1.50 by November 2009.On 29 December 2008, the pound sterling fell to an all-time low of £0.97855 (€1.0219/£) against the euro, although its value recovered somewhat in 2009.In early 2010, concerns over the solvency of Greece caused a drop in the exchange rate against the dollar.
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An old word for a proverb or saying is a?
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Another word for saying | Synonyms for saying
Another word for saying
saying maxim adage saw 2 motto epigram proverb aphorism
These nouns refer to concise verbal expressions setting forth wisdom or a truth. A saying is an often repeated and familiar expression: a collection of philosophical sayings. Maxim denotes particularly an expression of a general truth or a rule of conduct: “For a wise man, he seemed to me … to be governed too much by general maxims” (Edmund Burke). Adage applies to a saying that has gained credit through long use: a gift that gave no credence to the adage, “Good things come in small packages.” Saw often refers to a familiar saying that has become trite through frequent repetition: old saws that gave little comfort to the losing team. A motto expresses the aims, character, or guiding principles of a person, group, or institution: “Exuberance over taste” is my motto. An epigram is a witty expression, often paradoxical or satirical and neatly or brilliantly phrased: In his epigram Samuel Johnson called remarriage a “triumph of hope over experience.” Proverb refers to an old and popular saying that illustrates something such as a basic truth or a practical precept: “Slow and steady wins the race” is a proverb to live by. Aphorism, denoting a concise expression of a truth or principle, implies depth of content and stylistic distinction: Few writers have coined more aphorisms than Benjamin Franklin.
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Proverb | Define Proverb at Dictionary.com
proverb
noun
1.
a short popular saying, usually of unknown and ancient origin, that expresses effectively some commonplace truth or useful thought; adage; saw.
2.
a wise saying or precept; a didactic sentence.
3.
a person or thing that is commonly regarded as an embodiment or representation of some quality; byword.
4.
Bible. a profound saying, maxim, or oracular utterance requiring interpretation.
verb (used with object)
to utter in the form of a proverb.
6.
to make (something) the subject of a proverb.
7.
to make a byword of.
Origin of proverb
Latin
1275-1325
1275-1325; Middle English proverbe < Middle French < Latin prōverbium adage, equivalent to prō- pro- 1 + verb(um) word + -ium -ium
Related forms
See more synonyms on Thesaurus.com
1. aphorism, apothegm. Proverb, maxim are terms for short, pithy sayings. A proverb is such a saying popularly known and repeated, usually expressing simply and concretely, though often metaphorically, a truth based on common sense or the practical experience of humankind: “A stitch in time saves nine.” A maxim is a brief statement of a general and practical truth, especially one that serves as a rule of conduct or a precept: “It is wise to risk no more than one can afford to lose.”.
pro-verb
noun, Grammar.
1.
a word that can substitute for a verb or verb phrase, as do in They never attend board meetings, but we do regularly.
Origin
1905-10; by analogy with pronoun
Dictionary.com Unabridged
Examples from the Web for proverb
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Their Fight…But Our Legacy: The New Battle for Fallujah John Kael Weston January 11, 2014
The rich,” according to a Spanish proverb, “laugh carefully.
For his wife he has a proverb that she should have "neither mouth nor 303tongue."
Folkways William Graham Sumner
Zeno laughed rather incredulously, as he quoted the old Italian proverb.
Arethusa F. Marion Crawford
British Dictionary definitions for proverb
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noun
1.
a short, memorable, and often highly condensed saying embodying, esp with bold imagery, some commonplace fact or experience
2.
a person or thing exemplary in respect of a characteristic: Antarctica is a proverb for extreme cold
3.
(ecclesiast) a wise saying or admonition providing guidance
verb (transitive)
to utter or describe (something) in the form of a proverb
5.
to make (something) a proverb
Word Origin
C14: via Old French from Latin prōverbium, from verbum word
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
© William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins
Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
Word Origin and History for proverb
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n.
c.1300, in boke of Prouerbyys, the Old Testament work, from Old French proverbe (12c.) and directly from Latin proverbium "a common saying, old adage, maxim," literally "words put forward," from pro- "forth" (see pro- ) + verbum "word" (see verb ). Used generally from late 14c. The Book of Proverbs in Old English was cwidboc, from cwide "speech, saying, proverb, homily," related to cwiddian "to talk, speak, say, discuss;" cwiddung "speech, saying, report."
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
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proverb definition
A brief, memorable saying that expresses a truth or belief, such as “ A friend in need is a friend indeed .” (See examples under “Proverbs.”)
The American Heritage® New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
proverb in the Bible
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a trite maxim; a similitude; a parable. The Hebrew word thus rendered (mashal) has a wide signification. It comes from a root meaning "to be like," "parable." Rendered "proverb" in Isa. 14:4; Hab. 2:6; "dark saying" in Ps. 49:4, Num. 12:8. Ahab's defiant words in answer to the insolent demands of Benhadad, "Let not him that girdeth on his harness boast himself as he that putteth it off," is a well known instance of a proverbial saying (1 Kings 20:11).
Easton's 1897 Bible Dictionary
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open-hearth process | metallurgy | Britannica.com
Open-hearth process
metal
Open-hearth process, also called Siemens-martin Process, steel making technique that for most of the 20th century accounted for the major part of all steel made in the world. William Siemens , a German living in England in the 1860s, seeking a means of increasing the temperature in a metallurgical furnace , resurrected an old proposal for using the waste heat given off by the furnace; directing the fumes from the furnace through a brick checkerwork, he heated the brick to a high temperature, then used the same pathway for the introduction of air into the furnace; the preheated air materially increased the flame temperature. The first to use the device to produce steel were Pierre and Émile Martin of Sireuil, France, in 1864, charging the furnace with pig iron and some wrought-iron scrap. The ores most readily available in both Great Britain and the United States were especially well suited to the open-hearth process, the product of which proved superior to that from the Bessemer converter.
Open-hearth furnace.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Natural gas or atomized heavy oils are used as fuel; both air and fuel are heated before combustion . The furnace is charged with liquid blast-furnace iron and steel scrap together with iron ore, limestone, dolomite, and fluxes. The furnace itself is made of highly refractory materials such as magnesite bricks for the hearths and roofs. Capacities of open-hearth furnaces are as high as 600 tons, and they are usually installed in groups, so that the massive auxiliary equipment needed to charge the furnaces and handle the liquid steel can be efficiently employed.
Though the open-hearth process has been almost completely replaced in most industrialized countries by the basic oxygen process and the electric arc furnace , it nevertheless accounts for about one-sixth of all steel produced worldwide.
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Open_hearth_furnace
Open_hearth_furnace
Open hearth furnace
Engineering Portal
Open hearth furnaces are one of a number of kinds of furnace where excess carbon and other impurities are burnt out of pig iron to produce steel . Since steel is difficult to manufacture due to its high melting point , normal fuels and furnaces were insufficient and the open hearth furnace was developed to overcome this difficulty. Most open hearth furnaces were closed by the early 1990s, not least because of their fuel inefficiency, being replaced by basic oxygen furnace or electric arc furnace .
Technically perhaps, the first primitive open hearth furnace was the Catalan forge , invented in Spain in the 8th century, but it is usual to confine the term to certain 19th century and later steelmaking processes, thus excluding bloomeries (including the Catalan forge), finery forges , and puddling furnaces from its application.
The Siemens regenerative furnace
Sir Carl Wilhelm Siemens developed the Siemens regenerative furnace in the 1850s, and claimed in 1857 to be recovering enough heat to save 70-80% of the fuel. This furnace operates at a high temperature by using regenerative preheating of fuel and air for combustion. In regenerative preheating, the exhaust gases from the furnace are pumped into a chamber containing bricks, where heat is transferred from the gases to the bricks. The flow of the furnace is then reversed so that fuel and air pass through the chamber and are heated by the bricks. Through this method, an open-hearth furnace can reach temperatures high enough to melt steel, but Siemens did not initially use it for that.
The regenerators are the distinctive feature of the furnace and consist of fire-brick flues filled with bricks set on edge and arranged in such a way as to have a great number of small passages between them. The bricks absorb most of the heat from the outgoing waste gases and return it later to the incoming cold gases for combustion.
Open Hearth steelmaking
In 1865, Emile Martin and Pierre Martin took out a licence from Siemens and first applied his furnace for making steel . Their process was known as the Siemens-Martin process, and the furnace as an "open-hearth" furnace. The most appealing characteristic of the Siemens regenerative furnace is the rapid production of large quantities of basic steel, used for example to construct high-rise buildings. The usual size of furnaces is 50 to 100 tons, but for some special processes they may have a capacity of 250 or even 500 tons. The Siemens-Martin process complemented rather than replaced the Bessemer process . It is slower and thus easier to control.
Basic oxygen steelmaking or LD process replaced the open hearth furnace. In the US, steel production using the inefficient open hearth furnaces had stopped by 1992. The highest share of steel produced with open hearth furnaces (almost 50%) still retained in Ukraine. (http://www.energystar.gov/ia/business/industry/41724.pdf).
Further reading
K. Barraclough, Steelmaking 1850-1900 (Institute of Metals, London 1990), 137-203.
W. K. V. Gale, Iron and Steel (Longmans, London 1969), 74-77.
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i don't know
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The parts that enable a guitar to be tuned are called?
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The C Scale Tuning
The C Scale Tuning for the Pedal Steel Guitar
by Bob Lee
Abstract
The pedal steel guitar tunings currently in common use hinder the acceptance of the instrument in musical forms other than American "Country" music. An alternate tuning based on the natural C scale is proposed and explained.
Introduction
The pedal steel guitar is a truly amazing musical instrument. It is one of the few instruments that can easily produce any note in the micro-tonal spectrum. Many musical instruments are limited to the notes of the twelve tone musical scale of the piano keyboard. Some instruments can produce notes that fall in between those tones as special effects ("bending" a note), but few can produce those "in-between" notes as easily and predictably as a fretless stringed instrument.
Like the violin, the pedal steel places the precise pitch of each note in the hand of the performer. But even the violin cannot produce full micro-tuned chords - it is limited to two-note harmony (the "double stop") by the curvature of its bridge. The pedal steel has no such limitation. The full potential of the pedal steel includes chordal music subtleties that cannot be performed on any other single instrument.
Why, then, is this remarkable instrument largely ignored by the international music community? The answer lies in the musical tastes of the Americans who invented the pedal steel and pushed the mechanical technology to its current advanced state, and in the large American subculture that appropriated certain pedal steel effects for its own music, called "country" or "country and western".
By and large, the best pedal steel guitarists in the world are the professional players of country music. This de facto association is one factor that works to the detriment of general acceptance of the instrument, but it is not the only factor. The tuning of the instrument makes it very easy to play American country music at the expense of most other musical forms.
The Technical Limitation
The standard E9th or "Nashville" tuning used on most pedal steels today is specifically designed for the country and western genre. This tuning spans an octave in the space of 5 strings. Pedals and knee levers are engaged to produce the remaining notes of a standard diatonic scale. Scale-based runs that include glisses or "bends" to get from one note of the scale to the next are a characteristic effect used in country music. Specifically, the whole tone bend is an effect that is used to excess. It is a recognizable ingredient of the "country sound", even to a casual listener.
Avoiding the whole tone bend effect is a major performance challenge for anyone playing the Nashville tuning. Even for the intermediate level player, fast scale-based melody work remains difficult. Some written passages seem to be beyond the capabilities of the instrument, especially if note bends are not to be permitted. In theory, the pedal steel guitarist should be able to play the right hand part of any piano piece. In practice, the Nashville tuning compromises that ideal.
An Historic Parallel
The pedal steel is a direct descendent of the Hawaiian electric steel guitar. During its most popular period (the 1930's through the 1950's) the Hawaiian guitar progressed from primitive major chord tunings to tunings based on jazz or swing chords. The sound of those advanced chordal tunings became part of the stereotyping of the instrument in Hawaiian and "western" (as in "country and western") music.
In the 1960's Jerry Byrd, an acknowledged master of the instrument, was approached with a project of difficult Japanese pop music. To accomplish the required degree of melodic expression, Byrd chose to use a scale-based, rather than chord-based, tuning. He called this 7-string tuning a "C Diatonic".
The Japanese album, later released in the USA by the Steel Guitar Record Club, was called Steel Guitar Romantic World. The music profoundly broke the Hawaiian steel guitar stereotype. It did not hint at any Hawaiian or "western" music flavor, because it did not use the characteristic major 6th and dominant 9th chords of those styles.
Jerry Byrd's C Diatonic Tuning
1 E 2 C 3 B 4 A 5 G 6 F 7 E
Within Jerry Byrd's C Diatonic tuning, the next melody or harmony note is usually within easy reach from the fret of the current note. This means that the placement of glisses in the melody can be determined by the arranger or performer, rather than by limitations imposed by the tuning of the instument. In skilled hands, the resultant effect can be a striking departure from the "old timey" flavor most listeners expect from the Hawaiian electric steel guitar.
Extending The Concept
The addition of pedals greatly extends the capabilities of a steel guitar. Just as the logical extension of a chordal tuning is to give the player more chords at every fret, a scale tuning can be logically extended to give the player more scales at every fret.
Elementary music theory teaches us that the C scale can be altered to an F scale by flatting one note (B to Bb), and then to a Bb scale by flatting one more (E to Eb). In a similar fashion, the C scale can be altered to a G scale by sharping one note (F to F#), and then altered to a D scale by sharping one more (C to C#).
A third flat is accomplished by lowering the A to Ab, which in conjunction with the other two flatting changes makes an Eb scale. Likewise, a raise of the G to G# can be applied with the other two raises to create an A scale.
Thus, a pedal steel with 3 lowers and 3 raises can easily produce seven different scales at any fret. Applying these concepts to two pedals and four knee levers on an 8 string version of Jerry Byrd's tuning yields the following pedal steel tuning:
LKL P1 P2 LKR RKL RKR 1 E -Eb 2 C +C# 3 B -Bb 4 A -Ab 5 G +G# 6 F +F# 7 E -Eb 8 C +C#
The table below shows how pedal and knee lever combinations produce the key signatures of seven scales from the open, unfretted position:
scale signature combination C --- --- G 1 sharp Pedal 1 D 2 sharps Pedal 1 + Left Knee Left A 3 sharps Pedal 1 + Left Knee Left + Right Knee Right F 1 flat Pedal 2 Bb 2 flats Pedal 2 + Left Knee Right Eb 3 flats Pedal 2 + Left Knee Right + Right Knee Left
The remaining five scales (E, B, F#, Ab and Db) are available at the first fret. Using this system, the player is never more than one fret away from any key signature at any fret.
This simple extension of Jerry Byrd's tuning to the pedal steel requires a very low level of mechanical changer technology. Each string is altered in only one direction, and by only one pedal or knee lever. This "single raise or single lower" concept makes the tuning easy to set up on inexpensive "student model" instruments.
In contrast, the Nashville E9th requires a "double raise and single lower" changer to set up the standard pedal and knee lever changes. The advanced machinery required by the Nashville E9th tuning raises the price of student instruments beyond what many can afford.
A Justifiable Omission
Readers have probably noticed by now that the D note is absent from this tuning. This deliberate omission is to accommodate the nuances of just temperment. Many steel guitarists are attracted by the beauty of pure physical harmonies. If the guitar is to be tuned to natural string harmonics, the tuning of the D note becomes a dilemma.
Given C as a starting point, G is tuned to a perfect fifth and F to a perfect fourth. The A string is tuned as a perfect third of the F, using the F string's harmonic point below the 4th fret as a reference. Similarly, the E and B strings are tuned as perfect thirds from the C and G strings, respectively.
The dilemma is that a D note that is in tune with the A string (derived as a third of F) is considerably flat of a D note that is in tune with the G string (derived as a fifth of C).
One of the pedal steel's greatest strengths is its ability to create perfectly tuned (i.e. "just tempered") music in any key. The compromise of the equal tempered scale, required by instruments that have twelve fixed pitches per octave, is not necessary on the steel guitar. While some steel guitarists use an electronic tuner to impose equal temperment on their instruments, forcing the twelve tone compromise as part of the tuning would do a disservice to those players who prefer the "sweeter" sound of just tempered chords.
By omitting the D string, the choice of temperment is left to the player.
Professional Level Extensions
A common "minimum requirement" for pedal steel guitars made in recent years includes 10 strings, 3 pedals, 4 knee levers, and a double raise / double lower changer. The tuning of the strings, pedals and 3 of the knee levers are dictated by the Nashville E9th standard, with the 4th knee lever (and perhaps a 5th, vertical lever) set up to the player's preference.
The C Scale tuning can be easily extended to take advantage of these sophisticated instruments. The following chart shows an advanced version of the tuning for use with a modern 10 string pedal steel, complete with string gauges.
LKL P1 P2 P3 LKR RKL RKR 1 E .015 --D -Eb 2 C .018 +C# 3 B .020p -Bb 4 A .022p -Ab 5 G .024w +G# 6 F .026 +F# 7 E .030 -Eb 8 C .036 +C# 9 A .044 -Ab 10 G .052 --F +G#
The 9th and 10th strings provide additional range and low harmonies. By lowering the 10th string to F with the third pedal, the tuning acquires a range close to that of a standard Spanish guitar.
The "bonus" third pedal also provides the missing D note in the low octaves. The just temperment dilemna is solved by positioning the change on the "flat side" of the tuning, where it would logically be tuned relative to the A strings and used in conjunction with pedal 2 and the flatting knee levers.
What Kind Of Music?
This tuning lends itself easily to most musical forms, including classical, new age, jazz, and adult comtemporary. In modern pop and dance music, it turns the pedal steel guitar into a versatile controller for the latest electronic effects.
Once the tuning is learned, fast scale runs with tight harmonies are nearly as easy on the pedal steel as they are on a piano keyboard. In progressive rock, the steel guitarist can work a level playing field with other band members without fear of accidently "countrifying" the band's sound. The tuning is likewise at home in orchestral music, show tunes and film scores.
On the other hand, it's nearly impossible to coax the Nashville pedal steel sound from this tuning. Country dobro and blues licks are available, of course, but the characteristic full step bend is missing. The western swing style is also compromised because it relies on full step pedal changes within strummed chords. Bluegrass, with its reliance on fast arpeggios and pentatonic runs, is another form that's harder to play in the C Scale tuning than in the standard Nashville E9th.
Conclusions
A scale-based pedal steel tuning has firm historical roots and a solid foundation in music theory. The C Scale tuning in particular can be applied to either inexpensive or professional level instruments for musicians who have little interest in country music but want to play the pedal steel guitar. It permits a wide variety of musical expression and makes it easier to play fast diatonic music in any key.
Mastery of a scale-based tuning can expand a steel guitarist's musical vocabulary. For professional country musicians, it's a good choice for the rear neck of a double neck instrument. For those involved exclusively in other forms of music, the C Scale tuning effectively blocks the accidental use of undesirable country music cliches, especially the "full step bend".
Bob Lee is a computer programmer and freelance steel guitarist from Santa Rosa, California. His email address is [email protected] , and he maintains The Pedal Steel Pages on the World Wide Web at http://www.b0b.com .
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Machine
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The Union of Myanmar, capital Rangoon, is traditionally (in the 'west') called what country?
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The C Scale Tuning
The C Scale Tuning for the Pedal Steel Guitar
by Bob Lee
Abstract
The pedal steel guitar tunings currently in common use hinder the acceptance of the instrument in musical forms other than American "Country" music. An alternate tuning based on the natural C scale is proposed and explained.
Introduction
The pedal steel guitar is a truly amazing musical instrument. It is one of the few instruments that can easily produce any note in the micro-tonal spectrum. Many musical instruments are limited to the notes of the twelve tone musical scale of the piano keyboard. Some instruments can produce notes that fall in between those tones as special effects ("bending" a note), but few can produce those "in-between" notes as easily and predictably as a fretless stringed instrument.
Like the violin, the pedal steel places the precise pitch of each note in the hand of the performer. But even the violin cannot produce full micro-tuned chords - it is limited to two-note harmony (the "double stop") by the curvature of its bridge. The pedal steel has no such limitation. The full potential of the pedal steel includes chordal music subtleties that cannot be performed on any other single instrument.
Why, then, is this remarkable instrument largely ignored by the international music community? The answer lies in the musical tastes of the Americans who invented the pedal steel and pushed the mechanical technology to its current advanced state, and in the large American subculture that appropriated certain pedal steel effects for its own music, called "country" or "country and western".
By and large, the best pedal steel guitarists in the world are the professional players of country music. This de facto association is one factor that works to the detriment of general acceptance of the instrument, but it is not the only factor. The tuning of the instrument makes it very easy to play American country music at the expense of most other musical forms.
The Technical Limitation
The standard E9th or "Nashville" tuning used on most pedal steels today is specifically designed for the country and western genre. This tuning spans an octave in the space of 5 strings. Pedals and knee levers are engaged to produce the remaining notes of a standard diatonic scale. Scale-based runs that include glisses or "bends" to get from one note of the scale to the next are a characteristic effect used in country music. Specifically, the whole tone bend is an effect that is used to excess. It is a recognizable ingredient of the "country sound", even to a casual listener.
Avoiding the whole tone bend effect is a major performance challenge for anyone playing the Nashville tuning. Even for the intermediate level player, fast scale-based melody work remains difficult. Some written passages seem to be beyond the capabilities of the instrument, especially if note bends are not to be permitted. In theory, the pedal steel guitarist should be able to play the right hand part of any piano piece. In practice, the Nashville tuning compromises that ideal.
An Historic Parallel
The pedal steel is a direct descendent of the Hawaiian electric steel guitar. During its most popular period (the 1930's through the 1950's) the Hawaiian guitar progressed from primitive major chord tunings to tunings based on jazz or swing chords. The sound of those advanced chordal tunings became part of the stereotyping of the instrument in Hawaiian and "western" (as in "country and western") music.
In the 1960's Jerry Byrd, an acknowledged master of the instrument, was approached with a project of difficult Japanese pop music. To accomplish the required degree of melodic expression, Byrd chose to use a scale-based, rather than chord-based, tuning. He called this 7-string tuning a "C Diatonic".
The Japanese album, later released in the USA by the Steel Guitar Record Club, was called Steel Guitar Romantic World. The music profoundly broke the Hawaiian steel guitar stereotype. It did not hint at any Hawaiian or "western" music flavor, because it did not use the characteristic major 6th and dominant 9th chords of those styles.
Jerry Byrd's C Diatonic Tuning
1 E 2 C 3 B 4 A 5 G 6 F 7 E
Within Jerry Byrd's C Diatonic tuning, the next melody or harmony note is usually within easy reach from the fret of the current note. This means that the placement of glisses in the melody can be determined by the arranger or performer, rather than by limitations imposed by the tuning of the instument. In skilled hands, the resultant effect can be a striking departure from the "old timey" flavor most listeners expect from the Hawaiian electric steel guitar.
Extending The Concept
The addition of pedals greatly extends the capabilities of a steel guitar. Just as the logical extension of a chordal tuning is to give the player more chords at every fret, a scale tuning can be logically extended to give the player more scales at every fret.
Elementary music theory teaches us that the C scale can be altered to an F scale by flatting one note (B to Bb), and then to a Bb scale by flatting one more (E to Eb). In a similar fashion, the C scale can be altered to a G scale by sharping one note (F to F#), and then altered to a D scale by sharping one more (C to C#).
A third flat is accomplished by lowering the A to Ab, which in conjunction with the other two flatting changes makes an Eb scale. Likewise, a raise of the G to G# can be applied with the other two raises to create an A scale.
Thus, a pedal steel with 3 lowers and 3 raises can easily produce seven different scales at any fret. Applying these concepts to two pedals and four knee levers on an 8 string version of Jerry Byrd's tuning yields the following pedal steel tuning:
LKL P1 P2 LKR RKL RKR 1 E -Eb 2 C +C# 3 B -Bb 4 A -Ab 5 G +G# 6 F +F# 7 E -Eb 8 C +C#
The table below shows how pedal and knee lever combinations produce the key signatures of seven scales from the open, unfretted position:
scale signature combination C --- --- G 1 sharp Pedal 1 D 2 sharps Pedal 1 + Left Knee Left A 3 sharps Pedal 1 + Left Knee Left + Right Knee Right F 1 flat Pedal 2 Bb 2 flats Pedal 2 + Left Knee Right Eb 3 flats Pedal 2 + Left Knee Right + Right Knee Left
The remaining five scales (E, B, F#, Ab and Db) are available at the first fret. Using this system, the player is never more than one fret away from any key signature at any fret.
This simple extension of Jerry Byrd's tuning to the pedal steel requires a very low level of mechanical changer technology. Each string is altered in only one direction, and by only one pedal or knee lever. This "single raise or single lower" concept makes the tuning easy to set up on inexpensive "student model" instruments.
In contrast, the Nashville E9th requires a "double raise and single lower" changer to set up the standard pedal and knee lever changes. The advanced machinery required by the Nashville E9th tuning raises the price of student instruments beyond what many can afford.
A Justifiable Omission
Readers have probably noticed by now that the D note is absent from this tuning. This deliberate omission is to accommodate the nuances of just temperment. Many steel guitarists are attracted by the beauty of pure physical harmonies. If the guitar is to be tuned to natural string harmonics, the tuning of the D note becomes a dilemma.
Given C as a starting point, G is tuned to a perfect fifth and F to a perfect fourth. The A string is tuned as a perfect third of the F, using the F string's harmonic point below the 4th fret as a reference. Similarly, the E and B strings are tuned as perfect thirds from the C and G strings, respectively.
The dilemma is that a D note that is in tune with the A string (derived as a third of F) is considerably flat of a D note that is in tune with the G string (derived as a fifth of C).
One of the pedal steel's greatest strengths is its ability to create perfectly tuned (i.e. "just tempered") music in any key. The compromise of the equal tempered scale, required by instruments that have twelve fixed pitches per octave, is not necessary on the steel guitar. While some steel guitarists use an electronic tuner to impose equal temperment on their instruments, forcing the twelve tone compromise as part of the tuning would do a disservice to those players who prefer the "sweeter" sound of just tempered chords.
By omitting the D string, the choice of temperment is left to the player.
Professional Level Extensions
A common "minimum requirement" for pedal steel guitars made in recent years includes 10 strings, 3 pedals, 4 knee levers, and a double raise / double lower changer. The tuning of the strings, pedals and 3 of the knee levers are dictated by the Nashville E9th standard, with the 4th knee lever (and perhaps a 5th, vertical lever) set up to the player's preference.
The C Scale tuning can be easily extended to take advantage of these sophisticated instruments. The following chart shows an advanced version of the tuning for use with a modern 10 string pedal steel, complete with string gauges.
LKL P1 P2 P3 LKR RKL RKR 1 E .015 --D -Eb 2 C .018 +C# 3 B .020p -Bb 4 A .022p -Ab 5 G .024w +G# 6 F .026 +F# 7 E .030 -Eb 8 C .036 +C# 9 A .044 -Ab 10 G .052 --F +G#
The 9th and 10th strings provide additional range and low harmonies. By lowering the 10th string to F with the third pedal, the tuning acquires a range close to that of a standard Spanish guitar.
The "bonus" third pedal also provides the missing D note in the low octaves. The just temperment dilemna is solved by positioning the change on the "flat side" of the tuning, where it would logically be tuned relative to the A strings and used in conjunction with pedal 2 and the flatting knee levers.
What Kind Of Music?
This tuning lends itself easily to most musical forms, including classical, new age, jazz, and adult comtemporary. In modern pop and dance music, it turns the pedal steel guitar into a versatile controller for the latest electronic effects.
Once the tuning is learned, fast scale runs with tight harmonies are nearly as easy on the pedal steel as they are on a piano keyboard. In progressive rock, the steel guitarist can work a level playing field with other band members without fear of accidently "countrifying" the band's sound. The tuning is likewise at home in orchestral music, show tunes and film scores.
On the other hand, it's nearly impossible to coax the Nashville pedal steel sound from this tuning. Country dobro and blues licks are available, of course, but the characteristic full step bend is missing. The western swing style is also compromised because it relies on full step pedal changes within strummed chords. Bluegrass, with its reliance on fast arpeggios and pentatonic runs, is another form that's harder to play in the C Scale tuning than in the standard Nashville E9th.
Conclusions
A scale-based pedal steel tuning has firm historical roots and a solid foundation in music theory. The C Scale tuning in particular can be applied to either inexpensive or professional level instruments for musicians who have little interest in country music but want to play the pedal steel guitar. It permits a wide variety of musical expression and makes it easier to play fast diatonic music in any key.
Mastery of a scale-based tuning can expand a steel guitarist's musical vocabulary. For professional country musicians, it's a good choice for the rear neck of a double neck instrument. For those involved exclusively in other forms of music, the C Scale tuning effectively blocks the accidental use of undesirable country music cliches, especially the "full step bend".
Bob Lee is a computer programmer and freelance steel guitarist from Santa Rosa, California. His email address is [email protected] , and he maintains The Pedal Steel Pages on the World Wide Web at http://www.b0b.com .
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i don't know
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The Japanese term Ekiden refers to a long race characterized by?
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XCR'16 Round 8 - Anglesea Ekiden Relay - Athletics Victoria
What is an Ekiden Relay?
Ever wanted to compete in a marathon but felt you were not quite up to it? Ekiden is a Japanese term which generally refers to a long-distance relay running race, typically conducted on roads. An Ekiden Relay is commonly held over the marathon distance of 42.195km. Teams of runners complete legs of varying distances.
The popular XCR Anglesea Ekiden Relay returns to the XCR calendar in 2016 and will take place on Victoria’s iconic Surf Coast in Anglesea.
Interactive Course Map (Click/Touch to activate):
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Relay
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Atomic weight is expressed/measured to a standard based on the common isotope (12) of which element?
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Training & Event Calendar
Training & Event Calendar
2016-04-20
We are pleased to introduce you to a new event – @Mizuno Ekiden Singapore 2016 which would be held on 16 July 2016, Saturday at The Promontory @Marina Bay from 4.00pm onwards.
In Japanese terms, Ekiden refers to a relay-styled long distance running. Runners are set to compete against the clock whilst unlocking milestones as they transmit from one station to the next within a specific time.
Building an individual perseverance and teamwork as well as focusing on high performance, each transitional point brings runners and the community together in discovering and reigniting the team spirit along the route.
The objective of the Ekiden run is aligned with the Quality Work-Life (QWL) Program objectives of bonding our colleagues through teamwork and yet challenging our own for high performance.
Since 2004, we have extended the invite to local business units (BU) for participation in the corporate run event in Singapore, as a way of challenging and empowering our employees to be their best in their fitness as well as a chance for get-together. By gathering our employees from different countries together create a sense of belonging and strengthen the sense of connection that bond the team together.
We would like to invite you to send teams to represent your BU to take part in this event and gathering. Details for the race will be as follows:
The start/end points and transition area are all within the race village at The Promontory @ Marina Bay , The 1st runner will wear the traditional tasuki sash. Upon finishing the relay route, the sash will be passed on to the 2nd runner waiting at the transition area – this will repeat until the 4th runner finishes his/her relay route. While waiting for your teammates to finish the race, enjoy an exciting line-up of Japanese gourmet and cultural activities at the Matsuri (祭り) Festival race village!
21.1 KM Corporate Category (Half-Marathon)
Per Team of 4 runners with each runner will run at 5.275 KM
42.195 KM Open Category (Full-Marathon)
Per Team of 4 runners with each runner running at 10.548 KM
The team can participate in either the Half or Full Marathon category.
You may wish to refer to the event website to check out more: http://www.mizuno.asia/Ekiden.aspx or you can view the event video for 2015 – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVbKG_IdfVI
Please feel free to contact your local HR for any queries or information needed.
Kindly note that this event will supersede our annual participation in the Standard Chartered Singapore Marathon.
Thank you!
Michelle Ling /Jeslin Toh/Vivien Kang
QWL Committee 2016
2016-04-20
The quality of employees and their development through training and education are major factors in determining long-term profitability of a business. We, Cerebos, believes that on-going training for current employees helps them adjust to rapidly changing job requirements.
Employees frequently develop a greater sense of self-worth, dignity and well-being as they become more valuable to the firm and to society. Generally they will receive a greater share of the material gains that result from their increased productivity. These factors give them a sense of satisfaction through the achievement of personal and company goals.
Our training normally takes the form of classroom training, interactive workshops and face to face short courses. Our events include seminars, briefing and conferences. To view the upcoming training and events click on the header bar.
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i don't know
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'Anchor escapement' refers to controlled rocking mechanical energy release in?
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Watch Terms & Glossary — The Watch Review Site
Watch Terms & Glossary
You can find a detailed Glossary of Watch terminology and wording.
Acrylic Crystal – Sometimes referred to as Hesolite or Hesalite, an acrylic crystal is basically plastic. Polymethylacrylate is often used. Benefits of an acrylic crystal are that is flexes rather than shatters on impact, it doesn’t produce too much glare under bright light and it can be polished easily
Alarm Watch – A watch provided with a movement capable of releasing an acoustic sound at the time set. A second crown is dedicated to the winding, setting and release of the striking-work; an additional center hand indicates the time set. The section of the movement dedicated to the alarm device is made up by a series of wheels linked with the barrel, an escapement and a hammer striking a gong or bell. Works much like a normal alarm clock.
Altimeter – This determines altitude based on changes in barometric pressure. In a pressurized airplane cabin, the altimeter registers as if on land. A rotating bezel is used to determine altitude.
Amplitude –Maximum angle by which a balance or pendulum swings from its rest position.
Analog or Analogue – A watch with a dials, hands, and numbers or markers that display a twelve -hour time period.
Analogue Digital – A dual display digital and a conventional analogue watch.
Analog Quartz – The most commonly-used term in referring to any analog timepiece that operates on a battery or on solar power and is regulated by a quartz crystal.
Anchor Escapement – the regulator that controls the speed of a mechanical movement.
AntiMagnetic – Mechanical movements can be influenced by the magnetic fields often found in common everyday places. This problem is generally countered by using anti- or nonmagnetic components in the movement as in the eta 2824-2. If the parts most affected by a magnetic field (balance, balance spring and escapement) are made of non-magnetic materials the watch is called anti-magnetic. Bomb squad experts require this type of watch. As used in the Bell & Ross Type Deminuer and Christopher Ward Malvern Automatic
Antireflection, Antireflective – A film created by steaming the crystal to eliminate light reflection and improve legibility. This film can scratch quite easily so it is common in exceptional pieces to use this treatment on the inside of the crystal glass although some brands such as Dubey and Schaldenbrand are unusual in that they prefer to coat both sides of all their wristwatches.
Aperture – An opening in the dial that displays certain information such as date, day, month, or moon phase or even the movement
Applique – Numerals, images or symbols cut out and stuck to dial.
Atmosphere (ATM) – The measurement of pressure called an atmosphere. An atmospheric measure is the amount of air pressure at sea level that a watch can withstand. (1ATM= 1BAR= 10m= 33.3ft) indicates water-resistance.
Atomic Time Standard – Provided by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Time and Frequency Division, Boulder, Colorado, atomic time is measured through vibrations of atoms in a metal isotope that resembles mercury. The result is extremely accurate time that can be measured on instruments. Radio waves transmit this exact time throughout North America and some “atomic” watches can receive them and correct to the exact time.
Automatic Movement – Self-winding watch whose movement is mechanical. A fly wheel (the rotor) turns by the motion of your arm and winds the mainspring. The stored energy in a spring is turned into mechanical energy that creates the watch movement. These watches can be shaken or in most cases manually wound if the power reserve is depleted.
Automatic Winding – A rotating weight, set into motion by moving the wrist, winds the spring barrel via the gear train of a mechanical watch movement. Automatic winding was invented during the pocket watch era in 1770 by Abraham-Louis Perrelet, who created a watch with a weight swinging back and forth (a pocket watch usually makes vertical movements). The first automatic –winding wristwatches, invented by John Harwood in the 1920’s, utilised hammer winding, whereby a weight swung in an arc between two banking pins. The breakthrough automatic winding movement via rotor began with the ball bearing Eterna-Matic in the late 1940’s, and the technology hasn’t changed fundamentally since then. The Eterna-Matic is the predecessor of the well known ETA Movements currently owned by The Swatch Group.
Auto Repeat Timer – Function that counts down time and then resets itself as soon as a preset time has elapsed. It repeats the countdown continuously until a button is pressed to stop the function.
Baguette – Ladies style watch with a thin, elongated face; usually rectangular in shape but may be oval.
Balance – Mechanical watches are regulated with the balance and balance spring. The mainspring provides energy. The hairspring, coupled to the balance, makes it swing to and fro, dividing into equal parts. Each to and fro of the balance is called oscillation. One oscillation equals 2 vibrations.
Balance Spring – A very fine spring in a mechanical watch that causes the recoil of the balance wheel. The length and adjustment of its length regulates the timekeeping. This is also known as the hairspring. Component of the regulating unit that, together with the balance, determines the movement’s precision.
Balance Wheel – Regulating organ of the watch, vibrating on a spiral hairspring. Lengthening and shortening of the balance spring makes the balance wheel go faster or slower to advance or retard the watch.
Bar or Cock – A metal plate fastened to the base plate at one point, leaving room for a gear wheel or pinion. The balance is usually attached to a bar called the balance cock.
Barrel – Cylindrical box containing the mainspring of a watch. The toothed rim of the barrel drives the train.
Barrel Spring – This spring’s tension controls the amount of energy transmitted to the measurement. Hooked to the barrel and arbor, when it is tensed it releases controlled energy.
Base Metal – Any non-precious metal.
Battery – Device that converts chemical energy into electricity. Most watch batteries are silver oxide type delivering 1.5 volts. Much longer-lasting lithium batteries are 3 volt.
Battery Life – The minimum period of time that a battery will continue to provide power to run the watch. Life begins at the point of manufacture when the factory initially installs the battery.
Battery Reserve Indicator – Some battery-operated watches have a feature that indicates when the battery is approaching the end of its life. This is often indicated by the second hand moving in two second intervals instead of each second.
Bearing – Part on which a pivot turns, in watches it is represented mostly by jewels.
Beat – The number of times per second (Beats per Second) or per hour (BPH) that a balance wheel goes through a full arc of motion or the vibrations per hour (VpH) (half oscillation, or “tick”) of a movement.
Bevelling –Chamfering of edges of levers, bridges and other elements of a movement by 45º, a treatment typically found in high-grade movements
Bezel – The circle around the top of the crystal. Mostly used to hold the glass or crystal in place. A rotating ratchet bezel moves in some watches as part of a complication. Rotating bezels either rotate clockwise, counter clockwise, or both to assist in calculations.
Bi-Directional Bezel – A bezel that both clockwise and counter clockwise.
Blued Screw – Swiss watch making tradition dictates that a movement should contain blued screws for aesthetic reasons. Polished steel screws are heated, or tempered, to relax the steel, turning it a deep blue colour in the process.
Bracelet – A metal band attached to the case. It is called integral if there is no apparent discontinuity between case and bracelet and the profile of attachments is similar to the first link.
Bridge – The balance cock is attached to the bottom plate with pins. Fixed to the main plate to form the frame of a watch.
Buttons – Push piece controls, usually at 2’oclock and/or 4’oclock on the dial to control the functions such as the chronograph or the fly back.
Cabochon – Any kind of precious stone, such as sapphire, ruby or emerald, uncut and only polished, generally of a half-spherical shape, mainly used as an ornament of the winding crown or certain elements of the case
Calendar – A simple calendar is a complication that shows the date of the month. A day/date shows the date of the month and the day of the week. A complete calendar shows the day, date, and the month or moon phase.
Calendar, Perpetual – This is the most complex horology complication related to the calendar feature, as it indicates the date, day, month and leap year and does not need manual corrections until the year 2100 (when the leap year will be ignored).
Calibre – The size and configuration of a watch movement. The diameter of the movement measured in “Parisian lines,” where 1=2.256mm.
Cambered – Curved or arched dial or bezel.
Cannon – An element in the shape of a hollow cylinder, sometimes also called pipe or bush, for instance the pipe of the hour wheel bearing the hour hand.
Carat (Karat) – Unit of gold fineness (and gemstone weight). Pure gold is 24k. 18k gold is 75% pure.
Carousel –Device similar to the tourbillon, but with the carriage not driven by the fourth wheel, but by the third wheel.
Carriage or Tourbillon Carriage –Rotating frame of a tourbillon device, carrying the balance and escapement. This structural element is essential for a perfect balance of the whole system and its stability, in spite of its reduced weight. As today’s tourbillon carriages make a rotation per minute, errors of rate in the vertical position are eliminated. Because of the widespread use of transparent dials, carriages became elements of aesthetic attractiveness.
Case – Container housing and protecting the movement, usually made up of three parts: middle, bezel, and back.
Center Second Hand –A sweep second hand, i.e. a second hand mounted on the center of the main dial.
Center-Wheel – The minute wheel in a going-train.
Ceramic – Used as a shield for spacecraft re-entering the earth’s atmosphere, high tech ceramic is polished with diamond dust to create a highly polished finish. Most popular found in black and white.
Champlevé – Hand-made treatment of the dial or case surface. The pattern is obtained by hollowing a metal sheet with a graver and subsequently filling the hollows with enamel. back to top
Chapter-Ring – Hour-circle, i.e. the hour numerals arranged on a dial.
Chime – Striking-work equipped with a set of bells that may be capable of playing a complete melody. A watch provided with such a feature is called chiming watch.
Chronograph – From the Greek words for time, chronos, and to write, graphein. Originally a chronograph literally inscribed the time elapsed on a piece of paper, with the help of a pencil attaché to a type of hand. We use the term today to describe watches that show not only the time of day, but also certain time intervals via independent hands that may be started or stopped at will as in the C4 Peregrine shown here. Stopwatch function that uses sub dials to keep track of second, minutes, and hours.
Chronometer – A chronometer is a high-precision watch capable of displaying the seconds and housing a movement that has been tested over several days, in different positions and at different temperatures, by an official neutral body (COSC). Each chronometer is unique, identified by a number engraved on its movement and a certification number given by the COSC. Each movement is individually tested for several consecutive days, in 5 positions and at 3 temperatures. Each movement is individually measured. Any watch with the denomination “chronometer” is provided with a certified movement. According to the Swiss law, a manufacture may put the word “chronometer” on a model only after each individual piece has passed a series of tests and obtained a running bulletin and a chronometer certificate by an acknowledged Swiss control authority, such as the COSC.
Circular Graining –Superficial decoration applied to bridges, rotors and pillar-plates in the shape of numerous slightly superposed small grains, obtained by using a plain cutter and abrasives. Also called Pearlage or Pearling.
Clasp – The attachment used to connect the two ends of the watch bracelet or strap around the wrist. Deployment Buckle – A three-folding enclosure, which secures the two ends of the bracelet and allows enough room for placing the watch on the wrist when fully deployed. When closed, the buckle covers the two-piece folding mechanism. Hook Lock – Two separate units each fitting on either end of the bracelet which allows the watch to be laid out. One end of the closure hooks onto the other to secure the two ends of the bracelet. Jeweller’s Clasp – A closure that is generally used on better bracelets. Also allows it to lie flat. Sliding Clasp – Also a hook type method but allows for easy sizing of the bracelet by sliding up. Twist Lock – A closure similar to Jeweller’s Clasp used on ladies jewellery bracelets.
Cloisonne – A kind of enamel work – mainly used for the decoration of dials – in which the outlines of the drawing are formed by thin metal wires. The coloured enamel fills the hollows formed in this way. After oven firing, the surface is smoothed until the gold threads appear again.
Clous de Paris – Decoration of metal parts characterized by numerous small pyramids.
Colimaconnage – Decoration with a spiral pattern, mainly used on the barrel wheel or on big-sized full wheels.
Column-Wheel – Part of chronograph movements, governing the functions of various levers and parts of the chronograph operation, in the shape of a small-toothed steel cylinder. It is controlled by pushers through levers that hold and release it. It is a very precise and usually preferred type of chronograph operation.
Complication – Additional “function” added to a watch, such as a, stop watch, countdown timer, minute repeater, altimeter, asthometer, pulsometer, calendar, moon phase indicator, split second chronograph, power reserve indicator, alarm, etc.
Corrector – Pusher positioned on the case side that is normally actuated by a special tool for the quick setting of different indications, such as date, GMT, full or perpetual calendar.
C.O.S.C. – Abbreviation of Controle Officiel Suisse des Chronometres (Official Swiss Chronometer Testing Institute) they test watches for several consecutive days, in 5 positions and at 3 temperatures. They either pass or fail the watch movement. If the watch passes it is certified as a “chronometer”. A maximum gap of -4..+4 seconds per day is tolerated.
Cotes Circulaires – Decoration of rotors and bridges of movements, whose pattern consists of a series of concentric ribs.
Cotes de Geneve – Decoration applied mainly to high-quality movements, appearing as a series of parallel ribs, realized by repeated cuts of a cutter leaving thin stripes.
Countdown Timer – A function that lets the wearer keep track of how much of a pre-set period of time has elapsed. Some countdown timers sound a warning signal a few seconds before the time runs out. These are useful in events such as certain kinds of races.
Counter – Additional hand on a chronograph, indicating the time elapsed since the beginning of the measuring. On modern watches the second counter is placed at the center, while minute and hour counters have off-center hands in special zones, also called subdials.
Crown – The grooved button on the outside of the case, used for setting the hands on a watch, and the day and date, where applicable. It is also used for winding the mainspring of a mechanical watch. The crown is also known as a winder or winding stem, the interface used to wind a mechanical watch and to set the time and/or calendar of a watch.
Crystal – The clean cover over the watch face. Three types of crystals are commonly found in watches: acrylic crystal, mineral crystal and sapphire crystal.
Cyclops – A lens on the glass/crystal to magnify the date.
Decorated Movement – Some watch movements come highly decorated, for example with Geneva Stripes and blued screws. Whilst decoration may not improve function, it often indicates a degree of hand assembly/finishing and an attention to detail in the construction of a watch. Some watches show off the decorated movement through the use of a display back
Deployment Clasp – Used to secure the bracelet or strap of a wristwatch, to the wrist. There are three basic types of clasps; fold-over clasp, jewelery clasp and butterfly-clasp (aka deploy ant/deployment buckle, hidden deployment/deployment buckle, hidden double-locking clasp).
Deployment Buckle – This refers to two curved strips of hinged metal on a watch with a strap that fastens the strap tightly to the wrist. It tends to be a feature of quality watches and inhibits a watch falling from the wrist should it come undone.
Depth Alarm – An alarm set to sound when the wearer exceeds pre-set depth. The alarm stops when the diver ascends above pre-set depth.
Depth Meter or Depth Sensor – A device on a divers’ watch that determines the wearer’s depth by measuring water pressure. It shows the depth either by analogue hands and a scale on the watch face or through a digital display.
Deviation – A progressive natural change of a watch’s rate with respect to objective time. In case of a watch’s faster rate, the deviation is defined positive, in the opposite case negative.
Dial – Face of the watch that generally displays hours, minutes, and date etc.
Digital – Watch that uses an LCD or LED to display a continuous reading.
Display Back – A case back that is transparent (normally glass/sapphire crystal) so that movement may be viewed. (Also called: clear, see-through, skeleton, exhibition)
Divers Watch – Designed especially for divers whose lives depend on the reliability of their watch in the water. A watch that is water resistant to 200M. Has a unidirectional rotating bezel and a screw-on crown and back. Has a metal or rubber strap (not leather). May have a sapphire crystal and possibly, a wet-suit extension.
DLC (Diamond like Carbon) – A coating that produces a grey/black finish that is highly scratch resistant and corrosion resistant. This type of coating is like PVD, but even harder.
Dual Time Zone – Tells the local time as well as time in another time zone. (Sometimes referred to as a GMT watch)
Ebauche – ( raw movement) unassembled movement, without escapement, balance, hairspring, or mainspring.
Eco-Drive – A name for a patented power mechanism found on some Citizen watches. This mechanism uses ordinary light to keep a rechargeable battery powered for watch operation. This technology is very sophisticated allowing some watch models to remain powered for up to 5 years in the dark. Watches with Eco-Drive technology will never need to have the battery replaced.
Elapsed Time Rotating Bezel – A graduated rotating bezel used to keep track of elapsed time. The bezel can be turned so the wearer can align the zero on the bezel with the watch’s seconds or minutes hand. After a period of time passes, you can read the elapsed time off the bezel. This saves you having to perform the subtraction that would be necessary if you used the watch’s regular dial.
Electroplating Process – Process of covering metal articles with a film of other metals. The article is immersed in a chemical solution; electric current (D.C.) flows through the solution from a piece of metal (anode) to the article (cathode), depositing metal thereon by electrolysis.
Endstone – Undrilled jewel, placed on the balance jewel with the tip of the balance-staff pivot resting against its flat surface, to reduce pivot friction. Sometimes used also for pallet staffs and escape wheels.
Engine-Turned – A surface decoration usually applied to the dial and the rotor using a grooving tool with a sharp tip, such as a rose engine, to cut an even pattern onto a level surface.
Equation of Time – Indication of the difference, expressed in minutes, between conventional mean time and real solar time. This difference varies from -16 to +16 seconds between one day and the other.
Equinox – The time when day and night are of equal length, when the sun is on the plane of the equator. Such times occur twice in a year: the vernal equinox on March 21st-22nd and the autumnal equinox on September 22nd-23rd.
Escapement – Is a mechanism made up of the escapement wheel, lever, and discharging roller, this acts to control the wheel movement and to provide pulses to pallets and thus the balance. It converts the energy of the mainspring into equal units of time. The escapement controls the amount of power released from the mainspring. The regularity is controlled by the balance and its spring. The escapement controls the rotation of the wheels and thus the motion of the hands. It is fitted at the end of the gear train and is designed to interrupt the movement of the wheels at regular intervals.
Exhibition Back – Same as a “skeleton” or “display” back.
Flange – Ring that the crystal sits on and separates it from the dial.
Fly-Back – Function that allows a chronograph to be reset to zero without having to stop the chronograph first.
Fold-Over Clasp –Hinged and jointed element, normally of the same material as the one used for the case. It allows easy fastening of the bracelet on the wrist. Often provided with a snap-in locking device, sometimes with an additional clip or push-piece.
Frequency – Number of vibrations a second or oscillations per second, in hertz (Hz) of a quartz watch. The number of vibrations per hour (VpH) of a mechanical watch.
Full Rotor – Automatic watches with rotors that travel 360 degrees in both directions.
Function – The same as a complication on a mechanical watch, but technically called a function on a quartz watch.
Gear Train – Made up of the going barrel, which drive the centre wheel. The centre wheel drives the third wheel then the 3rd wheel drives the second wheel. The second wheel drives the escapement wheel. It is the system of gears that transmits power from the mainspring to the escapement.
Geneva Seal – The quality seal the displays the City of Geneva coat of arms. Watches must meet a least eleven strict criteria to be awarded the Geneva seal.
GMT – GMT, or Greenwich Mean Time, is based on the globe being divided into 24 time zones as established in the London Meridian Conference of 1884. The zero meridian runs through the Royal Observatory in the London suburb of Greenwich. In contemporary watch terminology, GMT is often used to describe a wristwatch that displays a second time zone or a 24hour indication.
Gong – Harmonic flattened bell in a steel alloy, generally positioned along the circumference of the movement and struck by hammers to indicate time by sounds. Size and thickness determine the resulting note and tone. In watches provided with minute-repeaters, there are often two gongs and the hammers strike one note to indicate hours, both notes together to indicate quarters and the other note for the remaining minutes. In more complex models, equipped also with en-passant sonnerie devices, there may be up to four gongs producing different notes and playing even simple melodies such as the chime of London’s Westminster Clock Tower or ‘Big Ben’ as it is commonly known.
Grand Complication – A Grand Complication is a combination of complications but it must have a perpetual calendar with or without moon phase indication), a split-second fly back chronograph and a minute repeater. Manufactures quite often include many other complications as well.
Guilloche – A surface decoration usually applied to the dial and the rotor using a grooving tool with a sharp tip, to cut an even pattern onto a level surface.
Hairspring – The (or balance spring) is attached to the balance and cock, and made of metal alloys. Its length determines the amount that the balance regularly oscillates: the shorter the spring the faster the watch runs. It returns the balance wheel back to a neutral position.
Hallmark – A mark stamped into the case of the watch to provide information about the degree of purity of the metal used, the country of origin, the country of origin, the year of manufacture, the identity of the case’s maker, trademarks, reference numbers, and/or serial numbers.
Hammer – Steel or brass element used in movements provided with a repeater or alarm sonnerie. It strikes a gong or bell(s).
Hand – Watches generally have three hands for seconds, minutes, and hours. They come in many different shapes: Pear, Breguet, Baton, Arrow, Skeleton, Luminous, Alpha, Dauphine and more.
Hand-Wound Watch – A watch that receives energy by hand winding the crown sometimes called a mechanical movement.
Helium Escape Valve – A helium escape valve is required for divers who spend a long time in hyperbaric chambers and breathe helium enriched gas. Helium molecules are much lighter than air and can therefore penetrate most watches. When a pressurized enclosure, such as a diving bell, surfaces and is depressurized the helium rushes out of the watch so quickly that the crystal on the watch pops out. To avoid this, the helium escape valve releases this helium from the watch while resurfacing. The helium escape valve allows helium to escape without water entering the watch.
Hexalite – An artificial glass made of a plastic resin. Back in the 1960’s, many watches used either mineral glass or acrylic crystals. These are not difficult to scratch, but very inexpensive to replace. Now though, most all luxury watches use the highly scratch resistant synthetic sapphire crystals, there are some styles/brands that use the Hesalite (a name brand of fine acrylic crystal). The reason for this is directly related to the watch’s certification for use in space or in high stress/impact situations. While sapphire crystals are less prone to scratching, they can be shattered. When shattered, they break into tiny fragments that would be hazardous in some environments. So the Hesalite crystal is maintained on some specific models as a safety feature.
Horology – Science of time measurement, including the art of designing and constructing timepieces.
Incabloc – Incabloc is a shock-absorber system which help prevent damage from shocks to the balance pivots. Thanks to a retaining spring system, it assures an elastic play of both jewels, thus absorbing the movements of the balance-staff pivots when the watch receives strong shocks. The return to the previous position is due to the return effect of the spring. If such a system is lacking, the shock forces exert an impact on the balance-staff pivots, often causing bending or even breakage.
Index – Instead of a number, a marking indicating the hour and/or minutes.
Internal Bezel – A bezel inside the watchcase usually with a separate or additional crown.
Jewels – In the mechanical watch and some quartz watches, jewels are used as bearings for those parts of the movement subject to constant motion. They are not valuable at all in the monetary sense but they are valuable in aiding the precise running of a watch over a long period and reducing wear. It is a fallacy that the more jewels the better the watch. A basic hand wound mechanical usually comprises 17 jewels, which in the main is the optimum count. Automatics may require more for the winding mechanism itself. To minimise friction , the hardened steel tips of a movement’s rotating gear wheels (called pinions) are lodged in synthetic rubies (fashioned as polished stones with a hole) and lubricated with a very thin layer of special oil. These synthetic rubies are produced in exactly the same way as sapphire crystal using the same material.
Jumping Hour – A display in which the hour, shown through an aperture, instantly changes every 60 minutes.
Kinetic – Refers to the Seiko line of Kinetic watches. This innovative technology has a quartz movement that does not use a battery. Movement of the wrist charges a very efficient capacitor which powers the quartz movement. Once the capacitor is fully charged, men’s models will store energy for 7-14 days without being worn. Ladies models store energy for 3-7 days. Of course, if the watch is worn every day the capacitor is continually recharged. The watch alerts the owner to a low capacitor charge when the seconds hand starts to move in two second intervals. Some of Seiko’s Kinetic Watches have See-Thru CaseBacks, that use a clear, Hardlex crystal watch back to enable the wearer to view the kinetic movement.
Kinetic Auto Relay – A Seiko Kinetic Auto Relay watch is powered by human movement, however when it senses inactivity for three days, it puts itself into suspended animation to conserve energy. It can be re-activated with a few shakes of the wrist. It automatically resets itself to the exact time after to up to four years of dormancy.
Lap Timer – A chronograph function that times segments of a race. At the end of a lap a push button stops the time and then returns to zero to time the next lap.
Leap-Year Cycle – Leap or bissextile years have 366 days and occur every 4 years (with some exceptions, Calendar, Gregorian). Some watches display this datum.
Line – Ancient French measuring unit maintained in horology to indicate the diameter of a movement. A line equals 2.255mm. Lines are not divided into decimals; therefore, to indicate measurements inferior to the unit, fractions are used.
Liquid Crystal Display or LCD – A digital watch display that shows the time electronically by means of a liquid held in a thin layer between two transparent plates. All LCD watches have quartz movements.
Lubrication – To reduce friction caused by the running of wheels and other parts. There are points to be lubricated with specific low-density oils such as the pivots turning inside jewels, the sliding areas between levers, and the spring inside the barrel which requires special grease, as well as numerous other parts of a movement.
Lug – (same as horn) Part of case where bracelet or strap is attached.
Luminous Paint – Self-illuminating paint that is put on the hands and markers to read the time in low light situations. Super Luminova is the most popular type of luminous paint.
M – Indicating the depth of water resistance (200m) shown on the back of a watch case -see meter
Main Plate – The base plate on which all other parts of a watch movement are mounted.
Main Spring – The driving flat-coiled spring of a watch contained in the barrel, supplies power. The mainspring, located in the spring barrel, stores energy when tensioned and passes it on to the escapement via the gear train as the tension releases. Today, mainsprings are usually made of Nivaflex, an alloy invented by Swiss engineer Max Straumann in the early 1950’s. This alloy basically comprises of iron, nickel, chrome, cobalt and beryllium.
Manual Winding – A hand wound mechanical watch.
Manufacture – Most experts agree that the term, which is from Latin and means “made by hand”, should be used for a company that manufactures at least one calibre, or extremely important parts of it such as the base plate, on the premises. While ten years ago this constituted only a handful of companies in Switzerland and Germany today’s competitive market has forced a number of others to invest in developing their own movements. ETA is without doubt the largest.
Marine Chronometer – A highly accurate timepiece enclosed in a box that is used for determining the longitude on board a ship. A marine chronometer is mounted on gimbals so that they remain in a horizontal position to maintain their precision.
Meantime – The mean time of the meridian of the Greenwich Observatory, considered the universal meridian, is used as the standard of the civil time system, counted from midnight to midnight
Mechanical Movement – Is a movement with a balance wheel. Wound by hand or rotor. Dates back to the 14th century about 130 parts, or over 500 for the most complicated watches.
Meter (M) – A measurement used to measure water resistance. (10m= 33.3ft= 1ATM= 1BAR)
Military Time or 24hr Time – When time is measured in 24-hour segments. To convert 12-hour time into 24-hour time, simply add 12 to any p.m. time. To convert 24-hour time into 12-hour time, subtract 12 from any time from 13 to 24.
Mineral Crystal or Mineral Glass – Watch crystal that has been tempered (heat treated) to increase its hardness and scratch resistance.
Minute Repeater – Mechanism indicating time by acoustic sounds. Contrary to the watches provided with en-passant sonnerie devices, that strike the number of hours automatically, repeaters work on demand by actuating a slide or pusher positioned on the case side. Repeaters are normally provided with two hammers and two gongs: one gong for the minutes and one for the hours. The quarters are obtained by the almost simultaneous strike of both hammers. The mechanism of the striking work is among the most complex complications
Moon Phase – Displays: new moon, first quarter moon, full moon, and last quarter moon by means of a disk that rotates beneath a small aperture. The 29 and 1/2 day cycle of the moon. However, the difference of 0.03 days, i.e. 44 minutes each month, implies the need for a manual adjustment every two and a half years to recover one day lost with respect to the real state of moonphase. In some rare cases, the transmission ratio between the gears controlling the moonphase are calculated with extreme accuracy so as to require manual correction only once in 100 years.
Mother of Pearl – Iridescent, milky interior shell of the fresh water mollusc that is sliced thinly and used on watch dials. While most have a milky white lustre, mother-of-pearl also comes in other colours such as silvery grey, grey blue, pink, and salmon.
Movement – The entire mechanism of a watch. Movements are divided into two great families: quartz and mechanical; the latter are available with manual or automatic winding devices.
Nivarox – Trade name (from the producer’s name) of a steel alloy, resisting magnetization, used for modern self-compensating balance springs. The level of this material is indicated by the numeral following the name in decreasing value from 1 to 5.
Non Screw Locked Crown – Easier to set than a screw locked crown, but it is less water resistant.
Palladium – An Assayed and rare, lustrous metal that is whiter than platinum and slightly harder. It is part of the platinum group of metals. Palladium is tarnish resistant, electrically stable and resistant to chemical erosion as well as intense heat. It has been recently classed as a precious metal by all the UK assay offices
Perpetual Calendar – extremely elaborate complication that keeps track of the day, month, date, and sometimes even the moon phase, zodiac signs, decade, century, and which adjusts for the length of the month and for leap years. (Accurate until 2100)
Pinion – A toothed wheel usually made of steel with a small number of teeth.
Platinum – One of the rarest precious metals as well as one of the strongest and heaviest.
Pointer Calendar – Hands point to the date as opposed to appearing in an aperture.
Polished Finish – Brilliant meal surface obtained on the watchcase with a fine abrasive.
Power Reserve – In its purest sense, used to refer to how long a watch will run once fully wound. Thus a watch with a power reserve of 48 hours should run for that period. Often used to describe a watch, which has a power reserve indicator on the dial (usually a small pointer hand and a relevant scale).
Precision – Accuracy rate of a watch, a term difficult to define exactly. Usually, a precision watch is a chronometer of which accuracy-standard is certified by an official watch-rating bureau.
Pusher, Push-Piece or Push Button – Mechanical element mounted on a case for the control of specific functions. Generally, pushers are used in chronographs, but also with other functions.
PVD – Abbreviation of Physical Vapour Deposition a method of coating watch cases by integrating titanium particles and then depositing gold for colour. (Usually comes in black finish)
Quartz – A natural or synthetic silicon dioxide crystal used in quartz analogue or solid state digital watches when activated by a battery or solar power, the thin silver of the crystal very predictably vibrates at an extremely high frequency (32,768 times per second) step motor, electric circuit block. Timekeeping’s technical revolution found its way to the world’s wrists in the late 1960’s. This was principally a Swiss invention (the first working quartz watches were made by Girard-Perregaux and Piaget in a Swiss joint venture) but it was the Japanese firms, primarily Seiko, who were the first to see the advantages of the new technology and came to dominate the market. The quartz movement uses the famously stable vibration frequency of a quartz crystal subjected to the electronic tension (usually 32,868Hz) as its norm.
Quartz Movement – A movement powered by a quartz crystal. Quartz crystals are very accurate. They can be mass produced which makes them less expensive than most mechanical movements which require a higher degree craftsmanship.
Quick Set Date – Mechanism to set the date directly to avoid having to turn the hands over 24 hours.
Rattrapante – Used to describe the split seconds chronograph (see Fly back), which has two seconds hands sitting atop one another. On depression of a third chronograph button (most have two), the fly back hand will stop in order to measure say, a lap time; repressing this button with cause the fly back hand to fly back to the other seconds hand which has remained in motion. Addition of a second hand to measure split times. (Also called split-second chronograph.)
Regulating Unit – Made up by balance and balance spring, governing the division of time within the mechanical movement, assuring its regular running and accuracy. As the balance works like a pendulum, the balance spring’s function consists of its elastic return and start of a new oscillation. This combined action determines the frequency, i.e. the number of vibrations per hour, and affects the rotation speed of the different wheels. In fact the balance, by its oscillations, at every vibration (through the action of the pallets), frees a tooth of the escape wheel (see escapement). From this, motion is transmitted to the fourth wheel, which makes a revolution in one minute, to the third and then the centre wheel, the latter making a full rotation in one hour. However, everything is determined by the correct time interval of the oscillations of the balance.
Regulator – Regulating the functioning of a movement by lengthening and shortening the active section of the balance spring. It is positioned on the balance-bridge and encompasses the balance spring with its two pins near its fixing point on the bridge itself. By shifting the index, the pins also are moved and, by consequence, the portion of the balance spring capable of bringing the balance back is lengthened or shortened by its elastic force. The shorter it is, the more reactive it tends to be and the more rapidly it brings the balance back and makes the movement run faster. The contrary happens when the active portion of the balance spring is lengthened. Given today’s high frequencies of functioning, even slight index shifts entail daily variations of minutes. Recently, even more refined index-regulation systems were adopted (from eccentric to micrometer screws) to limit error margins to very few seconds per day.
Retrograde –Said of a hand that, instead of making a revolution of 360º before starting a new measurement, moves on an arc scale (generally of 90º to 180º and at the end of its trip comes back instantaneously. Normally, retrograde hands are used to indicate date, day or month in perpetual calendars, but there are also cases of retrograde hours, minutes or seconds. Unlike the case of the classical indication over 360º the retrograde system requires a special mechanism to be inserted into the basic movement.
Rotating Bezel – A bezel that can be turned. Different types of rotating bezels perform different time keeping and mathematical functions
Rotor – Part of an automatic watch that winds the mainspring. A flat piece of metal swivels on a pivot with the motion of the wrist. Its rotation continually winds the mainspring of the watch. It turns freely in both directions and uses the force of gravity to win the mainspring.
Rubies – Ruby is a very hard stone now usually synthetic, which prevents the wear of gear train parts. Also called jewels.
Sapphire Crystal – Synthetic corundum crystal with a hardness second only to a diamond. Transparent sapphire is used for a scratchproof watch glass. Made of crystallizing aluminium oxide at very high temperatures. Chemically the same as natural sapphire, but colourless. It is hard and brittle so it shatters easier than plexiglass or mineral glass. 9 on a mohs scale, a diamond is 10. It is “grown” using a method invented by Auguste Victor Louis Verneuil in 1902 whereby a process that usually takes a thousand years to complete is accelerated to just a few hours, hence the use of the term synthetic. Unsurprisingly, sapphire crystal has become the material of choice to protect the dials of all high end modern wristwatches
Scale – Graduation on a measuring instrument, showing the divisions of a whole of values, especially on a dial, bezel. The scales mostly used in horology are related to the following measuring devices: tachometer (indicating the average speed), telemeter (indicating the distance of a simultaneously luminous and acoustic source, e.g. a cannon-shot or a thunder and related lightning), pulsometer (to calculate the total number of heart beats per minute by counting only a certain quantity of them). For all of these scales, measuring starts at the beginning of the event concerned and stops at its end; the reading refers directly to the chronograph second hand, without requiring further calculations.
Screw Down Crown – Seals the crown against the case to prevent water penetration.
Screw Balance – Before the invention of the perfectly weighted balance by use of a smooth ring, balances were fitted with weighted screws to get the exact impetus desired. Today a screw balance is a subtle sign of quality in a movement due to its costly construction.
Second Time-Zone Indicator – An additional dial that can be set to the time in another time zone. It lets the wearer keep track of local time and the time in another country simultaneously. See also GMT and world time.
Sector – A circular sector, also known as a “pie piece” ,is the portion of a circle (or dial) enclosed by two radii.
Self-Winding – A watch whose mechanical movement is wound automatically. A rotor makes short oscillations due to the movements of the wrist. Through a series of gears, oscillations transmit motion to the barrel, thus winding the mainspring progressively.
Shockproof or Shock-Resistant – Watches provided with shock-absorber systems (e.g. Incabloc) help prevent damage from shocks to the balance pivots. Thanks to a retaining spring system, it assures an elastic play of both jewels, thus absorbing the movements of the balance-staff pivots when the watch receives strong shocks. The return to the previous position is due to the return effect of the spring. If such a system is lacking, the shock forces exert an impact on the balance-staff pivots, often causing bending or even breakage
Shock Absorbers – Spring devices in balance wheel bearings that divert shocks away from the fragile pivot to the sturdier parts of the balance staff. The springs allow the balance wheel to return to its original position after shocks.
Shot Blasting – A satin finish obtained by using tiny glass pellets, one or two microns in diameter.
Skeleton Movement/Dial – Movement on a watch where the plates have been removed or trimmed so that you can see the gears and other parts.
Skeleton Watch – Visible movement through crystal on the front and back.
Slide Rule Bezel –A rotating bezel that is printed with a logarithmic scale and assorted other scales and is used in conjunction with fixed rules of mathematics to perform general mathematical calculations or navigational computations.
Solar Powered – Batteries are recharged via solar panels on the watch face. (Citizen ECO-Drive)
Split-Second Chronograph – A split seconds chronograph or rattrap ante (catch up in French) or doppelchrono (double chrono is German) has two seconds hands, the first push starts both hands together, the second push stops one hand while the other continues, and another push allows the stopped hand to catch up with the moving seconds.
Spring Bar – A spring loaded metal bar mounted between the case lugs used to attach the strap or bracelet.
Stainless Steel – A very durable metal alloy consisting of steel, nickel, and composed mainly of chromium. It is virtually rustproof. It is also antimagnetic and used in most watch case manufacture.
Stem – The Axel that connects to the movement’s winding mechanism, the crown is normally fitted on the opposite end.
Stop Second – Same as hacking crown, which can be pulled out to set the seconds on a watch accurately.
Stopwatch – A watch with a seconds hand that measures intervals of time. When a stopwatch is incorporated into a standard watch, both the stopwatch function and the timepiece are referred to as a (chronograph).
Sub Dials – Extra dials or registers.
Super-Luminova – A photo-luminescent non-radioactive material with a long period of phosphorescence. It reaches up to 100 times the brightness of Tritium. Tritium was the original, radioactive, substance used to coat hands, numerals and hour markers on watch dials to make reading the time in the dark possible.
Sweep Second Hand – Second hand that moves smoothly without starts and stops.
Swiss Made – Legally protected indication of Swiss origin. Under terms of the Swiss Federal Council ordinance of December 23, 1971, it can apply only to watches with: -Swiss Movement -Assembled in Switzerland -Final inspection must be done in Switzerland
Swiss Movement – In order for a watch to state that it has Swiss Movement it must: -be assembled in Switzerland -be tested in Switzerland -have 50% of the parts from Swiss origin
Tachymeter or Tachometer – Instrument for measuring speed over a measured distance. A racing car covers 1 mile in 30 seconds. The sweep second hand, when stopped at the end of the mile, would point to the 120 on the tachymeter. The average speed in 120mph. For example, the wearer could measure the time it takes a car to pass between two mile markers on a road. When the car passes the second marker, the second hand will be pointing to the car’s speed in miles per hour on the tachometric scale.
Telemeter – Stopwatch or chronograph function with a scale that measures the distance of something from the wearer of the watch through the amount of time it takes for sound to travel.
Thermo-compensation – Quartz watches split time by exploiting the electromechanical phenomenon known as Piezoelectricity. When a continuous electrical current runs through it, the quartz crystal starts resonating at a constant frequency. Crystal oscillators for watches are manufactured to vibrate at 215Hz (32,768 Hz), a frequency that will then be halved 16 consecutive times by a processor to obtain the second (unit of time). The problem with quartz crystals is that they are easily affected by temperature: they tend to vibrate faster in heat and slower in cold. As a consequence, quartz watch can have between -10 to +15 sec. variations per month. Bearing in mind that mechanical watches can variate by -10 to + 15 sec. per day, the quartz oscillator is still far more accurate than the anchor escapement found in mechanical watches. The solution ETA engineers found was to add a thermometer that constantly feeds information to the processor, allowing it to compensate for errors caused by temperature. As a consequence, movements using this technology can be accurate to -10 to +15 sec. per year.
Tidegraph – Tides are the periodic rise and fall of the water of oceans, seas, bays and other bodies of water caused mainly by the gravitational interactions between the Earth, Moon and Sun. Tides rise and fall about every six hours. The tide graph indicates tidal movement based on the Moon’s transit over the meridian and the lunitidal interval. (Also called Tide Function)
Time Zone – The world is divided into 24 time zones spaced at intervals of 15 degrees in longitude. The zones start at 0 with Greenwich. Within each time zone, the hour and minute of the day is defined to be the same. Time zones are usually specified by the number of hours they differ from GMT. EST is GMT 5 hours.
Titanium – Titanium is an environmentally friendly, natural metal that is 40% stronger and 30% lighter than stainless steel. It is hypoallergenic because it is nickel-free. It is perfect for water sport enthusiasts as it is extremely resistant to salt water and other forms of corrosion and able to withstand extreme temperatures. Many titanium watches are further enhanced with a glass coating for increased scratch resistance.
Titanium Carbide – A black treatment, like DLC, it is very scratch resistant, and it is harder than PVD.
Tonneau – Particular shape of a watchcase, imitating the profile of a barrel, i.e. with straight, shorter, horizontal sides and curved, longer, vertical sides.
Tourbillon – A technically demanding device invented by Abraham Louis Breguet in 1801 to compensate for the interference of gravity on the balance of a pocket watch, thus improving its rate. In a tourbillon (from the French word for whirlwind), the entire escapement is mounted on an epicyclic train in a “cage” and rotated completely on its axis over regular periods of time, usually once a minute. This superb horological highlight, whilst being completely unnecessary for a wristwatch, is seen as a sign of technological know-how in the modern era.
Tritium – Slightly radioactive material that collects light energy and is used to coat hands, numerals, and hour markers on watch dials in order to make reading the time in the dark possible. Watches bearing tritium must be marked as such, with the letter T on the dial near 6 o’clock. It is gradually being replaced by nonradioactive materials such as Superluminova and Traser due to medical misgivings and expected governmental regulation of its use.
Two-Tone – A term use to indicate that a watch has both “silver” and “gold” tone colour which may or may not be genuine gold or silver.
Uni-Directional Bezel – An elapsed time rotating bezel, often found on divers’ watches, that moves only in a counter clockwise direction. It is designed to prevent a diver who has unwittingly knocked the bezel off its original position from overestimating his remaining air supply. Because the bezel moves in only one direction, the diver can err only on the side of safety when timing his dive. Many divers’ watches are ratcheted, so that they lock into place for greater safety.
Universal Time – The mean solar time of the Greenwich meridian, counted from noon to noon, Often confused with the mean time notion.
Variation – In horology the term is usually referred to the variation of the daily rate, i.e. the difference between two daily rates specified by a time interval.
VPH – (Vibrations per Hour) movement of a pendulum limited by 2 extreme positions. The balance of a mechanical watch generally makes 5 or 6 vibrations per second (18,000-21,600 per hour.) A high frequency watch makes 8-10 vibrations per second (25,200/28,800/36000/43,200 per hour) the higher the number the smoother and more accurately the watch will run. (Same as BPH “beats per hour”)
Water Resistance – The ability of a watch to withstand water from entering the case. Water resistance is generally measured in four ways, where (1 ATM = 1 BAR = 10 METRES = 33.3 FEET). Usually measured in increments of one atmosphere (atm or bar, equal to 10 metres of water pressure) or metres and is often noted on the dial or case back. Swimming or snorkelling require 5 atm whilst scuba diving needs 20 atm to be sure. The record is held by The Hydromax by Bell & Ross which was developed for professional deep sea diving and is resistant to 11,100 metres!
Wheel – (or pinion) circular part revolving an axis to transmit power or motion. Centre wheel, front wheel, hour wheel, minute wheel, third wheel, transmission wheel.
Window – Aperture in the dial, that allows reading the underlying indication, mainly the date, but also indications concerning a second zone’s time or jumping hour.
World Time – Additional feature of watches provided with a GMT function, displaying the 24 time zones on the dial or bezel, each zone referenced by a city name, providing instantaneous reading of the time of any country.
Zone – Small additional dial or indicator that may be positioned, or placed off-centre on the main dial, used for the display of various functions (e.g. second counters).
Zodiac – Circular belt with the ecliptic in the middle containing the twelve constellations through which the sun seems to pass in the course of a year.
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DO m<OU 166391 >m > QC 7] 73 ^ CD -< CO OSMANIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Call Mo. S CQ foil 3 d. Accession No. < Author Title This book should be returned on or Wore the date last marked below. To MARGOT " But that which relies on calculation and measurement will be the best element in the soul?" " Of course." 11 Then that which opposes it will be one of the beggarly elements in us? " Inevitably." PLATO, Republic. Christian Huygens CHRISTIAN HUYGENS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY By A. E. BELL. Ph.D., M.Sc. Head of the Science Department, Sandhurst Formerly Head of the Science Department, Clifton College, LONDON EDWARD ARNOLD & CO. COPYRIGHT First published 1947 Reprinted 1950 Printed in Great Britain by Sons Ltd., Guild ford and Es/ier PREFACE THERE can be no doubt that Christian Huygens was one of the greatest scientific geniuses of all time. A man who transformed the telescope from being a toy into a powerful instrument of in- vestigation, and this as a consequence of profound optical researches; who discovered Saturn's ring and the satellite Titan; who drew attention to the Nebula in Orion; who studied the prob- lem of gravity in a quantitative manner, arriving at correct ideas about the effects of centrifugal force and the shape of the earth; who, in the great work Horologium Oscillatorium, founded the dynamics of systems and cleared up the whole subject of the compound pendulum and the tautochrone; who solved the out- standing problems concerned with collision of elastic bodies and out of much intractable work developed the general notion of energy and work; who is rightly regarded as the founder of the wave theory in light, and thus of physical optics such a man deserves memory with the names of Galileo and Newton, and only the accidents of history have so far prevented this. It might be argued that Robert Hooke, who like Huygens was influenced by Descartes 's teachings, is of equal stature and showed as much inventive genius and intuition. In the extraordinary range of their activities there is some similarity. The overwhelming difference lies in the fact that Huygens was a great mathema- tician and exponent of the quantitative method, whereas Hooke could never get beyond the first phase of a piece of work : that which led to the need of exact measurement and the discovery of mathematical relations. Having made this claim for Huygens, it is natural to ask how he compares with Newton. It is a question which arises from time to time in these pages, and one to which there is no epigrammatic answer. In some senses it was Huygens's greatest misfortune to grow up under the powerful influence of Descartes, who was a grfeat friend of his father, a frequent visitor to the 5 6 THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYCENS family, and master of at least one disciple who taught Huygens at the university. From Descartes too many of Huygens's hypotheses were taken, so much so that he might stand as the exact opposite of Newton, whose objection hypotheses non fingo he did so much to call forth. Looking at Huygens in this way it is easy to dismiss him as a " Cartesian ", one whose ideas were largely superseded after the publication of Newton's Principia. But this would be a serious mistake. If he could not so brilliantly see the way to extend the sphere of natural law to the heavens, perceiving that the task of science is not to disclose a mechanism so much as to arrive at laws, he neverthe- less did important work to prepare men of science for this modern attitude. If Newton owed nothing to Huygens, and he certainly owed exceedingly little, it is very probable that he was indebted in another way, for it may well have been the feeling of dissatisfaction with the position men like Huygens were reaching that drove Newton to make the new " instauration " Bacon had looked for a renovation of natural philosophy. The progress of scientific explanation may then be seen to be a process of leaving out redundant elements, of emancipation from imaginary qualities, until one arrives at the really successful procedure of abstraction. But Huygens was in all other senses an astoriishingly modern thinker, and he had the disposition which sets out to face things as they are which marks the man of science as much as does the possession of specialized knowledge. As a scientific researcher he was the first of a new profession, and this permanent occupa- tion with science brought its own characteristic attitude of mind. Colbert, Louis XIV's energetic and shrewd minister, subsidized scientific investigation for the first time in history when he obtained pensions for Huygens and the other scientists who formed the nucleus of the Academic Royale des Sciences. Of course Colbert had his eyes on commercial as much as on intellectual advances. Considering his jealousy of Dutch com- merce Colbert was indeed fortunate to get as an ally of French power the most noted Dutch scientist of the age. It has indeed been a puzzling feature of Huygens's life that, having embraced French manners, delighting in the freedom that his position at the Biblioth&jue du Roi gave him, he could even so remain in Paris in his official position during the years when Louis waged war on the Netherlands, determined if he could to break the PREFACE 7 newly found independence of the Dutch for ever. More than this, Huygens in 1673 dedicated his magnum opus, the Horolo- gium Oscillatorium, to his royal patron. Huygens possessed a delicate constitution and was, it should be admitted, not of the stuff of which fighters are made. Like Pascal he suffered from frequent illness, like Spinoza there was a certain effeminacy about him. Again it may be argued that war in those days never concerned more than the limited class of professional soldier. If Huygens had quitted Paris the best he could have done towards the defence of Holland would have been to work in a diplomatic capacity as did his brother Constantin, or decipher codes as did the mathematician John Wallis in the civil war in England, or be killed like any ordinary soldier as was Gascoigne at Marston Moor. Men of the profes- sional class in those days were not expected to give up their activities, and there can be little doubt that Huygens's scientific work benefited greatly from his life in Paris. At home at Voorburg, near the Hague, he lived the life of a recluse with only this stimulus of his correspondence with Paris and London. The investigation of the physical world appeared to Huygens and to nearly all men of science to be something of such moment that all events in the social and political world were merely so many inconvenient interruptions. That this was so in the seventeenth century is evident from the way in which the meetings which led to the foundation of the Royal Society were carried on during the civil war. From the very beginning the men of science felt them- selves to be advancing the real causes of humanity and this longer view may well have been the one at which Huygens looked when, in 1672, he decided to remain in Paris. From birth Christian Huygens grew up under the strongest French influences. In Paris, as a young man, he evidently imbibed the fashionable ideas which in religion tended to agnosticism and in morals pointed the way to greater freedom. His seriousness forbade the lax immorality then current. " The beaux esprlts believed in God merely as a matter of courtesy and for reasons of state ", wrote Garasse, but while this might be true, the men of science, especially in England, kept their religion. Huygens stands in contrast with the other great scien- tists of his time and in closer resemblance with some of the encyclopaedists of the following century in that he turned away from Calvinism as from Catholicism. 8 THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS In spite of the evident growth of power politics and the existence of widespread corruption, the period of Huygens's life was one of extraordinary optimism among the men of science. Science was the last activity to come from the humanistic impulse and it was to its devotees the most dazzling discovery to be attributed to man's freedom. "... this is the age ", wrote Henry Power, " wherein all men's souls are in a kind of fermen- tation, and the spirit of wisdom and learning begins to mount and free itself from those drossie and terrene Impediments where-with it hath been so long clogg'd . . . This is the age wherein (methinks) philosophy comes in with a Spring-tide ..." The greater minds of the period were less confident over the in- evitability of progress; Huygens in particular was especially cautious when asked to compare his own times with the age of Pericles. But a cruder spirit came to be associated with the men of science of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. At least one modern writer has, however, condemned the " false modern emphasis " on the bold confidence and rebellious energy of the Renaissance, and has pointed out the amount of pessimism in English seventeenth century literature. On the Continent the inroads on religious belief seem in fact to have been more rapid than they were in England. Bishop Sprat, writing a defence of the Royal Society in 1667, believed that science would never undermine the socially acceptable beliefs of his time. He never dreamed that a "Universal Inquiry into things hitherto unquestioned " could have the unending consequences it has in fact produced. He obviously supposed, as did Descartes, though not Huygens, that the complete scientific account of the universe would in its essentials require the labours of only one or two generations of gifted intelligences. In these labours the experimentalists would, thought Sprat, have always before their eyes the " Beauty, Contrivance and Order of God's works ". As the Master of Trinity College has written, " God was to be praised by studying the plan of His creation, but no further attempt was to be made to fit the findings of science into the scheme of theology, as the schoolmen of old had striven so long and painfully to do." This was Newton's position, it was Boyle's, but it was not Huygens's. He alone among the men of science of his day found the temper of scientific enquiry alien to orthodox religious faith. As it was, both in France and England I here were divines who supported the plan of organized enquiry PREFACE 9 in natural philosophy. Liberal minded abbes and protestant bishops gave their approval to scientific research for the glory of God and the service of man. Occasionally the former tended to lose their nerve and clung then for stability to Descartes's " system ". The particular feature of Huygens's thought which was at the same time his strength and weakness was his concern for particular problems and his distrust of all speculative general- izations. This distrust he no doubt acquired during his study of Descartes's writings. His attitude towards Spinoza's ideas may be explained in this way, for it would otherwise have been expected that these ideas would have gained his sympathy, for Spinoza, of all great religious writers, has come nearest to expressing the scientific attitude to the world. But Huygens distrusted the system which Spinoza elaborated and no doubt for the reason that Spinoza sought to apply the Cartesian method. This method, Huygens saw, is unable to give us an understanding of nature, and he himself made great contributions to the new scientific method. The fact that he personally despised Spinoza seems to be explained by a sense of superiority which rested on social rather than on intellectual considerations. It was not, of course, a democratic age. In his scientific work Huygens was the greatest mechanist of the seventeenth century. He combined Galileo's mathematical treatment of phenomena with Descartes's vision of the ultimate design of nature. Beginning as an ardent Cartesian who sought to correct the more glaring errors of the system, he ended as one of its sharpest critics. The development in the seventeenth century of Dynamics and Astronomy beyond the stage of geometrical description demanded new inductive principles of correlation; the ideas of mass, weight, momentum, force, and work were finally clarified in Huygens's treatment of the phen- omena of impact, centripetal force and the first dynamical system ever studied the compound pendulum. In Astronomy Huygens explained the appearances of Saturn, until 1656 the greatest anomaly of the Copernican system. His eminence as an observer was due to the high quality of his telescopes and this, in part, resulted from his thorough theoretical researches on the problems first attacked by Kepler, Snell and Descartes. It is well known that physical optics practically took its rise from Huvgens's Traite de la Lumi&re. IO THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYCENS The growth of interest in the history of science may be con- sidered to be in a sense an outcome of the increasing specializa- tion of science itself. So much is commonly ignored in concen- trating on the discipline of science, that for education in the broader sense, when once the demands of life are allowed to supersede merely professional ones, something more is needed. Many have felt that the history of science may provide an im- portant humanistic element. A protest may here be made against the practice of inserting historical notes in scientific textbooks without regard for the conflict of old and modern ideas. Once a subject has become well developed, the logical and not the histor- ical method is to be desired, for so much of the earlier science can be properly understood only with a really adequate study. The great scientist of the past tends soon to appear a distant and indeed thoroughly dead sort of figure. The modern scientist to a large extent accepts his reputation on trust and has little time and often less inclination to read the original work. How many now read Galileo's Discourses or Newton's Principiaf It is other- wise in "art and in literature. If science is to become a more widely accepted means of education (in the sense of a form of culture) there is need of more works on its history. A modern estimate can do much to revivify the past and present these great men, its creators, in a clearer light. As an account in English of the work of Huygens this study is to be regarded as only a beginning. The Oeuvres Completes de Christiaan Huygens, published by the Societe Hollandaise des Sciences, comprise more than twenty magnificent volumes and contain all the material for a definitive work; beside them the present book must appear almost insignificant. It is greatly to be hoped that before long a large work on this great subject will be written by a scholar of the requisite stature. Writing as one whose training has been principally in chemistry the author has met with many difficulties in Huygens's works. It need hardly be said that they are properly to be studied by a mathematician, while the subject as a whole requires a combination of historian and Latin scholar, physicist and philosopher, which it must be rare to achieve. A.E.B. CLIFTON, 1947 CONTENTS Page PREFACE 5 PART I NOTES ON THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS . . . 13 PART II I. THE STATE OF SCIENCE IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 97 II. WORK ON COLLISION BETWEEN ELASTIC BODIES . 109 III. CENTRIFUGAL FORCE 117 IV. STATICS 124 THE TREATISE ON THE PENDULUM CLOCK : The Horologium Oscillatorium V. Part I. Construction and Use of the Pendulum Clock . . . . 127 VI. Part II. Oscillation in a Cycloidal Arc . . 136 VII. Part III. Evolutes and the Measurement of Curves 145 VIII. Part IV. The Centre of Oscillation of a Com- pound Pendulum . . . . 150 IX. THE CAUSE OF GRAVITY 161 X. HUYGENS'S OPTICAL STUDIES 165 XI. THE WAVE THEORY OF LIGHT . . . . 176 XII. SATURN 193 XIII. COSMOTHEOROS 2OO XIV. THE PLACE OF HUYGENS IN THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE 203 PERSONS MENTIONED 213 BIBLIOGRAPHY 217 INDEX 219 ii PLATES Christian Huygens frontispiece facing page I. Saturn reproduced from Huygens's MS 32 II. One of Coster's clocks 38 III. Huygens's Clock as the centre feature of a design showing scientific apparatus of 1671 56 IV. Members of the Academic Royalc dcs Sciences 58 V. Louis XIV at a meeting of the Academic 60 VI. Drawing by Huygens of his vacuum pump, 1668 162 PART I THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS CHRISTIAN HUYGENS has been a strangely neglected figure apart from the study he has rightly received in his native Holland. A man of the greatest scientific genius without any doubt, he was one in whom great sagacity and mathematical power went side by side with a feeling for elegance and form in the interpretation we make of Nature, so much so, that it is with- out surprise that we find he was devoted to music and the arts ajid was by no means the type of narrow research worker that later scientific studies did for a time produce, and still produce in some measure. Huygens was a professional scientist in an age when the boundaries of Science were scarcely drawn, and his interest lies as much in his general outlook as in his specialized studies. Huygens had not the religious feeling of a Spinoza or the sensitivity of a Pascal, nor was he a philosopher of the stature of Descartes or a mathematician of the rank of Leibnitz. In an age when the human mind was making great marches into the territory of natural philosophy, Huygens's energies were thrown now into the study of applied mathematics, now into optical researches or astronomy; and he managed somehow to pursue the most strikingly original researches in several subjects quite simultaneously, so that in his note-books matters of the most varied kind jostle one another in profusion, and a very large volume indeed would be needed to do justice to his labours. What is of chief significance to-day can be reduced to much smaller limits, and the reader who wishes for more must go to the great volumes published by the Societe Hollandaise des Sciences under the auspices of the Dutch Government. Here we are concerned rather to look back for a space on that interesting period in Europe between the death of Galileo in '3 14 THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS 1642 and the rise to fame of Newton, a period in which Huygens, in fact, stood unchallenged as the greatest man of science of the age. It has been remarked 1 that " In 1600 the educated English- man's mind and world were more than half medieval; by 1660 they were more than half modern ". And this remark need not have been limited to Englishmen. On the Continent also, about the middle of the century, a certain profoundly important change was becoming visible. It was, perhaps, in the years following 1670 that the break-away from authoritative teachings of Descartes as of the schoolmen became the feature of the really important scientific theories. Galileo and Huygens both struggled to make use of teaching they received in their youth, and both failed; they were each forced in some degree to rely on their own powers. Indeed, underneath all successful scientific work there lies a great deal of experiment in failure. One must read Dante, or toil over Thomas Aquinas, to get a picture of the universe as it was conceived by educated men in the Middle Ages. The sheer verbalism of all argument about the world repels and astonishes the modern reader, but there was an undeniable attractiveness in the notion of a Cosmos : the " idea of a hierarchically-ordered finite world structure ", a world in which all was made for man and consequently one in which clear and simple reasons existed why things are as they are. What we see as an appeal to objectivity must then have seemed to some to be pure obstinacy and blindness, for what the men of science really abolished was not so much an over-rational world structure as the appeal to feeling in the making of explana- tions. The new studies offered at first no more satisfaction than that which could be found in the agreement of theory with measurement. Nevertheless, scientific explanations did not get a reputation for their " inhuman " quality until the eighteenth century, when many physical theorems were generalized in abstract mathematical form. Early in the century Descartes worked out an ingenious and even aesthetically satisfying system which welded natural science on to the structure of a philosophical theory about the nature of matter and of space, and some reference to this system must be made in later pages. The chief point about Descartes's teaching, Douglas Bush : English Literature in the Earlier Seventeenth Century, THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS 15 if it were accepted, was that experiment and observation could soon be dispensed with and the human mind could rest satisfied with the knowledge it could gain through a rationale worked out by philosophers. So seductive was his reasoning, and so per- suasive the arrangement of the arguments, that both in France and England there were soon many ardent Cartesians who were distinguished by the ease with which they accounted (in a general way) for natural phenomena. Since space was supposed to be full of a " subtle matter " and this moved around each planet in a kind of vortex, it was easy to imagine various effects as resulting from the properties of this medium. And Huygens was himself for many years a Cartesian. The essays produced by Descartes were a flirtation with the mathematical treatment of observations begun by Galileo, only they went far further and cast the human mind in great voyages of imagina- tion further, in fact, than it was yet ready to go. It is always an interesting question, therefore, how Huygens came to be a strong critic of Cartesianism, and on the other hand, why he rejected Newton's treatment of gravitation and even at the end of his life had not thrown overboard the whole Cartesian apparatus. Of all the events in Huygens's life when one would give much to know what happened, there is an occasion of which one gets only a faint glimpse: Huygens and Newton getting into a stage coach at seven o'clock on a July morning in 1689, to go from Cambridge to London, Huygens was then sixty and his zeal and lively curiosity were unabated; Newton was forty-seven, and every- where acclaimed as the author of the magnificent Principia though it had to be confessed that only a handful of men really knew what it was all about. Huygens had left Holland in poor health in order to see Newton and to visit old friends among the English men of science. But all that can safely be connected with this meeting is the fact that Newton subsequently produced a further study of the Cartesian vortices and, on the other hand, Huygens began to object to Leibnitz's use of them. As the coach rolled on its way to London, it may be that Huygens was turn- ing over in his mind the final objections to any further develop- ments of Descartes's ideas. His own work had led far in this direction and the end of it all seemed to be that Descartes's ventures in physics had been pure romance, " un beau roman de physique " as Leibnitz himself concluded. Or is such conjecture too dangerous? Huygens, with his only moderate English and 16 THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS his weakness for a picturable sort of explanation may have made little of a taciturn Newton; he recorded nothing of interest from the meeting. II Unlike Newton, Christian Huygens came of a family which had already shown genius. His father, Constantin, was extra- ordinarily brilliant; a poet, student of natural philosophy, classical scholar and diplomat, he typified the conception of culture at its best at the beginning of the century. As secretary to the Prince of Orange, Frederick Henry, he must be considered important in the guiding of the country through difficult times. In this, however, his own father, an earlier Christian, stood as an example, for he had been secretary to William the Silent in the eventful years after 1578. This Christian was a native of the Southern Low Countries, while his wife, Susanna Hoefnagel, was of Antwerp, though at the time of her marriage a protestant refugee from Amsterdam. The two sons, Maurice and Constantin, were born in troubled times, the latter on September 4th, 1596, at the Hague. The last quarter of the sixteenth century saw the indepen- dance of the seven northern provinces of the Netherlands regained after an eighty years' struggle with Spanish power. In the South, Spain and Catholicism continued to dominate; in the North, religious and political liberation occurred together and there grew up a deep mistrust of all hierarchial powers; even the doctrines of Luther were rejected because they acknowledged the authority of the State in religion. A new Calvinist common- wealth now existed, and its rise has been described in the pages of Motley's Rise of the Dutch Republic. The assassination of William the Silent, in 1584, came after he had accomplished his great task for he had, as Motley says, " planted a free common- wealth under the very battery of the Inquisition in defiance of the most powerful empire existing ". It is interesting to look back at these important events which came close to the life of the Huygens family. When Maurice of Nassau was engaged in defeating the Spaniards in the open field, Constantin Huygens, father of the scientist, was receiving a care- ful and thorough education as a boy. This Huygens showed quite a distinction in mathematical work but all the influences THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS 17 of his life were in the direction of the courtier and diplomat. He was often at the court of Louise de Coligny, the widow of William the Silent, and he accordingly spoke French from boy- hood. He completed a course of Law at Leyden University and then was introduced at twenty-one to the life of diplomacy. This Huygens became by far the most well-known member of the family up to the mid-seventeenth century. His all-round culture has been mentioned, and he did in fact become known all over Holland, and in England, as a latinist and poet, as an amateur of music and painting, and as a student of philosophy. He was, besides, a close friend of Descartes and, at length, best known of the leaders of contemporary thought in the Republic : " no Dutchman commanded a more European culture; no Dutchman was more thoroughly Dutch ". After their first meeting, Descartes wrote of him " . . . despite what I heard of him, I could not believe that a single mind could occupy itself with so many things and acquit itself so well of them all ". Christian Huygens's father, then, was a man of outstanding ability and brilliance and he was very well known in England. He studied at Oxford for a time and became an intimate friend of John Donne. He played the lute at the court of James I, and in 1622 received an English knighthood. Nor was this brilliance a mere glitter, the effect produced by a versatile and fashionable courtier. Constantin Huygens corresponded for years with Descartes, with Mersenne, the great intermediary of men of science of that time, with Diodati, a friend of Galileo, and with many well-known mathematicians, notably Schooten the elder. In his MSS. have been found notes on Euclid's propositions and records of his study of optics. When Golius succeeded Snell at Leyden, Constantin Huygens recommended him to apply him- self to optics. "The consequences of the law of refraction [formulated by Snell in 1621] have not been sufficiently studied by anyone," lie wrote. He himself is said to have attempted to grind lenses to the forms proposed by Descartes the surfaces being of elliptical or hyperbolic section instead of spherical. Descartes had concluded that such lenses would be free from spherical aberration but Huygens (or the skilled mechanic employed by him) found the work impossible with the ordinary tools then used. His indirect influence in scientific work was undoubtedly of greater significance : without his encouragement Descartes might never have published his Dioptrique. The 18 THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS philosopher was induced to overcome his well-known hesitancy only through the efforts of Constantin Huygens and Mersenne. This versatile man of letters and diplomat in 1627 married his cousin, Susanna van Baerle, daughter of a wealthy merchant of Amsterdam and by all accounts an intelligent and cultivated woman. The children of this marriage, which must interest geneticists, were Constantin (1628), Christian (1629), Louis and Philip, the last of whom died young, and Susanna. In 1637, after only ten years of married life, the mother of this family herself died. Another cousin took over the care of the family, which removed to a newly built country house at Voorburg, close to the Hague. Here, when he had recovered from the death of his wife, Constantin received officers of the French army, French diplomats and men of letters. Here Descartes himself made occasional visits and remarked on the prowess of young Christian in mathematics, a study in which he complained he saw no great progress. Descartes spent a good deal of time in Holland and did much of his more important work in the quiet of the country. Even in Holland, however, he did not feel sufficiently secure to bring out his treatise Le Monde and it was not until 1637 that his Discourse on Method appeared. But it is easy to imagine the great influence of Descartes on the intellectual family at Voorburg in those years just succeeding the publication of the famous Discourse. The work itself shows the appeal of Descartes's mode of argu- ment and, to a generation who read and sympathized with Campanula's Defence of Galileo, it must have seemed that Descartes was indeed the apostle of intellectual freedom. Campanella's tract, composed in a Neapolitan dungeon in 1616, was printed at Frankfurt in 1622, and during the next thirty years it was widely read by educated men all over Europe. Its courageous stand for freedom of enquiry and for the truth of the Copernican theory was a source of inspiration. For it is clear that a generation which could revere Galileo did so because their minds were alreadly partly prepared by earlier critics of Aristotle: Benedetti, Stevinus and others. In Campanella there was a vigour and boldness which recalled Giordano Bruno. Bruno and Campanella held that there are an infinite number of worlds, and if in Descartes's writings this doctrine as well as that of Copernicus was taught with great caution there can be no doubt THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS 19 that this was through circumspection. Descartes was a cautious man but very probably in conversation he was bolder. Constantin Huygens was extremely proud of his two eldest sons, who early showed intellectual brilliance. They were taught at home by a private tutor until Christian was sixteen. This education included singing, playing the lute, and the composi- tion of Latin verses. Like Newton, as a young boy Christian loved drawing and the making of mechanical models on which he spent much labour and ingenuity. So much so that his tutor felt misgivings; such practical work was after all an inferior and even a dubious sort of occupation for a young man of family and position. From the beginning, however, Christian showed promise of great skill in geometry while his brother, Constantin, excelled rather in literary compositions. Descartes was much impressed with some very early work of Christian's and he saw that great things might be expected from this rather serious boy with the rather pale face and the large dark eyes. Christian was rather delicate and by nature gentle, and his sensitivity seemed almost feminine to his father, who seems to have been fortunate in possessing an unflagging and exuberant vigour, quite different in character from his son. Characteristically enough, the first experiments of the youth- ful Christian were in mathematics, and this is typical of him, for he rarely ventured publications on other than abstract and some- what theoretical subjects. But the influence of a cultured and enlightened society remained with him, and his interests, early determined, lasted unchanged all his life. In 1645, when he was sixteen, Christian and his brother entered the University of Leyden. Here they studied Mathe- matics as well as Law, the younger Schooten, a protege of Descartes's, then being professor. Schooten was an able mathematician and Christian acquired the reputation of being his best pupil. Mathematics was a subject which included what we would now call mechanics and, for example, in Stevin's Hypomnemata, a work in six volumes, there are discussions of centres of gravity, levers, simple machines and hydrostatics. Christian's father was clear about the supreme importance of mathematical training. In 1644 Descartes had published his Principia, a bold attempt to reduce all the changes of Nature to mechanistic processes and he, it was well known, exalted the study of the subject. Radical changes were taking place in men's 2O THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS ideas and during his time at Leyden Christian lived in an atmosphere of intellectual ferment. The ideas of Descartes were hotly contested by the Aristotelians and to such an extent that in 1646 and 1647 the university almost became a battlefield. Un- fortunately, there are only scanty records of Huygens's reactions to these experiences. Regarding Descartes's Principia he many years later remembered the deep impression it made on him. " It seemed to me when I first read this book, the Principia, the first time," he wrote, " that everything in the world became clearer and I was sure that when I found some difficulty that it was my fault that I did not understand this thought. I was then only fifteen or sixteen years old/' Descartes's ideas were strongly represented in Holland. Renier, one of his disciples, taught Cartesian philosophy at Leyden for a time and later went to Utrecht. Here 'he had great influence and was followed by Regius, one of his own pupils. Aristotelian philosophy was associated with the Jesuits and nowhere more than in northern Holland was their influence more strongly re- sisted. Nevertheless, even in Holland, freedom of thought was not absolute and only a few years previously the Aristotelians had scored notable victories by arousing suspicion as to the religious consequences of Descartes's teachings. Cartcsianism owed its wide appeal to the ned felt for a new celestial mechanics after the acceptance of the ideas of Copernicus. This, apparently, Descartes's theory supplied. Moreover, Aristotle's outlook in natural science was in the main teleological. It was felt that if the guiding principle of teleology were abandoned some way of expressing the determinism of events must be found. On this point Descartes's analysis proved less sound but his system as a whole was ingenious and even aesthetically satisfying. In 1647, after two years at Leyden, Christian Huygens joined his brother at the College at Breda. This college, founded by Frederick Henry, seems to 'have achieved a temporary fame but it came to an end during the century. Descartes seems to have taken some interest in the place and certainly the forces of Aris- totelianism were there unable to challenge the new philosophy. John Pell, an Englishman, taught mathematics and was a man of quite high reputation. It was fortunate that, after Schooten, Huygens had so able a teacher. As soon as Huygens's period at Breda was completed he made a number of journeys, first going to Denmark in the company of THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS 21 the Count of Nassau-Siegen and later, with Constantin, to Frisia, Spa and Rome. When in Denmark it was a great disappointment to him that the weather made it impossible to reach Stockholm for Descartes was then living at the court of Queen Christina. Travel and a thorough education were, however, not the only elements which made up the pattern of Christian's early years. Most important, perhaps, of all was the correspondence he took up with Pere Mersenne, who was next in importance to Des- cartes among his father's acquaintance in the centre of the learned world. Duhem has described Mersenne as a man of in- satiable curiosity and the exuberant imagination of the artist. He was at this time the great intermediary for scientific com- munications between the chief centres of experiment. He popu- larized much of Galileo's work and did much to thrash out those fundamental notions on which seventeenth century mechanics was based. Men like Descartes, Gassendi, Fermat and Pascal met together at the cell of the Minorite father in Paris and this group has been described as the origin of the Academic Royale des Sciences. Mersenne was indeed a remarkable man, for he retained the esteem of both Church and the scientific world ; "... he did not believe all his religion," Pineau wrote to Rivet, " he was one of those who are glad enough to see church service done . . . he dared not often repeat his breviary for fear of spoiling his good Latin." He was not himself a great originator. Pascal possessed for mathematical and scientific work all the qualities which Mer- sennet lacked: a profound penetration, logical rigour, critical acuity, but Mersenne saw clearly which problems then mattered most and Huygens was indebted to him for many of the subjects of his early researches. Aristotle, whose mechanics was the weakest part of his natural science, had supposed that heavy bodies fall towards the centre of the earth because this is their " natural " place. The heavier a body is, the faster it moves towards the earth. If it were to fall through a hole passing through the centre of the earth it would come to a standstill on reaching the centre. As early as 1585 Bene- detti had protested against this. He saw, in a general way, that the inertia of the mass would carry it past the midpoint and that it would in fact oscillate after the manner of a pendulum bob. Stevin, with greater certainty than in the case of Galileo, is known to have experimented by dropping large and small weights simultaneously and showing that they reached the 22 THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS ground together. Galileo made a more thorough examination of naturally accelerated motion and calculated the distances tra- velled in successive seconds by a freely falling body. Mersenne, in an early letter to Huygens, questioned if in fact the mass did not in some way determine the limit of the velocity which could be imparted. Huygens explained that his objections were all based on observations of air resistance and gave such an able ex- position of what is now termed Newton's first law of motion that Mersenne gave him ungrudging praise : " I assure you that I think so highly of your demonstration concerning falling bodies that I believe Galileo would have been delighted to have you as his follower/' Mersenne went on to set Huygens the problem of finding the form taken up by a rope hanging from its two ends which are fixed at the same height and some distance apart. Huy- gens did not solve this mathematical problem until he recurred to it late in life but he studied the disposition of weights along the rope which would give it a parabolic form. He also became interested in Mersenne's famous problem of determining the centre of percussion of suspended bodies. This most important problem was given its first general solution by Huygens many years later. Young Huygens was delighted with these letters, which he received " with joy and avidity ". His father noted with approval the penetration with which young Christian, then only seven- teen, tackled problems then exercising the world's foremost men of science. In December 1646 Christian wrote that he was occu- pied with problems of centres of gravity and with modern de- monstrations of some of Archimedes' propositions on the sphere and cylinder a remark which illuminates the nature of his early training " but nothing yet concerning centres of percussion of which you recently wrote. However, I shall not fail to do all that I can to find the demonstration although, up to the present, it seems to me to surpass my ability . . ." Mersenne acknowledged that he also could not see how a single rule could satisfy the variety of figures for which the centre of percussion (or of oscil- lation) was required. The problem was that of finding a formula which would make it possible to calculate for any suspended body the length of the simple pendulum which would have the same period of oscillation. An experimental solution could, of course, be found but this was not acceptable as an answer. It is at first sight surprising that a grert deal of interest should be THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS 23 aroused by so academic a problem. This was because the prob- lem was one concerning a dynamical system (as opposed to a single mass) and it was obvious that a new approach was needed. Problems of this sort led to the development of the calculus by Newton and Leibnitz. Huygens, however, obtained a solution in advance of either of them, although it was without the use of their modern methods. Some interesting matters are discussed in the correspondence of Mersenne and the elder Constantin Huygens. Christian, because of his precociousness, is sometimes referred to as a mod- ern " Archimedes ". Mersenne wrote about the new work of the young Pascal, then twenty-five, the problem of the nature of the vacuum, the development of the telescope and the most recent astronomical observations. There was a widely accepted belief that a true vacuum is contrary to nature and this made it very necessary to explain the well-known experimental results obtained by Viviani and Torricelli in 1643. The followers of Descartes were in obvious difficulties because Descartes rejected the atomic doctrine and with it the notion of a void. Since Gassendi was reviving, at least in part, the atomic doctrine of Epicurus and considered it a profound philosophical necessity that a vacuum should be possible, this apparently recon- dite and academic matter aroused vigorous controversy. Galileo attributed the more or less constant height of the barometer to an equilibrium between the weight of the column of liquid and an attractive " force " acting upwards. This force was, of course, quite an illusion. Torricelli and Viviani verified that the relative heights of liquid which could be supported in a baro- meter tube varied inversely with the densities and in 1644 Torri- celli really gave the correct explanation based on the pressure of the atmosphere. Four years later Pascal's explanation of the behaviour of the barometer was put forward, after the experiment carried out for him on the Puy-de-D6me in September 1648, but his views were by no means universally accepted. Quite a litera- ture was produced in disproof of the existence of the vacuum and even Constantin Huygens, who confessed himself most anxi- ous to " penetrate all the mystery ", found the new explanation very contrary to his inclinations, which were all for Cartesianism. It is important to realize the fascination which all but a few critical spirits found in Descartes's natural philosophy (see p. 109). Tn a sense, of course, Cartesianism was anti-scientific. At a time 24 THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS when the trend of natural philosophy was in the direction of empiricism, Descartes emphasized the great limitations of the empirical method. While he scorned scholastic logic he con- sidered that mere empiricism was futile and that his discovery of analytical geometry illustrated the true method by which physi- cal problems of all kinds involving motion in space could be attacked. He believed that the way was open to reduce all phe- nomena to the terms of geometrical description. From the pos- tulates of space and motion, without any assumptions as to the innate properties of matter, he hoped, by successive applications of his intuitive method to isolated problems, to build up an account of all the phenomena of the Cosmos. The a priorism of Descartes's method is thus anti-scientific. On the other hand it must be remembered that Aristotelian science was concerned with logical rather than spatial relations. Descartes, on the other hand, has been well described by the remark that he was " the author and prophet of mechanism". With Galileo he asserted the belief that the laws of Nature are both simple and open to dis- covery. The danger for a youthful student such as Huygens was that Descartes paid too little regard for what have been called " stubborn and irreducible facts " and that he strayed too far from the path of scientific work in undertaking to heal the schism between the natural and the revealed. In the famous vortex theory of the Principia Philosophize (1644) Descartes supposed all space to be filled with a " subtle matter " which moved with the planets in their paths. He made brilliant play with this medium and used it to work out plausible explanations of gravity and magnetism as well as the action of the barometer. Light was treated as an action or as an inclination to move, possessed by the particles of the subtle matter. From this explanation, comparable with the idea of pressure in a liquid or of impact amongst panicles in motion, Descartes attempted to derive the laws of reflection and refraction. The same spirit was shown in the mechanical explanations offered in the Meteors : atmospheric phenomena and the rainbow were given explanations based on known or partly known scientific prin- ciples. In the Principia Philosophise Descartes dealt, among other things, with the nature of matter and the general laws of motion. The whole of this "system" rested on insecure foundations and there was a temptation to ignore small but " stubborn and irre- ducible facts " which did not fit in. Since a perfect vacuum was THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS 25 something to which Descartes denied existence the Torricellian space in a barometer tube was supposed to be filled with the Cartesian subtle matter which, like the ether of the nineteenth century scientists, penetrated almost everywhere. A crucial ex- periment was performed in which a sealed and empty bladder was placed in an evacuated tube. The fact that the bladder expanded was explained by Huygens as due to a small amount of residual air: Roberval, an original and controversial writer, also con- sidered the experiment disproved rather than supported the Cartesian theory. Mersenne died in September 1648, but his influence on Huy- gens had been important. Although he was no great physicist or mathematician he stimulated the criticism of ideas; he was, for example, strongly opposed to Descartes's well-known treatment of animals as automata. In the years between 1648 and 1657 Huy- gens, from being a youthful admirer of Descartes's philosophy, became more and more critical. He wrote frequently to his old teacher Schooten and to the mathematician Slusius about Des- cartes 's demonstrably false laws of impact between elastic bodies. The laws, he wrote, did not agree with any experiments and the fifth law conflicted with the second. Before 1656 he had com- pleted his own important work on the subject (see p. 109) but some twelve years elapsed before he communicated his conclu- sions to contemporary men of science. The complete treatise, De Motu Corporum ex Percussione, was not published during his lifetime. The first published work of Huygens came out, however, as early as 1651, when he was only twenty-two. This was his Cyclo- metrise, a treatise written to show up the fallacies of the mathe* matician Gregory de St. Vincent committed in a book of 1647 where Gregory had claimed to have developed no less than four different ways of " squaring the circle ". The task of replying to Huygens's serious objections was left to certain pupils, and notably to Ainscom. The result was considerable prestige for Huygens, for he was seen to have proved his case. The larger work, De Circuit Magnitudine Inventa. which appeared in 1654, it is safe to say, assured him of a place amongst the leading mathematicians of the day. He was hailed as the reborn Vieta and compared with Pappus and Apollonius, two giants of classical Greek geometry. The comparison was, in fact, not inept. In the years following 1652 Huygens spent a lot of time on re- 26 THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS ducing to algebraic analysis problems which Archimedes, Nicho- medes, and other Greek mathematicians had been able to solve only through geometry. Without these early studies it may be doubted if Huygens could have succeeded in the great problems he was later to tackle. Before the death of Mersenne Christian had hopes of going to Paris in the company of his father, but the idea was post- poned. In 1649 came the first of two revolts by the nobility against the rule of Anne of Austria and Mazarin during the minority of Louis XIV. Until 1653 t " ie situation continued to be uncertain; twice Mazarin was a fugitive, Anne was hunted from Paris and the monarchy was in jeopardy. The rebellious nobility were in league with Spain and the times were not propitious for the Huygens' visit. Not until 1655 was the long-projected visit made. The intervening five years were spent chiefly on Huygens's early researches, interrupted only by another journey to Den- mark and some time spent in the Low Countries. Huygens's important work on telescope construction dates from these days. The first telescopes were made in Holland early in the century, but they were very imperfect and it is remarkable that observa- tions such as those of Galileo were ever made with such instru- ments. The task of improving the telescope occupied Huygens throughout his life and in this he was encouraged by his father and had, from time to time, the skilful collaboration of his elder brother. By means of his own telescopes Huygens made his important observations on Saturn and a copy of a letter written at this time bears two rough sketches, one of Jupiter and the other of Saturn showing appendages. The contents of the letter do not relate to these matters and the date of the draw- ings is uncertain. The discovery of Saturn's ring cannot be put earlier than February or March 1656. Before he went to Paris in July 1655, however, Huygens had made the interesting discovery of a satellite of Saturn. The study of this anomalous planet whose irregular contour was such a mystery was continued by his brother Constantin in his absence. The fertility of Huygens's mind at this period was truly astonishing and it can be matched only by comparison with Newton. Fundamental research in pure and applied mathema- tics, optical studies including important work on the theory of lens systems, the invention of an improved eye-piece for the astronomical telescope, and to crown the practical side of his THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS 27 work, the discovery of Titan, all belong to this period of his life. Yet there was a curious weakness in this energetic mind, a flaw implanted perhaps by Descartes's brilliant philosophizing. For the man of science who was himself a few months later to discover Saturn's ring seems to have concluded that, with the discovery of six planets and six satel- lites, the human mind had reached the limits of the solar system. This preoccupation with numbers reminds one of Kepler and shows how persistent were old currents of thought. In 1655 Louis XIV was only seventeen and France continued to be governed by Mazarin. The second "Fronde" was at an end but this disorder and scramble for power left its results, abortive though it had been. The conditions were precisely those which could not but impress Louis with the need of becoming master and his reign from 1661 onwards was characterized by the great- est absolutism. For a son of a noted Dutch diplomat and man of letters young Huygens remained extraordinarily aloof from the turmoil of events. His habits soon became those of a scholar and at twenty-six there was a marked vein of seriousness in his pursuits. During his five months in Paris, however, he revelled in the opportunities of pursuing the arts as well as the sciences. Music, the drama, and the society of intellectual and artistic people made life in the capital extremely interesting. At the country house of Conrart, the protestant secretary of the French Academy, he met Jean Chapelain, a mediocre but popular poet and a man of cultivated tastes, and Marie Perriquet, an attractive young woman who seems to have shown interest and some ability in scientific problems. The comic dramatist Scarron, the astron- omer Boulliau and the philosopher Gassendi were also among his new acquaintance. Gassendi was at this time an old man. It is not clear how much Huygens could have been directly influenced by the philo- sopher on the occasions when they met, but his indirect influence on Huygens and several other men of science was considerable. Gassendi was at that time an important, perhaps the most im- portant, opponent to Cartesian teachings. His objections, more- over, reflected the influence of Galileo: logical deductions for 28 THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS him were useful only so long as they did not conflict with the physical facts. For Descartes mathematical and logical deduc- tions could be valid irrespective of verification from experience. The fact that this appears to us an impossible and irresponsible attitude must be attributed to the influence of Gassendi, Huygens and Leibnitz as well as of Newton in the history of thought. Even in a more detailed way, however, Gassendi had an im- portant influence on Huygens. He held an atomic theory which was later developed by Boyle and with this went a belief in scientific materialism. To Descartes's " cogito ergo sum " he objected that existence might be inferred from any other action besides thinking. Unfortunately Gassendi's name has become linked, not only with the revival of atomic doctrines, but also with the doctrine of mechanism. As a matter of fact Gassendi did not take up this extreme position. The atoms of bodies, he held, were not eternal or unproduced or moving of their own accord a problem which he seems to have viewed with the same perplexity as we feel now for the rotation of nebulae. God, for Gassendi, was the creator and first cause, He was over and above the physical world. From 1653 up to his death in October 1655 Gassendi lived at the house of Habert de Montmor, a wealthy amateur of the sciences, who gathered together at his house, 7 rue Vieille du Temple, many who had formerly met at the cell of Mersenne. This " Montmorian Academy " was an important forerunner of the Academic Royale des Sciences. As in London and in Florence, an informal gathering of men, free from the " systems " of the universities, committed to no philosophy save that of enquiry, founded the modern organization of scientific work. Besides en- quiring into new phenomena something was done to conserve the past. Gassendi wrote a life of Tycho Brahe and Copernicus. It is worth noting that he preferred the cosmology of the former to that of the latter. His pupil, the poet Chapelain, took a keen interest in the progress of scientific studies and formed a strong friendship with young Huygens. Chapelain knew little science or mathematics but his zeal was great and he assisted Sorbi&re, permanent secretary to the Montmorian Academy, to draw up its rules and maintain its foreign correspondence. Chapelain's letters to Huygens, after the latter's return to the Hague, show that he kept his master's atomic doctrines to the fore and con- scientiously maintained a critical attitude towards Cartesianism. THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS 19 After Gassendi's death in 1655, in fact, his place in Chape- Iain's life was taken by the newcomer Huygens. Unfortunately, the death of Gassendi was the beginning of a series of troubles for Montmor. First he lost his child and then his wife fell ill; finally, when she was recovering, his sister died. These misfor- tunes brought to an end, temporarily, the meetings held at his house. There may have been other reasons, for Gassendi's assist- ant, de la Poterie, and Huygens disliked each other, and Pierre Petit and Thevenot were hostile to Sorbiere. Numerous petty squabbles occurred and marred the work of the " Academy " for a period. Nor were other societies in Paris more successful. Thevenot later started discussions at his own house (in 1663) but these ended in 1664 because of the expense, part of which was incurred by keeping the mathematician, Bernard Frenicle de Bessy, and the anatomist, Steno, at his house. Groups supported for a time by Henri Justel or the Abbe Bourdelot suffered no better. It was through experience of this sort, as will be seen, that leading amateurs of science were brought to the conclusion that the Government should be responsible for the maintenance of a permanent academy. At the time when Huygens first visited the Montmor group there was, as usual, little contact with the Sorbonne. Some of the university teachers attended meetings, but perhaps as much out of suspicion as out of sympathy. The ecclesiastical authority of the university colleges felt itself challenged by Cartesianism, and Gassendi's views were no more popular. Nevertheless, a rational- ist sect existed within the Church and this was not wholly opposed to new ideas in natural philosophy. Among its supporters the writings of Du Vair and Descartes were in- creasingly popular. But the support of neither the Jesuits nor their opponents the Jansenists was of any value for the cause of science. Huygens enjoyed the meetings of the Montmor group and was anxious to prolong his stay in Paris. From the mathemati- cians he learned of problems on probability which occupied Fer- mat and Pascal about this time. It is of interest that his own little treatise on the subject, written after returning to Holland, became a classic. Before he left France he told Boulliau and Chapelain of his discovery of Saturn's satellite and the latter urged on him the importance of publishing the details. Huygens obviously wished to settle the problem of the ring first; he was 30 THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS pleased at the discovery that already his telescopes were as good as any that were to be had in Paris. IV In 1610 Galileo made a number of important telescopic observ- ations. In January he found that Jupiter had four satellites; in July he made out the appearance of Saturn as consisting of "three spheres which almost touch each other, which never change their relative positions, and are arranged in a row along the zodiac so that the middle sphere is three times as large as the others ". In the same year he distinguished separate stars in the Milky Way and saw the phases of Venus. His work left the Copernican theory in a much stronger position but certain unresolved doubts still remained. This " tri-spherical " form of Saturn for example was something completely anomalous. Were these outer spheres a peculiar type of moon? On the Copernican theory it appeared probable that other planets besides Jupiter would be found to possess satellites. This is where Huygens's work commenced. At the age of twenty-six he made a search for satellites of Venus and Mars, but in vain. Turning his own twelve-foot telescope on Saturn, it appeared to him much as it did to Galileo. The nature of the lateral bodies or appendages could not be distinguished. Leaving this problem on one side, however, Huygens at eight o'clock in the evening 'of March -25th, 1655, noticed a small star very near the line passing through the planet and its appendages or " anses ". His suspicions that this would prove to be a satellite were strengthened during the following days, for the position of the star altered. After a few weeks Huygens decided that the period of the satellite (Titan) was sixteen days and four hours. This discovery, as has been mentioned, was made before Huy- gens went to Paris in July. No doubt several of Montmor's group discussed with him the puzzling problem left by Galileo. Heve- lius, the noted astromer of Danzig, confirmed the planet's pecu- liarities, his telescope being not much better than that of Galileo. Huygens recognized that everything depended on improving the instrument. The diverging eyepiece of the Galilean telescope restricts the field of view and Scheiner, about 1630, successfully made the first instrument having two or three convex lenses. Telescopes of this type have a better field of view but are more THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS 31 subject to the defect of chromatic aberration, a matter not then understood. Huygens went to the lens maker Mocchi while he was in Paris and learnt all he could from him. When he returned to the Hague he worked continuously on lenses, trying amongst other things to produce a hyperbolic or elliptical surface, but both proved too difficult. He succeeded, however, in building a larger telescope having twice the magnifying power of his twelve-foot instrument and this enabled him to study Saturn more closely. In the winter months of 165556 great progress was made to- wards solving the problem. Instead of the " tri-spherical " form he was able to distinguish a sort of band passing across the middle of the planet and drew it in the form : A slightly later drawing of Saturn showed it in the form : It is difficult to imagine what his conjectures were at this point. A new twenty-three foot telescope with the best lenses he could make was assembled with all speed and this was in use after Feb- ruary ipth, 1656. With this instrument the planet appeared much more distinctly and he at last made a drawing of it showing it surrounded by a ring : The drawings he made show that he was struggling to gain a clearer image and only by degrees became certain about what he could see (cf. p. 194). During an interval between June and October the planet was 32 THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS not clearly visible but Huygens already felt confident that his observations had only one interpretation: Saturn is sur- rounded by a thin ring of matter slightly inclined to the ecliptic. This idea was concealed in an anagram published in his De Satitrni luna abservatio nova, which came out in the spring of 1656. When disentangled the anagram reads "Annulo cingitur, tenui, piano, nusquam cohaerente, ad eclipticam inclinato," viz. : " It is encircled by a ring, thin, plane, nowhere attached, inclined to the ecliptic." From his correspondence it is clear that he was confident of his conclusions as early as February of that year. The use of anagrams was common in those days. Huygens adopted the device so as to give an opportunity for other astron- omers to bring their own discoveries to the light of day " so that it may not be said that another has borrowed from us, or we from him ". The method was superseded with the growth of scientific periodicals. In this instance, Roberval, Hevelius and one Hodierna all came forward with their own announcements. Hevelius alone produced anything of importance. His Disser- tatio de Natura Saturna Facie (1656) contained in fact a complete theory for the observed periodicity in the phases of Saturn. He cannot have seen the planet clearly for he supposed it to be ellip- soidal and not spherical in form; also there were two appendages physically attached to its surface. Roberval put forward the theory that Saturn is surrounded by a " torrid " zone. From this equatorial zone " exhalations " were ejected and these were supposed to be transparent except when present in great quantities. The periodicity in the phases was ignored. Even more remarkable was Hodierna's account of Saturn. His theory that the planet had the form of an egg or plum having two dark patches deserved careful verification, Huy- gens caustically remarked. Certainly such an appearance called for study by a better telescope than one of a magnification of five! Bouliiau was unable to see the satellite Titan and this made Huygens suspect the quality of his telescope and for this reason to trouble little about Boulliau's criticism of the ring theory. It mattered rather more when Wallis, the English mathematician, wrote to say that the English had forestalled him. This, however, proved to be a practical joke by Wallis, who otherwise is known only for the seriousness of his pursuits. 1 However, the details 1 See notes on Wallis and others (p. 212). PLATE I Saturn Reproduced from Huygens's MS. THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS 33 of the ring continued to give Huygens, as he said, " no little trouble ". The difficulty was to fix the interval between the phases and calculate the future appearance of the planet. At the end of 1657 Huygens was able to inform Boulliau of the confirmation of his theory. " On the ifth of December I saw Saturn with my big telescope for the first time after it had passed the sun and was delighted to find it exactly in the form I had predicted according to my hypothesis." He went on to say that the ring appeared a good deal larger since its last occultation " so that now the sky can be seen through it ". At the crowded assembly of Mommor's circle Chapelain pre- sented a detailed account of Huygens's studies of Saturn. The planet was in all other respects normal: it traversed an orbit around the sun and its axis of rotation was almost parallel with that of the earth. The axis was always perpendicular to the plane of the equatorial ring. The solid and permanent nature of the ring could be clearly perceived. Twice in thirty years the sidereal period of the orbit the ring appeared to vanish since it was viewed edge on. The company was a distinguished one and general praise was forthcoming for the young astrono- mer's discovery. Even Roberval paid him a generous tribute and retracted an earlier suggestion that Huygens was indebted to him for his ideas. He still maintained, however, that his own theory was to be preferred. Huygens wrote that the ring was without doubt a great novelty and one to which " in the rest of the universe there appears to be no parallel ". In June 1659 his book Systema Saturnium appeared. Copies of the little treatise were sent to Paris and to Prince Leopold de Medici, to whom it was dedicated. The prince was a great supporter of science and founder of the Accademia del Cimento. Influenced by Boulliau, who sent him criticisms of the hypothesis, however, Leopold hesitated to express his opinion of Huygens's work and it was only after a considerable delay that he acknowledged its importance. Of the noted astronomers of the day, Hevelius, Boulliau and Riccioli did not accept Huy- gens's account of Saturn's ring. To this day no-one seems to have recognized the importance of Huygens's theory that the ring would be stable under uniform gravitational attraction assum- ing mechanical resistance to fracture. He did not state that the gravitational force kept the ring in rotational stability but he did suggest that Saturn's gravity extended to the ring. G 34 THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS It was as a comment on Copernicanism that Huygens intended his book to be read. The nature of gravity was, he insisted, the same for all the planets. A stationary ring of uniform thickness would, then, be in equilibrium. No further evidence could well be expected. There are other interesting matters in the work, but these will be discussed later. What concerns us here is that the severest attacks which were made on the Systema Saturnium were made for religious and not scientific reasons. It is curious that after a period of tolerance the Catholic Church became bitterly opposed to Copernicanism in the seventeenth century. In 1615 the Holy Congregation had declared all books of Coper- nican doctrine to be condemned and prohibited. Chapelain cer- tainly expected trouble and wrote that it was surprising that the hypothesis of the movement of the earth was allowed to pass in Holland. Pre Honori Fabri, a Jesuit, and an astronomer, Eustachio Divinis, were foremost in their antagonism to Huy- gens. These critics found it necessary to impugn not the argu- ments advanced by Huygens but his very observations. This drew a sharp reply from Huygens in his tract Antidivmis, but the controversy dragged on until Huygens was well established in Paris in 1666 and will need a further account later. The name of Fabri is obscure enough now. Nevertheless, under the name of his friend and pupil, Mousnier, appeared one or two inter- esting attempts to develop mechanics. The trouble was that Fabri possessed the outlook of an Aristotelian, for he wished to deduce the mathematical laws of dynamics from principles of natural philosophy. So deeply rooted was this habit of mind at this time that considerable feeling was frequently roused by ideas which rested on an entirely different attitude. In France the authorities of the theological college of Paris University tried to get decrees issued in defence of Aristotle's philosophy and against the new heresies as late as 167 1. This ridiculous situation was treated to a sarcastic burlesque by the playwright Boileau, who thereby did much to wreck the scheme. Later, a more eclectic outlook existed; Cartesianism entered the Sorbonne itself. Between 1655 and 1660 Huygens spent much time on the invention of an accurate pendulum clock. The significance of THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGEN3 35 this invention in the history of science is that it marked the new interest taken in time as a dimension. We shall see that Huygens effectually began the study of dynamics. One reason why the history of mechanics up to his time was really the study of statics was undoubtedly the tendency resulting from the neo- Platonic revival of the sixteenth century which coincided with the decline in Aristotelianism. This tendency was to reduce most physical problems to geometry. But the absence of accurate time measurement was undoubtedly another reason. Galileo, it will be remembered, used a water clock in his experiments on acceler- ation over the inclined plane. Very probably it was in the first place Huygens's early enthu- siasm for astronomy which led him to tackle the problem of the pendulum clock. Balance clocks existed, of course, from much earlier times, probably from the thirteenth century, but they were crude and unreliable machines. Tycho Brahe used one in conjunction with his mural quadrant and corrected for its errors by comparison with the sun. The measurement of the time of passage of a star across the meridian could be used to replace the measurement of its meridian altitude, this being a more difficult measurement and rendered uncertain through the absence of reliable corrections for the atmospheric refraction. Also, as a member of a seafaring nation, Huygens could not have failed to know that an accurate clock would afford the simplest method of determining longitudes at sea. This question seems to have interested him more after he had made his first clock. His first publication, Horologium, a short treatise describing the application of the pendulum to the escapement, appeared in 1658 but the invention was known to his friends some two years earlier. Unfortunately a controversy arose through the claim made by Leopold de Medici that the priority for the in- vention belonged to Galileo. Roberval and a Paris clockmaker, Thuret, also claimed that they had anticipated Huygens. The whole history of the pendulum clock has in fact been obscured by various energetic contestants. In 1598 the King of Spain offered a prize of one thousand crowns for a means of finding longitudes at sea and this was followed by an offer of ten thousand florins by the States General of the Netherlands. Now Galileo is said to have discovered the approximate isochronism of a simple pendulum in 158 1 . He him- self, in 1636, offered to the States General a method of determin- 36 THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS ing longitudes based on the telescopic observation of the occultations of the moons of Jupiter. It was proposed to publish an almanack of the eclipses of these moons and to use a " numeratore del tempo " to measure the time intervals. This instrument, from all accounts, was merely a simple pendulum maintained swinging by hand and fitted with a completely im- practicable mechanism for counting the swings. Admiral Read's committee did well to reject the " invention ". It is quite possible that in 1637 Galileo came across Leonardo da Vinci's drawing for a clock regulated by a pendulum. It was in this year that da Vinci's manuscripts were given to the Biblioteca Ambrosiana at Milan by Galeas Arconati and the donor is known to have been at pains to bring his treasure to the notice of contemporary men of science. Galileo in this year became blind after a long period in which his eyes were diseased but he had around him Viviani, Torricelli and his son Vincenzio. Viviani, writing to Leo- pold in 1659, described from memory how Galileo discussed with his son the construction of a pendulum clock. The date given was 1641. Whether Vincenzio ever completed its construction is not known. It is certain that Huygens knew nothing about the design until after the publication of his Horologium in 1658. A copy of this was sent to Leopold de Mediei, who replied guardedly, pointing out that Galileo had had the same idea. As against the theory that Galileo was indebted in any way to da Vinci it needs to be mentioned that the design commonly attributed to Galileo differs somewhat from that shown (though rather imperfectly) in da Vinci's note-books. Huygens's design differs from that of Galileo and was, in fact, closer in prin- ciple to that of da Vinci. It was in the records of the Accademia del Cimento of 1662 (published in 1667) that the implication of Huygens's plagiarism was really blazoned abroad. Here it was stated that Vincenzio had put his father's design into practice in 1649. No details were given and the illustration simply showed a drum-shaped clock mounted horizontally on a vertical pedestal. From the under- neath side of the drum hung something resembling a simple pendulum, the mode of attachment of which had to be imagined. It is obvious that a simple pendulum would be useless, since it is impossible to give an impulse to the thread and pre- sumably a thin iron rod was intended. Nevertheless, Matteo Campani stated that he saw the clock constructed by Vincenzio THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS 37 " an antique and rusty machine not at all complete " and Leopold's letters certainly suggest that such a clock was in existence, though whether it conformed to the diagram is not known. The clock was never forthcoming and it has generally been supposed that Viviani pressed the whole case for Galileo out of a desire to honour his master. Nevertheless, the evidence does seem to indicate that Galileo did precede Huygens in achieving the successful application of the pendulum to the escapement, but that the complete clock was constructed is exceedingly doubt- ful. Probably da Vinci was the first to have the idea and still more probably Huygens was the first to carry it through to fruition. In a later chapter it will be shown how astonishingly thorough in every particular Huygens's work was; so completely did he clear up the theoretical and practical problems that he is in a real sense the father of modern time-measurement. Samuel Coster, his clock-maker at the Hague, made a large number of clocks to his design and these were the first to be commercially available. As has been mentioned, Huygens probably interested him- self in the longitude problem after he had made his first clock. He may have read the work Nieuwe Geographische Onder- wijsinge in Dutch by Metius (1614) which pointed out that it was only the irregularity of balance clocks which prevented them from supplying a means of finding longitudes at sea, but in any case the relation between local time, standard time and longitude was well known. The pendulum clock was a far better instrument but it was very easily disturbed. Huygens consistently under- estimated this problem of the movement of the ship. He thought that a pendulum whose period was independent of the amplitude of swing would enable this difficulty to be overcome. The idea was ingenious and led to the discovery that the period of oscillation of a cycloidal pendulum is independent of the amplitude, but the practical value of the discovery was strictly limited. A great deal of time was occupied by the investigation of this problem, conducted as the research was by elementary and tedious mathematical methods. In practice a cycloidal pendulum may be constructed by allowing a simple pendulum to swing between two curved metal plates along which the thread curves itself on each half of its swing. In applying the idea to the clock pendulum Huygens used a short ribbon attached to a rigid pendulum. These plates or " cheeks " were first tried in 38 THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS 1657 or during the last days of 1656. Towards the end of 1659 Huygens showed that theoretically they should themselves possess the form of cycloid arcs. He was immensely pleased with this discovery and ranked the geometrical part of the work above all the rest. About this time (1659) more detailed accounts of Galileo's escapement became available. Models of this escapement have since been made and it cannot be said to work satisfactorily. As Huygens pointed out at the time this escapement imparts a very uneven movement to the pendulum. His own clock remained therefore the only one in this field. Continued efforts by other inventors, including the clock-maker Thuret, to profit from the invention drove him to the unwelcome decision that he should take out a patent or " privilege " to protect his rights. Much delay occurred before the French " privilege " was issued, but thereafter Huygens's priority was recognized and he made some profit from the construction of clocks to his design. The story of the clock needs to be told with reference to certain of Huygens's mathematical researches. His first essay in this field had dealt (1651) with some fallacious work by Gregory de Saint Vincent on the rectification (or measurement) of certain curved lines. Huygens became interested in the rectification of curved lines known as conies and in the age-long problem of the rectification of the circle. When Boulliau sent him some problems by Pascal on the curve known as the cycloid in 1658, therefore, the subject was by no means a new one. These problems, to which Pascal had already obtained solutions, and which he set for the interest or exasperation of other mathematicians, were known as the " Dettonville " problems, this being the pseudonym under which they were issued. Huygens succeeded in solving some of the necessary preliminary problems but found the main ones so difficult that he declared himself unconvinced that they had ever been solved. When he later came across a rectification of the cycloid by Christopher Wren he expressed his admiration. It was, he commented, the first curved line known to be rectified, and he wondered if it were the only one which could be rectified. There was some correspondence between Huygens and Pascal on the " Dettonville " problems. Pascal praised Huygens's R|,4 m One THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS 39 penduhim clock very highly, but such was Huygens's esteem for Pascal as a mathematician that he deprecated such mechanical inventions. There was, he remarked, little science or subtlety in such things. About this time Pascal's adherence to the Jansenist sect was somewhat weakened but his periods of religious pre- occupation invariably interrupted his most interesting work and his most promising friendships. So it was in his relations with Huygens. The latter was eager to collaborate but closer relations were frustrated. It is clear that at some time between Septetnber 1659 anc * January 1660 Huygens discovered the theoretical form of the small plates or " cheeks " for his corrected pendulum. These dates may be fixed by an examination of his correspondence. From this it seems that he did not at first use the metal plates except for clocks in which a large swing was employed. Later, taking the view that a marine clock would benefit from having a pendulum swinging through a large arc, he felt that it was im- perative to discover the theoretical form of the restraining plates. His success in this problem gave him the pleasure of a mathe- matician with a pretty solution. He announced that the second edition of his Horologium would contain "a fine invention which I added to the clock a little while ago ". It appears prob- able that, although Pascal's problems were of a very different character, the interest of the cycloid led Huygens to make his investigations. The improved clock was in use towards the end of 1669 and was adopted after that date as being the best time measurer then made. Earlier astronomers, notably the Landgrave of Hesse (who used balance clocks made by Byrgius in the sixteenth century), Tycho Brahe, and later, Hevelius and Mouton, recog- nized the importance of time measurements, but Roemer and Flamsteed, late in the seventeenth century, were really the first to use the clock systematically. Delambre, in his great Histoire de rAstronomie Moderne, states that Huygens " started the great revolution " in practical astronomy by the invention of the pendulum clock. Curiously enough the cycloidal pendulum, in spite of its elegance, did not have a very long life. It was recognized by Huygens himself that small circular arcs were equally accurate and in his model of 1658 he was able to restrict the size of swing. After the application of the anchor escapement by a London 40 THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS clock-maker, Clement, in 1680, few cycloidal pendulum clocks appear to have been made. The anchor escapement causes the pendulum to describe small arcs of constant amplitude and this made the cycloidal pendulum for all but marine clocks super- fluous. As for the marine clock or chronometer, although Huygens constantly considered himself near to success, it proved eventu- ally to be a failure. The pendulum seemed for many years to be the only means of controlling the going of the clock with sufficient accuracy. Huygens accordingly tried various forms of suspension and various forms of pendulum, all designed to with- stand the movement of the ship, but none proved to be a practical proposition. Such was the commercial rivalry of the various East India Companies, however, that he was encouraged to persevere, and persevere he did up to the last year of his life. How near he came to success will be described later. Meanwhile the astronomers obtained their longitudes by Galileo's method of observing the recurrent eclipses of the satellites of Jupiter. Cassini, working at Paris, drew up the first tables for the observation of these satellites and, with Richer, in consequence of this work was able to make the first modern estimate of the distance of Mars. But astronomical methods were clearly unsuited to the determination of longitudes at sea. Huygens's great essay, Horologium Oscillatorium, on the construction of the clock and all the relevant propositions on the cycloidal pendulum and on the centre of oscillation did not appear until 1673. Already, however, he had made notes for the work and even wrote to Chapelain in September 1660: "The treatise on the clock has been finished a long time but tnere is no means of having it printed before my journey ..." This refers to an extended edition of the original Horologium which included a treatment of the cycloid; much was yet to be added before the work reached its final form. In October Huygens left the Hague for Paris. VI In considering the encouragement given to literature and the arts in France during the seventeenth century, the credit belongs almost as much to Mazarin as it does to his successor Colbert. THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS 41 Mazarin it was who gave pensions to many of the great writers who made this the golden age of French literature. Molifcre, Balzac, Descartes, Pascal, Racine, Corneille, Boileau and others benefited from Mazarin's patronage and his example was followed by Colbert after 1661. Nevertheless, the establishment of the Academic Royale des Sciences would never have been achieved if the men of science had waited for Colbert. Up to 1663 what progress there was in any regular pursuit of science was made by men who were associated with one or other of the amateur societies, Montmor's and Thevenot's being much the most important. But in this year there was a rather defeatist air about the correspondence on the subject of a permanent academy and Sorbiere summarized the difficulties in an account sent to Colbert. There had to be appeals by Sorbtere, Thevenot and the Abbe d'Aubignac, how- ever, before any impression was made. Finally Auzout publicly appealed to the king's pride (and vanity) and after the Peace of the Pyrenees things began to look more hopeful. The scientific societies did indeed develop under difficult con- ditions. In England, for example, where the Royal Society was taking shape, there was in progress a stern struggle between king and parliament, a deep religious dissension and in the com- mercial sphere a rivalry with the Dutch which had become acute. In Holland, on the other hand, it was understood that the chief political problem of the time was the neutralizing of the grow- ing power of Louis XIV. Civilization was passing through a critical period and internal dissension as much as external danger made the times, one would have thought, unpropitious in most countries of Europe for the growth of societies with the calm in- terests of natural science as their pursuit. But perhaps these interests were all the greater attraction; as Sprat wrote after- wards, the members of the Royal Society wished simply for " the satisfaction of breathing a freer air, and of conversing in quiet with one another, without being engaged in the passions and madness of that dismal age ". Needless to say their work was not always taken seriously and both in Paris and London there were scoffers who doubted the worth if they did not mistrust the in- fluence of " natural philosophy ". Pepys recorded that Charles II " mightily laughed at Gresham College for spending time only in weighing of ayre and doing nothing else since they sat ". But Colbert certainly saw that there was more to those pursuits than 42 THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS met the eye. It may be doubted if Louis XIV, unaided, saw any- thing significant at all in what was going on. In spite of the difficulties an extensive correspondence was carried on between the men of science. Paris was at first the chief centre of experiment, but London later rivalled and then surpassed it in activity. The meetings of the scientists seem to have been devoid of political motive; religious difference only rarely caused antipathy, national differences scarcely ever. As will be seen, Huygens spent many years in Paris under the patronage of Louis XIV, even though his family had a long association with the house of Orange and, after 1672, the young Prince of Orange headed the resistance to French invasion. It might have been thought that Huygens, a protestant Dutchman, would have been regarded as a spy but this was not the case. Not until 1683 did it become clear that, with Colbert's death, support for his continuance in Paris was gone. Colbert was succeeded by Louvois, and in 1685 the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes caused many protestants to leave the country. All this, however, lay in the future. In 1658 Montmor charged Sorbiere with the task of drawing up rules for the meetings of the assembly which were held regularly at his house. The keynote of the rules, in the form finally adopted, was the need of restricting " the vain exercise of the mind in useless subtleties ". Mere philosophizing, it was agreed, was profitless. Unfortunately the assembly did not appreciate how their aim should be achieved : without a pro- gramme of experimental work directed to the solving of selected problems too many of their meetings continued to degenerate into philosophical combats. Huygens returned to this gathering of scientific amateurs in 1660 and was introduced by Chapelain on November and. At Montmor's, he wrote to his brother, " there is a meeting every Tuesday where twenty or thirty illustrious men are found together. I never fail to go ... I have also been occasionally to the house of M. Rohault, who expounds the philosophy of M. Descartes and does very fine experiments with good reasoning on them ..." Rohault's meetings were held on Wednesdays and began about 1658. There is no doubt that he did a great deal to make science popular in Paris. Unauthorized editions of his lectures were published, so great was the popular interest. It is not surprising that Huygens approved of him, although no THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS 43 association between them seems to have occurred. Rohault was enlightened and modern in his attitude but he was an expositor and lecturer rather than an original thinker. Where he abandoned Aristotle he followed Descartes. At Montmor's house Huygens noted a room "full of beautiful paintings ", a cabinet of curious inventions and mathe- matical instruments, and drawings by Albert Durer. With the astronomers he discussed his work on Saturn and the problems of lens grinding; with the mathematicians, as he noted, " my theories of the superficies of conoids and spheroids and the new properties of the cycloid for pendulums "; and with the clock- makers and telescope-makers Huygens also passed interesting hours. He met Conrart, Roberval, de Carcavy, Pascal, Pierre Petit, Sorbiere, Desargues and others. Some of these names will recur later. 1 He corresponded with Fermat and with his friend Boulliau, then staying with Hevelius at Dantzig. With Robert Moray, a prominent member of the London group of " scientists ", he also began a correspondence. These men were all really amateurs and the title astronomer, in most cases, for example, simply indicates the kind of work for which a particular man showed especial interest and in which he spent his leisure time. Nevertheless, a man like Cassini, later invited to work at Paris, represents the new type of professional worker in that most of his time was in fact spent on genuine systematic work. Huygens also belongs to this class. Real specialization in the modern sense was quite unknown, of course. Like all the early scientific assem- blies of the mid-seventeenth century the Montmorian society cast its net almost too wide. Huygens's diary records dissections of human bodies, the examination of machines for which per- petual motion was claimed, the making of lenses and telescopes and many other matters. Too much time, Huygens considered, was spent in arguments of a purely philosophical nature. He felt that a sterner discipline, a greater application, was needed than could come out of the performance of merely curious ex- periments and the holding of discussions. Nevertheless it must have been an interesting and stimulat- ing experience to have met so many natural philosophers, all of whom felt the common interest in the new study of nature. At the house of the Due de Roannes, Huygens, in December 1660, met Pascal. Eight days later the Duke, with Pascal, visited 1 Sec notes on Persons Mentioned, pp. 212-6. 44 THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS Huygens at his lodgings in rue Sainte Marguerite and, wrote Huygens, "... we talked of the force of water rarefied in cannons and of flying; I showed them my telescopes." Pascal was at this time a sick man. The writer of Provincial Letters had, in fact, by this date retired more or less completely from the world. Less than a year later he was dead. The publication at this time of tracts against Huygens's account of Saturn shows that the orthodox Jesuits were not pre- pared to ignore the author's Copernican doctrines. Pere Fabri especially opposed what he called Huygens's "furtive insinua- tion" of the Copernican "error". In his Brevis Annotatio in Sy sterna Saturnium Christiani Eugenii (1660) he presented his own fantastic theory, although this work was published over the name of the astronomer Divinis. According to this theory the planet had two luminous bodies (lucidi) and three dark ones (obscuri) placed around it and the different relative positions of these bodies were the cause of its observed phases. This criticism drove Huygens to compose his Brevis Assertio Systematis Saturnii within the year. Hevelius is said to have been so favour- able to this reply that he abandoned his own theory in favour of the theory of the ring. Leopold, to whom both Divinis and Huygens dedicated their publications, remained reserved. In 1 66 1 he sent Huygens a further pamphlet by Divinis and Fabri but it did not seem to Huygens to deserve a reply. It is note- worthy that by January 1665 even Fabri recognized the truth of the ring theory, convinced at last by the excellent telescopes of Guiseppe Campani. Huygens was extremely pleased by this conversion of his critic. "No-one, 5n my opinion, could reason- ably reproach me " he wrote, " for having adapted my account of Saturn to the system of Copernicus . . . the truth of the matter can only be explained by following Copernicus, and indeed our system of Saturn corroborates his own strongly." VII One of the reasons for Huygens's visit to London in 1661 was undoubtedly his desire to obtain information of the society of men of science then meeting at Gresham College, the society which by charter became in 1662 the Royal Society. He arrived in London in March just before the coronation of Charles II and left for the Hague at the end of May. THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS 45 The London which Huygens saw in 1661 was the London which was largely swept away by the Fire and he was not at all favourably impressed with the condition of the town. All, he found, was in marked contrast with Paris : the smoke from the furnaces of the brewers, soap boilers and dyers; and the stench of narrow alleys innocent of drainage and sanitation. Even Gresham College had been rendered malodorous. Monk's sol- diers had for a year used it as a barracks and it was, Bishop Wren wrote to a member of the society, " in such a nasty con- dition, so defiled, and smells so infernal, that if you should now come to make use of your tube [telescope] , it would be like Dives looking out of hell into heaven." This was in 1658 or the " fatal year 1659 ". With the " wonderful pacific year 1660 " meetings of the " invisible college " as Boyle called it, recommenced. By 1 66 1 the college was presumably cleaned up. Huygens, at any rate, had only admiration for the proceedings there. Brouncker, Moray, Oldenburg, Godard, Boyle, Wallis and many others were familiar figures at the meetings of the society and their activities seemed to him to surpass anything done in Paris. The observa- tion of stars was done in the garden of Whitehall Palace and there Huygens tried his own telescope lenses, sent over by his brother Constantin. These proved to be better than the English. The Duke and Duchess of York came out to observe the Moon and Saturn. Huygens's meeting with Wallis is of especial interest. This great mathematician showed in his Mechanica sive de Motu (1669-71) that he had much to contribute to mechanics. The his- torian Duhem has given the opinion that this work was " the most complete and the most systematic which had been written since the time of Stevin ". In his work Wallis generalized the idea of force which up to his day was used only in connection with gravity. Huygens's English was at this time not at all good but he saw that it would be most valuable to keep in communi- cation with Wallis, as indeed with others of the Gresham College group. This was the begining of a life-long association with the English men of science. It is striking that, in spite of the official position Huygens came to have in the Academic Royale des Sciences, in 1670, when he feared that he had only a short time to live, he made arrangements to entrust his papers not to the Paris society but to members of the Royal Society. Through Oldenburg, the indefatigable secretary of the Royal Society, Huy- 46 THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HtJYGENS gens was fortunately able to remain in close contact with the pro- gress of science in England. There is good evidence that the outlook characteristic of the English men of science was less complicated by the consider- ations of a priori philosophies than that of the Paris group. Francis Bacon has, probably, always influenced literary men more than he has the men of science, but there is no denying his importance. Bacon was no scientist and his scientific "method " was the literary man's conception of science. He never advanced as far as Descartes into scientific studies. He foresaw, " he cast forth brilliant intuitions "; ridiculing Aristotle's natural philo- sophy he pointed to experiment and observations as the only means of discovering truth : " Nature to be commanded must be obeyed." With this spirit the English men of science, neverthe- less, were thoroughly imbued. Their opposition to Hobbes illustrated thir belief in empiricism. Hobbes's dictum " Experi- ence concludeth nothing universally " appeared to them mere philosophic wind; his excursions into physical science the sort of thing against which their motto Nullius in Verba was later aimed. It has to be admitted, of course, that most of the Eng- lish men of science were shocked by Hobbes's acceptance of the Epicurean philosophy. This appeared to them to be an approach to Nature which was neither scientific nor pious. Although he was not explicit about it, it was the more empirical attitude of the English men of science which impressed Huygens so favour- ably. Before leaving London Huygens took part in a determination of the comparative sizes of the ring and globe of Saturn. He was pleased to find that his account of the planet was accepted with admiration. Huygens also saw a transit of Mercury from Long Acre, using one of Reeve's excellent telescopes. After Huygens's return to the Hague his father and younger brother went on a diplomatic mission to Paris. The elder Con- stantin Huygens, a man of European repute, then made the acquaintance of some of his son's associates. Through him the Montmor group heard of Christian's latest experiments. The Dutch diplomat took the opportunity to present Louis XIV with one of his son's pendulum clocks. This gift was opportune, for it was at this time that Colbert was drawing up his schemes to excel all past achievements in making Paris the cultural capital of the world and Louis the pre-eminent monarch of the age. THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS 47 Louis, of course, became surrounded by an almost ridiculous cult which sought to elevate him above everyday existence, but even this had its merits ! The singling out of writers, poets and men of science was at any rate one of the better consequences. These were given rewards totalling many thousands of pounds and the inven- tor of the pendulum clock later came in for suitable appreciation. More important, however, was Huygens's subsequent invitation to Paris to assist in organizing a scientific society under royal patronage. There were delays in carrying out this project, which must be ranked high among Colbert's achievements, but in 1666 the societies which had been associated with the names of Montmor, Thevenot and others received this formal recognition of the importance of their work. VIII The early scientific societies exhibited an enthusiasm and universal interest which scarcely characterizes the professional societies into which they have developed. Specialization was vir- tually unknown and through Latin the members had a means of communication with foreign societies and with a learned world which had existed before the new studies had begun. It is not surprising that men like Huygens were acquainted with the works of some of the Greek writers, nor that it was the Greeks of the Alexandrian period that held the greatest attraction. Huy- gens was only following in the steps of Galileo when he studied the works of Archimedes, for they contained some of the funda- mental ideas used in mathematics and in statics. But it was clear that new ideas of a fundamental kind were needed in mechanics and it was equally necessary to clear away many plausible suppositions which had no basis in fact. Huygens saw clearly that such simple machines as the lever, the pulley, and the wheel and axle, although thfcy gave a mechanical advantage, could in no way increase the energy avail- able. Machines for flying, for propelling boats by means of springs connected with trains of gears, strengthened his convic- tion that their limitations resulted from a simple mathematical identity of some kind. But it was many years before this idea could be expressed satisfactorily. Desargues seems to have tried to evolve a proof that perpetual motion is impossible but, proof or no proof, the impossibility was accepted as axiomatic within 48 THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS the realm of mechanics by Huygens. The search for a form of perpetual motion did in mechanics the sort of work that in chemistry was produced by the search for the philosopher's stone. In 1659 a book entitled Mechanica Hydraulico-Pneumatica^ by the Jesuit Schottus, reached Huygens. It was partly about perpetual motion but it also described Guericke's invention of the simple vacuum pump. In 1661, while in England, Huygens saw experiments performed at Gresham College using Boyle's pump, which was a great improvement on that of Guericke. After reading Boyle's book, New Experiments Physico-Mechanicall touching the Spring of the Air (1660) he had a copy of Boyle's pump constructed in November 1661. It is clear from his corre- spondence that he repeated many of Boyle's experiments, observ- ing for himself the boiling of water under reduced pressure, the absence of propagation of sound and the expiration of small birds in a vacuum. An important original discovery made during this work was that of the tensile strength of liquids, an effect which at that time baffled explanation and which led Huygens to make far-reaching conclusions on the existence of a subtle fluid or ether which later came into his theory of light. The question constantly in view behind all work with vacuum pumps was whether a complete vacuum could really exist. Many scientists felt, with Hobbes, that empty space is " an imaginary space indeed ". A fundamental experiment was to fill a tube with water and invert it so that the open end was under water in an open vessel and then to place the apparatus in the receiver of the air pump. When the pressure was reduced the liquid fell inside the tube and with continued pumping was brought down to the level of the water in the vessel. With rather more difficulty the same result was obtained, approximately, using mercury in place of water. These results agreed well with Pascal's explanation of the barometer. However, the appearance of small air bubbles in water which was placed in the receiver of the pump raised serious doubts, for the descent of the water and mercury might be attributed to the dilatation of these bubbles and not to the evacuation of the upper space in the tube. Huygens, much to his astonishment, found that if air-free water was used no descent occurred. If a very small bubble of air was introduced the descent took place. Boyle's law, however, showed that the magnitude of the effect was far too great to be accounted for on the dilatation theory. Huygens's observation THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS 49 was confirmed in England, and, at Boyle's suggestion, the effect was obtained without the use of a pump at all Long barometer tubes of mercury were inverted and were found by Brouncker to give the effect if air bubbles were carefully excluded. A column of mercury 75 inches long failed to descend unless a minute air bubble was present and then the level fell to the normal position of about 30 inches. For several years no explanation of this effect satisfied Huy- gens. But in 1668 he concluded that there must be a subtle fluid capable of penetrating glass where the contact of the liquid is not complete and that the height of the barometer is due to the combined pressures of this fluid and air. Wallis pointed out that if the subtle fluid were capable of penetrating glass it would penetrate the Torricellian space also. It is surprising if Huy- gens did not see the force of this criticism. Although he saw an analogy with the cohesion of two wet glass plates he missed the true explanation, which is that films of moisture (such as exist on mercury and glass) have considerable tensile strength. In his Traite de la Lumiere, written in 1678 and published in 1690, much was made of this ethereal fluid in explaining refrac- tion. In fact, very great importance must be attached to Huy- gens's experiments with the vacuum pump, for his conclusions profoundly affected his whole outlook. He became an admirer of Boyle, whom he supported against the criticism of Hobbes and Linus. The former, he saw, contributed nothing to natural philosophy; of the obscure ideas of Linus (Francis Hall) he thought just as little. Boyle's Skeptical Chymist was published in September 1661 and Oldenburg gave Huygens an account of its contents. Later Huygens received a copy of the book which he read with " great pleasure ". " It contains an infinity of use- ful and remarkable things," he commented, " and in my opinion it is worth twenty of these other books which are continually printed on the matters of Philosophy and Chemistry. This Carneades certainly speaks very truly, reasons acutely, and with- out doubt shows the true way to discover the truth of things. ..." In 1662 Huygens heard of Boyle's famous experiments on the alteration of the volume of a gas with the pressure and he read Boyle's retort to Hobbes and Linus (A Defence of the Doc- trine touching the Spring and Weight of the Air). The kinetic theory of the gaseous state which originates with this work was propounded by Hooke as well as by Boyle. Hooke spoke of his D 50 THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS theory as Epicurean after the Greek philosopher who, with Democritus, expounded an atomic doctrine. With the resuscita- tion of this doctrine in Europe Gassendi had a good deal to do. Hooke went into greater detail. The particles of air, he sug- gested, have " much the shape of a watch spring, or a coyle of wire " which, having rotatory motion, sweeps out a " potential sphere ", the volume of which varies with the closeness of the adjacent particles. Huygens was somewhat uncertain if this theory was in accord with the fact that at high pressures air retains its fluidity. If Huygens gained an interest in experiments employing the air pump from his visit to London in 1661, the English philoso- phers gained for their part just as much although in a different direction. For Huygens, by 1661, had discovered the use of a particular axiom in mechanics which enabled him to solve problems which Wren, Wallis and others found especially difficult. This axiom is a simple one : the centre of gravity of a system of bodies cannot rise as a result of any motion of the bodies under gravity. Experiments on the ballistic pendulum, carried out in Huygens 's rooms in London, showed that he could by this means calculate the heights to which elastic pendulum bobs would ascend after collision. Another discovery which greatly intrigued English mathematicians was the theorem that oscillations of a body in cycloidal arc, occurring under gravity, are truly isochronous. At the time he was in London Huygens had not worked out a complete proof although his note-books show that the work was well advanced. Many mathematicians were consequently attracted to the problem in the hope of being first to provide a proof. Brouncker and Auzout both failed, the former ignominiously, in attempting this problem, which is difficult by the old geometrical methods but simple when treated by means of the differential calculus. All of this work, which was of first-rate importance, was held up because of Huygens's attempts to construct a successful marine clock a task which was obstructed more by the limita- tions of the artisan's resources than by theoretical difficulties. Alexander Bruce, Earl of Kincardine, then living at the Hague, collaborated with Huygens in this work. In January 1663 Bruce crossed to England with two pendulum clocks suspended from ball and socket anchorages in the ceiling of his cabin. The weather was so rough that one clock fell from its suspension and THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS 51 the other stopped also. In April of this year two similar clocks were taken on a voyage to Lisbon by Captain Holmes. One clock went fairly regularly, and the report on its behaviour is preserved in the British Museum. A filibustering expedition in 1664 to the west coast of Africa and Guinea gave Holmes another opportunity. On one occasion the clocks proved more accurate than the method of dead reckoning in use. Huygens was optimistic as a result of this report and quoted it in his Horologium Oscillatorium of 1673. In 1665 war broke out between Holland and Britain and this ended English collabora- tion. Huygens rather resembles Hooke in the variety of his scientific interests, but he was far more thorough than his English contemporary and was besides a more " mathematical head ". Besides his work on the marine clock and in mechanics, his work on telescopes and the theory of optics was kept up. It is worth noticing, this dual activity experimental and mathe- matical. Huygens used it to obtain a guiding idea rather than a quantitative result. Very great obstacles then lay in the way of exact quantitative work except in Astronomy. Huygens thus knew experimentally what order of aperture was needed, in a telescope of given length and magnifying power, to produce a clear and sufficiently bright image. He saw that the building of longer and yet longer telescopes required improved methods of lens grinding so as to secure sufficient aperture. It also raised problems of a purely structural kind. Wooden tubes, suitably braced, were used for telescopes of about ao or 30 feet; for great lengths Huygens proposed using two short tubes, one at the objective and one at the eyepiece and with rings placed along the intervening space. This method was tried in Paris, but it was found to be very difficult to align the two lenses as can be imagined. These " aerial telescopes " gave high magnification but poor definition. Many astronomers accordingly experi- mented on the grinding of lenses to forms suggested by Descartes. Many abortive attempts were made before the idea was abandoned. Huygens made some use of a machine for grinding lenses but it was not possible to make really large lenses by any method then known. His superior knowledge enabled him to see that the eyepiece could in certain ways be made to compensate for the defects of the objective. In 1662 he spoke of using two oculars instead of one as a " new manner " of en- 5$ THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS larging the field of view. The date of his well-known eyepiece is, however, not quite certain, but it probably was not invented much before 1662 and it may have been as late at 1666. Huygens's theory of Saturn's phases was at this time so widely accepted, and was confirmed by observation as improved telescopes came more and more into use, that only more detailed matters remained to be settled. It was questioned, for example, if the periods of the phases agreed with the theory that the ring remained at a constant inclination to the ecliptic. Huygens showed how the phases could be calculated and succeeded in converting most of his critics. Wren wrote that " when . . . the Hypothesis of Huygens was sent over in writing, I confesse I was so fond of the neatness of it and the naturall simplicity of the contrivance, agreeing so well with the Physicall causes of the heavenly bodies that I loved the invention beyond my owne ..." And the accumulation of observations bore gradual witness to the success of Huygens's work. Wren's hypothesis is now forgotten. He and Neile, in 1658, tried to reproduce the appearance of Saturn by fitting an ellipti- cal " corona " to the planetary globe, meeting it at two places. They suggested that this corona rotated with the planet once during its revolution round the sun, on an axis coinciding with the plane of revolution. As a result of his work in astronomy and in mechanics Huygens's reputation was already high. Moreover, his scientific temper was in accord with that of the best spirits of his age. " I notice," he wrote to Boulliau (who was an ardent Pythagorean) on receiving a copy of his treatise on light " that in many places you dispute the opinions of Aristotle. That is always worth doing." His opposition to the Aristotelianism of the schools, his disregard of the Catholic opposition to Copernicanism, and the steadfastness of his belief in the new mathematical method brought him the esteem of modern spirits among his contempor- aries. It was, then, natural that in France, where Colbert was working to raise the achievements of art and learning above that of previous ages, Huygens should be considered as one of the more brilliant among notable foreigners who might be invited to take up a residence in Paris. Just as we know little about Newton which is not a descrip- tion of his mental quality, so it is with Huygens. His corre- spondence speaks a mind of great intellectual power and clarity. THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS 53 and the singular absence of violence and prejudice in his com- ments on men and things is but a necessary concomitant of this mentality. Nevertheless, he was a very human creature and one can sense that the parental authority at times aroused irritation just as at other times the elderly Constantin's desire to show off his son caused amusement. The trouble was that old Huygens's attitude to his sons did not change as they grew up into men, and when he was forced to treat them no longer as children he regarded them as young diplomats who might conveniently do him services in different parts of Europe. Diplomacy was, how- ever, not much in Christian's line, and while he affected French elegance and a seriousness of bearing, at the same time he was impatient with those who were tedious and self-important. IX The vicissitudes which both the French and English societies experienced before receiving official support, and even after, were such that they might well have died in infancy. Meetings at Montmor's were discontinued in 1661, but in 1662 the society held meetings at the house of the Marquis de Sourdis and when Huygens made another short visit to Paris in 1663 the society had regained much of its former activity. After the foundation by charter of the Royal Society in 1662 it was inevitable that in Paris, where meetings had been held at Mersenne's and else- where as early as 1650, the idea of a similar institution should be discussed. Sorbiere, ignoring or ignorant of the early history of the Royal Society, considered that the early Paris societies had in fact led the way. But however this may be, he and Huygens seem to have been on a semi-official errand when they came to London in 1663 to study the organization of the new Royal Society. Writing to Boyle of Huygens's introduction to the Royal Society, Oldenburg said " we had no ordinary meeting; there were no less than foure strangers, two French and two Dutch gentlemen: ye French were, Monsieur de Sorbiere and Monsieur Monconis; ye Dutch, both the Zulichems, 1 Father and Son, all foure inquisitive after you." Huygens evinced some surprise that no particular qualifications appeared to be necessary for election to the Royal Society at this time. Christian accompanied his * Christian Huygens held the title of seigneur de Zulichem (in the province of Gueldre) up to the death of his father. He then inherited the title of seigneur de Zeelhem. 54 THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS father on a diplomatic mission on this occasion and was still in London when the news of his award from Louis XIV was made public. This necessitated a return to Paris. During this short stay in England, however, he had occasion to see further into the character and customs of his hosts. Through his father's connections in this country he dined a good deal with the great, and met many personalities outside the scientific circle at Gresham College. Huygens and his brother Constantin both dabbled in art, and perhaps his chief interest on this occasion lay in his visits to the studio of Sir Peter Lely from whom he obtained a recipe for making pastels. Soon after his return James Gregory arrived from England with some correspondence from Moray. Moray wrote of this young man that he had " a present to make you of a book of which he is the author, which he calls Optica Promota . . . " He suggested that Huygens should give his opinion of the work and its author but Huygens left no record that he did this. The work was interesting in that it contained a description of a reflecting telescope some eight years before Newton's invention. After wintering in Paris, Huygens returned to the Hague (1664) bent on the pursuit of more fundamental researches than could be carried out in Paris. Not until 1666, when he became an official member of the newly formed Academic Royale des Sciences, did he return. Although, therefore, Huygens's work for the new academy was very important and the prestige he con- ferred on it was especially advantageous, it fell to others to com- plete the details of the organization. A wealthy amateur named Thevenot gave hospitality to the society at this time and did a good deal of the preliminary organization. It was he who, doubt- less with Colbert's knowledge, approached Huygens in November 1664 with a suggestion that he should become a member of the reconstituted society. As will be seen, the offer finally carried with it an official position in Paris with facilities for scientific work. Soon after his return to Holland, Huygens set about obtain- ing patents protecting his design of a pendulum clock for use at sea for determining longitudes. The news of this move not un- naturally aroused a good deal of excitement. The commercial value of a reliable method of finding longitudes at sea would be enormous and several others were after the prize. The members of the Royal Society, who knew of previous trials with marine THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS 55 clocks, were frankly sceptical about the use of a pendulum clock. As a result of full discussion, the society, with the national interest in view, resolved to investigate other methods. Of these some sort of spring-regulated clock appeared to be the most promising. It is not surprising, therefore, that Hooke, a most fertile experimenter, should have taken up the question of the isochronism of the oscillations of a loaded spring. In August 1665 Huygens heard of Hooke's successful experiments and his confidence that a spring-regulated clock would be the solution of the problem. Huygens returned Hooke's scepticism. So long ago as 1660, he remarked, the Due de Roannes had tried the idea but without success. Temperature changes, he considered, would have a serious effect on the going of such a clock and sufficient accuracy would be impossible. Hooke, he concluded, spoke too confidently about this " as also of many other things ". Nevertheless, Huygens tried a spring-regulated clock in November 1665, but was hindered through the great delicacy of workmanship required. Brouncker, in England, found that Hooke's spring driven spring-regulated clock was not so accurate as a pendulum clock. The plague interrupted scientific work in London and Hooke's Potentia Restitutiva, on the properties of springs, did not appear until 1678. Huygens had to leave the Hague and retire into the country for a time. There, at Voorburg, he returned to his work on the com- pound pendulum, in particular the problem of determining the centre of oscillation. Lacking a general method, he proceeded to study the problem inductively, starting with several simple examples. It was not long before, discarding the erroneous work of Descartes, he arrived at some " quite pleasant propositions ". The work aroused great interest in England and its technical nature will be explained later. It should be mentioned that by this time (1665) there were two scientific journals of repute for the publication of new work. The publication of the Royal Society, Philosophical Transactions, was begun by the secretary, Oldenburg, on his own initiative in March 1665; in Paris the Journal des Savants was started, also as a private venture, by de Sallo in January of the same year. De Sallo's privilege was withdrawn after about a year because of his denunciation at Rome, but the Abb6 Gallois restarted the journal in January 1666. Neither the Journal nor the Transactions had 56 THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYCENS the form of modern scientific periodicals: little original work was published and they were more of the nature of reports. The second number of the Transactions bore an account of some observations by Guiseppe Campani on Saturn's ring. These were of interest since Campani claimed to have distinguished the shadow thrown on the planet by its ring, the remarkable thing really being that his telescope was sufficiently good for such detail to be seen. It was said that Campani's lenses were ground and polished on a machine, but attempts so far made in this direction had been discouraging. Hooke published an account of a machine but it does not appear to have been well tested and he was castigated for publishing an account " upon a meer theory". Cassini, using a telescope made by Campani, observed a per- manent mark upon the surface of Jupiter and from its return was able to give the period of revolution. This, Huygens affirmed, was " assuredly a very fine discovery ". He himself succeeded in observing the shadow of one of the satellites of Jupiter on the surface of the planet as predicted by Cassini. He also spent some time studying a comet which made its appearance at the end of 1664. As will be explained later, the paths of the comets, so far as these were known, were proving a great difficulty for Descartes's cosmology. Huygens was primarily interested in them as they concerned the Copernican theory. He was at first sceptical about the idea that they recur at long intervals of time. It is interesting that Horrox's defence of the Copernican theory, written about 1635 and resuscitated by members of the Royal Society, came to Huygens's notice through his correspondence with Moray. Horrox, although he died at the age of twenty-two, is generally agreed to have made his mark as an astronomer of a very high order. The largest telescopes used at this time were of the type now known as Huygens's aerial telescopes, but it is not clear that he originated the idea or wished to claim it as his own. Auzout used an aerial telescope and devised his own method of aligning the lenses; in England the suggestion was widely attributed to Wren. An invention of greater importance and one to which Huygens made an interesting contribution was the micrometer eyepiece. It began to be realized that telescopes could be used for the determination of small quantities which were completely beyond the scope of ordinary instruments used up to that time PLATE III Huygens's Clock as the Centre Feature of a design showing Scientific Apparatus of 1671 THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYCENS 57 for quantitative work. The measurement of small angular separations, for example, required the use of a very large quadrant, but these large instruments became distorted under their own weight. Gascoigne first hit on the idea of using two fine hairs close together and situated in the focal plane of the objective as a means of converting the telescope to quantitative measurements. Auzout and Huygens did some measurements of planetary diameters in 1664 an d 1665, but Huygens's micro- meter was a thin plate of metal in the form of a trapezium. It was inserted between the two lenses of his eyepiece where the real image was formed. The plate could be moved until the disc of the planet was just obscured. In this way, as early as December 1659, h e obtained a good result for the diameter of Mars. Shortly after Huygens went to Paris in 1666 a micrometer consisting of moveable hairs was used. The modern form of micrometer was invented by Auzout and Picard. Curiously enough it was Picard who saw the value of the pendulum clock in astronomy rather than Huygens. Delambre remarks that Huygens " started the great revolution " in practical astronomy by his invention of the pendulum clock but it was Picard who did most to introduce regular time observations at the Paris observatory. Using Huygens's pendulum clock he used the times of meridian transit of stars to determine their differences in right ascension. Huygens was not, in fact, a regular observer. His contribu- tion to astronomy lay rather through his work on optics, which had throughout a practical bias: the invention of his eyepiece and the study of conditions under which spherical aberrations may be reduced. In this period just preceding his departure for Paris, Huygens became deeply interested in two works sent over from England : Hooke's Micrographia (1665) aad Boyle's Experi- ments and Considerations touching Colours (1664). Hooke, indeed, was at his best in descriptive and experimental work in which mathematics was not required. The hypotheses which he and Boyle advanced regarding the nature of light and the cause of colours were extremely stimulating and aroused Huygens to the desire to carry out experiments on the subject. From these days some of his important work in physical optics may be dated. He was convinced that before the phenomena of colour could be explained it would be essential to understand the mechanism of refraction. This, he considered, Hooke and Boyle had omitted to study sufficiently. His own note-books show that he calculated 58 THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS the order of thickness of the air film involved in the production of colours by interference in the so-called Newton's rings experi- ment (November 1665). Boyle, while admitting that he knew of this experiment, wisely declined to be drawn into a discussion of its explanation. In his views on the nature of light Huygens always showed a greater dependence on Descartes than in the rest of his work. This bias may explain his first scornful reception of Fermat's least-time principle, for Fermat was, of course, the great critic of Descartes 's work in optics. His principle that a ray of light follows that path for which the time of transmission is less than for any alternative path had also an Aristotelian flavour, or so it seemed to Huygens. He declared he found no satisfaction in the idea and considered it was a " pitiable axiom ". Nevertheless, he repeated Fermat's calculation of indices on this " obviously pre- carious " principle and, while retaining doubts as to its validity, began to be convinced more and more that the refractive index of a medium is in fact given by the ratio of the velocities of light in air and in the medium. It was necessary to suppose, with Fermat, that light has a finite velocity, whereas Descartes staked his scientific reputation, as he said, on the belief that its velocity is infinite. Roemer's famous calculations of 1676-7 were thus extremely important, for they showed that Fermat and Huygens were correct. In the meantime, as has been mentioned, the men of science in Paris had not found it easy to get the project of a permanent academy of science properly launched. The intimations Huygens received of a position in such an academy were not for a time followed by any concrete offer. Nevertheless, his name was kept in front of Colbert. Moray wrote to Oldenburg in 1665 that "Colbert intends to sett up a Society lyke ours and make Huygens Director of the designe," but during this year Huygens began to feel far from confident about the statements which reached him from Chapelain. He bombarded Carcavy with anxious letters and his feelings had to be assuaged with a variety of excuses. No doubt official delays occurred and accommoda- tion had to be found. Huygens was, however, more concerned over the amount of his salary, clearly through anxiety to live in 5 c/i 4; U U co >- o Pi "S s V s THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS 59 the style to which his upbringing and habits had accustomed him. When he arrived in Paris in 1666, it was to find that no plans for the new society had been drawn up: The official found- ing of the Academic Royale des Sciences, on June ist, meant at first nothing by way of financial aid. It was simply agreed that Auzout, Roberval, CarcAvy, Frenicle, Picard, Buot and Huygens should be the nucleus. But, from a letter l written by Montmor to Alessandro Segni, the secretary of the Accademia del Crusca, it looks as if it was from the first intended that Huygens should have a prominent place. Then, too, writing to Hevelius in 1667, Boulliau said: "Chief of all is the renowned Christian Huygens . . . Next are Roberval . . . Auzout ..." Huygens became a close friend of the Colberts and served on occasion as the minister's scientific adviser. Meetings were held at first in Colbert's library and the first co-operative undertaking, an observation of a lunar eclipse, June 16, 1666, was planned to take place at his house. Unfortunately, cloudy weather made observations impossible. But two weeks later the same group, Huygens, Carcavy, Roberval, Auzout, Frenicle and Buot met to observe a solar eclipse. Once more visibility was poor and results were disappointing. Micrometer measurements giving the rela- tive diameters of the sun, moon and planets were, however, made. The appearance of the members at these early gatherings of the Academic Royale has been excellently recorded in the work of the skilful engraver Lfe Clerc. One of this artist's pictures, for example, shows an informal meeting of members and may well represent an hour spent in desultory discussion before the giving of an address. It has been suggested that the figure holding a lens and standing in the window is that of Huygens. When we look at the plate showing a meeting attended by Louis XIV (facing p. 60) it does not appear that Huygens was included. This is the opinion of E. C. Watson,* who points out that Huygens was away from Paris through illness early in 1671. In August 1666 Huygens took over apartments at the Bibliothique du Roi after the headquarters of the Academic had been transferred there. On December M the society gathered officially for the first time to hear from Carcavy the decision of the king to protect the new institution. i A. J. George. Annals of Science, III, 37*. * E. C. Watson, Osiris, VII, 556. 60 THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS Adherents of Descartes's philosophy, men, that is, who gave out their belief in vortices of subtle matter and who did not accept atoms or the existence of a vacuum, were not con- spicuous in the make-up of the Academic. Roberval was a noted critic of Descartes; later the Academic included Mariotte, who also was dubious about Cartesian theories. Frenicle resembled Mariotte in being prepared to accept resemblances between facts without feeling obliged to attribute them prematurely to a single cause. Huygens alone referred to the doctrines of Descartes's Principia when called on for explanations of such phenomena as gravity, and he and Charles Perrault for a time exerted a slight influence in favour of Descartes. In time, it is clear, Huygens became distinctly aware of the failure of such an experimen- talist as Rohault to maintain his Cartesian explanations without disingenuousness,and his work shows a progressive decline in his adherence to the great " system ". Yet he long remained in two minds and it only required some ignorant criticism of the great philosopher to rouse him to his defence. It is surprising too, to see how closely the form of some of his work (for example, that on impact) resembled that of Descartes 1 . Unfortunately this period of Huygens's work in Paris was twice interrupted by serious illness, necessitating a return to his native air. One gains the impression that his position was thereby weakened in some degree, for his absences were prolonged. When he left for yet a third time to regain his health it was never to return. His protector Colbert died soon after and profound changes in the p critical situation militated against his regaining a position which all along had aroused a certain envy. Huygens's last years were consequently spent in comparative retirement. Mach says that Huygens " shares with Galileo a noble, unsur- passable and complete uprightness " and this is a true estimate. The manner in which his years at Paris came to an end can only be deplored. Huygens's scientific work throughout illustrates a readiness to make his personal reputation always subservient to larger interests. Nil actum reputans, si quid superesset agendum was, according to the historian PoggendorfF, his adopted device. The presence of Huygens in Paris throughout the onslaughts of the French armies against the Dutch Republic is the fact which historians find hardest to explain. To a large extent wars reflect nothing of individual feeling towards members of another l Cf. Mouy. Le Dtveloppement de la Physique Cartdsienne 1646-1712 (p. 197). PLATE V Louis XIV at a Meeting of the Academic THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS 6l nation and in those days the instruments of propaganda necessary for whipping up appropriate hatreds did not exist. Nevertheless, in the shifting scene of the wars of Holland, now against England with France as ally, now against France, then against both, and later with England as an ally, the opposition to Louis XIV really remained the one permanent feature. Louis was bent on destroying the Dutch Republic and, with the treacherous help of Charles II, it looked in 1672 as if he would succeed. Huygens could have secured a position of eminence under the Prince of Orange at this time but he had a deep repugnance for political activity and remained in Paris, suspected by some but protected throughout by the minister Colbert. It is not surprising, therefore, that he came in for some criticism by his fellow-countrymen. This criticism was brought to a head in 1673 by the eulogistic dedication of his great Horologium Oscillatorium to Louis XIV. The explanation of these facts seems to be that, once having yielded to the cordial friendship of his associates at the Academic Royale and having decided to endure the war, he had to pursue a difficult and always depress- ing course. The dedication may be regarded as a piece of political wisdom, as justifying his continued patronage, in fact. As a friend of the Dutch ambassador van Beunigen, who during the short war of 1667-8 was suspected of a plot against Louis, it would have been easy for him to come under suspicion as a spy. For Huygens was by no means remote from the world of affairs. He was very well known at court and had many influential friends. After the rise of Louvois and the death of Colbert none of these things mattered; the feelings of Louis towards the house of Orange can scarcely be said to have improved after 1678. But in 1666 Huygens was indisputably the one who chiefly guided the affairs of the Academic Royale des Sciences. Profiting from his knowledge of the Royal Society, Huygens emphasized in Paris the importance of Bacon's teaching. " Experiment and observation/' he wrote, " provide the only way of arriving at the knowledge of the causes of all that one sees in Nature." This attitude is the more striking when one reflects that Descartes had so long been his model. The point here is that while both Bacon and Descartes distrusted formal logic, Descartes scorned empiricism while Bacon apprehended its power. It is not clear that Huygens realized the shortcomings of Bacon's " method ". The great omission in Bacon's scheme of research was the recog- 62 THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYCENS nition that measurements provide the key to the understanding of phenomena. Bacon ranged himself with Aristotle in saying classify when he should have said measure. The attention paid to Chemistry should, in Huygens's view, be restricted to essential problems. He appears to have recognized that the old alchemy was decadent and that the beginnings of a true science lay in the work of Boyle and others. Problems such as that of combustion were obviously worth the closest study. Huygens was interested in Hooke's experiments at the Royal Society which, he held, agreed with the " bizarre hypo- thesis " of an " aerial saltpetre ". This hypothesis of an active constituent in the air he considered was " not ill conceived " but he tended towards Moray's empiricism. " We others/' wrote the latter, " look for the truth of existence and the nature of things as belongs to the true philosophy ". There can be no doubt of the influence of the London group on Huygens 's views of the functions of the new Academy. This influence abroad was recognized by the English themselves, who were fully conscious of the unique importance of their work. " I hope our Society will in time ferment all Europe at least," wrote Oldenburg to Boyle. " Let envy snarl," he wrote, when the new societies excited opposition, " it cannot stop the wheels of active philosophy in no part of the known world." The Academic at first made astronomy its special study, en- couraged, no doubt, by the occurrence of a partial eclipse of the sun in 1666. Huygens noted with dissatisfaction the paucity of astronomical observations in earlier years and this was to be remedied. New observatories were in the course of construction at Greenwich and Paris; Hevelius at Danzig had for some years applied himself to completing Tycho Brahe's observations and had, in 1661, made with Boulliau careful observations of a solar eclipse. In 1666 more was expected from eclipse observations, namely, to rectify the motion of the earth and the moon and to determine differences of meridian on the earth. In the course of the work, several telescopes were compared and micrometers were used for obtaining the relative diameters of the moon and sun. In continuing his work on lenses at Paris, Huygens was hin- dered by the poor quality of the French glass, which was inferior to the Venetian. The material showed veins or striae and tended to extrude salts on cooling. Lens-making brought Huygens into contact with the work of Spinoza, who had then a greater reputa- THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS 63 tion as a lens-grinder than as a philosopher. Lenses were ground by hand in a hollow form or mould in which abrasives of increas- ing fineness were successively used. It was the impossibility of grinding any but small lenses in this way that put a limit to the power of telescopes. The appearance of colours in the image was considered by Huygens to be connected with the inclination of the lens surfaces. The error in this was recognized by Newton some years later but in the meantime a great deal of work was expended in the attempt to make lenses of other than spherical curvature. Astronomy in Paris gained very greatly by the arrival of Cassini in 1669. His first observations were made at the new observatory in 1671. Here he continued his striking work on the rotation of certain of the planets. Huygens had observed the rotation of Mars in 1659 ^ ut true to his device, had not con- sidered the results sufficiently good for publication. Cassini was rewarded by the discovery of four satellites of Saturn and the division in Saturn's ring which is now known by his name. Huygens was not a competitor with Cassini for the honours of new astronomical discoveries. After 1666 his interests lay more in the direction of terrestrial mechanics and, as the sequel shows, this preference was sound. " I am now starting experiments on circular motion," he told his brother in 1667. A few years later, when Richer's expedition to Cayenne returned to Paris it brought back interesting evidence which bore on the question of the earth's gravity, but the effect of circular motion of a medium was the question which at this time interested Huygens, for it was through this that he hoped for an explanation. In taking up the effects of rotation, Huygens was, from one standpoint, return- ing to work which he had put away ten years before. By 1659, v 2 it is thought, he had arrived at the expression for the acceleration towards the centre in the case of a body describing a circular path. In 1669, however, he chose to address the Academic Royale not on this but on an elaborate theory employing the vortex of subtle matter as the cause of gravity. Any easy con- victions we may have that Huygens had by this time rid himself of Cartesian influences must be profoundly shaken by a perusal of this discussion. The opposition with which his theory was greeted by Mariotte and Roberval on this occasion may have been highly beneficial, for the criticisms they made 64 THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS were entirely justified. It may be mentioned in passing that Huygens at this time believed that circular motion is a funda- mental form. Uniform rectilinear motion, he saw, had no effects on events which normally occur in an apparently stationary environment. Circular motion, howfever, introduced new effects. It was only after the appearance of Newton's Principia that Huygens retracted this statement of the absolute nature of circular motion. He then, more consistently, took a firm stand on the relative nature of all motion and against the idea of any absolute space. Mariotte was a French priest who joined the Academic Royale in the year of its foundation and thereafter played an important part. He must be reckoned among the lesser lights who at this time were attempting to make the important next step beyond the mechanics of Galileo. His TraiU de la percussion ou choc des corps (1677) shows that he and Huygens were work- ing on similar problems. When Oldenburg approached Huygens in 1668 with a request that he should contribute to the Royal Society some work on mechanics he replied by sending some work on impact. This, afterwards published in the posthumous Tractatus de Motu Corporum ex Percussions (1703), is really a study of various applications of the law of conservation of momentum. There can be no doubt that Newton profited from the work on impact which was carried out by Huygens, Mariotte, Wallis and Wren. The formulation of his relation between rate of change of momentum and external impressed force completed in a magnificent way this contemporary work. In regard to centri- fugal force Huygens forestalled Newton by many years. " What Mr. Huygens has published since about centrifbgal force I sup pose he had before me," wrote Newton with some chagrin. The immediate result of the correspondence with Oldenburg was that Huygens learnt that Wren and Wallis had both com- municated papers on the subject of impact and momentum and at practically the same time as his own. More instances were to come in which Huygens felt himself to have been unfairly fore- stalled in publication and in some cases he gave vent to severe criticisms which were by no means justified. Oldenburg showed great fairness and removed much oif this feeling of resentment, but the outbreak of some acrimonious correspondence over some mathematical work by James Gregory shows that Huygens had become unduly nervous for his reputation. When Mercator put THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS 65 forward a method of determining longitude by means of a pen- dulum clock he roundly condemned his intrusion. It was for- tunate that when Barrow's Lectiones Opticae came out in 1669 it was evident that the work did not overlap with Huygens's pro- longed researches in optics. Huygens was surprisingly slow to learn the consequences of his own attitude towards publication. It was not customary in those days to isolate a particular problem and to study it exclusively for a considerable time. The seventeenth century men of science were nearly all capable of turning their attention to a wide range of subjects and they fre- quently were engaged on a variety of topics. Huygens indeed must be considered one of the most versatile men of the age, for he excelled Hooke in the quantitive nature of his work while at the same time he showed as wide a range of activity. Hooke's Micfogrophia stimulated Huygens at this time to attack the problems of constructing microscopes, employing the theoretical advances he had achieved in his work on the telescope. Spinoza was interested in similar problems. Galileo was described as having constructed " an occhiale which magnifies ... so that one sees a fly as large as a hen ". This was a compound microscope. Hooke improved the instrument as regards its mounting and the illumination used. Optical improvements were seriously needed. Huygens's own microscopic observations will be mentioned later; they belong to the years after his translation of Leeuwenhoek's work into French in 1677 or 1678. As has been mentioned, Huygens's health was never robust. From early youth he was from time to time subject to a certain kind of debility, later accompanied by severe headaches. The illness of 1670 brought about his complete prostration in Paris and he clearly believed himself to be at the point of death. In these circumstances he concluded that he should bequeath his more important unpublished work in mechanics to someone capable of appreciating its importance and he decided to send it to London in the hands of Francis Vernon, secretary to the Eng- lish ambassador. This action is sufficiently interesting in view of Huygens's official position in Paris for Vernon's account to be given at length. In a letter to Oldenburg he described Huygens's condition "... I saw the condition hee was in which was none of the most lively, that his weaknesse & palenesse did sufficiently declare how great a destruction his sicknesse had wrought in his health and vigour & that though all was bad, which I saw, yet 66 THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYCENS there was something worse which the eye could not perceive nor sense discover, which was a great dejection in his vital spirits, an incredible want of sleep, which neither hee, nor those who coun- celd and assisted him in his sicknesse knew how to remedie & that hee did not know what the end of these things would bee, butt his fancy was ready to suggest the worst ..." This mood Vernon did his best to dispel. He accepted his mission to England should the worst befall. Then, he wrote, " hee fell into a discourse concerning the Royal Society in England wich hee said was an assembly of the Choicest Witts in Christendome & of the finest Parts: hee said hee chose rather to depositt those little labours of his which God had blest and those pledges which to him were dearest of anything in this world, in their hands sooner than in any else. Sooner then of those into whose Society hee was here incorporated & from whom hee had received all demonstrations of a most affectionate civilitie because hee judged the Seat of Science to bee fixed there & that the members of it did embrace & promote Philosophy not for interest, not through ambition or a vanity of excelling others not through fancy or a variable curiosity, butt out of naturall principles of generosity, inclina- tion to Learning & a sincere Respect and love for the truth. . . . Whereas hee said hee did foresee the dissolution .of this academic because it was mixt with tinctures of Envy because it was sup- ported upon suppositions of proffitt because it wholly depended upon the Humour of a Prince & the favour of a minister, either of wich coming toe relent in their Passions the whole frame & Project of their assembly cometh to Perdition/' It is clear that so early as 1670 differences had arisen between Huygens and certain members of the Paris Academy. This fact will be of interest later when the circumstances of the rupture of his official connection are considered. Huygens's illness lasted in acute form for several weeks during which great anxiety was felt by his friends in Paris and London. In June there were signs of recovery and three months later the convalescent was able to return to the Hague. In October he resumed correspondence with Oldenburg. XI Apart from this winter in Holland, 1670-71, the five years from 1670 to 1675 were spent by Huygens in Paris. And they were stirring years in the scientific world. Huygens as chief of the THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS 67 Paris Academic was at the centre of things on the Continent, while he was well informed of what passed in England. In 167 1 Picard's M&ure de la Terre came out, a work of interest from the technical aspect as well as for a general discussion of current theories concerning the shape of the earth. Picard, for example, was well aware in 1671 that the length of a seconds pendulum was different at London, Lyons and Boulogne, but while he admitted that the results might be in conformity with the rota- tion of the earth, he did not think there was sufficient confirma- tion of the results, as yet, to justify any conclusion. Very probably he was acquainted with the notion of centrifugal force through his relationship with Huygens, for the latter had arrived at his important theorems as early as 1659. I* 1 l fy* news came from England of Newton's work on the solar spectrum; from Holland in the same year came interesting mathematical work by Slusius on the drawing of tangents to curves. 1673 was the year of Huy- gens's Horologium Oscillatorium, his magnum opus. In 1674 Hooke issued a work giving his views on evidence for the motion of the earth. During this period Huygens worked with Denis Papin on the use of gunpowder as a source of useful energy, and, more important, with Leibnitz at Mathematics. In 1675 Leibnitz brought out his calculus differentialis. And to these busy years belong also the invention of the spiral-spring regulator and balance wheel which are essential parts of the watch and chrono- meter. Yet they were not altogether happy years for Huygens. After the invasion of the Low Countries, by the armies of Louis XIV in 1672, he may frequently have asked himself why he had re- turned to Paris in 1671, and immersed himself in work as the only outlet for his despair at his situation. Huygens felt keenly the wrong done to his country and it required much tact and consideration from his friends in Paris to preserve the calm rela- tionship in which he had been accustomed to live. Huygens followed the course of the war with anxiety, but it must be remembered that at forty-three he was by upbringing and experi- ence almost as much a citizen of the French capital as he was of Holland. Paris was indeed the centre of the cultivated world and the prospects for the man of science who should be cut off from the activity of one or other of the two flourishing societies would be poor indeed. 68 THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS Huygens seems to have worked even when quite ill; certainly he was struggling to regain his old activity in October 1670 when he received some interesting work on mechanics from Wallis. Yet he agreed that his recovery (" for which I thank God ") was too recent for him to do other than attempt very little. We shall see that Huygens's work in theoretical optics, for example, rivals that in mechanics, but in 1670 he considered the latter subject more important. Though overlooked nowadays, the ideas he contributed to mechanics were as fundamental as his contributions to physical optics. His Horologium Oscilla- torium was practically completed and had grown from a treatise on the construction and regulation of the clock to a work on centres of oscillation, the tautochrone, the theory of evolutes and centrifugal force. As an examination of this treatise will show, it contains a great deal which was made more explicit in Newton's Principia (1687) although discovered by Huygens independently. The law known as Newton's First Law was known and used by Galileo and Huygens; Huygens, in addition, must have employed the Second Law in arriving at his propositions on centrifugal force as early as 1659. He also saw the necessity of distinguishing between mass and weight at about the same time (see p. 119). The greater merit of Newton's work, in fact, was that he gave a clearer presentation of these ideas and made them more useful by means of simple mathematical relations. When the Horologium Oscillatorium came out in 1673, after Huygens's return to Paris, it showed the extent to which his thought had developed. The work was singularly free from Car- tesian influences. Huygens himself hoped that it would be in direct line with the great work of Galileo and his hopes were not disappointed. Newton wrote to Oldenburg of his " great satis- faction " with the work and said he found it " full of very subtile and usefull speculations very worthy of ye Author ". Newton especially admired Huygens's mathematical style and con- sidered him the " most elegant writer of modern times ". This remark starts some interesting reflections. Newton regretted that he had not applied himself to geometry before proceeding to algebraic analysis. It was Huygens's predominantly geometrical methods, employed in the Horologium Oscillatorium, which aroused his admiration. At this time Newton was well advanced in his work on fluxions and, as w-e know, Leibnitz took up similar THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS 69 problems after 1672. The central idea of the differential calculus owes a great deal to the study of motion, for this study intro- duced the notion of a continuously varying quantity. Huygens 's work in this connection was of the greatest importance for, as Leibnitz admitted, it was Huygens who had dispelled the rnys tery attaching to the study of motion. The two mathematicians, Huygens and Leibnitz, met in Paris in 1672 and Leibnitz became a regular visitor at the Bibliotheque du Roi. Under Huygens's guidance Leibnitz's ideas developed rapidly, for up to this date, as he himself admitted, he had been only an amateur in such studies. In 1674 Huygens was able to present to the Academic Royale Leibnitz's first paper on the differential calculus. Whether Huygens gave Leibnitz an inkling of Newton's work on fluxions will always remain an in- teresting speculation. Newton's own ideas date from about 1665 or 1666 and there is no doubt that after 1669 these were well known to his friends in England. Wallis especially must have known about them. Huygens himself was not happy in the use of analytical methods. He was, in Newton's words, " the most just imitator of the ancients " and it is a striking fact that the classical geometrical method was used by Newton himself in writing the Principia. This fact, which has always troubled historians in some degree, must be explained by the prestige of Huygens at this time and the fact that proofs by the newer methods were not everywhere accepted. The ideas of both the Principia and the Horolofnum Oscillatorium were later cast in analytical form by the mathematicians of the eighteenth century. The Horologium Oscillatorium made a great impression on contemporary men of science. The propositions on centrifugal force, given at the end, were of course important in the develop- ment of planetary theory, and the conical pendulum interested those who, like Hooke, concerned themselves with the problem of time measurement. It is certain that Huygens employed the conical pendulum in clocks in 1659 and again in 1667, when he had more fully investigated the laws of motion involved. Con- troverting Hooke's claims to the invention of such a clock, he pointed out, what Hooke certainly did not know, that the conical pendulum should be so designed that all revolutions of the bob describe horizontal circles in the surface of a paraboloid of revolu- tion with the axis vertical. Only then would all revolutions be isochronous. 70 THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS Huygens showed considerable dislike for quarrels such as the one of 1674 in which he became involved with Hooke and others. In 1675 he had yet another such experience. This was over his invention of the first successful spring regulator for the clock. Huygens's design of a spiral spring combined with a balance wheel is the one which is still used in watches and its distinction lies in the fact that the centre of gravity of the oscillating part bears a fixed relation to the stationary parts. This meant that the influence of gravity was eliminated. A quarrel with the clock- maker Thuret and the Abbe de Hautefeuille was settled by the Academic Royale on these grounds in Huygens's favour, for Hautefeuille used a straight spring and not a spiral. Hooke was, however, a more tedious antagonist in connection with the same invention and he was made more bitter by the support given by some members of the Royal Society for Huygens's priority. "Zulichem's spring not worth a farthing," he wrote in his diary. When Huygens, for a quiet life, gave Oldenburg the rights to the English patent, he drew from Hooke a full and free ex- pression of his long dislike of the secretary. Oldenburg, he averred, was Huygens's spy. " Saw the Lying Dog Oldenburg's Transactions," he noted eight months later, " Resolved to quit all employment and to seek my health." Oldenburg, he said angrily, was a "trafficker in intelligence". He would hear nothing favour- able about Huygens's marine clocks. " Seamen knew their way already to any Port," he somewhat childishly stated. Altogether the complaints of Hooke appeared in print over a considerable period tut they hold little interest now. A more famous result of Huygens's correspondence with the English scientists during his years in Paris was that the French became aware in 1672 for the first time of the work of Newton. On January 1 1 of that year Oldenburg wrote to Huygens of the " invention of a new sort of telescope by Monsieur Isaac Newton, Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge ". His next letter gave a full description and this was utilized by Huygens for an account published in the Journal des Savants of the following month. It should be mentioned that Gregory's design for a reflecting tele- scope was never put into practice and the new invention was based on his ideas. Huygens found it *' beautiful and ingenious " and he thanked Oldenburg for the news of " the marvellous tele- scope of Monsieur Newton ". The problem of making the con- cave mirror, though difficult, did not appear to be insuperable. THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS 71 He supposed that Newton had come to despair, as he had him- self, of overcoming spherical aberration but did not refer to the fact that it was this consideration which had led Gregory to his idea nine years before. Up to this date Huygens had not heard of Newton's experiments on the composition of white light and certainly underestimated the defect of chromaticism. It is consequently surprising, after this initial enthusiasm, to find that Huygens soon abandoned the reflecting telescope. The trials which he himself immediately carried out proved dis- appointing owing to the imperfect polish given to the mirror. Newton's first telescope was hardly more than a model and when the construction of larger telescopes was attempted in England, the most expert glass worker in London, Cox, found the task of grinding the mirrors too difficult. Reflecting telescopes of a large and useful size were in fact not made for more than fifty years. Huygens found that metal jnirrors were unsuitable since the polish was unequal to that given to glass and it was not perman- ent. He found himself compelled to return to the refracting tele- scope but realizing that a new difficulty beside that of spherical aberration now required to be overcome. For in March 1672 Oldenburg sent Huygens a copy of the Philosophical Transactions in which, he said, Huygens would find " a new theory of Monsieur Newton (the inventor of the cata-dioptric telescope) touching light and colours : where he maintains that light is not uniform but a mixture of rays of different refrangibility, as you will see fully in the same dis- course. . . " This copy of the Transactions contained, of course, an account of Newton's famous experiment on the spectrum. The Royal Society, on receipt of this, Newton's first published scientific paper, sent it to Huygens as the one whose opinions would carry the most weight. Huygens's reply was that the con- clusions drawn and the theory put forward seemed "very ingenious ". But, he went on, " it must be seen if it is compatible with all the experiments ". Three months later he wrote that he considered the compound nature of white light had been proved by Newton's experimcntum crucis, in which it was shown that the separate coloured rays emerging from the prism could not be further decompounded. Huygens went on, however, to make observations which disappoint the modern reader almost as much as they disappointed the young Newton. He questioned if it would not suffice to base an explanation " on the nature of move- 72 THE LIFE OF CHUISTIAN HUYGENS ment " for the two colours yellow and blue only. Until the essential difference of these two colours was understood " he [Newton] will not have taught us what the nature and difference of colours consists of, but only this accident (which assuredly is very considerable) of their different refrangibility ". Failing to see the distinction between an impression of colour and the different rays of the spectrum, Huygens suggested that Newton would find that yellow and blue would be sufficient to produce white light. The other colours he regarded as " degrees of yellow and blue more or less deep ". These criticisms were an easy prey to Newton who, far from rushing prematurely into publication, had kept the work by him for at least five years. Oldenburg warned Huygens that Newton, then thirty, was not a man who spoke lightly about anything he advanced. Newton flatly denied that all colours could be " de- rived out of the Yellow and Blew . . . none of all those colours which I defined to be Original " could be so obtained. " Nor is it easier,." he insisted, " to frame an Hypothesis by assuming only two Original colours rather than an indefinit variety; unless it be easier to suppose, that there are but two figures, sizes and de- grees of velocity or force of the ^Ethereal corpuscles or pulses, rather than indefinit variety; which certainly would be a harsh supposition." It would be indeed, he remarked, " a very puzzling phenomenon ", "... But to examine how Colors may be ex- plained hy pot helically is besides my purpose. I never intended to shew, wherein consists the Nature and Difference of colors, but only to shew, that de facto they are Original and Immutable qualities of the Rays which exhibit them; and to leave it to others to explicate by Mechanical Hypotheses the Nature and Difference of those qualities: which I take to be no difficult matter ". It was unimportant if two colours in the spectrum could be combined to give an appearance of white. Such light was different in its physical nature from ordinary white light and could not be resolved by the prism into more than the two components. Clearly Newton was deeply disappointed, at the outset of his career, to receive so little appreciation of the true nature of this work from one so eminent as Huygens. He wished, he said, in future " to be no further solicitous about matters of Philosophy ". His rather summary answers to Huy- gens's remarks disposed at the same time of certain criticisms put forward by Hooke. For once Huygens and Hooke were in THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS 73 alliance, both opposed to what was essentially a new attitude to scientific problems; both, moreover, found the new facts difficult to reconcile with their respective wave or pulse theories of light. This first occasion for the comparison of Huy- gens and Newton raises, it will be seen, a question on which these two men of science consistently differed. This was the place of hypothesis in scientific method, a subject for which a later chap- ter must be reserved. It is unfortunate that the two greatest scientists of this period did not achieve harmony in their attitude to problems of com- mon interest. For their divergence was not particularly fruitful although it extended from optics into the realm of mechanics. Huygens greatly admired the Principia after its appearance in 1687 and he met Newton in 1689. By r his time, however, the dif- ference of outlook had become too ingrained and Huygens at sixty had become less amenable to new persuasions. And yet this difference is certainly not so great as some writers have sug- gested. One biographer of Newton, Louis Trenchard More, con- siders that men like Hooke and Huygens relied on an inward sentiment of knowledge and in opposing Newton " were merely opposing theory by hypothesis ". Whatever the significance of this distinction, this is a question which can be dealt with only after a careful survey of Huygens's work as a whole. It will be seen that it is a profound mistake to treat Huygens as merely another Cartesian, for all his life he vacillated between the Car- tesian view that the objects of scientific calculation are products of thought and the materialism which regards them as external realities. Not only is there much to say in Huygens's favour with regard to the status of scientific concepts, but in methodology also Huygens perceived as well as Newton the end of scientific investigation. " I do not believe we know anything with com- plete certainty," he wrote to Perrault, " but everything probably and to different degrees of probability ... as 100,000 to i as in geometrical demonstrations/* The latter he considered were in a category by themselves. " In the matter of Physics there are no certain demonstrations and one can only know causes through the effects in making suppositions founded on experiments or known phenomena and trying afterwards if other effects agree with these same suppositions." These remarks should make clear the difference between Huygens and Descartes. For Descartes the intuitional method, to which More refers, did undoubtedly 74 THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS take precedence over the experimental. For Huygens, a life-long experimentalist, there was no way to final certainty. In the period we are considering Huygens continued his studies in optics but it is difficult to estimate his progress. This work began as early as 1652. By 1653 he had completed a first Tractatus de refractione et telescopiis of 108 pages. This was sub- sequently amplified but remained unpublished. As Huygens found, Cavalieri had independently obtained some of his results and published them in the Exercitationes Geometrical Sex. The only other previous writers of originality were Alhazen (nth century) and Kepler, whose Paralipomena was published in 1604 and Dioptrice in 161 i . In England the most important work was done by Barrow and by Halley. The latter drew attention to the advantages of algebraic formulae; up to this time the relations used in optics were expressed in the most cumbersome geometri- cal form. Many of the problems to which Alhazen had given prominence were definitely geometrical in character and these continued to be studied. A new interest was injected into these somewhat academic studies by Bartholinus's discovery of double refraction in i66g. This was described in a short Latin treatise, Experiinenta Cryslalli Islandici Disdiaclastici . . . , which was widely read. Huygens obtained a specimen of Iceland Spar and a considerable part of his Traite de la Lumiere, completed in 1678 (published 1690), deals with experiments he then carried out. Huygens had developed a pulse theory of light and the effort he made to reconcile his theory with the new and peculiar optical properties of Iceland Spar was a masterly one. Curiously enough there is little reference to this work in his correspondence. About this time Huygens had as his assistant Denis Papin, a Frenchman who later worked with Boyle in England. With Papin, Huygens in 1673 experimented on gunpowder as a source of mechanical energy. There is a possibility that Huygens had considered some kind of atmospheric engine as early as 1660 when he talked with Pascal about " the force of water rarefied in cannons ". In thfcse experiments of 1673 we can see the fore- runner of Papin's atmospheric engine, which did in fact employ steam in place of gunpowder. Papin was later, through the in- terest of the Landgrave of Hesse, appointed professor at the university of Marbourg and it was here that he developed the atmospheric engine which gave Newcomen his clue. In exchange for Papin, as one might say, Oldenburg sent over THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS 75 to Huygcns the wealthy young amateur Walter von Tschirn- haus, a friend of Spinoza and Leibnitz. He belonged to a class which had early supported the new scientific societies but he was exceptional in that his interest in science did not quickly flag and in that he made himself something more than a mere dilettante. Through Tschirnhaus Huygens undoubtedly learned more of Spinoza's philosophical ideas but he showed himself little inter- ested in them. Unlike many of the seventeenth century men of science Huygens did not occupy himself with philosophical or theological questions and neither he nor Leibnitz seems fully to have grasped the nature of Spinoza's thought. XII Early in 1676 Huygens was again ill. There is no doubt that the illness of 1670 had recurred and this time he showed greater caution in meeting the danger. In March 1676 he set out to return home to the Hague while he was yet able, but the journey was slow and very uncomfortable. To his brother he confessed his doubts whether he would return to a life in Paris which seemed to be injurious, and even when he had recovered, a year later, he procrastinated under the pretext of uncertain health. Colbert gave permission for his remaining at the Hague for the winter of 1677-78 and the return journey to Paris took place in June 1678. During these two years at home he pushed on with his re- searches. To these years belongs a great deal of work on the double refraction of Iceland Spar and the development of his wave theory of light. On November 122, 1676, Roemer read a paper to the Academic Roy ale in which he gave the first calcula- tion of the velocity of light. Huygens was immediately interested on receiving a copy of the paper and an interesting cor- respondence with Roemer was begun. The assumption that light travelled with a finite speed was fundamental in Huygens's work and on this assumption, he wrote to Colbert, he had " demon- strated the properties of refraction and, a little while since, that of Iceland crystal which is no small marvel of nature nor one which it is easy to understand ". It was consequently gratifying that this assumption should receive confirmation and that the speed of light should be approximately known. There was some similarity of outlook between Roemer and Huygens for Roemer supposed, like Huygens, that the passage of light through cry* 76 THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS tals (thrown into prominence by the Iceland Spar phenomena) was analogous to the transmission of impulses through con- tiguous spheres. The explanation of double refraction along these lines would, he considered, establish the truth of the theory of light which for some years had been associated with Huy gens'? name. It is well known that Huygens was led to his theory of trans- mission of light through his work on impact. The transmission of longitudinal, compressional, vibrations through perfectly elastic spheres seemed to him to have applications in light, since crystals and other transparent media might be supposed to be composed of assemblages of atoms. And even though he was unable to suppose the atoms of the elements were the actual medium since all substances are not transparent he found a mechanism which reduced light to a form of motion and brought it within the treatment of the " true Philosophy ". In this philo- sophy " one conceives the causes of all material effects in terms of mechanical motions. This, in my opinion, we must necessar- ily do, or else renounce all hopes of ever comprehending any- thing in Physics/ 1 This quotation is taken from the beginning of Huygens's Traite de la Lumiere. To explain the transmission of light through the Torricellian space and all manner of trans- parent substances, however, some pervading subtle medium was assumed. We must remember that Huygens was led to conclude that such a medium existed from his vacuum experiments. The ether was, however, not a continuous medium but was composed of very light particles in contact. These, on impact with the heavy vibrating atoms of incandescent bodies, transmitted their vibrations in all directions according to the laws of impact. The elasticity of air, Huygens thought, " seems to show " that it is made up of particles which are " agitated very rapidly in the ethereal matter composed of much smaller parts ". It was im- portant that slight impulses travelled as fast as strong ones, a fact which was readily explained by applying Hooke's law of elasticity to the particles of ether. Also, individual wave- lets by themselves were too weak to produce effects of light, which only arose when the wavelets combined to form a wave- front according to the well-known Huygens construction now given in all text-books on light. Huygens's theory is better described as a pulse theory rather than a wave theory but in the Traite he made the remark that THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS 77 the vibratory motion "... is successive and . . . spreads as sound does, by spherical surfaces and waves ", Hooke developed a wave theory also largely in relation to his observations of colours produced by thin films. The difference between his ideas and those of Huygens was mainly that Hooke did not consider the formation of a wave-front by the innumerable individual wavelets. Not all scientists, however, were prepared to accept Roemer's estimate of the velocity of light. Descartes had been so con- vinced of the instantaneous transmission of light that he un- wisely said he would stake all his system of philosophy on its truth. Unlike Huygens there were many who remained under his spell. In the Traite, therefore, Huygens went to some pains to demonstrate the error of Descartes's reasoning. Cassini was opposed to Roemer's explanation of the apparent advance and retardation of the occultations of Jupiter's satellite, but mainly because only the innermost satellite had been studied. When the Academic had to decide on the dispute which arose over the work they came to the conclusion that Roemer was right; as he explained, the occultations of the outer satellites were less fre- quent and less sharply observable for obvious reasons. While the method he had put forward was the best one available for finding the velocity of light, he hoped that surface marks on Jupiter would prove of use, and later in the year observation of a spot on the planet gave the period of revolution of the planet on its axis. Observation of this spot could then be relied on in place of occultations for measurement of the velocity of light. Clearly Roemer was a man of the same outlook and ingenuity as Huy- gens. At the time when Huygens was at the Hague, Roemer was attempting to determine what effect the motion of the earth should have on the apparent positions of the heavenly bodies when this motion was transverse to the direction of the light rays. It scarcely matters that Roemer conceived the problem in terms of the Cartesian vortices; the point was that the circular motion of the terrestrial vortex should produce an apparent cur- vature of the path of light. In its modern form the problem was propounded and explained by Bradley, who discovered the effect of " aberration" in 1728. Huygens made the journey back to Paris in the middle of the summer of 1678. With him went Nicholas Hartsoeker, later known as a maker of lenses. Once more Huygens settled down to 78 THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS his old occupations. The period to which we have come was, unhappily, one during which he was not for long well. He was ill again in 1679 an d although he recovered he was compelled again to return to the Hague in 168 1 . From this last convalescence he never returned to Paris. We are consequently faced with the fact that this was Huygens's last stay in Paris, and one which was seriously interrupted by illness. Curiously enough, in view of the swift reverse which was in store, Huygens's prestige seems never to have been higher than it was at this time. It is clear that he was widely regarded as in a real sense the head of the Academic Royale des Sciences, the position of which seemed even more assured than that of the Royal Society at this time. The Royal Society in fact suffered from the political upheavals of the time and from the defection of some of its members. 1678 was the year of the Popish Plot, which, according to Titus Dates, aimed at the conquest of the kingdom by the Jesuits. As late as November it was held that " there hath been and still is a damnable and hellish plot, con- trived and carried on by popish recusants, for the assassinating and murdering of the King and rooting out and destroying the Protestant religion ". With the death of Oldenburg in this year, Huygens's relations with the society were practically at an end. The Academic Royale had on the other hand increased in vigour after its slow development in the first few years. Thanks to Colbert, Huygens and Auzout had been able to equip the Academic with all the laboratory and astronomical apparatus required and each year saw improvements in scientific technique. The society had begun to undertake enterprises such as the ex- pedition of Richer to Cayenne in 1672 and this had led to impor- tant information concerning the shape of the earth. Nevertheless, in France as in England there were jealous opponents of the new learning. The universities always feared an undermining of their authority if the scientific societies be- came too strong or too serious in their tasks, the Jesuits wished to have a monopoly of the new knowledge, and there were some who stirred the popular mind against investigations which seemed to a less and less degree to aim at the production of new inventions or the amelioration of life. In France, Paul Pelisson, who was writing a history of Louis's reign, gave Huygens space to deal with current criticisms and to enlighten the public on the aims and work of the Academic. THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS 79 In this review Huygens limited himself to the particular field in which he was an authority. He began by alluding to the need of astronomical studies and the great importance of the new observatory. The use of pendulum clocks and improved tele- scopes had made possible observations incomparably more exact and more easy than they were in the time of Tycho Brahe. The discovery of new stars, the confirmation of the ring of Saturn and the discovery of its satellites, a full study of the moon's surface and the description of comets and sunspots were among modern achievements. The discovery and measurement of the velocity of light were adduced as a consequence of such observations. Nor was such work without practical value : the occultations of Jupiter's satellites provided a method of determining longitudes, a problem for which the pendulum clocks might soon provide a better answer. The great appeal of the work of the Academic, however, lay in the steady expansion of man's knowledge and understand- ing of the world. Expeditions had been sent to Cayenne and to Hveen; more exact star catalogues and ephemerides were to be prepared so that the theories of the universe might accord more exactly with observation. The Earth itself had been made the object of scientific measurement. Geometry had been applied " in the study of causes in the field of Physics, it being accepted by almost all philosophers of today that the figure and movement of the corpuscles of which everything is composed are alone re- sponsible for all the wonderful effects which we see in nature ". This is really a statement of the new mechanistic philosophy to which the physical researches of the men of science had led. The world had come more and more to be regarded as a perfect machine and, says Burtt 1 , "first in Huygens and (in a more philo- sophical form) in Leibnitz we have this opinion unequivocally proclaimed ". Huygens clearly feared that this summary might seem to be written from the standpoint of the vortex theory of Descartes and he went on: " which opinion having been greatly supported through the philosophy of Descartes, they neverthe- less adhere neither to his sentiments nor to those of any other philosopher in order to gain authority ". Descartes, he pointed out, was mistaken in many things through lack of experiment and in particular he had sacrificed the accurate definitions of con- cepts which Galileo had begun to clarify. Truer ideas were now held regarding motion and force and momentum, the nature of 1 E. Burtt: The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Science (193*). 8o THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYCENS meteors and other celestial phenomena, and the nature and effects of light. Microscopes, telescopes, the air pump and many other machines had been brought into use and had extended man's knowledge and led to the advancement of the sciences. Nevertheless, while Huygens was an enthusiast for the new world of the seventeenth century science, he displayed caution in comparing his own age with that of classical antiquity. His friend Charles Perrault frankly regarded the seventeenth cen- tury as superior to all other ages and considered Huygens him- self an example of this superiority. To such praise and to that of the younger Fermat, who compared him with Descartes, he returned a modest reply. " I am one of those who have profited from the wisdom of that great man," he wrote. That Huygens was not everywhere so popular and that there were factions in the Academic at this time can scarcely be doubted. The eminence of Huygens, in whose honour a medal was struck in 1679, was not agreeable to Cassini and de la Hire and the latter is known to have led an opposition to the entry of all foreigners and especially the friends of Huygens into the academy. In France just as in England religious differences were being exploited for political ends. The greatest division within the Academic Royale seems to have resulted not from national- istic or religious partisanship but arose between members who, like the original Montmorians, were eminently followers of Des- cartes, and those who, like Huygens and Mariotte, showed an increasing scepticism towards the Cartesian system. In these cir- cumstances Huygens seems to have felt more affinity with men of science who were not involved in the dispute and with Leibnitz in particular there grew up an interesting correspondence. It will be remembered that Leibnitz had studied mathematics with Huygens in 1672. During the subsequent years the German mathematician had pursued his researches along new paths. In 1676 he had been in correspondence with Newton about methods of expansion in series. Newton mentioned his binomial theorem and the method of fluxions but did not describe the latter, although he added some illustrations of its use. By 1675 Leibnitz was employing his own form of differential calculus but was un- able to involve Newton in discussing anything which might arouse controversy. Newton's method of fluxions was, in fact, not published until 1693. In correspondence with Huygens, Leib- nitz claimed to have developed the calculus into a method by THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS 8l means of which he had successfully treated a variety of prob- lems. Huygens, however, would not abandon geometry for the differential calculus and never gained any facility in its use. Leib- nitz wrote at length also about the subject of symbolic logic, of which he was an originator, but his ideas were not appreciated by Huygens or anyone else at that time and they wer6 not taken up until the following century. Leibnitz was anxious to secure nomination to the Academic Royale as a foreign member but this Huygens seems to have been unable to obtain. Not until 1700 was Leibnitz and in the same year Newton admitted as a foreign member. It was in 1700 that Leibnitz organized the Berlin Academy of Sciences. At the Academic Royale Huygens's chief activity at this time was the presentation of his work in geometrical optics in a series of lectures lasting from May to August. The whole sum- mer of 1679 was spent in editing the work of many years before and with special problems concerning Iceland spar. Much of the work on the optical properties of conic sections which comes at the end of the Traite de la Lumiere was completed about this time. Fermat's least-time principle, also, he succeeded in de- ducing for refraction on the assumption that light travels more slowly in glass or water than in air. As for Descartes, both Huygens and Leibnitz had scant regard for the greater part of his work in this field. His " pretence of a demonstration " of the laws of refraction was replaced by the well-known treatment which employs Huygens's secondary wavelets. Huygens's work in optics may in fact be regarded as standing in relation to previous studies by Kepler, Snell, Descartes, and Fermat much as Newton's mechanics stands in relation to the mechanics of Galileo and Huygens : Huygens achieved the same union of the physical and mathematical aspects of the subject. His mastery of geometry of course equipped him in a unique way for this task. The subject of colour was, however, left on one side; Huygens seems always to have held that a mathematical ex- planation of this was not possible. Nevertheless, he appreciated the practical outcome of Newton's work in this subject: the discovery of chromatic aberration of lenses showed, he saw, that this effect may be no less important in telescopes than spherical aberration. It followed that the search for the achromatic lens might be more profitable than the attempt to obtain lenses with non-spherical surfaces had been. He would probably have had to 82 THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYCENS admit by this time that the idea of the reflecting telescope was by no means " extravagant ". The interest aroused in microscopic work by Hooke's Micro- graphia and the translation from Dutch into French of Leeuwenhoek's work by Huygens about 1677 led many at this time to take up such studies. The whole world of infusoria awaited discovery. The imperfections of the compound micro- scope were still considerable, however, and Leeuwenhoek, as is well known, preferred to use a single lens of short focal length in his observations, which perhaps included the discovery of bac- teria. Huygens used very small lenses of glass, some of which he made hollow and filled with alcohol. Locke, who was in Paris in 1678, wrote to Boyle of the " extraordinary goodness " of Huygens's microscopes. In devising a mount for his very small lenses Huygens introduced a method of altering the intensity of illumination of the object. Later, in 1692, he introduced dark ground illumination. These were the contributions of a prac- tical microscopist. After 1676, in fact, Huygens was very interested in making observations of infusoria in rain water. Ill-health no doubt accounts for a diminution of the mathe- matical and more abstract studies of Huygens after 1680. He left Paris at the end of the summer of this year for a short stay at Viry, where the country air restored him for a time. He returned to the capital in time to take part in observations of a comet and as a recreation started the construction of a planetary machine which would reproduce by means of clockwork the relative motions in the solar system. Early in 1681 he was again ill, but not until September was his return to Holland practicable. XIII The convalescence after this last illness was slow. Letters arrived bearing the good wishes of men of science in Paris and London. Even de la Hire, only recently elected but before long a prominent member of the Academic, sent the good wishes of " all the company ". It is evident from his letter that de la Hire hoped for the position which Huygens had left at least tempor- arily vacant; there is a strong presumption that he did in fact work hard to prevent Huygens from having much opportunity to return to Paris. Huygens for his part was at first in no hurry to leave Holland even when, in 1682, he had practically THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYCENS 83 recovered. Later in the year the Dutch East Indies Company showed interest in the latest pattern of marine clock and this was a further incentive to remain. By taking up the summer of 1683, the work on the new marine clock really decided his future, for Colbert died in September of this year and without his patron's support the opposition to Huygens's return began to be really formidable. Not only this but the political horizon was dark with the uncertainties caused by the renewal of Louis's activities abroad. By 1686 the situation in Europe was not unlike that of 1673. The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685) roused all Protestant countries. To Holland fled a large number of exiled Frenchmen. It was a time of rapidly diminishing free- dom in France and Huygens's experience well illustrates the fact. For when he renewed his application to return the appeal fell on deaf ears. Whether anti-Protestant feeling was the sole reason is not altogether clear. Huygens's friend Roemer left Paris a few months earlier, and it was four years later that the Edict was repealed. Quite as much as anti-Protestantism, probably, per- sonal jealousies spoiled the work of the Academie; the years after 1681 seem indeed to have been years of retrogression It is a striking illustration of the hostility which the Cartesians had come to feel for Huygens at this time that the Abb Catelan should, nine years after the publication of the Horologium Oscillatorium, attack the fundamental principles employed by Huygens in his treatment of the compound pendulum. There is nothing of scientific interest in Catelan's criticisms and they were designed to discredit Huygens's work in the eyes of those who were comparatively ignorant of mathe matics and mechanics. The mathematician James Bernoulli came forward to champion Huygens's ideas in 1684. In the middle of 1684 Huygens was visited by Thomas Molyneux, a contemporary and acquaintance of Flamsteed and Hooke. Molyneux wrote to his brother that he was received " extraordinarily civilly ". Huygens, he said, " beyond my ex- pectations talked to me in my own language, and pretty well ". He was shown Huygens's planetary machine which he decided was " nothing more than an ingenious curiosity " for, he said, " I asked him could he by help of it exactly determine an eclipse, and I observed that he could not give me a positive answer, as being loath to confess the imperfections of his contrivance to me that seemed to admire it so much as I did ". Huygens had in fact 84 THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS come to the end of his great period of scientific activity, but some profound ideas were yet to be developed. The news of the death of Picard (1682), who had done notable work at the Paris observatory, caused Huygens to ponder the uncertainty of life and to think of publishing the " many good and useful things which I have written or found, to complete which I desire only peace and the continuance of my health ". As events turned out his retirement held more of solitariness than he desired. The death of his father at a great age in 1687, and the departure of his brother Constantin for England in 1688, when William of Orange became King of England, left him alone in the isolated residence at Voorburg in the summer. The winters he spent at the Hague. In his letters he lamented the absence of any with whom he could discuss scientific topics. Owing to financial worries he began to consider the possibility of securing a position as counsellor to William III, but this only embarrassed the King, who perceived that Huygens had " higher ideas than to loiter with administrators ". The idea of a position in England seems to have occurred to Huygens after a short visit to this country in 1689. He was in London from June to August of this year, but only brief records remain. He met Flamsteed at Greenwich and attended a meet- ing of the Royal Society at Gresham College. In company with Fatio de Duillier, a Swiss mathematician, he met Newton for the first time. Little is known about this or of another occasion when, in July, Huygens, de Duillier, and Newton travelled from Cambridge together on the occasion of Newton's application for the position of Provost of King's College. Huygens also met Boyle on several occasions and witnessed some chemical experi- ments. He left London with many regrets for the isolation in which he then lived. It would, of course, be extremely interesting to know what discussions took place between Newton and Huygens on the occasions when they met. It is clear that in mechanics the two scientists held certain divergent views, notably on the subject of the conservation of energy and on the existence of absolute space and time. For Huygens, after reading the Principle, became strongly critical not only of Newton's postulate of universal gravity but also of his belief in the existence of absolute space and motion. He had early perceived that a body, moving uni- formly in a straight line with respect to one observer, might be THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS 85 accelerated with respect to another. And while he first made a distinction in favour of the absolute nature of motion in a circle which was accompanied by the existence of a centrifugal force, he abandoned this also after reading the Principia. This was in contrast with Newton's acceptance of an absolute space and time according to which all motion possessed an absolute character. Whether they discussed such differences of view and whether they compared notes on the subject of resisted motion and other matters in which they were both interested at this time is not known. Over the question of the cause of gravitational attraction there was, of course, a complete divergence of view between Newton and Huygens, for while the latter speculated for some time on the subject it was one for which Newton felt no interest. Huygens went out of his way to expound his views in such a way that they would not give Newton any offence. He seems to have been a little nervous about Newton's reception of yet another hypothesis. It may be remarked here that Huygens's theory grew out of his work on the nature of light and was an attempt to explain gravity as due to the action of an ether or fluid matter which, owing to rotation, seeks to travel away from the centre and thus, as he thought, forces slower moving bodies together. Even at this time, however, the difficulties of such a theory were becoming clearer. A fluid which could permeate matter could scarcely exert a reaction on it and de Duillier, who had gone to England for the purpose of studying Newton's works, pointed out to Huygens that the absence of any apparent resistance to the motion of planets and comets argued that the ether must be excessively attenuated. As is now known, however, Newton was not so thoroughly opposed to the ether theory as was generally supposed. Although he condemned the idea (as expressed by Hooke) in 1675, he returned to the question in the " Queries " to his Optics. The inverse-square law of gravitational force posed great difficulties for Huygens's mechanistic theories. It was, he said, " a new and very remarkable property of gravity of which it was very necessary to search out the reason ". He could not see that the cause could be given on the principles of mechanics or of the rules of motion. The view that gravity was an inherent property of matter, he said, "takes us very far from the principles of mathematics or mechanics ". Leibnitz also was 86 THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS against Newton's view of gravity as innate. If it was to be regarded as a " law of God who brings about this effect without using any intelligible means, then it is -a senseless occult property, which is so very occult that it can never be cleared up, even though a Spirit, not to say God himself, were endeavouring to explain it," he wrote to Hartsoeker. The importance of Newton's work was not, however, lost on Huygens, who perceived that the Principia utterly destroyed the Cartesian vortices. Writing to Leibnitz about the elliptical orbits of the planets Huygens said he would like to know if he could continue to hold to Descartes's vortices after reading the Principia since these " in my view are superfluous if one accepts the system of Mr. Newton in which the movement of the planets is explained by the gravity towards the Sun and the vis centri- fuga which balances it ... ". The extreme Cartesian view of gravity was expounded (1690) by Regis in a book on Richer's observations at Cayenne. The explanations put forward were closely similar to the ideas ex- pressed by Huygens in 1669 on the occasion of the discussion at the Acad&nie Royale. Regis made no mention of Newton in his book. In 1690 Huygens felt a good deal of uncertainty and wavered between his original ideas and the view expressed in his letter to Leibnitz. The appearance of the tract on the cause of gravity at the end of the Traitf de la Lumtire, published in this year, cannot be held to represent Huygens's final views, about which more will be said later. In England the effect of the Principia was more profound. Fatio de Duillier said that some of the Royal Society were "extremely prepossessed" in the book's favour and reproached those who were not under its spell as being too Cartesian. " They . . . have led me to understand that after the meditations of their author all Physics has been much changed " lie wrote to Huygens. There can be no doubt that on the Continent the criticisms made by Huygens and Leibnitz strengthened the position of the Cartesian philosophy for a good many more years. And yet Huygens's own work was, at its best, as opposed as Newton's to the Cartesian frame of mind and he did a great deal to dispose of the errors of Descartes's physical ideas, llie last five years of Huygens's life were in fact to be years of crisis for the Cartesian philosophy. Leibnitz and Huygens would have developed an alternative analysis which freed itself from Descartes's errors while at the THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS 87 same time rejecting Newton's conception of matter, time and space but this project was never carried through. In the event their effect was to delay the acceptance of Newton's work while at the same time weakening the supports on which Descartes's physical teaching rested. In the meantime the more orthodox Cartesians were driven to great lengths to show that the new results of scientific research were fundamentally in accord with Descartes's ideas. Even the differential calculus was claimed by Catelan to be derivable from Descartes's geometry. The faulty treatise which he produced to support his view led to a dispute with the mathematician de I'Hdpital. The latter, regarding Huygens as a natural ally, gave violent support to the latter's mechanics, also criticized by Catelan. This somewhat embarrassed Huygens, who was by no means sure of some of de I'Hopital's ideas on this subject. For de l'H6pital tried to obtain some sort of proof of the principle that the centre of gravity of a system of connected bodies cannot rise under the sole action of gravity. Huygens preferred to regard this principle as self-evident. Pascal and Torricelli, he pointed out, had used the same idea though limiting it to statics. Of a different character was Huygens's correspondence with Pierre Bayle about this time. This famous French sceptic was appointed professor of philosophy at Rotterdam in 1681, so that he arrived in Holland in the year that Huygens returned from Paris. Under the conditions of Catholic intolerance the intellec- tual ferment, once concentrated in Paris, was becoming diffused into the freer but less educated provinces and into Holland. In 1684 Bayle started a periodical entitled Nouvelles de la r^publique de lettres, the first number of which he sent to Huygens. The latter became interested in Bayle's aims and received him at his house, where he enlightened him on the subject of scientific studies. His correspondence with Bayle came to an end, however, after the philosopher was condemned as an atheist in 1693. Bayle's view was that religious dogma is of its nature irrational and that there is no merit in Relieving that which is merely consonant with reason. This outlook of credo quia absurdum was one which could not appeal strongly to Huygens. Rather more interesting was Huygens's correspondence with Pierre Daniel Huet, another sceptic whose avowed purpose was 88 THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS to discredit reason in the realm of religious belief. Both Huet and Bayle actually influenced thought in the opposite direction to that which was intended, that is, towards scepticism. Huet in addition was strongly opposed to the rationalism of Descartes and strongly in favour of empiricism. In October 1689 he sent Huygens a copy of his Censures on the Cartesian philosophy. In reply Huygens said that he also had meted out rough treatment to Descartes, and that he hoped that his scientific work had replaced Descartes's doctrines with truer ideas. He agreed with Huet that while Descartes had overthrown the older philosophies he had borrowed from them their dogmatic spirit. He had had the ambition to be the author of a new philosophy and in his haste had been led to maintain ideas even against disproof. To Huygens this philosophy appeared as the successor of Aristotel- ianism. Nevertheless, when Martin van Helden, a Cartesian and professor of mathematics at Louvain, was threatened with im- prisonment for his criticisms of scholastic philosophy, Huygens assisted him so that he should not become "a martyr to Cartesianism ". He did not feel very strongly over this matter, for the battle of experimental science against the a priori philoso- phies seemed to him to be won. " It seems to me " Leibnitz was able to say, " that the Cartesians have very much declined and that they have not too many able men ". XIV In 1685 Huygens was still negotiating over his return to Paris and there were endless letters, many of them unanswered* sent off from Holland. Nevertheless, it is not really certain that he wanted to go back, and he may well have been deterred by know- ledge of the changed conditions at the Academic. Up to 1688 he stayed on at the Hague, and in the spring of that year he settled at Hofwijk, a property in the neighbourhood of the city which had belonged to his father. After his father's death in March 1687, the house was lent to Christian by his brother Constantin, who left with William III on his memorable expedi- tion to England in the following year. In these last years (1685-95) Leibnitz was solicitous about Huygens's unpublished works and recommended him to con- serve his strength, for, he wrote, " I do not know anyone who could replace you ". Huygens's old age was a lonely one and he THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS 89 was troubled with ill-health, but, he replied, " I see that one becomes accustomed to all these things ". He was not quite for- gotten, for Charles Perrault drew public attention to the great scientist's work in his Parnllele des Anciens et des Modernes and when Varignon was about to publish a book on mathematics he felt that he must take the opportunity, as he said, of paying homage to " the greatest mathematician of our age ". The pattern of Huygens 's life remained much the same right up to the end. He continued to work on the improvement of lenses, on the spring-regulated clock and the marine clock, and the writing of his last work, the Cosmotheoros. Undaunted by the unpromising performance of the various marine clocks he had constructed since 1663 he continued, with characteristic patience, to labour at this still urgent problem of the marine chronometer. In 1685 he went himself on a short trial (the only one) on the Zuyder Zee. In 1686 and 1690, clocks fitted with bifilar pendulums were sent in charge of the captains. All these trials were unsuccessful. The failure of the bifilar pendulum was the greatest disappointment, for work on this type of clock dates as far back as 1673 at least, since it was described in the Horologium Oscillatorium. After 1690 Huygens experimented with a new type of regulator and reverted to the spring drive which he had tried at the beginning and then abandoned. The new clock went well in laboratory trials and in 1694 Huygens hoped that the Dutch East Indies Company would take it up. He died before anything further could be done. The fact that Huygens could not accept the chief conclusions of Newton's Principia is the most interesting fact that comes out of his correspondence at this time. Five years after its appear- ance he wrote of Newton, " I esteem his understanding and subtlety highly, but I consider that they have been put to ill use in the greater part of this work, where the author studies things of little use or when he builds on the improbable principle of attraction." The idea of universal gravitation " appears to me absurd " he wrote. Yet he felt compelled to admit that Newton's explanation of comets was incomparably better than anything imagined by Descartes. It was difficult to see how comets could cut across the vortices imagined by Descartes, or to explain the eccentricity of the planetary orbits and the real accelerations and retardations of the planets in their orbits except on the lines laid down by Newton. Over the shape of the Earth, also, Huygens 90 THE LIFE OP CHRISTIAN HUYGENS was in accord with Newton. He did not deny that if the gravita- tion of the planets towards the sun were taken as inversely proportional to the square of their distances " this, with the cen- trifiigal virtue gives the Eccentric Elliptics of Kepler ". But he and Leibnitz, far from feeling that this reduced the solar system to order, felt that it raised an insistent question of how gravita- tion arose. Leibnitz thought he could perceive an analogy with the intensity of light which, as a simple geometrical deduction, also obeyed the inverse-square law. Rays of attraction might be imagined which caused bodies to descend if their centrifugal force diminished. These rays were dismissed by Huygens, how- ever, as incompatible with his theory of a circulating medium. It almost seemed as if a return might be made to Kepler's identi- fication of gravity with a kind of magnetic attraction. Leibnitz, at least, inclined not a little to this view. Both he and Huygens insisted on attributing the effects of gravity to the medium which they believed pervaded the universe. Consequently they were both interested in the study of motion in a resisting medium, for they no doubt perceived that this was the Achilles' heel of their system. If the medium had mechanical properties exhibiting themselves as gravitational force, magnetic force and in other ways, what influence must it have on the orbital motions of the planets and on terrestrial motions? Newton's Principia had dealt with this problem and much of the work was deliber- ately aimed at the overthrow of the Cartesian vortices. Huygens considered Newton's treatment to be not without fault but he agreed with him as against Leibnitz over the definition of resist- ance, " for you," he wrote " call the resistance the velocity lost or the loss of velocity caused by the medium . . . For Mr. Newton and myself, however, the resistance is the pressure of the medium against the surface of the moving body . . . " It is really astonishing to us now that Huygens did not see that Newton's study of resisted motion completely disproved the vortex theory, but we must remember that the elastic fluid theory was held in the nineteenth century under even greater difficul- ties. Furthermore, a comparison of Huygens and Leibnitz at this date leads to a decision in favour of Huygens's notions. In 1692 Leibnitz still supported vortices, while accepting Kepler's laws; Huygens had at least got to the point of seeing the over- whelming force of the quantitative work of Newton even while he rebelled against innate gravity. As he finally left them, the THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS 91 vortices were considerably attenuated affairs, suitable only for popular exposition of the sort found in the Cosmotheoros. Leibnitz, on the other hand, converted the subtle matter of Descartes into a production of his own : the materia ambiens. A good deal of what we should term pure mathematics crops up in Huygens's and Leibnitz's letters. Leibnitz took up several of the problems studied by Huygens and gave them new form. " My design has been " he wrote, " to give a little trouble to these good Cartesians who, through having read the Elements of Bartholin or Malebranche, believe they can do all in Analysis." There followed a series of letters in which Leibnitz gave Huygens an account of the differential calculus and its uses. He was able to investigate the properties of a curve like the cycloid, he said, from a purely analytical treatment and without any recourse to the figure. In regard to the calculus, Leibnitz was not a clear expositor. It is clear that from one aspect the new method was regarded not so much as a development of pure mathematics as an instrument for physical research. The union of mathematics with experiment is what Sir William Dampier has called the " new mathematical method ". For Huygens, as for Galileo and indeed for Newton, experiment had not achieved the position it later held in certain branches of science. From a comparatively few observations, by the aid of " geometry " one could advance far into new realms, a fact which is well illustrated by Huygens's work on impact and on the compound pendulum. " It must be admitted " wrote Huygens, " that geometry is not made for all sorts of minds." From being sceptical Huygens soon became envious of the calculus differentialis. Finding Liebnitz's accounts rather obscure he wished that either he or Bernoulli could be there to assist him. Some collaboration did indeed spring up with Fatio de Duillier, and Huygens's note-books contain many pages of working on the new lines. The great change of outlook was a difficult one for the great geometer and he did not attain facility in the use of the calculus. The new calculus, Leibnitz emphasized, gave its results by a kind of analysis without any effort of the imagination, " and it gives us over Archimedes all the advantages which Vieta and Descartes have given us over Apollonius ". Fatio's work on the calculus is important in the history of the subject, for it was through him that the dispute between the 92 THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS followers of Newton and Leibnitz sprang up. More's Isaac Newton (1934) gives a good account of the episode. Fatio seems to have become resentful of Leibnitz's rather superior criticism of his work, which was of an undistinguished nature, and it is considered that Fatio smarted under a sense of grievance. After returning from England, where he had been in contact with Newton, Fatio wrote to Huygens, saying that priority for the invention of the differential calculus certainly belonged to Newton. He suggested that Leibnitz's ideas were in fact obtained from Newton's letters which went back to 1676 and 1677. The publication of these, he hinted, would embarrass Leibnitz. Actually, these dates were beside the point since both mathe- maticians seem to have used the calculus much earlier. Leibnitz, at any rate, affected to be unimpressed by news of Newton's advances and hinted to Huygens that he had done a number of things of which Newton knew nothing. Huygens's part in the quarrel which ensued was small but noteworthy for it was through him that Leibnitz first learned of the charges made by de Duillier. About this time an interesting comparison in mathematical methods was made through the study of the same problem by Leibnitz, Huygens and James Bernoulli. This problem was the one propounded by Mersenne many years before; to find the theoretical form of a chain suspended from its two ends which are at the same height, so that a curved line hangs between them. The publication of the results showed a fair agreement between the three mathematicians but showed up the advantages of the calculus, which was more and more applied, not only to new problems but also to others already solved by classical methods. Huygens was not altogether pieased by some of the new methods, notably that adopted by James Bernoulli in solving the problem of the centre of oscillation. But the truth is that the form of Huygens's work in mathematics had always been some- Wjhat reactionary and was fast becoming obsolete. There is a faint echo of the Royal Society and the pleasant days spent in England in some of Huygens's last correspondence. Constantin, his brother, in 1691 presented a telescope objective having a focal length of 1-22 feet to the society. This was by no means the best achieved by Huygens. During these years he made one of 210 feet focal length. The 122 foot lens was a fine objective, however, and Hooke was entrusted with the erection THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS 93 of an aerial telescope to accommodate it. The lens was marked by Constantin so that it should afterwards be readily identified Constantin apparently not finding Hooke any more trustworthy on personal acquaintance than he had anticipated. This mark- ing has made possible the identification of the objective and examination of its quality in recent times. The figuring and centring of the surfaces is described as "astonishingly efficient," but the quality of the glass is " hopelessly bad ". From Constantin, Huygens heard of the death of Robert Boyle. " Mr. Boyle is dead as you know already without doubt " he wrote to Leibnitz, and added " It seems strange that he built nothing on all the experiments with which his books are filled; but the thing is difficult, and I never thought him capable of as great an application as is necessary to establish the true principles." Since Huygens had often expressed his admiration of Boyle this comment may be taken to indicate more esteem of the difficul- ties of Chemistry than depreciation of the father of that science. The other prevailing practical interest, besides the clock, to which Huygens gave attention during these last years was the telescope. In 1684 he published his Astroscopia Compendiaria. This contained an account of tubeless telescopes and this may explain how it is that Huygens has been supposed to be the originator of this difficult and ultimately unsatisfactory tech- nique. He was compelled to reconsider his attitude to the reflect- ing telescope through the apparently insuperable obstacles raised by aberration chromatic and spherical. Yet he still preferred the refracting telescope because metal mirrors took such a poor polish and the grinding of glass mirrors was extremely difficult. Moreover, it was at that time very difficult to silver the upper surface and silvering the back surface meant that a second image was formed by partial reflection at the top surface so that a double image was formed. Even if the radii of curvature of the two surfaces were such that the two images were coincident the difficulty remained that the images could not be of the same size. Huygens's conclusion that in practice the weaker image would not be distinguished by the eye if the images were coincident led him to renewed experiments but the work does not seem to have progressed very far. To these last years belong the remainder of his work on his Dioptrica, a paper on harmonics, his continued studies in mathe- matics partly in collaboration with David Gregory, who visited 94 THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS him in 1693 and the clarification of certain points in his atomic theory. Huygens was a strong supporter of the atomic doctrine which was later to provide the basis of a scientific development of Chemistry, but he is not usually numbered among those who developed the atomic theory simply because his researches led him in the direction of Physics. He continued to oppose Newton over the doctrine of universal gravitation and added to this his difference from the English scientist over the corpuscular theory of light then gaining wider acceptance. The extreme rarity and speed of the corpuscles and the absence of any obvious way of explaining colour on this hypothesis were Huygens's main objec- tions to the theory which was for a century to overshadow his own elegant treatment of the propagation of light. Huygens however, was not inclined to seek controversy. In 1694 he had occasion to correct Renau, an engineer to Louis XIV, over his connotation of force, a matter which was too important to over- look even in his declining health. Huygens himself recognized that the illness which had dogged him since his return from Paris had become much more threatening. In March 1695, Huygens felt it necessary to call his lawyer and make the final corrections to his will. The following month he became worse and from then until July, pain and sleeplessness spared him hardly at all. He lived in dread of losing his reason and his days were filled with a deep despair. Constantin visited him for a few days at the end of May. Neither he nor the Calvinist pastor who was at last brought against Huygens's wishes could give him comfort. Against the doctrines of personal immortality and the exhortations of the Reformed Church he maintained an obstinate scepticism. Huygens died facing the problem of individual and personal immortality as " a problematical question/' his attitude in this contrasting with that of other seventeenth century scientists, especially Boyle, Pascal and Newton. Nevertheless, when the end came during the afternoon of July gth, the failing spirit, weakened by suffering, may have found some serenity. The author of Cosmotheoros, it has been well remarked, revealed himself, in the face of problems less abstract than those of mathematics and mechanics, as sensitive to the deep realities of life and the profound aspirations of the human spirit. But he could not forget that all experience may be subjected to the scrutiny of a dispassionate mind, and dispa* THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS 95 sionate and remote Huygens always seems to have been. He lacked perhaps, a sense of the mystical and preferred to look on life and death with the vision of one to whom all things appeared capable of an ultimate rational explanation. For him as for Mersenne, the technique and method of the sciences were exalted because they freed men's minds from error. But for Huygens there was no " two-fold truth". Truth for faith and truth for reason were, for him, one. The professional and serious interests of Huygens are the ones which are uppermost in his correspondence. Nevertheless, it would be a mistake to consider him as always having been nothing but a patient researcher. He was a man of wide culture and of acquaintance throughout Europe. The poetry and music of his own country, with which he was well conversant, were of a high order; its painting reached the summits marked by the names of Rembrandt, Franz Hals, Vermeer. In Paris, Huygens used frequently to visit noted musicians, among them the harpsichordist Chambonniere. He himself played the harpsi- chord. Nor was he averse to feminine society. One reads of his meetings with Marie Perriquet at the country house of the academist Conrart, with fashionable women at the lectures given by Rohault. Still more interesting is the fact that he was an occasional visitor to the salon of Madelleine de Scudery. Marianne Petit, daughter of one of Louis XIV's engineers, seems to have had especial charms for Huygens but she never married and their separation was due to her withdrawal from society when she entered a religious order. There were even scandals about Huygens during the war of 1672-8, for he paid frequent visits to Madame Buat, a grand-daughter of the Dutch poet Cats, but not possessed of the highest reputation for virtue. There were, too, some distant cousins whom he visited in Paris, and for the eldest of these there is no doubt he felt considerable attraction. Huygens moved in an elegant and leisured society during his years in Paris and there are echoes of days at Viry, where the Perraults had a fine country house, as well as faint glimpses of an elegant Huygens visiting occasionally the salons of the city. The contrast of this varied life with the quiet of his days near the little village of Voorburg must have been marked. But in fact great changes were taking place and Catholic intolerance in France was undoing much that Colbert had been at pains to 96 THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS build. After 1685, lt was impossible for Huygens to think of returning to Paris. Holland remained what she had been early in the century, a refuge for free spirits, a country where new thoughts might still be brought into the world. But Huygens was past the days of his vigour and little that is new can be attributed to his later years. As an exceptionally placed observer he had seen a good deal, moving as he had done, in the diplo- matic and learned worlds of his time. The political absolutism of the age must have contrasted strongly, one would have thought, with the new freedom of speculation which survived all repressive measures. But Huygens does not appear to have remarked on this. The doctrines of expediency, sovereign right, vital interest and the like have survived, and freedom of thought requires to be continually defended. That much is clear. But Huygens belonged really to the world of abstract thought and shrank from contact with political affairs. In his own world he was as Leibnitz and John Bernoulli agreed, " incomparable ". His loss, Leibnitz averred, was "inestimable" for he had equalled the achievements of Galileo and Descartes; helped by what they had done he had surpassed their discoveries: " In a word he was one of the greatest ornaments of this time." PART II HUYGENS'S SCIENTIFIC WORK The State of Science in the First Half of the Seventeenth Century THE task of this chapter is not so much to describe actual achievements of the men of science as to explain how at this period some of them looked at Nature, and to indicate what particular problems they felt called upon to solve. Such a ques- tion bristles with difficulties. It may be that it is of the type which beckons on only the foolhardy. However that may be, it certainly must be admitted that the views expressed are neces- sarily of rather a personal character; they will invite, on some points at least, as much dissension as agreement. Very probably there is a good deal to be said for the view that steady progress in the physical sciences had to wait until the seventeenth century because of the unsuitable manner of analyzing events which came from the study of Aristotle. Aris- totle's interest, undoubtedly, lay rather in logical relations and his notion of change fitted in with the conception of develop- ment of form, of growth of living organisms, far better than it did with the phenomena of the inanimate world. Rejecting the notion of sheer physical determinism somewhat as Plato had done, he directed all attention to the purpose served by events and hardly any to the conditions which were invariable ante- cedents. The question why things happened as they did was always tempting and appealed to men as an outlet for tempera- ment; it was so much less restrained and impersonal than the question how things are caused, and so long as men's minds were bemused with an elaborate hierarchical scheme the latter scarcely seemed to matter. For Aristotle held that change is purely a terrestrial affair, at least it must be limited to the sub* c 97 98 HUYGENS'S SCIENTIFIC WORK lunary sphere, and within that sphere there were just a few natural motions through which the different elements could attain their proper level. The natural motion of " earth " down- wards, or of " fire " upwards, were thus matters which invited no discussion. For " unnatural " motion, such as that of a lump of earth horizontally, a constant push must be applied. For motion in a circle, on the other hand, as in the case of the apparent motions of the heavenly bodies, no acceleration to- wards the centre was ever dreamed of; Aristotle had nothing but reverence for this form of motion for it was, he taught, the perfect form, and proper only to the celestial bodies. Galileo's breaking away from scholastic doctrines must have come after a period of perplexity, for he no doubt tried out cur- rent explanations for what they were worth. From Roger Bacon to the Accademia del Cimento is a long distance in time and there was a considerable change in outlook. The difference was that the Accademia existed to learn about the world through ex- periment and to cast its explanations in a form which was no longer subservient to religion. But in such an intellectual climate as existed at the very beginning of the seventeenth century the only safe plan was to concentrate on the description of motion in geometrical terms and this, of course, Kepler was fortunate enough to do. Kepler stood little danger of the condemnation meted out to Galileo in spite of his almost equally great fame, because his work could be regarded as a presentation of Aristotle's formal cause in an elegant mathematical form. Mathematics, in- deed, remained respectable, supported still by the prestige of Plato, and in the sixteenth century there was in some of the Italian centres of learning a renewed interest in the teachings of Pytha- goras. From Pythagoras, Whitehead has remarked, " mathema- tics and mathematical physics took their rise. He discovered the importance of dealing with abstractions; and in particular directed attention to number as characterizing the periodicities of notes of music. The importance of the abstract idea of periodi- city was thus present at the very beginning both of mathematics and of European philosophy." For Kepler " the cause of the observed effects is the mathematical beauty and harmony dis- coverable in them ". The history of this mathematical treatment of phenomena is usually somewhat briefly dismissed, as if it all resulted from the insight of Galileo and Newton and all the rest were fools. But SCIENCE IN THE EARLY SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 99 Copernicus, it should be remembered, showed a fundamentally similar attitude much earlier, although neither he nor Kepler con- cerned themselves with the physics of their problems. By 1543, the date of his De Revolutionibus Orbium Codestiwn, he had analyzed linear simple harmonic motion as the product of two combined circular motions. This is the first record of a study of such a form of motion which Copernicus himself described as pendentibus similes after the manner of suspended bodies. But, characteristically enough, circular motions were still thought of as raising no particular problems. Benedetti, how- ever, in his Disputationes of 1585, showed an advance in that he adduced linear simple harmonic motion in controverting some of Aristotle's ideas about motion. Then, as against Aristotle's teaching that bodies fall towards the centre of the earth because that is their " natural " place, he asserted, though he did not prove, that if a weight were dropped through a hole passing through the centre of the earth, it would by no means come to a stop but would oscillate backwards and forwards in the manner of a pendulum bob. This interest in accelerated motion marked the beginning of the criticism of Aristotle which was to grow so much in intensity during the next hundred years. It may indeed be said that modern science begins with the study of dynamics and in particular with perplexities about simple har- monic motion. Galileo, in his Dialogue concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World (1632), made considerable use of the simple pendu- lum in his study of naturally accelerated motion. He restated Benedetti's view of the subsequent motion of a body dropped through a hole passing through the centre of the earth. Dis- satisfied with the formal cause which set such limitations to Kep ler's work, he looked, in the case of accelerated motion, for what Newton later called an external impressed force. He even had some notion of the necessity of postulating action and reaction, for in writing of the simple pendulum he perceived that the thread, in so far as it possesses mass, must "hinder" the motion of the bob and that there was a problem the problem of the com- pound pendulum which remained to be solved. His study of the simple pendulum shows, however, a necessary amount of idealiza- tion, without which a relation between the period and the length would have been excessively hard to find. Galileo's work, in fact, marks the first successful union of experiment and mathematics, 100 HUYGENS'S SCIENTIFIC WORK for he brought together the criteria of the simplicity of natural laws and their accordance with experiment. The problems he bequeathed were as important as those he solved: the concepts of mass and momentum, and of force and work, and the law now known as Newton's Third Law were all apprehended in only a somewhat confused way at Galileo's death. Mersenne's Hannome Universelle (1636) is not regarded as being of such moment as the writings of Galileo, to which Mersenne was in fact greatly indebted. He deserves credit, however, for being the first man in Europe to perceive Galileo's genius and to promulgate his ideas. So far all that has been said has been concerned with the bright and positive side of the picture of the early seventeenth century, but there was a vast difference between the conditions which then ruled and those of today. Today we are accustomed to an intellectual demarcation of Science and Philosophy and to almost equally sharp boundaries between the various sciences. Then there was a chaotic muddle of " philosophies " and no tacit agreement on the fundamental concepts through which phenom- ena are ultimately explained. If we single out the great names it is possible to see the seventeenth century as a period of amazing clarification, but this it must rarely have appeared to be to the contemporary men of science. The alchemists, for example, were engaged in the most obscurantist practices, and if Science as a whole had depended on their progress in their " art " the period would have to be written off as a failure. The works of Paracelsus, Basil Valentine and Raymond Lully which con- tinued to circulate, and the extensive forgotten literature pro- duced by a host of enthusiastic and credulous amateurs, take us back to the worst periods of superstition and it is simply not true that the dawn of the seventeenth century brought a universal belief in the operation of physical law and a discredit of magic and mystic agents. There was this one brilliant triumph of mechanics and theoretical astronomy, but so acute a thinker as Descartes missed the true answer to the sceptical questions he set himself. By falling back on an intuitional method he was no doubt able to shorten his estimate of the labour required in this way to produce a complete science of inanimate nature, but this was in essence the same mistake as Aristotle's. Only those with a weakness for verbal and logical classification could follow Des- caries willingly through his opening premises and voyage thence SCIENCE IN THE EARLY SEVENTEENTH CENTURY IOI through the world he constructed. There was, of course, the enormous difference that Descartes 's universe was supposed to be governed throughout by physical laws, even though these hap- pen not to be the ones which actually operate. But the idea was there, and the conception was one of the universal mechanical operation of law. By comparison, the atomists who followed the teaching of Gassendi seem to be intellectually children, and the atomic doc- trine, by 1650, was not noticeably an improvement on the original version of Lucretius. Its adoption by Hobbes, a friend of Gas- sendi, and the most uncompromising materialist of them all, was a misfortune, for Hobbes's reputation with the men of science became such that he had only to support a theory and it was damned. Much the most important contribution to atomic theory came in fact from Boyle, and we may see in certain brief essays in this style an embryonic form of the kinetic theory. But the existence of so many principles of explanation, drawn from Aristotle, Pythagoras, Lucretius, Descartes and Galileo, and the inability of some men of science to distinguish what was fact from what was mere hypothesis, all this made for unneces- sary obscurity. The discipline which characterized mathematics and astronomy had somehow to be introduced into a field which too easily rioted into thickets of explanatory hypothesis. Refer- ence to authority became prohibited; an anti-intellectualist atti- tude had to be encouraged and we find that William Gilbert, for example, denounced the " vast ocean of books " produced by writers whose explanations exhibited merely verbal ingenuity. " Neither Greek arguments nor Greek words can assist in finding truth/' he added. True, Francis Bacon wrote in a similar vein, but to a less extent than Gilbert was he able to explain the method which should be employed; indeed, he hindered progress by his persuasive suggestion that there was one particular method, and especially when he argued for classification of facts and omitted to consider measurement. Nevertheless, the men of science succeeded as much by practical ingenuity as by abstract reasoning in reducing their problems to some sort of order, and by the time the Paris and London societies came into existence some confidence was felt that natural philosophy could and should contribute in no small degree to the material welfare of men. That natural philosophy might profoundly alter men's be- liefs about the world was not then thought likely, and it seems IO2 HUYGENS'S SCIENTIFIC WORK that this modesty on the more intellectual aspect was genuine. The Cartesian scheme went as far as the educated man could desire in showing how the claims of Biblical cosmology and natural philosophy might be reconciled. And up to 1670 it does not appear that fundamental researches were planned with any expectation of a new conception of the universe, doubtful though Huygens and others might be of the validity of some of Des- cartes's theories when examined in detail. Quite a large propor- tion of the scientific work going on in the i66o's was concerned with practical things : mining, navigation, military science, tex- tiles and so on. Following Bacon, the men of science seemed to believe that "the real and legitimate good of the sciences is the endowment of human life with new inventions and order ". There were good reasons for this practical bias, for many of the techniques of civilization had advanced relatively little over a period of centuries. With the expansion of commerce, for example, navigation particularly remained difficult owing to the lack of a reliable and practicable means of determining long- itude at sea; the geographers and cartographers had in this respect also gained little since the twelfth century. Hence it was that when Galileo discovered Jupiter's moons quite as much interest was attached to their use as a source of standard time as to their cosmological significance, representing, as they appeared to do, a solar system in parvo. Not until 1668, however, were ephemerides for the moons published; then their publication by Cassini gained for the astronomer the recognition of an invita- tion to Paris. The secret of longitude determination could clearly mean a great deal for the national income, for ships had to struggle on their voyages to the East Indies by means of dead reckoning and such checks of longitude as could be made by observation of landmarks. Bond tried to use magnetic isogonals as an answer to the problem and his book The Longitude Found (1676) was considered to be important by Halley, though nothing came of the method in practice. Astronomy remained the key to many of the problems which were felt to be urgent during the first half of the century and it was the science which was most advanced through the work of Tycbo Brahe, Kepler, Galileo and others. The invention of logarithms by Napier in 1614 was timely for, in Laplace's words, it doubled the lifetime of astronomers though Napier's labours SCIENCE IN THE EARLY SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 103 were greatly inspired by the aim of proving the Pope to be Anti- christ. So soon as money could be obtained, the French decided, an observatory should be constructed at Paris. It must be remem- bered that as yet a convincing decision between the Ptolemaic, Tychonian, and Copernican systems had still to be given; even though the first was no longer seriously supported by men of science, it shared with Tycho Brahe's system the advantage that no observation of stellar parallax had ever been made. The sup- porters of Copernicus could attribute the absence of parallax only to the smallness of the effect and this depended on the dimensions of the solar system being very great. When, accordingly, as a result of the energy of Auzout, Richer, Picard and others, an expedition was sent to Cayenne in order to make simultaneous observations of Mars there and at Paris, the size of the solar system was the primary question in view. Richer at Cayenne and Cassini at Paris took simultaneous measurements of the altitude of Mars and in 1677 the planet was at its nearest to the earth. Knowing the base d of the triangle in the figure, and the base angles % l and 9 2 , the distance of the planet was easily computed. By a straightforward appli- cation of Kepler's laws of planetary motion all the required distances followed from a single determination of the distance of the two planets. For the sidereal times of the orbits were known and these were re- lated with the mean dia- meters. Kepler's brilliant work on the orbit of Mars and this, triumph of 1672 thus alike rested on the patient labour of Tycho Brahe and the whole was a sermon to the men of science on the power of quantitative mathematical relations. The conclusion that the sun's mean distance from the earth was 87,000,000 miles was of the right order. As J. W. Olmstead remarks in I sis (1942), writing of the expedition, " The great consequence of the expedition for con- temporaries was, of course, the revelation of the tremendous FIG. IO4 HUYGENS'S SCIENTIFIC WORK dimensions of the solar system, as well as the prodigious size of the sun and some of the planets The disclosure, with some cer- tainty, of the gigantic distances and masses involved was, for the general public, almost overpowering." The old Aristotelian con- ceptions of the universe might linger on in some minds but these were shattering blows and it was inevitable that educated men of the period should accommodate the increasing know- ledge of Nature, up to 1672, with the only other plausible " sys- tem " in existence : that of Descartes. It may be true that, as Professor Andrade has remarked in Nature (1942), " The Cartesian scheme was easy, pictorial, gen- eral : the Newtonian difficult, mathematical, precise. " In such an opposition it may appear that Descartes's ideas were woolly and essentially unscientific. Nevertheless, it does not do to under- estimate the amount of preparation which preceded the New- tonian synthesis or to despise investigations of men whose minds were, at least tentatively, inclined towards Descartes's theories. However deplorably qualitative his theorizing, Descartes inspired a generation at least with a vision of Nature as a sphere of universal law embracing planetary motion, rainbows, the pro- perties of magnets and of lenses, all that could be explained by reference to underlying mechanisms. There was no limitation of the field of scientific investigations, and, more- over, the scientific explanations Descartes looked for were to possess an admirable economy of principles, the subtly matter and ether being trusted to account for a variety of phenomena. It was his desire for a pictorial mechanism which was the greatest weakness of Cartesianism, and if it had proved possible to reconcile his ideas with measurement and so formu- late mathematical relationships, there is no doubt that Descartes would have done this. But he was willing to sacrifice the world of observation if need be, and he did not see that there was a radical difference between Galileo's idealization of his experimental studies and his own bold embarking on pure supposition. All this became clear enough to Huygens in the course of his life; but the problems he took up can frequently be understood best by reference to Descartes's essays on the same subjects : the laws of impact, centrifugal force, the centre of oscillation, the behaviour of lenses, the nature of light and the cause of gravity, these are all topics discussed by Descartes and in a manner which SCIENCE IN THE EARLY SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 105 serves to introduce Huygens's own exact investigations. Professor Andrade makes an excellent remark when he says : "What New- ton ignores is what Aristotle and Descartes tried to start with ", and his summary of Newton's achievement cannot be ques- tioned : " If we are asked to state in *a sentence what was the main effect of Newton's work on the thought of his time, I think that the answer must be that it was to establish the power and universality of the methods of quantitative science." But ever since the time of D'Alembert's "Preliminary Discourse " to the Encyclopedic of 1751 there has been a tendency to admire New- ton's magnificent work by depreciating the earlier work of the century, and especially everything which could be labelled Car- tesian. It is important to realize what useful work was in fact done by the men of this period, and when we come to a con- sideration of Huygens's work much allowance has to be made for the late appearance of his works as publications. Otherwise the effect outside the Academic might have been far greater. " The evidence shows," wrote Professor Harcourt Brown, 1 " that Huygens took up the best elements of Cartesianism, adding to it along certain lines, rejecting some of it in other directions, and that he followed whatever seetned most fruitful of the sugges- tions received from parallel studies in England, Italy and else- where. He counts as one of a group whose efforts prepare the modern age of science, ushered in by way of the encyclopaedism of the eighteenth century, whose urbane and moderate scepti- cism is a definite premonition of the century of Voltaire." It must be said that where Huygens's views most foreshadow the eighteenth century was in his acceptance of complete physi- cal determinism, even though he chose to cast this in rather rigid mechanistic form. This chapter may, therefore, end with a brief discussion of the mechanistic hypothesis of which Huygens was so strong an exponent. The influence of Gassendi may be seen from time to time, even though Descartes's system left little scope for the development of Gassendi's atomic doctrines and the two philosophers were in some senses regarded as being in direct opposition. But Gassendi seems to have strengthened in Huy- gens a leaning towards the thoroughly mechanistic view of Nature. Kepler had supposed that magnetic attraction resulted from a " mutual affection "; Gassendi considered it was a purely physical force. For him light was a material substance; there * Annals of Science, 1936. 106 HUYGENS's SCIENTIFIC WORK were indeed atoms of light and heat and for the propagation of sound an example of a doctrine carried to extremes. Such views were opposed to Descartes's conceptions, for the latter held that space or " extension " is not infinitely divisible. Both considered that the universe should be regarded as a machine, although in the last resort Gassendi seems not to have thought it regulated itself. It was a scientific form of this teaching which came out of Huygens's mechanical studies, although he himself preferred to observe a separation between science and philosophy. Cer- tainly, so far as they went, Huygens's mechanical explanations showed several radical differences from those associated with the name of Newton. In particular, Huygens found great diffi- culty in making universal gravitation a part of his scheme, pre- ferring rather to regard matter as itself quite inert and incapable of any action except through collision with other matter. This difficulty meant in practice that he remained a Cartesian. In 1646 Descartes had ridiculed the " absurd belief " of Roberval that there could be mutual gravitation between lumps of matter. It would mean, he said, that a particle of matter was possessed of a soul and endowed with consciousness, so that it could know what happened across space and could in some occult manner exert its own influence there. For a Cartesian the really urgent problem was rather to discover the laws governing the transfer of momentum on impact and this, as we have seen, was one of Huygens's earliest studies. It seems quite certain, therefore, that some of Huygens's rather curious conceptions come from Descartes. To the reader of Descartes's Principia Philosophise, for example, there would appear to be no incongruity in treating light and mechanics as related subjects. Descartes, and following him, Huygens, thought to find the explanation of gravity and light in the pro- perties of media which would enable bodies to act on each other across intervening space. Huygens perhaps did for a time seek to bring in that mathematical #nd scientific form of Des- cartes's theories which Paul Mouy supposed that he actually created *. But in fact, while he was at the very beginning of his work, Huygens saw that there was exceedingly little truth in many of Descartes's scientific " principles ". On the other hand, he could not adopt Newton's attitude, which left the question of pictorial mechanism out of consideration to a very large extent. 1 Le Ddveloppement de la Physique Caftdsienne (1934). SCIENCE IN THE EARLY SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 107 As has been mentioned, Huygens considered that the conception of a gravitational force, innate and inherent in matter, appeared to be absurd and one which " takes us very far from the prin- ciples of Mathematics or Mechanics ". As an enthusiast for a kinetic theory of all change he could allow matter no properties save that of inertia. It has to be remembered that he considered he had obtained direct evidence for the existence of a subtle mat- ter. But for Cartesianism as a philosophic system he had little patience and he accordingly had several clashes with some of the Jesuits and doctrinaire Cartesians. When Kircher adopted the cosmology of Tycho Brahe, Huygens criticized him for what appeared to be nothing but timidity. " We others ", he asserted, are " without fear ". In a sense then, Huygens's support of some of Descartes's ideas up to so late a date in the seventeenth century must be described as an experiment in failure. Very probably it was an experiment that had to be made; its failure showed clearly the great limitations of the extension of the notions of sense in the field of theory. It may even have been the feeling of dissatis- faction with the position men like Huygens were reaching that drove Newton to make his great renovation of natural philosophy. The progress of scientific explanation may then be seen as a process of leaving out of redundant elements until one arrives at the really successful procedure of abstraction. If so, this was a return to the methods of Galileo. The practical value of much of Huygens's laboratory work needs no stressing, nor does his interest in the clock, telescope, microscope, and other experimental and observational aids need explanation. The experiments of Galileo and the Florentine academicians were done with the simplest of apparatus. But new discoveries, it was realized, often attended the use of new appara- tus, a fact which was well illustrated by the invention of the vacuum pump. The rate of progress was for some time in direct relation with the experimental resources available. Here theory and practice interlock. It was not possible to improve the tele- scope, to invent a new eyepiece, without a quantitative study of the defects of the ordinary lens. Problems of theoretical in- terest led to the construction of the vacuum pump; experiments with this instrument led in their turn to new theoretical specula- tions regarding the nature of air, and, in Huygens's case, the cause of gravity. One can scarcely estimate the extent to which 108 HUYGENS's SCIENTIFIC WORK new and improved instruments assisted the great scientific advances of the seventeenth century. The telescope, microscope, barometer, vacuum pump, pendulum clock, micrometer eyepiece, and other instruments might be mentioned here. Without them rapid progress would have been unthinkable. 77 Work on Collision between Elastic Bodies The Cartesian mechanism was governed by the principles of inertia and of the conservation of motion, the laws of impact, the theory that solidity is derived from a condition of rest, and a kinetic theory of fluids. Independent of Galileo in most respects, Descartes expressed the Newtonian First Law quite clearly: by itself a body continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line; curvilinear motion is constrained. We know that Galileo also stated this law. Descartes went further than Galileo, however, for he considered that rotational motion should generate an outward, centrifugal force. In his vortex theory this centrifugal force was balanced by the pressure of neighbouring vortices, also tending to expand. Each vortex had, in feet, a cen- tre which was comparatively empty of matter and consequently matter leaving the ecliptic of one vortex was drawn in at the poles of a neighbouring vortex. Descartes thought to explain magnetism and sunspots by this means. Two other phenomena arose in consequence of the vortices : the centripetal attraction on matter resulting from the emptiness of the central part of a vortex produced the illusion of gravity, and the centrifugal pressure of particles of the subtle matter was the origin of light. Descartes never really answered the criticism that gravity acts along the radius and not along lines perpendicular to the plane of rotation and there were other difficulties for his view. In the first place he did not consider that the rotating subtle matter penetrated the earth. Yet the weight of an object may be shown not to vanish beneath the earth's crust. Also Descartes did not consider weight as proportional to the quantity of matter and he supposed that liquids, through the greater internal motion of their panicles, must be inherently lighter than solids. Huygens saw these weaknesses. Nevertheless, he followed Descartes on the subject of gravity to a greater extent than in other topics. He even calculated how fast the subtle matter must move in its vortex to produce the known effects. There are other parallels, too, in Huygens's theory of the transmission of light. Neverthe- less, in the pages which follow it will be seen that Huygens 109 HO HUYGENS'S SCIENTIFIC WORK remained outside the main stream of Cartesian thought which is to be traced in the writings of Rnier, Regius, Rohault, Regis, Fontenelle and Malebranche. On the other hand, he was not in spirit so deeply opposed to Cartesianism as Leibnitz, whose view of the Principia Philosophise was that it was " un beau roman de Physique ". In this work Descartes supposed that motion could only be transferred from one body to another by direct or indirect im- pact. His assumption that the total amount of what he called the " quantity of motion " in the world is constant was not un- reasonable : it conceals the germ of the idea of energy which may be traced in the writings of Stevin, Da Vinci and perhaps in those of Jordanus Nemorarius. But Descartes made a distinc- tion between the speed of a body and its " determination " or direction which led him to treat these as separate entities. In his third law of motion Descartes stated that if a moving body, tra- velling in a straight line, meets another body with less " force " to continue its movement than the second one possesses to resist it, it will lose its determination without losing its motion. If it has more " force " it moves the second body and loses as much of its motion as the second one absorbs. Descartes's seven rules of impact were all corollaries of this law and so important were these in his system that Mouy has remarked: " Les regies du choc sont bien les regies du mouvement et la m^canique carte- sienne est une theorie de la percussion." It was unfortunate, therefore, that all the rules were wrong when compared with experimental results. Descartes appears to have known this and to have replied in effect: the rules are true for perfectly hard bodies moving in uacuo. In experimental conditions the bodies are not perfectly hard and move in a fluid. The parts of this fluid " corrupt " more or less the bodies immersed in it owing to the motion of the fluid particles against the particles of the body. During the year 1652, when he was only twenty-three, Huy- gens became convinced of the errors of Descartes's treatment of motion and impact. Correspondence with Schooten, Gutschoven and Slusius in the period of 1652-7 shows that he was occupied in substituting new principles for those referred to above. The fact that Huygens's work 1 was not published as a whole in his lifetime is certainly not to be attributed to his reverence for Des- 1 It was entitled De Motu ex Percussione. COLLISION BETWEEN ELASTIC BODIES I II cartes but to his own difficulties over further dynamical prob- lems. Actually the work was completed before 1656, for in that year Huygens undertook the recasting of his material in classical form. Some twelve years, therefore, elapsed between Huygens 's completion of the treatise and the communication of his results to contemporary men of science (see p. 64). Huygens at first limited himself to the study of direct col- lision between two equal bodies. He began with two hypotheses. The first was Galileo's principle of inertia, also stated by Des- cartes; the second stated a principle of symmetry. The latter was that if two exactly similar hard bodies collide with equal speeds in the same straight line they are reflected back with their speeds unchanged. He uttered a warning that this was true in respect of the system of co-ordinates used in specifying the posi- tion of the bodies at any instant and that the system might be in a state of uniform motion. Velocities relative to the system of co-ordinates or reference frame he saw must be treated as vectors as forces were already treated. His problems were of course concerned with momenta, but this fact is a little obscured by his geometrical method of treatment in which the velocities alone Q- C O FIG. 2 are represented. The bodies were supposed to be smooth spheres of a perfectly elastic material. They were imagined as suspended by vertical strings held by a man standing in a boat. The boat or system of co-ordinates could be given a uniform velocity to the right or to the left so that the velocities of the spheres, as judged by a stationary observer on the bank, were ijn effect transposed to a different system or reference frame. Thus, if the spheres have velocities v and -v (Fig. 2) and the reference frame moves with a velocity -v the first sphere is made 112 HUYGENS'S SCIENTIFIC WORK to appear stationary and the second to approach with a velocity of -2V. After impact, with respect to the frame, the velocities arc -v and v, but with respect to the stationary observer they appear to be -av and o. Thus, when one body is stationary and is struck by a moving body of equal mass, the momentum is transferred. In the case where the body A has a velocity v l and JB has a velo- city -v a where v x > v 2 , Huygens supposed the reference frame to be given a velocity - so that, to the stationary observer, the velocities appear to be equal and opposite. It followed that the real velocities are interchanged. To progress in problems where the masses are unequal Huy- gens found it necessary to assume as self-evident that when a larger body meets a smaller one which is at rest, the smaller one is moved and the larger one loses some of its motion. Here he was engaged in clearing away some of Descartes's errors, some of which arose through his failure to treat velocity consistently as a vector quantity. In March 1669, in the Journal des Savants, Huygens gave a correct statement of the law of conservation of momentum in the form: " There always remains the same quantity of motion towards the same side after the quantity of contrary motion has been subtracted." Another form of law is given in Rule 7 of the DeMotu: "... the common centre of gravity of the bodies advances always equally towards the same side in a straight line before and after impact." That is, the total momentum along the line of centres is unchanged. It followed directly from this that the relative speeds of approach and separation are equal. Much the most interesting part of the De Motu is found in the proposition on the collision of bodies when the velocities are inversely proportional to the masses. 1 " When two bodies, whose speeds are inversely proportional to their masses, meet from opposite sides, each rebounds with the same speed with which it approached." Here Huygens employed the important principle, referred to in Part I, that the centre of gravity of a system of bodies cannot ascend through any motion of the bodies under gravity. His proof consisted in showing that if the resultant speeds were other than equal and opposite to the original speeds, the centre 1 Proposition 8. Huygens did not make a distinction between mass and weight in this work. The first use of a distinct term for mass comes in his work on centrifugal force (see p. 117). COLLISION BETWEEN ELASTIC BODIES 113 of gravity of the bodies could be raised above its original height. This, following an idea found in the writings of Stevin and Torricelli, he assumed to be impossible, since it involved a possibility of perpetuum mobile. In the figure the mass m A pos- sesses the velocity AC, while the mass W B possesses the velocity BC. These are related: tw A = BC m B AC FIG. 3 After impact, according to the theorem, the velocity of m A will be represented by CA and that of ra B by CB. Using a reductio id absurdum, Huygens first assumed that the acquired velocities ivere CD and CE, the only necessary restriction here being that AC + BC = CD + CE (ignoring signs). Supposing that the initial velocities were acquired by vertical descent under gravity, Huygens took the required heights to be HA and KB respec- tively. These were related through Galileo's equation v* = 2gs [Fig- 3)- HA _ AC' 1 : ~KB ~ C& Starting with the velocities CD and CE the heights attained would be AL and BM such that AL _ CD 3 ~HA ~ AC*' BM _ CE* and KB ~ OP' H 114 HUYGENS'S SCIENTIFIC WORK When first elevated ra A and w B have their common centre of gravity at N. After being brought to the positions L and M , the centre of gravity is moved to O for m^.AC = ra B .CB HN AC LO NK CB OM The remainder of the proof then consists of a simple demonstra- tion that O is higher than N not only for this case but also for the case when ra A rebounds with more speed than before and for the possibility that it is brought to rest. It will be noticed that the idea of converting a horizontal velocity into an ascent involves first the relation v* = 2 gh and second the idea of energy conserved, i.e., mv 2 = 2 mgh. No doubt it was the use of this relation which enabled Huygens to solve problems on the ballistic pendulum when in England in 1661. It marks a distinct advance on Descartes 's approach to the law of conservation of energy, since the latter had no use for any form of potential energy. This piece of work is accordingly of some importance in the history of the concept of energy. After this point Huygens was able to give the solution of the most general case of impact between perfectly elastic bodies mov- ing along the line of centres. The masses being in general unequal, Huygens employed his original device and gave the reference frame a velocity such that the velocities of the bodies bore an apparent relation inversely proportional to the masses. His ^geometrical method prevented him from expressing the result in a generalized form. The most general law embodied in the work on impact is the law of conservation of kinetic energy for linear motion in the horizontal plane. This is stated in a proposition showing that ra A ^ 2 A -f m B z; 2 B = constant, both be- fore and after a collision. The difficulty of dealing with vector quantities is overcome by squaring the magnitudes. How Huy- gens hit on the quantity mv 2 is not quite clear, but his use of it appears to date from about 1652 and he considered this, the efficacy or vis viva of a moving body, to be a more fundamental quantity than its quantity of motion or, as we should now say, its momentum. Leibnitz adopted the same point of view, but neither he nor Huygens saw how the vis viva was related to the quantity of motion. The remainder of Huygens's De Motu Corporum ex Percus* COLLISION BETWEEN ELASTIC BODIES 115 siane deals with the effect of placing hard bodies between the two extreme bodies in motion so that the impact is transmitted. In the simplest case a hard sphere is brought to rest on meeting the end sphere in a row and the sphere at the other extreme end is set in motion with the velocity originally possessed by the first (Fig. 4.) Huygens experimented with glass balls suspended like pendulum bobs or rolling in a horizontal FIG. 4 groove. It is well known that he found in the study suggestions for a theory of the propagation of light. He showed in the present connection that a single interposed mass must be the mean pro- portional between the two extreme masses for the velocity attained by a third mass to be a maximum. Thus, at first, m x has a velocity t> A while V B o and v c o. It may be shown that if B = */^*"~C> then v c is a maximum for any given values of ra A and ra c . The proof is straightforward, although tedious by Huygens's method. As has been mentioned, others besides Huygens brought out work on the subject of impact. Wallis, in November 1668, read a paper to the Royal Society in which he also employed the Car- tesian quantity of motion but dealt with inelastic bodies. In 167 1 he published results for elastic impact, including the formula mv m.v, . u for inelastic bodies, m -f mi where v and v l are the initial velocities and u the common velocity after collision. In December 1668 Wren also gave some empirical rules which resembled some of Huygens's results, although arrived at independently. For a general theory of impact, clearly systematizing con- temporary work, one has to turn to Newton's Principia, where the subject is summarized in the introductory Scholium to Book I. After the three laws of motion Newton gave a correct state- ment of the law of conservation of momentum and stated as a corollary Huygens's " law " that the common centre of gravity of two or more bodies is unaffected by the actions of the bodies Il6 HUYGENS'S SCIENTIFIC WORK among themselves. So slowly did the Newtonian system displace the Cartesian, however, that in the English edition of Rohault's System of Natural Philosophy, which came out in 1723, Des- cartes's original treatment of motion and impact is closely fol- lowed and we read, for example, on page 78 : " When a Body moves any particular way, the Disposition that it has to move that way rather than any other is what we call its Determina- tion. 1 ' Gravesande's Mathematical Elements of Natural Philoso- sophy (1721) was more up to date and contained a summary of Huygens's work on impact without, however, an acknowledge- ment of the source. This work was dedicated to Newton and is an interesting guide to the scientific heritage of the seventeenth century as it was passed on to the eighteenth century reader. Centrifugal Farce The fact that Huygens early turned his attention to the study of circular motion is only another example of the influ- ence of Descartes. In his Principia Descartes attempted to analyze the motion of a stone placed in a sling. He saw that although the stone tended to continue its motion along the tan- gent, this was prevented by the tension in the thread. The prob- lem was to find the magnitude of this tension and this Descartes failed to do. Huygens completed his study of circular motion about 1659 and published the more important theorems at the end of his Horologium Oscillatorium. The treatise, De Vi Centri- fuga, containing the proofs of these theorems and other mat- ter, was published posthumously in 1703. By this time others, including Keill, Savilian Professor of Astronomy at Oxford, had become impatient for the proofs of the theorems and had sup- plied many of them. Newton arrived at the fundamental formula for the acceleration of a particle describing a circle independently of Huygens. Huygens began his treatise with a statement of Galileo's con- clusions concerning descent under gravity. " Gravity," he said, " is the tendency to fall " and the tension in the thread from which a heavy body is suspended results from this tendency. A Constant acceleration must mean that " the spaces traversed in different times by bodies starting from rest are to each other as the^quares of the times ". The tension considered in the case of the sling is therefore a real force, as real as a force which produces an acceleration in the direction of the existing motion. Indeed, the measure of the force is supplied by the acceleration and, he should have added, the mass moved. There is then an acceleration towards the centre in the case of circular motion. FIG. 117 Il8 HUYGENS'S SCIENTIFIC WORK In the figure (Fig. 5), Huygens considered the successive points reached by a particle liberated at some point of its circular path and free to travel along the tangent. These, at successive equal intervals of time, would be K, L, N in the figure, the distances BK, BL, BN being equal to the lengths of the arcs BE, BF, BM respectively. If the intervals of time are small, BK, BL, BN approximate to BC, BD, BS respec- tively; C, D, S being points on the tangent where this is cut by the radii through E, F, and M. EC, FD, and MS are then the distances separating the two paths at successive instants. With- out explaining his reasoning further Huygens then stated that these distances approach as a series, the series of squares i, 4, 9, 1 6, etc., and thus resemble the successive distances fallen under gravity. The argument is somewhat reminiscent of Galileo's study of a projectile, which, starting horizontally, under the acceleration of gravity describes a parabola (Discourses on Two New Sciences, Fourth Day), but he may have got at the result as we should now by considering a parallelogram of velocities 1 . As a mathematician he was rather more attracted by the problem of the nature of the curves EK, FL, and MN, which he saw were the evolutes traced out by the movement of a stretched thread wrapped along the arc BE, BF, BM, etc., but he reverted to the physical aspect of the subject. The distances traversed (EC, FD, MS) in successive instants being approximately in the ratio of a series of squares, he wrote, " this tendency of which we have spoken is absolutely similar to that with which heavy bodies suspended by a thread try to descend. Whence we concluded also that the centrifugal forces of unequal bodies moved around equal circumferences with the same speed are among themselves as the weights or solid quantities " inter se sicut mobilium gravites, seu quantitates solides. Professor Crew (The Rise of a dt a.dt = v& 8' = (ddJ and <o = v/r .'. a = v*/r. Under gravity a = v a /25. CENTRIFUGAL FORCE IIQ Modern Physics), has remarked that this is probably the earliest suggestion of a distinction between mass and weight. From this original beginning some simple conclusions follow immediately. The centrifugal force varies directly with the radius of the circle if the angular velocity and mass are constant (Fig. 7), it varies as the square of the tangential velocity at any instant (Fig. 8) and inversely as the radius (Fig. 9) : (a) For equal angular velocities : D FIG. 7 FIG. 8 D FIG. 9 1 DF EG BF CG BA CA' ije. the centrifugal force varies with the radius (prop. i). (h v, _ BE "vl ~ BF F, F, CE DF and, by his original relation, CE __ CB' _ V DF = DB T = u?' (c) Equal masses have equal linear velocities: BD CF - v. LetCE = v' v^_CE^_ AC v "~ BD But F a F' : AB BA (prop, i) and F' AC' , F = JR (P r P- 2 ) BA AC 1 AC AC AB' = AB 120 HUYGENS's SCIENTIFIC WORK There does not seem to be much necessity to quote the other propositions on ordinary circular motion since they follow simply from the above. There are, however, some interesting studies of the conical pendulum : problems which may have been a reason for Huygens's taking up the whole subject. As has been mentioned earlier he made use of the conical pendulum in some of his clocks. This section commences with the statement of two simple theorems or lemmata on the equilibration of smooth bodies on inclined planes by means of tensions in horizontal threads. Thus in Fig. 10 (lemma i) the weight D must be to the weight C as the perpendicular This relation is not proved; Huygens it is one which is well known. It is K FIG. 10 RF is to the base FA says, justifiably, that used immediately in an interesting theorem on the revolution of a body on the inside of a paraboloid of revolution; all revolu- tions of a body travelling in horizontal circles on the surface of the paraboloid are completed in equal times irrespective of the amplitude of the circle. This theorem states the theoretical conditions to be fulfilled by a conical pendulum used in a clock. The point about Huygens's proof of his theorem is that, true to his conception of centrifugal force as equivalent to any other kind of force, he substituted it for the tension in the thread of the above lemma. At any point on the paraboloid, then, the cen- trifugal force must be that which will maintain the body against the force of gravity along the tangent. As he showed: F _ HG = HK L I mg ~ GF ~ KL K / But, by a property of the para- bola, KL is constant (Fig. n). Thus, for any two positions of a body on the paraboloid: G F and thus the times will be equal FIG. 1 1 (proposition i). In subsequent propositions, Huygens derived all the simple CENTRIFUGAL FORCE relations which might be expected: the various factors of vertical height, length, inclination to the vertical and angular velocity all being considered separately. Just as he nowhere used the mv formula in this form so he did not give the formula cos for the period of the conical pendulum. The work o is consequently somewhat tedious for the modern reader. Near the end Huygens showed that when the angle with the vertical made by the thread of a conical pendulum is 2 54' the period is equal to the time of vertical fall from a height equal to the length of the pendulum. The work is completed by a consider- ation of circular motion in a vertical plane. Problems which are still common in modern text-books are solved here for the first time. Huygens gave also the necessary conditions for Galileo's experiment with the intercepted pendulum (Fig. n). This was an instructive experiment since it illustrated the relation gh = v 2 /2 and drew attention to the fact that the particular path makes no difference to the height achieved. This is sufficiently explained by the figure. FIG. 12 As has been mentioned, Huygens followed the old Aristo- telian view that circular motion is a distinct form. This accorded also with Galileo's view, for although he himself discovered parabolic motion he did not include it with the other two funda- mental motions. It seems as if both Galileo and Huygens supposed the elliptical paths of the planets to be reducible to simpler components. At any rate Huygens for a long time re- served a special place for circular motion, considering it alone to be absolute and not merely relative in nature. After the appear- ance of Newton's Principle*, however, he came out against the 122 HUYGENS'S SCIENTIFIC WORK idea of any absolute motion and opposed the idea of absolute space or time. In 1694, he criticized Leibnitz for holding to the old idea of absolute motion, but rejected the suggestion that he owed his point of view to Newton's Principia. Mariotte also he con- sidered was in error in attempting to distinguish the vitesses propr.es of bodies. This, of course, raised the question of how we may know when bodies are relatively at rest. Huygens answered this in two ways : the bodies must be free to move and yet retain their relative positions with respect to each other and to their background; alternatively, by connecting the bodies by threads, one can dispense with the background, for if rotational motion exists, tensions will be set up in the threads. The effect of the diurnal rotation on the shape of the earth was, of course, a problem which Huygens could not ignore. Kepler, in his Epitome Astronomic Copernicx (1609), seems first to have proposed that the centrifugal force must be equili- brated by an " attractive virtue " and Huygens followed this lead in 1666. He calculated how much slower a pendulum clock would go in a latitude of 45 when compared with its rate of going at the poles. Supposing the earth to be perfectly spherical for the purpose of the calculation this amounts to a comparison of oscillation in a field of g units as against one g' = g - F cos a where F is the centrifugal force acting on unit mass at a latitude . Clearly we may put where r = R cos a and R is the radius of the earth, T the period of the diurnal rotation. Substituting the values for R and T, for a latitude of o the centrifugal force is a maximum and works out to Q approximately. This agrees with Huygens's 2o(^ estimate that the rate of rotation would have to be seventeen times as fast for the centrifugal force to equal gravity at the equator, but his estimate for the slowing down of the clock does not agree with a modern estimate. His attempt to deduce the form of the earth was, however, interesting since it laid down useful principles for the theory of the equilibrium of fluids. Huygens laid down the principle that a mass of fluid is at rest only when its surface is at each point perpendicular to the resultant force acting at that point. Later surveys carried out in CENTRIFUGAL FORCE 1^3 the eighteenth century confirmed his general conclusions, but not the extent of flattening at the poles which he had calculated. For a time Cassini opposed the views taken by both Huygens and Newton as to the form of the earth resulting from rotation. A cartoon of the period is reproduced in Professor Capri's edition 1 of Newton's Principia, in which the rival pictures are shown (Fig. 13). Newton Cassini FlG. 13 The investigation by which Maupertuis later disproved Cassini's conclusions gained for him the title of the "earth- flattener ". This was, however, complimentary when compared with the other epithets he received from Voltaire. An account of the dispute which broke out between the Newtonians and Cartesians on the shape of the earth was given by d'Alembert in L'Encyclopddie of 1751-65 (Vol. VI). 1 The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, a reprint of the English translation by Motte (1729) with some additional notes. Statics. In some early studies on the distribution of forces in threads which support a number of masses, Huygens used a fundamental principle which was closely related with the one he used so much in Dynamics. This stated that, for a system of bodies connected by threads and in equilibrium, a very small displacement (com- patible with the connections) cannot cause the elevation of the centre of gravity of the system. This idea, a variant of the idea of virtual work, had been used by Torricelli and Pascal, but Huygens made it the basis of a general method. He used it, for example, in an independent proof of Jordanus's theorem on the inclined plane (see below), and it was, of course, a form of this principle which was employed so successfully in his study of the centre of oscillation. To some extent Huygens followed the lead of Galileo's Discourses but Stevin's Beghinselen der Wieghconst (1586) and Hypomncmata Mathematica (1608) were also im- portant and supplied him with some of his early ideas. It is well known that Stevin regarded the impossibility of perpetual motion to be a principle on which a treatment of equilibrium under gravity could be based. As will be seen, Huygens's work carried this idea further and in effect introduced the idea of the conservation of energy in mechanical systems (see p. 154). In the Discourses on Two New Sciences (Second Day), Galileo had given a "proof" of Archimedes' theorem on the simple lever and had considered also the conditions under which a uniform beam is fractured by bending. Both of these problems were considered by Huygens in some early studies dating from about 1662. The defect of Archimedes' work on the lever was that in effect he had to assume the very law he set out to " prove ". Stevin, and later Galileo, shortened the " proof " but neither, in Mach's opinion 1 , escaped the original difficulty; both employed " the doctrine of the centre of gravity in its most general form, which is itself nothing else than the doctrine of the lever in its most general form ". Huygens did the same. His exercise on the subject is of interest since he employed a device 1 . Mach. The Science of Mechanics (trans McCormack, 1907). STATICS 125 which was virtually the taking of moments about an axis which was chosen arbitrarily. Wallis, alone with Huygens, shares the honour of introducing the idea of a moment into mechanics. In a letter to Huygens dated January i, 1659, Wallis spoke of the momenta of the elements of a surface about a certain axis as forming a series in which each term was a weight multiplied by a distance. He used the idea in finding the centre of gravity of solids of various forms. As has been mentioned, Huygens met Wallis in London in 1661 (see p. 45), and it seems very probable that he was indebted to him for the germ of some of his ideas. Much the same sort of problem as the determination of centres of gravity was met by Huygens in evaluating the quantity Hmr for the compound pendulum. Such important ideas were, then, in use long before they became pan of the published work on Mechanics. Varignon's Projet d'une Nouvelle Mecanique (1687) was actually the first book to contain the modern idea of moments. In some manuscript notes on the fractures of beams Huygens showed an approach to the modern idea of work done. Under gravity the centre of gravity of a system will descend as far as possible, that is, the work done will be a maximum. Huygens used the term descensus gfauitdtis in this connection. When the system is in equilibrium the first principle, stating that the centre of gravity does not rise, is to be applied. The problem! of demonstrating the equilibrium of two smooth weights on inclined planes and connected by a thread for the conditions m l __ AB ^T~ """ Tar m-j *- yo was solved by the writer of the work Jordani Opusculum A dePonderositate-z thirteenth FlG - "4 century work and it was given an elegant solution by Stevin, who simply applied the principle that perpetual motion is im- possible. The independent solution given by Huygens is therefore not referred to in modern works. Nevertheless, it shows clearly the usefulness of his fundamental axiom that the centre of gravity of a system of weights does not rise through any motion of the weights under gravity. 126 HUYGENS'S SCIENTIFIC WORK In the figure (Fig. 14) m l and m a are related as shown above and are considered to undergo a small displacement. It is required to show that the centre of gravity G is not disturbed. The point G in the horizontal line DE must of course be such that BD BA Wj BE ~ EC "m", BD BE ~ BD' BL ~ DD' EL Taking DD' = EE' and D'L parallel with DE we have EG GD t UZ-* LJLS LJLJ' EE an BE = BL = EL = ~EL Hence EE' E'G EL ~ D'G so that G is also the centre of gravity of m l and m, in their new positions. In the history of statics, Wallis, by publishing his Mechanica sive de Motu in 1669, with successive parts in 1670 and 1671, con- tributed a systematic treatment which must be ranked above Huygens's work in importance. Huygens, as has been noted, was more interested in dynamical problems. The work of these two men shows, however, some interesting resemblances. Both employed the principle of virtual displacements and extended the idea of force to all kinds of forces without distinction. Up to this time gravitational force alone had been considered. The Treatise on the Pendulum Clock: The Horologium Oscillatorium. Part One Construction and Use of the Pendulum Clock The great Danish astronomer, Tycho Brahe, used clocks in astronomical observations about 1580, but he was perhaps not the first to introduce time measurement into observations in Astronomy. Certain early Arabian astronomers, according to Robison, used the simple pendulum for measuring short inter- vals, but the evidence for his supposition is not very clear. No good means really existed until the pendulum clock was in- vented, and by the middle of the seventeenth century the need of time measurement had become urgent. Galileo used a water clock or clepsydra in his experiments on natural acceleration. He clearly knew of the property of the simple pendulum : that its period is (very nearly) independent of the amplitude of swing. Indeed, it is very probable that this was known to Copernicus (see p. 99). The story that Galileo discovered the property of the simple pendulum from observation of a lamp swinging in Pisa cathedral is not very well established, but the belief is un- doubtedly kept alive by a passage in his Discourses on Two New Sciences, where he said that he had often observed such oscilla- tions in churches. Tycho Brahe's clock was a crude instrument employing a balance or verge escapement. Such a regulator has no natural period, but is adjusted empirically by altering the moment of inertia. Although such clocks were used in public buildings, perhaps from the i3th century, they were ill-adapted for the observatory. Tycho found it necessary to correct for the tempera- mental qualities of his instruments at Uraniborg. It is accord- ingly very interesting to find that that universal genius Leonardo da Vinci, before the end of the fifteenth century, sketched, even if he did not construct, an escapement employing a pendulum. By the time of Galileo it seems probable that the idea of applying the pendulum was present in many minds. The design attributed to Galileo shows considerable mechanical ingenuity and owes less to the old balance clock than did da Vinci's sketch. 1*7 128 HUYGENS'S SCIENTIFIC WORK J. Drummond Robertson, in his excellent book, The Evolution of Clockwork (1931), compared it with Huygens's design to the latter's disadvantage. Galileo's mechanism, he wrote, " is far more subtle and ingenious than Huygens's method of control- ling the regular action of the old faulty escapement by the attachment of a pendulum in place of the balance ". Neverthe- less, Huygens's theoretical study of the problem was far more profound and indeed left little to be added, and his escapement also seems in practice to be much superior to that of Galileo. His practical contributions were superseded by the invention of the anchor escapement and later by the dead beat escapement. The latter gives an impulse to the pendulum near its zero position and exerts little frictional drag over the rest of the swing. The ideal of the free-swinging pendulum was not attained until the end of the nineteenth century. Huygens at first connected the pendulum rod DF (Fig. 15) to a circular balance by means of a two pronged fork or crutch. The part DE was flexible. This arrangement was, however, soon abandoned and the clock described in the Horologium of 1658 showed some improvement, as a comparison of the figures (Fig. 15 and 16) will make clear. The circular balance has gone o Fie. 15 Fie. 16 o THE TREATISE ON THE PENDULUM CLOCK 129 and the pendulum operates the verge with pallets V by means of the fork Q and the wheel P engaging the pinion O. The crown wheel is vertical. A vertical crown wheel was, however, not in- variably used. Samuel Coster, clockmaker to Huygens at the Hague, made some clocks with a horizontal crown wheel and one of these, described by J. Drummond Robertson (loc. cit.), was driven by a spring and not by weights. And although the clock bears the date 1657, it bears metal plates or " cheeks designed to correct the period for large swings of the pendulum. These plates may, of course, have been added subsequently. As J. Drummond Robertson points out, it must be supposed that Huygens began with a horizontal crown wheel but changed this to the vertical position in his Horologium so as to interpose the wheels O and P in the figure. As for the use of curved plates on either side of the pendulum it is clear from Huygens's corre- spondence that he was uncertain whether to design die clock so as to employ a pendulum oscillating over a small arc or to employ the curved "cheeks". In the Horologium the cheeks are omitted. Huygens explained to Petit that he could not, therefore, dispense with the wheels O and P as the latter suggested since these had the effect of restricting the arc of the pendulum oscillations. There is an interesting letter from Huygens to Boulliau written in December 1657, in which he enquired about clocks which the Grand Duke Fernando de Medici was reported to have under construction " in order that I may know if they also use a pendulum. A year ago yesterday exactly, I made the first model of this kind of clock and in the month of June [1657] I began to show the construction of it to all who asked me for it and among whom perhaps was someone who sent news of it to Italy ... In a very few days we shall see a much larger form of the clock in a belfry of the village which is near the sea half a league from here [the village of Scheveningue] . The pendulum will be a i feet long and will weigh about 40 or 50 pounds . . . /' The Medici Palace clock was for some time put forward as being of earlier date than Huygens's clocks. Modern writers do not accept it as antedating Huygens's invention, and it may in fact have been a copy. Against this is the fact that the pendulum of the Medici clock was rigidly attached to the escapement a feature of both da Vinci's and Galileo's design. This was a defect, since if the pendulum was light the oscillations could I 130 HUYGENS'S SCIENTIFIC WORK easily become forced and the mechanism would then resemble an inferior balance c|pck. "... the great merits of his inven- tion " wrote J. Drummond Robertson of Huygens's clock/' were the free suspension of the pendulum by means of a cord or a steel spring, with the crutch as the means of communication between the pendulum rod and the verge; contrivances which have continued in use ever since in all clocks with the anchor escapement/' FIG. 1 8 FIG. 19 THE TREATISE ON THE PENDULUM CLOCK 131 When one turns to the Horologium Oscillatorium of 1673, one finds that Huygens gave up the two toothed wheels inter- posed between the pendulum and the verge with pallets and reverted to metal cheeks to render the oscillations truly isochronous for all arcs. In 1659 he discovered the theoretical form for these cheeks and showed that it was a cycloid arc. It became necessary to revert to the first design employed by Coster in 1657, and to go back to the horizontal crown wheel as shown in the figure. Figure 17, reproduced from the Horologium Oscillatorium, shows the flexible suspension between the cheeks more clearly. The second figure (Fig. 1 8) shows a pendulum clock with a tapered cylindrical pendulum and the method of using a " maintaining weight " as invented by Huygens. This latter device made it possible to rewind the clock without stopping it. The cord applying the weight passed over a spiked pulley D in the large figure. The following quotations are taken from the Horologium Oscillatorium. The opposite figure [Fig. 19] represents the clock seen from the side, snowing first two plates AA, BB, half a foot long or a little more and twenty-two inches wide, whose corners are joined by four little columns so that the plates are distant from one another by one-and-a-half inches. In these plates are placed the axes of the principal wheels on both sides. The first and lowest wheel is that which is marked C, incised with 80 teeth, and to the axis of which is fixed the pulley D spiked with iron points to hold the cord with the weights attached, the reason for which is given later. The wheel C thus turns by the force of a weight; this moves the nearest pinion E which has eight teeth and at the same time the wheel F which has 48 teeth and is attached to the same axis. The latter moves another pinion G and a wheel H on the same axis, the numbers of whose teeth are the same as those of the preceding pinion and wheel. But this wheel is of the kind that our artisans call a crown wheel. By its teeth are turned the pinion / and at the same time the wheel K which is on the same perpen- dicular axis. This drum has 24 teeth and the wheel 15 which are made like those of a saw. Above the centre of the wheel K is placed horizontally the rod with pallets LM whose ends are sup- ported on each side by the plates N and P separately attached to the plate BB. In the plate NP the part Q should be noticed, pro- jecting towards the base, through an oblong opening in which the axis LM passes and which besides keeps in the vertical position the axis which we have said is common to the wheel K and the pinion /. In the plate BB a large opening is made through which can pass the end of the rod with pallets LM, which, inserted by its pointed end into the plate P moves thus more freely than if it 13* HUYGENS'S SCIENTIFIC WORK were supported by the plate BB itself and were at the same time prolonged through it; an extension is necessary so that the crank S may be attached to it so as to oscillate with it. For this is an oscillatory or reciprocating movement since the teeth of the wheel K make contact in turns with the pallets LL in the customary way and which needs no further explanation. As for the crank S, the lower pan of which is bent back and pierced with an oblong hole, this engages the iron rod of the pendulum to which the bob X is attached. This rod is suspended from above by a double thread between twin plates of which only one, T, is visible here. For this reason we have shown at the side a second figure intended to make dear the form of each and the general manner in which the pendulum is suspended. It will be necessary, however, to return to this subject and consider the true curve of the plates. We will now turn to the movement of the clock for we shall explain the other parts of the figure later. It is easily seen that the pendulum VX, when once it has been set in motion by hand, maintains its motion through the force of the wheels driven by a weight; and at the same time the fixed period of the pendulum prescribes for all the wheels and consequently the whole clock, the law and pattern of the movement. Indeed the crank, however slight may be the movement communicated to it by the wheels, not only follows the pendulum which moves it but also contri- butes to that movement a short impulse at each come and go. It maintains then a movement which without this assistance would decrease little by little, in part at least owing to the resistance of the air, and come to rest. Indeed, the pendulum having the property of always following the same course, and not being diverted from it unless its length change, the wheel K is not per- mittedonce we have obtained the equality of which we spoke above by means of the curved plates between which the pendulum is suspended to go now more quickly and now more slowly although in common clocks it often endeavours to do so; here its teeth must necessarily pass one after another in equal times. It is dear that the revolutions of the preceding wheels, like those of the hands which come last, are also rendered uniform seeing that all the parts move proportionally. Consequently if there is any fault in the construction or, on account of a change in the timing, the axes of the wheels turn with more difficulty, so long as this difficulty is not enough to cause the complete stopping of the dock there will be no reason to fear any inequality or retardation of the movement; the clock will always measure the time correctly or not measure it at all. After completing his description of the mechanism, Huygens gave directions for adjusting the clock so that it completes twenty-four hours in the mean solar day. This is the ordinary Equator THE TREATISE ON THE PENDULUM CLOCK 133 adjustment of a clock for everyday use. For use in the obser- vatory the sidereal day and not the mean solar day is the unit required. There is about four minutes difference between these days but the correction is not constant since the solar day is not constant. Huygens gave a table showing the individual correc- tions for comparing a given (solar) day with the sidereal day. In astronomy the measurement of the time of passage of a star across the meridian can replace the measurement of meri- dian altitude which is more difficult and, in the seventeenth cen- tury, the latter was always rendered somewhat uncertain through the absence of reliable corrections for atmospheric refraction. The history of the idea goes back some way. To explain it, it is necessary to refer to the diagram (Fig. 20) which shows the planes of the equator and the ecliptic intersecting the celestial sphere. As is well known, the position of a star in the sky is not usually re- corded by its altitude and azimuth because these, unlike its right ascension and declin- ation~or its celestial longitude and latitude vary on the Earth's surface. In the figure O is the position of an observer and the celestial equator and the ecliptic intersect in the equinoctial points y and - r ^. The plane of the ecliptic is of course the apparent path of the sun among the stars and the equator is inclined to this at the supplement of the angle of inclination of the Earth's axis to the plane of its orbit, viz., 32 27'. If 5 is a star we may record its position by stating its right ascension (arc ^M) and declination (arc MS) or its longitude (arc ^Q) and latitude (arc QS). All these arcs are measured in angular units except the right ascension, which is more often measured in units of time. For since the celestial sphere appears to revolve once in twenty-four hours, any given star will move 15 in one hour. The interval between the transit of the vernal equinox (the First Point of Aries) and that of a star across the meridian therefore gives its Right Ascension in hours. For this reason the great circles passing through the poles P and P A and drawn at 15 intervals from the equinoxes are called HUYGENS'S SCIENTIFIC WORK Hour Circles. Right ascensions may thus be stated either in hours, minutes and seconds, or in degrees. It is obvious that when recording the observed position of a star by its altitude and azimuth preliminary to reducing these to one or other of the spherical co-ordinates, the exact time at which the observation was made must be noted. This was at first done by recording the altitude of the sun or some other standard star. Purbach and Regiomontanus used this method in the fifteenth century. Bernhard Walther, a pupil of Regiomontanus, is sometimes said to have been the first to use a clock driven by a weight for scientific purposes. His clock was useless for inter- vals other than about an hour, however, and the first consistent use of time intervals was due to Tycho Brahe. Tycho used quad- rants to observe altitudes and usually found the distance along the equator from the meridian with an armillary sphere. His use of a meridian quadrant to observe transits required the measure- ment of the time interval between the transit of the star and that of the equinoctial line. In 1667 Huygens described a method which is similar to the well-known method of " equal altitudes " for finding the time of a meridian passage of a star. Roemer in 1690 really established the method of obtaining right ascensions and declinations by the use of transit telescopes. He also set up an instrument having altitude and azimuth circles for the observation of stars at equal altitudes on both sides of the meridian. The clock he used bears somfe resemblance to that of Huygens. One may take it for cer- tain that the close association of both men with the Paris observ- atory led Roemer to use a clock of Huygens's design. Until the invention of the anchor escapement (1680) Huygens's clocks were far the most accurate available and in Paris they probably con- tinued to be preferred for many years. While discussing this subject of time measurement in astro- nomy one can see how the clock promised (and later supplied) a solution to the problem of determining longitude at sea. On March 2 1 a sidereal clock on the meridian of Greenwich agrees with a mean time clock. For a place not on this meridian the sidereal time must be corrected by the addition or subtraction of 9.8565 seconds for every hour of longitude difference according as the place is west or east of Greenwich. Huygens's own direc- tions for the use of the marine clock at sea ignored the slight difference between sidereal and mean solar time. These direc- THE TREATISE ON THE PENDULUM CLOCK '35 tions were that the clock should be set going by mean solar time at the starting point of a voyage and that the solar time at sea (from the altitude of the sun) should be compared with the standard time kept by the clock. To the latter it was of course necessary to add the correction for the solar day required to take into account the inequality of the solar days. If, then, the mean solar time given by the clock after correction is earlier than the observed time, the ship has moved east, if it is later the ship has moved west. Each hour difference is equivalent to 15 of longi- tude. Figs. 2 1 and 2-2 show certain features of one of Huygens's later marine clocks. FIG. 21 FIG. 22 VI The Horologium Oscillatonum. Part Two Oscillation in a Cycloidal Arc This part of the Horologium Oscillatorium contained the first thorough treatment of oscillatory motion ever given. The study of accelerated motion in curved lines was begun by Galileo, and it is worth while looking at his work, so neatly was it completed by Huygens. Both of these writers treated their problems as a branch of " geometry ". It was only after the principles of New- ton's Principia had been absorbed that mathematicians developed mechanics on the concepts of mass, force and impulse. The difference is perhaps more apparent than real, for Galileo implicitly and Huygens explicitly recognized the quantity termed mass as distinct from weight and concentrated on velocity and acceleration, both capable of geometrical representation. Huygens really developed a treatment of mechanics on the basis of work done what we now term the energy equation but this was never fully appreciated. In the Discourses on Two New Sciences (Third Day), Galileo gave his classic propositions on naturally accelerated motion. He began with the assumption that the law of acceleration is simple and derived the well-known equations on fall from rest under gravity. He showed, among other things, that the times of descent of a smooth body over inclined planes of the same vertical height are proportional to the lengths of the planes : also that chords of the same circle are the paths over which descent takes the same time. The latter theorem was employed by Huygens and Galileo's proof of it may well be given here in symbolic form. In Figure 23, B and C are any two points on the circumference of a circle, centre O and radius r. AF is the vertical diameter, AD and AE the vertical heights of AB and AC, and AI is the mean proportional of AD and AE. Putting AD~x lt AE SB # 3 , AI = ra> we have, therefore, m = >/*i* 3 . 136 OSCILLATION IN A CYCLOIDAL ARC Now AC' = x* + CE 1 A and CE? = CE.EC' = r 3 - OE* < Hence '37 = AT a 2 + r* - /4C' /4B a n x~ m But = . m FIG. 23 For the times of descent along the inclined linfcs we have the equations _ 2 where ^ and a 2 are the accelerations produced. But sn AB Hence AC. sin Q! t* AB. sin a 2 ^ i.e. " AB 2 AC ~AB m and by (i) above = i. Galileo actually proved the relation (ii) in a separate proposi- tion. Galileo pointed out that the speed acquired in descent over an inclined plane is always such as would enable a body to re- ascend another plane of equal vertical height. His experiment with the intercepted pendulum illustrated this point (see p. 121). He went astray, however, in sup- posing that a circular arc is the path of quickest descent under gravity. It is usually supposed that Galileo considered the simple pendulum made isochronous oscillations in all arcs and that 138 HUYGENS'S SCIENTIFIC WORK the period was quite independent of the amplitude. This is cer- tainly assumed in the Discourses, where Galileo comments on the fact that descent from A to B over the inclined plane (Fig. 24) takes longer than descent along a circular arc CB. He then added: " As to the times of vibration of bodies suspended by threads of different lengths, they bear to each other the same proportion as the square roots of the lengths of the threads . . . ". There is no record in his writings to show that he observed the dis- crepancy of the periods of large and small swings. The Floren- tine Academicians, however (Essayes of Natural Experiments made in the Accademia del Cimento, translated by R. Waller, 1684), said that Galileo observed the " very near equality " of the swings. Mersenne, in his work Les Nouvelles Pensees de Galileo touchant Les Mecaniques et la Physique, said that Galileo did not observe the discrepancy. " If the author had been more exact in his trials," he wrote, he would have noticed it. His regrets ap- pear somewhat out of place, however, when one considers the fertile ideas Galileo drew from his study of the pendulum; an exact relation between the amplitude and the period could have been only a hindrance at this stage. Enough is known of Gali- leo's methods for us to be sure that an element of idealization came into his treatment of the pendulum, so that he perhaps intentionally ignored small experimental deviations from the for- mulated law. The laws of nature, he believed, must be charac- terized by their simplicity. Huygens did not study the simple pendulum exhaustively. After showing that the oscillations could be regarded as isochro- nous only when the arc was small he turned his attention to the problem of the tautochrone, that is, the curve over which all oscillations take the same time under gravity. He showed that the cycloid satisfies these requirements, being the curve traced by a point on the rim of a wheel which rolls along a horizontal sur- face. It was left to Lagrange and Laplace to complete the study of the simple pendulum and derive some form of relation be- tween the period and the amplitude. The former's Mtcanique Analytique (Chap. 2) (1788) and the latter's Mecanique Celeste (Chap. 2) ( 1 799) should be consulted. Throughout this part of the Horologium Oscillatorium Huy- gens's debt to Galileo is very clear. The first nine propositions, in fact, are really a clear resume of Galileo's work on natural acceleration with some small additions. A good deal of ground OSCILLATION IN A CYCLOIDAL ARC 139 had to be cleared before Huygens could get to grips with the central problem. Some geometrical properties of the cycloid, a method of drawing a tangent to the curve, and the setting of limits to the length of an arc of a circle occupy the next few FIG. 25 pages. Then in Proposition 22 Huygens showed quite simply that if two cycloidal arcs of equal vertical height are considered, descent from rest is quicker over the steeper curve. In Fig. 25, BD and EF are the arcs, equal in vertical height h but one less steep than the other. By a property of the cycloid the tangent at any point L is parallel with the chord NA of the generating circle. L and M are taken such that L is the same vertical height below B as M is below E. Transferring the arc EF to the position ef the point M is at m, level with L. Since the inclination of the tangent at ra is given by the chord OA and for all points such as L and m the inclinations of the tangents to the steeper curve are themselves steeper, the time of descent must be shorter over BD than over ef. In the next proposition Huygens compared the time of 7? F FIG, 26 140 HUYGENS'S SCIENTIFIC WORK descent over a short segment of a tangent to the cycloid with that over an inclined plane of equal height. Supposing a body to be released at B in Fig. 26, and to descend along the arc BG, he com- pared the time of descent over MN with the speed attained at G with the time of descent over OP with the mean velocity acquired during descent over the distance BI, the line BI being the tan- gent to the cycloid at B. Using Galileo's relation v 2 = igh for vertical descent, Huygens took the velocity of a body after des- cent over BI to be \/2g. ir or 2 fgr and the velocity at G to be One half of the former is thus TK 111118 By similar triangles FA FH FH ~ FE FA _ FH* and ~ FF FA FH _ _ ~FH ~ FE ~ l^ FX Hence = jg- t t MN ^ Vl FX MN Now _ = ^ . ^_ = __ . _. The remainder of the proof consists of showing by geometry that MN FH Hence OP " HE ' t, FX HX ST t t ~ HE ~ HE ~~ QR The last equality follows since HE = HX cos 6 QR = STcos*. It appears a somewhat curious relation to set out for but the time of descent over a cycloid arc is later to be obtained by reference to a relation between the time of descent over a series of tangents ST, and the time of fall along an intercept on the axis FA. Unfortunately, the following theorem is unsuitable for re- production here in its original form. Anyone who looks up the work in the original will see that here is an interesting method of exhaustion pushed to its limits. OSCILLATION IN A CYCLOIDAL ARC 141 In Fig. 27 a large number of tangents are drawn to the cycloid and to the circle. It is required to show that the time of descent t l9 along an arc BE, is to the time of descent f a , along the tangent BI (with a uniform speed equal to the mean speed acquired over Be) as the arc QH is to QG. The intercepts made in BI being sup- posed equal, the time interval S/ 2 for motion along each is a fixed quantity. The relation with the previous theorem is then best shown by taking t l to be the sum of the intervals 8*1, required for descent over the tangential elements M^N^ M 2 N 3t etc. FIG. 27 The equation of the previous theorem is then written in the 81, = S lTl dt* QR where QR is the interval between the parallels measured on the diameter QA. Dividing this equation by the number of elemen- tary tangents, n, we get and there are n of these relations altogether. Adding these equations we get _ n^ a = QG~' In the limit, when the elementary tangents are very small and very numerous, 257 = QH, 23^ = ^ and we have !i . OIL * "" QG- Huygens was then able to complete his demonstration by 142 HUYGENS's SCIENTIFIC WORK showing that the time of descent from any point on a cycloid to the lowest point has, to the time of descent along the axis, the ratio of the semicircumference of a circle to its diameter. FIG. 28 Applying the previous theorem to the case of descent to the lowest point ^ = ar ^^ t M where t M represents the time of descent with the mean speed acquired over the tangent BG. This, however, is the same as the time for naturally accelerated fall along BG. Now BG is equal and parallel with EA (by a property of the cycloid) (Fig. 28). Hence : *BA _ mrcQHA _ ^r_ __ ic 1 ~ Q/T ~ IT By Galileo's theorem (p. 137), / EA may be replaced by J DA since EA and DA are chords of the same circle. This establishes the tautochronism of the cycloidal pendulum. Huygens did not include in the Horologium Oscillatorium his proof that in a cycloidal pendulum the restoring force is propor- tional to the arc of displacement. This short addendum is, however, important, since Huygens was the first to give the mathematical theory of simple harmonic motion. Leibnitz wrote to Huygens in March 1691 : " M. Newton has not treated the laws of the spring; I seem to remember having heard you say on an- other occasion that you have examined them, and that you had demonstrated the isochonism of the vibrations." We may sec OSCILLATION IN A CYCLOIDAL ARC 143 for ourselves that the fact that the cycloidal motion is simple har- monic follows from Huygens's previous discoveries. He seems to have arrived at the conclusion about 1673. FIG. 29 In Figure 09 the cycloid arc AC is divided at some point B. " Then," Huygens wrote, " the component of gravity along the plane tangential to the curve at A and the component at B is in each case proportional to the slope of the tangent ", i.e., in modern terms : Force down plane at A Force down plane at B gstna g sin EM \ PC EC OQ PN PC OC PC OC OQ But, by a lemma to the theorem on page 139, Huygens showed by simple geometry that PC _ EC OC ~ PC' Hence : Force down plane at A __ EC Force down plane at B PC It was not difficult to show that EC is to PC as the lengths of the respective cycloidal arcs AC and BC. This relation may readily be demonstrated by the use of modern methods but Huygens's 144 HUYGENS'S SCIENTIFIC WORK proof was not presented in a formal manner. With it the theorem on simple harmonic motion is completed : the acceleration at any point on a cycloidal arc is proportional to the length of the arc measured from the lowest point. It is thus clear from his note- book that Huygens cleared up most of the obvious problems which are raised by a study of oscillatory motion. Such prob- lems can only be dealt with satisfactorily by means of mathe- matics. It must be admitted that Hooke, in England, earlier than Huygens, had commented on the conditions required for simple harmonic motion. Birch's History of the Royal Society (i 756-57) contains a passage by Hooke dated Nov. * i , 1666, on this subject : " The equality of duration of vibrations of differing arches or lengths depends upon the figure of the curve-line, in which the body is moved; which figure being for a very great part near the same with that of a circle, it follows that, the motion in differing arches of the same circle will be very near of equal duration/' Hooke's attempt to show mathematically that this followed from (Galileo's) mechanics was rather feeble, however. Even Brouncker, president of the Society and a much more able mathematician, made little headway with this subject. Yet both Brouncker and Hooke started where Huygens started and with the same fundamental conceptions. Hooke's Potentia Restitu- tiva, published in 1678, contained a further reference to the sub- ject and this work is usually regarded as being the starting point in the history of simple harmonic motion. It contains the law " ut tensio sic vis " and many deductions drawn therefrom. Nevertheless his contribution cannot be compared with that of Huygens, whose work was carried out quite independently. The properties of springs were well understood by Huygens in 1675, for this is the date of his invention of the spiral-spring regulator for watches. A further illustration of his grasp of the essential condition may be found in his experiments on the use of a tri- filar pendulum. This consisted of a heavy flat ring suspended by three equal vertical cords from three equidistant points. The oscillations of this pendulum were of a torsional character and he hoped that it would prove superior to the spiral spring, especi- ally in regard to the effects of temperature. It did not appear to matter how the restoring force was set up whether through gravity, elasticity or magnetic attraction he remarked. VII The Horologium Oscillatorium. Part Three Evolutes and the Measurement of Curves The occasion may be taken for a brief mention of Huygens's mathematical work. This seems to be divisible into two parts. In one part of his mathematical work Huygens may be said to have belonged to the classical schools of Archimedes, Hippo- crates of Chios and Eudoxus rather than to the period of Des- cartes, Newton and Leibnitz. He was, for example, greatly inter- ested in the three great problems of antiquity, those of squaring the circle, trisecting an angle and duplicating a cube, and he was in the classical sense the outstanding geometer of his age. The impress of classical antiquity lies on most of his early work. His earliest published work, Theoremata de quadrature hyper- boles ellipsis et circuli, ex data portionem gravitatis centra (1651), was undoubtedly inspired by Archimedes' work in hydrostatics dealing with the flotation of certain geometrical figures. It was in a sense a continuation of Archimedes' De /Equiponderantibus, and in finding the area of a given segment of a hyperbola, ellipse or circle, less than the whole figure, Huygens used the classical method of exhaustions. In the form of the " method of indivisibles " this method had been extended by Kepler and Cavalieri, the latter's work being especially influential. Huygens took the opportunity of showing up the fallacy in some work on quadratures by Gregory de St. Vincent, a contemporary Jesuit mathematician who appears not to have understood the newer developments. Huygens began his treatise by determining limits to the area of a given segment of each of the above figures. He then located the centres of gravity and worked out some theorems, in particu- lar a theorem concerning a relation between the length of an arc of a circle, its chord, the radius and the distance from the centre to the centre of gravity of the segment. This paved the way for an examination or " Excursus " criticizing de St. Vin- cent's work. This excursus occasioned a dispute which lasted for ten years and in which several mathematicians were involved. It has not left any important results, however. * H5 146 HUYGENS'S SCIENTIFIC WORK In January 1 652 Huygens began to study problems which lead to equations of the third or fourth degree. These " solid " prob- lems also arose, very probably, from a study of Archimedes' writings. In the course of his work Huygens (1654) carried out a new determination of the circumference of a circle. In the form of a determination of *, van Ceulen, early in the century, had made a new contribution to this ancient problem. Snell, in his Cyclametricus of 1621, narrowed the limits set by Archimedes in his original investigation but made use of propositions which were not rigorously proved. In all this, however, there was little if anything which could be called new in Huygens's work. The more interesting parts of his studies on the problems bequeathed by Archimedes are concerned with physics rather than with mathematics. In continuing the latter's studies of flotation, for example, he was able to make use of his fundamental principle that the centre of gravity of a system takes up the lowest posi- tion consistent with the restraints. In the first four theorems of his De Us quae liquido, supernatant (1650) he deduced in this way the horizontal surface of a stationary liquid, the equilibrium of floating bodies when the density is equal to that of the sup- porting fluid, and the celebrated law of Archimedes for the case in which the density of the solid is less than that of the liquid. In the other part of his work to which we may now turn Huygens was interested less in continuing the study of classical problems than in new and original developments. Reference has been made on more than one occasion to Huygens's fruitful in- terest in the cycloid. This curve may be taken as a starting point in reviewing briefly his important work on evolutes. Descartes influenced Huygens very much in this connection, for he had always insisted that any curve whose mode of generation could be clearly conceived belonged to Geometry. Descartes accord- ingly took all curves formed by the intersection of two moving lines, the rates of movement of which had a known ratio. Huygens did not commence his own researches on the cycloid until twelve years after Mersenne, in 1646, gave him his first information about publications on this interesting curve. Pascal's "Dettonville" problems, as has been mentioned, aroused Huygens for the first time. The problems were to find the area of a half-segment EBF of a cycloid (Fig. 30), the position of its centre of gravity and the volumes of the solids produced by revolution of the segment about BF and about EF. EVOLUTES AND MEASUREMENT OF CURVES 147 Huygens at first found the area EBF and thence the area of the whole segment EBO and he found the distance of the centre of gravity of the segment from the base EO and deduced the volume of the solid of revolution about this base. Pascal then suggested the calculation of the centre of gravity of the half- solid of revolution of ABD about AD. Huygens obtained a par- A D FIG. 30 tial solution to this but found the work so difficult that he doubted if all Pascal's problems could in fact be solved. In pass- ing it may be noticed that Huygens improved on the ordinary proof required for the method of drawing a tangent to a cycloid. In the preceding figure a tangent to the cycloid at E must be parallel with the chord BG of the generating circle an interest- ing property which was given in Schooten's edition of Descartes's Geometria. Pascal's proofs for the Dettonville problems compare favour- ably with the work carried out by Huygens in being altogether more elegant and at the same time more general. Wallis, how- ever, complained about Pascal's methods in his De Cycloide of 1660, in which solutions to the Dettonville problems were obtained by means of Wallis's " arithmetica infinitorium ". A dispute between Wallis and Carcavy ensued, Huygens acting as intermediary, but it does not seem to have been of great signi- ficance. The really interesting feature of the whole episode is that it started Huygens on his study of evolutes. The idea of the evolute of a curve may be explained by refer- ence to the parabola. This curve (Fig. 31) may be described as the locus of points equidistant from a given point F (the focus) and a given line XY (the directrix). With the exception of the circle, all curves show varying curvature; whereas all normals to the circle intersect at the centre, the normals to other curves intersect at a series of points which generate another curved line. 148 HUYGENS'S SCIENTIFIC WORK FIG. 31 This is termed the evolute. This will be clear from the figure in the case of the parabola. The evolute may in fact be defined as the envelope of the normals to the given curve. Huygens no doubt saw, in his ex- periments with a simple pen- dulum, that the bob could be made to describe a variety of different arcs according to the shape of the curved " cheeks " between which it was suspended. Propositions 5 and 6 of the third part of the Horologium Oscilla- torium contain the discovery that the evolutes of a cycloid are themselves cycloid arcs. The proof is of course geometrical. In Fig. y. the arc AF is equal in length to the arc AC. By establishing this Huygens was able to rectify the curve and show that a cycloid is four times the length of the diameter of the generating circle. It is not considered necessary to recapitulate his method here. Huygens is remembered as the discoverer of the evolutes of a cycloid, but it must be pointed out that he dealt also with the evolutes of a parabola (proposition 8), of an ellipse and of a hyperbola (proposition 10). He also showed how to rectify curves for which the evolutes are known. This work has not been given much attention, possibly because of the more important general methods of quadrature worked out by Wallis. Huygens EVOLUTES AND MEASUREMENT OF CURVES 149 himself does not appear to have seen that the theory of evolutes would find its most useful application in a field in which he him- self was the first to explore: the theory of focal lines in geometri- cal optics. To the cubical parabola and cycloid Huygens later added the curve known as the cissoid to be included among curves whose rectification could be accomplished. The French physician, Claude Perrault, set the problem: to determine the path in a fixed plane of a heavy particle attached to one end of a taut string whose other end moves along a straight line in that plane. Huygens and Leibnitz studied this problem in 1693, and worked out the geometry of the tractrix. It was at this time that Huygens solved the problem of the catenary and determined the surfaces of certain solids of revolution. After his return to Holland in 1681 it seems as if Huygens resorted to pure mathematics and gave less place to physical work. About this time the infinitesimal calculus acted as a great stimulus to mathematicians, and it is not surprising, therefore, to find that Huygens's notebooks contain a great deal of work of a more analytical character done after his return to the Hague. A review of all his mathematical work would be a most valuable contribu- tion to the literature of the history of mathematics for, over a long period of years, from his earliest work on the circle there is a range of subjects, many of which bear a logical relationship, including work on maxima and minima, which links up with the work of Fermat and the English mathematicians of the period and culminates in the work of Leibnitz and Newton. VIII The Horologium Oscillatorium. Part Four The Centre of Oscillation of a Compound Pendulum Passing reference was made on page 99 to the existence of action and reaction in the case of connected bodies. Galileo was unable to account for the behaviour of two small masses suspended along one thread (Fig. 33). He may have supposed that it should be possible for the masses to swing in unison, whereas in fact two independent vibrations exist in such a system. This is a difficult problem and there was no important practical reason for pursuing it. A more urgent problem was to calculate the period of a given compound pendulum, that is, a rigid body suspended so as to oscillate about an axis which passes through it. This is the type of pen- dulum employed in the pendulum clock, and the problem is to find /, the distance from the axis of oscilla- tion to the centre of oscillation. The latter is the point at which the entire mass would have to be concentrated in order to obtain the equivalent simple pendulum, that k is, that which possesses the same period of oscillation. _, The scientific principles of clock construction could not " ^ be said to be known until this central problem was solved. What was more important was that this particular problem opens up the whole subject of dynamical systems. Huygens was early acquainted with the problem by Mersenne and supposed that it emanated from him. The problem had, however, a longer history. The work In Mechanica Aristotelis Probletnata Exercitationis (1621), by Baldi, contained some erroneous suggestions on the centre of percussion and the sub- ject even seems to have been discussed by certain Greek writers. A modern illustration of the centre of percussion would be the point on a cricket bat at which the ball must be struck to secure the maximum effect with least effort. The centre of percussion, if it exists, is the same point as the centre of oscillation, a relation which was found empirically by Mersenne and proved theoreti- cally many years later. The interest shown by mathematicians like Descartes and Roberval in this problem must be attributed OSCILLATION OF COMPOUND PENDULUM 151 in some degree to the practical value of the subject in the design of sword blades. None of these, however, achieved any success. In a letter to Mersenne in 1646, Descartes dealt at some length with certain special cases of the centre of oscillation those of a long rod, a plane triangular figure and others. He clearly thought that the problem could be reduced to one in statics that of determining the centre of gravity of certain solids and planes. The work was surprisingly slipshod and amounted to little more than a series of ingenious guesses and no proofs could, of course, be given. Although Huygens's experiments on the centre of oscillation may have been carried out from as early as 1646, when his corre- spondence with Mersenne started him on the study of several problems of mechanics, his theoretical studies can hardly be dated earlier th^in 1659. He appears to have employed experi- ment much as Galileo did, and his procedure was in fact an excellent illustration of the inductive method. Starting with the simplest case of a linear rigid pendulum, he proceeded to study the oscillation of laminae oscillating in their own planes. For these cases he was soon successful in finding a way of calculating the length of the equivalent simple pendulum. Expressed in modern form this amounted to an application of the relation : mh where / is the moment of inertia about the axis of oscillation, m is the total mass and h is the distance of the centre of gravity from the axis of oscillation. The concept of the moment of inertia originated in Huygens's work, but it was given this term later by Euler. Huygens, however, discovered the important theorem which relates the moments of inertia of a lamina about two axes perpendicular to each other. All the laminae considered had regular shapes possessing an axis of symmetry. From these cases he passed on to the study of solids of revolution produced by rotating the laminae about the axes of symmetry. For this a method of evaluating Srar 3 for the relation / = 2mr 2 had to be devised and this part of the work makes the hardest reading for the modern reader who is accustomed to solve such problems by means of the integral calculus. As might be expected, Huygens started with certain problems left unanswered by Galileo and he was able to solve them by the '5* HUYGENS'S SCIENTIFIC WORK application of his theorems on impact. As will be seen the subject of moments of inertia came out of the solution obtained in this preliminary work. D F FIG. 34 In Fig. 34, an inflexible weightless bar carries two masses, D at the lower end, and E at some point in AD. Given the masses E and D, and the distances AD and AE, the problem was to find the centre of oscillation. The great difference here is that Huygens made the connection rigid, whereas in Galileo's problem the masses were connected by a light thread. Huygens's treatment was to suppose the pendulum with- drawn through an arc to the position ABC and then released. After passing through half of a swing the masses are again at the positions E and D and possess speeds which are different from those which they would acquire as the bobs of two separate pendulums of lengths AD and AE. Huygens supposed the two masses at this point to collide with masses which are respec- tively equal to the given masses but not connected. There is no loss of momentum and if the masses are all perfectly elastic the bodies F and G will acquire the speeds possessed by D and E, the latter being brought exactly to rest by the impact. Huygens then applied the equation connecting potential and kinetic energies to these masses. This manner of treating the problem was quite new. He supposed that the speeds acquired by F and G are such that they can rise against gravity to the positions N and V. The essential point in this process was that the centre of gravity of the masses could not ascend beyond its original height when the pendulum was in the position ABC. OSCILLATION OF COMPOUND PENDULUM 153 In Fig. 34 is shown the equivalent simple pendulum HK of length x. If we put AD = a t AE = b t the mass of D = m l9 that of E = m a and their speeds at the lowest points respectively v l and z>2 we have speed of D v l _ arc CD AD _ a speed of K = V = 5rc?K * HK " x ' where v is the speed of the bob K through its lowest point. If the height CS is put equal to d, the height QP is given by QP = d.Z It has to be borne in mind that the equivalent pendulum swings with the same period as the compound pendulum. The height RN to which the masses F can ascend is such that QP Now # a Hence the height which the mass F can attain is ad/x and for the height MV, for the other mass, we obtain in the same manner b 2 d/ax. The centre of gravity of the two masses will then attain a height which can be calculated quite simply: the work done in raising the masses through their respective elevations NR and M V is equated to the loss of potential energy in the descent of the masses through CS and BO. These heights may then be ex- pressed in terms of x, the length of the equivalent simple pendulum. F.NJR + G.MV = D.CS + E.BO ad b'd , bd or m l ~ + m a = m^d + m * x cix ** i.e m^d + m^b 2 d = m^dax + m^bdx. If this treatment is extended to a uniform rod, considered as composed of contiguous masses, the general formula Smr* 154 HUYGENS'S SCIENTIFIC WORK is obtained. The quantity Smr* was thus introduced into mechanics. In this work Huygens made effective use of the idea of work done against gravity, as can be seen. Unfor- tunately, his ideas were not made explicit and he did not for- mulate a general method. His published work, however, .showed some improvement on this original form of the " direct " method. The device of supposing an impact with equal masses which are not connected was abandoned and, in the Horologium Oscil- latorium, Huygens simply supposed that the separate masses constituting the pendulum were freed from their connections at some point in the swing. The mathematics remains unchanged. It is important to appreciate exactly what Huygens had done in this piece of work, for it has a bearing on the development of the concept of energy in physics. The central idea lay in com- bining his fundamental principle that the centre of gravity of the masses cannot ascend as a result of a displacement occurring under gravity with Galileo's relation connecting the speed acquired in falling with the square root of the height. In the Horologium Oscillatorium the speeds of suspended particles in any point in the path were compared with the corresponding heights of descent, a procedure which really amounted, in com- bination with the conservation of vis viva, to the application of the law of conservation of energy in mechanics. It is possible from this starting point to obtain an equation showing the con- stancy of the sum of the kinetic and potential energies for an isolated system, namely : T + V = H in the form given by Lagrange. If any doubt existed as to the significance of Huygens's contribution to the subject of energy it may fairly be stated to be removed by a later statement of his ideas. In his MS. of 1693, two years before his death, he wrote: "In all movements of bodies whatsoever, no force is lost or disappears without producing a subsequent effect for the produc- tion of which the same amount of force is needed as that which has been lost. By force I mean the power of raising a weight. Thus, a double force is that which is capable of raising the same weight twice as high." The word for force in this passage was vis, a word which, like potentia, was used in the seventeenth century in the two senses of force and energy. Unfortunately, the defini- OSCILLATION OF COMPOUND PENDULUM 155 tion is ambiguous but it would fit the notion of work or energy rather better than that of force in the Newtonian sense. The passage clearly reduces to this: there is something about a moving body which enables it to effect changes in the state of either itself or other bodies, and these results are quantitatively related with the cause which is the force or energy involved. The same idea was far less clearly expressed by Leibnitz /about this time : "... it seems necessary to admit in bodies something other than magnitude and velocity unless we are willing to deny to bodies all power of action ". To return from this digression to the contents of the Horologium Oscillatorium : Huygens found it impossible to apply the " direct " method to determine the centre of oscillation of suspended solids. The location of the centre of oscillation of a suspended sphere, for example, cost him much time and the method given in this work is long and difficult. His ideas appear altogether strange to the modern reader and an explanatory note will not be out of place at this point. To understand how Huygens's ideas took shape it is of interest to know that he read a work entitled Tractatus Physicus de Motu locali by one Mousnier, a pupil of Pere Honori Fabri, which came out in 1646, and in this there was a novel attempt to solve the problem of the centre of percussion in the general case. Little seems to be known of Mousnier, and his ideas may, to a large extent, have been derived from Fabri. Mousnier used a concept which he termed the " impetus " of motion. By this he meant a quantity varying as the product my for a particle in motion and he applied this to the elementary parts of an oscillating body as follows : considering the oscillation of a plane surface about an axis in its own plane, to evaluate the total " impetus " of all the elements, Mousnier took lines perpendicular to the surface and these represented by their lengths the speeds of the elements (to which they were normal) at the lowest points in their paths. This con- struction generated a wedge-shaped solid. For laminae of simple form the volume of the wedge could be calculated. Mousnier did not know, as Huygens did, that the centres of percussion and oscillation are identical. The identity had not been proved at that time and it was doubted by some, notably by Roberval, who thought the two points were only approximately in the same position. Proceeding by experiment, and at first inductively, Huygens was able to find the equivalent simple pendulum 156 HUYGENS's SCIENTIFIC WORK for a lamina oscillating in the way stated, and this opened the way to deal with suspended solids. The problem in every case is to evaluate the expression Smr 2 . To take a simple case, the lamina ABC (Fig. 35) oscillates about the axis EAE which is tangential. Huygens proceeds to construct a wedge-shaped solid on the lamina as base : a second plane is taken at 45 and a generating line DB, perpendi- cular to ABC, moves round the boundary of the lamina tracing the projection on the inclined plane. The centre of gravity of the enclosed solid can be found if the base is of simple geometrical form, and a p IG - plane of symmetry meets the axis of oscillation perpendicularly at A. From the centre of gravity, X, Huygens drops a perpendicular XL to the base and gives the name subcentric to the straight line AL. This is only a term for the distance of the centre of percussion from the axis. The wedge is in fact a geometrical representation of the ex- pression fv.da where da, in the ordinary calculus notation, is an element of the area of the lamina and v is its linear velocity at the mid-point of the oscillation. If we write dm in place of da it becomes more clear that the wedge represents the summation of the linear momentum of the lamina as it passes through the mid-point of its swing. By determining the point L, Huygens was in fact finding the position at which the total mass M would possess the same momentum. Putting AL = /, we may, for example, take the simple case where, for the lamina, we have simply a uniform rod. The result for this case is already known by the direct method to be / = jydy fcy (this is a modern form of the expression given before). The same result may also be obtained by the new geometrical method, for the point X would obviously lie at the point of intersection of the medians of a right-angled isocceles triangle. It follows from this that AL = 4B(Fig.36). OSCILLATION OF COMPOUND PENDULUM 157 In the case of a lamina a method of finding the volume of the wedge was required. Huygens showed that this could be done by means of a simple relation which may be expressed : volume = (area of baseXdistance AF) where F is the centre of gravity of the lamina (Fig. 37). Huygens's FIG. 36 FIG. 37 T lO method is in effect to treat the determination of Srar 2 about the axis EAE as a geometrical problem. He does not explain how he made his discoveries but shows how 2mr 2 for a lamina of simple shape can be found for several different axes of oscillation including an axis through the centre of gravity or at a fixed distance from it. When he took up the problem of finding the moment of inertia of a sus- pended solid his procedure showed an essential resemblance with that employed when such problems are solved by means of the calculus. In this case the regular solid is divided by planes chosen in a suitable direction so as to form a series of laminae of simple geometrical form. The expression y*.da is then integrated between the limits of y, the distance of any element from the axis of oscillation after expressing da in terms of the co- ordinates x and y . The integration is then required for an expression in terms of y and dy. This is scarcely a satisfactory statement about Huygens's method, FIG. 38 i 158 HUYGENS'S SCIENTIFIC WORK especially since he lacked a general method of summation, but it does not appear possible to describe his procedure in greater detail and the reader who is interested is referred to the German transla- tion in Ostwald's Klassiker der Exakten Wissenschaften, No. 192, to which are appended extensive notes in more modern form. Huygens's method could not very well be applied to more than a few regular solids. The centre of oscillation C is in all cases lower than the centre of gravity G of the suspended solid. If / is the distance of the former from the axis of oscillation O and r the distance of the latter, Huygens showed how (/ r ) could be calculated in certain cases. He was impressed by the discovery (1664) that the product (/ r )r is constant and he later termed this the " rectangulum distantiarum". For parallel axes of oscillation the equation : (/ - r )r = (V -r > ' (i). could be applied, the second set of symbols referring to the second position of the pendulum. This enabled him to calculate exactly the effect of lengthening the suspension. If on the second occasion the axis of oscillation is made to pass through the point which was formerly the centre of oscillation it follows that the new centre of oscillation will be at the position of the former axis, for, from Fig. 38 : '.' = I - r Q (ii). and since I r _ r/ /'~-~~V ~ r I' r.' = r and from (ii) /' = r + I r = /. This means that the compound pendulum has the same period in these two positions. The idea of the reversible pendulum was of course applied very successfully by Kater. The Kater pendulum is in fact the best laboratory method for the deter- mination of the acceleration of gravity, since the distance between the two knife edges on which its period is the same can be accurately measured. No theorem requisite for the complete theory of the pendulum clock was omitted by Huygens. The initial difficul- ties being cleared away he completed his treatise with a consider- OSCILLATION OF COMPOUND PENDULUM 159 ation of the effect of moving a small weight or rider along the rod of the clock pendulum. The latter consists of a rigid rod carrying a heavy sphere at its lower end. To find the centre of oscillation of such a pendulum it was necessary to combine the values of - -- for the rod (of length L) and the sphere found separately. Taking the respective masses to be m x and m a he showed that Smr a = ^rnJJ for the rod and 2mr 1 = m J L a for the sphere, L being measured from the centre of the sphere. The corresponding values for 2mr were ^m^L and mJL. Hence for the combination A simplification is introduced into this work in that the radius of gyration of the suspended sphere is not L but (i/jR* + L*^ where R is the radius of the sphere. Huygens proceeded to calculate the centre of oscillation for the same pendulum carry- ing a small spherical rider at a given position on the rod. He showed that for a given alteration in the period there were two positions in general for the rider. At the end of the work, Huygens proposed a unit of length based on the pendulum. The standard foot, or pes horarium, was to be one-third of the length of a simple pendulum which beat seconds at Paris. The size of the bob would, of course, be immaterial since for a sufficiently large bob, which could not be regarded as a simple pendulum, the centre of oscillation could now be found. The objections to this unit were the variation of g, the acceleration of gravity, with latitude and the inaccuracies which must arise in measuring the length of the thread. It was, however, an ingenious suggestion designed to overcome the objections which apply to the dependence on a bar of standard length. In spite of its forbidding appearance in the original, Huygens's work in this part of the Horologhim Oscillatorium contains some strikingly original ideas. The idea of work or energy, implicit in some of his work on impact, turns up again here in a more precise form. The idea of vis viva indeed comes from the work on impact while that of work done is involved in the direct method of finding the centre of oscillation. Someone l6o HUYGENS'S SCIENTIFIC WORK indeed was bound to derive the last idea from Galileo's equations of motion which, multiplied by m give (in modern symbols) : mv = mgt = Pt (i). ms = imgf = IP? (ii). mgs = \mv* (iii). If Huygens's work had been more promptly published, and still more, if he had not cast all he wrote in geometrical form, the third equation might sooner have entered into mechanics. In the work on moments of inertia, as in the contribution to the subject of energy, Huygens has not been duly recognized. Like Newton's Principia, the Horologium later came to be regarded as pretty hard going for readers who were accustomed to analy- tical methods. IX The Cause of Gravity The idea of a force which acts towards the centre of the Earth dates from the earliest times 1 . Aristotle's doctrine that the elements, excepting fire, have a tendency to take up their " natural " places was a modified form of the idea and it was reproduced by the scholastic commentators. A clearer statement was given by Copernicus, who wrote " The Earth is spherical, for all its parts strain towards its centre of gravity." Much later Mersenne defined the " centre of the universe " as the point towards which all heavy bodies tend in straight lines. Gilbert (1600) attributed the action of gravity to other bodies besides the Earth, but he did not regard it as universal. The reason for motion under gravity was for him " a substantial form, special and particular, belonging to the primary bodies," which suffici- ently indicates the influence of Aristotle. Kepler first considered gravity to be " a mutual attraction between parent bodies which tend to unite and join together ". It is, he said, the attraction due to the earth rather than a tendency in the stone which causes the latter to fall. Up to Huygens's formulation of centrifugal force it was a real problem for the early seventeenth century scientists why the earth and moon were not attracted into contact with each other. Borelli, in Theorias Mediceorum plonetarum ex causis physicis deductse (1665) supposed that there was a tendency for the two bodies to come together, but that this was prevented by some kind of fluid pressure. Following Kepler, Borelli believed that the sun emanated some sort of " virtue " which kept the planets moving in their orbits. It is a most curious fact that although his theorems on centrifugal force were discovered about 1659, very probably Huygens did not appreciate the im- portance of the work in relation to the idea of a physical basis for the solar system. The possibilities of uniting the idea of gravitational attraction with that of centrifugal force were realized in England by Halley and, of course, by Newton. But i The history of the subject has been very well outlined by Duhem: La Thtoric Physique, p. 370-414 (1906). L 161 ifo HUYGENS's SCIENTIFIC WORK Huygens was debarred from his due place in this most important development by certain unfortunate preconceptions. There is otherwise no obvious reason why he should not have forestalled Newton by many years in regard to this part of the Principia. The influence of Descartes here led Huygens to adhere to the hypothesis that all change is brought about through physical contact between bodies, either directly or through the medium of some subtle matter which filled the intervening space. Following Descartes he took an approach which bade to reduce phenomena to kinetics. Besides this, however, he realized the importance of structure or the " conformation " of physical bodies as an explanatory principle. But change effected across empty space seemed to him to be remote from experience and to leave a gap in the cause-effect sequence. Using the idea of force as the scientific mode of cause, Huygens considered it necessary to restrict the term to the operations of bodies on each other perhaps under the influence of Descartes 's dictum that what is true may be clearly conceived. It was this limited view of what can constitute a causal mechanism that led Huygens to postulate his various " media ". For the transmission of light he required an ether, for magnetic fields, a magnetic medium, and for gravi- tational effects a " subtle matter ". In the Traite de la Lumicre the situation is by no means simplified. There is a possibility, he there remarks, " that the particles of the ether, notwithstanding their smallness, are in turn composed of other parts, and that their springiness consists in the very rapid movement of a subtle matter which penetrates them from every side, and constrains their structure to assume such a disposition as to give to this fluid matter the most overt and easy passage possible ". Gassendi's atomic doctrines clearly influenced Huygens. As against Boyle, Huygens did not consider that the motion of the atoms of ordinary matter was sufficient to explain elasticity and thermal expansion. Such effects, he wrote, " cannot be explained without supposing the same subtle matter in motion with an extreme speed". The most interesting remark on the subject of gravitational force to be found in Huygens's writings has been quoted on page 1 1 8. In addition there are two notes in his MS. of 1668 and 1669, which are as follows : " Gravitatem sequi quantitatem materiae cohaerentes in quolibet corpore " and " l poids de chaque corps suit pr6cisement la quantit de la mature qui entre dans sa com- PLATE VI ii Drawing by Huygens of his Vacuum Pump of 1 668 THE CAUSE OF GRAVITY 163 position ". Huygens, then, made the distinction between mass and weight before Newton, but these statements do not imply that Huygens regarded gravity as something inherent in matter. After 1661 Huygens was occupied with experiments with a simple air pump. His interest in this instrument was aroused during his visit to London. In 1668, an improved pump was constructed. This machine had a brass piston bound with fine flax in place of a wooden piston impregnated with wax. The pump (see Plate VI) was later described by Denis Papin in Nouvelles Experiences du Vide (1674). Actually Huygens and Papin in their experiments of 1674-7 added little to the work of Boyle; Huygens was not sufficient of a chemist to pursue the more interesting problems. The observation which most attracted interest was his discovery of the non-descent of columns of water from inverted tubes placed in the evacuated space of the vacuum pump receiver. Much correspondence arose over this anomalous observation which Huygens himself explained by assuming the existence of a subtle matter which exerted a pressure even after the pressure due to the air had been almost entirely removed. The effect was only noticed with water (and later with mercury) which had been " purged of air ". As has been noted in the earlier part of this book, Wallis doubted if Huygens's subtle matter really explained the phenomenon: "For, if this Matter be so subtile as to pass, through the top of the Glass, upon the Quicksilver ... I do not see, why it should not balance itself (above and below) in the same manner as Common Air would do, if the Tube were pervious to it at both ends, and the Quicksilver, by the preponderance of its own weight, fall pre- sently." Hooke, although a Cartesian, came nearer to the truth. In his Micrographia he mentioned the cohesion between liquids and glass. Mercury and glass were too different in their natures to cohere but water, " being somewhat similar to both, is, as it were, a medium to unite both the glass and the mercury to- gether ". In the absence of water, however, Hooke felt obliged to accept Huygens's explanation. Even Newton allowed that Huygens's explanation was the probable one. t Newton also sug- gested that the rise of liquids in capillary tubes might be due to the ethereal medium but his own adherence to the hypothesis of an ether was, as is well known, somewhat inconsistent. His persuasion that a subtle matter exists was a strong argu- ment for the retention of Descartes's vortices by Huygens. In 164 HUYGENS'S SCIENTIFIC WORK 1667 he attempted to work out a satisfactory explanation of gra- vity as an effect of circular motion. His hopes that this would prove possible no doubt rose as the existence of a subtle matter became more and more accepted by men of science. By 1669 he felt himself to be in a position to put his view before the Academic Royale, the occasion being a discussion on the subject of gravity in which the other speakers were Roberval and Mari- otte. In fact, no other theory was put forward and the discussion became a criticism of Huygens's theory. Huygens proposed to limit himself to terrestrial gravity and for this purpose considered the Earth to be an isolated system. The Cartesian vortex moved, according to his view, around the Earth in such a way that the subtle matter everywhere moved parallel to great circles on the Earth's surface. So far as one can judge there was no question of gravity extending to the moon. To illustrate his argument Huygens described an experiment in which a bowl of water is rotated about its axis. Heavy particles introduced into the rotating liquid were found to be propelled towards the centre as the rotation slowed down. Huygens pro- posed that the subtle matter which played such a part in his vacuum pump experiments was in fact the matter of the vortex about the earth. If the speed of rotation were high enough this would account for gravity as a centripetal reaction. But it was necessary to suppose that the circular motion of the vortex was " natural " and not constrained. The subtle matter, Huygens cal- culated, would have to be in rotation with a speed about seven- teen times as great as that of the diurnal rotation of the earth. To all this Roberval and Mariotte made the more obvious objections, for it is difficult to conceive how an ether which is per- meable to matter can exert a pressure on matter. Going further, they questioned the validity of restricting all explanations to the terms of matter and motion. They questioned the evidence for supposing that circular motion was in this instance " natural ". Roberval preferred the view that gravity is a mutual attraction between the particles of bodies. He had, he said, maintained this view as early as 1636. Both he and Mariotte considered that Huy- gens had only replaced one mystery by another. Huygensfs Optical Studies The study of the propagation of light and its behaviour at reflecting and refracting surfaces has a long history. This is, in- deed, the oldest branch of physics and it is necessary to recall that for centuries the subject possessed for many minds a certain mystery which was dispelled only as the phenomena came to be seen as illustrations of general laws. Descartes put the sub- ject of light in a central position in his natural philosophy; one of his works was entitled Le Monde ou Traite de la Lumiere. Yet Descartes achieved comparatively little in his study of light and it was Kepler's Dioptrice of 161 1 which, more than any other single work, laid the foundations of modern optics. Euclid's Optics (c. 300 B.C.) contained a statement of the equality of the angles of incidence and reflection for a plane surface and Claudius Ptolemy (c. A.D. 150) introduced the study of refraction. Kepler spent much time on but failed to discover the relation between the angles of incidence and refraction. His most impor- tart relation was in fact (in modern symbols) D i - r constant Here i is the angle of incidence and r the angle of refraction and D the angle of deviation (i - r). That is, the deviation varies as the angle of incidence a relation which is nearly true for angles of incidence less than 30. Kepler showed that the constant for ordinary glass was about i. He then calculated the principal foci in the cases illustrated : (i) Parallel rays incident on a convex glass surface : \ .66 HUYGENS'S SCIENTIFIC WORK He obtained the result f = yr where f is the distance of the prin- cipal focus F and r is the radius of curvature : IAJ- i ' 0.5 (ii) Parallel rays incident on the inside surface of a glass block having a convex surface: FIG. 40 He obtained f = ar a result which follows simply from the mod- ern relation : / - r ~ r (iii) Parallel rays incident on a convex lens: FIG. 41 He obtained the result f = r for the case of a lens having two sur- faces of equal radii of curvature (r). This is correct, for : = r . Putting^ - -r 2 , f = 5 0.5 */ There were, however, no general equations for the treatment of lenses up to the time when Huygens began his work. Cava- lieri, following the lines of Kepler's work, in 1647 proved the rela- tion used above for the focal length of a thin lens and Isaac OPTICAL STUDIES 167 Barrow in 1674 found by a geometrical method the image formed by a thick lens upon which an axial pencil falls. " Such cum- brous geometrical investigations involving the separate consider- ation of numerous particular cases/' writes Professor Wolf (A History of Science, Technology and Philosophy, I, p. -248), " were eventually superseded by the analytical methods of Descartes, which Halley, in 1693, successfully applied to the problem of finding the general formula of the thick lens." Descartes did more than Kepler to treat the problem of spherical aberration but in this and other respects he arrived at no useful result of practical importance. His recommendations concerning elliptical and hyperbolic surfaces were chimeras and much needl-ess labour was lost in attempting to put his ideas into practice. Unfortunately Huygens's work in optics belongs to the earlier period referred to by Professor Wolf and his writings are very tedious to read because of the absence of algebraical formulae. Throughout his life he was constantly amplifying and re-writing his manuscript and only the Traitf de la Lumtire, considered in a later chapter, appeared during his lifetime. Of the rest of his extensive researches some were made public in lectures to the Academic Royale but the remainder was hidden until published in 1703 by which time it had really ceased to possess more than historical importance. Refractive indices are not widely quoted by Huygens in his Dioptrica. He seems to have supposed, from the small number of materials then available, that exact values were unimportant. His method, in the case of glass, was to determine the focal length of a plano-convex lens and to apply the formula The method of finding ^ from the true depth and apparent depth of an object seen through a rectangular block was also FIG. 42 l68 HUYGENS'S SCIENTIFIC WORK known to him and was used in his researches on Iceland spar. For liquids his method was to fill a large glass cylinder and find tfye distance of the focal line when the incident light, perpendicu- lar to the axis, was parallel. For a cylindrical lens we have : Putting f=v'-r (see figure above): .e. or 2JJO/ - pif = i(v' - r), u w/ - f whence p = -- - t; -- as given by Huygens. Huygens, however, arrived at this result by purely geometrical methods. Huygens's method of treating refraction may be illustrated by the problem of finding the principal focus of a convex FIG. 43 spherical surface. Huygens showed that if C is the centre of curvature and NP, OB are parallel with the axis AQ, AO taking ~^ = (x then Q is the point through which the rays will pass. This, of course, is correct, for, using the formula : i* _ i __ IA- i v ~u ~~ r and putting u = oo, v = /, a UL-I , -/ _!_ = L. whence JJL= L- f ' ' *-f OPTICAL STUDIES 169 Needless to say, no formula of the type quoted is used in the work. But the correspondence of Huygens's geometry with modern practice can be perceived if his diagrams are carefully examined. His method of locating the image of a point source produced by a lens is to employ the relation DO DC or DC ~~ DP DO.DP = DC 3 Now, DO = u-f, i.e., uf + uf=uv, and hence (t< - /)(w + 1;) = or which at once appears familiar. The original proof is, however, too long to quote. Huygens pointed out that there is an optical centre in a lens such that rays passing through emerge after traversing the lens parallel with their original directions. In Fig. 45, E and F are the f P FIG. 45 centres of curvature of the lens faces and ED, FB are radii. The point L can be found since it may be shown that BL FB LD = ED 170 HUYGENS'S SCIENTIFIC WORK Some consideration was given to the effect of a lens immersed in a liquid such as water. Huygens showed how to calculate the refractive index for the two media in contact, knowing the in- dices with respect to air. He also gave a useful account of the human eye. He distinguished the liquids known as the vitreous and aqueous humours but made the mistake of supposing that the content of the crystalline lens was also a liquid. In consider- ing the location of an image at the least distance of distinct vision, a fundamental idea in the theory of optical instruments, his work was rendered unnecessarily complicated by an unfor- tunate choice of distances. Huygens measured the distance of the image from the eye and not from the lens through which it was viewed. However, he was led to discover an interesting theorem concerned with the magnification produced by a system of lenses. This, quite briefly, stated that by interchanging the positions of the eye and the object, without altering the posi- tions of the lenses, the object appears to the eye to be of the same size as before. This conclusion is of purely theoretical interest but there is a sequel : Lagrange later obtained equations which accord with this peculiar theorem and this in its turn led to work by Hamilton, Clausius and Kirchhoff. There seems to be a con- nection between Huygens's work and later developments of the conception of optical distance. Huygens's more important researches on lenses dealt with the subject of spherical aberration. It was known from the time of Kepler that the middle of a lens having spherical surfaces had not exactly the same focal length as the peripheral pan of the lens. To secure better definition it was customary to employ a stop covering all but the middle of the lens. The aperture used was judged by experience. Huygens saw that it should be pos- sible to calculate the aperture permissible for any given lens. It should also be possible to decide the optimum form for a lens of given focal length. So early as 1653 Huygens compared the distortions produced by a plano-convex lens first with the convex and then with the plane side towards the light. He also introduced the idea of optical thickness as measured not by the actual thickness at the middle but by the difference in thickness at the middle and at the edge. For a plano-convex lens the focal length of the peripheral part can be calculated in terms of the radius of curvature and the distance of the incident ray from the axis. For rays close to the axis the focal length is given by OPTICAL STUDIES 171 the ordinary formula. Huygens performed the calculation for the two positions of the lens and showed that the separation of the foci was less when the light was incident on the curved face. When the curved face is turned towards the light the rays suffer approximately equal deviations at the two refractions. Huygens saw that spherical aberration increases with the amount of deviation occurring. It thus appeared advantageous to use two lenses at the eye-piece of a telescope instead of only one and it could be secured that the total deviation was divided equally between these two lenses. Huygens showed that this was so when the separation of the lenses was equal to the differ- ence of their focal lengths. Huygens considered that the Dutch, or as it is sometimes called, the Galilean, telescope could be made more free from spherical aberration than the Keplerian telescope which em- ployed a convex eye-piece. Seeing that the concave eye-piece of the former compensated in some degree for the aberration of the objective, a much greater aperture should be permissible and thus a greater magnification might be obtained without increase of length of the telescope. Huygens recognized, however, that the Dutch telescope suffered from having too narrow a field of view for astronomical purposes. Various means of remedying this were considered but they were abandoned because of the difficulty of grinding lenses to a specified form. It was still essential, however, to define the practicable limits to the aperture for any given lens, for there continued to be a great deal of confusion on this point. Huygens considered definition to depend simply on the quantity of light per unit area falling on the retina of the eye. His procedure was to start with a tele- scope of known dimensions which gave good results and to cal- culate the lengths and apertures for others of the same standard of definition. For this purpose he limited himself to a consider- ation of the objective and ignored the eye-piece. If f and f f are the focal lengths of two objectives and <f> and ^' those of the corresponding eye-pieces and g and g r the linear mag- nifications, d and df the diameters of the apertures, then, for equal intensity of light at the eye : d _ j _ f *L d' ~ g> ~ ' f ** - *'* (\) f ~ T ( 172 HUYGENS'S SCIENTIFIC WORK To compare the aberrations we may suppose, with Huygens, that the lenses are of the " same sort ", i.e. that where R represents the radius of curvature of a lens surface. In Fig. 46 the distance FFj represents the separation of the foci. We may put FF 1 = &, F'F/ = $'; then it may be shown that : a ff ,.., __ _ '__ (n) 9' ~ d'*f .............................. () ' FIG. 46 From the figure it is clear that the rays through the peripheral part of the lens will meet the focal plane through F at points H on the circumference of a circle of radius FH. FH is given by FH=& tan 6. The focal plane of the objective is also that of the eye-piece of an astronomical telescope. The image of the circle will therefore be the circle of aberration for the telescope and its radius will be given by 8 tan X where K is a constant. Putting tan 6 = -7. this becomes K - . For both telescopes 2/ 2/0 to produce equal circles of aberration ad f or by (ii) and by (i) and (iii). ? (iv). TV */ \ J OPTICAL STUDIES 173 These equations, derived after the manner given in the intro- ductory notes to volume 13 of the Oeuvres Completes, summarize the rules elucidated by Huygens. As has been mentioned, the existence of spherical aberration was not unknown to Huygens's contemporaries nor to some of his predecessors. Maurolycus (in 1553) even mentioned it. New- ton, in treating the aberration of a plano-convex lens with the plane side towards the light found the value of the aberration, FF l in the form of a series in which the first term was - i where e was the thickness of the lens and JJL the refractive index. Picard also deserves mention for, in his Fragments de Dioptrique, 7? he obtained a value of ~ for the spherical aberration of a glass plano-convex lens receiving light on the convex side. His method resembled that of Huygens. Molyneux gave a single numerical calculation to his Dioptrica Nova (1697); he concluded that the " depth of focus " is smallest in the case of a plano-convex lens FIG. 47 when the rays are received on the convex surface. Huygens spent much time on the relation between spherical aberration and the inclination of the lens surfaces at the periphery. He saw that for a thin lens the deviation produced at a given point may be regarded as constant. Later he recognized that chromatic aberra- tion was the quantity which was most affected by variation in the angle of inclination. When he turned to the study of chromatic aberration, Huy- gens made use of the work of Newton. There appears to be no evidence that Huygens measured the refractive index of glass for different colours. Now Newton estimated the circle of chromatic aberration (radius CO in Fig. 47) to be one-fiftieth of the diameter of the lens employed. The fact that Huygens obtained divergent results may have been due to the use of a very different glass or 174 HUYGENS's SCIENTIFIC WORK to the choice of a different circle. Newton's circle was situated midway between F v and F r ; the choice of the plane through F v would give a circle of greater diameter. To compare the relative magnitudes of chromatic and spherical aberrations Huygens took a plano-convex lens of twelve inches focal length and allowed an aperture of half an inch. The optical thickness was thus only 1/192 inch. With the curved surface towards the light the spherical aberration measured along the axis is, by Picard's rule, 1/164 inch. The chromatic aberration may be calculated from the relation f r - f v cof where o> is the dispersive power of the glass and f is, of course, the ordinary focal length (for the mean ray). Taking o) to have the value .017 this means that the distance f r -fv is i /5 inch. This is 33 times as great as the spherical aberration. In large telescopes the difference between the effects would be even greater. Following the method previously used, Huygens esti- mated the aperture of any given lens by comparison with an instrument which gave satisfactory results. He showed that the ratio of the apertures of the lenses used for the objective and eye-piece would be equal to that of the square roots of the focal lengths. When Huygens used a telescope expressly designed for observ- ation of Saturn to study the moon he found the brightness of the image too great. He accordingly restricted the aperture of the objective very much but was surprised when a point was reached when the clearness of the image suddenly diminished. He con- sidered this was due to some property of the eye. " For also," he wrote, " when one places in front of the naked eye a plate having a hole of i/5th or i/6th of a line in diameter, the edges of objects begin to appear less clear, and the confusion becomes greater the more one diminishes the size of the aperture.' 1 Huy- gens does not seem to have identified the effect with that of the diffraction described by Grimaldi in his Physico-mathesis de Lumine (1665). It is also mentioned in Newton's Principia. Of course, certain of the conditions affecting the construction of telescopes apply also to the construction of micioscopes. Huy- gens was for a time a keen microscopist and he sided with Leeu- wenhoek, Redi and Swammerdam in the view that the evidence was all against spontaneous generation even of protozoa. Huy- gens treated the optical system of the compound microscope in much the same manner as he treated that of the telescope. The OPTICAL STUDIES 1 75 diagrams he gave to explain the principal features were of more ojf less modern form; they show the refraction of the rays so that a real image is formed by the objective. The image, as magnified by the eye-lens, is viewed at the least distance of distinct vision. He derived an expression for the magnification of the instrument and showed that if this is increased by decreasing the focal length of the objective there is an inevitable decrease in the depth of focus. As a practical microscopist he found that for certain observ- ations better results were obtained when the object reflected light than when the light was transmitted. He was responsible for the invention of dark ground illumination. At this point there is a temptation to introduce an account of Huygen's excursions into biology, if only to correct the impres- sion that he was so exclusively a student of the physical sciences. His studies of infusoria were quite notable and in one or two points, original, and of course the fact is that these seventeenth century men of science took no trouble to observe any artificial boundaries to their " subjects ". Huygens not only translated Leeuwenhoek's writings on microscopic observations, he was a fellow-observer who repeated and extended his compatriot *s experiments. Like Leeuwenhoek, he was opposed to the theory of spontaneous generation and his own experiments on the sub- ject are a prelude to those later carried out with such perfection by Pasteur. There is something immensely stimulating about this all-round activity in science, this feeling of the arresting interest of so piany and such diverse problems. But, in reading Huygens 's correspondence and in working at his notebooks, one has to clear away the notion of the " specialist " scientist. One sees that his interest in the microscope is as practical as his interest in the telescope was at all times; he wanted a science of optics in order to make his instruments, to perform calculations in astronomy, to understand the phenomena of " false suns " and haloes, to pursue the questioning of Nature out into the remotest spaces of the universe or down to the limits of the smallest living organisms. XI The Wave Theory of Light The notion that light is in nature akin to sound is very ancient. Thinking along these lines, Roger Bacon stated that light tra- velled in successive stages through the air; hft language hinted at some kind of vibratory motion. After that no progress beyond a general assumption of some analogy between light and sound was made up to the time of Francis Bacon, and he had little to suggest on this subject. Descartes first gave an interpretation of the facts, so far as they were known, which had some appeal for men of science in the seventeenth century. For him light was to be regarded as a pressure transmitted with infinite speed through the subtle matter which filled his universe. "Light in luminous bodies," he wrote, " is only a certain movement, or a very lively motion which passes towards our eyes ... in the same way that the movement or resistance of bodies which a blind man meets passes to his hand by the medium of his stick." Again : "... it is not so much the movement as the inclination to move of luminous bodies that we must consider as their light . . . the rays of this light are nothing more than the lines along which this inclination tends." Huygens was not influenced exclusively by Descartes, how- ever, and the views of Gassendi certainly deserve to be men- tioned. The important thing about Gassendi's natural philosophy in this connection was his admission of the vacuum as a primary conception. He supposed that atoms of light traversed the empty spaces between the celestial bodies and he left it open to ques- tion whether, by analogy with sound, these atoms were emitted periodically. Ideas obtained partly from Descartes, partly from Gassendi, seem to have been combined by Huygens but there was much that was new about his own theory. As has been men- tioned, Hooke, in his Micrographia of 1665, spoke in general terms of waves of light propagated with finite speed. Grimaldi, in his Phy$ico*nvtkesis de Lumine of the same year, pursued similar ideas; there is in this work a figure which may represent light as propagated by transverse vibrations. He spoke of the motion of a fluid medium as being spiral in form. Whether Huy- 176 THE WAVE THEORY OF LIGHT 177 gens read this work is uncertain but it was amongst his books at the date of his death. Perhaps more importance should be attached to the work of the Jesuit I. G. Pardies (d. 1673), f r t ^^ s amateur student of science showed the greatest faith in the Analogy between light and sound. It is known that he showed his completed work to Huygens. The latter never accepted so close an analogy but one point of resemblance has been remarked: Pardies supposed that the pulses by which light was propagated were irregular in period. The work Optique, published in 1682 by Ango, contains some of his ideas. The first to develop the idea of periodicity in the pro- pagation of light was Newton (1672), and Malebranche was the first French writer to follow him (1699). Huygens seems to have been led to make an independent study of the problem as a result of the perplexing properties of Iceland spar; it is known that he conceived the idea of spheroidal waves within this crystal while at the Hague in 1677. There is little to be gained, however, by attempting to maintain that Huygens originated the wave theory de nova. He may well have obtained the initial idea from Pardies's manuscript. His great achievement lay in presenting the theory in a form in which it could be fruitfully applied through the development of a suitable geometry. Huygens did not invoke a Cartesian medium for the propa- gation of light until after 1668, when it seemed to him that he had definite evidence from his vacuum pump experiments for the existence of such a medium. He then sought to combine this hypothesis with an atomic theory similar to that propounded by Boyle. He agreed with the latter that liquids and solids alike are composed of particles in proximity but he supposed that there were intervening spaces and that these were filled with the much smaller particles of a subtle matter. The elasticity of the air demonstrated by Boyle's experiments "seems to prove," he wrote, that it is made up of particles floating and " agitated very rapidly in the ethereal matter composed of much smaller parts ". Huy- gens's atomism is peculiar therefore in that he extended it to subtle as well as to ponderable forms of matter. That a consider- able proportion even of solid bodies is occupied by the ethereal medium is clear, he considered, from the fact that so dense a sub- stance as gold does not screen off the effect of a magnet or of gravitation from a body. Huygens considered his kinetic theory of matter was only a M 178 HUYGENS'S SCIENTIFIC WORK beginning. He was forced to introduce " soft " particles to damp out the motion of light in opaque bodies and his speculations led him in one place to speak of the particles of ether being com- posed of still smaller parts and penetrated by a second subtle matter. There is some inconsistency in his statements and we are left in some doubt whether he always intended a clear distinction between a luminiferous ether on the one hand and subtle media for the propagation of gravitational and other effects on the other. He did distinguish an ether and a matiere subtile but the grounds of the distinction are not really clear. The nearest Huy- gens came to simplifying his ideas was to suggest that the media concerned in the propagation of light and in the anomalous vacuum pump experiments are the same. He explained that he could not identify the luminiferous medium with that which causes gravity since the latter was in his view found only near the earth. The weakness of his position here has already been dis- cussed. As Clerk Maxwell remarked, " To fill all space with a new medium whenever any new phenomenon is to be explained is by no means philosophical." The Traite 1 begins with an admission that some of the sug- gestions are only hypothetical : " whereas the Geometers prove their Propositions by fixed and incontestable Principles, here the Principles are verified by the conclusions to be drawn from them; the nature of these things not allowing of this being done otherwise. It is always possible to attain thereby to a degree of probability which very often is scarcely less than complete proof." It is in keeping with this view of scientific method to start with the hypothesis that light is a form of vibratory motion propagated in spherical waves or surfaces as in the pro- pagation of sound. The chief differences between the two cases were the incomparably greater speed of light estimated by Roe- mer and the media through which the vibrations travel. It was also obvious that the particles of a luminous body vibrate inde- pendently of each other and that the frequency of vibration (if one can use such a term in relation to Huygens's ideas) is very much higher than in the case of sound. Huygens then proceeded to explain how light could be conceived as a succession of com- pressional or longitudinal vibrations passing through contiguous ether particles. Contrary to the corpuscular theory there was no movement of translation. This explained how two light rays 1 Traite de la Lumi&re. THE WAVE THEORY OF LIGHT 179 could travel in opposite directions in the same space, or cross at an angle, without hindering each other. It also led to Huygens's famous conception of secondary wavelets, for each particle in the path of a disturbance was a centre from which the disturbance spread outwards through all the particles in contact. Huygens saw that there was a difficulty here in that loss of impulses later- ally must weaken a ray as it proceeds. The limits he set to the " wave front " or common tangent appear quite arbitrary. As is well known, Newton was not satisfied with this discrepancy; it was only much later that wave-spreading in the form of diffrac- tion effects was fully demonstrated. Huygens's principle is often considered to be open to the objection that a wave-front travelling backwards towards the source can be constructed in theory but is never observed in practice. The answer to this objection is that Huygens did not evolve his principle from geometry so much as from his study of elastic collision. If the particles of a medium are all equal, any impulse received at A will be transmitted through the train of particles until any given particle C is moved in the same direc- tion as D. After collision with the next stationary particle E there will be a rebound only if C were smaller in mass than E. Huy- o ccooo o DA C E FIG. 48 gens supposed all the particles of the ether to be of the same size but allowed that the effect would exist if smaller particles were present. He doubted if such a back-wave would generate the sensation of light. There is, however, something very un- satisfactory in considering a point of a wave as the centre of another wave. The construction for regular reflection at a plane surface is sufficiently well known to require only brief notice here. It is given in text books of optics. Instead of progressing towards GMMMMB the secondary wavelets can radiate outwards only above the reflecting surface AB. While a secondary wavelet from C is travelling to B a wavelet starting from A must have travelled through a distance AN equal to CB. The radii of intervening wavelets are determined in the same way and thus the common l8o HUYGENS's SCIENTIFIC WORK J G FIG. 49 tangents BN can be found. This " terminates the movement " and is the new wave-front. By geometry it may readily be shown that, as a consequence of this construction, the angles of incid- ence and reflection are equal. The validity of Huygens's principle here depended, as its author saw, on the constancy of the speed of light during reflec- tion. Without naming the source he referred to Hooke's law in answering this question : " This [constancy of speed] comes about from the property of bodies which act as springs, of which we have spoken above; namely that whether compressed little or much they recoil in equal times/' It was otherwise when the passage of light from one medium to another was considered. An important difference and one which became decisive between the wave theory and the cor- puscular theory was Huygens's conclusion that light must travel more slowly in the denser medium. This was not necessarily be- cause the medium was different : Huygens considered the ethe- real medium penetrated all solids and liquids. The difference in speed resulted from the detours of the waves around the more solid particles of the elements. If we ask how Huygens knew that the ether penetrates substances his answer, given in the Traitf, adduces the entry of ether into the Torricellean space and that hollow bodies possess an inertia which is in strict proportion to the mass. Like Newton, he could detect no friction of solids THE WAVE THEORY OF LIGHT 181 with the ether. In some substances, however, Huygens supposed the material particles were not unaffected by the light vibrations. In this case they transmitted the vibrations also and the existence of this second mode explained double refraction. In his treatment of ordinary refraction, Huygens supposed a wave-front AC (Fig. 50) to impinge on the surface of a second medium. The speed of light in this second medium (glass) was supposed to be two-thirds of its value in air. The radius of the wavelet from A is then two-thirds of the distance which the wavelet would travel in air in the same time interval. It follows that while a wavelet from C is travelling to B, a wavelet from A G FIG. 50 will spread into the new medium through a distance AN equal to two-thirds of CB. It is clear in each case that the radius of the wavelet from K will be two-thirds of the distance KM which the wavelet would have travelled in air. The new wave-front is the common tangent NB. It follows by geometry that sin L DAE velocity in air sin L NA F ~~ ^ "" velocity in glass When light goes from glass into air the ratio of the speeds is inverted. In the second figure (Fig. 51), therefore, /!N=3/a BC or^l^AG. Here we have sin L DAE z sin L NAF = "3""" For larger angles of incidence (DAE) it is clear that when 1 82 HUYGENS's SCIENTIFIC WORK But sin LDAE = sin L NAF = sin Z DAE BC AB NA AJB 2 sin /.'NAF ~ 3" sin L NAF = i and the angle of refraction be- comes 90. Beyond this limiting condition, as Huygens puts it, the wave-front BN " cannot be found anywhere, neither conse- quently can A N . . . thus the incident ray DA does not pierce the surface AB ". F a B FIG. 51 It was impossible to give a satisfactory physical reason for the failure of the ray to penetrate the surface when the angle of incidence exceeded the critical value. The interior reflection which occurred took place, he supposed, " against the particles of the air or others mingled with the ethereal particles and larger than they ". He could not explain how the reflection could take place when the air was replaced by a vacuum. At the end of his chapter on refraction, Huygens showed that his principle of secondary wavelets was in conformity with Fer- mat's principle that the path actually taken by a ray of light in passing between two points is the path of least time. Fermat was in strong opposition to Descartes, whose false " demonstra- tion " of Snell's law of refraction required that the velocity of light be greater in a dense medium than in air. In a long letter to de la Chambre, Fermat explained that it was necessary to make the opposite assumption. He showed how the sine law of refraction could be deduced from the least-time principle and a copy of the letter was sent to Huygens in 1662. Huygens THE WAVE THEORY OF LIGHT 183 was at first scornful of Fermat's principle, which seemed to him to savour of Aristotelianism. This " pitiahle axiom " was one which he had never seen usefully applied, he remarked. Never- theless, he changed his mind over Fermat's principle and was de- lighted when he succeeded in deriving it by his own methods. The relation between Fermat's principle and Huygens's con- struction in this case may be summed up by the statement that both give the same physical interpretation of the refractive index. The significance of this important theorem was not lost on Huygens, though it is to be doubted if he ever imagined its future development. There is, however, an interesting applica- tion of the least-time principle in the Traite to atmospheric refraction, a subject of obvious importance to astronomers. Huygens pointed out that spherical wavelets would only be set up in a medium which was homogeneous, or to use the modern term, isotropic. In an anisotropic medium, as will be seen, Huygens showed that the wavelets might be ellipsoidal in form. The problem of the atmosphere was somewhat different. There was here a gradual change of refractive index with density, and Huygens saw that the wavelets must have surfaces of equal time from the source. To include the effect of density in his wave theory it was necessary to assume either that gaseous particles acted as a hindrance to the vibrations or else that they trans- mitted light themselves but did this inefficiently. Huygens himself foresaw that later workers would furnish what was needed to complete his " imperfect knowledge/' that much yet remained to be done to make a satisfactory theory. The remainder of the Traite was taken up with a striking attempt to extend the wave theory to the phenomenon of double refraction. As is well known, Huygens elucidated the nature of the wave surface for the extraordinary ray as an ellipsoid of revolution and this great achievement still stands. What Huygens could not explain (since his " waves " were longitu- dinal ones) was the effect of superimposing two calcite crystals in different positions. He succeeded, that is, in working out a con- struction for the extraordinary ray on the basis of an ellipsoidal wave theory, but could not on these grounds account for what we now term the polarization of the transmitted light. The properties of calcite are described in some of the larger works on optics, notably Mach's The Principles 'of Physical Optics. The essential property is that, in general, an incident i8 4 HUYGENS'S SCIENTIFIC WORK ray, on entering the crystal, is split up into two rays, one of which (the ordinary ray) is refracted according to the usual laws of refraction, while the other (extraordinary ray) is not. The substance was, Huygens admitted, anomalous and its behaviour " seemed to overturn our preceding explanation of regular re- fraction ". From the first, however, Huygens, on account of his atomic theory, inclined to the view that the optical properties of crystalline solids were to be correlated with their fine structure. He therefore began his account in the Traite with a description of the geometry of the Iceland spar crystal. The crystal (Fig. 52) has the form of an oblique parallel- epiped and there are cleavage planes in three directions parallel with the three pairs of parallel faces. The angles of the parallelo- gram sides were given by Huygens as 101 52' and 78 8'. The crystal has two opposite corners which are formed by three obtuse angles while the others are formed each by two acute and one obtuse angles. If the obtuse angle ACB of the parallelo- gram face at the blunt corner C is bisected by the line CE and a plane is imagined to pass through CE perpendicular to the D E FIG. 52 parallelogram face, the plane also contains the edge CF. The plane thus determined, and any other plane parallel to it, was termed by Huygens a principal section. As Bartholinus had shown, every incident ray, with certain exceptions, gave rise to two refracted rays, one of which was normal in its behaviour and exactly comparable with the refracted ray in any ordinary medium. The second ray showed, in general, marked abnormalities. So long as the plane of incid- ence coincides with a principal section HH (Fig. 53), bath of the THE WAVE THEORY OF LIGHT 185 refracted rays remain in this plane. For other planes of in- cidence the extraordinary ray is formed in a different plane. Moreover, while a ray S incident normally and an oblique ray R making a certain angle of incidence, both in the plane of a principal section, are refracted in the normal manner (rays marked O), the extraordinary ray formed exhibits a peculiarity. This is that a ray incident normally in the principal section gives an extraordinary ray e which is deviated by 6 40' towards the blunt corner C; on the other hand, a ray R, incident in the principal section at 73 20' (almost parallel with the edge CF in the first figure) gives an undeviated extraordinary ray e. By a method which was in effect the measurement of the true and apparent depth of a small object seen through the crystal, Huygens found that the refractive index for ordinary rays in the principal section (or any other plane) was constant and approximately 5/3. Using a similar procedure to find the refractive index for extraordinary rays it was obvious that this was not a constant. The apparent depth of a point source of light varied with the orientation of the crystal. Nevertheless, Huygens discovered one important rule for the extraordinary refraction which may be explained as follows. In Fig. 54, the parallelogram GCFH is the principal section. IK is a ray normal to the surface and KM is the extraordinary ray. Huygens found that for rays VK, SK, making equal angles on either side of the normal IK, the extraordinary refracted rays KX and KT make MX and MT in HF equal. This may be called Huygens's rule for the extraordinary refraction in this plane. i86 HUYGENS'S SCIENTIFIC WORK These facts had, if possible, to be collated in a single theory of transmission. The ordinary refraction offered no difficulties. For this the theory of spherical wavelets spreading with a speed less than that in air was adequate. " As to the other emanation which should produce the irregular refraction," Huygens wrote, " I wished to try what elliptical waves, or rather spheroidal waves would do ... ". These perhaps spread indifferently in both ethereal and material particles and in the regular arrange- ment of the particles might lie the source of the spheroidal wave form : " I scarcely doubted that there were in this crystal such an arrangement of equal and similar particles because of its figure and of its angles with their determinate and invariable measure ". Working on this assumption, Huygens's construction for the extraordinary ray from normal incident light was as follows. In Fig. 55, RC is a wave front and AB is the surface of the crystal. The plane is that of the principal section. Hemispheroidal waves originate at AKkkB. The axes or major diameters of these are oblique to the plane of AB as shown by AV: "I say axis or major diameter because the same ellipse SVT may be considered as the section of a spheroid of which the axis is AZ perpendicular to AV" wrote Huygens. For the present he considers only sections of the spheroid which are elliptical in the given plane of the figure. The common tangent to the semi- ellipses is NQ; and this is the propagation of RC as in Huygens's original theory. NQ is parallel with AB, but is displaced later- ally as required by the refraction of the extraordinary ray. R H h h C Fic - 55 THE WAVE THEORY OF LIGHT 187 It was next necessary to find the exact form of the ellipsoid of revolution and the orientation of axes in the crystal l . Fortun- ately all six faces of the parallelepiped produce the same refrac- tions : the substance was uniaxial. Picturing the appearance of the blunt corner of a calcite rhomb (Fig. 56), and imagining the three principal sections respectively normal to each of the three faces, these intersect in a line, called by Huygens the axis of the corner, subtending equal angles with each of the three edges to the corner. If, now, the direction of the axis of the wave spheroid of rotation of which Huygens first thought did not coincide with that of the axis of the corner, each of the three principal sections would not be characterized by the same optical FIG. 56 FIG. 57 properties. The inclination of the axis of the corner to each of the faces of the corner amounts to 45 20'. The orientation of the spheroid being known, the fact that for normal incidence the extraordinary ray is deviated in the principal section from the ordinary ray by 6 40' towards the blunt corner is sufficient to establish the shape of the spheroid. By calculations based on his data, Huygens found the following to be in agreement with the facts. If OA (in Fig. 57) is the axial direction of the calcite and the ordinary wave spreading out from the point O of the crystal is represented by a sphere of radius OA, the surrounding oblate spheroid of rotation AB with axis of rotation OA represents the corresponding extraordinary wave emerging simultaneously from O. The ratio of OA to OB is as 8 to 9 (very nearly) while the ratio of OA to the corresponding path in air is as 3 to 5. The construction for the refracted rays from oblique incident light may be explained as follows. The plane of incidence is con- 1 I am indebted for this passage to the excellent summary of Huygens's Ttaitd in Mach's Principle* of Physical Optics. l88 HUYGENS'S SCIENTIFIC WORK sidered to lie in the plane of the paper; MN is the calcite-air sur- face (Fig. 58) and SO an incident ray. Let SO bfc produced to S' and let a sphere of any convenient radius be described about O as centre. At its intersection with SOS 7 let a tangent plane be constructed intersecting MN in Q. If now a sphere of three-fifths the radius of the former is described M \0 Q N E about O, its point of contact R with the tangent plane through Q gives the ordinary ray OR. Let OA be the direction of the axis of the calcite rhomb. A spheroid is now described about the smaller sphere such that its axis of rotation OA (the minor axis), which equals OR, is 8/9 the length of the major axis. The point of contact T of the tangent plane through Q to the spheroid then gives the extraordinary ray OT. This construction is confined to one plane only when the axis is symmetrical with respect to the plane of incidence, that is, either coincident with it or perpendicular to it. For any other orientation the extra- ordinary ray is inclined to the plane of incidence. The results were studied experimentally by Huygens, who cut the crystal so that the optic axis was normal to the surface, parallel with the surface and in the plane of incidence, among other forms. He also found experimentally that for rays in the principal section the extraordinary ray was not refracted when the angle of in- cidence was 1 6 40'. What he had to do here was to show that for this angle the rays continue without refraction since they are directed along the major axis of the ellipsoid. The fact that there is no bending in spite of the change in velocity in the new medium is of course explained by the fact that the new wave THE WAVE THEORY OF LIGHT 189 front is not normal to the direction of the rays as is the case for spherical wavelets. On the basis of his theory, Huygens clearly expected that it would in general be possible to split up rays which emerged from one crystal of calcite by passing them through a second crystal. Excluding certain special positions of the crystals which he him- self understood, it would be expected that the ordinary and extraordinary rays would be split up again on entering a second crystal. This was found to be by no means the case. Huygens was considerably perturbed by the discovery and laboured hard to explain it, but in vain. He was, as Mach remarks, on the threshold of a great discovery the transverse nature of light waves but his conceptions hindered his taking this step for- ward. "Before finishing the 'treatise on this crystal/' he wrote, " I will add one more marvellous phenomenon which I dis- covered after having written all the foregoing. For though I have not been able till now to find its cause, I do not for that reason wish to desist from describing it, in order to give opportunity to others to investigate it. It seems that it will be necessary to make still further suppositions besides those which I have made; but these will for all that not cease to keep their probability after \A /A having been confirmed by so many tests." In this Huygens was correct, his geometrical analysis of the ellipsoidal wave still stands. He went on (Fig. 59) : " The phenomenon is, that taking two pieces of this crystal and applying them one over the other, or rather holding them with a space between the two, if all the sides of one are parallel to those of the other, then a ray of light, 190 HUYGENS's SCIENTIFIC WORK such as AB, is divided into two in the first piece, namely, BD and BC, following the two refractions, regular and irregular. On penetrating thence into the other piece each ray will pass there without further dividing itself in two; but that one which under- went the regular refraction, as here DG, will undergo again only a regular refraction at GH; and the other, CE, an irregular re- fraction at EF. And the same thing occurs not only in this dis- position, but also in all those cases in which the principal section of each of the pieces is situated in one and the same plane, with- out it being needful for the two neighbouring surfaces to be parallel." In these words Huygens described his discovery of the polarization of light. He went on: " Now it is marvellous why the rays CE and DG, incident from the air on the lower crystal, do not divide themselves the same as the first ray AB. One would say that it must be that the ray DG in passing through the upper piece has lost something which is necessary to move the matter which serves for irregular refraction." "... It seems that one is obliged to conclude that the waves of light, after having passed through the first crystal, acquired a certain form or disposition in virtue of which, when meeting the texture of the second crystal, in certain positions, they can move the two different kinds of matter which serve for the two species of refraction; and when meeting the second crystal in another position are able to move only one of these kinds of matter. But to tell how this occurs, I have hitherto found nothing which satisfies me/' The twenty- sixth query at the end of Newton's Optics referred to this problem. Has not a ray of light two sides, Newton asked, and his question became one of extreme significance after Young made the suggestion that the wave motion of light is not longitudinal but transverse. Huygens did not in the Traite de la Lumierc attempt a detailed physical explanation of the production of a spheroidal wave but he communicated on this subject with Papin. In a letter written in December 1690, he wrote: "As to the kinds of matter contained in Iceland crystal, I suppose one composed of small spheroids, and another which occupies the interstices around these spheroids, and which serves to bind them together. Besides these, there is the matter of ether permeating all the crystal, both between and within the parcels of the two kinds of matter just mentioned; for I suppose both the little spheroids, THE WAVE THEORY OF LIGHT \g\ and the matter which occupies the intervals around them, to be composed of small fixed particles, amongst which are diffused in perpetual motion the still finer particles of ether. There is now no reason why the ordinary ray in the crystal should not be due to waves propagated in this ethereal matter. To account for the extraordinary refraction, I conceive another kind of waves which have for vehicle both the ethereal matter and the two other kinds of matter constituting the crystal. Of these latter, I suppose that the matter of the small spheroids transmits the waves a little more quickly than the ethereal matter, while that around the spheroids transmits these waves a little more slowly than the same ethereal matter . . . These same waves, when they travel in the direction of the breadth of the spheroids, meet with more of the matter of the spheroids, or at least pass with less obstruction, and so are propagated a little more quickly in this sense than in the other; thus the light-disturbance is propa- gated as a spheroidal sheet/' Papin and Huygens did not, how- ever, see eye to eye over atomic doctrines and Huygens was critical of Papin's more or less orthodox Cartesian ideas. Professor Sylvanus Thompson, in his " Note by the Trans- lator " which prefaces the English edition of Huygens 's Traite, remarked : " If Huygens had no conception of transverse vibra- tions, of the principle of interference, or of the existence of the ordered sequence of waves in trains, he nevertheless attained to a remarkably clear understanding of the principles of wave- propagation; and his exposition of the subject marks an epoch in the treatment of optical problems." There seems to be fairly general agreement that Huygens's theory ought more properly to be called a pulse theory. The concept of periodicity was no- where introduced. Some evidence, though not of very substan- tial character, can be found in Huygens's note-books to show that he did speculate that waves (ondes) exist. He did not show much interest in the problem of accounting for colour, and although he made some favourable comments on Hooke's ex- planation of colour, he himself felt the matter lay outside mathe- matical treatment. Newton first introduced the idea that colour is related with frequency, but he received scant encouragement from Huygens. It is curious that Newton, the founder of the corpuscular theory, at least in his later speculations, came nearer to a wave theory of the modern type than Huygens did. He never threw over the corpusular theory, however, on the grounds 192 HUYGENS'S SCIENTIFIC WORK that first, a wave motion should show some lateral spreading (not yet identified with Grimaldi's discovery of diffraction) and second, that no waves as then conceived could produce the effects discovered by Huygens when light passed successively through two crystals of Iceland spar. As Whittaker remarked, " his objections are perfectly valid against the wave theory as it was understood by his contemporaries, though not against the theory which was put forward a century later by Young and Fresnel ". The idea of transverse vibrations was, in Whittaker's opinion, narrowly missed by John Bernoulli the younger, whose prize essay on the ether was written in 1736. The very last part of Huygens's Traitt is an echo of Descartes. Here Huygens wrote on " the Figures of the trans- parent Bodies which serve for Refraction and Reflection ". Here Huygens treated problems of aplanatic surfaces by means of his wave construction and by employing the least-time prin- ciple. In this way he gave proofs for some of the propositions Descartes had merely stated and for which his method had not been recorded. Huygens acknowledged the importance of conic sections. He proved that concavo-convex lenses of the form described by Descartes would be aplanatic, and determined the conjugate foci. Following Descartes he proposed that the concave surface of such a lens should be spherical. The impression given by the work, however, is that its interest is from the start purely theoretical. Huygens certainly recognized that it was of little use to demonstrate that refracting surfaces of unlimited aperture could be aplanatic so long as chromatic aberration was without remedy- His constructions for reflection from curved surfaces were, however, of permanent value and his general method of finding the focus from a consideration of wave fronts has proved most useful. There is no question that Huygens's principle of the propa- gation of light by secondary wavelets has been of great import- ance in optics. Many of the questions left unanswered by Huygens were settled by Fresnel. But the early history of Huygens's wave theory was disappointing. It is true that the Traite de la Lumtere was well received. The wave theory was even expounded at the University of Wittenberg in 1693. Soon after Huygens's death, however, the theory seems to have fallen into general neglect. In Holland neither s'Gravesande nor Musschfenbroek adopted it. XII Saturn As has been described in the notes on Huygens's life, the planet Saturn presented a puzzling appearance when viewed through the first telescopes. Jupiter's satellites were a spectacle which could not but strengthen belief in the principles enunci- ated by Copernicus, but this was far from being the case with Saturn. Galileo ended his studies of Saturn with the words altissimum planetam tergeminum observavi, but concealed in the form of an anagram : " I have observed the most distant planet to be triform." A system of three bodies, two of them rotating about the middle one would, however, be a sufficiently curious spectacle to arouse further attention. Some account of the contents of Huygens's Systema has been given in the early part of this book. The work of observing the planet, when the weather was favourable, occupied Huygens during the years 1655-9, and this involved a considerable amount of work in the construction of telescopes. The rings were fortunately becoming more inclined during this period, and in 1664, five years after his book had appeared, Huygens drew the rings at a great inclination. He was, of course, mistaken in sup posing a single solid ring. The Cassini division is visible in a small telescope only when the rings appear fully open, a condition which was not fulfilled during Huygens's earlier studies. In 1675, however, he made a drawing which suggests that he abandoned the view that the ring is solid (page 194). In regard to the sidereal period of the planet and the constant inclination of the rings to the ecliptic Huygens was more or less correct. He remarked in his preface on the equal inclination of the axes of Saturn and the Earth to the ecliptic, and he made it abundantly clear that the book was essentially a comment on Copernicanism. He accordingly did not consider it out of place to mention his search for moons of Mars, Venus and Mercury. In observing the four known moons of Jupiter, he remarked a variation in the appearance of the disc of the planet which he ascribed to the presence of vapours comparable with our clouds. Less related with his main subject, but worthy of record, was his N 193 94 HL'YCENS's SCIENTIFIC WORK I. p. 322. One of the first drawings. II. p. 224. Letter of Sept 24, 1658. V. p. 109. In letter to Moray, Aug. 29, 1664. VI. p. 443. Saturn observed May, 1669 (Huygens, Picard and Cassini). A drawing from Huygens's Manuscript K. (1675). Dec. 27, 1657. Drawings of Saturn after those made by Huygens The references are to the volumes of the Oeuvres Computes. SATURN 195 description of a nebula in Orion. This nebula, discovered by Cysat in 1619, he considered to be essentially different from the Milky Way, in that it did not lose its nebulosity when viewed through a telescope. He suggested that the light came from a more distant region visible through a hole in the black sky. Much later (1733), Derham questioned if the nebulae "in all Probability, be Chasms, or Openings into an immense Region of Light, beyond the Fix'd Stars." In regard to Saturn, Huygens's method was to collect together all drawings of the planet then published and show that nearly all could be explained on the hypothesis of an imperfectly visible ring. From the outset, as he himself admitted, it had always seemed obvious that the planets were analogous with the Earth; consequently it is probable that all turn on their axes. A rather more dangerous proposition was that all the matter between Saturn and its moon (Titan) turns about the planet with periods increasing with the radius. But it seemed obvious that the dis- position of rotating matter was at any rate symmetrical, for the appearance of the planet changed only slowly. Huygens found that the plane of the ring was inclined at about ao to the ecliptic and that this angle remained constant as in the case of the inclination of the Earth's equator. He could not accept any suggestion that the ring was merely an exhalation and an evanescent phenomenon. The solid and permanent nature of the ring could, he said, be clearly perceived. The figure he gave in the Systema (Fig. 60) left no room for doubt as to his own view on this point. But such a ring was certain to appear FIG. 60 eminently unstable unless one accepted its equilibrium under central gravitational forces. This Huygens proposed was the true explanation. He did not suggest that the gravitational force on the elements of the ring was balanced by the centrifugal force due to rotation and thus did not anticipate Newton's 196 HUYGENS's SCIENTIFIC WORK theory. His conception was a static one and required that the ring be mechanically able to withstand the gravitational effect without fracture. Rotation then did not come into the question. But the idea that Saturn's gravity extended to the ring may well have been an important advance, and may even have started Newton on some interesting speculations. Having disposed of effects due to aberration and obscurity of early telescopes, Huygens was faced with the necessity of show- ing how the hypothesis of a ring inclined to the ecliptic pro- vided an explanation of all the various appearances of the planet. With the telescopes used at the time the ring appeared invisible when there was anything up to 2 between the line of sight and the plane of the ring. The problem of forecasting the future appearances was a purely geometrical one. In Fig. 61, ANC represents the orbit of Saturn, DEF that of the Earth, and L the position of the Sun. The orbits are regarded as circular and lie in the same plane. Since the inclinations of the axes of FIG. 6 1 the Earth and of Saturn are parallel, the equinoctial line AC passes through the equinoctial points for both planets. Now since the axis of Saturn remains parallel with itself the line of intersection of the planes of the ring and the orbit is always parallel with the line AC. If Saturn is at H, and the Earth at D, and HM is the line of intersection of the planes of the ring and orbit, if the angular displacement of the Earth from the line AC SATURN 197 is greater than that of Saturn, the line HM will fall between the Sun and the Earth. The plane of the ring passes between L and D and no reflected light from the ring can reach D. On the contrary, when the Earth is at less angular displacement than Saturn, as in the relative positions N and F, or on opposite sides of CA, as at N and f, the same surface of the ring would be visible from either F or f. Knowing the synodic period of Saturn, that is the interval between two successive oppositions of the planet, it was possible to calculate the dates of reappearance of the round form. Huygens showed that the ring would appear thin from April to June 1671, and vanish from sight in July or August. Not until July or August 1672 (after an heliacal rising and setting) would the ring appear again. It would then remain visible until 1685. In this year, and again in 1 700, the planet would appear in the round form. Actually, Huygens had to recognize errors in these predictions since events were slightly ahead of schedule even in 1671. Huygens did not make very exhaustive observations, and it appears likely that his fundamental determinations were not sufficiently refined. He did not attach great importance to long- continued and uninterrupted observation. Indeed, many of his observations passed unrecorded. The telescope first used in the observation of Saturn had a magnification of about fifty. The objective was plano-convex, and the eyepiece was a simple lens of about eight centimetres focal length. An objective answering to Huygens's description of it, and dated February 3rd, 1655, was discovered at Utrecht University in 1867 by Harting (who wrote a short biography of Huygens in Dutch). Huygens's second telescope was one of 23 feet about twice as long and twice as powerful as the first. This was used after February 19, 1656. The method of com- puting the magnification was either by determination of the ratio of the focal lengths of the objective and the eyepiece or by comparison of the angular dimensions of a distant object seen through the telescope and by direct vision. In his work on Saturn, Huygens used a micrometer consisting of a lamina of brass. This form, which has already been men- tioned, was used up to the end of 1659. In 1666, he adopted the use of cross wires arranged in squares. The movable thread micrometer invented by Gascoigne superseded this. The values for the diameters measured by Huygens were all too large, but 198 HUYGENS'S SCIENTIFIC WORK they were an improvement on those given by Riccioli. Also they bear a very fair relation among themselves. As is shown in the table, Huygens's ratios foil the diameters of the planets compared with the Sun are all in the direction of over-estimating the planetary diameters. Planet. Ratio of diameter to True values, that of Sun. Venus i Mars i Jupiter i Saturn's ring i 84 i : 112 1 66 i : 202 5-5 ' : 9-8 7.4 i : 1 1.6 While studying the apparent diameters of Jupiter and Mars, Huygens noted the existence of bands or zones across these planets. Drawings were given in the Systema Saturnium. Huygens adopted Copernicus's proportions for the planetary distances from the sun. There was, until 1672, no agreement among astronomers over the distance of the earth from the sun. It was therefore necessary to proceed on a probable estimate if such could be found. Huygens's method was, having observed the apparent diameters given above, to adopt for the Earth a size which agreed best " with the order and good disposition of the whole system ". In a way which reminds one of Kepler, this dis- position seemed to Huygens to rest on a proportionality between size and distance from the sun (Jupiter and Saturn being excep- tional). Thus the earth, being intermediate between Mars and Venus, probably possessed a volume intermediate between these planets. From the figures given above, the mean (of 1/166 and 1 784) is i / 1 1 1 . Huygens took the estimate that the sun's diameter was i / 1 13 of its mean distance from the earth. This gave the dia- meter of the earth as i / 12543 of the sun's mean distance. The maximum and minimum distances of Saturn came out at 122000 and 100344 terrestrial diameters respectively. A modern estimate would put the result at about 123600 and 100200 respect- ively, so that, considering the precarious basis of Huygens's calculation, the result was much better than might have been expected. In his account of his method of observing apparent diameters Huygens explained that he used a diaphragm at the focus of the objective. This diaphragm had a hole a little smaller than the diameter of the eye-piece and in this way a sharp edge to the field SATURN 199 of view was obtained. It was easy to find the angular size of the field of view by timing the passage of a star across it, using the pendulum clock " recently invented ". His own telescope (pre- sumably the one of twenty-three feet) embraced a field of o if 15". The description of a micrometer consisting of copper rods of diminishing diameters which could be inserted in the focal plane of the eye-piece ends the Sy sterna. Huygens made further observations of Saturn in later years and redetermined, among other things, the ratio of the dia- meters of the ring and the planet. On July 16, 1667, Huygens determined, probably with Buot, the hour at which the ring ap- peared parallel with the horizon at Paris. This enabled him to calculate the inclination of the ring to the ecliptic, but the details of the work are lacking. The most important work on Saturn in later years was done by Cassini, working at the Paris observatory, Cassini discovered a second satellite (October 1671) and observed the division in the ring which now bears his name. XIII Cosmotheoros During the later part of the seventeenth century, Fontenelle, historian of the Academic Royale des Sciences, attracted much attention by writing descriptions of the earth as seen by hypo- thetical inhabitants of Mars and Saturn. The little work, Cosmo- theoros, written by Huygcns, and published posthumously in 1698, appears therefore to have been written in imitation of Fon- teneJle and its chief interest is that it shows Huygens, at the time of its composition, as notably Cartesian in outlook. It also shows him, as Leibnitz had hoped, in a more human light than most of his published work. The work was translated into French by Dufour in 1702 and into English in 1722 when it cnme out under the title The Celestial Worlds Discovr*d; it is from this work that quotations have been taken. Huygens began by remarking that scientific conjectures about the planets should not be judged contrary to the scriptures nor useless or impious. On the contrary, " besides the Nobleness and Pleasure of the Studies, may not we be so bold as to say, they are no small help to the Advancement of Wisdom and Morality, so far arc they from being of no use at all? For here we may count from this dull Earth, and viewing it from on high, con- sider whether Nature has laid out all her Cost and Finery upon this small Speck of Dirt." The English style of the translation takes one far from the spirit of Huygens's Latin. Nevertheless the work is throughout in an intimate vein, being written in the form of a letter to Huygens's brother Con- stantin. When Huygens outlined the Copernican theory he gave a diagram " like what you have seen in my Clock at home ". Per- haps he was referring to his machine for showing the planetary motions. At all events, the reader recognizes much of Huygens's early work in new dress the planetary magnitudes, the planets' distances from the earth and his views on the earth itself as a planet. "... we are so skilful nowadays," runs the translation, " as to be able to tell how much more or less the Gravitation in Jupiter or Saturn is than here . . . ". His general view was that the planets are so like the earth in most essentials as to have aoo COSMOTHEOROS 2OI inhabitants of some kind in all probability. Among these essen- tials he reckoned the existence of water but perhaps with differ- ent properties from our own. It must have a lower freezing point on the cold planets. If some kind of human life exists, he sug- gested, there must be other forms of life upon which the human beings would be dependent. Man, he thought, on these other planets, probably had the same vices and the same power of rea- son. If his senses were not too different his studies were prob- ably the same as ours. Huygens pictured the night sky as it would appear to the inhabitant of Jupiter or Saturn. Letting his imagin- ation go, he remarked: " What a wonderful and amazing Scheme have we here of the magnificent Vastness of the Universe! So many Suns, so many Earths, and every one of them stock 'd with so many Herbs, Trees and Animals, and adorn 'd with so many Seas and Mountains! And how must our Wonder and Admira- tion be encreased when we consider the prodigious Distance and Multitude of the Stars! " " I must be of the same Opinion with all the greatest Philosophers of our Age," he added, "that the Sun is of the same Nature with the fix'd Stars." He criticized Kepler, therefore, for making the Sun superior to all other bodies in the sky. At the end he stated his modified vortex theory. " I am of the Opinion," he wrote, " that every Sun is surrounded with a Whirl-pool or Vortex of Matter in a very swift Motion; tho' not in the least like Cartes'* either in their Bulk or manner of Motion. For Cartes makes his so large, as every one of them to touch all the others round them, in a flat Surface, just as you have seen the Bladders that Boys blow up in Soap-suds do; and would have the whole Vortex to move round the same way/' Descartes's views, he asserted, needed to be corrected in the light of New- ton's work, in particular to take account of the gravity of the planets towards the Sun and how " from that Cause proceeds the Ellipticity of the Orbs of the Planets, found out by Kepler ". His own vortices, he explained, were composed of matter which does not move all in the same way, "but after such a manner as to have its Parts carry 'd different ways on all Sides. And yet there is no fear of its being destroyed by such an irregular Motion, because the ^Ether round it, which is at rest, keeps the Parts of it from flying out." Such were Huygens's last words on the solar system. To the modern reader they seem curiously conflicting views. Huygens 202 HUYCENS'S SCIENTIFIC WORK accepted all the mathematical part of Newton's work hut not his interpretations. He was unable to accept a purely empirical view of gravity and, as we have seen, considered his own experiments on the existence of an ether were decisive. In his own way, Huy- gens was only seeking to banish what he conceived to be occult properties. " Le grand mrite de Descartes est avoir vu que le probleme du monde est un probteme de mecanique," wrote D'Alembert. This outlook was certainly the one which was con- sistently adopted by Huygens. He did not see that his own work was in far better accordance with the Newtonian system, that it helped to expose and did not heal the wounds inflicted on Des- cartes 's natural philosophy. The Cosmotheoros reveals Huygens's religious outlook to a far greater extent than his other published works. It does not appear that he was ever a proclaimed rationalist, and indeed the evidence rather shows, on the contrary, that he continued to support Protestantism up to the end of his life. There were many points, however, on which his beliefs appear to have been unorthodox. While, for example, he considered that the consti- tution of the world argued the existence of an intelligent power behind phenomena, he felt that whatever divinity belonged to man belonged to his rational mind; through this mind man can apprehend the ways of the Creator, but equally this mind pre- cluded an acceptance of the cruder superstitions. Huygens does not seem to have accepted belief in the Devil, and perhaps he rejected personal immortality. Yet his outlook clearly belongs to that noble period of Protestant thought which found nothing alien in the new and enlarged horizons revealed by Science. As an admirer of the writings of Cicero, Huygens refers to the glory to be found in Nature as in some way a warranty that man is not without his significance in the scheme of things. Stoic philosophy found a response within the breast of this seventeenth century scientist, and one is reminded that from the beginning of the Christian era there had been an infiltration from this philosophy of the grand belief in the ultimate rationality of the world. This belief Huygens certainly supported; it was, one might say, the essence of his religious outlook. XIV The Place of Huygens in the History of Science Descartes and Galileo were the brightest stars in the scientific firmament at Huygens's birth and they influenced him one way or another all his life. In Huygens's early days the world of science may be said to have been divided into those who followed the empiricism of Galileo and those who, with Descartes, ultimately distrusted it. This division leaves on one side, however, the Aristotelians who, mainly for religious reasons, could not accept Descartes's ingenious reconciliation of Copernicanism with dogma. The universities which, on the whole, sheltered the Aristotelians were in consequence left behind by the faster-mov- ing currents of contemporary thought. In time, it is true, they became affected by Descartes's thought and this acted as an introduction for more scientific ideas. Newton's views were first introduced at Cambridge as a sort of commentary on Descartes; at Oxford, the Sjivilian professorship of Astronomy almost alone was renowned for progressive ideas. The scientific societies of the early part of the seventeenth century were unacademic, amateur, spontaneous offshoots of the artistic renaissance, owing their existence partly to the rediscovery of Greek writings of analytical character, partly to the conflict of ideas in Astronomy and the development of Mathematics, and partly to the writings of Francis Bacon and of Descartes. The sources of the scientific renaissance include other tributary streams but when all is said the explanations seem incomplete and hardly concern us here. The important fact is that Huygens was born in the period when these scientific societies were in their infancy. As a young man, he must have heard of the work of the Florentine Accademia del Cimento and of the interest kindled in Paris through the reports of the well-known traveller Pieresc, who visited Florence. Huygens early studied the works of Galileo and through Mersenne obtained his introduction to a small world which was preoccupied with new problems and becoming more and more confident that it possessed a new technique of discovery. For the attack on Aristotle's science had been long prepared. Roger Bacon, Da Vinci, Benedetti and Stevinus preceded Galileo 203 204 HUYGENS'S SCIENTIFIC WORK and began the initial liberation of Mechanics. The first criti- cisms, however, dealt with certain of Aristotle's postulates rather than with his entire method and Galileo was the first to replace the substance and attributes of scholastic description by what we must term scientific data. The whole movement of the seven- teenth century empiricists, then, took this direction. Instead of substance, essence, matter, form and other categories adapted to Aristotle's logic, an analysis was developed using those of space, time, mass, force and the like. The categories of thought were transformed. All this Huygens himself realized remarkably clearly. He perceived that even the sixteenth century writers had retained many of the occult properties of the Aris- totelians. Gilbert, Telesius and Campanella, he noted, had not enough inventiveness or mathematics. Even Gassendi was not much better. Bacon had seen the insufficiences of Aristotle and had in addition pointed out good methods for building a better system, but, he wrote, " he did nothing to advance mathematics and lacked penetration for physical matters, not having been able to conceive the motion of the Earth, at which he mocked *'. " Galileo, on the other hand, had the mind and all the knowledge of mathematics he needed to make progress in Physics and it must be admitted that he had been the first to make fine dis- coveries touching the nature of movement, although he left very considerable parts of it to be done. He had not sufficient boldness nor presumption to wish to undertake the explanation of all natural causes, nor the vanity to wish to be chef de secte. He was modest and loved truth too much; he believed besides that he had acquired enough fame and that, through his new discoveries, it would last for ever." Another feature of contemporary scientific thought was the assumption of a mathematical simplicity in the relations trace- able between data. This assumption is found in the work of Galileo and also in that of Kepler, Copernicus and, to some ex- tent, perhaps, even in that of Da Vinci. Kepler expressed the idea in two aphorisms : " Natura simplicitatem amat " and " Natura semper quod potest per faciliora non agit per ambages difficiles." Burtt has pointed out 1 that the decline of Aristotel- ianism in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries coincided with a rise of neo-Platonism in which there was a strong Pythagorean element. For Kepler, in the extreme instance, the mathematical 1 The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Science (1932). HUYGENS'S PLACE IN SCIENCE 205 harmony discoverable in the facts of Nature and even in the celestial regions was the reason why things are as they are. Nevertheless, this neo-Platonic mysticism was combined, in Kep- ler, with a reverence for exactitude in the mathematical formulation. Later this view was greatly modified; the existence of mathematical regularity was felt to indicate a mechanical explanation. The difficulty lay in combining the mathematical laws with a mechanism which would sacrifice none of their exactitude. Descartes's mechanism failed here. His cos- mology was in fact founded on an antithesis which was truly scholastic, since he tried to reconcile Copernicanism with an un- moved earth an earth at rest in its heaven. Huygens became convinced that Descartes in this and other matters had in fact repeated the errors of Scholasticism, for he hoped to found a de- monstrative and deductive system. Descartes, he noted, " who appears to me to have been very jealous of the renown of Galileo, had this great desire to pass for the author of a new philosophy. Which was clear from his efforts and his hopes to have it taught in the academies in place of that of Aristotle . . . ". Descartes's ideas, he admitted in another passage, were presented with all the force of verified conclusions; the novelty of the shapes of his ultimate particles of matter and the beauty of his vortices all exerted a compelling influence. " It seemed that when I read this book, the Principia, the first time that everything in the world became clearer, and I was sure that when I found some difficulty, that it was my fault that I did not understand his thought. I was then only fifteen or sixteen years old. But having since dis- covered from time to time things clearly false and others very improbable, I came back strongly to the preoccupation I was in, and at the present time I find scarcely anything I can accept as true in all the physics, metaphysics and meteors/' Huygens, in fact, returned to the outlook of Galileo. He had learnt that quantitative study of data and not scholastic logic fur- nished the technique of discovery. Descartes's powers as a mathe- matician compelled Huygens's admiration and he found it all the more unforgivable that exact agreement with the facts should not be uppermost in Descartes's work. The difference between Descartes and Huygens did not lie in their conception of the phy- sical processes so much as in the regard paid to accurate defini- tion of physical conditions. More than geometry was needed, Huygens perceived, to deal with this. There were more properties 2o6 HUYGENS'S SCIENTIFIC WORK than mere extension, which was quite inadequate to account for the results of collision between elastic bodies and for accelerated motion. These considerations are, however, as yet inadequate as an account of the revolution in Mechanics which we have been led to discuss. For the change in mental categories and the expres- sion of laws in corresponding mathematical form was combined with a profound change in the method of explanation involved in all scientific work and especially in Mechanics. In broad terms, the revolution against Aristotelianism was the rejection of Aristotle's final cause in favour of a scientific mode of his efficient cause; men asked not what purpose but what process lay behind phenomena. How radical this change was we can realize only if we remember that for Aristotle, with his biological out- look, all events were part of a natural process of fulfilment, of realization of what was innate. Things converged towards an appointed and necessary end; it was consequently more interest- ing to enquire what that end is, rather than what mechanism underlies events. In Dynamics all motion was motion to an appointed place; all nature bore the character of an innate im- pulse to movement. Movement and change set greater problems for the philoso- phy of Plato. Whereas movement was regarded as continuous by Aristotle, to Plato all change appeared as a succession of Forms and consequently movement must be essentially discontinuous. It may well be, therefore, that for an Aristotelian of the sixteenth century movement held less interest and less to be studied than it did for those who were influenced by the revival of neo-Platonic ideas. There was, however, a second reason for the revolt against Aristotle, whose authority so dominated the scholastics. Quite apart from the difference in the nature of cause itself, there was the objection that no knowledge of the world as it is could be derived by deductions from a priori metaphysical principles. Aristotle's system was out of touch with brute facts, his method unsuited to their investigation. Aristotle, in fact, did not see that induction demanded a correlating idea; that it could not be reduced to some kind of syllogism, and consequently that know- ledge of the world in the last resort cannot be made part of logic. Bacon, though not a scientist, was clear on this " unfruit- fulness" of Aristotle and expressed the new attitude to facts in his HUYGENS S PLACE IN SCIENCE 2O? famous aphorism : " Nature to be commanded must be obeyed". It became clear from this time onwards that much remained to be discovered in respect of even the simplest events. Nevertheless, it is clear that what we now hold to be the typical method of the physical sciences appeared then to be a much more individual question. Galileo had given an excellent example but Huygens carried the inter-relation of mathematics and experiment a long way further. All his work illustrates this quality, and certain continental writers have even argued that Huygens's conception of scientific method was in some respects superior to that of Newton. Certainly in regard to the position of hypotheses in scientific work a case may be made out for Huygens's superiority. "... the main Business of natural Philo- sophy is to argue from Phaenomena without feigning Hypo- theses, and to deduce Causes from Effects, till we come to the very first Cause, which certainly is not mechanical," wrote Newton in the twenty-eighth query of his Optics. Against this we might place Huygens's remarks on the essential place of hypothesis in scientific work which come at the beginning of his Traite de la Lumiere. It was in the use of abstractions that Newton made the greatest contribution. He had the strongest objection to hypo- thetical entities because he wished to concentrate on mathematical relations. The space and time of Newton's system were not identical with the space and time of ordinary experience; they were abstractions. Huygens was unable to understand Newton's more positivist attitude here. The realist nature of his own con- ceptions makes him, in fact, a convenient starting point from which to trace the second main stream of scientific thought. Huygens might have accepted the term " correlate " as equivalent to hypothesis but, in the manner of all atomists, his concepts borrowed a garb from perceptual phenomena. For him the atom was a potential phenomenon, as it still is for some modern men of science. He did not see as clearly as Newton that for Science what is needed is a number of principles of quantitative correla- tion. This, surely, is the true end of scientific induction. In practice, in the scientific interpretation of phenomena not capable of treatment by classical mechanics, much use is always made of entities which must possess the qualities of hypotheses. This method Huygens, if not Newton, would have supported. We may summarize this discussion by saying that the Huygensian 2O8 HUYGENS'S SCIENTIFIC WORK method confers greater freedom than the Newtonian and, in regard to the broad conception of the place of hypotheses, Huygens was a more profound methodologist than Newton. Huygens's work was very influential in its day and it is cer- tain that Newton was at least stimulated by him. An interest- ing example is Huygens's account of the ether setting aside, for the moment, the distinction of the subtle matter. Newton did not accept this sort of explanation of gravity but equally he recognized the difficulties of the so-called "action at a distance ". He believed with justification that his Principia dis- posed completely of the Cartesian vortices of subtle matter and he returned to this subject in his Optics. "... against fill- ing the heavens with fluid mediums, unless they be exceeding rare, a great objection arises from the regular and very lasting motions of the planets and comets in all manner of courses through the heavens. For thence it is manifest, that the heavens are void of all sensible resistance and by consequence of all sen- sible matter/' But Newton never denied that an ether might exist and that it might be conceived as a medium susceptible of trans- mitting vibrations. Burtt 1 even writes: " Halving taken over the notion from the current of the times, and feeling it to be thus well grounded, it was easy for Newton to extend its use to other phenomena which involved action at a distance and which others were accounting for in the same fashion, such as gravity, mag- netism, electric attraction, and the like." Newton was, however, not at all consistent on the subject of the ether and it is clear that his conception of it was different from that of Hooke. There is some probability that it was Huygens's work on the subject and particularly the experiments using the vacuum pump which influenced him most. Accounts of Huygens's experiments on the non-descent of columns of water and mercury were common in England, notably in the Philosophical Transactions, and the observations were also made by Boyle, Brouncker and others. Most of Newton's comments on the ether are to be found in his Optics, in which they first appeared in the Latin edition of 1706. The only acknowledged debt of Newton to Huygens was the statement of the theorems of centrifugal force in the Horologium Oscillatorium. Newton, as L. T. More has remarked, " must have seen that Huygens's law of centrifugal force was easily deduciblc from his own calculation on the attraction of the moon, and that * E. Burtt. op. cit. p. 165. HUYGENS'S PLACE IN SCIENCE 209 by neglecting to follow up his work, Huygens had preceded him." This is suggested by Newton's statement : " What Mr. Huygens has published since about centrifugal forces I suppose he had before me." The view which is now most widely held in regard to the difficult problem of the order of Newton's ideas is that he solved the problem of centrifugal force independently of Huy- gens but neglected to publish anything until he had proved the important theorem concerning the gravitational field due to a large solid sphere. Newton was uninfluenced by Huygcns's very important development of the conceptions ot energy and work done in mechanical systems. An account of the growth of liuy- gens's ideas has been given in the sections on impact and on the centre of oscillation. 1 Unfortunately, the only direct influence of Huygens's ideas is to be found in the work of Leibriirzians, who made the conservation of vis viva a cosmic principle instead of treating it, as Huygens did, as only half the true law of the conservation of mechanical energy. Huygens did not go so far as Newton towards complete scientific positivism but he agreed that mathematical law is in itself the most important end of scientific work. For Newton the essential aim of science, in his own words, was to replace " occult properties supposed to result from specific Forms of Things " by " general laws of Nature ". The wisdom of this limited aim has been fully demonstrated. If Huygens saw the direction in which Leibnitz's ideas were to lead philosophy it is certain that he could not have sympathized with them. With his increasing recognition of Descartes's errors in purely physical matters, Huygens, as we know, paid less atten- tion to his philosophical system and so felt unperturbed by the dilemma of his dualism. If this had not been so, Huygens might have inclined to a materialism of the kind elaborated by his con- temporary, Hobbes, but it is inconceivable that he would have tolerated many of the latter's crudities. Huygens was something of a materialist and he rejected the orthodox religious doctrines: nevertheless, if he had written philosophy it would have been without the harshness of Hobbes's determinist schemes. Yet the bifurcation of the world into physical and mental spheres was as much the work of men like Huygens as it was of Descartes, who first presented the bifurcation in its most uncom- promising form. Kepler took the first step of distinguishing pri- mary from secondary qualities. For him only those qualities 1 Nature, 1943, p. 519. O 2IO HUYGENS S SCIENTIFIC WORK which could be measured were primary and this attitude was found in Galileo, who defined the two classes more clearly and made the corresponding distinction between true knowledge (of primary qualities) and mere opinion. Colour, smell, taste and sound were for him matters of opinion subjective impressions resulting from the operations of atoms or vibrations on the sense organs. This set the stage for the Cartesian dualism. It is not perhaps properly recognized how far Huygens contributed to the adoption of Galileo's attitude. But we have only to recall that Huygens's whole work was the reduction of more phenomena to quantitative treatment their transformation from matters of opinion to those of knowledge. Scientific time measure for short intervals began with Huygens; he related the standard of length with that of time, he provided a geometrical treatment of reflec- tion and refraction of light, he greatly extended Mechanics and elucidated the true nature of more celestial phenomena in accord- ance with Copernicanism all this is a direct continuation of lines of thought to be found in Galileo. Through him, in fact, the main stream of scientific thought may be said to have been diverted from following Descartes and instead directed into the channel which Newton's work deepened to a river. But Huygens would not have had us forget the imaginative stimulus of Des- cartes 's writings. As late as 1691 he remarked: "We owe much to Descartes because he revealed new paths in the study of Physics and started the idea that everything must be reduced to mechanical laws/' Huygens came nearest to explaining his own method in scientific study in a letter to Tschirnhaus in 1687. ^ n thc problems of Physics, he wrote, very great difficulties are felt at first and these cannot be overcome " except by starting from experiments . . . and then by conceiving certain hypotheses . . . But even so very much hard work remains to be done and one needs not only great perspicacity but often a degree of good fortune." One is reminded of Whitehead's remark ". . . it is the establishment of the procedure of taking the consequences seriously which marks the real discovery of a theory ". At times Huygens followed his own procedure of taking the consequences seriously up to the point at which his elegant geometrical constructions were threatened. For him, as for Kepler, there seems to have been a disposition to believe that mathematical elegance is in some way an index to reality. This feeling for form may be HUYGENS'S PLACE IN SCIENCE 211 found in many men of science but in few has it been so marked as in Huygens. This sense for elegant theoretical construction, roused by the symmetry and order which can be found in Nature, is well illustrated by the research on Iceland spar in which one has, as it were, the essence of Huygens's thought. Yet it was the weakness which predisposed him to believe in the rotation of the matiere subtile around the earth. He agreed with Leibnitz's comparison of Galileo and Descartes : " Galileo excels in the art of reducing mechanics to science; Descartes is admir- able at explaining by beautiful guesses the causes for the effects of nature." He agreed, too, with Leibnitz's remark that Descartes's work was " un beau roman de Physique " ; one feels that it was with regret. And yet, without Huygens's careful studies how could Leibnitz have coined that phrase? PERSONS MENTIONED Many of the persons mentioned in the first part of this book will be unknown to the general reader, and some of them are but little known to the historian. The following notes provide some of the chief facts known about them. Auzout, Adrien (d. 1691). French mathematician and astronomer. Auzout is chiefly remembered for his invention of a micrometer con- sisting of movable hairs, mounted parallel in the field of view of the astronomical telescope. With Picard (below) he was a pioneer in the application of the telescope to graduated scales, thus replacing the use of open sights upon which Tycho Brahe had had to rely. He worked in Paris with Huygens and helped in the development of the " aerial " telescope. Barrow, Isaac (1630-77). This noted English mathematician was the first holder of the Lucasian professorship at Cambridge; on his arrival he became Newton's tutor and he undoubtedly influenced Newton through his own interests in geometrical optics and mathe- matics. Previously he had had a somewhat eventful life, his political and religious views as a young man in his twenties making it desirable that he should travel on the Continent. He became F.R.S. in 1662, the year before he went to Cambridge. In 1669 he resigned the Lucasian chair in Newton's favour, desiring among other things to devote himself to theology. Boulliau, Ismael (160594). French astronomer. Before working in Paris, where he met Huygens, he spent some time travelling in Italy, Holland and Poland, becoming acquainted with the leading men of science. He was a friend of Leopold de Medici and corresponded with him on scientific matters of the time. Campanella, Tomasso (1568-1639). He does not come into the period covered by this book, but his writings and opinions were well- known to Huygens and he is to be remembered as one of the earliest champions of the experimental method. His most famous work is his Defence of Galileo (1622), in which he quoted the great religious thinkers from Augustin to Aquinas to show how unjustified the persecution of Galileo was. 213 214 THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYCENS Carcavy, Pierre de (d. 1684). Did important administrative work in Paris during the period under review. Colbert made Carcavy librarian to the King (1663) and it was during Carcavy's period of office that the royal library was moved to new rooms which became also the meeting place of the Academic Royale des Sciences. Carcavy's mathematical knowledge was good and he took part in 1645 * n tne dispute over the quadrature of the circle, claiming to demonstrate that the quadrature was impossible. He was a friend of Pascal, Descartes, Roberval and Fermat. Cassini, G. Domenico (1652-1712). Born at Perinaldo near Nice, and educated by the Jesuits at Genoa, Cassini at twenty-five became professor of astronomy at the famous university of Bologna. Here he became distinguished and his fame spread to Paris when he published ephemerides for the satellites of Jupiter. Through the efforts of Picard he was invited to Paris and after 1671 he was virtually the director of the Paris observatory. He collaborated with Richer in 1672 on the observations of the parallax of Mars. With Picard and Auzout he did a great deal towards founding the great tradition of the Paris observatory. His most famous observation was the discovery of the satellites of Saturn and the division in its ring now known by his name. Fermat, Pierre de (1601-65). One of the greatest of French mathe- maticians. Fermat anticipated Descartes's invention of analytical geometry in nearly all respects, and he contributed important work on the treatment of maxima and minima. With Pascal he laid the foundations of the mathematical study of probability (Huygens also wrote on this subject), and he discovered the important " least-time principle " in optics. He adversely criticized some of Descartes's optical theory. Frenicle de Bessy (1605? 1675). Frenicle held an official position in Paris, where he acquired a great reputation as a demon calculator. He could solve the most complex numerical problems in arithmetic and so quickly as to astonish even Fermat, Roberval and Wallis. His method of working was kept a secret and was examined after his death. His " method of exclusions ", which he used so much, is now only an object of curiosity and he contributed nothing of permanent value. Hevelius(or,]ohann Hevel) (1611-87). Noted astronomer of Danzig. Although he made first-class observations of the planets and the moon employing telescopes, he preferred to make all his measurements with open sights. This led to a dispute with the English astronomers and he was visited in Danzig by Halley, who observed with him and employed telescopic sights. Neither astronomer converted the other. PERSONS MENTIONED 215 Mariotte, Edm& (1620-84). A Roman Catholic abbe with a weak- ness for experimentation. He joined the Academic Royale des Sciences in the year of its foundation. His most valuable work was on impact; he independently enunciated the law known as Boyle's law fcf. his Discours de la Nature de VAir (1676)]. Papin, Denis (16471712). Had a rather precarious existence and died in obscurity in London. For a time he assisted Huygens, notably with his experiments on the air pump and on the expansion of steam as a source of power. Later he came to London to work with Boyle and in 1684 he became temporary curator to the Royal Society. In 1687 he was appointed professor of mathematics at Marburg. From there he went to Cassel (1696) and then on to London (1707). Petit, Pierre (1594-1677). An able civil servant who was given his chance by Richelieu. He was quite a distinguished mathematician and he had quite a lot of contact with Huygens during the latter's early visits to Paris. His daughter was attractive. A friend of Pascal also, he helped him in his experiments on the vacuum. Picard, Jean (1620-82). One of the most famous astronomers ot the seventeenth century. He first of all observed with Gassendi, whom he replaced as professor of astronomy at the College de France. In 1666 he became an abbe* but without any interruption of his scientific output. In 1669 he read to the Academic an important memoir on the new methods in astronomy resulting from work by Huygens and himself. He went to Uraniborg, Tycho Brahe's famous observatory (of which nothing then remained), in order to fix more accurately its latitude and longitude. He met Roemer on this journey and got him to come back to Paris with him. Picard's Mesure de la Terre was an important work and provided Newton with the information he needed in his calculations on the earth's gravity. Roberval, Giles Persone de (1602-75). A French mathematician who rose to eminence from obscure origins. He came to Paris in 1627 and stayed with Mersenne. In 1631 he was appointed to a chair of philosophy and then to the professorship of mathematics at the College de France. He was one of the original members of the Academic Royale des Sciences. After 1638 he had strong differences with Descartes and became hostile to Descartes's philosophy. He was a man of decided originality of mind and his mathematical work is of importance. 2l6 THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS Roemer, Glaus (16441710). Noted Danish astronomer. Roemer worked at first at the Round Tower of Copenhagen, which had been built by Christian IV for one of Tycho Brahe's assistants. He is chiefly remembered for bringing the transit telescope into general use. His calculation of the velocity of light is also famous. After his death his instruments and records were destroyed in the great fire of Copenhagen (1728), but it was found possible to reconstruct much of what was lost. Sorbiere, Samuel de (1615-70). French writer. Sorbiere was in- tended at first for the Protestant ministry and was brought up by an uncle after the death of his parents. He studied medicine in Paris and practised in Holland up to about 1650. In 1653 ^ e became a Catholic, and in 1655 he went to Rome and was received by the Pope. Lacking any more solid rewards, Sorbiere sought patronage in Paris and became loosely attached to the circle of scientific amateurs. He was not thought to have much originality or learning by his contemporaries. Wallis,John (1616-1703). Famous English mathematician. Wallis was ordained in the English Church after completing his time at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and he then served as chaplain to a noble family. His fortune was made by his discovery of his ability to decipher codes for the parliamentary party during the civil war. In 1649 Cromwell appointed him Savilian professor of Geometry at Oxford. He became a friend of Newton and his Arithmetica Inftnitorum led the latter direct to his discovery of the binomial theorem. He became associated with Boyle and helped to found the Royal Society. A SHORT BIBLIOGRAPHY IIUYGENS'S LlFE AND TlMES. There is a wealth of information in Huygens's correspondence contained in Volumes i to 10 inclusive of the Oeuvres Completes de Christiaan Huygens, published by the Socie'te Hollandaise des Sciences. The notes given in Part I of this book represent a very small selection of this mass of information. Also very useful for the student is Le Sejour de Christian Huygens a Paris by H. L. Brugmans (1935). SCIENCE IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. WORKS OF A GENERAL CHARACTER. A History of Science, Technology and Philosophy (i6th and I7th Centuries) by A. Wolf. (Allen and Unwin, 1935). The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Science by E. Burtt. (Kegan Paul, 1932). Ceschichte der Physik by J. C. Poggendorff, (1879). The Role of Scientific Societies in the Seventeenth Century by M. Ornstein (Chicago, 1928). Scientific Organisations in Seventeenth Century France by H. Brown (Baltimore, 1934). WORKS OF MORE SPECIALIZED INTEREST. Le Developpement de la Physique Carttsienne, 1646-1712 by P. Mouy (Paris, 1934). Isaac Newton by L. T. More (Scribners, 1934). Les Origines de la Statique by P. Duhem (1905). La Theorie Physique by P. Duhem (1906). The Science of Mechanics by E. Mach (English trans, by T. J. McCormack, 1919). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy by I. Newton (English trans, by F. Cajori, 1934). Discourses on Two Sciences by G. Galilei (English trans, by Crew and De Salvio, 1914). A History of the Theories of /Ether and Electricity by E. T. Whittaker (1910). Optics by L Newton (Bell, 1931). Matter and Gravity in Newton's Physical Philosophy by A. J. Snow (1926). 2l8 THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS FOR HUYGENS'S WORK IN MECHANICS, see : Die. Pendeluhr by Christian Huygens (German trans, by Heckscher and Oettingen, 1913), Ostwald's Klassiker der Exakten Wissenschaften No. 192. Oeuvres Completes, vols. 16, 17, 18, 19. The Evolution of Clockwork by J. Drummond Robertson (1931). FOR HUYCENS'S WORK IN OPTICS, see: Treatise on Light by Christian Huygens (English trans, by S. Thompson, 1912). Oeuvres Completes, vols. 13, 19. The Principles of Physical Optics by E. Mach (English trans, by Anderson and Young, 1926). FOR HUYGENS'S WORK IN ASTRONOMY, see : Oeuvres Completes, vols. 15, 21. Histoire de lAstronomie Moderne by A. Delambre (1821). This bibliography is limited to comparatively modern publica- tions. The references to the Oeuvres Completes de Christian H Huygens are not intended to be complete, but they indicate the volumes in which the greater part of a particular subject is treated. There is, in addition, the work on Mathematics to he found in vols. u, 12. 14, 20 INDEX ACADEMIE ROYALE DES SCIENCES, 41 54, 58, 78 Accademie del Cimento, 36, 203 Anagrams for publication of discov cries, 32 Aristotelianism, 52, 97 Atomic theory, 28, 94, 101 Auzout. Adrien, 41, 57, 59, 213 BACON, FRANCIS, 46, 62 Barrow, Isaac, 65, 213 Benedetti, 21, 99 Boulliau, Ismael, 27, 32, 210, Boyle, Robert, 48, 57, 9:? Brahe, Tycbo, 35, 127 Breda, College of, 20 Bruce, Alexander, Earl of Kincardine, CAMPANELLA, THOMASSO, 18, 204, 213 Campani, Guiscppe, 44, 56 Cartesianism, 15, 20, 24, 60, 68, 8, 86, 109 Cassini, Domenico, 40, 43, 56, 63, 77 102, 214 Centre of gravity, 112, i*5> 14^ Centre of oscillation, 150 Centre of percussion, 22, 150 Centrifugal force, 64, 117, 161 Chapelain, Jean, 27 Chemistry, 93 Chromatic aberration, 173 Circular motion, 63, 85 Clock, pendulum, 34, 127; in astron omy, 39, 133; in determining longi tudes. 40, 54, 83, 89, 135; spring regulated, 55, 70 Colbert, 6, 41/46, 83 Colour, 57, 71 Comets, 89 Compound pendulum, 99, 150 Conical pendulum, 69, 120 Conrart, 27 Conservation of energy, 114, 154 Conservation of momentum, no Copernicanism, 34, 44, 99, 193 Cosmotheoros, 89, 200 Coster, Samuel, 37 Cvcloidal pendulum, 37, 39, 136 De Motu ex Pefcusu'one, i 1 1 De Vi Ccntrifuga, 117 Descartes, Ren6, 14, 18, ioj, 110. 176 Diffraction, 174 Divinis, Eustachio de, 34, 44 Double refraction, 74, 183 EARTH, FORM OF, 122 Eclipses, of sun, 62 Energy, conservation of, 114, 154 Ether, 162, 177, 180, 208 Evolutes of curves, 146 Eyepiece, Huygens's, 52, 171 FABRI, HONORED 34, 155 Fermat. Pierre de, 81, 182. 214 Fermat's principle, 58, 182 GALILEO, 22, 30, 98, 136, 150 Gassendi, Pierre, 27, 105 Gilbert, William, 101, 161 Gravity, 33, 63, 85, 90, 117, 161 Gresham College, 41, 44, 54 HEVELIUS, JOHANN, 30, 62, 214 Hobbes, Thomas, 46, 209 Holmes, Captain, 51 Hooke, Robert, 55,' 70, 73, 144; Micto- graphia, 57, 65, 176; wave theory, 77, 176 Horo/ogmm, 35, 128 Horologium Oscillatorium, 40, 61, 67, 131, 138 Huygens, Christian, character, 52, 60; education, 7, 19; health, 7, 60, 65, 75 94 as mathematician, 25, 68, 81, 91; conception of scientific- method, 73, 178, 207, 210; mechan- istic outlook, 9, 79, 162; and New- ton, 15, 71, 72, 84, 209; and Leib- nitz, 86, 88; and Hooke, 55, 70, 73: and Spinoza, 9, 62; and Bayle, 87; and Huet, 87; in Paris, 7, 29, 43, 58, 67, 77; in London, 45, 50, 53, 84; religious outlook, 7, 94, 202; on universal gravity, 86, 89; atomic theory, 28, 94; and reflecting tele- scope, 71, 93; eyepiece, 52, 171; work in optics, 74, 81, 167 Huygens, Constantin (the elder), 16: (the younger). 19, 9* 319 210 THE LIFE OF CHRISTIAN HUYGENS ICELAND SPAR, 74, 177, 184 Impact, theory of, 64, 109 Intercepted pendulum experiment, 121 JORDANUS NEMORARIUS, 125 Journal des Savants, 55 Jupiter, 36 KEPLER, 98, 165 LEAST-I IMF. PRINCIPLE, 81, 182 Leibnitz 69, 80, 86, 88, 90 L ens-grindiug, 51 Leopold de Medicis, 33, 35 Lcyden University, 19 Light, propagation of, 76, 176 Longitude determination, 35, 89, 13* Louis XIV, 47, 61 MARIOTTE, EDM, 64, 164, 215 Mars, 103 Mersennc, Marin, 21, 25, 100, 138 Micrometer, 57, 197 Microscope, 65, 82, 174 Moment of inertia, 151 Momentum, 64 Montmor Society, 41, 43, 53 NEWTON, and centrifugal force, 64, 09; the Principta, 84, 89; and the ether, 85, 208; and the Horologium Oscillatorium, 68; and Huygens, 15, 71, 72, 84; and his reflecting teles cope, 70; and colours, 71 OBSERVATORY AT PARIS, 63 Oldenburg, Henry, 45, 53, 65, 71, 78 PAPIN, DFNLS, 67, 74, 190, 215 Pascal, 23, 38, 43, 147 Philosophical Transactions, w Picard, Jean, 59, 67, 103, 215 Planetary machine, 83 Polarized light, 189 Potver, Thomas, 8 RtFRAMIVE INDEX, 167, l8l Richer, 103 Roberval, Giles Persone de, 25, 32, 164, 215 Roemer, Olaus, 39, 77, 83, 216 Renault, Jacques, 95, 116 Royal Society, 41, 53, 66 SATURN, 26, 30, 44, 52, 193 Schootcn, Frans van, 19, 25 Simple hiirmonic motion, 99, 143 Sorbierc, Samuel dc, 28, 41, 53, 216 Space, absolute, 122 Spherical aberration, 171 Spino/a, 9, 62 Statics, 124 Stevin, Simon, 19, 21 Subtle matter, 49, 163, 178 Sy sterna Saturniurn, 33, 195 TAUFOCHRONE, 136 Telescopes, 26, 30, 45, 56, 193; aerial, 51, 56 ThcVenot, Melchisc'dech, 41, 54 Thuiet, 38 TraitS dc la Lumiere, 49, 76, 81, 178 Tschirnhaus, Walter von, 75 VACUUM, 23, 163 Viviani, 23 Voorbutg, 55 Vortex theory, 24, 86, 90, 109, 163, 201 WALLIS, JOHN, 45, 115, 126, 216 Wave theory of light, 76, 77, 176 Weight and mass, 119 Wren, Christopher, 52
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Common in Middle East and North Africa, a souq (also souk, shuk, suk, sooq, suq, etc) is a?
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Souq - Wikipedia, Photos and Videos
Souq
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For the city in Iran of a similar name, see Suq, Iran . For the village in Iran of a similar name, see Shuk, Iran .
For the online retailer, see Souq.com .
Souq in Amman
Souq in Dubai, the Deira Souks
A souq or souk ( Arabic : سوق, Hebrew : שוק suq, Hindi : सूक, also spelled shuk, shooq, soq, esouk, succ, suk, sooq, suq) is an open-air marketplace or commercial quarter in Western Asian and North African cities. [1] [2] Suq , and sometimes monti , is also used for a marketplace in Malta . The equivalent Persian term is " bazaar ".
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Etymology[ edit ]
The spelling souk entered European languages probably through French during the French occupation of the Arab countries Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia in the 19th and 20th centuries. Thus, the word "souk" most likely refers to Arabic/North African traditional markets . Other spellings of this word involving the letter "Q" (sooq, souq...) were likely developed using English and thus refer to Western Asian/Arab traditional markets, as British colonialism was present there during the 19th and 20th centuries. In Modern Standard Arabic the term al-sooq refers to markets in both the physical sense and the abstract economic sense (e.g., an Arabic-speaker would speak of the sooq in the old city as well as the sooq for oil, and would call the concept of the free market السوق الحرّ as-sūq al-ḥurr).
As in markets generally, prices are commonly set by bargaining between buyers and sellers.
The term is often used to designate the market in any Western Asian city, but may also be used in Western cities, particularly those with a Muslim community.
History[ edit ]
A souq was originally an open-air marketplace. Historically, souqs were held outside cities at locations where incoming caravans stopped and merchants displayed their goods for sale. Souqs were formed whenever a caravan or caravans arrived. Since this might be infrequent, souqs often extended beyond buying and selling goods to include major festivals involving various cultural and social activities. Any souq may serve a social function as being a place for people to meet in, in addition to its commercial function.
Later, due to the importance of marketplaces and the growth of cities, the major locations of souqs shifted to urban centers.
In tribal areas, neutrality from tribal conflicts was usually declared for the period of operation of a souk to permit the unhampered exchange of surplus goods.
Seasonal[ edit ]
Cayenne peppers at a Souq in Yemen, the Souk Al Milh
A seasonal souq is held at a set time that might be yearly, monthly or weekly. The oldest souqs were set up annually, and were typically general festivals held outside cities. For example, Souq Ukadh was held yearly in pre-Islamic times in an area between Mecca and Ta’if during the sacred month of Dhu al-Qi'dah . While a busy market, it was more famous for its poetry competitions, judged by prominent poets such as Al-Khansa and Al-Nabigha . An example of an Islamic annual souq is Al Mirbid just outside Basra , also famed for its poetry competitions in addition to its storytelling activities.[ citation needed ]
Changes in political, economic and social styles have left only the small seasonal souqs outside villages and small towns, primarily selling livestock and agricultural products.
Weekly markets have continued to function throughout the Arab world. Most of them are named from the day of the week on which they are held. They usually have open spaces specifically designated for their use inside cities. Examples of surviving markets are the Wednesday Market in Amman that specializes in the sale of used products, the Ghazl market held every Friday in Baghdad specializing in pets; the Fina’ Market in Marrakech offers performance acts such as singing, music, acrobats and circus activities.
Permanent[ edit ]
These are more common but less famous as they focus on commercial activity, not entertainment. Until the Umayyad era, permanent souqs were merely an open space where merchants would bring in their movable stalls during the day and remove them at night; no one had a right to specific pitch and it was usually first-come first-served. During the Umayyad era the governments started leasing, and then selling, sites to merchants. Merchants then built shops on their sites to store their goods at night. Finally, the area comprising a souq might be roofed over. With its long and narrow alleys, al-Madina Souq is the largest covered historic market in the world, with an approximate length of 13 kilometers. [3] Al-Madina Souq is part of the Ancient City of Aleppo , a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1986. [4]
Covered souks in Bur Dubai
Souq in Tripoli
Organisation[ edit ]
Mule moving goods around in the car-free Medina quarter, Fes , Morocco
Souqs are traditionally divided into specialized sections dealing in specific types of product, in the case of permanent souqs each usually housed in a few narrow streets and named after the product it specializes in such as the gold souq , the fabric souq, the spice souq, the leather souq, the copy souq (for books), etc. This promotes competition among sellers and helps buyers easily compare prices.
At the same time the whole assembly is collectively called a souq. Some of the prominent examples are Souq Al-Melh in Sana'a , Manama Souq in Bahrain , Bizouriyya Souq in Damascus , Saray Souq in Baghdad , Khan Al-Zeit in Jerusalem , and Zanqat Al-Niswaan in Alexandria .
Though each neighbourhood within the city would have a local Souq selling food and other essentials, the main souq was one of the central structures of a large city, selling durable goods, luxuries and providing services such as money exchange.
Workshops where goods for sale are produced (in the case of a merchant selling locally-made products) are typically located away from the souq itself.
The souq was a level of municipal administration. The Muhtasib was responsible for supervising business practices and collecting taxes for a given souq while the Arif are the overseers for a specific trade.
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Market (place)
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The mainly Australian/NZ rugby term 'five-eighth' refers to a player positioned behind his own?
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The Colourful Lively Souk's, a photo from Marrakech, South | TrekEarth
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Photographer's Note
A souq (Arabic: سوق, also souk, esouk, suk, sooq, souq, or suq; technical transliteration sūq) is a commercial quarter in an Arab, Berber, and increasingly European city. The term is often used to designate the market in any Arabized or Muslim city, but in modern times it appears in Western cities too. It may also refer to the weekly market in some smaller towns where neutrality from tribal conflicts would be declared to permit the exchange of surplus goods. In Modern Standard Arabic the term refers to markets in both the physical sense and the abstract economic sense (e.g., an Arab would speak of the souq in the old city as well as the souq for oil, and would call the concept of the free market السوق الحرّ as-sūq al-ḥurr).Historically, souqs were held outside of cities in the location where a caravan loaded with goods would stop and merchants would display their goods for sale. Souqs were held when there was a caravan or more available. At that time, souqs were more than just a market to buy and sell goods; they were also major festivals and many cultural and social activities took place in them.
Later, due to the importance of the marketplace and the growth of cities, the locations of souqs shifted to urban centers. Types of souqs that originated from this are:
Seasonal souqs
A seasonal souq is held at a set time, yearly, monthly or weekly. The oldest type is annually which usually included more activities than others and was held outside cities. For example, Souq Ukadh used to be held in pre-Islamic times in an area between Mecca and Ta�if during the month of Dhu al-Qi'dah every year. While many products were sold, it was more famous for poetry competitions. Some of the most prominent poets were judges such as Al-Khansa and Al-Nabigha. An example of an Islamic annual souq is Al Mirbid just outside Basra which is also famed for its poetry competitions in addition to its storytelling activities.
Changes in political, economic and social styles have left only the small seasonal souqs outside villages and small towns, selling livestock and agricultural products.
Weekly markets have continued to function throughout the Arab world. Most of them are named from the day of the week when they were held. They usually have open spaces specifically designated for them inside cities. Examples of surviving markets are the Wednesday Market in Amman that specializes in the sale of used products, the Ghazl market held every Friday in Baghdad that specializes in pets; and the Fina� Market in Marrakech that offers performances such as singing, music, acrobats and circus activities.These are far more common but much less famous as they focus on the commercial activity and do not have much interest in entertainment. Until the Umayyad era, those markets were only an open space where the merchants would bring in their movable stands during the day and remove them during the night; no one had a specific right to a spot in the market and it was usually first-come first-serve. During the Umayyad era the governments started leasing the land to the merchants and then selling them. The merchants then began to build shops on those small lots to store their goods during the night. That is when the Arab traditional experience of a souq evolved.
The souqs are traditionally specialized due to planning constraints at the beginning. The souq is divided into small souqs, each usually housed in a few narrow streets and named after the product it specialized in such as the gold souq, the fabric souq, the spice souq, the leather souq, the copy souq (for books)..etc. At the same time they were all collectively called a souq and assigned their individual name.
Some of the prominent examples are Souq Al-Melh in Sana'a, Manama Souq in Bahrain, Bizouriyya Souq in Damascus, Saray Souq in Baghdad, Khan Al-Zeit in Jerusalem, and Zanqat Al-Niswaan in Alexandria.
Traditional system,
Though each neighbourhood within the city would have a local Souq selling food and other essentials, the main souq was one of the central structures of a large city. A central marketplace, it was where textiles, jewellery, spices, wooden sculptures and other valuable goods as well as the money changers were arranged in a line.
A quadrilateral of stone-vaulted streets parallel to or crossing each other or a tight mass of buildings too packed together for roads to intersect them. The workshops were further away from this centre of exchange as were the main residential quarters � though the wealthier merchants or scholars might live within the centre of the city.
The souk was a level of municipal administration. The Muhtasib was responsible for supervising business practices and collecting taxes for a given suq while the Arif are the overseers for a specific trade.
In a souq, the final price of an item is reached by bargaining with the shopkeeper. Traders of a given commodity would all sell in the same souq, thus ensuring a competitive market. In some African countries the souq was a place where people could come and talk, or sit down to tell stories.Info Wiki.
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i don't know
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Food in dented cans is less safe/pure than in undented cans, true or false?
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Donny Does E-mail
John Rothfork
Introduction:
Donny & Lonny live in Calliope, Texas where they took classes in computer science & American literature at a community college. Calliope is located in the Texas Panhandle between Amarillo & Thalia. Larry McMurtry fans will recognize Thalia as the town where Duane Moore grew up & lived in three great regional novels: The Last Picture Show (1966), Texasville (1987), & Duanes Depressed (1999).
These poems also appear in the jounal Amarillo Bay .
E-poem: zero
okay you clattering collection of Calliope junk
boot-up / whoops / wrong file
okay you Calliope Junior High kids
everyone have their signed permission slip?
its like a password before we can
start to amble & scroll
now heres the rule:
keep your dog on a string
& your laptop on the wire
well all stop browsing & watch
when you need to use the pooper scooper
(or pee behind a tree)
& heres the answer for the quiz at the end:
Donnys dog is named Dumb
because he wont talk
or even answer his e-mail
& hes a shar-pei with lips that flap like Dumbos ears
(rude aint he?)
I hope you train your puppies
to pour ice tea & be a whole lot better bred
(like not humpin a ladys leg)
now open your windows & lets get started
E-poem: one
the wall of an Albuquerque tortilla factory (almost a poster)
neurons
hunched in coach flying sober
a pilgrim to academic rites
I overhear money-men reverently talk of golf
saying how white balls roll so pure
over long expanses of cloistered grass
I see confidential addresses scribbled
on the back of business cards
traded in the unsaid hunt for the bloodless body
later at a foreign school
I light a few poems like bottle-rockets
hoping they dont fizzle & sputter
(cuz somebodys footin the bill
for this folderol / aint they Sport?)
in the unblinking literal stare
I finger unseen shapes behind my back
calculating transubstantiation
this is an electric poem
you should like it
because we read that your body was electric
my English teacher made me write it in the computer lab
but you will hardly know who I am or what I mean
because there was no internet in the civil war
in this class it doesnt make sense
to look for you under our bootsoles
because were skating the talkways for poetry
found your homepage / you look like Karl Marx
Allen Ginsberg is dead so you can relax
he is no longer stalking you in a supermarket
they found your notebook
everything is second or third hand now
the world just a click away
& you can save anything with a right mouse click
& paste it on your homepage
the hugging & loving bed-fellow
will probably be blocked on the school computer
unless its a civil right
we know our impalpable sustenance
is a probably a blizzard of zeros & ones
too many to count
so we have an electric machine do it
I wanted to tell you
the infinite separate houses
it is form / union / plan
packets obedient merrily following
lets not get carried away
& forget)
no but the computers plugged in
plugged into the whole wide word
www.everywhere
everybodys dot comming these days
TV is becoming a commercial
they wanna slide everybody over to the net
so they can buy direct
kind of squish em together
so ya gotta TV with a cursor
okay but just what exactly is a e-poem Donny?
its a kind of a new wave telegraph deal
dots & blips & a lot of static on the phone
I dont really know
but somebody at the other end of the modem does
if ya shoot stuff out there in cyberspace
like off your Big Chief Tablet & into orbit
a bot rolls in & docks & takes a sniff
like the vacuum on Teletubbies
its all code
theres a course down at the community college
but nobody can understand entirely
anyway it flies like a paper airplane into one of those little folders
then ya can find it back-ordered at Infoseek
& when it unfolds it will tell ya just what a e-poem is
if ya ask with the right spellin & syntax
ya know syntax dont ya Lonny?
some
e: Pollock & cummings dribbling & glopping
the right answer is: a+b+c+d+e = a call from Johnny Gute
hello / guten tag Herr Gutenberg
hold the line / theres a mouse in my pocket
hear it squeal & whine?
Im choking the rat with a wire
ya ya / spell checker wont work / English or German
what else for paperless poetry?
sure CDs but its the same thing
(Amazons got it all
why aint cha give em a little Visa call?)
cutting & pasting what ya find on the string
(takin in fresh sheets off the line
Donna Reed smiling clothespins
spit em out in my hand darlin)
know what would be way cool?
jerking a e-poetry termpaper off the net
& shootin it over to a distance ed English class
I got Cyrano De Bergerac from Hong Kong
but its no good
English teachers are too far behind the times
know what a Northstar Cadillac System is?
me neither / but we heard it on TV
(you could look it up on Infoseek
go head / give it a try
might be extra credit in it
well all wait right here)
sounds cool
not just a pencil in your pocket
but a big ol weapons system
trust me / systems are the goin thing
same deal with e-poetry Lonny
its the "e" that connects
a kilobyte better than plain vanilla
more sophisticated & downtown Dallas
& what about where the magic happens?
the environment / the browser & the OS
(thats operating system
what makes your machine alive
in case some of you was wonderin what a OS is
& is still lingerin about the boat with Charon
cuz ya aint got a copper penny in your mouth
cuz ya spent it ta ride the calliope
oh yeah / youll be askin later
ISP is a internet service provider
what gives ya wire & www
now ya zipped & ready to ride?)
you in cyberspace or Redmond or just your bedroom?
what happens when ya click?
know Budweiser frogs?
what if ya slam down Bud frogs?
(I could give you the url
but you dont really want em
disk clutter & youd wantta defrag
before the next gas station)
got frogs?
cuz theyre on TV
ya got to be processin TV through your head
to get frogs talkin
now here comes a dispensation:
VCR is okay cuz its still on TV
same thing with e-poetry
its got to click & jump on the wire
not just mumble in your mouth & rattle in your head
(if youd spit that Indian head penny out maybe ya could talk)
wanna do a bud Lonny?
E-poem: seven
ya know Bubbles granddad Duane
over at Thalia?
in the oil bidness all his skinny life
Thalia
yeah & we ride the Calliope
its always amusing in Texas
ol geezer bought a carbon fiber bike
(hed a got a sight better deal second hand
rec.marketplace.bicycles)
wobbles round in day-glow jockey silks
Bubbles said a head doctor made him do it
cuz he was depressed in pickup trucks
spokes & cranks & wheels
leave dads car in the garage
(is it a Oldsmobile?)
(course its a Oldsmobile
think it wuz a Toyota?)
leave the oil parked in the ground
a ritual of coasting to click on April balance
falling over on a machine
feelin as justified as an A in math
but its wafer thin & analoguey
quote ya chapter & verse:
"youre just a little too attached to the linear principle"
nah it werent physics / it was Jacy
surprised some enterprisin pedestrian
dont relieve Duane of his ride
suppose they will
soon as they find it costs five grand
ol Duane threatens ta wobble ta Egypt
believe that?
knowed Palestine wuz in Texas
no the for real Egypt
like Egypt Egypt with pyramids & mummies
adios & auf Wiedersehen
let that be a lesson to ya Lonny
what happens when ya aint gettin any
hes too old
sides hes got a part-time whore over to Stingaree Courts
www Wichita Falls Gay-lee
gave her his dog Shorty
that dogs been give around some
no I mean thats what happens
when ya aint gettin wire
might as well huff a fancy bike to Egypt
pray to Allah on a rug
E-poem: eight
now this e-mail & all this spam
neo-Nazis on the net & wanna-be pederasts
& people you dont know
wirin ya jokes & Darwin awards
half spaded under by copy sign shovels
<<<this fellow went to see a rabbi . . .>>
damn things look like stacks of bent license plates
at a dirt lot swap meet
(each packet a signal / a sign
for those with machines pitched to listen)
(sure ya aint just stringin me along now?)
& by the by
those numbers count xactly nothing
for an instance
which one is The Network State?
snowflakes nest silently on the roof
you dont know why the cursor suddenly froze
stretch while it thinks to come back to life
gel bumps slow the carpal tunnel risk
delete the worry of embarrassment at work
learn to mouse through windows like a pro
in the privacy of your own home
is that professor video on the phone?
hello this is the professor
is your cursor binking dear?
were on a delicate connection
you know the satellite is tilted a little out of line
solar flares are ungodly this time of year
do we have your Visa number?
now Ill tell you a little secret
they put the main code writers in India
because they can pay em about a dollar a week
did you know they have dots on their forehead like telegraph?
you cant send e-mail
because theyre phoneless
why? / well they dont need em dear
theyre all prewired with those dots to telepathically connect
if you are interested
we have an advanced program
wireless connection: the alpha net
stay on the line dear
one of our operators will tell you all about it
way over there on the backside of the planet
modems ping & plink sitar music
but never connect
you bet / like sure money / roll tape
"Y2K is Gods instrument to shake this nation"
shake / rattle & roll with guaranteed movers & shakers
in this CD collection available only on TV
hear Mother Ann Lee whisper:
"sacred women slumber dreamless in clean houses
Jesus bought a new dress for the prom"
the secret nation of Jaredites websited
(I know what a spell checker is
whats a jar editor do?
answer: babble
& ya kin bet he aint worth a lick of salt
thems bible jokes Slick
if ya wuz a Byelo-Baptist youd get em instant
stead of sittin there playin with twine)
$28 for the video: A Christians Guide to the Millennium Bug
pass it on
help OJ keep his kids
its a fund drive for a good cause
Tiddly Applewhite welcomes you to Heavens Gate
now lets take a vote: is Tinky Winky queer?
you cant get the good stuff in books
you need juice fresh squeezed off the talkway
likely passed / poof
the OED claims "the dialogue poofed out & we stood eating cheese"
lets take a moment to remember another life
(yeah like when stuff made sense
& ya could find the answer in a book
cuz ya had to stand in a straight line after lunch)
e-poems greased pre-Y2K
pumped zucchini shiny green uncheesed
snoozing unmolested at the end of a withered copper vine
(member those teeny Testor bottles of liquid money
ya got down at the hobby shop for a dime?
copper penny / gunmetal gray / airplane silver
solid metal liquefied in a fairy jar for the cold war
time parenthetically squeezed dreaming in between
D�rers praying hands)
when the YKK nylon zipper split trackless
poof / another life unpeeled
"your local tailor can replace the zipper in your garment"
oh sure with Armageddon zooming on down like snow in June
& me worrying what to wear
to meet Jesus shivering buck naked
no I never intended to come here to Corpus
I had laid out matters otherwise in my mind
oh for an unjammed zipper!
that locks each tooth in its predestined block & sector
E-poem: eleven
the dotgov boys down at the Texas School Book Depository
straighten their ties in the reflection of blank monitors
getting ready to download the latest lessons
Dick & Jane from the Go Network
all the way-cool back-to-school infotainment that really bytes
mom I need sticker-heads for my laptop
wanna put an Indian head on it
so Ill know its mine
spray it red if youll unpolice a nozzle
yeah I know its school property
yeah dont pet the persiankitty / Ill get rabies
that stuffs road-blocked & besides
we got AOL
the boys room unsniffed for dope smoke
because Mr. Krafts a wire cop now
sleuthing cool for the heady stuff
the bicycle seat is police evidence
doing the math for wire witchery
net nanny detention for cheerleaders
with those cherry little sweatered bumps
oooh Mr. Kraft your jay-peg is so slick
mom I need lunch money for e-trade deals
a bunch of us are going in on it
extra-credit
Mr. Jackson says were gonna learn-a-living
if we get the MS service pack by lunch
might be a quiz today on ikons
but only blue-birds have to read that boring old stuff
manuals & junk that wont scroll
schools getting totally like the mall
GWB is jetting to homeroom
well on the wire at least
("hello boys & girls
this is your new schoolbook
take good care of it
dont put an Indian on it")
the idle fool is whipped at school
(whipped by theophanic wire
snipers scope beyond the links
playground camouflaged for see-me games
dropped-out until the bullet hits)
our king the good no man of blood
dealin out TI bento boxes for free
hope we crash into some neat games
everything is getting so cool at school
spinning electric web to learn a living
on the passengers only side of the metal detector
E-poem: twelve
Virtual images of Divine Things
(The Language & Lessons of Nature Depraved)
to 8th grade male students / Calliope / Texas
(a virtual assembly)
you squirrelly little shits love to squeal & simper & giggle
over piss & cowshit & readin Rabelais
when you can find Pantagruel polluting the net
no I didnt say panties
& I didnt say Penthouse
anyway thats good
about simperin & slidin in shit
because where youre going
theyll be semi loads unendin
think of your mom slaughtered fresh dead
before you can get home from school
like somebody broke in & squeezed her neck
til it flopped like a wrung chicken
pale / horrid / ghastly white
you know the plucked chicken look
stripped naked & snow white
cuz shes a corpse & it dont matter a damn
shoveled in the ground when its rainin
putrefyin & rottin & the smell
would knock you down like a stick
eaten with worms & maggots all writhin
she aint never gonna make your dinner again
less its worm meatloaf you crave
if you little shits get AIDS
youll wish you could suck on those little maggoty worms
like they was cocktail straws
to slurp up putrefaction & liquid cowshit til you puke
& then you have to suck that back up til you puke again
then you have to suck that back up
get the idea? it aint Mountain Dew
use a damn rubber if you have to do it
now think of the result
kids screamin & kickin into the world
naked & filthy & in their blood
& in some kind of shitty white cheese & slime
(think were havin that for lunch)
cryin & impotent
just bawlin & pissin & screamin without a brain
until you want to choke the little shits
& when you do
youll be on Cops & the local news
& your only clothes will be orange overalls
& you got no mom to wash em
when you beshit em
cuz thats how scared youre gonna be
& I wish I was there to see it
you little shits
with your hands jammed in your jeans
diddlin & fingerin your own teeny worm
do you know that Christ became a worm?
crawlin round Egypt with whores & the IRS
would you lift a finger to click over there?
Id love to slamp that snicker off your face
& I would too (for the love of Christ)
if I had the right software
do you little shits know
you are literally chockfull of shit?
take your biology class
mans inwards are full of dung & filthiness
which is to denote what the inner man is
(& that includes your dad over in Dalhart)
sometimes the heart
theyre all full of shit
spiritual corruption & abomination
as well as literal shit
believe me it stinks to high heaven
this world is all over dirty
specially down there in Texas
& the panhandle is worst
covered with that which tends to defile the feet
your streets are dirty & muddy & dribbled with shit
you little shits would hurl horse apples like baseballs
if you could collect em
& if I had the right software Id smack you with one
right up side the head
right now
you little shits is full of shit
& you are condemned to live in shit
even if you get away from Texas
& when you die youll liquefy into nothing but pure shit
ask your heathen biology teacher if it aint so
E-poem: thirteen
your dog get e-mail yet?
course / hes usually on the rope
wolfs down Spam & Wolf Brand chili
through his bow-wow browser
everybody knows dogs hear higher than sound
he wont mention e-mail but
ya know dogs are tuned to a secret life
mutts deal poker & Weimaraners choose suits
& then theres poor Laika whining in a jar
"let me down from up here"
got radar installed in their nose but
they got too much sense for e-mail
no mailman to taste
it makes me cranky to see my little sister
get e-mail from Japan
with a little blinky mailbox flag flipping up
(like you-know-what)
(well think on it for a minute
give ya hint / its real dirty)
nekko kitties & rubber lipped blue catfishes screaming
"hey kid, you got mail slamming on the wire from Japan!"
she wants to be cyber.kdz
skipping with planetary line
(probably Lonny means optic fiber cable
dont cha think?
they dont have that course yet at the community college)
I mean what sense does it make?
a thousand pound sumo jumping rope
break the damn ground
aint we still right here eatin dust & grit & mud
in the ol blowin panhandle
stead of Lear-jetting around in the clouds?
shoot / if ya want to do that kind of thing
ya could collect stamps like normal
with camels & ol whiskery kings & Hitler
we had history back then
& not all these news channel chats
& fancy la-dee-da Japanese catfishes to catch
(yes Judy this is a fun one because of the
dogs & blue catfishes & camels jumping rope
no I dont have a Hitler stamp
that wont be on the quiz)
E-poem: fourteen
Donny cruises into Circle-K on his Schwinn
to do small town lunch in the wind
his heavy balloon tire bomber
elbows plate glass idling
the wind chattering tube to glass
too senior to steal
rolling parking lot pebbles under thin-soled Keds
as casually parked on his bomber
as the low-rider vatos down at the Sonic
everybody under control
heads-up display keeps a long Butterfinger
from launching out of a Polaris pearl button pocket
Donny captions life for the black-box:
"Donny does lunch sans the blue suits"
tearing another plastic chili packet
he radars the endless lost sky thinking
its a glitch
how the Air Force hasnt simulated it on-line
that prairie depth you itch to finger like time
& want to breaststroke through
because theres no word to say it
18-wheelers lumber through
well look at em later
on the History Channel)
that were staring so scared
through drilled-out aluminum holes
wanting to ask & nobody would listen
whats gonna happen in the very next second?
then where will I get e-mail & grass?
& where (for the love of God) am I going?
Donny pokes the burrito wrap into the Dr. Pepper can
grenades it into the scarred plastic recycle bin
empty bin / empty life
two points add to the score
Byelo-Baptists beat at the buzzer
Donny starts to wheel away
saying out loud to the missing cows
"just another day in paradise
Pantex didnt make you dead"
(what would not those poor damned hopeless cows give
for one days opportunity such as you now enjoy
in the saddle of an old bomber
in a nowhere town
with a cloudless blue sky
while you hang by a slender alphabetic thread)
Donny is rolling off now
to see what spammed in under the radar
while he was lunching out
E-poem: fifteen
got a cell phone yet?
they got phones in the slam now?
aint put up bond for call-blocking yet
whod I wanna beam up?
you?
(what would that be exactly?
words or packets or little twist-ties of DNA
or old blowed up stars or this perception?)
(thought ya didnt ask what Slick)
guess I could have a little bidness with the governor
hey George how bout spearin cans on the shoulder of I-40 ?
up for a game with the work-releasees?
skins verses orange vests
hang your silk tie on the fence
careful / guards sideswipe cheaters
or buzz Deion ? / hey Cowboy friend
can I borrow earrings & a gold chain for a date?
maybe the pope will deliver a pizza?
OJ for golf?
nah they auctioned his clubs
think Peterman got em cuz
Kramer left the JFK ones on the road
(Donny must of forgot
but they were all bent
no Billy / I dont think Peterman was a dirty joke)
dont know Donny
beepers on the belt are pass�
the cool act is a cricket chirp & strut
with a hand scalloped on your ear
like ya dont notice nothin
& can afford to take everythin for granted
not even lookin where youre goin
switched into a different world
stock dealin & consultin & such
laughin at jokes with your friends
while the guy in the stalled Honda with the broken radio
is decidin to dial Charles Whitman
soon as he finds a pay phone
not for me Lonny
"he said & then I said & I finally told him
totally leave me to hell alone
before I get a restraining order on your dumb ass"
with nothing to say but money to spend
(they trust to nothing but a shadow
static whispered by ol Scratch
many are called / how to get chosen?
are ya ready for the wheel of fortune?)
its too intense / on-call
I dont wanna be jangled
to go for the gun
when Im just walkin in secular life
let me lurk & amble on the wire
I trust the virus checkers cooking
no Ms. Melissa / nobody home
a little free porn added to the favorites
e-mail in folders
theres zoning laws where
you can dicker with a phrase
to test if erasure is still the right thing
E-poem: sixteen
whatever happened to the Sandinistas?
they go back to Sandia or what?
dont think they put em in books
they dont seem to have regular wars
like we studied in school
the WWs & Nam
steerin down a bomb now & then
on ol Sodomys sand lot
seems like wranglin a truck
CB-in in for permission to dolly the load
knowin a satellites watchin your run
low grade spoon measured wars percolate
in Sudan / Honduras
Serbs & Croats & Bosnians & Kosovos & Kurds
some dont even have websites I bet
they say the next big one
is gonna be cyber war not germs
e-mail bombs greasin in by wire
guess what? special delivery
logic bombs sprinkle fonted debris
(rainin plastic shit on your front lawn
& you just mowed it
& you cant call the police cuz the phones out
but nothin is on TV yet)
arial / times new roman bold
ol crazy Teds a joke
cipherin in Band-Aided glasses
to whittle evil numbers for Federal Express
plannin to take your drive for an unnumbered spin
backups discretely unzip leaking black lace
in parking lots where theyre filming for Cops
even your own ATM wont spit
nothing will start
chain saws cough & wont catch
you fumble for passwords in your wallet
(betcha theres a rubber in there
just in case of a miracle & your line works)
but AOL doesnt know you
your frequent flier miles diminish in the distance
& somebody is dead in the ditch
with no eyewitness news to hover
at the Hy-Vee bar code lays limp unread
not even the clown will talk at McDonalds land
because the electric is all dead
so where do you want to go today little girl?
its Stephen King time for the net
I see what ya mean
day & night without respite
they wail & cry & howl & restart
their pain & grief have no relief
its gonna be bad as it gets
(think we ought to put mud tires on Lonny?)
E-poem: seventeen
I been thinkin of takin a course
down at the community college
dont pull my cord Lonny
West Texas Tech: its where you are
West Texas Tech: mosey on in partner
aint nothin without a slogan
(that is / some specific thing
an executable in words encoded
look for .exe & double punch it)
what ya plannin to take?
computers what else?
well cows & horses is big
ya could learn to make lunch
or guard a Pantex gate
no / computers is it
& they wanna push nursinat me
theres always hammerin
what kind of com-pukin ya contemplate?
Starbuck java in a styrofoam cup?
grep unix & linux & whatevers next
chown-in & ownin until
the blue screen of death
bet ya get C++ for a grade
defrag the FAT &
dont forget to ask when ya forget
whoami
but computers is no joke
ya know theyre goin in cars
to know where youre at
I dont want to talk at em so much
theyre gettin wizards for that
they have a course like mechanics
where ya pry off the lid
& swap out this for that
change the oil & update the bits
ya end up with a whole new bios
prescribed by the disk doctors
get real Lonny
aint no wrenches & grease
theres just scratches under the hood
ya seen those faggy pastel moon suits at Intel
bet theres Chinamen inside
anyway they aint tellin
the actual swap is
your old wheezin machine comming to www.dell.com
for the very last time
& the UP guy truckin up
with boxes full of your next life
then youre really racin
E-poem: eighteen
65 days of long beating until
young William Butten saw the coast
we thought his new world was not our new world
yet half went with him over the winter
New England is a hideous & desolate wilderness
(worse than France we think)
full of wild beasts & wilder men
now the mighty ocean is a bar & gulf
to all the civil parts of the world
we fall to our knees in mud & pray God
for we know not what can sustain us here
but website & connection
one of ours in fever asked for a small can of beer
the seamen told him that Jesus would soon pull him a draft
& Mr. Morton will allow no barber at Merrymount
(you can read Mr. Hawthorne for this)
we bewail the mischief that this wicked Morton began
boiling up viruses to crash into Gods promise
leukemia & flu creep out from the edge of forest gloom
on the sabbath Mr. Morton strings ribbons & frippery in the trees
prophesying that Ganymede & the Greek gods
will dance on a wire in these very demon haunted woods
the demented Mr. Morton says he can faintly discern in the mist
a true church called Microsoft pursuing Gods righteous work
Mr. Roger Williams is a man godly & zealous
but very unsettled in judgment
he this year began to fall into some strange opinions
concerning the tongue of Babel
& how Adam spoke linux when he named beasts in the garden
& how Moroni (not the angel) buried the hieroglyphic gold
we fear Mr. Williams is hacking & will bring mischief to us all
I shall not need to name particulars
they are too well known
to wit:
God requireth not an uniformity of religion
to be enacted & enforced by a senior systems administrator
to grep hidden bugs & revoke passwords
of any who would corrupt the holy system
alas now when a server mysteriously terminates connection
we fear that there are some among us who are not truly elect
their OS pirated & their registries corrupt
if God allows us life in this new world
we plan Harvard college
to graduate sound systems administrators
who will delete the demon from Gods holy church
E-poem: nineteen
John Winthrop e-mails the newsgroup
alt.religion.christian.boston-church
(yeah its really there
fire off your newsreader & see
betcha the pews is empty)
thus stands the cause of holy righteousness:
we are entered into a covenant for this work
(Ally McBeal examined the contract
I know shes not very good
but she only eats a few bytes)
we must consider that geocities shall be
as a website upon a hill
the eyes of all people are clicked upon us
believers access Yahoo for guidance
to divers things in this world & the next
physicians & pharmacies dispense on the net
distance education chimes from Harvards campanile
but woe to the prurient & purveyors of Gomorrah
the webmaster will surely break out in wrath against us
for foul internet porn
to be revenged of such a perjured people
& make us know the price
for breach of SLIP covenant & sin:
TryAgain: transmit "^M" ; ping
[those 8 vacuous spaces are not to be omitted
even by those of the New Light who
preach that there is no time for drudgeries of work]
goto BailOut
Mr. Tilley was a very stout man of great understanding
until the Indians cut off his hands & afterwards his feet
Mrs. Hutchinson is banished
the Boston server will no longer answer
in-coming calls made the Rhode Island way
Mr. Hopkins wife has fallen into a sad infirmity
the loss of her understanding & reason
by occasion of technical writing
(this is the demons foul drivel as Mr. Pynchon knows
click not to Virginia & the STC
tis the place of the demon & the passive voice
an abomination that cancers syntax divine)
Margaret Jones was indicted
& found guilty of witchcraft & hanged for it
casting divers spells with the demons cleaved tongue
she confessed her master was Microsoft
before her foulness was choked
take heart fellow saints as I leave you
for we know that nothing arrives by wire
but by divine providence & ISP
E-poem: twenty
West Texas Tech: where the sky shakes hands with the horizon
(preliminary: Etiquette = French ticket)
NO : --eats (includes gum & sucking Tic-Tacs
a Tums might get by
right now its on the shelf)
--drinks
(know what? / my dad said
Old Man Balt half filled a Crisco can
at the Hardtop county centennial meeting
Mr. Kraft wouldnt let ya get away with that)
--smokes
--sleep (heads up display)
--roughhouse (take it to your house)
--girlfriends/boyfriends (standing around / on-line okay)
--cursing / foul language (on-line or real)
--radios/WalkMan (earphones okay / not in class)
--skates / skateboards
--dogs / pets (simulated okay / keep em on your monitor)
--babies / kids
--vandals / weapons (mace is okay in your purse)
--laser pointers
--stickers (taggers will be hunted down)
--cell phones off (one line is enough & youre on ethernet)
--beepers/pagers off
PCs are not laptops (dont try to take em off)
dont mess with cables & locks
covers are locked for ram
the UC is your friend (user consultant)
verboten:
dont pretend to be an e-mail pervert cuz who can tell the difference?
games [aint fair]
Infoseek :) to look down the wire
4,182 returns for "lonny" :) seems like there would be more
6,030 on Alta Vista :) there are more!
Lonny Childress in Bigfoot :) probably the most famous Lonny
Ally McBeal weighs 100 pounds :) says she eats one cookie for lunch
(bet she eats as much beef as Oprah -- this is extra; no comment needed)
2cows :) they got the cheap beef
mp3s :) military police X 3 + FBI = screwed
Microsoft :) "gentlemen / start your engines"
the invisible empire :) spewing (filtered through a sheet)
official bug of Texas :) guess what it is (tell you in class)
termpapers for free :) not for our class
amazon :) they still print ink books ?
E-poem: twenty-two
I saw you in a movie one time
think it was Ben Kingsley
India looks like a real crowded place
where nobody owns a boot
its so far from Texas we dont know much about it
so I want to ask you about sacred cows
we got a few cows round Amarillo
about half in the world
even some dewlap India brahmers
guess you got the other half
aint none of ours sacred
(how would you know?)
they just chew their cuds & stare dumb
waiting to go to McDonalds
I can hardly believe you aint got golden arches
least ways to get some fries & ketchup
now getting back to stock
we got a simulated sacred cow
Holstein hide on a box
its a computer gimmick
why are yours so holy?
did the pope bless em?
heard you bring elephants in church
same with the cows?
guess I could see it if they prayed a lot
dogs can do that trick
heard your cows stand still to be petted
not ours
we have to rope em & bulldog em some for the rodeo
& shove em in trucks
maybe thats what makes yours so holy
anyway if you got the time
after your spinning wheel work & praying & fasting
& telling everybody how to act
maybe you can tell me how your cows got so holy
PS
I dont think it will work in west Texas
whatever it is
dont see much of ya anymore
ya gone vampire now?
or ya fresh out on parole?
yeah ha ha Donny
ya know I been loggedon the CS lab
aint a real lab / no frogs to cut
& we sure aint surfin
more like stuck in a truck
starin all stuporized at bugs on the windshield
waitin for websites ta load
its like the Sports Page
xcept theres no brew
& ya cant drag your best friend in
but its full of the same guys
in tee shirts & jeans threaded-out at the knees
boots that are all jammed up when
youre plunked down on stools crammed in too close
unless its a girl ya wanna study
which is xactly never
nobody wants ya readin their screen
like they got somethin special & youre gonna steal it
smells all hot & electrical
its stupid / cuz instead of sizin each other up
shootin the breeze with your brain throwd in neutral
ya have to give street directions for Fort Worth ta somebody in Prague
who is eatin a Big Mac & wants to play Lonesome Dove
news from folks screamin & cussin
over stuff ya cant figure out
the mens room wall down at the Sports Page
makes about as much sense
maybe we should put it on-line?
alt.support.calliope.texas.pisser-help
sounds like that class is prepin ya proper
for intellectual life in these parts
heard its tingein ya a little Hindu though
what kind of a job is that for a Byelo-Baptist?
well I kinda e-mailed Mr. Gandhi but
I think mores comin next semester on emacs
hope we got faster whizzers by then
dont know if Ill mosey back
that virtual life aint so much
simulatin with a rope
ya never know where youre at & when its comin
(they put away the evil day
& drowned their care & fears)
(wouldnt a icy dos Equis go good bout now?
damn straight it would pard
damp down all that heat throwed off by your box
but ya gotta hold off ccount of the lab)
course ya know youre penned in with calf-face kids
where each is site licensed off
in his own day dreamy place
screamin electro-violence chat or doom
ya know Lonny its not suppose to matter
where youre sittin when youre phonin it in
telepathic like
sides ya got no worries bout tornadoes
parkin tickets & movin violations
black ice & a full metal crash
no surance to pay
castin a line out there in the cyberlake
your only worry is what kinda bait to use
dont know Donny
ya make it sound better n a trip to Borger
E-poem: twenty-four
select junk wins lottery bucks
a Tiffany lamp uncracked
a certified vial of the Virgins medieval milk
(where they get stuff like that Donny?
outta World Lit.?)
(nah it leaked down the wire )
granddad said they werent rocks
said they was Urim & Thumim
(you can find em your own self
well not you xactly
like walkin on a Calliope sidewalk
& spotting a quarter
you cant pick em up & handle em
trust Infoseek to clue you in)
no maam
you remember an angel spirited them out of New York
(angels is thick as June bugs there certain times a year)
yes this is a German enigma machine
(becha didnt know the ark wuz made of gopher wood
course that wuz before browsers came on so big)
the docs prescribe sudden money:
a specialist at Christies would know
see this mark?
its the Midas touch
made by the Kaisers teeth when
he let wind & sneezed while taking a sip of beer
from this very stein
they say you could hear it from D�sseldorf to Berlin
blew the hands right off some model D�rer was drawing
down in Nuremberg
frequent flyer miles to France
no sir / Henry James is in first class
museums are worse than malls
to hobble & put a crick in your neck
& what can you do when youre done
if you wont talk to the only folks who speak English?
(duh / how bout 14 of them prime Czech beers
English ales / stout Guinnesses
bring em on / well sort em out
had to drink Gold Fassl once myself
yup thats how its spelt)
the Library of Congress has a hundred miles of unread books
but the repository for disabled links is a recycle dump in Lubbock
stops your breath for a second before you decide
to accept the charitable smell
short women in sweaters shop for worn out kids clothes
(you never really look at em do ya Slick?)
(well they aint tryin out for cheerleadin
leave me alone / wanna look for a army jacket)
mismatched crutches post-it the wall
St. Vincent dePaul prays unix to God
sorting buckets of bolts & pieces of web
arthritic claws clamped like bad false teeth
(what happens when ya go to Mexico for teeth)
so he just goes through the motions
(gonna turn him in Slick?)
http with threads all stripped
industrial sacks leak rusted slashes
forward & backward sorted
those heavy white woven nylon ribbon ones
they only send overseas)
too short for dollhouse venetian blinds
too heavy to weld for Barbies hairpins
& their posture is hopeless
they slouch & wont stand
(like: /// \\
go head / yell at em / if ya want)
colons heap up in tangled eyeglasses piles
chipped letters neck interlocked
(dont you kids get no ideas)
stacks of unsorted fonts nest flat
stuck together like transparencies
teeny dots fill cloudy pickle jars
(you could sprinkle em on a doughnut
at an imaginary tea party
if ya ever get invited
wanna save em?
you hardly notice wav file grunts
rooted by consultants vanned-in
to get em out of the house for the day
eyeballs tracking uncontrolled
(probably should run a head cleaner on that)
fingering rubix cubes of high-tech junk
286s that fire up unnetworked with nowhere to go
IBM missals in Latin that no one will pray
the nonsynthetic smell of human implosion threatens
(WARNING: Pressing CTRL+ALT+DEL
again will restart your computer
oh my God / did I pressed em once already?
whatll I do?)
(youd like ta ask that walleyed heifer back in the trailer
wouldnt ya?
well ya cant cuz its an all beef wiener by now
best ya can do is get some mustard)
Hieronymus Bosch modems gibberish
to a server that once replied ex cathedra
from the black tinted window of a stretch ivory limo
now mincing away through our broken greasy street
cautious to leave the deranged unhit
pushing chrome grocery carts on the stations of the cross
patiently filled with infobahn debris
crushed java cans & unlinked internet rosaries
crumpled code wrappers & virtual plastic liter bottles
from last years tradeshow on flat panels
& cruise control to motor the virtual future
(like its gonna come out of a ostrich Easter egg
whats a busted airliner [crashed in the Prado]
& also a womans birthin parts
& shes kinda a chicken
with a disk on her head & a gourd playin a flute on the disk
& I bet the disk is almost full
& youre gonna get the message:
"insert a new disk" / any second
now consider
before you have to insert
theres a man on a ladder
do you suppose hes climbing up or comin on down
from that cracked egg world?
takes time to tell
I tell ya my brains whirligigin with questions like these
& if this had gone on one second longer
it woulda required a new disk)
E-poem: twenty-five
yo jack some FrontPage & 2dog freebie stuff
hotwire a page & peace-out ridin
before any alarm starts janglin
might have to spot weld a piece & spray primer
do some slash work by hand under the hood
it wont be a boss low-rider from hell
but you wont be foot bookin or in a cell
Im tell ya / on hit ese!
lets jet for the wire
E-poem: twenty-six
The Wonders of the Invisible World
with Microsoft Word for Windows
the first planters of these colonies in chill Redmond
were a chosen generation of men
who were first so pure as to disrelish
many things which they thought wanted reformation
in patches & service packs & upgrades
those good men imagined
that they should leave their posterity
in a place where they should never
see the inroads of profanity or superstition
in the half-way covenant of
beta release operating systems
programmers are a people of God
settled in those which were once the devils territories
& it may easily be supposed that
the devil was exceedingly disturbed
when he perceived such a people
here accomplishing the promise of old
made by heathen English teachers in
classrooms with rude pencils & chalk
mere talk without tag or hypertext connection
now an army of devils is horribly broke in
upon the place which is the center & after a sort
the firstborn of our cyber settlements
the laptops of the good people
are filled with doleful wav & midi shrieks
their Pentiums tormented by invisible hands in their pockets
& with tortures altogether preternatural from
the lingering taste of the first Apple & Big Mac
there was little occasion to prove such witchcraft
it being evident & notorious to all users
the first thing installed was the testimony of the bewitched
in java applets that failed to load
whereof several testified that the shape
of the prisoner did oftentimes very grievously virtually
pinch them
urging them to write their e-mail addresses in a book
whereupon they would be spammed by the foul demon until
they despaired of the errand in the wilderness
rebooting the OS of Christs original church
to crown all in this federal case against the Microsoft craft
muted whispering subconscious
at the far edge of the new land
Bridget Bishops cellar wall was unzipped
where they did in holes & folders & hidden files
of the said old wall & bra
find several poppets of Mr. Gates
made up of gifs & hogs bristles & Pepsi cans
with headless pins pushed in them
the points being outward directed
whereof she could give no account to the court
that was reasonable or tolerable
or would even pass debugging
we hope the uninstall of those dll files through this righteous case
will be attended with deliverance of some
who have lain archived for many years in a most sad condition
under they knew not whose evil remote access
which held them back unconnected from the saving wire
E-poem: twenty-seven
to recover Windows from a crash
o lord
inspire this crumb of dust til it display
come on / electro baby / crunch those imaginary numbers
the bellows of thy spirit blow & whisper code
til the fire doth glow to
light up that world wide window
come on / swing open heavens gate
let that light shine in
eat / eat
thou at the table head above
meat / medicine / Hersheys sweet Kisses & Dr. Pepper
be not my machine a bidden guest at the banquet?
Had not my souls
(thy conduit)
with mud & sin & rude severance
what ravishment wouldst thou convey
from servers vast planetary arrayed
if only connection be made
& this heresy of blank screen dialed away
saints heavens-lost happiness restored
I kenning through astronomy divine
virtually find black imps that snap & bite
my sin! my sin! these cursed dregs
of some errant fingers forgotten mouse stray
a file cracked leaking
green yellow blue streaked poison
that will not graciously display
a 500 MHz Pentium-3 screamer
drove home nailed
to eternally hold the road
but for sins inattentive deletion & devils unallocation
when once the window whispered open
the trap door of hell framed half bidden
the porn cascaded in directories & bedrooms vast
little girls so sweet
languished in anorexia & celestial famine sore
with hard TV dinners microwaved on the prop table
foresworn & buzzed about by the silly fly
while the venom elf rappelled fall foul thereon
to tangle Adams race
answering natures call through the wires copper grace
strive & recover what numbered strength hath got
& Redmond labor wrought
thy holy word a distaff & flyer connected neat
not for this my flesh & human word
make this machine / lord
those internet stocks is plain air
give me Coke in a glass bottle
thats the real thing
a rotary phone
slow down / whats the hurry?
theres haze & thickness if you care to notice
sit on the porch a spell
might spot a lightin bug tonight
watch that Echo satellite drive by
nah she dont talk
let those kids do the racin
the machine is downsimmering components
meanwhile theres virtually nothing to do
no newsgroups to napalm
no e-mail to slit & sort
no search engine to gas
no porn to palm
nowhere to go / nothing to do
just leave that lectric ta hum in the wire
have some ice tea / you play pinochle?
the quick brown fox jumped over the sleeping dog
no Sculley to flirt
(like ta get in her skirt / yum yum)
have you checked your e-mail today Fox?
her hand in your pocket
Im a doctor / dont skitter
your box caught a virus only when you fed it lunch
& no cookies in the sack
(remember: Ally eats just one)
my God those was homespun times
not a cookie to your name
website hell!
aint bifocals good enough no more?
race round the world with that fool hose
gettin chuck full of cookies ta spoil your dinner
guess what?
ya never left the porch
them windows aint nothing like a gassed-up Vette
or phantom jet
Duane might shoot ya in the eye with a .44
& Im tempted to let em
just so yall know what a real machine can do
E-poem: thirty-one
know Duane on the bike over to Thalia?
the geezer what threatens to peddle to Egypt?
thats the one
plannin a two wheeled haj
less hes got by Libyan terrorists
& sent to the future
well I e-mailed this guy up in Newfoundland
Quoyle
runs a inkrag up there
writes shippin news
(thats when theyre shippin the newest computers
so ya can get the first ones
think its a column in PC Mag )
told em about Duane
just kind of come up
long trips & life changes group
said he knew a guy called Nutbeem
these would be e-mail names Lonny?
Quoyle & Nutbeem
like CB handles used to be?
(I know one teacher:
thats Buster Lickles handle
I know he dont like it
but he answers to it)
guess so
rode a bike from Houston to LA
that might qualify him for a nut-beam name tag
he run into UFOs on the trip?
didnt say
but he said it was the most terrible trip in the world
sandstorms & gila monster lizards
freezin winds & a Blue Norther
even claimed wolves & a Cessna what dropped flour bombs
think he was exaggeratin those
swore if he could pry that bicycle seat
out of the crack of his lycra slick ass
hed sail a boat to the north pole
got as far as Newfoundland
looked on a map
pretty far up from Houston
what do ya think?
ya was thinkin of sharin this with Duane
fore he pedals east?
warn him about gila monster attacks?
he used to have CB in his truck
but he aint got e-mail on his bike
if he still wants to go
thought we could go on-line
do a webpage journal
we could link the weather page
theyre real cool
know they got a girl?
talks the temperature right at ya now
if youre connected
maybe pick up that girl & a sponsor & a banner
put a little trip odometer long side a hit counter
"youre the umteenth hitchhiker picked up since when we started"
might be funny
"West Texas to OPEC without a drop of gas"
get up in the mornin & wonder
wheres ol Duane today? / think Ill plot em
what do ya think Donny?
pedal on the web?
Lonny youre gettin too far from dirt
flyin out there by wire
downloadin somethin different every minute
my girlfriends naggin me ta stay on the ground
wants me to limp round afoot
to local places offline
without www in the address
thats plumb crazy
second worst fear in Texas is bein afoot
aint nobody but Duane ever walked 12 miles in human memory
I mean not since there wuz trucks to run
least ways the psychiatrist put the galoot on a bike
so folks can think his license wuz took for DUI
ya gotta admit
thats more respectable than walkin on the road
like a scaped convict
its not that bad Lonny
shell allow me the TV clicker & a truck
its stuperizin through windows
& the phone line all wrangled up
what she cant abide
says she wants stuff to actually move
when she goes for a ride
dont know Donny
youre gonna be bumpin in dirt road ruts
on your ol Schwinn bomber
when ya could be infobahn racin with Al Unser Jr.
like pokin a eye out with a fork
better look for a upgrade in a girl
before youre infobahn roadkill
E-poem: thirty-two
dont let that child
throw any more of those
little lizards in the hot tub
says hes makin soup for the dog
maybe a dribble of dos Equis will cool em down
or least ways make boilin tolerable
works for me
I swear to God Donny
since you got that virtual internet life
you never leave off that laptop
not even bubblin in the hot tub
its worse than the Dallas Cowboys on TV
seems youd rather stare in that nerdy box
than look at some actual cheerleader cleavage
(teacher / reverend Rawley says
titties are fat in a sack when they aint fake)
(we dont say that Frank because its vulgar slang
& G. G. Rawley & the Byelo-Baptists dont teach school
because theyre too ignorant to be licensed by the state of Texas)
look Donny
nothin synthetic but the sweater
wantta go for one of them Calliope High rides?
better than a Dairy Queen
well if it is really primo-deluxe
some ol boys bound to lasso it online
then Ill downslam it into my little black box
sides theres miles of porn on the rope
do we got some Dorritos?
Donny youre pathetic
youre gonna catch a virus off that thing
or be arrested
logon with me for a while
see if your password gets in
Donny
I got a file that needs unzipped
if you wanna play with somethin better than your mouse
how big is your hard disk?
little darlin its the megabytes of ram
you want to nibble & byte
but not now
this hot tub has me half simmered
& Im in the middle of downcookin an update from Bill
yeah thats about all the date you can handle Donny
a dial-up connection for a chat room chat with Bill
God / he aint even real
it aint even a bar
it aint even TV
well
you can just play with your own floppy disk
or throw it at the dog
E-poem: thirty-three
ya e-mailed Walt Whitman one time
didnt ya?
sort of / it was a class
yeah Im in that class
ya know Walt coulda web-spun
or even been a systems administrator
he knew the wire was comin on:
have we not darkend & dazed ourselves with books
long enough?
sounds like somebodys got a termpaper to buy
yeah
"WWW: Whitman & the World Wire"
all these separations & gaps
shall be taken up & hookd & linkd together
the seas inlaid with eloquent gentle wires
the earth to be spannd
connected by network
slow moving & black lines go ceaselessly over the earth
with latest connections
see he knew about links & the net & even bots
well he magined em
kinda sci-fi virtual neural nets in the Oversoul
dont mention sci-fi Lonny
English teachers hate sci-fi
couldnt actually know html
he kinda guessed that some language
would make hyperlinks click & jump
probably knew Latin & hieroglyphics are junk
back then in the civil war Sanskrit was black-box
what do ya think Donny?
sound all right?
Id probably jerk somethin off the string
that had already been tried & convicted
for a decent grade
know theres a Walt chat room ?
been there
aint as dumb as I look on Web Cam TV
full of kids whimperin for help
wandering & confused
(or maybe lost their mommies
or maybe forgot their passwords & lunch
or probably just peed their self)
ya can quote Walt for anythin
rode over the Laramie plains
& then jumped to Hindustan
well hed a like to
problem was he didnt know no India urls
& there werent no search engines to haul folks
& nobody knew html
(little bit later Mohandas sent off to law school
where he learned to demand due process
or he wont eat a byte)
shoot / the wire was so dumb
it just spewed dots & dashes
SOS / this is Morris Code
get me back to the future
youre launchin off sci-fi again Lonny
tellin ya English teachers hate sci-fi
even Kurt Vonnegut
youll do better to keep Walt in a turban
than to make him write software
E-poem: thirty-four
heard youre wire fraudin
hows that Lonny?
wish youd tell me a way to
downdrop cash into my lap-pocket
everybody knows
net porn is a spigot for money Donny
if ya could get a gaggle of high school girls to cooperate
but I aint talkin bout that
Im talkin bout ya illywhackin by wire
dressed Halloween pumpkin orangey
(teacher / why is there so much orange?)
(thats a good question Oren
I think its because the leaves are turning)
bustin out of the chute a Mormon preacher
or some other school book geek
what sent e-mail that bounced
for 300 years
doubt thats strictly possible Lonny
xactly what I said / taint natural
werent no wire & even if they was
a e-mail that old woulda dribbled flat by now
entropized & echoed off like a dead bat
think youre right Lonny
Al Gore says he plugged in the wire
just the other day
is that another dead poet Donny?
wish yad leave em at school slammed in a locker
know Mr. Cecil?
runs the grocery store in Thalia
(remember it aint Hy-Vee)
he useta be a English teacher
dont know em Lonny
werent no Thalia Thistle tumblin in the wind
played my ball straight for the Calliope Cowbirds
fired his ass direct
more like for being a skinny runt in a bow-tie
who liked guacamole better n football
maybe
but he was a runt what read poetry
out loud
outta hardback books he got mailed in from Archer City
tellin ya Donny
natural men dont read poems
specially dont write em down
least ways not in Texas they dont
maybe in Austin they let em get by with it at school
but not in panhandle Texas
good ya had the sense to pretend
to be a pilgrim or Robot Frost or such
& not give out your actual IP
thought when ya went online Lonny
everybody played R2D2
with a temporary name for doom murder & chat
& for flamin & roastin & fryin folks
who are also sportin temporary tags
like paintball wars without the paint
yeah but a lot of those is prebuilt
ya select standard modifications
aint no picture show at Thalia
Dairy Queen is the center of life
how weak is that Donny?
yeah its gone virtual
useta be a show there long time ago
& even when it was tumbled down dead derelict
with no roof
this ol dude Sonny Crawford
useta sit up in the balcony
ta rerun movies in his own head
real intense like
why hed do that?
bc? before cable
maybe cuz he only had one eye & was shot in the elbow
or maybe cuz he lived in Thalia all his vacant life
thats sufficient ta drive most folks crazy
even if they got a satellite dish
anyway Sonny woulda done a sight better
if he had plugged into the world machine
ripped open a little e-mail & a joke stead
of VCRin dead movies in his head
all senile in black & white
was that ol Sonny at Kwik-Sack
what had his feet cut off?
the very one
runs the Corners down the road?
ol coot can hardly sell ya a beer
cuz hes so on-line
keepin score of Commonist soccer off a moon dish
& shootin e-mail to Brazil
says he makes 50 bets a day
how they collect when ya lose a on-line bet Donny?
see Lonny
connection gives ya technical problems like that
makes ya download a different life
get updates & read the FAQs
the rope mounts ya up on the ol splintered pony
(one time Duane wired Old Man Balts feet to the stirrups
when he rode the flag for the centennial)
(good thing we had that centennial too
keep those Byelos & Balts & Russkies in check
so they aint runnin amuck like down ta Odessa)
even if the calliope careens & squeaks
& they aint no actual cows to catch
(oh yeah!
better click your dumb ass over to the 2cows Sport
& see all critters they is to catch
nah aint gonna give ya the ddress
want me to drink that beer for ya too?)
dont bust out all that poetry Donny
gettin back to feet
ya know Bobby Lee Moore?
said one time he was so bored
he shot off his own toe
really did / saw it
yeah shootin runs in the family
Duane useta damage a dog house for recreation
applied a .44 magnum
bout a dollar & half a shoot
my advice is
let your finger do the walkin
keep your shooter in your pants
clickin round the world ride
E-poem: thirty-six
why ya fingerin that laptop?
cruise control on the blink?
or ya just slumpin off-line again?
gotta type a book report
thought ya rustled those?
yeah but this is local stuff nobody knows
sides this McMurtry maligned & overbid a hand
maintained that 4-Hers bominate livestock somethin fierce
here bout
like it wuz Friday night after we thumped Thalia in football
& were too drunk to live
yeah relations is a private affair
claimed he couldnt understand Byelo-Baptists
shoot / everybody knows
only mystery is how a couple a Russkies snuck inta the panhandle
they the ones that cant tolerate a TV dinner?
preach the Last Supper was
hot biscuits / chicken-fried steak & Dr. Pepper
okra on the side
dont know bout that
they do allow McDonalds is the new world order
nonkosher & unsanctified
cuz they dont hold with freezin & microwavin
& unnatural processin in general
say God xpects cooked meat for dinner
& none of this low-cal virtual stuff
chitlins / links / Bologna sausages / forced-meats
liverings / hogs haslets / young quails & teals
turkey on Thanksgivin
& always add cheese for the first course
(think thats funny?
hope they glue your ass to a yellow stool
at Jack In The Box after Judgment
make ya read Rabelais til ya puke
& then ya have ta slup that puke up with a straw til ya puke
& then ya have to slup that up til all them exponentials
make ya xplode & then ya have to slup that up)
sounds like ya been studyin up for that book report
Lonny
not sos anybodyd notice
know how the Campbellites just allow shoutin
& cant abide unnatural music off a organ
cuz its highfalutin & hurts the Almightys ears?
well the Byelos want natural slow cooked burgers
think theyre big over ta Hereford
guess I can see it
ol Nicks got a little somethin for ya in a zip lock bag
fry ya in Olean & xplode your head in a microwave
& if ya want ta taste hellfire eat habenero
ya ha ha Donny
what runs Duanes oil bidness now
Dickie says plain ol Texas food is the only straight way to shoot
says if ya eat things that aint growd right here in Texas
infects your head
gives ya the heartburn what boils up the devil & bad dreams
I member Dickie useta do his share of pukin
when he was dopin & drinkin & ropin
didnt know out-of-state food was the main culprit
he gonna start a cult like Waco?
young quails & forced-meat & all
nah hes got oil to get
least ways them bible thumpers aint bearin down on computers
youd think they would
too busy peckin to website the word
suppose them Mormon kids is gonna missonize by wire?
be a whole lot easier to spam the world & use a hard drive
than walk round & do it by hand
E-poem: thirty-seven
Jonathan Edwards worries about connectivity asking:
who do you trust to be your Internet Service Provider (ISP)?
think
electricity does not willingly serve
your machine for breath to maintain its flame
of simulated life in its own separated metallic vitals
all life begs congress & connection
yet you hang by a slender thread
(maybe like a real xpensive glass ornament
dangling on a Christmas tree & the floor is cement
& they want a credit card number to let you in)
with wrath flamed & flashing
ready every moment to singe connection
& burn it asunder into a shadow of ash
thus it is in Weatherford
in dented mobile homes & wind
in unconverted & separate condition
whose hand can you grasp?
where e-mail your prayers?
(ya ready to phone over that Visa number yet?)
websites erupt in millions
(anybody can steal Giddeon from Motel 6)
but each promised hope
must crawl & snake through the wire
the covenanted metal thread
once Gods visible people assembled in flesh
in this lush leafed land where now
we hear prairie wind whistle break to the fragile wire
static cursing unconnection
betcha didnt expect a postcard from Delhi!
not the one east of San Marcos :)
thats a certified holy cow on front
betcha wonder how I got over here
you probably guessed: tour off the net
nonvirtual but extra credit at the CC
sort of like Mexico but not much
no tacos / no tequila
they want to telegraph e-mail to your door!
they got loads of theory on credit
but no spending wire
there is a golden arches here / sort of
heres a spill of Campa Cola
wish I had a Dr. Pepper
adios my rickshaws double-parked
PS when you come
its big hassle wrangling em off
for the temples
Johnathan Edwards washes his hands of
Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
lets get something straight right off Buster
I aint no chawbacon Byelo-Baptist bog-trotter
like youre used to
who thinks a library card is a bus ticket to hell
I know I said shit 19 times in a sermon
but it was junior high adapted (you dipshit!)
somebody needed to tell em
& ol G. G. Rawley wouldnt spit it out
if he had a mouth full
nor wash it down with a sip of stout English brew
well hes a dumb shit too
& you can tell him that from me
& thats wired down from Princeton U. die-rect
now Im about at the end of my rope
which is fittin for in this verse is threatened
the vengeance of God on the wicked
(that means you Slick)
down there in Texas you know what it is
to be thrown off a horse
(bet you never even smelled a horse
those kind of sliding along lies is
precisely why youre ponyin into hell
like every beer kills another brain cell
until you got Alzheimers oatmeal mush for a brain)
but you dont have to be thrown down by the hand of another
(like Jessie Ventura is your governor / you wish
ol bald Jessie would throw your ass down pronto)
if you stand real still & the wind aint blown
(maybe early in the morning one day a year)
& you concentrate real hard on a naked woman
(like Nicole Kidman & those teeny copper hairs)
you could naturally explode in nothing but flame
depraved & spontaneously combusted
(State Farm dont cover)
know how easy it is to tromp on a worm?
(or get shit on your boots in Lubbock?)
guess what size boot God wears
(custom made no doubt)
leaves his Caddie in the parkin lot
with that Northstar System running?)
& hes just itching to stomp on your pointy head
& grind you into shit jelly
even if it gets shit on his boots
like stepping in a fresh cow pie
you deserve to be cast into hell
(hence the metaphor of shit)
already under a sentence of condemnation to hell
& thats somewhat south of Brownsville
(no you cant have a drink of water
no they aint no Coke machines
no you cant transfer to Huntsville
theyd put ya in death row & inject ya mainline to hell)
did ya know your grandma is parked in hell?
& everybody else you ever knew whats dead
undoubtedly gone to hell in a hand basket
& now they have to munch through a big ol shit sandwich
(no pickle / no lettuce / maybe a little deviled haslet)
told em not to go to hell
both Princeton fancy & Texas plain
would they listen?
no more an you Slick
I hope youre not walking around one day
& suddenly fall in a well or a big sinkhole
or maybe a land mine blows your damn feet off
but you probably will
prudence & care & Ben Franklin is all bullshit
natural men are held in the hand of God
over the pit of fiery hell
youre barbecued shit on a stick
Id tell you more but it wouldnt make no difference
God saves those whom he so wills
& I doubt thats you Slick
okay heres the last pitch
I was once almost constantly in ejaculatory prayer
I spent most of my time in thinking of divine things
(dont ask me what
this is John Calvin & Walt Whitman
work on your own damn paper)
year after year
& then Christ zoomed up like a screen saver
made me cry for an hour
I have several other times had views
very much of the same nature
which have had the same effect
now youll have to look up your own salvation
on some whacked out website
or roast
you know hes the hefty sack
think he could go some with Barney?
battling babies toddle at the WWF
Baby Huey returns for grudge match
morph to Chuck Norris & Jessie Ventura
run some Harley-Davidson soundtrack
then bleed to a thumping Huey chopper
video: a whiz-by with a machine gun
whacking those rabbits
then a dissolve to a chopper teetering off a carrier
blending a Bugs Bunny smoothie as it goes in the drink
you have e-mail
"the yellow Winkies were not a brave people"
but tinkered & removed the cover from their desktop
thats how the Winkies put the tin man together again
just like they do at Intel
zipping laptops in Teletubby tummies
when they get their Keebler cookies & milk
while were on the subject of Oz
the wizard confessed
"I stood behind the screen and pulled a thread"
first ISP in Kansas:
whirling wire from the wizard
lets straighten some more
& make that wire whistle
Tinky is a cousin to those Kansas Winkies?
who mows that lawn where
the Teletubbies dont play golf?
hope it isnt that Slingblade guy
hes real scary
why dont them bunnies munch up the world
like they did in the Oz down under?
are Munchkins Winkies?
that dome is obviously a space ship
so why hasnt Fox Mulder cell phoned?
(he has called everybody else on the planet
mostly at night when youre trying to eat dinner
only the FBI could afford his phone bill)
while were on the spaceship
do you think Teletubbies are overgrown tribbles?
like they nibbled into a box of Miracle Grow & exploded?
think tubbies could go the other way?
get anorexic & thin into weasels racing on the wire?
that Lamb Chop was a critter in a sock
a snuck down snake selling applets from a tree
but that was before Flintstone vitamins
when kids didnt have a spell checker for tyrannosaurus
does Yoplait have that pink custard?
& does Penneys sell jammies with footsies in size XXXXL?
Falwell is so on the button
there is really a lot to learn
we havent even plugged in Noo-Noo the blue elephant vacuum
I bet the University of Texas is stuffing a scarecrow right now
to teach a distance ed graduate class on
lets plan to study with a Happy Meal in our laptop
E-poem: forty-one
everybody knows the devil echoes times three
like 666 & www & three horns
not the honking duck kind
more like duck & cover with a nuclear bomb turtle
well the Byelo-Baptists are shooting back
slinging teraphim & ephods off the wire
pick any of these for cheerleads
or Burma Shave
Abednego aint a motel where they charge by the hour
Abishai figured to shave em while they snore
Adam dribbled down AIDS cuz the old gizzard
couldnt find a rubber plant in paradise
bbb
barbecuing bustards byte by byte & bit by bit
Byelo-Baptist Butchers
if its meat your hankering
youll thank us when its over
ccc
ropin down porn to fry off the wire
Civil Conservation Crew
conserved / preserved / reserved for the next life
keep a civilian tongue in your head
or it might get ripped out & nailed to the barn
like hairy vermin hide
(Dalhart / Deaf Smith & Dilley ditto)
Duane Dont Drive
& he never been in church in his life
& the one time he was in a museum
his kid kicked over a thousand pound toad
& only thing he ever read was his wifes tee shirts
sss
dont know if theyre rattlers
but Byelo-Baptists is straight shooters
& aint writhed up with sneaky snakes
who wanna sell ya a used car & siding
ttt
no I dont know what they do with em
Martha Stewart could spray paint em
into little Christmas trees
course ya have to keep a tumbleweed
in your garage til December
& think what the neighbors will say
www
Donny gets spam from the Day of Virus Doom
"AIDS is just a click away
without the Day of Virus Doom"
download your evaluation release of DVD now
before its too late
(premature ejaculation your problem?
got software in your shorts when its hardware you need?
want something more to show the girls than virtual ram?)
has Melissa tapped on your window?
she will & shes a pus dripper
her little mail file will
make your whole windows world
melt down to shit
there you were fingerin along lifes cyber-highway
chewing bubble-gum & drinking Dr. Pepper
calm in carnal reason & dreaming
(probably in a fancy convertible
like one of the them new Chryslers)
filling up your back seat with sweet little hamadryad girls
when straightway appears
& you see it with tears in your rearview mirror
the virus that will eat your lunch Sport
some think defragging will avail
(in pantyhose & womens clothes)
some trust in compression
squeezed into the fissures of the rock
unto a can of oil for ol Duane to pump)
& some in shareware virus snippers & snipers
(written by a little pimply high school kid
in Eustace named Gene
who has to mail it away for free)
well pilgrim
when the shit storm whirls down the wire
you can kiss your shareware ass goodbye
your fancies fed on cyber-candies & dreams
your heart fed on some old fashion lust
you loved the simulation more than the system
we had thy word in a license
(say some holding up dollar bills / in God we Trust)
but wiser programmers than we
could never yet make it hum
tough shit Jack
Christ pities not your cry
shove off to hell
there may you yell & roar eternal
(about licenses or whatever
point is nobodys listening)
live they must in deep shit
(its right there plain as day in Dante
how folks is plowed down in shit)
forced by file & electrified wire
whilst God is just
that he may plague them so
(apparently jackin the file bout a zillion times
like your stupid brother shootin doom with his joystick
in the bathroom til his hand cramps)
& you ask
how could we sin that had not been
(I just added this class today
dont ask me why it dont run)
like youll dodge Armageddon & skip the school assembly
http://www.virus.shits.on.windows.html
how is his sin our?
without consent or click
(be glad when you little shits are bussed to hell
& I dont have to listen to you whine about extra credit)
which to prevent
(were still talkin viruses in this English class Jack)
we never had a power
well thats the hand you got dealt Slick
install just one time without a rubber &
the bitch will sneak in on her hands & knees
& melt your system into speckled shit
for the wire is a public head
a common virtual root
I dont know if were talking sperms or germs
Mormon genealogy or doom game spurts or the www)
well this shit is gettin old & the bell is gonna ring
heres the deal
connect & the virus crawls right up your copper urethra
like you didnt know that
buy the damn virus shield
or go to hell / get AIDS or whatever
Melissa kiss the nice man goodbye
for there leave we them to diddle
on a blank screen
tucker sack & afterword dinner mint:
(probably you should get some Tums� right now
dont lick your fingers / youll get worms
specially if you petted a dog)
1. what was Donny s dog named?
(told ya theyd be a quiz)
a. Spot
Hy-Vee groceries is strictly Midwest & cant be had in Texas
& he never had a RC Cola � from one in his life
so I asked him / Dr. B.
how ya gonna get Neccos � before ya go in the picture show?
ya gotta find a store
course Dr. B. is right
hes always right & thats why Lonny & Donny went to
West Texas Tech Community College
cuz Dr. B. woulda give em D- just for bein natural
& hed make a joke bout Neccos� in your front pocket
anyway were gonna get a poetic license
ta allow a Hy-Vee store real close-by to the picture show
what probably aint called Royal either even if they are rebuildin
probably better pick up 2 of them licenses) /
( Burger King ? just like a fish could be Moby Dick )
17. make lunch
ya need more than one cookie
less its a real big one like at the mall) /
coffee in a styrofoam cup ( java ) / grease
18. can of beer & draft
(starved but course there wuz beer money
guess Texas aint the only place ) /
(doesnt say what kind) /
Hersheys Kisses � (plain chocolate) / Dr. Pepper� / banquet
(should be lots of good stuff there / less its a Banquet � TV dinner) /
TV dinner
30. Coca Cola � (specifies a glass bottle ) / yum yum
(dont say what was so yummy) /
ice tea / fed it lunch
(doesnt say what) /
31. (I gotta tell you
half the time people in that book ate squidburgers !)
flour bombs
(coulda been scooped off the road with a spatula & made pancakes
thought I saw a banner behind that Cessna :
Bub you been blessed by the best / bye bye / Byelo-Baptists Bombers
they coulda also got into road-kill right in through here)
32. skink soup ( yuck !) / dos Equis� / fat / Dairy Queen / Dorritos � /
megabytes of ram to bite
(didnt get this one)
33. none
|
False
|
The term and tactical use of a 'nightwatchman' arises in which sport?
|
Five Hundred Pound Peep: October 2011
Five Hundred Pound Peep
The Life and Times of a 500 Pound Woman.
Monday, October 31, 2011
MSG is used to make LAB RATS FAT, HOW ABOUT YOU?
As I have written earlier on, when I eat something with MSG in it, I get sick, that means not being able to eat at any restaurant but two in the area and paying a heavy price. If I went to Burger King now and ate a chicken sandwich, I would be sick within hours. For some time I have wanted to share this article. I do not agree with everything on the website, but this article definitely brings up some questions. I have noticed MSG is in just about EVERYTHING that is processed I can barely avoid the stuff. Why?
MSG is POISON
I wondered if there could be an actual chemical causing the massive obesity epidemic, so did a friend of mine, John Erb. He was a research assistant at the University of Waterloo, and spent years working for the government.
He made an amazing discovery while going through scientific journals for a book he was writing called "The Slow Poisoning of America"(1). In hundreds of studies around the world, scientists were creating obese mice and rats to use in diet or diabetes test studies.
No strain of rat or mice is naturally obese, so the scientists have to create them. They make these morbidly obese creatures by injecting them with a chemical when they are first born. The MSG triples the amount of insulin the pancreas creates, causing rats (and humans?) to become obese They even have a title for the race of fat rodents they create: "MSG-Treated Rats" .
MSG?
I was shocked too. I went to my kitchen, checking the cupboards and the fridge.
MSG was in everything! The Campbell's soups, the Hostess Doritos, the Lays flavored potato chips, Top Ramen, Betty Crocker Hamburger Helper, Heinz canned gravy, Swanson frozen prepared meals, Kraft salad dressings, especially the 'healthy low fat' ones. The items that didn't have MSG had something called Hydrolyzed Vegetable Protein, which is just another name for Monosodium Glutamate. It was shocking to see just how many of the foods we feed our children everyday are filled with this stuff. They hide MSG under many different names in order to fool those who catch on.
But it didn't stop there. When our family went out to eat, we started asking at the restaurants what menu items had MSG. Many employees, even the managers, swore they didn't use MSG. But when we ask for the ingredient list, which they grudgingly provided, sure enough MSG and Hydrolyzed Vegetable Protein were everywhere. Burger King, McDonalds, Wendy's, Taco Bell, every restaurant, even the sit down ones like TGIF, Chilis', Applebees and Denny's use MSG in abundance. Kentucky Fried Chicken seemed to be the WORST offender: MSG was in every chicken dish, salad dressing and gravy. No wonder I loved to eat that coating on the skin, their secret spice was MSG!
So why is MSG in so may of the foods we eat? Is it a preservative or a vitamin?
Not according to my friend John. In the book he wrote, an expose of the food additive industry called The Slow Poisoning of America, www.spofamerica.com, he said that MSG is added to food for the addictive effect it has on the human body.
I wanted to see if there was truth to this MSG rats thing. {Hey always double and triple check things for yourself} They even tell you do that on this article:
If you are one of the few who can still believe that MSG is good for us and you don't believe what John Erb has to say, see for yourself. Go to the National Library of Medicine at www.pubmed.com.
Type in the words "MSG Obese" and read a few of the 115 medical studies that appear.
We the public do not want to be rats in one giant experiment, and we do not approve of food that makes us into a nation of obese, lethargic, addicted sheep, feeding the food industry's bottom line while waiting for the heart transplant, the diabetic-induced amputation, blindness, or other obesity-induced, life-threatening disorders.
With your help we can put an end to this poison.
Do your part in sending this message out by word of mouth, e-mail, or by distribution of this printout to your friends all over the world and stop this "Slow Poisoning of Mankind" by the packaged food industry.
Blowing the whistle on MSG is our responsibility, so get the word out.
Well I went to PUBMED and did a search for MSG and OBESITY.
Guess what it DOES MAKE THE RATS FATTER. Click on these pictures below to make them larger and see the sentences I have highlighted, you will be astounded!!
WOW!!!!!!!!!!!
Here is another one, there is MANY MORE.
If it does that to RATS, what does it do to Humans?
and why is so much of our food having MSG added to it?
Now there is some naturally occuring glutamate, but I know things are much more serious when this stuff is being added in and at far higher levels.
Just think about these things...
and yes they use MSG to fatten the rats up... [that one isn't even negotiable]
I of course suspect that some are more suspectible then others....
so why is this happening?
Posted by
Saw this the other day...
Here are snack ideas...They expect you to eat frozen peas out of the bag.
Am I weird to think? HOW GROSS!
"9 Healthy Snacks for Dieters"
Ditching the celery sticks doesn't mean abandoning the whole food group. Frozen vegetables often taste better because they're not turning into starch, like their produce-aisle counterparts. Freezing vegetables seals in their naturally sweet flavor.
Half of a cup of peas has 55 calories and 3 g of fiber; the same amount of corn contains 72 calories with 2 g of fiber. The high-fiber and low-calorie-density combination means they're filling and satisfying, and the frozen part makes them interesting. They're firm, but not rock hard, and they melt in your mouth.
Why not tell people to go eat some cardboard or something?
Posted by
"Penn doctor endures fallout over fat jokes"
I am glad this guy got confronted and he backed down. It is time people say "This ends now!" He never would dare make fun of any other medical problem. Even with the apology, I never would take him for a doctor. Who wants someone who looks down on you? Sadly these humor articles by doctors trashing the fat are nothing new. I wrote about another article I saw. ....
I loved this quote:
"The last place an obese person should feel scared to go is a doctor's office, yet that's one of the top places where obesity bias is prevalent," said James Zervios, communications director for Obesity Action Coalition, the Florida-based advocacy group that marshaled protest last week after learning of Kelly's column.
Physician David L. Katz, a nutrition expert who founded Turn the Tide Foundation in 2007 to fight the obesity epidemic, has taken his colleagues to task for blaming weight struggles on the strugglers.
"Have you noticed that two-thirds of American adults and a rapidly rising proportion of the global population are overweight or obese?" Katz wrote in a recent Huffington Post column. "Has it not occurred to you that something larger than the will power or motivation of an individual might be in play?"
I believe doctor hatred of fat people is a risk to us. I am facing some issues lately where a doctor is not listening, and it's a specialist, who even ignored my parathyroid issues. He is the only specialist of his type in town, so now I may be forced to figure out a way to travel an hour, to see another doctor. He is good in treating one illness but ignores everything else. This is the guy that constantly berates me to get weight loss surgery. I really think some of these doctors do not see fat people as human. Some are not that smart in my opinion because they keep stupidly blaming the fat people which really is what accounts for the horrible failure in treating obesity.
I am actually getting scared for my wellbeing, thinking I may be now facing something really bad, that is not being dealt with [it involves intermittant severe abdominal pain, digestive issues and now kidney stones], because they just want to push me off as another supposedly overeating fat woman. I thought about doing a blog post on this, but will just mention it here, because it's scary and I do not know what is wrong. It could be nothing but then it could be something. It is sad when you have to read the Merck manual to figure out what is wrong with you while doctors sit around and drool. I have found my own doctor anxiety getting pretty high lately. I did get transfered to a new general doctor but do not know him yet to know how that will pan out. I am hoping he is smart and not prejudiced, and that he will be one of the good ones. I really need a good one right now.
Trust me even if you have already been diagnosed with endocrine issues, many of them do not want to listen to you. They act like auto mechanics, this one because my diabetic A1c score got back down to 6.7 has ignored other serious medical complaints. They knock you down to the lowest common denominator. I have to make phone calls today looking for a new specialist. My own father died being undiagnosed by them. Watching the guy from Philadelphia yuck it up is offensive beyond belief to me. I am at the point, I will have to order all my medical records and try to put the puzzle pieces together MYSELF, AGAIN.
Sometimes I ask myself: What is wrong with these people? Maybe medical school means money now and not intelligence for many of them. [Sorry to the few good doctors I have seen in this life time, but I am tired of the stupid ones]
'Sesame Street' unveils muppet to teach kids about hunger"
The iconic kids show is set to unveil a new impoverished puppet named Lily, whose family faces an ongoing struggle with hunger issues. Lily will be revealed in a one-hour Sesame Street primetime special, Growing Hope Against Hunger, which is being sponsored by Walmart. The special will star country singer Brad Paisley and his wife Kimberly Williams Paisley, as well as the Sesame Street Muppets.
“Food insecurity is a growing and difficult issue for adults to discuss, much less children,” said the Paisleys in a statement. “We are honored that Sesame Street, with its long history of tackling difficult issues with sensitivity, caring and warmth asked us to be a part of this important project.”
The special will share the stories of real-life families to raise awareness of hunger issues in the United States, as well as strategies that have helped these families find food. The United States Department of Agriculture estimates that 17 million American children — nearly 1 in 4 — have limited or uncertain access to affordable and nutritious food. Walmart is sponsoring the show as part of a $1.5 million grant toward the initiative and holding screenings in select communities.
I watched "Growing Hope Against Hunger". I thought it was a well done show. The ideas about gardening in the city were good ones. I wish community gardens were part of the landscape. I tried to grow tomatoes this summer at my apt complex but it just didn't work, them sitting outside on the landscaped lawn with the landlord's permission, I think they got a shot of weed killer, because the plants while they grew didn't make one tomato. It's hard when you are trying to work with no patio or real outdoor space of your own. When I moved here, I need a first floor apt, with no stairs and that was hard enough to find. My attempts to grow food indoors, have failed as well. I planted a row of pots, of different things, and only 1 out of 15 seeds sprouted. Still haven't figured that out. I used good soil and everything.
Food insecurity ironically is part of my fat life. A friend helped us with grocery money even this month, which sadly seemed to run out way too fast. There is a lot of time I open the refrigerator and it is empty, some old oranges, and old condiments, pickles, sometimes can be all that is in there. We have better months and shorter months considering husband's wavering freelance employment and the short ones can be difficult.
Sometimes when I am at some people's houses and see the lavish display of snacks, fruits, vegetables and meals that include even two choices for vegetables, it can be weird. I think why am I so fat and not them? Well as I have said before, my weight issues are better the more food I have access too. Less carbs? More choice? Who knows?
I think Sesame Street did help in terms of the severe economic issues out there, and showing families even previously middle class one's that are now poor. This was one rare show that was honest about it. While most shows on TV outside of the news showing the disaffected people holding demonstrations and a lot of that news was censored, very few are talking about the poverty in America. It is like the hidden elephant in the room. No one wants to talk about it.
I found myself thinking well at least during the first Depression, they admitted a depression was going on! I have books from that era, there were people writing President Roosevelt, and using the word "DEPRESSION". Back in those days, they started programs for jobs, where little people actually got some benefits. Now they just hand more billions to bankers.
Now we have the bread and circuses and Dances with the Stars and told the recession has "ended" when evidence of jobs or a real change is nil. And Obama is still sending jobs overseas signing a new NAFTA like deal with a few Pacific nations a few weeks ago. Still do not know why the liberals haven't put those dots together. I don't think much of the Tea party clan either that yells about all the "dead beats" and blames the poor of America, for the dying economy.
With the food pantries though I found Sesame Street idealistic. I have often wondered can beggars be choosers and have thought is there someone to write a letter too about the poor quality of the food pantries around here? I know they are hurting, but one wonders who is getting all the decent stuff warehoused at this one main center, and you show up and they give you cans so dented, you do not dare open them up, because you fear botulism. Still remember the soup can, that was basically smashed half way in. It was like the lady passing that stuff out was saying "Go away!"
The food is so bad, that sometimes you think what is the use? Why so many cookies and sweets too? It's not exactly the best stuff for a diabetic diet. Often times, the food pantries have a lot of junk food offered to them instead of the good stuff.
Mary Flynn, a nutritionist at Brown University, says the rate of obesity is higher in the low-income population because of what she calls the hunger/obesity paradox. High-calorie, low-nutrition foods tend to be relatively inexpensive, so it's not unusual for hungry people to also be overweight, she says.
Flynn says food banks do no favors dishing out the same cheap fare available at a corner store, particularly soft drinks. But even as a board member of a food bank in Rhode Island, she can't get the organization to completely refuse soda.
"I was told that, 'Well, we give it out because if we don't take it, we won't get other food from people when they're distributing it,' " she says.
I had a good small close-knit country church help us out that I belonged to for years with it's own sharing pantry among the congregation but had to move away from there due to economic forces. Many who have read this blog long enough know it was very painful to me to lose my last community, but what else can you do when homelessness looms and your household wouldn't be able to pay the rent? We would share each other's food. That is way it should be done, but that was a working class community facing poverty where they got it, not a place of indifference and eyes staring down from upturned noses just going through the motions.
The churches here, well, the whole system is centralized and not independent where it's caring and personal, and there seems to be no place where the dented cans and bad food doesn't prevail except one or two. Still remember our time at one large charity center being told because we dared to show up a third time [that year!] that we would have to take a budgeting class. My husband said, "How do you budget nothing"?
There is always that implicit stuff, that you are poor due to your own shortcomings. It gets insulting, but in a country where they are covering up what is happening, it's each individual at fault, instead of people looking at the bigger picture. What is sad even Angel Food Ministries has gone out of business via corruption. Over time you do figure out what places are helpful and what ones are not.
What is sad, in our case, we really only need occasional help. Maybe a few times a year at most, maybe once or twice now. There are people far worse off. Our need for the pantries has overall diminished, and the treatment we got in some places wasn't so good. You would think we had been outside with a begging cup every day. You learn to smile and keep your mouth shut to get what you need. By the way, we are people who "did everything right", went to college, worked hard. My husband works hard now. How many families are there now, hitting the food pantry circuit for the first time because of all the jobs that are gone?
Anyhow while I loved the sweetness and the true desire to help in the Sesame Street show, I laughed at the boxes of lavish fruits and vegetables passed out among the food pantries to the poor people by the puppets. This is the way things SHOULD be, but I never have seen it. It was a nice fantasy, but for most food pantry people, its heavy on the carbs, and lean meat and fresh fruits and vegetables are nonexistent. You are fortunate to get some cans of undented green beans and maybe some rice and spaghetti with spaghetti sauce that you can make a meal with. Well again beggars can't be choosers. What are you going to do complain when the cupboards are empty?
It was a good effort by Sesame Street and got the word out there. I sometimes think in communities, and churches, the best bet may be doing what my old church did, sharing extra food among yourselves, but you need to be in a closer-knit community where people share in the same socio-economic problems and just do not see a food pantry as needed "somewhere else". Community gardening is a trend that should grow. Landlords should provide community gardening space at apt. complexes. Share your extra food with those who need it. Sometimes one can find people handing out food on Freecycle. Look for deals and learn to cook. Cooking skills help when things get short, knowing how to make biscuits from scratch or using a crock pot to cook a piece of lean meat can save the day. Food prices are skyrocketing.
No one should be going hungry in the USA, you think of all the trillions spent on useless wars, the now "hidden" depression where the real unemployment rate has hit 25% [check out the website Zero Hedge , to read some of what is really going on] and it is sad and pathetic, there are children going without food out there, and families facing empty refrigerators or even worrying about keeping the rent paid. What is sad, is the problems are hidden, a large number of the country, and the rest has got those with still a little, downing "all the lazy deadbeats" when the simple fact is globalization and the de-industrialization of America, has taken the jobs away. That is something the ones in charge, do not want Americans even talking about.
The fact the food insecurity is going to be growing as a greater problem. There must be someone at Sesame Street who relates or went through poverty as a child. You know something has changed in America, when they have a new puppet facing poverty and food insecurity.
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"families from wealthier suburbs exercise more says social media"
Especially considering that study of poor vs wealthier neighborhoods, and how it affected people's weight, this is an interesting one too. If you have more money, you can purchase more leisure, afford sports, afford the travel to go hiking, etc. You also have the dependable transportation to make all this happen. I know thin families where the kids are on sports teams here in America, and the travel and expenses are immense.
So this won’t surprise anyone. Of course kids from wealthier households are more likely to do gymnastics, swimming club, ballet, soccer, hockey and all the other organised sports kids can participate in these days. Of course parents are more likely to be gym members, play tennis, have a round of golf or try yoga or pilates if they have the disposable income, time, childminding etc to do so. It doesn’t take Einstein to work this out.
It also doesn’t take Einstein to work out that more well to do neighbourhoods will have environments that are more conducive to outdoor activity (i.e. walking trails, bike paths, sports grounds, parks etc). Not only can families with lower incomes ill afford for kids to participate in pricey extra curricular activities but they also need the ability to transport kids to such activities and a parent or guardian who isn’t at work to take said children to said activities. Not to mention the parents themselves need the time and energy (as well as cash) to participate in organised physical activity. But I guess they need to do these studies to prove it beyond all doubt.
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Growing-up for goths
"Punks grow out of it and ravers stop raving. Why do goths just carry on? Sociologists can explain"
Dr Paul Hodkinson, deputy head of Surrey University's sociology department and an expert in youth music subcultures, has been re-interviewing a group of goths he first studied in the late 1990s to find out. "They were teenagers and in their early 20s then, and I thought it would be interesting to go back because a number of people do stay involved in the goth scene," he explains.
Though many people who belong to youth subcultures such as punk and rave tend to drift away in their 20s, Hodkinson says it's more likely that older goths will want to remain involved in the scene, even though it may become harder to combine with the responsibilities that come with age.
To outsiders, it's the visual markers of being a goth – long, dyed-black hair, black clothes, pale faces contrasted with dark, dramatic eye make-up –that stand out.
Years ago, I was a goth, my favorite bands of all time was Sisters of Mercy, and Mission UK and even industrial bands like Skinny Puppy. I wore nothing but black for at least a three year period of time and probably a life long interest in Victoriana got started around this time. Some of my outfits were interesting such as the one with black boots and a long black dress with row of buttons down the front with a cinched waist. While I never did the white face thing, and my sad budget precluded really taking the Propaganda magazine thing too far, I was into it enough to be called GOTH by others.
Today there would be far more clothing choices but back then, I wanted to gag at the clothing offered in your typical Lane Bryant and wanted some "cool" clothes. Silver jewelry formed the icing on the cake. In many ways, I was the sterotypical art student. Sometimes I wish I could go back in time, and shake that young girl, and say: "Hey don't give in to the manufactured rebellion and quit listening to that clinical depression causing music!" Go grow a garden or something! One sad thing about our society, is the many traps they have waiting for every variety of person to lead you to negative places.
Today given my religious viewpoints, I have given up goth-dom. I am no longer a goth. At my age it would be beyond silly though I guess there are still some 40 something goths out there. The idea makes me kind of laugh, I imagine a bunch of even more wrinkled up Robert Smith's sitting around. He looked like he aged out of it even by the 1990s.
Though my husband likes to joke, "Yes you still are, thats why you dress like its 1890". Ok you won't find me wearing a brightly colored sweater with a Christmas tree on the front of it, or pink sweats anytime soon but I found this Guardian article odd, because here in America, I do not see a bunch of old goths walking around.
I believe a fascination with dark things isn't so positive anymore. I wonder how many young fat girls become goths as a way to seek an identity or to be different or to even depart or speak against a world that condemns them? I definitely was one of them. In other words, if you are not acceptable in the mainstream world, why wouldn't you feel enticed to join a sub-culture where being an outcast is not such a bad thing?
I've seen this picture, webwide. I bleeped out the curse word on her shirt. I can understand this girl to a point because I was her, though I was too shy to cuss people out I didn't know and my dress style was very different, free of tattoos and more Victorian. What's with the odd anchor? The angry stance while one can understand given what young fat people go through probably doesn't help her make friends and influence people.
One wonders about all these subcultures. I noticed webwide there were jokes about fat goths, the lithe supposedly being only ones allowed to apply. I remember that, being fat and a goth especially in the 80's was kind of strange even when I was into it. Guess some of the goths don't want the fat people around even still. The ideal was lithe-thin, heroin addict looking dark circled eyes types, not big, fat and burly. Andrew Eldritch didn't date fat girls.
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"Once you are fat, you'll never get slim"
I have never seen someone who was previously fat become forever thin. Some dieters get down for a while but it always goes back up. The only person I know who used to be fat but became permanently thin is someone who had severe cancer and had half their intestines removed. Not exactly the way you want to do it.
The scientists, from the Medical Research Council's National Survey of Health and Development, have concluded it is better to avoid getting fat in the first place.
They followed 5,362 men and women from their birth in 1946 and 20,000 from birth in 1958, measuring their weight and blood pressure and assessing their lifestyles.
The researchers found both groups began gaining weight in the 1980s and have steadily increased in size ever since.
Dr Rebecca Hardy, the council's programme leader on body size, said: "Once people become overweight, they continue relentlessly upwards. They hardly ever go back down.
"A few lose weight but very few get back to normal. The best policy is to prevent people becoming overweight.
"For men (weight) goes up steadily through life. For women it starts slowly and accelerates in the mid-thirties," she added.
I wonder about preventative measures being important too, because it seems once the fat is there, it's far harder to get rid of. Also why aren't the scientists paying attention to the fact of lower metabolism among fat people? Metabolism is the ignored elephant in the room.
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see here too
"Obesity rates are about one-fifth lower in women who moved from poor neighborhoods into low-poverty neighborhoods than those who did not move, according to results from a federal housing program initiated in the mid-1990s."
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I found this one really interesting, it seems living in a dangerous crime-ridden neighborhood heightens obesity risk. I wonder how much of this is increased cortisol from the constant 'fight or flight" feelings one has living in such a place. When I had my weight gain , I lived in a more dangerous 'inner-city" neighborhood for around 4 and half years. Three of those years, I worked, but the last was when I was disabled.
One had to be tough to survive, we are talking a place where beggars would come up to you daily at the local bus stop, and where you could get jumped. I saw an armed robbery, got attacked--was able to fight off my attacker whose intentions were rape before anything too bad happened, and life was spent with constant crime, stress and knowing that your neighbors were not there to "help" you but often there to rob or take you for a ride. The times of being followed or being set up as a "would be" victim, were incredible. There was a meanness in every place, no mercy, no neighborly kindness just cruelty, get sick in a store and ask to use a bathroom, they would send you away. By the way, the most dangerous place was the subway stands and daring to leave the house after dark. Even the cab drivers and cable companies avoided my then neighborhood. One I befriended from meeting his cab in a neighboring better area, provided a lot of my transportation while others refused.
For many in these bad neighborhoods, life itself is filled with daily danger. Gang-bangers in the streets, beggars, and would be hustlers on the take everywhere you turn does not make for a pleasant life. Even the closed Chinese restaurant across the street from my ghetto apartment had homeless people sleeping on it's ledge with their shopping carts. Police cars filled the streets to bust the drug dealers across the way. It was despair, depression and fear all rolled up in one. When you did meet the occasional kind face, they were beaten down and poor too. Home life wasn't much better, I would see around 6-8 mice and rats a day run across the floors in the cramped 2 room apartment. Well at least with the rats and mice, there was no cockroaches.
Some may be in shock, that I would admit such poverty, often times in this culture, one is told to hide such a thing, lest it be a negative reflection on you, but I lived it, and it played an integral part in my health collapse and severe weight gain.
I did not end up there by choice, I moved to that big city to avoid homelessness after a teaching job lay off which led to a year of unemployment and underemployment, piecing together sub teaching jobs and fast food work, hoping I could jump onto a career track in social work and finish an already started paralegal degree. My first teaching job was grant-based and the grant had ended. [I had a bachelors degree from earlier on]. I did not drug or drink my way into this life, but slipped through the cracks and then some.
Later my family would help, but a older male relative at that time, was of the "let them sink or swim school" blaming me for my then growing weight, career failures and health problems. Looking back, even the pictures of my swollen face, hands and feet were extreme, I was sick before the move to this place even happened. My health had been rotten since college, denying me even regular teaching jobs from failing medical exams. This was during my mid 20s and during the mid 1990s.
My low residential counselor wages, while offering me training in self defense ironically and experience working with the very violent and mentally ill youth which served as being useful for street survival, just didn't pay the rent in a better part of town. $350-450 dollar a month rent in that particular metropolitan city meant living in dangerous neighborhoods. My take home pay was a lousy average $1000 a month. Transportation was very expensive as well, even a trip just down the road could cost 6 dollars to even just get there. Which made life much more narrow, and activities more dear. I know that impacted things too.
I do believe that my weight gain came about from severe economic stresses and what I faced day to day, and my endocrine system saying "I am out of here!"
That is one thing they do not tell people, live in a constant state of vigilance, and fear and the body is pumping cortisol like gang-busters even in normal healthy people. This is one reason I believe obesity is far higher in impoverished populations in America. Add to that endocrine disease and the use of steroids to control serious breathing problems and it was the set up for the snowball to run right down the hill. They should do a study of the obesity differences between huge teeming cities and more rural areas, would be of interest. When humans live in concrete jungles, health diminishes. How much of the obesity epidemic is based on the bad environment so many are being forced to live in? In other words, its not you that is "sick", it is your surroundings and their impact on you.
They mention the lack of access to healthy food, that plays a part. In the ghetto, you have the corner stores full of snack foods and the food is of far lower quality even in the bigger grocery stores. That's where they send the rotten produce and meat. I have seen it with my own eyes. No cab money to get to the decent grocery store in the neighboring suburbs? You are stuck with the little store across the street that sells ramen noodles and hotdogs and one dying onion in the bin by the door. By the way, the poverty brokers like the food pantries and rest, aren't passing out fresh fruit and vegetables, you are getting the most processed carbohydrate rich foods possible. This is true across the board and even applied to later communities. Who decided the poor should just eat endless boxes of spaghetti, beans, and rice?
I believe poverty itself in this society which does not offer strong social networks, stable jobs or communities anymore, jacks up ones cortisol levels to the ceiling especially when crime rates rise. I know how I feel when the budget is always strained to the breaking point or weeks where I am trying to assemble meals from the dregs from the refrigerator, and it's always the good stuff that disappears the fastest. Often the very poor do not have resources to even cook decently. Slumlords do not care about making sure your stove works. I was forced to cook with an old microwave and one plug in spiral during these years. No baking bread, I didn't have a bread pan, or gardening there either, there was no land to be had or patio.
Life in the ghetto stunk. I often think to myself if I had been a woman of normal socio-economic means, that my life would have turned out far different. For me obesity is automatically tied to food insecurity and opening an empty fridge and realizing that week there is no money for food. Some may say, how does one get so fat, having no food? Wouldn't it be the opposite, but I often wonder how my 1 meal a day lifestyle, during my worse years of poverty affected my metabolism? Even now, during the wealthier times, I know the weight dips. More food and more variety for me means, better weight loss and control of hunger. More money means more activities. Today I am provided for and God responds to my needs, but those times have stayed with me.
There is a reason I escaped to a very small town, a town I still miss right now. Watching its economic demise, was very difficult. This place is too urban for my tastes though I live in a safer more affluent neighborhood here by default. But I know it's important to pay more rent even for my health and well-being, but live with a life long fear now of living in a place where just leaving your front door, means the predators are upon you. I have decided if I am ever that poor again, that I will hop on a bus to a middle of nowhere small town and rent a room. Learning the hard lesson that peace and safety come first came too late for me.
The night before we escaped to a small town for almost 10 years, I still remember the gun shots at 5 am. Bang Bang Bang! probably some sort of gang fight down the street. I was very glad to be getting out.
Being poor does make you fat. The elitist size acceptance types can claim that obesity isn't a disease or ignore the poverty and obesity quotients. No hobbling to the bus stop for them worrying about getting jumped. They live in another world. Sadly because of their elitism, those who suffer from obesity and are poor and who live in neighborhoods like this still will go unheard. At least I am one of the lucky ones who escaped.
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PCOS: How Does It Affect Women?
As I detailed in my 400lb weight gain blog entry , I am diagnosed with PCOS, and also two other thyroid and endocrine conditions, mine is so bad, they considered adrenal tumors, and I do have high cortisol though one Cushings expert I consulted with considered that as coming from other factors including the severity of my PCOS.
I am glad this article, talks about how PCOS needs to be taken seriously as a life long illness not just a "mild" condition that interferes with fertility. In my case, at least three endocrinologists have told me I have PCOS in one of it's most severe forms and could have one of the worse cases in the country. My signs of the condition actually showed up with brown spots, even while I was near normal size by the age of 13 but I would not be diagnosed til age 30, after my severe weight gain. Endocrine and autoimmune diseases in general are in my family.
Psychologically, PCOS is a brutal condition.
In its most severe form, a woman is stripped of nearly everything that society sees as womanly, a "theft of womanhood," as some sources call it. She probably is very fat, balding, has a mustache or other facial hair, has acne and body tags, doesn't cycle regularly, and has difficulty having children. She is seen as sexually unattractive, epitomizes the image of the "ugly" woman in our society, and is the object of many jokes and much derision in the media. Is it any wonder some women find this condition incredibly demoralizing?
Adding into this is the lack of understanding around PCOS as a condition. Even when you have an official diagnosis, some friends and family consider it a dubious finding. In their view, you're just looking for an excuse for being fat, crying about how your "bad metabolism" causes your obesity, instead of taking responsibility for your supposedly poor eating. They roll their eyes or accuse you of closet binge-eating instead.
My family was good about it, because they knew my body worked differently especially as I grew older and had more problems. My periods had totally disappeared by age 19 unless I took a drug like birth control pills or Provera to force one.
I have to admit this part is very true. I know most except my husband, best friend, and relatives who have lived with me, do not believe me about my eating habits. Some of the better doctors admit my severe metabolic problems but information about PCOS is woefully limited even in the medical community:
Doctors often don't believe you if you tell them you eat normally either, thinking you must be in denial about your eating, or that you are too uneducated about "proper" nutrition to really understand how to eat healthy. Furthermore, the shopping cart and food intake of a woman with PCOS are under continuous scrutiny and criticism, adding constant stress to daily life. The "obese" woman with PCOS always feels on the defensive about her food or exercise habits.
This disbelief about their experiences and the burden of constant surveillance often takes a considerable toll on PCOS women's self-esteem. And for those who truly do struggle with eating disorders after years of dieting, the shame around dealing with that on top of PCOS can be overwhelming.
She goes on to talk about educating care providers and others about PCOS. Her summation is very important here. I would like to see that change too.
Because of its implications for long-term health, PCOS deserves to be taken seriously, regardless of the patient's age or whether or not they want children. It needs to be seen as a life-long condition, not just a concern tied to pregnancy.
I am going to print this article out when I get a chance. Please do read it.
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Only The Positive Side of Fatness Can Be Discussed?
I knew size acceptance was bad with the censorship even years ago, but didn't know how hard and fast their ideological rules held or had grown over the ten years, I was totally detached from their world. I found this written about my blog. She had commented on that other blog in dispute with my own.
I have realized most likely I will be avoiding all size acceptance blogs, why bother if talking to these people is like talking to brick walls? I will still be on the outlook for fellow independent thinkers.
If anyone who is in my size category reads this blog, please honestly look at what I have faced, they do not want you in their movement, you disprove their false theories. Actually given I stand against discrimination against the overweight, their incredible block-headed positions that refuse to "LISTEN" have been astounding. I am ok with people who are happy to be fat, who never want to go on a diet again but explaining things from my perspective, is a perspective, they want nothing to do with. I often have said sometimes the worse hatred for the super-sized person, can come from the midsized crowd, and while I have friends of all sizes from the extremely thin to even at or near the weights I have been, you meet the types, who fear being you. You represent their deepest fears, thus the automatic loathing, anger and more. I know this is true in the hyper-radical circles of size acceptance. The claims of "you only think of yourself"--the world doesn't revolve around YOU, is just more distraction.
Let's begin addressing her points:
Every now and then, someone will make the rounds of FA blogs and basically criticize fat acceptance for being fat acceptance. They want to talk about how much they hate being fat. They want to discuss a cure for obesity that doesn’t involve dieting or surgery. They don’t BLAME fat people, of course. They just want them to stop being fat because it obviously is an unhealthy, unhappy existence. They want to talk about the “other side” of obesity.
It is interesting she mentions this as a recurring theme. I suppose they have driven off fat people like myself they wish to silence or well refuse to listen to. I guess I live an odd life, in that I can have interesting conversations with people on the liberal to the conservative spectrum, I guess I do not get this new American tendency to shut out those who do not fit your specific demographic but these women, seem even unable to engage. Their immediate reaction is to say, GO AWAY!, hands slapped over both ears. Now why is that? Where have I EVER said I want anyone to stop being fat as if I dream of a dystopian world of thin-only people? That is hyperbole to the max. As I wrote on another blog entry what is wrong with a cure? None of them ever answered that. Strange how they never have an answer to such questions.
No I do not blame fat people but obviously this person BLAMES me, for not being the super-healthy, extremely happy fat icons she only accepts in her inner circle. That is yet another level of extreme hypocrisy. As I have said on this blog, if you are dealing with severe obesity, your very existence threatens their whole fat acceptance house of sticks.
Our culture is full of opportunities of discuss the “other side” of obesity.
Where? Is she telling me I have to slink back to the diet mongers and fat haters, because I will not drink the fat acceptance Kool-Aid, slap a smile on my face and hide the truth? Is that what she desires of anyone who speaks the truth about fat? I have to pick one side of the other? Where on the web matches this blog?
That “other side” of obesity is all that really gets discussed.
Where? There are things I discuss on this blog that have been discussed nowhere else.
It is fat acceptance that is the “other side” of obesity. Because of the near total opposition to our ideas, we have created safe spaces to discuss the positive side of being fat, how to live a satisfying life while fat, and advocating for fat rights as we are.
Ironic how she brings up safe spaces, safe spaces with bars on the windows, maybe... I can address that, pretty bluntly. I am a very large woman, I agree with them about being against the discrimination and functioning at your best while fat, but WHAM, down comes the boom for my other viewpoints regarding obesity or even sharing factual aspects of my life. By the way, she can try to portray me as a woeful victim that should be shoved over the shining fat happy people boat but I am not. This is why I can confront these people in these lies. I am not the type to slink off, and say, "Oh I am sorry." No, I am not sorry for sharing my experiences, or for questioning the status quo.
We discuss what it is like to be fat as well as [insert intersectional identity here]. Yet even this is too much for people opposed to FA. We do not do enough to talk about the “other side” of obesity.
What is "intersectional identity"? Sometimes this liberal new academic speak escapes me. I discuss what it is like to be fat at the higher weights, and she does not like it. She wants it hidden? Why? One thing about this blog, being this weight and stepping out to admit what it is really like is not easy. The world screams at you to go back in your hole and shut up! Well these fat acceptance denizens are the leaders of that.
Well, guess what. That’s not what we do. That’s not what we’re about.
So what are you about? Certainly not being welcoming to people of all sizes of fat.
From what I can tell you are about imposing censorship, control of free speech, thought control, dumbed down thinking, and more disrespect towards those who are in the higher weights.
If you want to do that, go someplace else. FA is not for you, apparently,
Well she is right, FA is not a movement for me, it has become a movement of hyper-liberal elitist radicals from what I can tell who care nothing about the opinions, lives, feelings or realities of those they pretend to represent. If she thinks her arrogant support in the sending me off from that other blog, speaks well for her FA movement, it does not. In fact, it only helps my theory, that FA remains a small exclusive, rejected movement because of these traits.
and there is nothing I can do about that. But I am not oppressing you by not allowing you to hijack my blog for a purpose to which I am opposed.
She can't handle one disagreement? What purpose is that? Does she even know what my purpose is? She seems to miss that by a mile. I want real help and support for fat people, not a bunch of "Up with Fat" nonsense brokers.
For the record, you do not HAVE to like being fat, disabled, or anything else you happen to be.
Who on the planet would like being over 500lbs? Who on the planet would like being disabled? thin or fat? I would like to ask that of her friend too over on Fat Heffalump? Isn't she angry over the fact that I am questioning the whole be happy about being fat paradigm? It just doesn't fit for all of us.
You don’t have to agree with me or any other FA blogger. You don’t have to do anything, and it’s not my job to live your life for you. I provide options and alternative views. It’s not about “oppressing” you.
Hey she can say and do what she wants. I have the right to ban anyone I do not want from this blog too, and yes it is my life. I have the freedom to say she and those like her are WRONG.
But at least I live my life free not letting others tell me what to say, do and be. Their censorship of fat people speaks for itself.
I am glad I left the fat acceptance movement. This is total evidence of what it has become. Where is the acceptance in fat acceptance? Only perky younger midsized women who have good health need apply who can sing the praises of fat to each other and live in delusion land. Now what is interesting is how closed they are to any other opinions.
I have realized engagement with these folks, is a waste of time, so dear reader, you probably will not hear of any more personal battles with them, but I will still write against the two sided set of lies when it comes to obesity. By the way I am not the first one who has encountered this, they do ban anyone [fat or thin] who questions their theories.
Even on the Dead of Winter blog , looks like I am not the first she has pushed off...as for the delusions they remain entrenched:
I have said it before and I will say it again. Fat does not cause health or mobility problems, so curing fat would do no good. We could make all fat people thin, or at least less fat, and the health issues would remain. Even if it did, we cannot make people permanently thin in a safe way.
I have realized some today are just unable to think.
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Michigan To Require Body Weight Reports on Kids.
And this as far as I know is a Republican governor who a friend told me is stripping away all the social services in that area, and giving tax breaks to mega-corporations. Interesting what he wants to spend the money on isn't it? This is the first state reported to have an actual registry.
Michigan Gov. Rick Snyder plans to direct doctors in his state to begin monitoring the body weight of their young patients and provide the data to a new state registry, in one of the most extensive government efforts to address the growing problem of pediatric obesity, the Associated Press has learned.
The move would help track the state's growing obesity problem while opening the way for doctors to be more proactive in offering advice, Snyder spokeswoman Sara Wurfel told The Associated Press on Tuesday. The Republican governor will announce the initiative Wednesday as part of his proposal for improving Michigan residents' health.
The body mass index statistics for patients under 18 would be reported to the Michigan Care Improvement Registry but the children's identity would remain anonymous. The state already requires doctors to report how many children are immunized.
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What is wrong with a FAT CURE?
I am not talking about turning everyone anorexic, but the size acceptance and fat acceptance crowd seem to be angry at me for desiring a fat cure that works. In fact it infuriates them.
As they hit their block buttons or erase my posts or tell me to go away, I have seen that complaint time and time again, "Five Hundred Pound Peep, wants a fat cure! How dare she!".
Hey the world of the midsized where fatness means having to buy your cute clothes at a special store and maybe getting a bit huffy on the third set of stairs, really can't relate to my world.
IF they came up with a fat cure, one that worked and didn't kill, maim, include torture, severe hunger, and worked in the long term, I'd be on it like a mouse on the biggest piece of cheddar cheese. Who could blame me?
They are crazy if they think someone at my weight and who has been near 700lbs, is going to sing the praises of fat
So wonder fat people have it so hard now.....caught between these two ends...
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Please suggest websites HERE
I want my readers to suggest some fat blogs and other places where independent thinkers are wanted and where one can disagree with aspects of fat acceptance but not be censored or told to shove off, in ten different ways. It's not like I am going to go hang out on a Weight Watchers forum. I am tired of the same Kool-Aid drinkers over and over. I want a place where I can discuss obesity freely as MYSELF without having to subscribe to the party line and where I can have discussions with real people not just shrill ideologues. This blog does have multiple thousands of page views a month and it's growing, so I know people are reading out there. There has to be some options between the LOSE WEIGHT OR YOU STINK crowd and the FAT IS GREAT DELUSION PARTY....
Thanks.
The Bus is No Fun
Some months ago I saw some extreme liberal types saying that cities should do away with all cars , there have been initiatives actually taken in Europe. All I can think is to be sick, or old in such places means your life is now going to be very limited. Remember even scooting around on one of those Segway's means you need a bit of balance and a more average body weight of under 250lbs. I find such suggestions elitist too, until you are hiding behind a brick wall at a city bus stop from the armed robber with a sawed off shotgun too, all suggestions for people to give up their cars everywhere is nuts and seems to be idealistic nonsense from the young and very healthy.
Such types never think about how does one grocery shop for the week, and carry all the bags home? You simply can't, you are left to two bags at a time and at least grocery shopping every 2 days and if you are weak and sick that means being able to carry less, and dealing with angry people on the bus, where along with your fat body they resent enough, they squish your groceries as they squeeze by you. I lived life without a car for five years, and let's just say today, I would seriously consider giving up paying rent before living without a car again.
I had to ride the bus for five years in a huge metro city and didn't own a car, which was a nightmare for a woman especially towards the end who could barely walk, just even going 5 miles down the road cost me so much money, I quite going out as much. Just going to the library in a neighboring suburb, it cost 4 dollars for the cab, 1.50 for the subway to get up there, and another 2.00 on the bus to get down the street to the waiting trains. 8 bucks just to leave the house and go to a library that was about 5-6 miles away! Life there became a nightmare.
Another example was getting to the discount grocery store, two bus routes, with a 30 minute bus stop wait in between time. I couldn't even stand long enough to make that happen. That is thing that scares me about the weight gain , I had to walk everywhere, and still grew fat, even with this "increased exercise". Often they would turn off the escalators and in this huge city, elevators or any accomodations for the disabled were horrible, there was one time when I was over 600lbs and returning home from out of town, found myself in front of a "turned off" handicapped elevator three flights under ground after getting off a subway. I had no choice but to crawl up the stairs, coughing, wheezing and holding on to the railing for dear life.
As I got sicker and relented, I signed up with the disability driver service, where they pick you up in a van, you called in your times three days ahead of time. They abandoned me so much, and so badly, it really was no option at all. This included being left for 5 hours at one library before I decided to hitchhike to get to a bus stop to get me home. Endless calls, and begging to be picked up did not work--[I had not made a mistake, both times were on their list, but got constant excuses] I do not recommend hitchhiking, it is dangerous, I used to try to ask women to give me rides, and offering at least 5 dollars to do so having no other choice to get home. Due to the combination of not being able to walk well [at some of the highest weight stratospheres], and low on funds, I was forced to do this at least a few times.
One thing about public transporation that is not talked about, especially if one has to use it in let's say less genteel areas, is that open harrassment of the fat, can happen. It happened to me. It got so bad, I had to learn to fight verbally and also ward off physical attacks, which ranged from having a woman grab me around my stomach and screaming: "You are so fat!!!, you'd be pretty without this" to having a teen gang literally threaten me while I minded my own business to the point, I talked the bus driver into dropping me off in front of a police station where I called a cab to get to where I needed to go.
Even the cab drivers could be fat adversive, while some were friendly other's would try to refuse me a ride when I was at the highest weights. I did fit in the cabs but still remember the day one cabbie, told me "You can't get in my cab, you are too fat and will break the springs!". Exhausted and having waited for a cab for an hour already with no place to sit, I sat down in his cab, and refused to move and told him he could call the cops or take me home. He chose to take me home.
Today even though I weigh less, the sheer physical demands of depending on public transportation would be far more then I could do. But there was more, the worse part was dealing with the PUBLIC.
There was other bad stuff I saw too, let's just say criminal behavior which I believe if I hadn't had the career I had, being trained to deal with violent youth, with some of the inherent street smarts that came from that, I'd be just a statistic now. In other words, self defense was an important asset of life to me. I saw a woman referring to fat women as "limping gazelles" when it comes to predatory men and well, if you are superfat, and in a public area that is not a kind one, you are more vulnerable. They know you can't run very well.
I was not surprised to see this... Where this woman talks about being verbally attacked on a bus. The article is good, though I would not explain myself so much to a person who lacks basic civility. I had that happen too, hoots and insults, and sometimes just getting on a big city bus was a nightmare. I did befriend one bus driver and sat up next to him, for my main bus route, which lowered trouble quite a bit, but of course he was not there for all shifts or routes.
Thankfully today, I no longer have to deal with the "public" on public transporation and my household has a car. I know it does serve an important interest, poor people without any bus or local based busing system, need something for transportation, so I am not against public transportation, Dial-A-Ride buses, county transport serve very important uses, but for super-fat people there can be added difficulties.
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This Space is NOT FOR YOU!
Maybe while I do agree with no discriminating against fat people, and standing up for them, I should totally detach myself from anything size acceptance. What is odd is some of them will speak to their rights, their voices, but if someone has a differing opinion all those *liberal* ideals about "tolerance" go flying out the window. I basically wrote in this discussion I did not agree with the concept of 'fat identity". Do thin people walk around identifying as 'thin people" everywhere they go? Hey my name is Joe, happy to meet you, I am a thin person!"
The more you comment, the more I think this space is not for you. You seem determined to try to form other people to your standards, rather than defining your own standards. Fat Acceptance isn’t a service to take charge of your life for you, it’s about finding your own space, your own voice and your own path. That’s what I’m doing here with MY space, MY voice and MY path. It’s not my job to speak for you.
They have the right to identify themselves as anything they please, even Martian, that is what free speech is all about but what is wrong with me sharing my viewpoint about how the fat identity stuff, seems to be just another trap, and making one's physical nature much more important then it should be? That's MY VOICE. What is odd, is why they defend their voice, their space, they do not allow for others which is hypocritical to the max. They never expect ANYONE to disagree with them?
Just do you know, Five-Hundred Pound Peep has been making the rounds of FA blogs basically criticizing fat acceptance for being fat acceptance. She came onto my blog more than once to tell me that FA was wrong for encouraging fat pride, for not wanting a cure for obesity, and a number of other things I won’t get into right now. The point is she is against much of what FA stands for and is demanding that FA allow her their spaces to promote those points of view.
They are right I do not agree with all the mandates of "fat acceptance". What kind of frightens me lately is how so many of them think totally alike, and do not want to hear any other opinions, even those of other fat people, even someone as fat as myself. It's not like I am going to scream at them "Go on a diet!" or something. It is insane. This just gives more credence to my theory that fat acceptance has become a socio-political deception of it's own. Question anything and they consider you "out" and scream at you on their message boards; "This space is not for you!"
Is there any other blog out there of independent-thinking fat people who reject the diet nonsense but haven't drank the fat acceptance Kool-Aid, who just want to censor anyone that makes them feel uncomfortable? I'm over 500lbs for goodness sakes, 522lbs as of last month, 545lbs in April, it's not like I'm a fashion model showing up at their blog to tell them to go on a diet and shut up! But they sure want me to shut up! [What is scary is I had left posts of agreement on there too, and even linked to her blog on my website]
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We Swim in a Sea Of Chemicals
Please read this book:
I am mid-way through it, and already astounded, I had wondered where all the lightening bugs and inch worms of my youth went, and was thinking about that the other day. It may be the chemically treated lawns, that basically kills everything off including the earthworms.
Even the plastic containers we are eating, drinking, and storing our food in haven't been tested for safety and are full of chemicals, that are already deemed harmful to human beings. I had worried about the bad habit I had of microwaving left overs in this plastic bowl instead of getting out the heavier glass ones. Then there is problems with food itself and what is being added, chemicals leaching from lining on cans. He addresses the concerns about endocrine disruptors.
Here is a book review:
We all know by now — don’t we? — that many of the synthetic chemicals in our food, personal-care and cleaning products, toys and household goods are harming not just the environment but ourselves. Body-burden tests, for measuring exposure to chemicals, reveal flame retardants, plasticizers, pesticides and perfluorinated chemicals in the blood of almost every person studied. We see rising rates of some cancers, autoimmune disorders, reproductive illnesses, autism and learning disabilities. Meanwhile, our consumption of synthetic chemicals, a majority of which haven’t been tested for human health impacts, has skyrocketed. A growing number of books make the case that these phenomena are linked.
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This could be applied to so many things....
Saw this quoted on a political website...[I corrected some of the spelling]
Basically, in politics, most Americans are addled little children, believing in mystery cults....refusing to face the reality that almost all US politicians belong to the same clique and that US politics, for the most part, is nothing but Kobyki theater for the dumbed down masses, while the graft and theft goes on without a hiccup.
We know the whole fat thing is like a mystery cult.
We are expected to suspend reality, and believe what they tell us, that all fat people are all at fault, that a perfect diet, food, exercise, would end all our fat problems tommorow even though for decades it hasn't worked, 95% plus still fail, and the same nonsense dance goes on and on. Isn't the definition of insanity doing what doesn't work over and over?
And the exploitation of the fat has plenty of graft and theft behind it....
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Hormone-Orexin May Help Control Weight Gain Study Finds
That lucky friend of yours — the one who barely gains weight when eating the same things you eat, even though your waistline expands — might have a hormone called orexin to thank.
A new study shows that mice deficient in orexin, which is produced in the brain, gained more weight when fed the same high-fat diet as mice that weren't deficient in the hormone.
Supplementing this hormone may be one way to help people lose weight, the researchers suggested, though the new findings are preliminary.
The hormone helps stave off weight gain because it's involved in the body's production of brown fat, which burns calories rather than storing them as white fat does, the study showed.
"Without orexin, mice are permanently programmed to be obese. With it, brown fat is activated and they burn more calories," said study researcher Devanjan Sikder, an assistant professor in Sanford-Burnham Research Institute, in Lake Nona, Fla.
The study is published today (Oct. 4) in the journal Cell Metabolism
It is interesting too how it is brained based. They better be careful with this one because it influences sleep and arousal states too.
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Craving Salt
Why am I craving salt so badly?
I want to eat tons of pickles. I ate a few dill pickles the last few days but bloated. They make me feel less pukey when digestion is acting up. I seriously FEEL better when I eat a bit of salt. I noticed on my last labs my chloride was running low but that could be from water pills. The doctors seem to be overlooking this. They probably see me as some addled fat woman who wants to lick out the potato chip bag. Well first of all I am allergic to potatoes and second of all while I like the olives, the pickles come first and they are very low in calories.
Sometimes I think they tell over-play the salt is bad for you thing...What if that is another deception? You know the same kind of logic that poured fluoride into the nation's drinking water? You know what is funny, you read about the pioneers and others, and they are eating sauerkraut, things marinated in salt to preserve them--beef jerky, dried salmon and more and no one died of too much salt. Could salt really be that bad?
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i don't know
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Which 'BRIC' country re-elected female president Dilma Rousseff of the Workers' Party, 2014?
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Rousseff re-elected as President of Brazil | The BRICS Post
Brics Business RSS
Latest
Rousseff re-elected as President of Brazil
October 27, 2014, 1:17 am
Supporters of the Brazil’s President and candidate for Workers Party, Dilma Rousseff, celebrate in Paulista Avenue, in Sao Paulo, Brazil, on Oct. 26, 2014 [Xinhua]
President Dilma Rousseff of Brazil has won a second term in Brazil, taking 51.64 percent of the vote to 48.36% for centrist Aecio Neves.
It was a particularly tight race , with the two candidates technically tied for much of the three weeks of the second round, but Rousseff surged ahead during the last few days.
Election data showed that most of Rousseff’s votes came from the poorer north and northeast, where social programs begun by former-President Lula and continued by Rousseff, both of the Workers’ Party (PT), have lifted millions from poverty . Wealthy population centres in the south and southeast, where people were more concerned about economic stagnation and foreign investment, tended to vote for Neves, speaking to a polarisation along class lines that has characterised much of the race.
“She’s done so much for the poorest people in the northeast,” said Elisia Cardozo Barbosa, 46, a housewife in Brasília. “For me personally, food, meat is cheaper and better quality, medication is cheaper. Lots of things have improved for us.”
Much of the PT’s campaign had focused on these social programs, suggesting in attack ads that Neves would have reduced or eliminated them.
“In the end [the people] decided for what they know,” said Sonia Fleury, political scientist at the Getulio Vargas Foundation. “They chose a government which they know is capable of assuring employment and a minimum wage compatible with inflation, and for giving guarantees to the programs that are important to the poor, and to the workers.”
In a victory speech in Brasília on Sunday night, Rousseff acknowledged that her victory had been narrow, and cited political reform as a priority for her second mandate.
“Sometimes, in history, close results produce stronger and faster changes than wide victories,” Rousseff said. “Among the reforms necessary, the first and most important is political reform.”
Political reform was one of the demands of the country-wide protests that swept Brazil in June 2013 , bring at their peak some 1 million people onto the streets. Rousseff attempted to pass a “mini-reform” shortly afterwards but faced serious opposition from congress.
With such a narrow victory, passing something so complex and contentious as political reform is likely to be even more difficult now. Rousseff’s first challenge, said Fleury, would be to build an effective governing coalition, and create dialogue with the opposition.
“She will have a very hard time,” said Fleury. “She must remake her links to the PT supporters, and build bridges, because statistically she must consider the opposition,”
Rousseff also declared a “rigorous commitment to combat corruption.”
Rousseff’s bid for reelection has been hampered by an emerging corruption scandal at state-run oil giant Petrobras which allegedly saw politicians receive kickbacks from contracts in return for congressional votes. Just a few days ago, rightwing magazine Veja published accusations that Rousseff knew about this scheme.
The race has been very eventful. Marina Silva, who came third, entered the race only after former-Brazilian Socialist Party (PSB) candidate Eduardo Campos was killed in a plane crash . Her powerful backstory as a former-rubber tapper from the Amazon, and her call for a “new politics,” quickly pushed her to the front of the polls. But following attacks and some campaign blunders, she lost momentum and and was eliminated in the first round of the election on October 5.
In a short speech after he conceded, Neves said that he was “grateful” to everyone who had voted for him, and that he wished Rousseff success in her new government.
Lucy Jordan in Brasilia, Brazil for The BRICS Post.
One Response to Rousseff re-elected as President of Brazil
Maureen Greicius
October 27, 2014 at 2:56 pm
Good luck to Dilma and her upcoming term. Good luck on the corruption.
Leave a Reply
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Brazil
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Youku Tudou is (early 2000s) China's most popular?
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President Dilma Rousseff of Brazil
Date of Birth: 14 December 1947
Birth Place: Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Political Party: Workers' Party
Arrival in Power: 1 January 2011
Religion: Roman Catholic
Profession: Economist
Biography:
Dilma Rousseff was born in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, in 1947. Dilma Rousseff is the current President of Brazil and the first female to hold this post in the history of Brazil. Dilma Rousseff studied Economics at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul.
Before beginning her professional career and conducting her university studies, Dilma Rousseff was involved in left-wing resistance movements, against the military government of the 1960's, Dilma Rousseff was eventually arrested for her involvement in guerilla activities. She was released from prison in 1972, and eventually graduated from university in 1977. Following her graduation Dilma Rousseff served in several functions related to the field of economics and tied to the government of the province of Rio Grande do Sul. Following this she would serve in several more prominent positions in the municipal and state levels, she served as the Secretary of Energy for the province of Rio Grande do Sul.
In 2003 Dilma Rousseff was appointed as the Minister of Mines and Energy for Brazil by then president Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva. During her time in this position she is credited with expanding Brazil's electrical capacity as well as increasing access to electricity. She also implemented rules that required Petrobras to build it's drilling rigs domestically and other vessels, which created a new shipbuilding industry in Brazil and created tens of thousands of jobs. In 2005 she became the Chief of Staff to da Silva, a position she held until her bid to the presidency in 2010. Dilma Rousseff went on to win the presidential elections and became the first female President of Brazil on January 1st 2011.
Dilma Rousseff was re-elected as Brazil's President in October 2014, defeating Aecio Neves in a second round runoff.
Thoughts & Comments
Updated on: January 21st, 2015
Former President of Brazil
Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva
Date of Birth: 27 October 1945
Birth Place: Caetes, Brazil
Arrival in Power: 1 January 2003
Religion: Roman Catholic
Profession: Metalworker, Politician, Union Worker
Biography:
Luiz Inacio da Silva was born in Caetes, Brazil, in 1945. Luiz Inacio da Silva was the 35th President of Brazil and held the post since 2003. Although he has little formal education, Luiz Inacio da Silva started working in factories when he was 14 years old and saw for himself the conditions of the working class. It is during this time that he became involved with trade unions.
Following his time in factories and has a union leader, he joined politics in 1980, to form a the new left political party called the Workers' Party. Luiz Inacio da Silva participated in several political initiative, to make brazil's electoral system more open and fair. Luiz Inacio da Silva ran for president in 1994 and 1998 and was defeated on both occasions. Luiz Inacio da Silva won the 2002 elections and the 2006 elections and his nearing the end of his last term, Brazil is set to obtain a new president at the end of 2010.
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i don't know
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What whole number is the fourth root of 2,401?
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Fourth Roots Calculator
Fourth Roots Calculator
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Calculator Use
Use this calculator to find the fourth root of a number. It accepts inputs of real numbers for the radicand. This online calculator is set up specifically to calculate 4th root. To calculate any root of a number use our Nth Root Calculator .
For complex or imaginary solutions use Simplify Radical Expressions Calculator .
Fourth Roots
Fourth root of 1 is ±1
Fourth root of 16 is ±2
Fourth root of 81 is ±3
Fourth root of 256 is ±4
Fourth root of 625 is ±5
Fourth root of 1296 is ±6
Fourth root of 2401 is ±7
Fourth root of 4096 is ±8
Fourth root of 6561 is ±9
Fourth root of 10000 is ±10
De Moivre's Theorem
for k = 0, 1, ..., n-1
\( \sqrt[n]{1} = cos\dfrac{2k\pi}{n} + sin\dfrac{2k\pi}{n} \, i \)
\( \sqrt[n]{-1} = cos\dfrac{(2k+1)\pi}{n} + sin\dfrac{(2k+1)\pi}{n} \, i \)
Fourth Root of a Negative Number
Find the fourth root of negative 81 with n=4 for the 4th root.
Solution:
\( = \; \sqrt[4]{81} \cdot \sqrt[4]{ -1 } \)
\( = \; 81^{\frac{1}{4}} \cdot (-1)^{\frac{1}{4}} \)
Using DeMoivre's Theorem we get the equation
\( \small{= 81^{\frac{1}{4}} \cdot \left(cos\left(\dfrac{(2k+1)\pi}{4}\right) + sin\left(\dfrac{(2k+1)\pi}{4}\right)i\right)} \)
Solving our equation for k=0 to k=n-1 (for k = 0, 1, 2 and 3);
The roots of \( \sqrt[4]{-81} \) are:
\( 2.12132034 + 2.12132034i \)
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seven
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Which statesman used the Russian maxim 'doveryai, no proveryai' ('trust, but verify') to ease US/USSR negotiations at the end of the cold war?
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Real nth root of real numbers - MATLAB nthroot
Real nth root of real numbers
example
Y = nthroot( X , N ) returns the real nth root of the elements of X. Both X and N must be real scalars or arrays of the same size. If an element in X is negative, then the corresponding element in N must be an odd integer.
Examples
Find the real cube root of -27.
nthroot(-27, 3)
For comparison, also calculate (-27)^(1/3).
(-27)^(1/3)
The result is the complex cube root of -27.
Calculate Several Real Roots of Scalar
Create a vector of roots to calculate, N.
N = [5 3 -1];
Use nthroot to calculate several real roots of -8.
Y = nthroot(-8,N)
The result is a vector of the same size as N.
Elementwise Roots of Matrix
Create a matrix of bases, X, and a matrix of nth roots, N.
X = [-2 -2 -2; 4 -3 -5] N = [1 -1 3; 1/2 5 3]
X = -2 -2 -2 4 -3 -5 N = 1.0000 -1.0000 3.0000 0.5000 5.0000 3.0000
Each element in X corresponds to an element in N.
Calculate the real nth roots of the elements in X.
Y = nthroot(X,N)
Y = -2.0000 -0.5000 -1.2599 16.0000 -1.2457 -1.7100
Except for the signs (which are treated separately), the result is comparable to abs(X).^(1./N). By contrast, you can calculate the complex roots using X.^(1./N).
Input Arguments
X — Input array
scalar | vector | matrix | multidimensional array
Input array, specified as a scalar, vector, matrix, or multidimensional array. X can be either a scalar or an array of the same size as N. The elements of X must be real.
Data Types: single | double
N — Roots to calculate
scalar | array of same size as X
Roots to calculate, specified as a scalar or array of the same size as X. The elements of N must be real. If an element in X is negative, the corresponding element in N must be an odd integer.
Data Types: single | double
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i don't know
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Pāramitā, pāramī, or the Ten Perfections, are an aspirational model of which belief system?
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A study of pāramīs bhikkhu bodhi - transcripts - Spiritual
A study of pāramīs bhikkhu bodhi - transcripts
A study of pāramīs bhikkhu bodhi - transcripts
May 08, 2015
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Transcripts of the 14 talks on Dasa Parami or Spiritual Oerefctions given by Bhikkhu Bodhi at Bohdi Monasteryh in 2003.
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1.A Study of Pāramīs - Bhikkhu BodhiMP3 lectures downloaded from Bodhi Monastery website:http://www.bodhimonastery.net/bm/about-buddhism/audio.html?start=4These are transcripts of talks that Ven. Bhikkhu Bodhi gave at Bodhi Monastery in 2003. They havenot been edited or reviewed by the author, but he has given us permission to post them on ourwebsite. Lecture 1: Introduction and the Perfection of Giving (Dāna-pāramī) Bhikkhu BodhiIntroductionThe Buddha said to the monks that they should develop wholesome states (kusalā-dhammā). Thedevelopment of wholesome states leads to welfare and happiness. What are the wholesome statesthat should be developed? I put these in three categories:1. wholesome states included in meritorious actions;2. wholesome states that constitute the pāramīs or pāramitās; and3. wholesome states that constitute the bodhipakhkiya-dhammā or aids or requisites of enlightenment (bodhisambhāra).The governing principle behind the performance of deeds of merits is significant and is called the lawof karmic retribution. This is the principle that the volitional action that we perform has the capacityto bring results that correspond to the ethical nature of the original action. According to this law,unwholesome action, immoral or evil action or uUnwholesome deeds bring the accumulation ofunwholesome kamma, a kind of energy which has the capacity or potential to ripen in the form ofsuffering and miseries in the future. In other words, unwholesome action generate undesirablefruits or consequences by way of causing lower rebirth, sickness, poverty, pain, and various types ofsuffering either later in this life or in future lives.On the other hand wholesome kamma or virtuous actions, bodily, verbal and mental, generatewholesome karmic potential with the capacity to bring desirable fruits in the future, to bringfortunate rebirth into states of prosperity that ensure success in one’s undertakings, even bringphysical beauty, intelligence and success in whatever one undertakes, good health, wealth,everything that people desire in a mundane way.What lies behind the working of the law of kamma is the principle we retribution, good deed begetsgood result, bad deed begets bad results. Good kamma that brings good result is called meritoriousaction. The most basic types of merits are generosity, moral discipline or virtue, and bhāvanā(meditative development). From these three root types of merits, there are different secondarytypes of merits. 1
2. But in order for the spiritual life to unfold in a meaningful way, it seems that it’s not sufficient just tohave this principle of retribution by means of which good action brings good result and bad actionbrings bad results. It is also necessary to have what I would call a law of conservation in the spiritualdomain. It is a law by means of which good and bad actions also accumulate certain energies in themind, energies which are preserved as the stream of consciousness flows on from one life to thenext. We need something to account for what I would call the cumulative energy which is inherentin unwholesome and wholesome actions or qualities so that when we habitually perform theseactions or habitually generate these states of mind, they build up a strength and gather amomentum which carries across through the entire duration of this present life and continues oninto future lives.I think within Buddhism, the idea of certain qualities called pāramīs or pāramitās developed partly tomeet this requirement. What I found to be of interest and even curiosity to myself that in my studyof the Pāli Nikāyas I found that they do not really give anything to account for this cumulativecapacity of good and bad actions to continue on from life to life, this capacity for good and baddeeds to gather momentum and to carry or continue through as persistent features of our character.It seems that in the Nikāyas and presumably in the Āgamas, almost all the focus or attention is givento the retributive aspect of kamma, how actions bring results that correspond to the ethical natureof those actions. We need something to explain how the good and bad moral qualities that wedevelop build up an inner force from life to life, gain momentum across the succession of life timesand then become integral aspect of our kamma. We could call them moulding forces from one lifeto the next. I believe that the doctrine of the pāramīs was introduced at least in part to fulfil this role.The idea of pāramīs in the sense that it is used in the latter Buddhist traditions doesn’t occur in thissense in the old Nikāyas or presumably in the Āgamas. They are introduced first in latter texts of theSutta Piṭaka, in the work called the Buddhava½sa (accounts of the lineage of the past 24 Buddhas,how future Shakyamuni Buddha as bodhisattva made his original aspiration for enlightenment underDīpaṅkara and received prediction to Buddhahood from Dīpaṅkara Buddha and practiced undersuccessive Buddhas until he became the fully enlightened one) of the Pāli Canon. In the northernBuddhist tradition, the pāramitās might have been introduced in the Sarvastivada texts, and werelater incorporated wholesale into the Mahāyāna doctrine of the Bodhisattva Path. But the doctrineof the pāramitās seems to have been part of the pre- Mahāyāna soil out of which MahāyānaBuddhism arose. So the ideas of pāramīs or pāramitās are common to the two traditions, Theravādaand Mahāyāna; they might be considered as forming a kind of bridge which connects early Buddhismin its latter phases to early Mahāyāna Buddhism.We have two words which basically convey the same idea. In the Pāli tradition, the word commonlyused is pāramī, sometimes pāramitā is also used. In the northern tradition, the more common formis pāramitā. Both words are abstract nouns coming from the adjective ‘parama’ which meanssupreme or excellent. A pāramī is a supreme quality or excellent quality or perfection. Pāramitā,the word preferred by the Mahāyāna texts and also used by Pāli writers, is sometimes explained as“pāram (far shore) + ita (gone)”, “gone to the far shore”, which is a playful explanation. The realliteral derivation is the adjective, ‘parama’ which means supreme.Originally in Buddhist texts, the idea of pāramīs was introduced to explain the practices which abodhisattva undertakes in striving for the attainment of supreme Buddhahood. This is how the idea 2
3. was first introduced in the Buddhavaṁsa. The future Buddha Shakyamuni lived as the asceticSumedha incalculable aeons ago in the far distant past. He had come from a very wealthy family.Both his parents had died when he was a young man and left him a vast estate. But then hereflected, ‘all wealth is transitory; that life ends in death; and that there is nothing belonging to us inthis world that we can take with us when we die.’ He made the decision to leave the household life,to give up his mansion, his stores and hordes of gold and silver and precious gems. He adopted thelife of an ascetic, living in a cave or a hut (kuti) in the mountain. He practiced meditation and veryquickly he achieved all of the deep stages of concentration (samadhi), attained various spiritualpowers. One day when he was going down to the village on alms round, he heard the news that theBuddha Dīpaṅkara had arisen in the world, and that the Buddha Dīpaṅkara was going to be visitingthe city nearby the mountain where he was living. The ascetic Sumedha was overjoyed by the newsthat a Buddha had arisen in the world. He went to visit the city where the Buddha was expected toarrive. He saw the people were working, preparing the road for the Buddha to enter the city. At thattime, the road was partly muddy. They were cleaning up the mud and strewing the road with sandso that the Buddha would not get his feet dirty as he entered the city. Just as the ascetic Sumedhawas working on his part of the road, the Buddha Dīpaṅkara arrived with a large assembly of monks.When the ascetic Sumedha saw the Buddha Dīpaṅkara approaching, he was so overawed by thepresence of the Buddha Dīpaṅkara that he bowed down in front of him right in the mud. He spreadhis body on the ground and offered his body as a plank for the Buddha and the monks to walk across.When the Buddha came in front of Sumedha, there arose in Sumedha’s mind the wish, theaspiration, ‘let me not listen to the teachings of the Buddha now, the teachings intended to lead todeliverance, Nibbāna, but let me make the aspiration to become a Buddha in future aeons.’ Whenthe Buddha came just in front of Sumedha and saw this ascetic lying down, covering the mud,forming a plank for him to walk over, he looked deep into the mind of the ascetic and saw that thisascetic had just made in his mind an aspiration to attain Buddhahood in the future. Then he askedhimself, ‘will the aspiration succeed?’ When the question came into his mind, he could see at oncethat this ascetic will, after so many thousands and thousands of aeons, that he would become aBuddha named Gotama or Shakyamuni living in such and such a part of India with such and suchdisciples. Then he gave the ascetic Sumedha the prediction or prophecy of his future attainment ofBuddhahood. Instead of walking over him, the Buddha walked around him and also told the othermonks to walk around him. After he had received the prediction, the ascetic Sumedha then went offinto solitude, and reflected on the qualities that had to be perfected to fulfil his goal. As he reflectedin this way, the ten pāramīs came to his mind, one after another. This is how the idea of pāramīsoriginally entered into the southern tradition, the Theravāda tradition.As time went on, the idea of pāramīs or pāramitās was given an extended interpretation so that theybecome not exclusively the qualities that a bodhisattva aiming at supreme Buddhahood has to fulfil,but they become the qualities that any aspirant for enlightenment in any mode, whether as adisciple (an individual as a direct disciple of the Buddha) or Paccekabuddha (privately enlightenedone) or a Sammāsambuddha (perfectly enlightened one), has to fulfil. Generally we speak aboutpeople as being engaged in the development of the pāramīs that correspond to their spiritualaspiration.The Pāli commentaries grade the extent to which the pāramīs have to be developed according to theaspiration of the disciples or the followers. In order to achieve the supreme Buddhahood, one has toperfect the pāramīs for a maximum of 16 asaªkheyyas (incalculable periods) + 100,000 great aeons;for bodhisattvas of sharper faculties (wisdom, faith, energy), the duration is 8 asaªkheyyas +100,000 great aeons; and for those of sharpest faculties, it is 4 incalculable periods and 100,000aeons. One great aeon is the time for the development of a world system from a nucleus to itsmaximum expansion and to contraction to maximum compression (duration from one big bang to3
4. one big crunch of a world system). Those who aim to become a Paccekabuddha have to practice for2 incalculable periods + 100,000 great aeons; those who aim to become a great disciple have topractice for one incalculable periods + 100,000 great aeons; and so on downwards in diminishinglength of time.In the two Buddhist traditions, there are ten qualities called pāramīs or sometimes pāramitās in thesouthern tradition; in the northern tradition, absorbed into Mahāyāna, there are originally sixpāramitās. The six pāramitās in the northern tradition later get elaborated into ten pāramitās whichare somewhat different from the set of ten in the southern tradition. But the two sets overlap to agreat extent, they are in no way mutually exclusive. Qualities designated by one expression in onetradition are designated by a different expression in the other tradition.I will explain now the ten pāramīs in a general way according to the way they are explained in theTheravāda commentary, explained with reference to the practice of a bodhisattva aiming atsupreme Buddhahood. The commentary defines pāramīs as:I. What are pāramīs?The pāramīs are the noble qualities beginning with giving, etc., accompanied bycompassion and skilful means, untainted by craving, conceit, and wrong views.The qualities such as giving (dāna), moral conduct (sīla) etc., are somewhat different from thepractice of meritorious deeds. Even though the names of the qualities are the same, the mode inwhich they are practiced differs. In the case of meritorious deeds, it doesn’t really matter very muchwhat the motivation behind the action is. If the motive is a benevolent or an altruistic one, it will beso much the better. But if one practices them just to gain merits so that one wants to ensure ahappy rebirth in the future, the quality of the merit still remains intact. The deed is still ameritorious deed though somewhat blemished by a self-seeking or egocentric motivation.In the case of the pāramīs, they only become spiritual perfections when they are accompanied bycompassion and by skilful means. To be accompanied by compassion means that they are rooted incompassion which is the great aspiration of the bodhisattva. The great bodhisattva makes theaspiration for Buddhahood out of compassion for the world in order to find the way to deliverance,to liberation from suffering for all the world. What motivates him in making that aspiration is greatcompassion, mahākaruºā. This great compassion underlies his practice of the pāramīs frombeginning to end and it accompanies the performance of the pāramīs. The practice of the pāramīs issaid to be accompanied by skilful means, the wisdom that transforms these practices into supportfor supreme enlightenment. Skilful means also signifies the ability to find opportunities for thepractice of the pāramīs in the way that brings the greatest benefits to other beings. For example, ifsomebody comes to a bodhisattva to ask for a gun to rob a bank, the bodhisattva who is practicinggiving will not give him a gun.In the handout is the classical formulation of the aspiration by which bodhisattvas practice each ofthe pāramīs. I will go through them individually and explain the practice of the pāramīs based onthese formulas.1. The Perfection of Giving (Dāna-pāramī)The Perfection of Giving (Dāna-pāramī): “May I always be generous and open-handed,giving to others the threefold gift in accordance with their needs - joyfully, with a heart 4
5. free from the taint of selfishness, with a heart overflowing with kindness andcompassion.”The formula shows first of all the attitude to be taken when one engages in the practice of giving.The attitude has to be one of a generous heart, one of free-flowing generosity without anyreservation, a generosity in which the mind is not holding back on its possession. It should be rootedin the idea that whatever one has that can be utilized by others should be (in principle at least) usedfor the purpose of benefitting others. Ideally one is aiming to reach a perspective where one doesn’tmake claims on any of one’s possessions; one just sees whatever one possesses as means for helpingand benefitting others. What one gives to others are called the threefold gifts: 1. material possessions (external things such as. wealth, food, shelter, clothing, medicinesinstruments, devices such as computers when they are needed; material things related toone’s own body like body organs.) that are beneficial and will not be used for harmingothers. In giving material things, one has to apply a certain degree of prudence in practicinggiving. Though ideally one has the attitude of giving everything for the benefit of others, inpractical terms, one still has to function within the world and one has to recognise there arelimits to the amounts that one could practice giving right here and now. The practice ofgiving is a skill that one has to develop and cultivate over time. One should not give in suchas way as to create extremely burdensome hardship for oneself. Apart from that, oneshould give to the utmost of one’s capacity. The important thing is not so much the amountthat one gives, but the attitude of giving – the attitude of wishing to be free from objects ofattachment, wishing to help and benefit others. In giving material things related to one’s own body, at this point, we are not able to make momentous sacrifice (like the Buddha who in his many previous lives as a Bodhisattva sacrificed his life for the good of others as told in Jātaka stories and other stories of Buddha’s past lives). But we can give from our body in ways that might be accessible to us. For example, if one is strong and healthy, one can donate blood to a blood bank without expecting anything in return; some donate kidneys, cornea (at their death). Offering parts of one’s body when one is alive or at death can be a great source of merits and way of fulfilling the perfection of giving or dāna pāramī.2. The gift of Fearlessness: giving a sense of safety and security to other beings, particularly when one meets with people who are afraid and anxious, console them, dispel their fear, give them courage and shelter them, inspire their self-confidence; provide sanctuary and protect those who are in physical danger and whose lives are threatened. For example, during a tumultuous period in Sri Lanka’s recent history, Sri Lankanmonks gave protection or shelter to the Tamil people in the Buddhist temples whenthey were hounded by the mobs of Singhalese gangsters and thugs. There are animal sanctuaries to protect the lives of animals. For example, SriLankan Buddhists form societies to collect funds to buy the cattle destined forslaughterhouse and give them to the farmers or dairy farms. There are also Koreanmonks and nuns who buy up birds from markets and release them. There are alsoregular promotions by various temples (PUTOSI) of releasing captured animals tothe wild. The gift of fearlessness could be either psychological (security) or physical safety.3. Gift of Dhamma or Buddha’s teaching – This is considered the foremost of all gifts because all other gifts alleviate pains and sufferings temporarily and bring temporary type of benefits. It is the Dhamma which has the capacity to eradicate all sufferings permanently and bring the highest happiness, bliss and peace. 5
6. One gives the threefold gifts in accordance with their needs, appropriate to each one as needed. One doesn’t give gifts arbitrarily just for the purpose of practicing generosity. One should practice generosity skilfully one has to understand what different types of beings actually need and give the types of gift appropriate to each one. One does not just give the gift casually or with a clinging to an object. One gives joyfully, one should arouse a mind of joy before (joy for the opportunity to practice giving), during (joy of giving away an object of attachment) and after the act of giving (joy of reviewing how good that one has practiced this act of generosity). Giving in this way by arousing joy, one gives with a heart free from the taint of selfishness. To practice generosity with joy helps wipe off the taint of selfishness from the heart. From the beginning to the end of the act of giving, one gives with a heart overflowing with kindness and compassion. In the beginning, one might not be able to arouse that kindness and compassion when giving, if one practices giving and arouses the joy of giving, little by little that joy will break down the barriers of discrimination between self and others, then one will be able to experience a warm flow of mitt and karuºā (loving-kindness and compassion) in the very act of giving.Lecture 2: The Perfection of Giving (dāna-pāramī) continued & The Perfection of Virtue(sīla-pāramī)We have been discussing now the ten pāramīs, the ten spiritual perfections. These are qualities that asBuddhist practitioners we have to develop within ourselves and build up through repeated acts again andagain through the course of this life and in the course of many lives in the future. These are the qualitieswhich impart a kind of lasting potency to the mind, a purifying and uplifting power which makes the mind asuitable vehicle for the attainment of ultimate enlightenment. It is these ten qualities that come to ultimatefulfilment and expression in the personality, the character of a Buddha. To emulate the Buddha’s example, wehave to work by building up these qualities within ourselves. These qualities are carried over in our mentalcontinuum from one life to the next. So a person’s personality or character reflects the degree to which he orshe has developed these qualities in the course of his or her earlier lives.I have been discussing the general characteristics of the dāna pāramīs and the perfection of giving, dānapāramī. Now I’ll speak about the benefit that comes from the practice of perfection of dāna. The first andmost obvious immediate benefit is that one helps others; helps eliminate the sufferings of others; and helps tobring joy and happiness to others. There is also some beneficial impact on oneself. It helps lead to aweakening and eventually elimination of a sense of I and mine, a sense of self. The Buddha teaches that theroot or underlying cause of our bondage to saṁsāra is the clinging or grasping the idea of self. We have tobegin dismantling this very complex and unwieldy structure of the self that we built up in a gradual way,gradually weakening its grip on the mind by engaging in selfless acts, acts of self-sacrifice, of self-relinquishment. These start off in small ways and gradually develop more and more strength. They build upmomentum so that in time to come, we eventually think little about relinquishing even parts of our own bodyto help others; even if we are put into a corner, even ready to sacrifice our own life. Those who have reachedthe pinnacle in the practice of giving are ready to relinquish life after life. In the beginning we start with thebest of our capacity, practicing giving and helping others, little by little the practice of giving will attenuate thegrasping the sense of I or self until this sense or idea of self is utterly relinquished, then we just think we liveentirely for the benefit of the world with no sense of self at all, no holding to anything as being mine, noreluctance nor hesitation to give when necessary. Practicing giving in this way even on a small scale gives anew sense of purpose to our life. People usually think that they can gain meaning in their life by acquiringmore and more possessions. They build up their sense of identity by having a big house that impresses others,luxurious cars driven by chauffeurs, having lots of stocks and bonds, etc giving them a sense of self-importance.The state of mind created by this attitude is really one of intense suffering, agitation and worries (ofcompetition/comparison from/with others). When one dedicates one’s life to the practice of giving andbenefitting others, it gives a real sense of inner happiness. One is not basing one’s happiness on externals buton one’s ability to give and help others. It opens one to the needs of others and provide for the needs ofothers. 6
7. It’s said that the practice of perfection of giving reaches perfection when it is free from three very subtlepoints of grasping, three very subtle conceptual attachments:1. Attachment to the idea that ‘I am giving’ – the idea of ‘I’ as the subject of the act giving;2. Attachment to the idea of this person as the ‘recipient’ of the gift;3. Attachment to the idea the gift or value of the gift being given.These are three apprehensions or false deluded perceptions since they are structured on the subject-objectdichotomy that involves discrimination between self and other, and in addition there is the gift being given.According to the Buddha’s teaching, when one has the true wisdom, one sees that there is no real personalself (subject) that gives, there is no substantial object to be given, and there is no real object of the self – theobject of the gift. Practicing giving in this mode has to be conjoined with prajñā or wisdom. At the beginningof the practice of dāna pāramī, we start off with wrong perception. As we practice generosity, we attenuatethe sense of ‘I’ and ‘mine’, we lay a foundation for the purification of the mind. When the mind is purified,true wisdom arises, then we see into the ultimate absence of any true self, any substantial object. And whenwe gain that insight, then we can practice giving in the perfect dimension, giving without any adherence to thesubject-object dichotomy. 7
8. A Study of Pāramīs - Bhikkhu BodhiMP3 lectures downloaded from Bodhi Monastery website:http://www.bodhimonastery.net/bm/about-buddhism/audio.html?start=4These are transcripts of talks that Ven. Bhikkhu Bodhi gave at Bodhi Monastery in 2003. They havenot been edited or reviewed by the author, but he has given us permission to post them on ourwebsite. Lecture 2: The Perfection of Giving (dāna-pāramī) continued & The Perfection of Virtue (sīla-pāramī) Bhikkhu BodhiWe have been discussing now the ten pāramīs, the ten spiritual perfections. These are qualities that asBuddhist practitioners we have to develop within ourselves and build up through repeated acts again andagain through the course of this life and in the course of many lives in the future. These are the qualitieswhich impart a kind of lasting potency to the mind, a purifying and uplifting power which makes the mind asuitable vehicle for the attainment of the ultimate enlightenment. It is these ten qualities that come toultimate fulfilment and expression in the personality, the character of a Buddha. To emulate the Buddha’sexample, we have to work by building up these qualities within ourselves. These qualities are carried over inour mental continuum from one life to the next. So a person’s personality or character reflects the degree towhich he or she has developed these qualities in the course of his or her earlier lives.I have been discussing first about the general characteristics of the dāna pāramīs and the perfection of giving,dāna pāramī. Now I’ll speak about the benefit that comes from the practice of perfection of dāna. The firstand most obvious immediate benefit is that one helps others; helps eliminate the sufferings of others; andhelps to bring joy and happiness to others. There is also some beneficial impact on oneself. It helps lead to aweakening and eventually elimination of a sense of ‘I’ and ‘mine’, a sense of self. The Buddha teaches that theroot or underlying cause of our bondage to saṁsāra is the clinging or grasping the idea of self. We have tobegin dismantling this very complex and unwieldy structure of the self that we built up in a gradual way,gradually weakening its grip on the mind by engaging in selfless acts, acts of self-sacrifice, of self-relinquishment. These start off in small ways and gradually develop more and more strength. They build upmomentum so that in time to come, we eventually think little about relinquishing even parts of our own bodyto help others; even if we are put into a corner, even ready to sacrifice our own life. Those who have reachedthe pinnacle in the practice of giving are ready to relinquish life after life. In the beginning we start with thebest of our capacity, practicing giving and helping others. Little by little the practice of giving will attenuatethe grasping the sense of ‘I’ and ‘self’ until this sense or idea of self is utterly relinquished, then we just thinkwe live entirely for the benefit of the world with no sense of self at all, no holding to anything as being mine,no reluctance nor hesitation to give when necessary. Practicing giving in this way even on a small scale withsimple things gives a new sense of purpose to our life. People usually think that they can gain meaning in theirlife by acquiring more and more possessions. They build up their sense of identity by having a big house thatimpresses others, luxurious cars driven by chauffeurs (Mercedes Benz; Rolls Royce), having lots of stocks andbonds, etc giving them a sense of self-importance. The state of mind created by this attitude is really one ofintense suffering, agitation and worries (of competition/comparison from/with others). When one dedicatesone’s life to the practice of giving and benefitting others, it gives a real sense of inner happiness. One is notbasing one’s happiness on externals but on one’s ability to give and help others. It opens one to the needs ofothers. 8
9. It’s said that the practice of perfection of giving reaches perfection when it is free from three very subtlepoints of grasping, three very subtle conceptual attachments:4. Attachment to the idea that ‘I am giving’ – the idea of the ‘I’ as the subject of the act giving;5. Attachment to the idea of this person as being the ‘recipient’ of the gift;6. Attachment to the idea the gift or the value of the gift being given.These are three apprehensions or false deluded perceptions since these perceptions are structured on thesubject-object dichotomy that involves discrimination between self and other, and in addition there is the giftbeing given. According to the Buddha’s teaching, when one has the true wisdom, one sees that there is no realpersonal self (subject) that gives, there is no substantial object to be given, and there is no real object of theself – the object of the gift. Practicing giving in this mode has to be conjoined with prajñā or wisdom. At thebeginning of the practice of dāna pāramī, we start off with wrong perception. As we practice generosity, weattenuate the sense of ‘I’ and ‘mine’, and then we lay a foundation for the purification of the mind. When themind is purified, true wisdom arises, then we see into the ultimate absence of any true self, any substantialobject. And when we gain that insight, then we can practice giving in the perfect dimension, giving withoutany adherence to the subject-object dichotomy.Sīla PāramīThe next spiritual perfection is sīla pāramī, the perfection of virtue or moral discipline. All the pāramīs areexpressed in the form of aspiration. 2. The Perfection of Virtue (sīla-pāramī): “May my actions of body, speech and mind always accord with the precepts I have undertaken: pure and clean, free from breach or blemish. May my conduct always be noble, lofty, and upright, a model for all the world.”This formula very subtly encapsulates three aspects to the practice of moral discipline. It’s important to noteall of them. Before we go into the actual explanation, I should explain the preliminaries to the undertaking ofsīla, moral discipline.The preliminary to the undertaking of sīla:1. Form the intention to lead an ethical life: First one has to form the intention (resolution or determination) to lead an ethical life, a life of upright conduct. It is this intention that can be a truly revolutionary experience for a person who has been leading an immoral life (gambling; fishing; drinking; womanising). Consider a person who has been leading a life which he does not think twice about harming other beings, killing, gambling, drinking, fishing, and womanising. Suddenly something happens to that person and his mind becomes transformed and decides to lead an ethically life. This intention can be a powerful transformative experience which impels the mind in a new direction.2. Undertaking precepts: It is not yet enough just to have the intention to lead an ethical life, one has to purify one’s virtues and undertake the observance of the precepts. This is usually done in Buddhist tradition in a formal ceremony where one approaches a monk or spiritual teacher and in the symbolic presence of Buddha represented by a statue or image, he receives the precepts in the fixed formula.3. Observing the precepts without transgression: The third aspect of purifying the virtue is observing the precepts without transgression. You make the determination to keep these precepts. To keep the precepts firmly impressed in the mind, it is a good practice to recite them every day at the beginning of the day. In this way you bring them freshly into the mind every day so that when you encounter some situation that tempts you to break the precept, then you remember that today this morning ‘I made the resolution to keep the precept. What is more important – momentary enjoyment from that I might get from breaking the precept or the clear conscience I’ll enjoy by fulfilling the precept?’ One makes the sincere and determined effort to keep the precept without transgression.4. Reparation for amend: The fourth aspect of purifying one’s conduct is making reparation for amend if for some reason one does break the precept. There are different ways to make amend. If the transgression is serious and it is weighing heavy on the mind, one could go to a spiritual teacher or friend and make an open confession of it. If it is a minor transgression and one feels qualms of conscience about, then one bows down in front of Buddha image in one’s shrine room and makes a confession imagining that one is in the presence of the Buddha himself. After making the confession, one makes a fresh resolution not to break the precept in the future. 9
10. Thats just the preliminary four ways of purifying the virtue. The three aspects of observing the precepts or purifying virtues are: 1. Virtue as abstinence or avoidance; 2. Virtue as performance; 3. Virtue as a model for the world.1. Virtue as abstinenceVirtue as abstinence is achieved by undertaking precepts or observing certain rules of behaviour. This is apoint sometimes difficult for some people with modern ways of thinking to accept. Some think that it is notimportant to have rules and one should just behave naturally according to one’s own impulses, and then onecan be sure that whatever one does will be acceptable appropriate behaviour. According to the Buddha, fromthe outset of one’s training almost all the way through to the end, one needs certain very concrete and specificguidelines to help steer our actions into the right channels. If one thinks that one can behave rightly just byfollowing one’s natural impulses, that would lead one to many difficulties and troubles for oneself and others.One has to learn precepts, take precepts and regulate our conduct on the basis of these precepts. Not that theprecepts are absolutely inflexible, rigid commandments. The precepts are guides to the ways of action whichare most likely to be truly beneficial to ourselves and to others. The ways of action in body, speech andthought help us subdue the afflictions or the defilements of our mind, to become masters of our own mind.Eventually by fulfilling these precepts, we will be able to advance to the higher stages of the Buddha’s path.The Buddha has laid down ethical training in terms of certain codes or precepts.Five PreceptsThe most basic are the five precepts. I explained the five precepts in the talk on the basis of merits. I shouldpoint out that for those who want to enter upon the higher practice of sīla or moral discipline, rather thanmerely following the five precepts, they should endeavour to follow the ten courses of wholesome action orkamma. Some of these are identical with the precepts. The ten courses are divided into three groups inrelation to the three channels of action, body, speech and mind.In regard to body, there are three principles: 1. To abstain from killing; 2. To abstain from stealing; 3. To abstain from sexual misconduct;In regard to speech, there are four courses of action: 4. To abstain from lying (one of the precepts); 5. To avoid divisive speech (speaking one thing to some people here and speaking another to the peoplethere to create disagreement and dissension between these people and the other people); to speak inconcord to promote harmony; 6. To avoid harsh speech (speaking angrily or bitterly to others; speaking to hurt people; etc), insteadspeak gently; and 7. Avoid idle chatter and gossip.In regards to the mind, there are three courses (not expressed as precepts) or trainings: 8. To avoid covetous thoughts (thoughts or scheming aimed at gaining possessions of others); 9. Avoid thoughts of illwill (wish that others meet with miseries and harms or sufferings); 10. To hold right view (like the right view on the law of kamma and its results, the understanding thatactions through body speech and mind bring results that correspond to the ethical quality of theseactions).This is virtue of abstinence, expressed in the line of the formula for the practice of sīla pāramī – ‘May myactions of body, speech and mind always accord with the precepts I have undertaken: pure and clean,free from breach or blemish. … ’When one undertakes the precepts, particularly the five precepts, one wants to hold them consistentlywithout any kind of compromises or subtle breaches or breaking of the precepts, without engaging in any 10
11. actions which even border on breaches of the precepts (e.g. torment or tease animals in zoo – a kind ofbreach or blemish in the observance of precept; flirting with women etc is also a blemish on the precept).2. Second Aspect: Virtue as PerformanceThe positive aspect of sīla is expressed in the line – ‘… May my conduct always be noble, lofty, and upright,a model for all the world.’One wants not only to abstain from unwholesome type of behaviour, one also wants to follow ways ofbehaviour that are especially worthy, elevated and ways of conduct that make one’s personality or characterlofty and noble. Some characteristics of lofty behaviour: 1. Polite and considerate to others – Show respect and deference to others; Should not be presumptuous (thinking, ‘I am the best’); Should not be competitive; Should not be grating or irritating to others; One should show actions which are polite and actions which lead to mutual respect and harmony; 2. Gentle behaviour – treating others with kindness and consideration, not harming or injuring others; soft and friendly; greeting with smiles; having warmth in one heart when one relates to others; if someone has done something wrong, correct him/her in a gentle and firm way if one has to. 3. Honest behaviour – being trustworthy in one’s deeds and in one’s words; one doesn’t try to exploit others even when one can get away with it; one doesn’t try to deceive others; one gives pride of place to the sense of honour in one’s own innate dignity so that one will not stoop to do anything dishonest even if one can gain an advantage from it because one recognises that the purity of one’s own character is far more valuable than worldly or material gain that one could achieve by behaving in unscrupulous ways. 4. Helpful behaviour – rooted in loving-kindness) (mettā or maitri) and compassion (karuṇā); one takes an active approach in seeking ways to help and benefit others. For examples, one is ready to help those in needs; to give assistance to old people (run errands or shop for them; one takes care of sick people; one tries to provide poor people with their material needs; help the uneducated people with their education. One always tries in any way to be helpful to others. 5. Straight behaviour – one acts the same both in private and in public; one maintains a sense of integrity and avoids hypocrisy in one’s behaviour (by thinking that crowds are observing one even when one is alone); one acts in accordance with one’s ideals, one frames one’s ideals one the basis of one’s actual behaviour. 6. Being ready to admit one’s shortcomings, to reveal one’s faults, and to conceal one’s virtues and strong points (not making a display of one’s good qualities). The ignoble person speaks little about his own faults and shortcomings. Truly noble persons say little or nothing of others’ shortcomings except to correct some faults, and they do not conceal their own faults while maintaining some measure of integrity.The above are aspects of virtues as positive performance.3. Third Aspect of Virtue: Serving as a Model for All the WorldOne has to consider how through one’s behaviour, one can be an example for the whole world to follow, thehighest ideal in Buddhism. One’s behaviour is not limited to one’s domain alone. One considers that otherslook upon one to determine how to act on the basis of one’s behaviour. One considers how one’s behaviourcan be a true way of uplifting others and guiding others in the direction of nobility of action. One does notwant to behave in a way that will be a cause for the degradation and deterioration of others.Though the ultimate ideal is to be a model for all the world, don’t try to start off in that way. Think first in asmall scale way. As a parent, think how one should behave to serve as a model for one’s children, how thechildren can be inspired by a lofty example of what it means to be a human being. As wife or husband, howcould one be a model for the spouse to behave. In a community, how one could behave in such a way toimprove the character and action of one’s neighbours when they see one’s behaviour. As a citizen, how onecould behave to uplift the ethical standard of behaviour of one’s country. Beyond the country, we have toconsider about the world. We have to be a model of compassion, non-violence, truthfulness to help changethe direction of the world for the better. We try to change the world beginning with oneself, by correcting ourspeech, action, and thought. In this way, we contribute to the welfare of the world. 11
12. A Study of Pāramīs - Bhikkhu BodhiMP3 lectures downloaded from Bodhi Monastery website:http://www.bodhimonastery.net/bm/about-buddhism/audio.html?start=4These are transcripts of talks that Ven. Bhikkhu Bodhi gave at Bodhi Monastery in 2003. They havenot been edited or reviewed by the author, but he has given us permission to post them on ourwebsite.Lecture 3. The Perfection of Renunciation (nekkhamma-pāramī) Bhikkhu BodhiOver the past few weeks, I have been explaining the practice of the ten spiritual perfections. So far I haveexplained the perfection of giving and the perfection of virtue. Now we come to the third perfection,Nekkhama pāramī, the perfection of renunciation, the formula is: 3. The Perfection of Renunciation (nekkhamma-pāramī): “May I always have the discernment and strength of will to renounce the worldly life and go forth into homelessness in order to lead the pure spiritual life. May I be able to relinquish all points of inner attachment in order to enter the exalted concentration absorption and liberation of the mind.”This pāramī or aspiration establishes the importance of renunciation as a factor in the Buddhist training. Ithink it very necessary to place special emphasis upon this aspect of the Buddha’s path in order to ensure thatwe retain and keep in view this ‘transcendental dimension’ of the Buddha’s teaching. Some people whointerpret it in a new culture tend to water down this rather bitter edge of the teaching to make it seem thatBuddhism is a way simply to live a comfortable ethical life within the world, sometimes by doing good in orderto benefit others, by trying to be simply mindful when engaged in day-to-day activities, Buddhism becomestransformed or translated into an ‘art of living’ rather than a path to liberation. I don’t want to underestimatethe importance of having a proper art of living. In order to function within this world, we have to liveaccording to high ethical standard. We have to fulfil our responsibilities to others; and also to experiencesome calm, equanimity and balance of mind, we need mindfulness, awareness and contemplation. But theBuddha’s teaching isn’t really aiming at keeping us within the range of the world; it aims in the direction oftranscendent or lokuttara or supramundane dimension of reality, i.e. the teaching is leading in the direction ofliberation from birth and death, to Nibbāna. I think this is equally true whether it’s Theravāda and Mahāyānaand other forms of Buddhism.A popular way of interpreting Buddhist teachings is that: Theravāda aims at liberation from the world;Mahāyāna aims at a kind of reaffirmation of saṁsaric existence. There are some differences in interpretationbetween the two schools. What underlies both, the true dimension of both the Theravāda and Mahāyāna, is arecognition of the unsatisfactoriness of our ordinary conditioned existence within the realm of birth and death,and aims for ultimate liberation from birth and death. The difference, very concisely, is that in the older formof teachings preserved in Theravāda, one aims at complete liberation from saṁsāra and complete realisationof Nibbāna, whereas somebody who is following the bodhisattva path has to keep one foot within the realm of 12
13. birth and death in order to work to benefit sentient beings and the other foot ideally should be planted in theunconditioned element, Nibbāna.We do not find in the six pāramitās of the Mahāyāna a special pāramitā called renunciation. This doesn’t meanthat the real Mahāyāna neglects the importance of renunciation. If we look at the works especially of Atisha(important in bringing Buddhism to Tibet) who created a synthesis of the path in which he described threemain stages of training: 1. Training in Renunciation; 2. Training in Bodhicitta, the aspiration for Buddhahood; and 3. Training in the wisdom that realises emptiness.This formulation of the path has become quite instrumental in the development of Tibetan Buddhism. In theworks of Tsongkhapa, the first stage strongly emphasised is renunciation. This is the foundation for all of thehigher practices of the path. The stress on renunciation is extremely important in all schools of Buddhism.Ideally when the mind is strongly motivated by this urge for renunciation, it will lead to the going forth intohomelessness. This was why before his enlightenment, as a prince living in the palace, when his mind wasshaken by the discovery of the dangers of conditioned existence, old age, sickness and death, then heencountered an ascetic who inspired him with the desire to leave the worldly life to go forth as a homelessascetic seeking the truth. After the Buddha made the great renunciation, he lived as an ascetic, struggling andstriving for six years before he attained enlightenment. After his enlightenment he established a monasticorder, an order of monks and nuns, to provide a field of opportunity for those who wanted to practice histeachings in full earnestness. This monastic order has continued for 2500 years now. Even though most of thefollowers of Buddhism would not be able to make this step of going forth into the homeless life, those who arereally serious in the cultivating the Buddha’s Path have to develop gradually according to one’s own station inlife a mind that leans and inclines in the direction in the direction of renunciation. The way to push the mind inthe direction of renunciation is by reflecting on the dangers or unsatisfactoriness in sensual pleasures first andthen in worldly existence in general.In the formula given, ‘The Perfection of Renunciation (nekkhamma-pāramī): “May I always have the discernment … to renounce the worldly life …..”‘Discernment’ here means the wisdom, the insight, or the natural perceptivity to see the danger or theunsatisfactoriness in a life of sensual enjoyment, more broadly the dangers or the unsatisfactoriness in theround of birth and death of saṁsaric existence. One impresses a sense of the unsatisfactoriness in sensualpleasure upon the mind by systematically contemplating the different dangers or miseries tied up with sensualpleasures. There are various formulas that come down in the text. If we reflect upon how sensual desireworks, we see that the mind always becomes filled with an image of ultimate gratification to obtaining somesense object. We strive and struggle to obtain that sense object, in the end we find that it doesn’t bring us thereal happiness that we wanted. We become driven further into this cycle of wanting, desiring, struggling toobtain the object of desire, obtaining it, enjoying it for a while, and then finding that we are not really satisfiedwith it. This process repeats itself through the sense desires through each of the physical senses. We goseeking wonderful beautiful forms to the eyes; beautiful uplifting sound, celestial music to the ears; delightfulscents; wonderful delicious tastes; and a variety of tactile sensations. We go exploring, investigating trying tofind some satisfaction to the senses. Sometimes we obtain the object that we want, then we are delightedand we enjoy it. Very often the object that we want eventually gets lost or destroyed or goes its own way, weare left feeling miserable and unhappy. Other times when we fail to get the object that we want, then we feelfrustrated, miserable, angry, and we have to pursue it even more vigorously. If we get it, we get thismomentary satisfaction. Even when we can hold on to the object we want, we find that our interest in theobject gradually fades away with time. Sense pleasures obsess the mind and result in disappointment in theend. The investment of energy in getting the object gets us tired and exhausted. This is the unsatisfyingnature of sensual pleasures and is shown in several similes in Buddhist texts. Sense pleasures are like baitedhook or a chain of bones. Dogs gnaw on the bones and find no meat and they get involved in dog fights withother dogs over the bones, and no one gets any satisfaction. People are attracted to sense pleasures (like fishattracted to a baited hook) thinking that they can find their happiness in sense pleasures (bait). Sometimes 13
14. the mind becomes so beguiled by this attraction to sense pleasures that even the laws of morality, theprinciples of ethics no longer have any binding force on them. People are ready to steal, to cheat, lie, even tokill in order to enjoy sense pleasures (murders over some sense desires; bank robbery - robbing banks toacquire possession such as houses, wealth, etc to acquire sense pleasures). When people break the principlesof morality, they do not have any real quietude in their mind, the mind is always agitated. To violate theprinciples of morality because of sense pleasures won’t bring any real satisfaction. Because sense pleasureexercise such a deceiving hold over the mind that people are easily sucked in to discard any kind of principlesor restraint in order to indulge in the desires. In the text, sense pleasures are compared to salty water. Aperson wants to quench his thirst. He comes across a pool of salt water. He thinks drinking this water wouldquench his thirst. A few minutes after drinking it, he is consumed by an even stronger thirst than before. Thisis the way sense pleasures obsess the mind and makes one crave enjoyment even more intensely. Anotherreflection on sense pleasures is to consider that they have a degrading impact on the mind. If one is dedicatedto the development of the higher consciousness, a higher mind, a deep and steadfast spiritual life, sensepleasures become felt and experienced as something agitating and disturbing rather than gratifying andenjoyable. To indulge in them is considered low and degrading, it pulls the mind downwards rather lift themind upwards. For example, consider some people enjoying themselves on a night out in a night club drinking,singing, dancing, watching the chorus girls dancing, joking and chitchatting. To them, they are having awonderful time. To a person leading a meditative life, this seems to be a fruitless and pointless squandering ofprecious time of a human being. As the mind becomes more refined, even subtler types of sensual enjoymentseem to pull the mind downwards and blunt the higher faculties (e.g. going for a special dining out just toindulge in the variety of tastes of some special foods). To really impel the mind more strongly in the directionof radical renunciation, one has to look even more deeply into the general dangers inherent in all conditionedexistence within the round of birth and death, saṁsāra. These are summed up in the Pali tradition in theformulation called the eight bases for saṁvega, for acquiring a sense of urgency. The word, ‘saṁvega’ is asense of urgency – a kind of commotion or agitation that takes place in the mind, that moves or breaks themind out from its accustomed routine. It dispels the ordinary sense of complacency of acceptance of thingsthe way they are or ourselves the way we are, and it pushes us to certain urgent action to resolve the dilemmaof human existence. When the bodhisattva was living in the palace and saw the old man, the sick man, thecorpse, this created in him saṁvega, the sense of urgency. Throughout the unfolding history of Buddhism,there has been the arising of saṁvega which has driven millions of men and women from worldly to homelessrenunciant life.The Eight bases of Saṁvega or urgency are the eight themes of contemplation or reflections:1. Reflection on birth – considering the pain and misery of coming back after one’s death into the wombor other modes of existence; rebirth as an animal in an egg; considering the possibility of death thatmay take place in the gestation period; pain of undergoing the process of birth.2. Reflection on old age – contemplating the misery of old age; becoming feeble; losing the sharpness ofone’s faculties, fading of one’s memory; becoming dependent on others, weak, helpless.3. Reflection on illness – reflecting that as long as one is alive in embodied existence, one is subject tomany types of illness, heart disease, stroke, cancer, pneumonia, diabetes, AIDS, flu, diabetes, etc.4. Reflection on death – cutting off of life; all the fear and anxiety that surrounds one’s approachingdeath.5. Reflecting on the miseries in one’s past existences within saṁsāra – the great mass of sufferings thatwe have undergone, reborn and again and again undergoing old age, sickness and death6. Reflecting on the miseries of one’s future existences within saṁsāra – the rounds go on and on ininexhaustible time, undergoing birth, old age, sickness and death7. Reflecting upon the miseries of rebirths in lower realms of existence – rebirths resulting fromunwholesome action into the planes of miseries as an animal, as miserable tormented spirit, even inhell.8. Reflecting on the suffering connected with the search for food – many parts of the world suffer fromfamine conditions or shortage of foods; millions of people living near starvation level; throughout theanimal realm, life centres around looking for food - animals are constantly on the lookout for foods;fears of being devoured by predators in the animal realm; even human beings in prosperous societieshave a certain amount of burden centring on the consumption of foods - have to work to buy foods,shop for foods, cook and wash the dishes, etc. Through beginnningless rounds of existence, the14
15. amount of food we have to eat is incalculable; we eat the food, one meal after another and on and on,and expel it. This quest for food will go on interminably until we get out of saṁsāra.These are the ways of reflecting upon the dangers in the rounds of existence.To generate the mind of renunciation, first contemplate the dangers in sensual enjoyment; then contemplatethe dangers/unsatisfactoriness tied up with saṁsaric existence in general; then reflect upon the benefits ofrenunciation, the important complement in developing this pāramī. One considers that the household life iscramped and confining whereas the life of renunciation is like open space. One is free from all the burden andresponsibilities of looking after a house, a family, etc. One is able to live a life of utter simplicity, one’s lifebecomes in a sense stripped down to bare essentials. One comes to enjoy simple routines, doing the samething over and over every day, performing the service, the liturgy at the same time, simple meals at the sametime. This life of simplicity gives a certain joy and happiness to the mind that one doesn’t find in a life ofcomplexity, of complicated commitment, involvement and obligations. One reflects that the life ofrenunciation is a life of purity. In putting on the particular type of robes and appearance e robes, one signifiesthat one is stepping away from a world of sensual pleasures and committed to purification of one’s mind. In a life of renunciation, one has the leisure and opportunity to devote wholeheartedly to the study andpractice of Dhamma. Lay people who want to earnestly and seriously follow the path of the Dhamma shouldtry to incorporate principles of renunciation in their own life by simplifying their life style as much as possible,try to be content with simple requisites of life, avoid unnecessary luxuries (especially the ostentatious luxuries),live as simply and plainly as possible thus reducing one’s dependence on externals, try to cut off unnecessarycommitment, try to avoid living a busy schedule of social obligations or involvement, try to find and develophappiness in quietude by finding/doing activities in Dhamma that are meaningful and give one joy (e.g.undertake intensive study some Dhamma texts, etc) and by devoting time to devotional practices andmeditation, these will give one a glowing inner joy and happiness that make one lose interest in the enjoymentof the outer world.Nekkhama as renunciation has a deeper meaning merely than that of giving up external things or adopting amonastic life. Nekkhama as renunciation also signifies the relinquishment of all points of inner attachment. Inthe formula, the aspiration or vow reads:“May I be able to relinquish all points of inner attachment in order to enter theexalted concentration absorption and liberation of the mind.”This inner renunciation is the renunciation of those mental states that hinder the higher development of themind. The Buddha summarised them in the five hindrances – sensual desire, illwill, laziness, restlessness anddoubt. Besides those five particular five hindrances, there are all those thoughts, projects, plans, mentalconstructions that spring up from those five hindrances and that ordinarily overrun our mind and cause somuch disturbance and inner distraction. To fulfil the practice of inner renunciation, we have to work atweakening and eliminating the five hindrances, at quieting down and stopping all of the disturbing agitatingthoughts and emotions, and find the inner peace, the inner bliss that comes from detachment. When one isable to break the hold of these points of inner attachment to relinquish them, then one gains access to thehigher states of consciousness, to various higher attainments of concentration called Samadhi or jhana or deepmeditative absorption or the vimokṣa, the liberation of mind. These higher states of consciousness form thefoundation for further progress along the meditative path into the development of insight and wisdom.15
16. A Study of Pāramīs - Bhikkhu BodhiMP3 lectures downloaded from Bodhi Monastery website:http://www.bodhimonastery.net/bm/about-buddhism/audio.html?start=4These are transcripts of talks that Ven. Bhikkhu Bodhi gave at Bodhi Monastery in 2003. They havenot been edited or reviewed by the author, but he has given us permission to post them on ourwebsite.Lecture 4: The Perfection of Energy (viriya-pāramī)Bhikkhu BodhiWe have been going through the 10 pāramīs or spiritual perfections according to the southern school. Lasttime we covered the perfection of renunciation, nekkhama pāramī. In the usual list of pāramīs according to theTheravāda School, the fourth pāramitā is given as wisdom or prajñā. I have changed the order somewhatbecause it seems that this sequence is not perfectly logical (to my mind). It seems that wisdom is really theculmination of pāramitās and so it should come at the end. I put it last in the list I prepared. We could see allthe other pāramitās as preparing the ground work for the perfection of wisdom. The fourth perfection in thislist is energy. The formula given is:4. The Perfection of Energy (viriya-pāramī): “May I be filled with inexhaustibleenergy, vigour, and fortitude in cultivating the path to enlightenment and in workingfor the benefit of others.”Energy, vigour and fortitude are roughly all synonymous terms. What this particular factor emphasises is theneed for vigorous energy in perfecting all the other requisites of enlightenment. Energy is not so much aspecific field or object of its own but it’s a quality that has to spread over all the other pāramīs, and bring themall to maturity, to ripeness, bring them all to the peak of perfection. Without energy, without determinedeffort, one would not be able to accomplish anything. Our own natural tendency is to either flow with thestream of desire or to just drift along with the lazy tendency of the mind. To follow the Buddha’s teaching, onehas to go against the stream of our own natural inclination, the stream of desires, craving, the attractions ofworldly enjoyment, and the seeking for self-benefit. When one enters the practice of the Dhamma, one has towork at training one’s character, training one’s mind to transcend the limitation of the finite mind, the limitedmind, defiled mind. One has to rise up to ever greater heights in the cultivation of virtue, merits and wisdom.To do all these requires determined effort and energy. It is with energy and effort that we have to take up allthe practices of the Dhamma, from the very initial step all the way to the culmination.The perfect embodiment of energy is the Buddha himself. Throughout his life, he was always engaged inenergetic work for the benefits of others. First in his own quest for enlightenment, he spent six years traininghimself in the most rigorous and difficult practices. He fulfilled all the practices of asceticism, even self-mortification even though he realised this was the wrong path that he had taken, still he fulfilled this practicewith the utmost strength and vigour thinking that whatever had to be done for enlightenment, that he woulddo. After he attained enlightenment, when he became the Buddha, throughout his life, he would spend 8-9months each year walking all over the highways and byways of India, going from town to town, village tovillage teaching the Dhamma. In the course of a single day, in the morning after rising, he would sit inmeditation and entered into a special attainment in which he would be able to look out upon the world andsee the minds of sentient beings to see who he could teach and transform that day and who would need hishelp. After rising from meditation, he would wash himself and go for the alms round together with the monks.16
17. After eating, he would take a little rest. He would devote the rest of the day to teaching and training themonks. In the evening he would give Dhamma discourse to the lay people. Late at night he would giveadditional instructions to the monks. After dismissing the monks, beings from other world systems or deitieswould come to him for advice. He would sleep for only two hours per night in the course of a day. Eventhough we cannot immediately emulate such a high model, still we should bear in mind that the Buddhashould be taken as the symbol of perfect energy.In our own approach to the practice, we should try to build up our energy step by step, little by little. Energyis aroused by realising that obstacles to the energy have to be overcome. What are the obstacles? The firstobstacle is laziness. Even though one might be reading about the Dhamma, inspired by the Dhamma, when itcomes to making effort to really practice earnestly, one just doesn’t want to invest that extra effort in takingup the practice. Instead one prefers just to remain floating along in the drift of one’s worldly habit. Laziness isan obstacle to be overcome. As long as one gives way to laziness, one will not be able to make substantialprogress. Laziness tends to reinforce another obstruction, the attachment to one’s worldly enjoyment. Topractice the Dhamma, one has to be ready to go against the stream of our worldly enjoyment or our familiarcomfortable routine. That means simplifying our life by reducing our dependence upon external things. Weshould devote more of our attention and effort to cultivating the inner side of our being; particularly we haveto recognise the distinction between the unwholesome and wholesome qualities of the mind. We have towork to overcome the unwholesome qualities of which the most dominant for most people is attachment.Another major obstruction to the application of energy is self-disparagement. One might be inspired by theDhamma, wanting to practice, but one feels that one has too many obstacles that one is incapable of reallypracticing seriously. One just gives way to this self-disparagement and berates oneself as unworthy of practice,incapable of success, and one doesn’t make any effort. Whatever we are in one particular life is a reflection ofthe quality we developed in the preceding life. If one does not make any earnest effort to practice in this life,then in the next life one will have the same character, again berating oneself, feeling miserable, despondent,dejected and unable to practice. Self-disparagement is the third obstacle.A fourth obstacle is timidity, being afraid to take up the practice of Dhamma. One might be afraid thatentering the practice might have a harmful effect on one’s mind, might create trouble for oneself and/orothers, or become fearful and apprehensive when we see that one has to work earnestly on oneself. Tosucceed in the development of energy, when these qualities arise in the mind and pull us away from thepractice, then we have to recognise them as they are, call them by their true names and not yield or surrenderto them; and to recognise that we are engaged in the most important of all paths, the cultivation of theDhamma, this is a path that brings us ultimately to true happiness and fulfil our own well-being and enable usto be a source of benefits and blessings to others. With this in mind, we have to overcome our laziness. To beready to diminish or reduce our attachment, we need to have self-confidence even though the path may bedifficult and require a lot of effort and earnest application, we have the ability to succeed. Instead of beingfrightened and timid, one has to arouse great courage in entering the path, courage to face all of theobstructions that could arise from within oneself and outside oneself.In the arousing or application of energy, there are three stages mentioned in the Suttas. It’s important tounderstand the distinction of these stages. These three stages apply particularly to the practice of mentaldevelopment, meditation. 1. The first is called instigating energy – the initial arousal of energy. At the outset, in order to undertake the practice ( meditation), one has to arouse the energy to practice. At first the energy would falter, unsteady, one might even meet with inner resistance or inner conflict, but one makes the determination to practice and one stirs up the energy to engage in the practice. As one undertakes the practice for some time, one enters upon the second stage. 2. Persevering energy – this is the energy which persists in the endeavour. Here the energy is building up momentum and strength so that one can continue in one’s practice. One still has to make a determined effort, but now the energy is built up to the point where it is able to carry one along. 3. Invincible energy – non-retreating energy. This is the energy which is able to accomplish everything with success. When one enters upon this stage of invincible energy, one’s energy becomes so strong that it seems to swell up spontaneously. The current of energy is carrying one along so that one has to make almost no effort.17
18. The invincible energy is the third stage in this process that is built upon previous two stages. One has to beginby instigating the energy, which calls for determination, struggle, recognition of the point of attachment andresistance until one is able to overcome those obstacles and enter upon the persevering energy. When thepersevering energy gains momentum, then the energy becomes invincible.To help us take the initial step of arousing the energy, there are certain types of reflections or measures thatone could adopt. One is to use one’s understanding through reflection. The most basic level is understandingthe principle of cause and effect, and to recognise that powerful and momentous effects are built up through aslow and gradual accumulation of causes. Therefore when one sets out to follow the path of Dhamma, onecan’t expect that one is able at once to reach the greatest height. One recognises that to reach the top of themountain, one has to begin at the foot of the mountain, work up each meter step by step, at times one couldgo and at others one has to struggle, at time simply by foot and at others one has to use mountain climbingequipments. When one understands this principle of cause and effect, one recognises that one’s has a similarnature, one begins with simple steps, be very patient with oneself, undertakes simple practices and workmoderately or temperately, not be in a rush or hurry, not be full of enthusiasm and vigour one day or a weekor a month and then give up and surrender to one’s inherent laziness. By working persistently, day by day,month by month, year by year, recognising the law of cause and effect, one can build up gradually a strengththat will become indomitable. Just like a falling mass of snow that rolls down a mountain, it picks up moresnow till it becomes an avalanche. Like one’s mind flowing along the slope of Dhamma, practicingmethodically and patiently one picks more and more strength, more and more wholesome quality, wholesomeenergy, which becomes nucleus around which one can gather more wholesome quality , more strength, morevirtue, and more wisdom. Therefore superior understanding of this law and effect enables us to understandhow progress takes place through the gradual and methodical working of causes giving rise to effects which inturn become the causes for other effects.Then we need to stir up our energy for some perception of danger, perceiving the danger in negligence, thedanger in laziness. People think that it’s quite acceptable to be lackadaisical that they need not care for theirmind as long as everything is comfortable and secure around them. In Buddhism its constantly taught thatwhen one yields to negligence and laziness, then the enemy, the defilements, the unwholesome tendencies ofthe mind have greater opportunity to become active. When these defilements get the upper hand, graduallythey will become the driving forces of our personality and our life, even impelling us to very powerfulunwholesome actions. So when we see the danger in laziness, then we will be more determined to make aneffort in practicing the Dhamma.Another step to be taken is to make strong resolution with the will. This practice blends in with anotherpāramitā called determination. One arouses one’s willpower as the moving force in making an effort, ingenerating energy. When one arouses one’s willpower, one has to do so realistically not idealistically. One hasto use the will with the recognition of one’s own limitation and not make too many excessive demands ononeself. While one recognises one’s limitations, one also has to take steps to overcome them, identify one’sweakness and find the antidotes and remedies for overcoming them. One has to proceed from beginning toend without giving up. To further strengthen one’s willpower, it’s useful to reflect upon the examples from thepast. One reflects upon the Buddhas, Bodhisattvas and Arahats from the past, reflecting that they were notborn with their wisdom or enlightenment. They began as ordinary people like us. They reached the peak oftheir spiritual greatness through the application of energy. They recognised at that point that they were notenlightened, and that in following the Buddha’s path, they could reach enlightenment. They began with littlesteps, worked gradually, day after day, month after month, year after year, lifetime after lifetime until all theconditions were ripe for their attainment of liberation or enlightenment. As one applies and develops energyin this way, then one starts to find more and more joy in the practice of the Dhamma. This joy becomes anincentive for continuing one’s effort. As the Buddha said if the practice of Dhamma did not lead to happinessand wellbeing, but it led to harm and suffering he would not teach it. But because one sees that this practiceleads to one’s own wellbeing and happiness that one undertakes the practice. As one engages in the practiceof the Dhamma, one starts finding joy and happiness that is pure and wholesome, happiness that comes fromwholesome energy which rises and floods into the mind and clears the mind of its dark stains and dross, andfills the mind with bliss and rapture, with tranquillity. At its peak, one can balance tranquillity and joy; one isjoyful, happy, and yet calm and inwardly collected.18
19. The activity to be performed with energy is mentioned in the resolution read. It is to cultivate the path toenlightenment and is working within oneself in observing precepts, practicing meditation, studying theDhamma, and developing wisdom or insight. This is the process of developing wholesome quality within one’sown mind through engaging in wholesome activities outwardly or inwardly, and then in working for the benefitof others. In helping others, one assists one’s own progress. One should integrate that altruistic service toothers with one’s own inner cultivation. 19
20. A Study of Pāramīs - Bhikkhu BodhiMP3 lectures downloaded from Bodhi Monastery website:http://www.bodhimonastery.net/bm/about-buddhism/audio.html?start=4These are transcripts of talks that Ven. Bhikkhu Bodhi gave at Bodhi Monastery in 2003. They havenot been edited or reviewed by the author, but he has given us permission to post them on ourwebsite.Lecture 5: The Perfection of Patience (Khantī-pāramī) Bhikkhu BodhiI have been speaking about the practice of the ten pāramīs or pāramitās, the ten spiritualperfections. These come in the context of the wholesome qualities that one has to develop andpractice in order to fulfil the Buddha’s path. So far we started from the beginning with the practiceof the perfection of giving or generosity, then the perfection of virtue or morality; then following theten perfections of the Theravāda, the perfection of renunciation, letting go of one’s worldlyattachment to worldly enjoyment and sensual pleasures; then the practice of perfection of energy orvigour. Now we come to the counterpart of the practice of energy or vigour, the practice ofperfection of patience. When one practices the ten perfections, the two qualities that have to beheld in balance are energy or effort and patience. If one applies energy, but one does not havepatience, then one is likely to over-stretch one’s resources or over-exert oneself and becomesexhausted and burnt out, even damage one’s wholesome or virtuous project that one undertakes.To counterbalance effort or energy, one needs patience. But if one is too patient, then one does notmake any effort, one just let everything take its own course. One becomes bogged down inslovenliness, sloth and laziness, and one can’t accomplish anything worthwhile. What is needed is adelicate balance of effort, striving, endeavour and patience, endurance, forbearance.In the Visudhimagga, there was a simile used to show the delicate balance of the two qualitiesneeded. In India, students who were trained in medicine also learned surgery. In one of the testsgiven to the students of surgery to evaluate their skills, a lotus leaf was placed on water andstudents were given a sharp knife to cut the lotus leaf without pushing it under the water, to make asharp clear incision in the lotus leaf without pushing it into the water. If one applied too muchenergy without the patience, the student would make too much effort and push the leaf under thewater and fail the test. If the student were too patient and delicate and afraid to push the leaf underthe water, he would just make scratches on the leaf, and fail to make a clear sharp incision on theleaf, and would fail the test too. The one who passes the test is the one with enough strength to cutthe leaf and has enough patience to keep calm during the process of cutting so that he doesn’t pushthe leaf under the water. What is needed to supplement and complete the exertion of energy is thefulfilment of patience.The expression of the practice of perfection of patience is given in the formula:20
21. 5. The Perfection of Patience (khantī-pāramī): “May I always be patientunder all circumstances, no matter how difficult and challenging they mightbe without giving way to anger, dejection or discontent. May I be forbearingand forgiving towards all beings, even towards those who revile me, abuseme, and harass me.”Here there are two dimensions of practice: first being patient under external circumstancesconnected with situations or with inanimate objects; then there is patience in dealing with otherpeople. Some people find the first type of patience easier to fulfil, the other more difficult. Othersmight find the patience in dealing with people easier to fulfil but they have a difficult time remainingpatient in regard to external conditions. To fulfil the perfection of patience, one has to succeed inboth aspects. There is a third aspect as well and will be mentioned later.Patience is needed in all aspects of one’s life because patience protects all good and wholesomequalities. It’s said that there is no fault worse than anger. When one readily gives way to anger,anger will destroy all of one’s wholesome or virtuous qualities. Even a little anger can have a verystrong and lasting destructive effect. A simile in Buddhist text compares anger to just a little bit offlame. In India, the classical big mansion is built with 7 storeys all well-furnished. Somebody comesin with a small speck of flame and throws it at a curtain or the spark from electrical wiring may starta fire that destroys a 7-storey mansion. When we let anger rise in our mind and get control of themind, the anger spreads and flares up, becomes bigger and bigger, so strong that even though weget many merits from being very generous, strict in one’s practice, devout in devotional practice,strong in meditation but doesn’t recognise anger, this could destroy the merits and mind of samādhi.We have to work very carefully and diligently to control and master anger.First in regard to external circumstances, there are situations that make us lose our patience.Sometimes one might undertake a project that one sets one’s heart on, then that project fails. Onemay be working at a job, because the company is downsizing and one gets the notice that one isdismissed from the job; or when one does not get the promotion one wants, one feels disappointedand despondent. Sometimes personal relationships can get very stressful; here the whole set-up ofthe relationship causes a lot of frustration and discontent, one gets upset, angry, and dejected. Insome cases, chronic illness or certain debilitating conditions that don’t respond to treatment cancause people to become upset, angry and dejected. These are several unhealthy ways that onecould lose patience. One becomes angry, thinking, ‘one is a victim of circumstances’, ‘why is thishappening to me?’. Sometimes a little bit of anger (not in the sense of rage) arouses one toovercome obstructive conditions is useful in inspiring or impelling us to make more determinedeffort. The blind anger of lashing out at one’s circumstances is destructive and it does not bring anyresolution of one’s problem. One has to use obstructive conditions and turn them into a kind ofgoad for strengthening one’s practice of Dhamma, inspiring one to make stronger effort to arousestringer determination, and to not get angry or blame others or the working of circumstancesthinking that somehow one is fated with failure.Usually when repeated outbursts of anger fail to make a difference, then one falls into dejection orself-pity, one becomes upset and miserable. When one becomes upset and miserable, this is like21
22. putting a straitjacket around oneself. One then starts rating oneself lowly, loses all courage andhope, and resigns oneself submissively to what one takes to be one’s fate.The third response which develops from this dejection and self-pity is that one becomes dissatisfiedwith oneself, rating oneself lowly (low self-esteem) and others more highly, condemning oneself; orelse one develops false humility, thinking one has no talent, no virtue that can be called upon).Instead of giving way to anger, dejection or dissatisfaction, what one has to do is to rise up and meetthe challenge of difficult conditions. This is the way we practice the proper response to thesedifficult conditions. First when one meets with difficulty, one has to ask whether the difficulty onefaces is really due entirely to outer conditions or due to one’s own fault. If on investigation, onerealises that the problems are actually due to external conditions, and after repeated best attemptsto overcome them fail and there is just no way to succeed in overcoming them, then one should telloneself to just accept the conditions with equanimity, not with self-pity or feelings of dejection orangry resistance to them. When one accepts those difficult conditions, one also recognises thatthese conditions are also stamped with the universal mark of impermanence. Even though thedifficulty might last a long time, one always considers or reflects that ‘even this too someday willpass’.There is a famous story in which a king heard about some very precious ring that hidden away someplace in his kingdom. He sent one of his wise advisers to look for this ring. The adviser found thering, a plain ring with an inscription on it that read, ‘this too will pass’. The minister told the kingthat the ring had a great reputation and whoever found it must wear it all the time. So the king putit on his finger. Some months later, a rebellion took place in his kingdom and the rebels took controlof the kingdom, dethroned and put the king into the prison. The king was in prison and he looked atthe ring, ‘this too will pass’. One day, some of his allies who worked in the new administration cameand showed him a secret passage to escape from the prison. Together with some of his friends, heran off and lived in poverty in disguise in a remote part of the kingdom. Whenever he felt dejected,he looked at the ring, ‘this too will pass’ and this gave him encouragement. Some months later,more of his former subjects came to the king’s aid and took control of the kingdom and restored theking back to his former position as head of the kingdom. Instead of feeling arrogant and puffed upwith power, he looked at the ring, ‘this too will pass’. He knew that everything is impermanent,there is no need to be dejected in times of difficult conditions, there are no reasons to feel elatedwhen one meets with what one desires, one has to maintain equanimity under both conditions.When one meets with difficult challenging external conditions, and one cannot rectify them byappropriate effort, one just accepts them and recognises that they too will pass, that they areimpermanent.As mentioned before, there are two alternatives - the difficulties one faces can be due to theconditions themselves or due to one’s own fault. If they are due to the conditions themselves andare irreversible, one has to accept them. If on investigation, the problems are arising due to one’sown fault. One then asks if one has tried one’s best. If one has tried one’s best, then there is noneed to become disappointed or dejected; one can console oneself that one has made the besteffort and makes the determination to keep trying in the trust/confidence that with enough effort,one will eventually succeed. In other words, one accepts the present limitations of one’s conditions,but one does not lose inner courage, inner hope, and inner self-confidence. If one finds that one22
23. hasn’t been trying one’s best, then one makes a determination to do better in the future, applies afirmer, more concentrated and determined effort. In any case, there is no room for anger,dissatisfaction and dejection which all just cause miseries to oneself and prevent one from makingany effective effort to overcome the challenging and difficult outer conditions.In fact in practicing the Buddha’ path, what one does is to take the difficult outer conditions andtransform them into an opportunity for fulfilling a pāramī, a spiritual perfection. Without thesechallenging difficult conditions, there is no real opportunity to fulfil a pāramitā. What makes aquality like patience a pāramitā, a spiritual perfection is just the very fact that one has developedthis quality under conditions that work against it. If one has never met with difficult circumstances,if everything follows one’s desire, if every effort one makes is immediately successful, how could onefulfil the perfection of patience? What one does is to take the difficult conditions, harness them tothe practice of the Path. This is in a sense one meaning of yoga, yoga = yoke = join the difficultconditions to spiritual path, and make those conditions stepping stones to the progress andfulfilment of the Dhamma. In this respect, patience ties up with two other pāramīs, energy or effortand adhiṭṭhāna pāramī (perfection determination in the southern scheme) or perfection ofresolution or vow (in northern scheme of pāramitās).So far I have been discussing patience under external circumstances. Most people are not so muchtroubled by external circumstances as they are by challenges that arise in dealing with other people.Consider a situation: you are on one side of the street, and you are looking at a man across thestreet who is constantly shouting to you, ‘you stupid fool’, ‘you stupid fool’. You look across thestreet, you see him, and you hear what he is saying. You look around and there is nobody else onthe street and you realise he is looking straight at you and talking to you. You think to yourself, youhave never seen that man before and why is he calling out ‘you stupid fool’, ‘you stupid fool’. Youstart to get angry and walk across the street to give him a lesson. You come up to the man, ready topunch him and see that it is a dummy, a machine in front of an amusement shop. It is electronicallyprogrammed to chant ‘you stupid fool, you stupid fool’, its eyes still are focusing across the streeteven though you are in front of him, then you start to laugh and your anger dissipates, you realise itis not a person, it’s not really speaking to you. If all the people in our lives who give us difficulties,we got to know them very well and we see that they just programmed dolls made to look like humanbeings, then we wouldn’t be upset. It’s because we take them to be human beings with truepersons, true selves that we cherish enmity against them, this causes so many problems for us.What we especially have to do in dealing with human beings is to overcome this anger and totransform anger into loving–kindness (mettā or maitri), one of these sterling Buddhist virtues. Thecapacity for loving-kindness is limited and damaged by our tendency to anger. One elementary wayis to reflect on the misery and danger that is bound up with the angry mind. Anger is a verypowerful defilement of mind (easily disposed to people with untrained mind) that brings great painand misery to oneself first of all even before anger expresses itself in action directed against others.When one’s own mind gets overrun and obsessed by anger, one feels miserable and one wants toget rid of it and one just can’t. Angry thought just keeps bubbling up and keep coming and burning,one just has no peace, no quietude. When one doesn’t control the anger, one is likely to express itoutwardly and brings misery and pain to others like those closest to one. Even strangers can feel theanger in an angry person – scowl in the face of angry persons, hard expression in the eyes, never 23
24. speak friendly words, no smile. One wants to avoid an angry person. One who smiles and seemsfriendly or one with loving-kindness wins friendship while anger destroys friendships andrelationships. Anger creates a lot of tension and stress in the family when one comes home angry.One comes home from work angry at one’s colleague or boss and takes it out on the familymembers or pet dogs. That causes them to become upset and they have to take it out on somebodyelse. The whole atmosphere in the family is infected with this illwill and discontent. Other peoplewant to avoid one and one becomes lonely and isolated. When anger builds up, it destroys all ofone’s merits and good qualities. Anger can motivate one to perform destructive actions to oneselfand others. Sometimes these lead to self-destructive addictive habits (dependence on alcohol anddrugs) and actions that are destructive of the welfare of others (even murders). Anger can eat up allof one’s good qualities.To bring the good qualities to perfection, what one needs is patience, patience in dealing with otherpeople, whether they are close to you, strangers and enemies. The big challenge is how does onetackle anger in dealing with other people? Because anger is such a strongly rooted habitual tendencyof the mind, the first step, before one does anything else, is to recognise anger as anger when it firstarises, this is the practice of satisampajañña (sati = mindfulness, being aware of what is taking placein one’s mind) with clear comprehension (= sampajañña, you know what is the state arising in themind, you can identify it, label it and specify it). When you label the mental state and keep it underobservation, this prevents it from gathering momentum. When the mind starts getting excited, justwatch the mind, label it ‘anger’s starting, anger’s starting’, watch it until it goes away or subsidesand the mind settles down. If the anger gets stronger, divert the mind from the person or situationthat is making you angry, focus on the breath, even for five breaths, mindfully ‘breathe in, breatheout’, this is like putting a brake on the anger, this puts the mind under one’s control to some degree,thus preventing the anger from getting stronger and exploding. In this way, one helps the mind tosettle down. If this does not work immediately, then one can even use a little force to push theanger away, sometimes this succeeds and other times not, by averting the mind to see the anger,‘this anger has come, it is self-destructive, let me dispel it’ to push it away. If this doesn’t work, usecertain lines of reflection to overcome the anger. One way is to reflect that anger has many dangers,‘If I give way to anger, I’ll make enemy of other people and make enemy for myself. Patience is sucha valuable virtue, let me keep my mind calm.’ And if the person is one who persistently annoys orirritates one, one way to overcome that lingering resentment in one’s mind is to develop loving-kindness towards that person. If one practices meditation on Loving-kindness, one knows how toarouse loving kindness towards the person who is causing one trouble, and wish, ‘may this person bewell; may this person be happy; may the person be free from all harm and suffering.’Suppose one has a persistent enemy, a way to overcome that antagonistic relationship is by treatingthe person in a friendly way with kind action and gentle speech. In this way, one changes the personand relationship, changing the relationship of hostility, of clashes to one of friendly cooperation.This is illustrated in a story in one sutta. In the Heaven of Thirty-three, Sakka, the king of the godshas a throne where he sits and presides over the assembly of the gods. At one time when the Sakkawas away, a demon (yakkha or yaksha) called the ‘anger-eating demon’ came and sat on Sakka’sthrone. When the gods saw that, they were outraged and shouted at the demon to get off. Themore they shouted at him, the bigger, more powerful and uglier the demon became till the godsbecame tiny dwarfs. The gods just had to give up while the demon sat there and enjoyed himself. 24
25. The demon ordered Sakka’s food to be brought to him. Finally Sakka arrived on the scene and saidto the demon, ‘how are you my friend? Are you comfortable there? Do you have everything youneed? Anything I can get for you? Do you like to have another meal?’ As Sakka spoke in this friendlyand loving way, the demon started to become weaker and smaller until it became like a little ant andit popped into the air and vanished. The way to overcome enemies or foes is to change them frombeing enemies into being friends. In this way, one has a peaceful happy mind, the other person alsohas a peaceful happy mind. The relationship becomes one which is productive and beneficialinstead of one that is stressful and harmful.25
26. A Study of Pāramīs - Bhikkhu BodhiMP3 lectures downloaded from Bodhi Monastery website:http://www.bodhimonastery.net/bm/about-buddhism/audio.html?start=4These are transcripts of talks that Ven. Bhikkhu Bodhi gave at Bodhi Monastery in 2003. They havenot been edited or reviewed by the author, but he has given us permission to post them on ourwebsite. Lecture 6: The Perfection of Truthfulness (Sacca-pāramī) Bhikkhu BodhiToday we continue our discussion with the pāramīs that we have to fulfil on the path toenlightenment. Now we come to the sixth perfection on the list, sacca pāramī, the perfection oftruthfulness, and the formulation is:6. The Perfection of Truthfulness (sacca-pāramī): “May I always speak thetruth, live by truth, and be devoted to truth in order to win the confidence ofothers.”Throughout his discourses, the Buddha had always frequently emphasised the importance ofspeaking the truth, not only as a way of facilitating communication but also contributing to one’sown spiritual growth. The most famous short discourse on the value of truthfulness is the advice theBuddha gave to his little son, Rahula. Shortly after Rahula was ordained as a novice, he called Rahulato his presence. He had a cup of water on his table. There was just a little bit of water left in the cupand he showed it to Rahula. The Buddha said, ‘Just so little is the spiritual worth of a person who isnot ashamed to tell a deliberate lie’. He threw a little bit of the water away and said to Rahula, ‘So aperson who is not ashamed to tell a deliberate lie throws away whatever little spiritual virtue he hasbeen cultivating.’ Then the Buddha turned the cup of water upside down on the table, and said toRahula, ‘So a person who is not ashamed to tell a deliberate lie turns his whole inner being upsidedown.’ The Buddha concluded the discourse, saying, ‘When one is not ashamed to tell a deliberatelie, there is no evil that one would not do.’ One could see the importance of truthfulness in today’sworld wherein so some many sides we are constantly bombarded by falsehood. One sees falsehoodmultiplying in so many domains of human activities. In politics, politicians are ready to tell lies inorder to promote their own policies or cover up their own schemes and prevent others to exposethem or knowing about them, e.g. Watergate scandal. Politicians are always out to project falsestates in order to win popular support. Even though they might have hidden motives, they showthemselves to be friendly in order to gain favour and win votes. Often they are ready to changetheir policies overnight when it serves their advantage. In ancient times, when people had somesolid, ethical criteria on which to base their lives and conduct, they were ready to stand up onmatters of principles. In the modern age, expediency triumphs over matters of consistency andfidelity to truth; and popularity triumphs over firm adherence to principles as guidelines of conduct.This is an example of how falsehood and deception proliferate in politics. 26
27. In the world of commerce and advertising, we see advertisers have no scruples about making falseclaims about their products. Although there are agencies which are supposed to monitor the claimsof the manufacturers/corporations, often members of the agencies have been appointed throughpressure from the manufacturers/corporations themselves so that they serve only to give the seal ofapproval to the products turned out by the manufacturers. Often manufacturers will presentdistorted pictures of their products in order to win a market share. They will be able to push theirproducts without any control by higher authority. Sometimes manufacturers would even cover upflaws and dangers in their products even when these flaws and dangers put people’s lives at risk.One of the notorious cases is the tobacco industry. Although scientific investigations establish fairlyconclusively that the use of tobacco poses a threat to health, cause cancer, heart disease, thetobacco industry for years were fighting these claims and drew testimony from scientists that theindustry hired to testify that their investigations showed no real dangers to cigarette smoking or thatthe dangers were exaggerated. Sometimes car manufacturers would produce a badly designedmodel of their car that put people’s lives at risk and they don’t want to withdraw that model of thecar when the danger becomes known, so they will try to cover up the flaw of the product. Drugmanufacturers will cover up the danger in the pharmaceutical product when the danger in theproduct becomes known. The same happens with the manufacturers of guns and rifles and theirdenial of easy access to firearms are in any way responsible for the widespread violence in theAmerican society. The same happens with the denials that violent shows in television contribute inany way to violence in the American society. In this way commerce becomes a source for theproliferation of falsehood and lies in the society.Even highly responsible corporate executives systematically issued lies and falsehood to cover uptheir misdemeanours in misappropriation of company funds. Sometimes this web of lies that they’dwoven brought about the destruction of their companies and led to many people losing their jobsand livelihood. In the world of entertainment, popular media, TV, music in subtle ways projectillusory images of human life. They consistently try to make us believe that the path to realhappiness lies in romantic love, sensual indulgence, and flamboyant living. The media ofentertainment consistently undermine any sense of personal responsibility or social accountability.All of these sources of falsehood, politics, advertising, professional lies, the entertainment, theweaving of this net of falsehood etc spread down to ordinary people so that ordinary people losetheir own scruples about telling lies to secure some advantage, thinking ‘If leaders of nations,captains of industries can do this, if the corporations can do this, why should I be obliged always tospeak the truth?’ The use of falsehood is not confined to the mundane sphere of life, even religiousand spiritual leaders/figures also pick up the same habit of speaking falsehood. Religions becomebig business, some televangelists in the past decades have been found to be guilty of channellingfunds to their own personal bank account or exploiting their own workers sexually; some Indiangurus and Buddhist spiritual teachers have also been found guilty of exploiting their studentsfinancially and sexually and using falsehood and denials to cover these up. In this way we seefalsehood has become so rampant in human life today.The Buddha’s teachings put a brake against the disposition to resort to falsehood through the fourthprecept, “the precept to abstain from speaking falsehood’. We have to consider different types offalsehoods because they have different levels of gravity or seriousness:27
28. 1.Malicious lies being the most serious - Malicious lies deliberately intended to cause damage to another person, to injure another person’s reputation, to cause financial ruins of other people or loss of position in society; to create dissension and discord among people who have previously been living together harmoniously. These are lies with the heaviest moral weight. Examples of lies of grave offence in the Vinaya: making false accusation about another monk intended to cause him to fall from hisspiritual life; telling a falsehood with the aim of splitting a harmonious sangha.2. Self-seeking lies – These are lies directly aimed at securing some personal advantage for oneself, for gaining wealth, a higher position, respect and admiration of others.3. Defensive lies – These are lies told to excuse oneself from some other misdeeds that one has committed. Instead of accepting the blame honestly and truthfully, one tries to wriggle out of it by denying one’s culpability or by shifting the blame to others;4. Trifling lies – A lie that is an exaggeration or a lie told as a joke to get laughs, ‘white lie’ or innocuous lie that does not serve any purpose at all.One question that I have never found dealt with explicitly in Buddhist texts – Is the commitment orobligation to truthful speech a moral absolute? That is, are we always obliged to speak the truthunder all circumstances and under all conditions? In my own personal opinion, it seems to me thatcannot be the case. There can be situations where there is a possible clash or conflict of contrarymoral imperatives, say between the obligation to speak the truth on the one hand and on the otherthe obligation to protect and safeguard the lives of others. On the scale of moral value, the highestvalue should be placed on non-injury, on not doing anything that can bring real damage and harm toothers. There could be cases where telling a falsehood or slightly distorting or misrepresenting thetruth might be necessary in order to protect others from serious harm or damage. An example iswhen Christians who hid the Jews in their homes to protect them from the Nazis would speak afalsehood when asked by the Nazis if they had seen any Jews. These are exceptional cases. In ourordinary communication, it’s important to speak the truth and to remain firm in one’s commitmentto truth.Now I want to speak about some of the dangers or disadvantages which come from speakingfalsehood without any qualms or any sense of scruples or restraint. One immediate danger is whenone consciously speaks falsehood, this creates some very subtle but deeply embedded pangs ofremorse even though one might not admit it to oneself. When one habitually speaks falsehood, itcreates some kind of feeling of discomfort in the mind, a ‘scarring of the tissues’ of conscience.When one speaks falsehood, misleading people and distorting a real situation, one betrays the trustof the people one speaks to and one knows it, this creates a gap or distance between oneself andothers and there is no way to bridge.Another danger of speaking falsehood is that falsehood tends to proliferate. When one sees thatone could get away with telling one lie, one feels less hesitancy about telling subsequent lies untilspeaking falsehood becomes habitual. Another problem with telling lies is that one lie needs thesupport of other lies. One falsehood has to be buttressed and sustained by other falsehood. So 28
29. when one gets into the practice of telling deliberate lies, then before long, one finds that one has toweave a whole web of lies to protect oneself, a whole web of falsehood intended to reinforce eachother. The problem with lies is that they are very fragile and difficult to sustain. In this respect theyare different from truth. Sometimes it is difficult to adhere firmly to truth. When one takes one’sstand on truth, one finds that truthful communication makes one strong and invulnerable. Truthitself is strong and invulnerable. Lies are easy to resort to but are fragile and difficult to sustain.When one lie collapses and found out to be a falsehood, the other lies lose their credibility in theeyes of others, so that before long the entire tower of lies one built up diligently and intenselycracks and collapses and falls to the ground, one finds oneself exposed and rejected as anuntrustworthy person, a liar and deceiver; one becomes a pariah or an outcast.Another danger of lies is that they break down or undermine the coherence of the society. Forpeople in a society to function and work together to create a viable social order, they must be ableto trust each other’s statement. Interpersonal communication presupposes that people arespeaking the truth. When lying becomes widespread, especially when people in high positions ofhigh responsibility have been found to be guilty of telling falsehood, people feel that they no longercan trust one another so that the very glue of trust that holds the social order together starts todisintegrate, the social coherence or harmony also disintegrates. Suspicion and distrust spreadthroughout the whole social order. People feel that their neighbours and colleagues are out tocheat them. When there is such strong distrust for one another, people start to cheat one another.Nobody knows who or what to believe anymore.Another consequence of speaking falsehood is that when one becomes habituated to speak lies,after sometime one starts to believe one’s own lies. One loses the ability to distinguish betweentruth and falsehood. One gets lost in the labyrinth of falsehood until one can no longer finds one’sway back to truth. One loses the ability to distinguish between truth and falsehood, betweendeception and reality.This leads on to what one might consider the greatest danger in habitual lying. In a sense, it is notmerely a moral or ethical fault but it is a misrepresentation of the real nature of things. Tellingfalsehood is not only a violation of an ethical rule, but also an act of violence against reality. Bydistorting the truth in speech, one is contributing to constructing a false and distorted picture of theworld. One builds up false conceptions in one’s own mind and projects them through speech to theminds of others. Then one comes to accept them oneself, so that one becomes a victim of one’sown falsehood and distances oneself from the truth. If one considers what is the focal point orcentre of the morally heavy type of lies, it is the idea of ‘my self’. Falsehood is aimed at furtheringone’s own advantage, projecting a false image of oneself, at defending oneself, or at injuring otherswho are conceived of as rival selves. All these lies in some ways sustain the delusion of a trulyexisting self and in this way they reinforce the ignorance, avijjā, the most fundamental root ofsuffering, the most basic cause of our bondage to saṃsāra.In contrast to the disadvantages of falsehood, we can consider the positive benefits of truthfulspeech. First of all, when one speaks the truth consistently, one enjoys ease of conscience, ease inone’s mind, no need to defend oneself. When one is honest in one’s communication with others,then one can open up deep channels of mutually beneficial and enriching communication with other 29
30. people. Lies build up barriers between people. Truthful speech is very essential for bringing aboutdeep-rooted transformation in one’s own character and personality. The Buddha distinguishesbetween superior and inferior persons. The inferior person is one who speaks at length about thefaults of others and says little about his/her own faults. The superior person is one who speaks fullyabout his/her own fault, but says little about the faults of others. On all occasions except when it’sreally necessary and truly beneficial to others, one shouldn’t speak about the faults andshortcomings of others. When it’s really important for one’s own development to reveal one’s fault,then do so. Speaking the truth is important for self-transformation. In order to transform or correctoneself, one has to recognise one’s own faults first within oneself and then when necessary, one hasto be ready to communicate them to others. This idea plays an important role in Buddhist monasticdiscipline. The Buddha laid it down as a guideline for the monastic order. When a monk breaks afundamental precept, the monk should confess the transgression to another monk. Confessing thetransgression eases the conscience and ensures that the monk will not be disposed to repeat thetransgression in the future.Truthfulness in speech implies that one is not prone to deceive others about the nature of reality.This helps to prepare one’s own mind for comprehending the true nature of things. Truthful speechimplies that one has a sense of responsibility to the truthful representation of reality. This supportsone’s own quest for truth and contributes to the growth of wisdom. According to Buddhism,wisdom is the insight or understanding that dispels the clouds of delusion that cover up the truenature of phenomena. The aim in Buddhism is to develop wisdom, to uncover the true nature ofthings, to see things as they really are. That means that we have to remove the clouds of ignoranceand delusion that obstruct clear vision. Truthful speech or truthful communication encourages us toremain faithful to the truth. Thus it enables us to strip away the layers of delusion and falseconcepts that distort our understanding. By speaking the truth consistently, we keep our mindstraight and honest. This helps us to arrive at a straight, direct, honest grasp of things as they reallyare, above all the correct comprehension of the true nature of the self.One of the most important benefits of speaking the truth is that when one speaks the truthconsistently, one is able to win the trust and confidence of others. Truthful communication has amagnetic effect. When one meets someone who is speaking the truth or honestly, one feelsdisposed to place trust in that person and to accept what the person says in confidence. (Thisdoesn’t mean that the person on whom people place trust and confidence is necessarily a speaker oftruth since there are a lot of ‘frauds’ out there who are very clever at covering up and presenting avery bright and pleasing exterior so that they could hoodwink people and mislead them along falsepaths !!!) Communication of truth has a strong charismatic power of winning the trust andconfidence of people. This becomes very important in the propagation and spread of the Dhamma,the Buddha’s teaching. The Buddha himself is called saccavadi, the speaker of truth. Its said that,‘As he speaks, so he does; as he does, so he speaks’. It’s important not only to speak the truth, butalso to live in accordance with truth. One’s action should accord with one’s words; one’s wordsshould accord with one’s actions. In the Indian tradition which still survives even today, it’s believedthat one who consistently lives by truth and speaks the truth acquires very high degree of spiritualpower that can even affect seemingly miraculous changes in the external world. Regularly when werecite suttas or discourse of Buddha, at the end of the discourse, we recite some blessing lines, ‘….by 30
31. this assertion of truth (etena sacca vajjena), may you be well, may you be happy, may you be freefrom all illness and suffering’.There was a story from the Indian tradition that illustrates the mystical power of truth. This was thestory about the King Asoka who was travelling by the side of Ganges river one time. He saw the riverflowing so powerfully down to Patna, he thought to himself, ‘is it ever possible for anybody toreverse the direction of River Ganges?’. He told this to his ministers who then spread this questionthrough to the city of Pataliputra (Patna). An elderly prostitute heard this and she thought shewould try to make the River Ganges flow upstream. She exerted her will and made the river flowupstream. King Asoka asked how she could make the river flow upstream. She told the king how, ‘Imade this declaration of truth. In all the years that I have worked as a prostitute, I have neverdiscriminated between men on the basis of their caste, social ranking, their wealth and their positionor social power. They came to me, they paid the required fees, and I treated them all in the sameway without any discrimination. I made that statement in front of the River Ganges. As soon as Imade it, the river flowed upstream.’Another story related to a young village boy who was bitten by a snake. He was lying unconsciousand getting close to death. The uncle, a Buddhist monk was called in. He recited a sutta, but thatdid not help. The uncle then thought to make a declaration of truth in his attempt to save the boy,‘The first week that I was ordained, I enjoyed living the life of a monk. But from the second week ontill the last thirty years, I felt miserable leading the life of a monk. By the truth of this statement,may the boy be saved.’ The poison in the boy’s belly came out, there was still more poison in theboy’s body. So the father then followed and made a declaration of truth, ‘Even though I have areputation for being a generous supporter of monks and Brahmins, I must say truthfully thatwhenever monks or Brahmins come to me for gifts of food, financial aid, the first thought that cameto me was, what’s these worthless beggars coming to me for, I wish they would go away and leaveme in peace. ‘ After he made the declaration, the poison in the boy’s chest came out. There wasstill poison in the boy’s head. Then the mother made a declaration of truth, ‘from the day I havebeen married, I have served my husband humbly, obediently, very softly, always following hisinstructions and directions, but I have thought through all of these years why I do I have to live withsuch an overbearing, inconsiderate, nasty man.’ After she made the declaration, all the poison cameout from the boy’s mouth and ears, and he came back to normal life. 31
32. A Study of Pāramīs - Bhikkhu BodhiMP3 lectures downloaded from Bodhi Monastery website:http://www.bodhimonastery.net/bm/about-buddhism/audio.html?start=4These are transcripts of talks that Ven. Bhikkhu Bodhi gave at Bodhi Monastery in 2003. They havenot been edited or reviewed by the author, but he has given us permission to post them on ourwebsite.Lecture 7: Perfection of Determination (adhiṭṭhāna-pāramī)Bhikkhu BodhiI have been speaking about the ten spiritual perfections, dasa pāramī, according to the southernTheravada tradition. So far we have covered the perfections of giving, virtue, renunciation, energy,patience and truthfulness. Now we come to the perfection of determination, the adhiṭṭhāna-pāramī,expressed in the aspiration:7. The Perfection of Determination (adhiṭṭhāna-pāramī): “May I be fixedand unshakable in my determination to follow the way of the Buddha in lifeafter life, without ever turning away due to laziness, fear, or doubt.”In a sense this is one of the most important of the pāramīs. It is a practice that extends to all theother pāramīs and which reinforces them and makes them instruments of inner change and self-transformation. The Buddha’s teaching itself, the Dhamma can be described as a discipline of self-transformation on the one hand and self-transcendence on the other. The Dhamma is a discipline ofself-transformation because it is concerned principally with changing ourselves, changing ourselvesfrom deluded ordinary people into sages and saints, from foolish people into wise luminous people,from worldlings into Aryans or noble ones, arahants, bodhisattvas and Buddhas. This process of self-transformation occurs by way of self-transcendence. We have to continually be transcending ourpresent limitations, rising above our limitations, deepening our insight, our wisdom, enriching ourvirtues, and then moving beyond all sense of limitation to arrive at the unconditioned, the ultimate,the truly real. All such changes depend upon the practice of the Path. The Buddha’s function is topoint out the Path to the ultimate while we have to walk the path ourselves. The burden of trainingin Buddhism rests upon our own selves, above all upon our own mind. The object is to transformthe mind, to purify the mind and illuminate the mind. According to the Buddha, the mind is themost powerful in the world, more so than nuclear energy. The whole variety of the world is reallydevised by the mind; the whole variety of the animal kingdom comes about through the differenttendencies of the mind of living beings. One could consider what the mind can accomplish, buildskyscrapers, powerful computer systems, putting men in space etc. All this knowledge andinstruments come from the mind. The mind can also be an instrument for great destruction, wars,pillages etc. Buddhism is concerned with transforming the mind, unfolding the inherent capacitiesof the mind. Those capacities always lie dormant. With the proper applications or methods, thesecapacities can be extracted, waken up from these dormant states, unfolded and brought to fullness 32
33. of development. The Buddha’s teaching begins with the minds of ordinary people afflicted withsufferings and defilements, wrapped up in delusions and selfish desires. It shows us the way togradually purify and transform that mind into the enlightened mind, ultimately into a mind of theBuddha, a mind radiant with wisdom of enlightened, permeated with purity, overflowing with love,compassion and inner peace. This transformation comes about through the exercise of the will orvolition, cetanā, that faculty of the mind which embraces all of the capacities of the mind. Ordinarilycetanā or volition works in the service of selfish desires. The will becomes an instrument of people’sdesires, a means for fulfilling the desires. The will gets scattered in different directions according tothe changing desires of the mind, whims and caprices. Sometimes the will gets focused very stronglybut with some selfish purpose in mind. The will is an active force that can be used to shape andtransform the entire quality of one’s life if one directs the will in the right way, in the direction of thegood, the wholesome. I sometimes conceive of the mind in terms of three overlapping dimensions –the cognitive aspect (concerned with knowing and understanding); the emotional aspect (concernedwith feeling); and the volitional aspect (domain of the will). It is through the proper exercise of thewill that one can transform the cognition from one usually permeated with delusionsmisunderstandings and wrong views into wisdom, correct penetrative understanding and insight.Usually emotions sway between liking and disliking, attachment and aversion. Through the exerciseof the will, one can transform the emotion into loving-kindness and compassion. The will itself isusually the instrument of selfish grasping. But the will can also transform itself into the greatresolution to serve and to benefit others. Most people usually waste the potential of the will bymaking the will the servant of their own selfish desires. In Buddhism, one tries to harness the will(yoga) and to make it into an instrument for the realisation of wisdom, of highest good, for attainingtrue purity of heart and spiritual freedom.Determination or adhiṭṭhāna is the process by which one trains the will. Determination represents adecision first to enter upon the Buddha’s Path. Once one enters the Path, it is throughdetermination that one continues along the path without giving up part way through. It is thedetermination that propels one to follow the Path all the way through to its end. In the collection ofBuddha’s sayings in the Anguttara Nikāya, the Buddha said, ‘I had known two things: not to becontent with the partial cultivation of good qualities; and not to become discouraged in exertion.’He made the determination to fulfil all wholesome qualities. Once he made that determination, hestrived on constantly without discouragement to follow the path to its culmination until he hadachieved the fulfilment of all good qualities.So determination has a twofold role. First its through determination that one makes the innercommitment to enter upon the practice of Dhamma, to follow the teaching of the Buddha. It isdetermination again which enables one to repeatedly or continuously stretch and extend one’slimits and pushes oneself towards higher goals and higher accomplishment. For example, inmeditation, accomplished meditators are able to sit firmly without vacillating for three, four hours ina stretch. It’s through determination first that one could learn to sit without moving for a certainduration, like 30 minutes. It’s through determination one makes a decision to extend the sitting toforty minutes. After one accomplishes the ability to sit for forty minutes, one makes adetermination to extend the sitting to say fifty minutes, to one hour and so on until one could sit forhours in one stretch. Step by step, through determination that one gradually builds up little by littleone’s ability to sit for an extended duration. Consider the determination entailed in perfecting the 33
34. pāramīs towards attaining Buddhahood. It’s through the determination to follow the path step bystep, life after life over millions of aeons, that the Buddha was able to extend his limits to becomeever deeper in wisdom, ever more abundant in virtue, ever greater power and capacity of the mind.It’s through the determination to fulfil all of the practices step by step, working patiently andpersistently at bringing all of these virtues to perfection till he finally attained supremeenlightenment in his final existence. It’s determination which enables us gradually to build up ourspiritual potential as we work patiently and persistently to fulfil all of the qualities of the path.Determination implies that one will not be deterred or hindered by obstacles and this givesdetermination its significance. Determination means the will not to be deterred by obstacles, thewill not to become discouraged by barriers to our development. It is precisely through the force ofdetermination that one is able to transform obstacles into aids to progress. Without barriers, therewould be no progress. When one is feeling weak and helpless or despondent and discouraged, itsthrough determination that one is able to rise above those feelings of weakness and helplessness,despondency and discouragement and discover new strength and courage to push forward or waitpatiently until these feelings subside. When one feels sluggish, it’s determination that enables oneto stir up fresh reserve of energy to push forward.Determination implies repeated effort in the training, implies self-discipline, constancy, persistencein the tasks one sets for oneself. It’s through determination first that one launches in a newdirection in the practice of the Dhamma and pushes beyond one’s present limitation. Again throughdetermination that one consolidates and solidifies the new territory that one has entered. As onemoves across this path of Dhamma, one faces inner and outer obstacles, personal tragedies, attacksor slanders by others, bad health, tensions in relationships, and the wild and sluggish mind. Throughdetermination, one does not give up and turn away, but one pushes on higher, deeper and extendsoneself more widely. Like a businessman who just opens up a new business, through hisdetermination to succeed, he is able to marshal his business skills to enlarge his business, opens upbranches and extends the business further, bigger and wider and beyond to become a hugecorporate success.Through determination one could achieve great things. It is through the practice of Dhamma thatone could achieve the greatest thing. But without this determination, one would not be able tosucceed. Through determination, one looks ahead towards the ultimate goal. There are differentgoals pointed out in the Buddha’s teachings. There is the lower goal of simply living according to theethical norm, becoming a decent respectable human being by avoiding all unwholesome courses ofconduct and by pursuing wholesome courses of conduct. If one follows these standards, then onebecomes a human being of integrity, one who realises the human ethical ideal. By practicingmeritorious deeds, one will be capable of a happy and fortunate rebirth in the human or celestialrealm. According to Buddhism, this is not enough; one has to aim for ultimate liberation fromsuffering. There are different vehicles for accomplishing this liberation – the vehicle of personalliberation or the vehicle of universal enlightenment through Buddhahood. Whichever goal onedetermines for oneself, one has to prepare to practice persistently and courageously, and to practiceover many lives. One makes the resolution to follow the path of the Buddha - one makes thedetermination not to turn away due to laziness, fear or doubt, the three major obstacles ordeterrents. Through laziness, one thinks it’s too hard to follow the path, one would rather drift 34
35. along with the currents of one’s desires and find enjoyment in the different delights of the world andthe one loses one’s will to practice. The second deterrent is fear. One sees that the Dhamma makesvery strong demands that lead one into deep domains of the mind that one has not experiencedbefore. Sometimes this will arouse fear that it’s just too difficult. One has to be ready to sacrificeone’s wealth to benefitting others, to observe high standards of ethical discipline, to undertakedifficult practices to train and master the mind, and all these lead one to think that one just can’t doit and gives up. The third obstacle is doubt even though one may initially get some benefit. Is theretruly such a thing as enlightenment? Is the Buddha really a wise accomplished person? Am I reallygetting benefits from this practice? Is there really karma or rebirth? Is there really such a thing asdefilement, as factor of enlightenment? Are these just imaginary constructions by some ancientphilosophers whose teachings are no longer relevant to our modern age? These obstaclesrepeatedly crop up as we follow along the Dhamma. To overcome them we have to be strong,powerful and unflinching in our determination. While we set ourselves very high and lofty goal, wealso have to bring the determination to bear on our everyday life by making specific determinationto follow or undertake specific practices and to stick with them every day. For example, make thedetermination to stake out a period (30 minutes, one hour or two hours, morning and evening) foroneself for spiritual practice, take the 3 refuges, take the 5 precepts, do a few liturgy recitations,train the mind in meditation, share the merit, and dedicate the merit to one’s goal. This everydaypractice builds up one’s force of determination and one’s wholesome quality. In undertaking thepractice of the Dhamma, one recognises that one has set for oneself the highest goal. The lure ofthis goal should be enough to stir up one’s determination to follow the path day by day, year by year,even life by life until one arrives at the goal.35
36. A Study of Pāramīs - Bhikkhu BodhiMP3 lectures downloaded from Bodhi Monastery website:http://www.bodhimonastery.net/bm/about-buddhism/audio.html?start=4These are transcripts of talks that Ven. Bhikkhu Bodhi gave at Bodhi Monastery in 2003. They havenot been edited or reviewed by the author, but he has given us permission to post them on ourwebsite. Lecture 8: Perfection of Determination (adhiṭṭhāna-pāramī) Con’d Bhikkhu BodhiLast week I spoke about the seventh pāramī, the adhiṭṭhāna pāramī in a general way. I want to coverthe adhiṭṭhāna pāramīs in details in this talk because it is one of the most important pāramīs. I willreview some of the main points covered in the previous talk. Our main responsibility aspractitioners of Buddha’s teaching is the transformation of the mind. The Buddha places the mind atthe very centre of his entire teaching because the mind is the source of happiness and sufferings, ofbondage and liberation. Even though the mind is the root of our whole existence and determinesthe whole quality of our lives, usually we give little attention to the actual nature and the quality ofour mind. The Buddha’s path is laid down as a systematic and very precise method for transformingthe mind. What we have to do is to transform the mind from its ordinary conditions in which it iswrapped up in its delusions and defilements into an enlightened and liberated mind. The end pointof the teaching is the mind that is liberated from all of the kilesa, defilements, worries and distress,an enlightened mind which is radiant with wisdom, purity and peace. This transformation of themind depends upon the exercise of the will or volition. Volition is a particular mental factor. It is theact of force of the mind which shapes and transforms all other aspects of our existence.Determination is the act by which we direct the will to this work of inner transformation. It isthrough volition that we firmly decide to do what is difficult to accomplish and apply ourselves againand again to fulfilling this decision.In the practice of Dhamma, determination has 3 main functions:1.First, it is through determination that one makes the initial decision to follow the Dhamma. It is through determination that one decides to set one’s feet on the path of Buddha.2. The second function: After one enters the path, it is determination that enables one to continually stretch one’s limits. The Buddha’s path is a gradual training which goes further and deeper. It is through determination that one applies oneself to taking further steps to go more deeply and widely into the Dhamma. Through this aspect of determination, one decides to undertake new practices, more difficult practices; one decides to take a path which challenges one to make greater effort. 36
37. 3. The third function is to consolidate the new practices one has undertaken to gain command over the new territory of practice that one has entered in one’s practices. That is, once one takes up the practices, one makes the determination to continue with them without becoming discouraged, lazy or self-indulgent.So much is a brief recapitulation of the talk I gave last week.Now I want to explore in greater detail the specific nature of determination in relation to thefulfilment of Dhamma practice. I’ll use as the underlying structure for this explanation MasterYinshun’s scheme of the five vehicles which I’ll reduce more concisely to three, as follows:1. First, the vehicle of the human ethical norm;2. Second, the vehicle of personal liberation; and3. Third, the vehicle of universal enlightenment.The three vehicles are not mutually exclusive; they interpenetrate in that the higher vehicle includesthe teachings pertinent to the lower vehicles. Each of the three includes the practices below it, thesecond incorporates the practices of the first, and the third includes the practices of the first andsecond vehicles. Thus the determinations which are operative at the lower vehicle are alsoabsorbed into the higher vehicles.1. Determination of the Vehicle of the Human Ethical NormThe root determination in the first vehicle is to lead an ethically upright life, to exercise self-restraintin body, speech and mind; and to fulfil as many mundane good actions as possible. Determination atthis level is expressed by the firm commitment to observing fundamental ethical principles,especially the Five Precepts and the ten courses of wholesome action (three of bodily action –abstain from killing, stealing, sexual misconduct; four of speech-abstain from lying, slander, harshspeech, idle chatter; and three of mental- give up excessive greed, illwill and wrong view). Thisdetermination also extends to other practices by which one exercises benevolence in relation tofellow human beings – giving, practice of charity, serving others in ways which promote the welfareand happiness of others, being an upright and responsible person in one’s community. The practicesthat pertain to this level are not in any way unique or specific to the Buddha’s teachings. These canbe regarded as part of the shared ethical heritage of humanity. What the Buddha emphasises is thatto fulfil these practices, one has to make a very firm determination to do so even though it willdetract from one’s pursuit of one’s own selfish interests.2. Determination of the Vehicle of Personal LiberationThis level of understanding arises from the realisation that this life and even future lives that wemight live are not capable of giving full and complete happiness and satisfaction. It arises from theperception that we exist within a round of repeated existence, the round of rebirth and death orsaṃsāra. No matter what type of existence we might acquire within this round of birth and death,we cannot find any kind of final satisfaction.37
38. The basic framework for understanding the role of determination at this level is given by the FourNoble Truths: The Truth of Suffering, its Cause, its Cessation, and the Path to the end of Suffering. Inhis first sermon, the Buddha says that each of these Four Noble Truths implies a specific task:1. The Noble Truth of Suffering is to be fully understood;2. The Truth of the Cause of Suffering is to be eradicated;3. The Truth of Cessation of (liberation from) suffering is to be realised; and4. The Truth of the Path is to be cultivated.These become then the four long term determinations that one has to make: the determinations1. to fully understand the nature of sufferings;2. to eradicate its causes;3. to realise liberation from suffering; and4. to cultivate the path that leads to liberation.2.1 Task Imposed by the First Noble Truth: The Noble Truth of Suffering Must be Fully UnderstoodThe first determination arises from the task imposed by the First Noble Truth – the Truth of sufferingmust be fully understood. This Pāli word translated as ‘fully understood’ also implies overcoming ortranscending so that one has to both understand and transcend that which is essentially suffering orunsatisfactory. What is the actual denotation or meaning of this truth of suffering? At its deepestlevel, the truth of suffering is the truth of one’s own body and mind, the five aggregates. It is theflawed and finite nature of the five aggregates that makes them sources of suffering. The body andmind are sufferings or are bound up with sufferings because they are conditioned phenomena,impermanent, without any underlying substance, devoid of any inner core (anattā). If onemisperceives or wrongly conceives them, then one grasps and clings to them as being ‘I’ and ‘mine’,thereby inviting suffering for oneself. Most people look for fulfilment outwardly, seeks enjoyment ofsensual pleasures, in comfortable security of home and family, in one’s personal relationships andcareer, and so forth. One imagines that one could find happiness by exploring the enjoyment of theouter world, thus loses oneself in its endless diversity and infinite possibility. One does not lookdeep within oneself and does no probe beneath the outer appearances of things. People areenchanted by the outward surfaces of things and wander in the world of appearances, accepting thereality of things at face value. They become wrapped up in falsehood which they imagine to be truth,taking what is impermanent to be permanent, taking what is really a source of suffering to bepleasurable, and taking what is empty and selfless to be their selves.The follower of the Dhamma doesn’t accept appearances at face value. He is not out to have fun orget ahead in life but to know and see the truth, to probe and investigate the truth. This deepinvestigation must begin within oneself. One has to study and investigate the real nature of one’sown body and mind. It is by studying and investigating the real nature of one’s own body and mindthat one can understand the truth about the entire universe whether it be the cells of one’s body orthe most remote galaxies which all conform to the same laws, they have the same marks orcharacteristics. They are all conditioned phenomena, impermanent, suffering or unsatisfactory, andnot self.38
39. The determination here is the determination to know the truth clearly, deeply and fully. To knowthe truth about suffering means to overcome and transcend sufferings and to win freedom amidstthe changing conditions of the world. When one has this understanding or insight, then one isn’tturned around by changing conditions, one can remain steady and imperturbable whetherconditions are favourable or unfavourable.2.2 The Task Imposed by the Second Noble Truth: The Cause of Suffering Must be UnderstoodThe second determination arises in relation to the task imposed by the Second Noble Truth, that thecause of suffering must be eradicated. According to the Buddha, the cause of our suffering is ourown craving and ignorance along with the other defilements. Usually one thinks that one’s sufferingor discontent is caused by something outside oneself; that the way to find comfort and security is tochange the outer world to make it more conformable to one’s desire. The Buddha says that the realcause of our suffering or discontent is our craving and ignorance, or our greed, hatred and delusion.Our ignorance and craving not only brings us discontent here and now, they are the two roots of theround of rebirth. It is our ignorance of the true nature of things gives rise to craving, the thirst forenjoyment, pleasure and power. It is that craving that pushes us from life to life through the roundof rebirth called saṃsāra. To find freedom from sufferings, to find real happiness and peace, andalso to achieve liberation from the round of repeated existence, one has to work to purify one’smind of these defilements. To purify one’s mind, first one has to understand oneself honestly anddeeply. Then one has to work to master oneself. This means one must restrain the defilementsfrom their active expression, and to undertake the practices that weaken and eventually eliminatethem. One’s main task is to control and master one’s mind, to control craving especially the cravingfor power and domination (which in my view is even more dangerous than sensual craving). Since alldefilements ultimately originate from ignorance, one must make a firm determination to gainwisdom, the true insight into the nature of things, the wisdom that penetrates the hidden truth of allphenomena. The second determination is the determination to eradicate the cause of suffering.2.3 The Determination on realisation of freedom from SufferingsThe third determination is related to the task imposed by the third Nobel Truth, and is thedetermination to realise the freedom from sufferings. We all seek to be free from suffering ordiscontent, but usually we act in ways that only increase our suffering. We indulge in senses withoutany restraint; we pursue gain, power and fame. These pursuits don’t really satisfy our thirst; insteadthey become obstructions which prevent us from finding real happiness. The Buddha speaks of theexistence of a state of perfect bliss and peace, the fulfilment of our deepest wishes for happiness,this is what he calls Nibbāna. This state is ever-existing. It is unconditioned freedom, unborn,unchanging, indestructible. It is always available to us deep within ourselves, but it is covered up byour desires and delusions. It lies beyond the round of birth and death; it is the state of liberationfrom birth and death, but it can be realised by us right here and now within the cycle of birth anddeath. Because this state of unconditioned freedom is covered up by our desires and delusions, inorder to attain it, to experience it, we have to strip away our desires and delusions. Then we canknow and see for ourselves the supreme ultimate truth. To attain this requires very firmdetermination. In the sutta, the Buddha instructs his disciples, ‘you should make the determination 39
40. to attain that which you have never attained before; to achieve that which you have never achievedbefore; to realise that which you have never realised before.’ This requires a determination toundertake the work necessary to achieve the realisation of truth.2.4 Determination Imposed by the Fourth Truth: the Way to Freedom From Suffering Must beCultivatedThe fourth determination is that based on the fourth noble truth, the truth of the way to freedomfrom suffering. This implies the task that the way to freedom of suffering must be cultivated, mustbe developed. To gain liberation, one has to take up practice of the Noble Eightfold Path. One has tolearn the path, understand the eight path factors, and most importantly to put them into practice.This requires determination. It requires the strength of will to uphold the guidelines on rightconduct; to train, tame, and compose the mind; and to gain wisdom and true insight. The ultimatedetermination is to fulfil the practice of the path. One has to proceed in a very patient and gradualway, step by step, and not to jump ahead too fast. One should hasten (make an effort and exertoneself) slowly (proceed patiently, work skilfully and intelligently). One needs to make thedetermination to enter the practice and hold to it without digressing from it. The ultimatedetermination at this level was expressed by the Buddha and some of his great disciples when theyfelt that their faculties had fully matured. They would sit and make the determination, ‘I won’t getup from the seat even if my blood and flesh dry up till only the bones remain. I won’t get up fromthe seat until my mind is liberated from the defilements.’ One shouldn’t try to push oneself in thatway. One has to work skilfully with firm determination.To summarise, at the level of personal liberation, there is one root or basic determination with threebranches. The root determination is to realise and attain the state beyond suffering, the ultimatefreedom from all bondage and limitation, the state of tranquil peace and unconditioned happiness.The other three determinations emerge from this root determination: the determination to fullyunderstand the truth about one’s body and mind; the determination to eradicate the delusions anddefilements of the mind; and the determination to follow the Noble Eightfold Path to its end. 40
41. A Study of Pāramīs - Bhikkhu BodhiMP3 lectures downloaded from Bodhi Monastery website:http://www.bodhimonastery.net/bm/about-buddhism/audio.html?start=4These are transcripts of talks that Ven. Bhikkhu Bodhi gave at Bodhi Monastery in 2003. They havenot been edited or reviewed by the author, but he has given us permission to post them on ourwebsite. Lecture 9: Perfection of Determination (adhiṭṭhāna-pāramī) Con’d Bhikkhu BodhiOver the last few weeks, I have been discussing the perfection of determination, the adhiṭṭhānapāramī. The main responsibility as Buddhist practitioner is the transformation of the mind.Transformation of the mind depends on the will or volition, which is the active force of the mind. Itis volition that shapes and transforms all other aspects of the mind. Determination is the act orprocess by which one directs the will to this work of inner transformation. It is an act of volition bywhich one firmly decides to do what is difficult to accomplish and applies oneself to fulfilling thisdecision. Determination is a quality upon which the Buddha himself always placed emphasisbecause he recognised the great potential in determination for transforming the mind. To explorethe role of determination of Buddha’s path, I have been using Master Yinshun’s scheme of the fivevehicles which I have reduced to three for ease of explanation: these are1. first, the vehicle of the higher human ethical norm;2. second, the vehicle of personal liberation; and3. third, the vehicle of universal enlightenment.In the last talk, I spoke about the specific determinations of those who follow the vehicle of thehuman ethical norm and the vehicle of personal liberation. For those who follow the vehicle of thehigher human ethical norm, they make the determination to consistently uphold moral conduct andto practice other important human virtues with the aim of living a worthy life as a human being andof achieving a higher rebirth. For those in the vehicle of personal liberation, the determinations aregoverned by the structure of the Four Noble Truths. They set out to fully understand the nature ofthe body and mind, and thereby to transcend suffering. They are determined to eradicate thedefilements, particularly ignorance and craving, the cause of suffering. They determine to realiseand to attain the highest happiness and peace, Nibbāna. They determine to cultivate the NobleEightfold Path, the way to complete liberation from suffering. Those are the four determinations inthe vehicle of personal liberation which I explained in greater details in the previous talks.3. Vehicle of Universal Enlightenment –Vehicle of Universal Enlightenment is the path of practice aimed at the supreme enlightenment ofBuddhahood. Those who follow the path of universal enlightenment with strong determinations areknown as bodhisattvas. Bodhisattvas are thus those who make the aspiration of Buddhahood the 41
42. centre and governing force of their spiritual life. This path grows out of the vehicle of personalliberation, and it presupposes and comprises all the doctrines and practices of that vehicle. However,it has a different emphasis and scope. These differences stem from its aim, that is, from themotivation that underlies the practice. For the bodhisattva, the aim is not one’s own personalliberation from suffering but to acquire the ability to lead countless other beings to liberation frombondage and suffering. The aim is to achieve the skills needed to lead countless others to theultimate bliss, freedom and peace of Nibbāna. The only person who can perform this function fullyand perfectly is a fully enlightened Buddha. The Buddha’s enlightenment thus has a universal, evena cosmic significance. He is not merely a liberated sage, but a world teacher. He attainsenlightenment not for his own sake but for the purpose of opening the doors to liberation for thewhole world. He arises in the world to rediscover the path to deliverance from suffering and toshare that path with as many beings as possible in the world. He establishes the Dharma ofliberation in the world. He teaches the path to liberation in extensive detail and guides countlessothers to ultimate freedom. To accomplish this, a Buddha must understand the Dharma, the truth,the principles of things in its entire entirety, in all of its details and implications. He must understandthe minds of sentient beings in their detailed differences and complexity, and must know how toguide many different people with different aptitudes and capacities for understanding in accordancewith their own capacity. Thus a Buddha’s enlightenment has a vaster range than the enlightenmentof those who attain personal liberation by following his teaching. It requires a far more extensiveknowledge and has a more far-reaching significance, even a cosmic or universal significance. Thusthe career of a bodhisattva, a career which culminates in Buddhahood, also has a vast universalsignificance of a truly cosmic scope.According to Buddha’s teaching, those who aspire enlightenment in any mode through any vehiclesmust cultivate wholesome virtuous practices over many life times, building up their spiritualpotential little by little. But the requirements for bodhisattva, those who aspire to the supremeenlightenment of Buddhahood are especially vast, awesome and demanding. To attain supremeenlightenment requires an inconceivable expanse of time, even millions of kappas (=kalpa=cosmicaeons) spent in perfecting all the factors that culminate in Buddhahood.Sometimes in the text, to illustrate the bodhisattva’s career, the simile of the ocean is given.Consider a man standing by the ocean watching wave after wave beat against the shore. Each wavecan be considered to be a cosmic kalpa. The ocean consists of an inconceivable, unimaginablenumber of waves, each one arising, beating against the shore, and receding. In the same way abodhisattva pursuing the goal of Buddhahood, every kalpa is just like one wave in the ocean. Itsthrough millions of these kappas that the bodhisattva must work in perfecting the pāramitās.There is a beautiful verse in the very beginning of Samantapasadika, Achariya Buddhagosa’scommentary on the Vinaya Piṭaka:“He who for immeasurable millions of cosmic aeons,Passed his time undergoing extremely difficult practices,Undergoing hardship for the welfare of the world,I pay homage to that great compassionate one.” 42
43. This verse also underscores the motivation behind the bodhisattva’s practice of this very difficultcourse. The motivation is this great compassion (mahākaruṇā). This great compassion is the inabilityto endure the suffering of other sentient beings. It is the quality by which one is so moved by thesufferings of others that one is ready to postpone one’s own attainment of one’s final liberation untilone can act most effectively to remove the sufferings of others and promote their ultimate welfareand happiness. Through great compassion the bodhisattva wishes to rescue his/her fellow beingsfrom the ocean of saṃsāric suffering even if it means undergoing unimaginable hardships andsufferings over inconceivable periods of time.For a person to enter upon the vehicle of universal enlightenment, to become a true bodhisattvaaiming at the ultimate enlightenment, compassion alone is not enough. There must also be the clearrecognition that it is only a fully enlightened Buddha who can actually perform the work of liberatingbeings from suffering, liberating them finally and completely. It is great compassion coupled withthis recognition of the unique function of a Buddha that gives rise to the bodhicitta, the firm fixeddetermination to attain Buddhahood for the purpose of benefitting and liberating countless sentientbeings. Because bodhisattvas must pursue their path for such long period in the face of so manyobstacles, determination plays an extremely vital role in their vehicle, more so than it does for thosewho follow the other vehicles.A bodhisattva must be determined to dwell within saṃsāra for countless aeons undergoinginconceivable hardship without seeking private emancipation into Nibbāna. At the same time theymust not delight in the pleasures of mundane life. They must be firm in their attitude of renunciation,in their resolve to cultivate all the factors leading to enlightenment and to cultivate them to thehighest degree possible in the fullest measure. Thus, they walk on a “razor’s edge”, on the one handthey must depart from the mundane life of worldly enjoyment, on the other they must also refrainfrom attaining Nibbāna quickly before they have perfected all of the requisites of Buddhahood.What enables the bodhisattvas to walk on the razor’s edge is their determination. The bodhisattvas’determination comes to expression in the form of vows. Vows are formulated determinations to bekept ever present in the forefront of the mind, to be constantly renewed and to be brought to everhigher, deeper and vaster degrees of fulfilment.The classical Mahāyāna tradition which has given very extensive attention to the bodhisattva pathhas many different formulations of the bodhisattva vows. The most popular in far eastern Buddhismis what’s called the “Four Great Vows”:1. Sentient beings are innumerable, I vow to rescue them;2. The defilements are inexhaustible, I vow to destroy them;3. The gates of the Dharma are immeasurable, I vow to enter them;4. Buddhahood is supreme, I vow to attain it.3.1 First Great Vow: “Sentient beings are innumerable, I vow to rescue them”As mentioned above, the Bodhisattva career is born from great compassion, from the strongoverpowering wish to rescue other beings from sufferings, and to confer on them the highest blissand peace. The love and compassion of bodhisattvas are such that they are ready to subordinatetheir own liberation to the desire to liberate others. They consider their own attainment of 43
44. enlightenment to be primarily a means of liberating countless others. During their long preparationfor Buddhahood, they seek to the best of their ability to introduce others to the Dhamma and guidethem along the Path. They work to propagate and support the Dharma and thereby help others togain entrance into the Dhamma and make progress in the practice of the Path. From their greatcompassion, they are ready to postpone their own attainment of final liberation in order to cultivateall the factors of Buddhahood. This will then enable them to attain the final goal as a Buddha and toexercise the supreme functions of compassion to realise and proclaim the Dharma in all of itsfullness and guide countless beings out of saṃsāra to the ultimate bliss of nirvana. Although thebodhisattva makes the vows to liberate countless beings, the only one who can do this effectively isa Buddha. Thus the bodhisattva vows to attain Buddhahood for the sake of rescuing and liberatingcountless beings.3.2 Second Great Vow: “The defilements are inexhaustible, I vow to destroy them”Even though bodhisattvas do not realise the final goal until all their qualities are mature enough toattain Buddhahood, this does not mean that they live indulgently. They recognise the great dangerin the mental defilements and the benefits in overcoming them. They must work constantly anddiligently to subdue and eliminate the defilements. They train in taming and mastering the mind tillthey are able to enter all the meditative attainments, the jhānas and samādhi. They also vow to helpothers to subdue and eliminate their own defilements. They do this in the only way possible byteaching others the Dhamma and guiding them in the practice of the path. The bodhisattvas musteliminate not only the defilements of greed, hatred and delusion, pride, arrogance, etc, but also thevery subtle obstructions that prevent them from gaining the complete knowledge of all phenomena.To gain the vast knowledge that is the unique possession of a fully enlightened Buddha, they musteliminate even these very subtle mental obstructions.3.3 Third Great Vow: “Buddhahood is supreme, I vow to attain it.”The guiding ideal of the bodhisattva is always the attainment of Buddhahood. For those on thevehicle of personal liberation, the Buddha is essentially a teacher, the supreme guide along the path.But for the bodhisattvas, the Buddha is not only the guide along the path, but also the goal of thepath itself. The Buddha is both the guide and the goal of the path for the bodhisattva. Thusbodhisattvas always keep the figure of the Buddha before their inner eyes. They do so by veneratingthe Buddha, praising the qualities of the Buddha, meditating on the bodily form, and reflecting onthe majesty of the Buddha’s qualities. The qualities of the Buddha are innumerable andinconceivable, and can be briefly summarised as threefold:1. First there is immaculate purity of the Buddha which comes with the eradication of all defilements along with the subtle residues of the defilements;2. Second is perfect wisdom by which they comprehend all phenomena both in depth and extension;3. Third is great compassion by which they work ceaselessly for the good of all.By repeatedly reflecting on the greatness of the Buddha’s qualities, bodhisattvas must make theirvow ever stronger and more powerful until it becomes invincible, firm and unwavering. They makethe vow that however long it may take, whatever the difficulties, “I vow to attain supreme44
45. Buddhahood for the welfare of the world, of all beings.”3.4 Fourth Great Vow: “The gates of the Dharma are immeasurable, I vow to enter them.”To win Buddhahood, a bodhisattva must bring to fulfilment all the practices that culminate insupreme enlightenment. These are the 37 bodhipakkhiya dhammas or 37 aids to enlightenmentsuch as the four foundations of mindfulness, the four right efforts, the five spiritual faculties, sevenfactors of enlightenment, the Noble Eightfold Path. They must fulfil the 10 pāramīs in three levelsaccording to the Theravāda tradition, the ordinary level, the medium and the ultimate levels, makinga total of 30 pāramīs. They have to master the various meditative states, the jhānas and samādhi,master them and know them inside and out, backward and forward. They must practice the fourgreat Brahmavihāra, the divine abodes, great loving-kindness, compassion, altruistic joy andequanimity. The bodhisattva must fulfil all the practices of the disciple and fulfil them to the ultimatedegree. To fulfil the practice of the pāramitās, they must be ready to sacrifice their own bodilyorgans, their bodies, even their lives over countless aeons to bring all these qualities to completion.Since these practices extend over countless aeons, strong determination is needed to persist in thepractice. Hence they make the vow, “the gates of the Dharma are immeasurable, I vow to enterthem.” This means that one vows to bring all the practices of Buddha’s path to fulfilment in thehighest degree possible in the most extensive detail.By way of conclusion, I want to point out something that I discover that is interesting. The FourBodhisattva Vows as they are expressed in the Mahāyāna tradition are actually a kind ofreinterpretation or an extension of the four determinations that define the disciple in the vehicle ofpersonal liberation in early Buddhism.1. First in the vehicle of personal liberation is the determination to fully comprehend andthereby overcome all suffering. This becomes reinterpreted or expressed as the vow torescue countless sentient beings from suffering.2. Second determination based on the Second Noble Truth is the determination to eradicatethe defilements, ignorance and craving, taken to be the causes of suffering. This is retainedin the bodhisattva vow to eradicate all the defilements no matter how inexhaustible theymay be. This also is reinterpreted to some extent to mean vowing to help others eradicatetheir own defilements.3. The determination to realise Nibbāna, the cessation of suffering is reinterpreted andexpressed in the bodhisattva vow to attain Buddhahood which brings nirvana and the abilityto help others attain liberation.4. The determination to follow the Noble Eightfold Path as the way to liberation from sufferingbecomes reformulated as the bodhisattva vow to enter all the gates of Dharma whichinclude the Noble Eightfold Path, the Four Foundations of Mindfulness, as well as thepāramitās and other qualities.Now I have covered the explanation of perfection of determination, adhiṭṭhāna pāramī. As followersof the Buddha, we should choose whichever particular path that agrees with our own temperament,and then make the firm determination to follow that path consistently in all of our actions day by 45
46. day, day after day. I thank you all for your attention. May the blessings of the Noble Triple Gem bewith you all.46
47. A Study of Pāramīs - Bhikkhu BodhiMP3 lectures downloaded from Bodhi Monastery website:http://www.bodhimonastery.net/bm/about-buddhism/audio.html?start=4These are transcripts of talks that Ven. Bhikkhu Bodhi gave at Bodhi Monastery in 2003. They havenot been edited or reviewed by the author, but he has given us permission to post them on ourwebsite.Lecture 10: The Perfection of Loving-kindness (Mettā-pāramī) Bhikkhu Bodhi8. The Perfection of Loving-kindness (mettā-pāramī): “May I develop aheart of boundless loving-kindness and great compassion, a heart vast,sublime, and immeasurable, embracing all beings within its range.”We have been discussing the practice of the ten spiritual perfections or pāramitās. Now we havecome to the mettā pāramī, the perfection of loving-kindness. This pāramī has special importancebecause it is precisely this pāramī which motivates a bodhisattva to undertake the fulfilment of allthe pāramīs to the ultimate and highest degree. In order to achieve liberation, even those whodon’t aim to reach the full enlightenment of Buddhahood still have to develop the pāramī of loving-kindness to an extent necessary to bring the liberation of the mind from all anger and hatred.The Pāli word, ‘mettā’ (Sanskrit: maitri) literally means friendliness. The word is derived from theword, ‘mitra’, which means a friend. The word doesn’t mean the ordinary feeling of friendliness orchumminess. Mettā means a quality of warmth and affection for others rooted in a true or deepconcern for their true welfare and happiness. Many translators into English render the Pāli word,‘mettā’ by the compound word, loving-kindness. ‘Kindness’ shows the way the quality expressesitself in our attitude, in our action. ‘Loving’ emphasises the care and concern that underlie thiskindness. Mettā is not mere kindness in the sense of just performing benevolent action towardsothers; and it’s not the kind of personal love connected with affection or close relationship. Mettā isa quality which unites this deep concern for others with an expression of this love in benevolentbeneficial actions, bodily, verbally and in thought.In Buddhist commentary, mettā or loving-kindness is defined as the wish for the welfare andhappiness for others, both of these aspects must be stressed. When we practice mettā, we wishthem to be both happy and well. To be well means externally to be free from all harm and dangersuch as accident and injury, bodily and mental illness, legal difficulties and so forth. To be happymeans to be free from all distressing states of mind such as worries, anxiety, sorrow, fear, greed andother stressful disturbing mental states. At a still deeper level, when we practise mettā, we also wishfor others to develop the causes of happiness and well-being. That is, we develop the wish for themto engage in wholesome actions, in virtuous ways of behaviour, and to cultivate wholesome mentalqualities for these are the true causes of well-being and happiness both in this and future lives. 47
48. Here the practice of mettā is conjoined with a certain element of wisdom. It’s through wisdom thatwe understand the law of cause and effect, the law of karma and its consequences. When wepractice loving-kindness, we have to include this element of wisdom so that we wish not only thatothers be happy here and now, but that they will cultivate the causes for experiencing futurehappiness and for achieving the ultimate happiness of liberation.The practice of loving-kindness is closely related to the practice of perfection of patience or khantīpāramī. Both loving-kindness and patience are opposed to the mental defilements of anger andillwill, but they counteract these defilements in different ways. Patience is a quality that wegenerally have to develop when we are provoked or aroused by situations that normally generateanger. When we practice patience, we have to exercise certain restraint over the mind. When weare in situations which provoke our anger, patience means we make the determination not to giveway to anger, but to control, master and subdue the mind. The practice of patience thus pointsinwardly, and it leads us to confront our own anger and our inclination to take revenge upon thosewho do harm to us or to those who are dear to us.Loving-kindness is a more active and positive quality by which we actively wish for the good andhappiness of others and seek to promote their welfare and happiness. Even though we have tocultivate loving-kindness in our own mind, loving-kindness is a quality which necessarily extendsoutwards towards other people. According to Buddhism, loving-kindness is a quality which can besystematically developed towards other people. As it is developed, it eventually acquires an infiniterange extending boundlessly to all living beings.Loving-kindness is also closely connected with compassion or karuṇā. The two qualities have adifference in aspect or in attitude. Loving-kindness wishes for the welfare and happiness of others inany situation they might be in. Compassion is a feeling of empathy or closeness or the sharing offeeling that we experience with those who are afflicted with actual suffering. Compassion is whatarises when we feel the suffering of others as our own; when we share their suffering, and when ourhearts tremble with the suffering of others. Compassion is expressed as the wish that those who areafflicted with suffering be free from their suffering.Thus loving-kindness is concerned with the wish for well-being and happiness of others whilecompassion is the wish for those afflicted with suffering to be free from their suffering. The twohave different aspects but are closely intertwined so that if one has one of these qualities will tendto have the other. Of the two, loving-kindness is more comprehensive, and thus it’s usuallydeveloped first. When loving-kindness is well developed, it can then be used as a basis or platformfor developing compassion. Through developing loving-kindness, we cultivate a real care andconcern for the wellbeing of others so that when we see others are afflicted with suffering, ourhearts naturally and spontaneously share their suffering and wish to relieve them of their suffering.Why do we practice the development of loving-kindness or mettā in Buddhism? The first and mostbasic reason is a somewhat selfish one. Loving-kindness is the most direct and effective remedy forillwill and hatred. Hatred is the most destructive force in the entire world; it brings unimaginableharm and misery to all of humanity. The whole course of human history from the most ancient timeright up to modern time is written in blood. Countless millions of people have lost their lives, theirfamily members, and everything they possessed because of the hatred of others. Even in today’s 48
49. world, we see so much conflict and destruction based on ethnic, religious, and national hatred. Wesee this in the Middle East, in Israel and Palestine where there had been so much senseless killing,suicide bombing and revenge killing all rooted in hatred and anger connected with ethnic, religiousand national identity. We see this in Africa where there are so many countries which have giganticarms bill and yet many of the people in those countries do not have enough food to subsist from dayto day. Countries fight with one another based on a sense of identity, ethnic, religious and nationalidentity spilling out in the form of hatred and vengeance against those of a different ethnic, religiousand national identity. By developing loving-kindness, each can make a contribution towards peaceand harmony in this world.In our personal lives we can see how hatred and anger bring us so much misery. When our mindsare overrun by anger, then we experience stress and tension. Anger and illwill create conflicts andtension and ruin our relationships. When our minds are full of anger and hatred, we experiencemisery that also spills out in different channels in speech, relating to others and in thoughts towardsthe others, and thus create miseries for other people too. Loving-kindness is the most direct andpowerful remedy for the sickness of anger and illwill. Loving-kindness is a quality that softens themind. A mind full of anger is stiff, hard and rigid. A mind full of loving-kindness is soft and gentle.As loving-kindness is developed, it brings us inner peace and happiness. When the mind is radiantwith loving-kindness, we experience a happiness that does not depend on outer conditions. Peopleusually think that the way to find happiness is to pursue their own selfish interest. In fact the moreone pursues one’s own self-interest, the more miserable one becomes. When one transforms thisself-concern and develops a real deep care and concern for the welfare of others, one starts to feelfreer, more at ease, peaceful and happy within oneself.When one cultivates loving-kindness, it also has the effect of attracting other people, and it bringsone many friends. When one regularly practices loving-kindness, that quality of mind just spills outthrough the features of one’s face, words and actions so that people naturally take a liking to one. Ifwe meet people who are still angry with us and if they abuse and revile us, such behaviour of theirswill have no impact on us when we have a mind of loving-kindness. When we meet with such peoplewho try to harm us, instead of wanting to revenge ourselves against them, we’ll be moved to helpthem to overcome their own anger and hatred for we understand that this anger and hatred isbringing them so much harm and injury.Loving-kindness is also a strong motivating force which moves us to perform wholesome actions.Loving-kindness underlies several of the other pāramīs or spiritual perfections, particularly thepractice of giving or generosity, the observance of precepts or morality, and the practice of patience.All of these can be seen as expressions of loving-kindness and they in turn will strengthen our loving-kindness and make it more powerful.Loving-kindness can be cultivated as an exercise in meditation. As this is done, it can lead tosamādhi or profound concentration called mettā-ceto-vimutti or liberation of the mind throughloving-kindness. This concentration in turn can be used as the basis for developing insight wisdom.Thus we can move from the systematic development of loving-kindness to the attainment ofsamādhi, and from there to the development of wisdom. Through insight wisdom, we attain vimuttior liberation.49
50. In the context of the bodhisattva path, loving-kindness and compassion jointly are the two roots ofthe bodhicitta, the aspiration for supreme enlightenment. It is his boundless loving-kindness andcompassion that motivates a bodhisattva to follow this very difficult course for countless aeonsdedicated to fulfilling all the pāramitās or perfections. Thus loving-kindness is an essential factor inthe way to supreme Buddhahood. The Buddha himself is the fullest expression and embodiment ofloving-kindness. It was his great loving-kindness that motivated the Buddha many aeons ago as abodhisattva to undertake the practice of the pāramīs. During his last life, it was the same loving-kindness that motivated him to toil day in, day out for 45 years, teaching and guiding others alongthe path to enlightenment. Thus from this we can see that there are many cogent reasons forundertaking the development and practice of loving-kindness.How does one practice loving-kindness? The Buddha speaks about three manifestations or ways ofpracticing loving-kindness – mettā-kāyakamma, mettā-vacīkamma, and mettā-manokamma,expressing loving-kindness through bodily action, through speech and in thought. We practiceloving-kindness through our bodily action – give people gift in order to benefit them; help people invarious ways, call doctor or give medicine to people who are sick; giving people a ride when theyneed it. We express loving-kindness in speech by speaking kind words of comfort or encouragementor praise to uplift those who are in trouble, dejected or depressed or diffident. We can practice andexpress loving-kindness in thought. Often we spend too much time looking for the faults andshortcomings of other people, always tallying up the defects of other people. In so doing we tend tobecome resentful towards them and bear grudges against them. Instead of doing this, we should tryto look for the good points of others, their virtuous qualities. That is one way of cultivating loving-kindness in thought. According to Buddhism, it’s not sufficient just to allow the mind to take its own course. One shouldmake a deliberate effort to develop and cultivate loving-kindness so that it becomes firmly rooted inone’s mind. This means that one undertakes the practice of loving-kindness as a deliberate exercisein meditation. What’s very characteristic of the Buddhist tradition is that it has developed a highlysystematic method of developing this meditation on loving-kindness. The Buddha shows us a step bystep process by which we can transform our whole mind. Even if we are constantly angry, resentfuland grudging persons, we can become open, radiant, gentle and loving persons through systematicand continuous practice. Buddhism gives us a method for systematically cultivating loving-kindness.There are two main aspects to this method – the formula, and a sequence or order in which thisquality is to be developed.Sequence or OrderTo develop loving-kindness systematically, we classify people into certain categories. We choose atthe outset one person representing each of these categories:1. oneself;2. a dear and respected person, generally a teacher;3. a dearly loved person;4. a causal friend;5. a neutral or indifferent person; and6. a hostile person or an enemy.50
51. It is significant to note that one begins developing loving-kindness towards oneself. The reason forthis is that love for others is only possible when one can feel genuine loving-kindness towardsoneself. The love that one develops for oneself is not the usual selfish, ego-centric love but it’s adeep concern and wish for one’s own welfare and happiness. By developing this, one is able todissolve one’s anger and frustrations, and then the mind becomes soft, gentle and pliant and is ableto extend the radiance of mettā to others. Developing loving-kindness towards oneself first givesone a standard or criterion for extending loving-kindness to others. In extending loving-kindness toothers, the key factor is learning to identify with them, in a sense share their inner sense of identity.One does this by putting oneself into the skin of others so that one can feel as if one is the otherperson. If we look into ourselves, we see immediately that above all, we each want to be well andhappy. Once we recognise this, then we can immediately realise that everyone else, every personwants to be well and happy. We project ourselves into the minds and bodies of others and we sharetheir inner wish for wellbeing and happiness and make it our own. Then we return to ourselves andgenerate the wish that the other person be truly well and happy. This takes practice at thebeginning, but once one learns to do it, then it becomes progressively easier.In the formula that I have listed in the outline, I mentioned whole groups of people. I have toemphasise that at the beginning it is very important that one chooses specific individuals forgenerating loving-kindness. If one chooses a group of people, then the loving-kindness would be toofuzzy, vague or formless. It’s important to choose particular individuals from each group and makethem the targets of one’s mettā practice. The individuals selected should always be living individuals(not those who have passed away], should not be individuals with whom one has sensual orromantic relationship.When one takes up the practice of developing loving-kindness, it’s very important to be patient andpersistent in one’s practice; one should not expect to succeed immediately. At first one might notbe able to generate a real heartfelt loving-kindness to the persons selected; still one should not giveup on oneself on trying to generate real loving-kindness. At the beginning, one generates asemblance or image of loving kindness – thinking the thought, ‘may so and so be well and happy;may he be free from harm and suffering…,’ and we don’t really feel that. But we are turning theformula over and over in our mind and thinking those thoughts along with the words of the formula.As one practices in this way, even though it might seem artificial at first, at a certain point suddenly aspark will flare up and you will know that now the loving-kindness has arisen, even just for amoment. As one persists, one will develop that little spark of loving-kindness till it becomes strongerand more powerful just like a full fire of love.I have put in the outline the formula and the sequence. The formula consists of different wordswhich enable one to generate loving-kindness towards others. I’ll cover the methodical developmentof loving-kindness in the next talk. 51
52. A Study of Pāramīs - Bhikkhu BodhiMP3 lectures downloaded from Bodhi Monastery website:http://www.bodhimonastery.net/bm/about-buddhism/audio.html?start=4These are transcripts of talks that Ven. Bhikkhu Bodhi gave at Bodhi Monastery in 2003. They havenot been edited or reviewed by the author, but he has given us permission to post them on ourwebsite. Lecture 11: The Perfection of Loving-kindness (Mettā-pāramī) (con’d)Bhikkhu Bodhi 8. The Perfection of Loving-kindness (mettā-pāramī): “May I develop a heart of boundless loving-kindness and great compassion, a heart vast, sublime, and immeasurable, embracing all beings within its range.”ReviewWe raise the question of what is mettā or loving-kindness. Loving-kindness is warmth and affectionfor others rooted in the concern for their true welfare and happiness. Mettā is translated in Englishas the compound word, ‘loving-kindness’. The word ‘kindness’ of the compound word indicates theway the quality is to be expressed in our attitude and action. The word ‘loving’ emphasises the careand concern that should underlie this kindness. The Buddhist commentators define mettā as thewish for the welfare and happiness of others – they often join the two words, welfare and happiness,hita and sukha in Pāli. When one is wishing for the good of others, one wants them to be both welland happy. When we develop loving-kindness in the context of Buddhist practice, we also wish forothers to develop the causes of happiness and wellbeing. We want them to engage in wholesomevirtuous action and to cultivate wholesome mental quality. These are the true causes of wellbeingand happiness both in this life and future lives. By recognising this, we bring in the element ofwisdom, understanding the law of moral causation. If we are wishing for somebody to be happy bygoing to parties, taverns or shows, getting rich and squandering his wealth on trivial pleasures, weare really wishing for him to enter upon a self-destructive course of conduct. We have to wish forsomebody not only to enjoy pleasure and happiness here and now, but also to be actively cultivatinggood conduct and good states of mind as these are the karmic causes for happiness and spiritualprogress in life after life.Loving-kindness is closely connected with compassion. There is a difference in attitude or aspectbetween the two. Loving-kindness is the wish for the welfare and happiness of others in anysituation they might be in. Compassion is a more specific feeling of empathy or sympathy with thoseafflicted with actual sufferings. Compassion is what arises when one feels the suffering of others asone’s own; when we share their suffering and our hearts tremble or shake with the suffering ofothers. Compassion is expressed as the wish that those afflicted with suffering be free from theirsuffering. Between the two qualities, loving-kindness is more comprehensive and thus it is usually52
53. developed first. When loving-kindness is well developed, then we can use it as the basis fordeveloping compassion.Last week I explained that loving-kindness is to be actualised or expressed through the threechannels of action, bodily action, speech, and thought. Last week, I spoke in more detail about howto actualise loving-kindness in bodily action, speech and thought. Now we have come to the pointwhere I am explaining specifically the meditation on loving-kindness. I explained that this techniqueis extremely important for changing our attitude little by little, step by step, from one of aggressionor anger or hostility or resentment to one of boundless loving-kindness and compassion.The meditation manual says that when one proceeds to develop the meditation on loving-kindness,one first has to recognise the dangers in anger and hatred and the benefit in loving-kindness. Onedoesn’t think about this casually, but one really reflects, examines, and investigates on the particulardanger of being in the grip of anger and hatred, and the blessings, benefit and beauty of developingloving-kindness. Some of the dangers in hatred and anger are that they are causes of inner torment,burning of the mind; they alienate other people, making us feel lonely and miserable; they causestress and strain in our interpersonal relations. If the anger and hatred become really strong, theycould lead to acts of severe violence and cruelty, and then we act in destructive way, speak angrywords, and we create very powerful unwholesome kamma that will burn up much of our spiritualmerit and could even lead to lower forms of rebirth.In contrast loving-kindness softens the mind; it brings inner peace and happiness. On a morepractical level, it attracts many people and wins many friends. Loving-kindness inspires andmotivates us to engage in wholesome actions which benefit others. In this way we can fulfil severalof the other pāramitās including generosity, sīla or moral discipline, and patience, khantī (kṣantī).When one begins the practice of mettā as a formal meditation, its good to devote several sessionsto just sitting or even walking (walking at moderate pace), turning over in one’s mind over and overagain the dangers of anger and the benefits and blessings of loving-kindness. This impresses themdeeply upon the mind and generates a strong desire to overcome the tendencies to anger andhatred and to develop the mind of loving-kindness.The actual practice or technique for developing the loving-kindness meditation involves two maincomponents which I call the target groups and the formula. Target groups are people who arerecipients of our mental waves of loving-kindness. People are classified into different categories.People are graded in a way which facilitates most effectively first the development of loving-kindness and then extension to universal dimension.The target group consists of oneself, an esteemed person (generally a teacher), a loved one (a closeperson), a dear friend, a neutral person, and finally a hostile person or enemy. It’s important thatone chooses a specific real living person to fill each category. At the outset of the practice, it shouldbe one person in each category. In the early stages, one sticks with the same person from eachcategory. One doesn’t going about changing the person. After one gets some experience and skill,then it’s good to change the persons.The Formula 53
54. The formula consists of different words which enable one to generate loving-kindness for others.‘May he be well; May he be happy; may he be free from harm (physical illness; to enjoy goodbodily health); may he be free suffering (sorrow, mental fear or distress, conflict; to enjoypeace and tranquillity etc);…May all his good purposes be fulfilled (wishing him to sow theseeds of future happiness).’When one applies this technique of meditation, at the outset, unless one is especially gifted, onecant really generate real loving-kindness. This is why we have the verbal formula. We use it as atool or device or skilful means to arouse mettā. It takes time and training for real genuine mettā toarise. In the practice, we connect our thought process to the words of the formula. We try to feelthe wish signified by the words. For example, when I am developing loving-kindness towards myteacher, as I recite the words of the wish, ‘may my teacher be well’, and I try to arouse a real actualwish for the welfare of my teacher through those words. This is not be a mechanical repetition ofthe formula like reciting a mantra; and it is not a process of self-hypnosis where one is just trying toput oneself in a trance. In undertaking the practice, one has to work with mindfulness and clearcomprehension of what one is doing. This is a process of gradual cultivation. It requires patienceand persistence. When one is developing loving-kindness, one has to use the formula and turn itover and over in one’s mind. Through the words of the formula, one tries to generate the feelingthat corresponds to the words. When the practice is starting to succeed, it doesn’t mean the mind isgoing to be radiating with bright light going out; but rather the mark that genuine mettā is beinggenerated is that physically there comes a warm soft glowing feeling in the region of the heart, andmentally there is a sincere heartfelt concern and wish for the welfare and happiness of the otherperson.In taking the persons in the formula, the meditation manual always insists that one must begin withoneself. This is a very important point. The reason that one must begin with oneself is that togenerate loving-kindness towards others, one must first has to get a sense that the deepest urge ofone’s own being is to be well and happy. When one gets some clear idea of this urge, one has todwell on it and then generate a real concern for one’s own welfare and happiness. This will helpdissolve the hard crust of anger, resentment, frustration and hostility that might have been buildingup in one’s mind over a long time. Once one is able to generate this concern for one’s own welfareand happiness, then one gradually brings in the other persons representing the target groups. Firstone brings in the respected person like one’s teacher; then one takes a loved one, not someone (nota sexual or romantic partner) towards whom one has romantic or sexual feeling; and then one bringsin a close friend. In the early stages of practicing loving-kindness meditation, its good to terminatethe practice with these three persons, the respected person (like a teacher), a loved one, and a closefriend. Going further might tire the mind out. In order for loving-kindness to develop, one has tohave a natural sense of closeness and concern for that person. These three persons are naturallyclose to oneself and it would not be extremely difficult to generate loving-kindness towards them.Even as one is developing loving-kindness towards these people who are naturally close to oneself,in the course of one’s practice, as the heart begins to expand, all of a sudden one might recall thefaults of these persons or strains in the relationship. One has to overlook the person’s faults and anystrains on the relationship and focus on the good side of the person, the person’s worthy quality.54
55. When the mind becomes softened to these three close persons, one is going through in one’ssession, first with oneself, then the respected person, a loved one, and a close friend; then goes backto oneself, respected person, loved one, and the close friend; back to oneself, respected person,loved one, and close friend, in a cycle like this until the mind becomes soft, gentle and it developsthat warm glowing feeling towards all of them.When one develops some degree of skill of developing loving-kindness to the close ones, then onecan bring in the neutral person. This is where difficulty arises. The neutral person is one with whomone has no close personal relationship. It is a nameless person that we see in our neighbourhood.Usually we see this person as a ‘mindless face’. This is just a delusion that comes from our owndeeply rooted, self-centred perspective. What one has to do with this person is to gain some senseof empathy or identification with the person, a feeling of closeness and concern, a deep and genuineconcern for that person’s wellbeing and happiness. How do we do this? There are various practicaltechniques in the Buddhist tradition. The simplest way is to exchange our sense of self-identity withthat of the other person. We project ourselves imaginatively into the other person’s skin, body andmind. We consider that just as we want above all to be well and happy, just as this is the deepesturge of our own being, so does the other person, the nameless face also above all wants to be welland happy. We try to imagine that for the time being, ‘I drop my identity and take the identity of theother person.’ Sometimes that will help us generate a feeling of closeness and concern for the otherperson. Sometimes this doesnt work, then we have to use other methods. For example, onetechnique is to reflect that, ’just as I have parents who love me and are concerned about me, so thisperson also has parents who love him/her and are concerned about that person. Maybe it’s justpure chance that we ourselves are not that person’s parents. The person may have a wife/husbandwho loves him/her, he/she has children just as I have children,..’ In this way, you try to find points ofcommonality between yourself and the other person, you realise that it’s almost just chance thatyou are you and he is he. With just a flip of the coin, you could have been him, and he could havebeen you. If you really have deep confidence and faith in the Buddha’s teaching of rebirth, then youreflect on the Buddha’s statement, ‘It’s hard to find a single person who at sometime has not beenyour own mother, father, sister, brother, son or daughter in previous existences.’ One has toexperiment with different techniques till one finds one technique that works effectively that helps tocreate that feeling of closeness, friendliness, even identification with the seemingly neutralindifferent stranger. When one succeeds, that barrier drops out, one is able to generate real loving-kindness towards that seemingly neutral person.Lastly one comes to the hostile person or enemy. This is the person with whom one has to be verycautious when one tries to develop loving-kindness towards him/her. Before we admit the hostileperson into the chamber of our contemplation, we first have to build up the momentum of loving-kindness towards the other person (neutral person). When that momentum is built up, then webring in the hostile person. Sometimes one has to go through the whole gamut or range of personsagain and again – self, teacher, loved one, a friend, neutral person; again self, teacher, loved one, afriend, neutral person; again self, teacher, dear one, a friend, neutral person; again self, teacher,loved one, a friend, neutral person; repeatedly until one has built up the force, then one extends tothe hostile person. When a hostile thought towards the ‘enemy’ person arises, then one has to usethe techniques of reflection, same as those reflections towards the neutral person in order to softenone’s feelings towards the so-called enemy and make that person one’s friend. 55
56. The mark of triumphant success in developing loving-kindness towards individual persons is gainingthe ability to generate mettā to all the persons in the different sets equally without discrimination,that you are able to regard them all as your close dear friends. In the Buddhist manual, this stage iscalled the abolishing or removal of barriers since there are no more discriminations between closepeople, neutral people, hostile people and oneself. One regards them all with the same loving-kindness that one has towards oneself. Once one reaches the stage when one can generate mettātowards individual persons in the groups with a fair degree of success, then briefly at the end ofone’s session, one can do an extension and expansion of the mettā to different types of beings:– first one takes all human beings, imagines them spread out in different continents, NorthAmerica, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, etc generate to all human beings thewish for their welfare and happiness;– others beings if you believe and accept the teachings on other realms - radiate loving-kindnessfirst to the devas or celestial or heavenly beings, then to beings in the lower realms, to theanimals, the to the hungry ghosts or tormented spirits, and even to the beings in the hell realm.– Finally let the mind spread out through the entire universe with all of its many galaxies andworld systems, each with its multiple planes of existence, each inhabited by countless sentientbeings, and one generates the wish that may all sentient beings throughout the universe be well,happy, free from harm and suffering, may all their good purposes be fulfilled.This is the practice of mettā pāramī, the perfection of loving-kindness. Thank you all for listening.May the blessings of the Noble Triple Gem be with you all. 56
57. A Study of Pāramīs - Bhikkhu BodhiMP3 lectures downloaded from Bodhi Monastery website:http://www.bodhimonastery.net/bm/about-buddhism/audio.html?start=4These are transcripts of talks that Ven. Bhikkhu Bodhi gave at Bodhi Monastery in 2003. They havenot been edited or reviewed by the author, but he has given us permission to post them on ourwebsite. Lecture 12: The Perfection of Equanimity (upekkhā-pāramī)Bhikkhu Bodhi9. The Perfection of Equanimity (upekkhā-pāramī): “May I develop a mindof perfect equanimity, a mind that is just and impartial towards all beings,without bias or preferences; a mind that cannot be shaken by the pairs ofworldly opposites (gain and loss, fame and obscurity, praise and blame,pleasure and pain).”We have been talking over the past few months about the ten pāramīs, the ten spiritual perfections.Today we come to the upekkhā pāramī, the perfection of equanimity. What is this quality calledequanimity? Equanimity (upekkhā) is balance of mind, a quality of mind that protects one fromswinging to extremes. Equanimity doesn’t mean apathy, lack of feeling or lukewarm indifference.Equanimity is the unshakable calmness, serenity, and self-mastery that we attain when we learn totranscend extreme reactions to the experiences that we undergo in the course of our life.Equanimity protects us from being overcome by destructive emotions. It gives a quiet, still and silentpoint of observation from which we can properly assess matters before we act. In this way,equanimity enables us to act most effectively. It thus is an extremely valuable quality that promotesthe entire practice of the path of Dhamma.The Pāli word for equanimity is upekkhā and the Sanskrit word is upekṣa. The word is based on aroot which means ‘to look; to perceive’. Thus equanimity implies the ability to look at thingsobjectively without being swayed by subjective emotion. With equanimity we can view conditionswith detachment; we can see through the changing vicissitudes of life, and we are no longercontrolled by them. The Buddhist texts speak of equanimity in two main contexts. One isequanimity in face of changing conditions of life. The other is equanimity towards other people, theability to regard others impartially, free from favouritism and prejudice.To understand the importance of developing equanimity, let’s consider our usual frame of mind.Think of your state of mind as you go through a typical day in your life. If you pay close attention,you will see that the mind is often in the grip of mood. Moods are like clouds in the mind;sometimes there are heavy dark clouds, sometimes light fluffy clouds, sometimes slow ramblingclouds, sometimes clouds that fly by quickly. Whatever kind of clouds they might be, they cover upthe deep blue immensity of the sky; they obscure the brilliant radiance of the sun; they cast shadows 57
58. on the ground; and often they bring rains, sleet and snow. The mood of the mind originates fromthe ‘dwelling place’ of the mind, i.e. from what the mind is dwelling on. Again reflect upon your ownstates of mind. You will see that so often, the mind is either running backwards to the past orjumping ahead into the future. It seldom rests quietly in the present. If you tune in even more finelyto your thoughts, you will see that many of them are driven by extreme attitude. When we thinkabout the past, sometimes we replay the enjoyment that we experienced in the past, yesterday, lastyear or many years ago. We congratulate ourselves on our success; we relive our pleasures, and welong and yearn for the vanished happiness that we imagined we enjoyed, indulging in nostalgia. Onthe other hand when we think about the past, we might think about our failures, mistakes or missedopportunities. Then we feel regret, self-pity or self-blame. Our joy vanishes and misery comes in totake its place. In either case, the mind is knocked off balance. When thoughts of pleasures andsuccess in the past arise, then we cling to these thoughts and try to hold to them, thus they knock usin one direction. When thoughts of failures and disappointment sweep across the mind, then we getoverwhelmed by them, and they knock us in the other direction. That is the way we live so much ofour life moving from elation to dejection, from pride to self-pity. That is the way it is with the past.We find that basically the same pattern also holds in regards to thoughts about the future. When wethink about the future, our thoughts are usually driven either by hope or high expectation, the desirefor success, the dream of ultimate fulfilment, or else when we are in a pessimistic mood, we areovercome by negative thoughts, fear of disappointment, worry about failure, anxiety over the loss ofwealth or loved ones. In either case, again there is no mental balance, no self-mastery, and noequanimity. The mind is like a drunken driver, trying to drive down the middle of the lane. Nomatter how hard he tries to go straight, inevitably he swings back and forth. Sometimes he goes tooclose to the car in the next lane, sometimes too close to the edge of the road. If he is not careful, hemight drive off the road altogether and destroys himself and others.Equanimity is the quality that enables the mind to hold to the middle position. The Buddhistcommentary explains equanimity as tatramajjhattatā, which means ‘standing in the middle’. Theidea of equanimity is thus closely connected to the Buddhist concept of the Middle Way. Longing forthe vanished past and high hopes for the future are both manifestations of craving or attachment.Regrets about the past, and fear and worry about the future are both manifestations of aversion,hatred or resistance. Thus the mind is driven by clinging and aversion, attraction and repulsion,liking and disliking, this goes on from morning to night. The Buddha teaches that such a condition isone of great suffering. Even though we might not want to admit it, when we aren’t in control of ourmind, then we are in a state of agitation. Even when we attained our cherished goal, when we winthe success we dream about, as long as we cling to our success, we make ourselves vulnerable todisappointment. When circumstances change, when our success cracks down, then we findourselves in the dumps, we become angry, dejected and sorrowful. Looked at objectively, victoryand defeat, success and failure are both forms of suffering. Success accompanied by attachment is‘sugar-coated’ suffering while failure is the ‘bitter pill’ of suffering. In either case, we do notexperience real, stable happiness, a happiness that remains firm despite changing circumstances.For Buddhism, stable happiness depends upon a mind that can’t be shaken by circumstances. Realhappiness comes when the mind is poised in equanimity. The ordinary mind, the untrained mind islike a feather in the wind. When the wind blows from the east, the feather flies to the west. Whenthe wind flows from the west, the feather flies to the east. The mind of equanimity is like a 58
59. mountain, it does not move when the east or west wind blows. The mountain remains firm even if itis hit by a hurricane or a tornado. In the same way the mind of equanimity is firm and steady, loftyand unwavering.This is why the Buddha says that equanimity is one of the greatest blessings. In the famousMahāmangala sutta, the Buddha says, ‘when one’s mind does not shake when touched by thechanging conditions of the world, when the mind is sorrowless, stainless and secure, that is thehighest blessing.’‘Mind does not shake when touched by the changing conditions of the world’The Buddhist texts often speak of eight changing worldly conditions or the ‘eight worldly winds’.They come in four pairs of opposites: gain and loss; fame and bad reputation; praise and blame; andpleasure and pain. Four of these are considered types of success: gain, fame, praise and pleasure.This is what most people want. The other four are types of failure: loss, bad reputation, blame andpain. This is what everybody fears and despises; that is what we dread and what we are ready tosacrifice everything to avoid. We spend our lives trying to achieve the four types of success and toavoid the four types of failure, but very often we can’t get our way. We aren’t masters of our owndestiny because life is inescapably unpredictable. We are subject to the play of conditions. Againand again, we fail to attain wealth and fame; we get blamed and criticised by others; our healthdeclines and we have to face pain and illness; we have to face the loss of loved ones; we must alsohave to face the inevitable end of our life, death. How can we keep balance in the face of theseuncertainties of life?To keep balance in the face of these uncertainties, the quality that we need is equanimity, upekkhā.How are we to develop this equanimity? There are two main contributing factors in thedevelopment of equanimity, mindfulness and wisdom. In developing equanimity, the particular typeof mindfulness that we need is awareness of our own state of mind. This is one of the foursatipaṭṭhānas, the four applications of mindfulness called ‘contemplation of mind’. By this technique,we don’t let the mind get carried away by its mood. Inevitably different moods, thoughts oremotions arise, but we recognise them, identify them and don’t let ourselves be swept away bythem. When a mind of attachment arises, we recognise it as a mind of attachment and let it go.When a mind of aversion or disliking arises, we recognise it as a mind of aversion or disliking and letit go. Whatever state of mind arises, we just notice it, observe it, penetrate it and understand it, butwe don’t cling to it and become the victim of our mood. By identifying the state of mind withmindfulness, we gain some distance from our own states of mind, from our own thoughts and mood.Thus mindfulness brings detachment, and from this detachment comes equanimity.WisdomThe other main factor needed to develop equanimity is wisdom, paññā or prajñā. This wisdom hastwo aspects (principles). One relates to the law of kamma and its fruit. With this aspect of wisdom,we recognise that whatever that happens to us is the result of our own kamma or our own volitionalaction in the past. We should not think of the external world as something completely foreign andexternal to us. Seen from one angle, it can be understood as the field in which our past kamma isworking itself out. Thus the events that the world throws at us, the various experiences we meet59
60. with in life are actually challenges to us to overcome the limitations of our kamma. Instead of tryingto escape from our difficulties in the way that we usually do, we should face them with courage anddetermination; we should see them as challenges to grow spiritually. Pain, failure, criticisms fromothers, grief at the loss of loved ones, these can become part of a path of self-transformation, ofinner purification. We can consider our difficulties and suffering as an opportunity to increase ourstrength to renew our resolution to make new effort to try our best in spite of all the obstacles andhindrances that we face. We might not get what we want, if we try to develop equanimity, we canbe confident that we are quietly building up inner reserves of strength to help us tread the path toenlightenment to ever greater height. Similarly when we meet with success, we also need to applythe wisdom of kamma and its fruit to view the success with dispassion. Thus we don’t become self-satisfied, we don’t indulge in our merit, but we take this as an incentive to develop ever morewisdom and virtue.The second principle of wisdom used to develop equanimity is the teaching of non-self or anattā.The Buddha teaches that the most fundamental delusion at the base of the mind is the delusion ofself, the delusion that we have a real and substantial centre of personal identity. Because we acceptthe idea of self as a reality, our life usually revolves around the notions of ‘I’ and ‘mine’. The thoughtof ‘mine’ gives rise to greed and craving. The thought of ‘I’ gives rise to self-love, pride, and conceit.When we fail to get what we want, our sense of self is injured and thus we become miserable anddepressed. When we succeed in getting what we want, our sense of self blows up, and then webecome elated and ecstatic. Both these emotions, elation and dejection, ecstasy and depression, arestates of agitation. The medicine for this agitation is the wisdom of selflessness. The Buddhateaches that all phenomena, internal and external, are to be contemplated thus, ‘This is not mine;this is not I; this is not myself.’ The true and highest realisation of non-self comes about throughinsight meditation. Even long before we make the breakthrough to direct realisation of non-self, wehave to begin applying this theme to all aspects of our life. In the midst of the changing conditionsof life, we should constantly remind ourselves that whatever happens to us is devoid of any relationto a truly existing self. Everything that we take to be ‘I’ and ‘mine’ is just empty, conditionedphenomena arising and ceasing through causes and conditions. When we deeply investigate andcontemplate this truth of selflessness, we become detached from everything that attracts us,detached from everything that disturbs us, and this results in equanimity.Second Aspect: Equanimity Towards Persons: ImpartialityThe equanimity towards persons means impartiality, viewing all persons as the same withoutdiscrimination, bias or favouritism. Ordinarily we distinguish between our friends and benefactors,these are the people we favour; and then we are unconcerned with strangers, these are people withwhom we have no relationship; and we dislike those who treat us badly, those who are out to harmus. This is quite natural inclination of the mind. To develop equanimity, we regard all these peopleas the same, we make no discrimination between them; we have the same attitude towards our so-called friends and our so-called foes. One way to develop this equanimity is to reflect upon thebeginnningless nature of the saṃsāra. In the course of our many countless lives in saṃsāra, we havehad various relations to countless beings. These relations change from one life to the next. Ourfriend in one life becomes a stranger in the next life. In the third life he becomes an enemy. The 60
61. enemy in one life becomes a stranger in the next life; and in the life after that he might become ourfriend. Why should we discriminate people just on the basis of chance relationships in this one life.The other way to develop this equanimity towards persons is to use the idea or theme of non-self asa template for viewing all other people. We realise that people, human beings have no substantialtruly existing selves on the basis of which we can distinguish them as friends, strangers and enemies.In reality they are constantly changing streams of conditioned formations without any stable centreof selfhood. If that is the case what is the basis for discriminating friends, strangers and enemies? 61
62. A Study of Pāramīs - Bhikkhu BodhiMP3 lectures downloaded from Bodhi Monastery website:http://www.bodhimonastery.net/bm/about-buddhism/audio.html?start=4These are transcripts of talks that Ven. Bhikkhu Bodhi gave at Bodhi Monastery in 2003. They havenot been edited or reviewed by the author, but he has given us permission to post them on ourwebsite. Lecture 13: The Perfection of Wisdom (paññā-pāramī) Bhikkhu Bodhi10.The Perfection of Wisdom (paññā-pāramī): “May my wisdom grow asvast as space, as deep as the ocean, and as luminous as the sun, dispellingthe darkness of ignorance and illumining the true nature of all things.”In my talks on Saturdays, I have been explaining the ten perfections, dasa pāramīs as they have beentransmitted in the southern Buddhist tradition. Today I come to the last of the 10 perfections in myown arrangement, this is paññā pāramī or better known as prajñā pāramitā. I will explain this topicaccording to the tradition with which I am best acquainted, the Pāli or Theravāda tradition. AlthoughI have read some of the prajñāpāramitā sutras of the Mahāyāna tradition, its still too difficult for meto interpret and explain their meaning. To do so, one would require several years of study,especially of the Madhyamaka philosophy which provides a systematic interpretation of the Sanskritprajñāpāramitā sutras. In the Pāli commentaries, wisdom or paññā actually comes fourth among theten pāramīs. I find this list somewhat disorganised. I think the list in the northern tradition shows amore logical progression in making the whole sequence of pāramīs culminate in the perfection ofwisdom. Thus in the talks that I have been giving, I have reorganised the Pāli list by taking wisdompāramī out from the fourth place and put it in tenth place. This I believe is in conformity with thestatement of the Buddha that among all the factors leading to enlightenment, wisdom is the chiefand foremost of them all. We see in the five spiritual faculties (indriyas) that the other four indriyaslead to and culminate in paññā, wisdom. We have faith, energy, mindfulness, and concentration,these are the four fundamental faculties and their crown is paññindriya, the wisdom faculty.Wisdom is so important among the ten pāramīs because it is the guiding factor for all the pāramīs.The large Sanskrit Prajñāpāramitā Sutra supports this by making a statement that the otherperfections gain the name perfection or pāramitā when they are supported and sustained byprajñāpāramitā or the perfection of wisdom; when they lack support by the perfection of wisdom,prajñāpāramitā, they cannot be called pāramitās or perfections.At the beginning of our practice of the Buddha’s path, we have to cultivate all the other qualities likegenerosity, morality, patience and the rest as preparatory steps to the development of wisdom.When wisdom arises, it then takes hold of the other qualities like generosity, morality and patienceand transforms them into spiritual perfections. It is wisdom that embraces them, encompasses62
63. them and pervades them, and thereby makes them serve as qualities capable of leading toenlightenment and liberation. Without the guiding function of prajñā or wisdom, the otherpāramitās or qualities would be merely random virtues, not qualities leading to enlightenment.Wisdom without the other virtues would not be wisdom at all, but only intellectual cleverness.When wisdom embraces and guides the other qualities, they become integral parts of the Buddha’spath leading to the deepest realisation of enlightenment and the attainment of perfect liberation.When wisdom is accompanied by the other wholesome qualities, it becomes noble and sublime, awisdom that shines forth in our character and conduct.The path to enlightenment is not a straight line, it unfolds like a spiral. In actual practice, theBuddha’s path winds around and around. But this circular movement is quite different from thecircular movement of saṃsāra, the cycle of birth and death. In saṃsāra, birth leads to death, anddeath is followed by new birth; the process turns around pointlessly, and we meet with sufferingagain and again but acquire nothing of any lasting benefit. However the Buddha’s path might becalled a three dimensional circle. In other words, it is a spiral that winds around, and in windingleads higher and higher. We begin with faith, which is usually accompanied by a park of wisdom orinsight into the real nature of life. Motivated by this faith with our mind lit up momentarily by thisspark of wisdom, we engage in various wholesome virtuous practices such as giving generously,observing precepts, cultivating loving-kindness and compassion, and practicing meditation, Thesepractices produce virtuous dispositions in the mind, and these virtuous dispositions clear the mind ofthe oppressive weight of the coarser defilements. As they gather strength, they generate joy andhappiness; they bring tranquillity and clarity. All these wholesome dispositions serve as thegroundwork, the soil for the arising of wisdom, which becomes brighter and brighter until it floodsthe mind with light, like a search light on a dark night. This wisdom will then embrace the otherwholesome qualities and make them pāramīs or pāramitās, spiritual perfections in the true sense ofthe word. Then wisdom and the other wholesome qualities will gradually mature together,nurturing and strengthening one another until they reach fulfilment at the realisation of fullenlightenment and liberation.In its emphasis on wisdom as the key to spiritual development, the Buddha’s teaching is uniqueamong the great religions of the world. The reason why wisdom plays such a major role in Buddhismis because the Buddha points to ignorance as the deepest root cause of human suffering. Liberationcannot be achieved by faith and devotion; it can’t be achieved by worshipping the Buddha; and itcan’t be achieved by performing rites and rituals. Such practices can be helpful as expressions offaith and devotion, and they can produce wholesome states of mind. However liberation isultimately dependent upon direct personal insight into the fundamental truth of things, upon insightinto the final mode of existence of phenomena. This insight is the function of wisdom.In the teaching on the Four Noble Truths, the Buddha says that craving is the origin of suffering. Thisstatement should not be taken in absolute terms for it’s made with a practical purpose in mind. Weshould understand that even craving has a more fundamental cause, and that cause is ignorance.Ignorance and craving together are responsible for much more than the suffering on an individualhuman life extending between birth and death. Together ignorance and craving hold us in bondageto the beginnningless suffering of saṃsāra, the round of birth and death that has been turningthrough inconceivable time. Therefore if we want to gain freedom from saṃsāra, we have to63
64. overcome craving. If we want to overcome craving, then we have to eliminate ignorance. Themeans for eliminating ignorance is wisdom. Wisdom overcomes ignorance and brings along with itrealisation of the reality beyond birth and death; it brings liberation into the birth less and deathlessstate called Nibbāna.In English the word ‘wisdom’ has a very general meaning. In Buddhism, the word paññā or prajñā isused in a very specific sense. Paññā means knowledge and vision of things as they really are,knowing with direct insight the true characteristics of phenomena. Wisdom is penetrative insightinto the true nature of things. We normally assume that we understand things as they are,especially if we are intelligent, even more so if we have university degrees, B.A., M.A. or Ph.D.degrees. Buddhism tells us that what we take to be wisdom or intelligence is just a deluded notion.Buddhism says that the knowledge that we normally pride ourselves on is just conceptualinformation knowledge, practical technical knowhow, but it is not true wisdom. For Buddhism, truewisdom manifests in the absence of greed and craving, in the absence of hatred and anger, in lack ofpride and conceit. It also manifests in love and compassion, in simplicity and contentment, inhumility and selflessness. If we are prone to greed, if we easily get angry, if we are conceited, if weare lacking in love and compassion, and if our mind is constantly overrun with all sorts of desires, wecould take this as a clear indication that we do not possess real wisdom.The Buddhist texts sometimes speak of ignorance as like a mist that clouds up our mental vision.Sometimes it’s compared to cataracts that cover our spiritual lives so that we see things in adistorted and deluded way. Ignorance makes us perceive, think and understand things in confusedways. The Chinese Prajñāpāramitā Sutra uses the expression, ‘diantoumungxiang’, ideas which areupside down and like a dream.Wisdom in contrast is a faculty that can blow away the clouds and mists of ignorance. It’s like alancet that can remove the cataracts that cover our spiritual lives. It’s through wisdom that we areable to see things the right side up, so that we can see and understand things correctly. The thingsthat we have to see with wisdom are not some mysterious and esoteric secrets, but are the realitiesconcerning our own lives, the real nature of our own experience. It is just this world of day-dayexperience that lies closest to ourselves. It’s this day-to-day experience that constitutes what wecall ourselves. But it is the real nature of this day-to-day experience that is usually hidden anddistorted by ignorance. So we use the Buddha’s teaching as tools in order to undertake a systematic,methodical, careful and thorough investigation of our own experience. We take our own bodies andminds as the objects of our investigation. We make a sustained systematic attempt to understandthem accurately, clearly and properly. It is this process of gradually unfolding insight into the truenature of own existence that constitutes the Path of wisdom that leads to the ultimate freedom.The process of cultivating wisdom has to be guided from the outset by right view. The Buddha saysthat the whole development of the Path depends upon right view. In order to acquire right view, wehave to give a great deal of attention to correcting our views, our attitudes, our perspective. In theBuddhist tradition, it is said that there are three kinds of wisdom: wisdom that arises from learning;wisdom that arises from reflection; and wisdom that arises from meditative cultivation. Usually theyare seen as three steps; but they can also be seen as steps that occur not successively but 64
65. concurrently, each progressively enriching the others. I prefer to see them in the second way, butit’s easier to explain them as unfolding in a step by step process.To acquire wisdom, to acquire right understanding, the first step is to acquire the wisdom born oflearning. This is the wisdom that comes from studying the Dhamma properly under qualifiedteachers, and studying texts, sutras and commentaries that disclose and reveal the true nature ofphenomena. In the Pāli Canon, I regard as especially important for gaining right understanding anumber of suttas from the Majjhima Nikāya, especially from the chapter on Vibhangavagga, SuttasNos 144-149; and also important are several of the chapters from the Saṃyutta Nikāya, especiallythe chapters concerned with Dependent Origination, Five aggregates, twelve sense bases, fourelements or 18 elements and the final chapter concerned with the Four Noble Truths. So the firststep of developing wisdom is to learn the Dhamma properly. As we study the Dhamma, a kind ofwisdom arises in the mind, a conceptual understanding that conforms to the real nature of things.To sharpen and deepen our understanding, we have to reflect upon the teachings that we havestudied. We have to take up the teachings, investigate them, examine the meanings of theteachings, draw out their implications, explore their interconnections, and see how they relate toourselves, to our own lives. For example we read in the text about the teaching of anattā, theteaching on non-self, what exactly does it mean to say,’ sabbe dhamma anattā – all things are non-self’?’ How does this teaching of non-self relate to other fundamental teachings of Buddhism such asthe teaching on impermanence, or dependent origination, or the Four Noble Truths? How can weestablish validity of these teachings by means of reasoning and reflection? These are importantmatters to be considered. For developing the wisdom that arises from reflection, it’s often helpfulnot just to stay isolated and alone but to engage in Dhamma discussions with others. Almostinevitably we develop one particular point of view that is conditioned by our own biases, prejudices,presuppositions; a point of view which is moulded by our own previous learning, our ownexperience, our own mental tendencies. So our understanding as far as it goes might be correct oraccurate, but it will usually be limited. To widen our understanding, to be able to see the samesubject from different angles, its helpful to engage in discussions with others; because then we seethe same subject as illuminated by other people on the basis of their experience, theirpreconceptions and pre-understanding. By trying to integrate our understanding with theunderstanding of others, then we can gain quite broad and comprehensive understanding of thesubject. When we hold discussions with others, we have to be careful that the discussions don’tdegenerate into angry debates in which we maintain our opinions stubbornly, and just argue withothers trying to defeat them, and prove the superiority of our understanding. When we engage indiscussions, it’s always best to go about them in a humble frame of mind, wishing to learn fromothers; we should also keep a critical eye not to accept things just blindly because somebody elsewho might seem more knowledgeable and authoritative says so.First we have the understanding born of learning. I should add that learning here includes not onlyone’s own reading of the texts but also attending Dhamma discourses by knowledgeable teachers.Then along with the wisdom born of learning, we develop the wisdom born of reflection; by thinkingabout the teachings, reflecting on them; and by widening our point of view through discussions withothers. 65
66. In the third place comes bhāvanā-maya-paññā, the wisdom born from meditation. Once we haveestablished a clear understanding of the meaning of the sutras, once we have sharpened our viewthrough reflection, then to transform our conceptual understanding into direct experience, we haveto train our mind to see directly the things we have studied and reflected upon. This is done throughthe practice called meditation, ‘bhāvanā’ which means cultivation or development. Its throughmeditation that we transform our conceptual understanding into direct knowledge, directexperience. Usually we begin with a simple object, something upon which we focus and collect themind. This is because the Buddha says that experiential wisdom arises through concentration,samādhi. When the mind is scattered and when it is driven by the waves of conceptual thought,then we cannot understand the subject deeply and penetratively. To gain this penetrative insight,we have to focus the mind, collect the mind. So we take an object of meditation, usually simple likethe breath, the body as a whole, or a quality like loving-kindness. We collect the mind on the subjecttill the mind becomes collected, quiet, unified. In that collectedness or concentration of the mind,the mind develops penetrative strength, a power to go deep into the object of observation. Wethen take this unified mind and focus it upon the stream of experience as it is flowing on frommoment to moment. We let the mind ride the stream of experience. Through mindfulness, keepthe attention on each occasion of experience. As we attend mindfully to our experience frommoment to moment, just like a flower that opens up and unfolds in the light of the sun, so ourexperience opens and unfolds so that we can examine it in detail, explore it and understand itaccurately.What does it mean to see the real nature of our experience with direct insight? In the teachings ofearly Buddhism as presented in the Pāli Nikāyas, it is said that the aim of insight wisdom is to see thethree aspects of experience that normally remain concealed from us. They remain concealed fromus not because they are difficult to see in themselves, but because we generally dont want to seethem and so we constantly try to hide them from our view. Yet for Buddhism it is precisely thesethree aspects of experience that hold the key to spiritual freedom. These three aspects ofexperience are called the three marks or the three characteristics, lakkhaṇa in Pāli or lakṣaṇa inSanskrit. The three marks of all experience that we have to understand with wisdom areimpermanence (anicca), unsatisfactoriness (dukkha) and non-self (the absence of self = anattā).Impermanence is placed first because the mark of impermanence is the gateway, the door to theother two characteristics. Impermanence is the most evident and objective of the threecharacteristics. Normally under the influence of ignorance and craving, we are continually seekingfor some permanent, constant and absolutely reliable source of security in our lives. We think if wehave a good secure house to live in, then we’ll be safe and secure; or if we have a strong army, we’llbe safe and secure. We are constantly trying to conceal from our sight and recognition any signs thatthe things that we cling to for security and for pleasure might be subject to change, to loss, todestruction. Even the very thought of old age, decay, thought of illness or of getting cancer, a stroke,Alzheimer disease makes us feel uncomfortable. When we think of ourselves face to face with death,there we are crossing a street, a car driven by a drunken turns around a corner and is coming right atus in full speed, death is inevitable. When we think of this, it’s so uncomfortable and it fills us withsuch fear and dread that immediately we have to turn away and think of something pleasant.66
67. So the first principle is to understand impermanence. To understand impermanence directly bringsnot misery and depression but a sense of release, of joy and bliss. We feel when we understandimpermanence we then feel that we can let go of whatever is impermanent. We understand thatletting go means not loss and deprivation but the gaining of inner freedom. When we understandthe mark of impermanence, with a little reflection we can then realise that whatever is impermanentis necessarily flawed, defective, unsatisfactory, bound up in subtle or gross ways with suffering.When we see that the things that are impermanent are bound up with suffering, then we realisethat they are not worth clinging to, and we are ready to let go of them and we are able to releaseour attachment to them.Even though we might be able to let go of the coarse attachments, the clinging to things with thehope of getting pleasures or permanence out of them, there is one very subtle attachment that isvery difficult to break, and that is the clinging to things ,especially to the phenomena of body andmind with the sense that ‘this is mine’, ‘this is I’, and ‘this is myself’. Normally through deep orbeginnningless habit, we cling to body and mind as the thoughts ‘this is mine; this is I; this is my trueself’. We then try to establish some permanent personal identity within ourselves, something thatwe can say this is my true self. Then we subscribe to the belief in a world of substantial trulyexistent objects, the real world out there which is the field of action for this truly existing self.Buddhism says that this idea of self is the lynchpin that holds all the other defilements in place. It’sthe idea of ‘mine’ that gives rise to craving, greed and selfishness. The idea of ‘I’ is the source ofconceit and pride. The idea of selfhood or inner soul that is the basis for deluded views. Thereforeagain and again, the Buddha used the sharp edge of the sword of wisdom to cut through all theentanglements, all of the fetters caused by this idea of self. The culmination of the practice of insightis the insight into the selflessness of all phenomena. One begins with contemplation ofimpermanence; from impermanence one comes to the contemplation of suffering; and from thecontemplation of impermanence and suffering together, one comes to the contemplation of non-self.The contemplation of these three characteristics is to be applied to our own body and mind. Whenwe examine the body with insight, we see that the whole bodily field is made up of processes thatare always changing; we see that all physical phenomena in the body are constantly arising andvanishing moment by moment. Thus the body which is just a compound made up of these physicalphenomena is necessarily impermanent and unstable. Since it is impermanent and unstable, wecant find lasting satisfaction in it, and we cannot take it as truly existent self. In the same way allexternal material phenomena, everything seen, felt, possessed, are constantly changing and thuscannot be taken as substantial realities. After we examine the body which is coarser and easier tosee, we then examine the mind and the associated mental phenomena. We see that the whole fieldof mental phenomena is a stream of ever changing mental processes. What we call the mindconsists of feelings, perceptions, volitions and thoughts. These are all impermanent and unstable,always changing, breaking up and perishing, we cannot find in them any kind of permanent security,and we cannot take them to be a truly existing self or to be the abode of a truly existing self. Evenconsciousness, the light of awareness which floods out through the six senses, and which we usuallyat the deepest level take to be the self or inner spirit, if we examine this consciousness reflectively,we see it is merely a stream of impermanent acts of awareness, each one arising and passing away.So consciousness too is devoid of any substantial selfhood; one act of consciousness arises, it 67
68. performs its own special function of seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, touching and thinking, andthen it falls away, followed immediately by the next act of consciousness, and so on, one act afteranother. Consciousness is a stream of occasions of awareness without any abiding self as thepermanent subject of awareness.Insight into the three characteristic is a very high achievement in the development of wisdom. Mostof us still have to work at developing wisdom at a more basic level, a kind of wisdom that we canapply in our everyday lives. Here the Buddha offers useful advice. In explaining the factor ofenlightenment called Dhammavicaya, the investigation of phenomena, the Buddha says that adisciple should be able to discriminate between the wholesome and unwholesome states of mind,between bright and dark states of mind; between blameless and blameworthy states of mind. In oureveryday lives we should know, we should understand what kind of states of mind are wholesome,what states of mind are unwholesome. We should observe the effects of our mental states on ourconduct, on our relations to others; and we should see what consequences they lead to in the future.It is mindfulness that enables us to be aware of our states of mind. Through mindfulness we bendthe light of awareness back upon ourselves, and we light up and illuminate our states of mind. It iswisdom that provides the key to understanding these states of mind. Wisdom enables us todistinguish between the states that are wholesome or unwholesome, states that are beneficial andthose that are harmful. This is an important aspect in the cultivation of wisdom and we shouldntoverlook it just because it doesn’t sound as deep as the realisation of emptiness or the insight intoselflessness.There is a sutta in which the Buddha spoke to the lay follower, Anathapindika and offered valuableadvice. In explaining how a lay follower is accomplished in wisdom, the Buddha said that a layfollower should understand that selfishness and unrighteous greed are defilements of the mind, inso understanding this, he should abandon them. Similarly he should understand that anger, laziness,restlessness and doubt are also defilements of the mind, in so understanding them, he shouldabandon them. Thus to cultivate wisdom in the context of one’s day to day life, one should make aneffort to recognise these five defilements whenever they arise, selfishness and unrighteous greed,anger and illwill, laziness and dullness, restlessness and doubt, and then make an effort to remove oreliminate them. At the same time, in one’s meditation, one practices calming the mind, building upthe power of concentration, and then using this concentrated mind even briefly to investigate one’sbody and mind as being impermanent, as being bound up in suffering and as being non-self. In thisway, one’s wisdom will gradually develop until it becomes paññā pāramī, the perfection of wisdom. 68
69. A Study of Pāramīs - Bhikkhu BodhiMP3 lectures downloaded from Bodhi Monastery website:http://www.bodhimonastery.net/bm/about-buddhism/audio.html?start=4These are transcripts of talks that Ven. Bhikkhu Bodhi gave at Bodhi Monastery in 2003. They havenot been edited or reviewed by the author, but he has given us permission to post them on ourwebsite. Lecture 14: Conclusion – Overview of the Dasa pāramīBhikkhu BodhiOver the past few months, I have been speaking about the ten pāramīs according to the scheme ofTheravāda Buddhism. Last week I finished the last of the ten pāramīs, which was the perfection ofwisdom. In my arrangement of the list of pāramīs, I put the paññā pāramī or prajñāpāramitā last.Now that I have treated each of the pāramīs individually in details, today I want to take a step backand take a general overview of the pāramīs as a kind of guide to the Buddhist spiritual life.Before I started this series of talks, I used as a basic theme a short statement of the Buddha, whichsays quite simply, ‘you should develop the wholesome; the development of wholesome will lead toyour welfare and happiness.’ I then presented a threefold classification of the types of wholesomequalities we should develop. I divide the wholesome qualities into three categories:1. First is the basis of meritorious actions such as giving, moral discipline, meditation;2. Second are the Pāramīs – the six or ten pāramīs; and3. Third are the thirty-seven aids to enlightenment, bodhipakhiyadhamma.This threefold classification is my own, and is not based on any classical Buddhist work. It seems toprovide us a very convenient way of organising the variety of Buddhist practices into a systematicstructure. I find that each of these categories is governed by a different spiritual law, and I considerthis a very important point. The spiritual life is governed by laws that are just as decisive, just as realas events in the material universe whether at the cosmic or microscopic level. One meaning of theword, Dhamma is law. One of the things that the Buddha accomplished through his enlightenmentwas that he discovered the laws that govern the spiritual dimension of our lives. When we study theDhamma, we are not just studying some subject matter that we call Buddhism, we are trying tounderstand the deep laws that underlie our desire for meaning, our desire for inner freedom, forhappiness, peace and wisdom. To understand these laws is the key to wisdom.The law that governs the operation of the types of meritorious actions or kamma is what I call theLaw of Retributive Consequences. This is the law which holds that every morally determinate actionof ours tends to produce a result that corresponds to the moral quality of that action. The action iscalled kamma, the result is called kamma vipāka or kamma phala, the fruit of kamma. Simply statedthe law of kamma means that unwholesome actions or bad kamma, deeds driven by such motives asgreed hatred or delusion will bring us future misfortune and suffering. In contrast wholesome69
70. actions or good kamma, deeds driven by unselfish motives will bring us future good fortune andhappiness. Viewed from this angle, good actions or wholesome actions are called meritorious deeds.These actions deposit in our mind a spiritual force called merit, puñña in Pāli and ‘phu’ in Chinese.This merit has the potential to ripen in the future and bring corresponding results. The merit frommeritorious deeds will bring rebirth into a good realm of existence like the human realm or heavenlyrealm, into a good family if reborn in human realm. Merit brings bodily health, handsome orbeautiful physical features, and it leads to success and good fortune in business dealings, to goodeducation, and generally to happiness in life. This is the natural result of this action according to thelaw of kamma, the law of the retributive consequences of our deeds. This law works with the sameinvariable regularity as the laws of physics. The laws of kamma work with greater complexity thanthe physical law, but the same principle is involved here, a law of action and reaction.The practice of the pāramitās on the other hand is based on a different spiritual law. The relevantprinciple here might be called the law of the conservation and transmission of spiritual energy.According to this principle the morally determinate actions that we perform not only produce resultsthat follow from the law of kamma, but these actions also leave impressions on our mind,impressions that acquire a cumulative force so that each action that we perform tends to build up aparticular habitual disposition to repeat that action. Thus our actions acquire a momentum that ispreserved in our stream of consciousness. This momentum continues from one life to the next aswe travel on through the rounds of rebirths. In this way our repeated actions in successive livesgradually mould, shape and transform our character throughout our many lives. We might imaginethe mind to be like a block of marble. Each important action that we perform is like a cut that asculptor makes in the block of marble with a chisel. Depending on how he uses the chisel, thesculptor can make an astounding variety of statues out of the same block of marble. He might makestatues of demons, of animals, of human beings. He could make statues of saints, statues of kings,statues of a military hero, of peasants, of workers, of plants and flowers, statues of different kinds ofanimals. In a similar way, our actions build up habits and dispositional tendencies which come toexpression in the repetition of the same type of action. These dispositions in their totality constituteour character. Our character determines our ultimate spiritual destiny. However our character isnot something fixed, solid and substantial. It is not a self or a soul. It is merely the sum total of ourmany dispositions and character traits. Thus our destiny is not something fixed and immutable; it isnot fate or predestination; but it is the product of our volitions, the product of our decisions and ouractions. Our destiny reflects the ever changing stream of our thoughts, our changing dispositionsand inclinations. These can all be transformed by the right application of volition, of determination,of decision. This is one significance of the Buddha’s teaching on right effort. We have to applyeffort to establish in our mind those particular habit patterns that are in harmony with theenlightened nature of the Buddha. These particular habit patterns are precisely the practices thatthe Buddha himself followed throughout his previous lives aimed at the attainment of Buddhahood.We call these wholesome practices pāramīs or pāramitās, a word which means spiritual perfection.In the two major Buddhist geographical regions, the list of pāramitās has come down differently.This suggests that the concept of pāramitās did not develop during the life time of the Buddhahimself but evolved in a period after his parinibbāna. I think it likely that the northern list of the sixpāramitās which arose among the northern pre-Mahāyāna schools was the older version. Thesouthern Theravāda list of ten pāramīs developed some time later. It is possible however that both 70
71. sets originated more or less at the same time from a still simpler list of spiritual perfections, andthen evolved separately and so the outcome was two different lists of pāramīs. The historicalevolution of the concept of the pāramitās is obscure. I have never seen a detailed historical,scholarly study of the concept. In any case at some point after the development of early Mahāyāna,the list of six pāramitās was taken over by the early Mahāyāna sutras and they provided an outlinefor the practice of the Bodhisattva path. Then during the period of middle stage MahāyānaBuddhism, the six pāramitās evolved into a list of ten pāramitās by the addition of four newpāramitās – pāramitās of skilful means, resolution, power or force, and knowledge. That list of tenpāramitās is different from the list of ten pāramīs in the southern Theravāda transmission. The tenpāramīs of the southern transmission still play a very important role in everyday Buddhist practice inthe living Theravāda tradition. I will compare the two versions of pāramitās later. But first I want totake brief review of all ten pāramitās as I have elaborated individually over the last few months. Thiswill give us a clear picture of the qualities we should be working to develop through our practice ofthe Dhamma.At the beginning comes the practice of giving, dāna pāramī. The practice of giving is intended toopen up our hearts, and to create a disposition to generosity. It makes us responsive to the needs ofothers and it enables us to benefit them in any way we can. The Buddhist commentators analysethe practice of generosity into three kinds by way of the objects of giving – giving material things;giving security and freedom from harm; and giving the gift of Dhamma. What is most important,more important than the object given is the attitude of mind with which one gives. It’s said that oneshould give a gift with a mind free from the stain of selfishness; with a heart full of kindness andhuman sympathy; and with a mind intent on helping others and alleviating their misery.The second pāramī is sīla pāramī, the perfection of moral discipline, which always involvesundertaking and observing precepts. The precepts are our guidelines to right conduct. They help toregulate our actions of body and speech so that they follow the principles of righteousness. Themost basic moral code in Buddhism is the Pañca-sīla – the Five Precepts – abstaining from killing,stealing, sexual misconduct, false speech, and the use of intoxicants. Beyond these there are moreelaborate and more demanding codes of moral precepts that one could follow such as the EightUposatha Precepts, the Ten Precepts of a Novice monk, 227 or more precepts of a bhikkhu orbhikshu or bhikshuni, beyond that are the Bodhisattva precepts. However moral discipline isn’t justa matter of following rules and regulations. What we are really trying to do by undertaking preceptsis to regulate our conduct , to make our conduct noble, lofty and upright. We are trying to followthe awesome conduct of the noble sages, the enlightened ones and holy ones of the past, andthereby we ourselves are able to serve as a model for the world. In this time of moral decay, theneed for people who can serve as models of moral integrity is truly urgent.The third pāramī is nekkhama pāramī, the perfection of renunciation. By developing this pāramī, weencourage ourselves to turn away from the deceptive pleasures and the distractions of worldly lifeand to set our sight on the goal of ultimate liberation. While renunciation comes to fulfilment in themonastic life, one does not have to become a monk or nun to practice renunciation. Even whileliving at home, in the midst of family one could practice the perfection of renunciation by trying tolive a life of simplicity, being content with simple means of support, and devoting one’s attention toone’s spiritual development rather than acquiring wealth and material possessions.71
72. The fourth pāramī in my organisation of the scheme is viriya pāramī, the perfection of energy.Energy is included among the spiritual perfections because energy is needed for success in allaspects of spiritual practice,. Energy is what dispels our laziness, our sluggishness, prevents us frombecoming stagnant and from becoming complacent. It’s through energy that we can push ourselvesforward to achieve and realise what we have not yet achieved and realised. Energy has two maindomains of application, inward and outward. Inwardly energy is to be applied to the work of selfcultivation, and outwardly its to be applied to devotion to the work of benefiting others. Throughenergy inwardly we train our own minds. Again through energy, we serve others and seek to helpthem, especially to enable them to learn and practice the Dhamma.The fifth pāramī is khantī pāramī, perfection of patience. This is the counterpart of energy. Patiencehelps to balance the impulsive and restless tendencies inherent in excessive energy. There are twomain things that we need to practice patience towards. One of these is difficult people; the other isdifficult conditions, I think all of us have difficulty with other people. We get angry; we feelresentment; we look for the faults of others; we are inclined to denigrate them, and to speak rudelyto them. When we practice patience, we change our way of interacting with others. Even if otherpeople hurt us, abuse us, insult us or attack us, we dont feel resentment towards them; we don’tbear grudges against them; but we are able to endure their insults and injuries patiently with a calm,unruffled mind. In our hearts we should forgive those who attack us and hurt us. We should also tryto find ways to mend our differences and to achieve reconciliation. If we see that they are wrong,we should try to make them understand they are doing wrong and to feel contrition for it. When wesee other people in conflict with each another, we should try to bring them back into a state ofharmony, to establish friendly feelings and peaceful relation between them. The second domain ofpatience is difficult condition. If we meet with difficult outward conditions, if we lose our job, if ourfamily expectations are disappointed; if we don’t achieve the recognition and appreciation that weexpect; if we feel hunger or get ill or experience bodily pain, we should bear it patiently recognisingthat pain and disappointment are inherent in the nature of life. Of course this doesnt mean that wejust remain passive and don’t do anything to change the conditions. We should definitely try tochange unsatisfactory conditions when we could do so. But when our efforts fail, we should acceptour failure patiently.The sixth pāramī is sacca pāramī, the perfection of truthfulness. One following the path toenlightenment tries to speak the truth under all circumstances, and never speaks falsehood thatmight jeopardise the welfare of others or bring undiscerned gain and benefit to oneself. The goal ofour practice of Dhamma is enlightenment. Enlightenment means the realisation of ultimate truth.Therefore one who seeks ultimate truth must always attempt to communicate truthfully to others.By speaking the truth we win the trust and confidence of others which is so important in establishingbonds of social solidarity. By speaking the truth we also nurture the seeds of wisdom withinourselves. Thus our wisdom can gradually evolve until we arrive at direct realisation of truth.The seventh pāramī is the perfection of determination, adhiṭṭhāna pāramī. As I explained in my talkson determination, this pāramī exercises a controlling influence over all the others. Our task infollowing the practice of the pāramīs is to transform the mind from its condition of darkness andbondage to a state of radiant wisdom and transcendent liberation. This transformation comes aboutthrough the will, through the influence of volition acting upon the mind, shaping and transforming 72
73. all other aspects of the mind. Determination is that act by which we direct the will to the work ofinner transformation. It is an act of volition by which we firmly determine to do what is difficult toaccomplish and apply ourselves to fulfilling this determination. First we have to make the firmdecision to enter the path of Dhamma; then we have to use our determination to advance along thepath until in the end we reach our final goal.The eighth pāramīs is mettā pāramī, perfection of loving-kindness. Loving-kindness means a deepheartfelt concern for the welfare and happiness of all living beings, oneself and others. This deeplove has to be developed to universal dimension, boundlessly without limits, reservations ordistinctions. Normally the mind sets up boundaries to its affection. We extend love to those whoare close and dear to us, those who are bound to us by ties of family relationships or personalaffection; we regard other people either with complete indifference or treat them with suspicionsand hostility. A Buddhist practitioner has to develop a mind of loving-kindness that extends to allpeople and then to all living beings, the same love that we have for our close relatives and friends.This means the same desire for their wellbeing and happiness that we have for our close relativesand friends. The mind of loving-kindness is a mind that makes no distinction between the self andothers; that does not discriminate between friends, strangers and enemies . The Buddhist traditionteaches specific methods of meditation to develop this mind of universal loving-kindness. Once themind is developed in meditation, then it can be maintained anywhere in a state of loving-kindnessunder all conditions. Boundless loving-kindness is the basis for great compassion and that is the rootof the true bodhicitta, the aspiration for enlightenment, and the support especially for thosefollowing the path of the Bodhisattva.The ninth pāramī is upekkhā pāramī, the perfection of equanimity. Equanimity is balance of mind,the quality of mind that does not swing to extremes. This is not a lukewarm indifference or apathyor lack of feeling. Equanimity implies the ability to look at things objectively without being swayedby subjective emotions. The Buddhist texts speak of equanimity in two main contexts. One is theequanimity in face of the changing objective conditions of life. When we have equanimity, then wecan view changing conditions with detachment. We can see through the changing vicissitudes of life,and thus we are no longer oppressed or controlled by them. Equanimity gives us a quiet, still, silentpoint of observation from which we can properly assess our situation before we make decisions andbefore we launch into action. In this way equanimity enables us to act most effectively. The otheraspect of equanimity is an attitude of equality towards people. That is, treating others equallywithout discrimination, treating others impartially free from favouritism and bias. In both sensesequanimity is an extremely valuable and extremely necessary quality to promote our practice ofDhamma.Finally comes paññā pāramī, the perfection of wisdom. Wisdom is the crown jewel of all theperfections, the direct insight, the understanding that penetrates to the true nature of allphenomena. All the spiritual qualities developed along the Buddhist path converge on wisdom.Wisdom takes all the others in hand and steers them towards their proper goal, the realisation andillumination of the true qualities of all phenomena, the true and final mode of existence of allphenomena. Wisdom reveals the conditionality of all phenomena, that all phenomena are linkedtogether by the law of dependent origination. Wisdom shows the three characteristics, theimpermanence of all phenomena, their connection with pain and suffering; their lack of any73
74. substantial identity, their emptiness and lack of solid selfhood. As one’s practice advances, wisdomgrows vast encompassing more and more phenomena without any boundary; it grows deeperreaching down to the bottomless depths of things; and it grows luminous lighting up the nature ofphenomena; and dispelling the beginnningless darkness of ignorance.Putting all of these pāramīs together into one composite whole, we arrive at the picture of a personwho is generous and open-handed; who is morally upright and self-disciplined; one who is detachedfrom worldly aims and worldly pleasures; one who abounds in energy and makes a firm effort inpractice; one who is patient with other people and conditions; one who is truthful in speech; firm indetermination; full of love and compassion; balanced with a mind of equanimity; and one endowedwith vast and sharp wisdom.How are we to arrive at such a state, which might presently seemed so beyond our capacity? Thekey is to have deep faith in the Dhamma, to practice continuously, never to be discouraged by one’sfailure and shortcomings; and to sustain the faith that through steadfast effort we can achievesuccess. We have to begin with simple steps, and then move little by little at our own rate towardshigher, deeper and more difficult steps. This is the way an ordinary person, a person bound up withdefilements and ignorance transforms himself/herself into a great arahant, a great bodhisattva, afully enlightened Buddha. It all comes through step by step practice over many years, many lifetimes,even many kalpas or aeons.One little method that I want to share with you for developing the pāramitās is this - reflect on thepāramitās every day and make this a part of your daily practice. The Buddha says that whatever youbend your mind towards, that becomes the direction of your mind. If you bend your mind towardsthese wholesome qualities, your mind would naturally flow towards these wholesome qualities.Each day if you take a few minutes, say 5-10 minutes just to recite the formulas for the pāramīs,these qualities will become impressed upon your mind. If you do this every day, doing so withmindfulness and attention to the meaning, over months and years, the qualities of pāramīs willbecome stamped more and more deeply on your mind.To help you with this I have prepared two handouts. One has the formula for the ten pāramīs of thesouthern Theravāda tradition. The other has corresponding formulas for the six pāramitās of thenorthern Mahāyāna tradition and the formulas for the four immeasurable minds, boundless loving-kindness, boundless compassion, boundless altruistic joy and boundless equanimity. You can chooseone or the other of these lists, make it a basis of your daily practice. If you do so, I can assure youthat these qualities will take root in the soil of your mind, send forth their stems, their branches, andthen bring the flowers of the beautiful qualities represented by the pāramīs. Work at this gradually,little by little every day with patience, you will see the result. 74
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Buddhism
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What vocal musical term means literally 'in the style of the church/chapel'?
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An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices 2nd Edition (2013) | Mahayana
An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices 2nd Edition (2013)
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In this new edition of the best-selling Introduction to Buddhism, Peter Harvey provides a comprehensive introduction to the development of the Buddhist tradition in both Asia and the West. Extensiv...
In this new edition of the best-selling Introduction to Buddhism, Peter Harvey provides a comprehensive introduction to the development of the Buddhist tradition in both Asia and the West. Extensively revised and fully updated, this new edition draws on recent scholarship in the field, exploring the tensions and continuities between the different forms of Buddhism. Harvey critiques and corrects some common misconceptions and mistranslations, and discusses key concepts that have often been over-simplified and over-generalised. The volume includes detailed references to scriptures and secondary literature, an updated bibliography, and a section on web resources. Key terms are given in Pali and Sanskrit, and Tibetan words are transliterated in the most easily pronounceable form, making this is a truly accessible account. This is an ideal coursebook for students of religion, Asian philosophy and Asian studies, and is also a useful reference for readers wanting an overview of Buddhism and its beliefs.
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Collagen, elastin, keratin, myosin, and lectin are?
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Difference Between Collagen and Elastin | Collagen vs Elastin
Home / Science & Nature / Science / Biology / Difference Between Collagen and Elastin
Difference Between Collagen and Elastin
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Collagen vs Elastin
Connective tissues are important for binding and connecting other tissues within the body. They also provide strength, support, and shape to the tissues. The connective tissue is a system in which cells are scattered throughout an extracellular matrix. In addition to cells, the insoluble protein fibers are also embedded in the matrix. The matrix is called the ground substance. These tissues are widely distributed in the body, matrix bone, tendons and ligaments , and cartilage . The connective tissues consist of four basic tissues, collagen, elastin, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins.
Source: Ruth Lawson, Otago Polytechnic, en.wikibooks
Collagen
Collagen is the most abundant protein found in connective tissues. It provides great tensile strength and holds cells together. In addition, it helps to align the cells, thus allows in proliferation and differentiation of cells. Tropocollagen is the basic structural unit of collagen that consists of α- chains. Each α-chain is made up of three polypeptide chains twisting around each other in a triple helix to form a rope like structure. There are hydrogen bonds between the polypeptide chains to hold them tightly. Each of this polypeptide chain has equal length and contains about 1000 amino acids residues. Various triple helical combinations of polypeptides in α-chains result multiple types of collagen in humans connecting tissues (19 types of collagen have been identified so far). Most abundant types of collagen are distributed in skin, tendon, bone, comea, articular cartilage, intervertebral disk, fetal skin, cardiovascular system, placenta etc. The cross-links are important to provide a high tensile strength in collagen. There are three types of inter or intramolecular cross-links involved to stabilize the collagen fibers; they are aldol condensation, Schiff base, and lysinonorleucine.
Source: wikicommons
Elastin
Elastin is made up of basic subunit called tropoelastin, which contains about 800 amino acid residues. The cross-links of elastin are more complex than that of collagens. Desmosine is the major type of cross-links found in elastin. They are formed from the condensation of the allysine residues with lysine. Elastin often occurs with collagen in connective tissues. It is a rubber-like protein so that it can stretch up to several times their length and return back to their original shape and length when the tension is released. Due to this property, it is largely found in the tissues associated with lungs , blood vessels and ligaments, which undergo large expansions. In addition, they are also found in places like skin, ear cartilage and several other tissues in small quantities.
What is the difference between Collagen and Elastin?
• There is only one genetic type of elastin, whereas there are many different genetic types of collagen.
• Elastin has enough capacity to stretch and subsequently to recoil while collagen has no such capacity to stretch.
• Collagen’s primary structure has repeating (Gly-X-Y) sequences whereas, in elastin, there are no such repeating (Gly-X-Y) sequences.
• In contrast to collagen, there is no formation of triple helix in elastin.
• Hydroxylysine is present in collagen, whereas it is absent in elastin.
• Glycosylated hydroxylysine is present in collagen, whereas it is absent in elastin.
• The major cross-links formed in collagen are intramolecular aldol cross-links, whereas those in elastin are intramolecular desmosine cross-links.
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Edema (or oedema, or dropsy) refers to body tissue?
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A Keratin Peptide Inhibits Mannose-Binding Lectin | The Journal of Immunology
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A Keratin Peptide Inhibits Mannose-Binding Lectin
Michael C. Montalto, Charles D. Collard, Jon A. Buras, Wende R. Reenstra, Rebecca McClaine, David R. Gies, Russell P. Rother and Gregory L. Stahl
J Immunol March 15, 2001, 166 (6) 4148-4153; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.166.6.4148
Michael C. Montalto
Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
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Charles D. Collard
Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
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Rebecca McClaine
Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
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Gregory L. Stahl
Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
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Abstract
Complement plays a significant role in mediating endothelial injury following oxidative stress. We have previously demonstrated that the lectin complement pathway (LCP), which is initiated by deposition of the mannose-binding lectin (MBL), is largely responsible for activating complement on endothelial cells following periods of oxidative stress. Identifying functional inhibitors that block MBL binding will be useful in characterizing the role of the LCP in disease models. The human cytokeratin peptide SFGSGFGGGY has been identified as a molecular mimic of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc), a known ligand of MBL. Thus, we hypothesized that this peptide would specifically bind to MBL and functionally inhibit the LCP on endothelial cells following oxidative stress. Using a BIAcore 3000 optical biosensor, competition experiments were performed to demonstrate that the peptide SFGSGFGGGY inhibits binding of purified recombinant human MBL to GlcNAc in a concentration-dependent manner. Solution affinity data generated by BIAcore indicate this peptide binds to MBL with an affinity (KD) of 5 × 10−5 mol/L. Pretreatment of human serum (30%) with the GlcNAc-mimicking peptide (10–50 μg/ml) significantly attenuated MBL and C3 deposition on human endothelial cells subjected to oxidative stress in a dose-dependent manner, as demonstrated by cell surface ELISA and confocal microscopy. Additionally, this decapeptide sequence attenuated complement-dependent VCAM-1 expression following oxidative stress. These data indicate that a short peptide sequence that mimics GlcNAc can specifically bind to MBL and functionally inhibit the proinflammatory action of the LCP on oxidatively stressed endothelial cells.
The lectin complement pathway (LCP) 4 is an important mediator of the innate immune response, especially during early childhood ( 1 , 2 ). The LCP is typically initiated by the binding of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) to carbohydrate moieties present on the surface of various bacteria, yeast, and other pathogens ( 2 ). Bound MBL associates with the C1r2C1s2-like MBL-associated serine proteases (MASP-1 and MASP-2) which then cleave C2 and C4 to form the classical C3 convertase ( 3 , 4 ). The LCP converges with the Ab-dependent classical pathway and Ab-independent alternative pathway at the level of C3 cleavage ( 5 ).
We have previously shown that the LCP is activated on human endothelial cells that have been subjected to oxidative stress ( 6 ). Furthermore, we observed MBL deposition on rat myocardium following ischemia-reperfusion, suggesting that MBL may be proinflammatory during periods of oxidative stress in vivo ( 6 ). Additionally, MBL has been implicated in the development of other proinflammatory conditions such as IgA nephropathy and Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis ( 7 , 8 , 9 ). Therefore, the development and characterization of potential inhibitors of MBL may be beneficial to understanding the role of MBL as an inflammatory mediator.
MBL is a C-type lectin (collectin) that has a binding affinity for N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) and mannan ( 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ). In humans, MBL forms an oligomeric structure composed of subunit monomers (32 kDa) arranged in a hexamer of trimers ( 13 , 14 ). Association of the N-terminal collagen region of multiple monomers creates a clustering of the C-terminal carbohydrate recognition domains (CRD) ( 12 , 14 ). This bouquet-like conformation allows for the binding of multiple sugar carbohydrate residues and likely contributes to the high binding affinity of MBL for oligosaccharides and bacteria cell walls ( 5 , 12 ). Although the LCP can be inhibited by natural ligands such as GlcNAc or mannose, carbohydrates serve as poor potential therapeutics due to their limited bioavailability ( 15 ). For this reason, our laboratory has focused on identifying alternative inhibitors of MBL and the LCP.
Shikham et al. ( 16 ) have demonstrated that mouse and human Abs specific for GlcNAc cross-react with the cytokeratin 14 decapeptide SFGSGFGGGY. Additionally, it was shown that several GlcNAc-specific lectins, including Datura stramonium lectin, Lycopericon esculentum lectin, Solanum tuberosum lectin, wheat germ agglutinin, and Ulex europaeus lectin II, were capable of binding this peptide sequence ( 16 ). More recently, another group demonstrated that the enamel matrix protein amelogenin, which is capable of binding GlcNAc, could also bind the peptide SFGSGFGGGY, confirming that this sequence is a molecular mimic of GlcNAc ( 17 ). Since MBL has a natural binding affinity for GlcNAc, we hypothesized that the GlcNAc-mimicking peptide SFGSGFGGGY would specifically bind MBL and inhibit the LCP on oxidatively stressed endothelial cells. Thus, this is the first report of a noncarbohydrate ligand interacting with the CRD of MBL.
Materials and Methods
HUVECs
HUVECs were isolated and cultured as previously described ( 18 ). Briefly, HUVECs were harvested with 0.1% collagenase (Worthington Biochemical, Lakewood, NJ) and suspended in medium 199 containing 20% heat-inactivated bovine calf serum (Life Technologies, Rockville, MD). The cells were grown in a 95% air/5% CO2 incubator at 37°C. Endothelial cell purity was assessed as previously described ( 18 ). HUVECs were used at passages 1–3.
Production of mAbs
Production and characterization of the anti-human MBL mAb 3F8 has been previously described ( 6 ). An anti-porcine C5a mAb was used as an isotype control ( 19 ).
Cloning and expression of recombinant human MBL
Human recombinant MBL (rMBL) was cloned by PCR amplification of human liver cDNA. PCR primers were synthesized by Life Technologies. The 5′ primer (GCGCGGATCCACCATGGCCCTGTTTCCATCACTCCC) was generated from the 5 ′ end of the human MBL (hMBL) coding sequence and contains an upstream BamHI site followed by a Kozak consensus sequence ( 20 ). Base 4 of the coding region was changed from a thymine to a guanine, resulting in a serine to alanine change to optimize ribosome binding. The 3′ primer (CCTACCTGCAGGTCAGATAGGGAACTCACAGACG) was generated from the 3 ′ end of the hMBL coding sequence and contains an Sse8337 cloning site. PCR was performed using the Advantage PCR kit with human liver QUICK-Clone cDNA as the template using the manufacturer’s protocol (Clontech, Palo Alto, CA). The resulting 771-bp band was cloned into the TA cloning vector pCR2.1-TOPO (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) and the sequence was verified. The fragment was directionally subcloned into the mammalian expression vector APEX-3P that was digested with BamHI/Sse8337, resulting in the plasmid pAPEX-3P hMBL ( 21 ).
pAPEX-3P hMBL was transfected into 293 EBNA human embryonic kidney cells (Invitrogen) using the transfectam lipid transfection reagent (Promega, Madison, WI) as previously described ( 21 ). Cells were selected in growth medium (DMEM with 10% FCS, 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin, 2 mmol/L glutamine, and 250 U/ml G418) containing puromycin at 1 μg/ml for 7–10 days. A pooled cell population was tested by ELISA for the presence of recombinant hMBL and expanded for production. Confluent T-175 flasks of selected cells were washed with PBS before the addition of 30 ml of HB Pro serum-free medium (Irvine Scientific, Santa Ana, CA) containing 250 U/ml G418 and 1 μg/ml puromycin. Supernatants were harvested on two consecutive 4-day intervals, at which time cell debris was removed by centrifugation. Cleared supernatants were stored at 4°C before purification.
hMBL was purified from cell supernatants as previously described with some modifications ( 22 ). Briefly, hMBL-containing supernatants (1 liter) were adjusted to 10 mmol/L CaCl2 and rocked overnight at 4°C with 30 ml of mannan-agarose (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) previously washed with TBS (150 mmol/L NaCl, 20 mmol/L Tris, pH 7.4). Following batch binding, the resin was allowed to settle and supernatant was removed. The mannan-agarose resin was transferred to a 100-ml chromatography column (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA) and washed with 5 volumes of TBS supplemented with 10 mmol/L CaCl2. The hMBL was then eluted with TBS containing 10 mmol/L EDTA. One-milliliter fractions were collected and samples with significant absorbances at A280 were pooled and dialyzed against PBS/0.5 mol/L NaCl (pH 7.4). Protein was concentrated in a Centriprep 30 concentrator (Amicon, Beverly, MA) and sterile filtered using a 0.22-μm Millipore syringe filter (Millipore, Bedford, MA). PAGE analysis of hMBL was performed under reducing and nonreducing conditions. Five micrograms of purified hMBL was separated on a 4–20% Novex gradient gel (Invitrogen) and proteins were stained with Coomassie blue. High order oligomers of MBL were observed under nonreducing conditions and a single monomer (∼30 kDa) was observed under reducing conditions (data not shown). For control experiments, native hMBL was purified from human serum as previously described ( 6 ).
Conjugation of GlcNAc to BSA
GlcNAc-phenylisothiocyanate (5 mg; Sigma) was dissolved in 5 ml of DMSO and mixed with 3 ml of BSA (5 mg/ml in 0.1 mol/L Na2CO3 buffer, pH 9.0) and rotated overnight at 4°C. The resulting BSA-GlcNAc conjugate was dialyzed against 100 volumes of 0.1 mol/L Tris-HCl (pH 7.0) for 4 h and further dialyzed against PBS for 48 h. A mock control reaction was performed in parallel using DMSO containing no GlcNAc-phenylisothiocyanate. BSA-GlcNAc conjugation was confirmed by ELISA using an anti-O-linked GlcNAc mAb (Affinity Bioreagents, Golden, CO) (data not shown).
Surface plasmon resonance and solution affinity kinetics
The peptide SFGSGFGGGY (referred to here as Glupep4 for N-acetyl-d-glucosamine peptide) was synthesized by the Dana-Farber Molecular Biology core facility (Boston, MA). Binding analysis was performed using a BIAcore 3000 and BIAevaluation 3.0.2 software (BIAcore, Uppsala, Sweden). A biosensor C1 chip (containing no dextran) was washed with 0.1 mol/L glycine-NaOH/0.3% Triton X-100 and activated with N-hydroxysuccinimide and N-ethyl-N′-(dimethyl-aminopropyl)-carbodiimide according to the manufacturer’s instructions. GlcNAc-BSA was diluted to 100 μg/ml in acetate buffer (pH 4.0) and injected manually over a single flow cell until a resonance unit value of ∼1000 was obtained. BSA from the mock conjugation reaction was immobilized on a control flow cell and used to subtract nonspecific binding and bulk changes in the refractive index.
To generate a calibration curve for solution affinity analysis, rMBL was diluted in running buffer (143 mmol/L NaCl, 10 mmol/L HEPES, 40 mmol/L CaCl2, 40 mmol/L MgCl2, pH 7.4) and injected at 20 μl/min for 3 min. Each concentration was separated with 2.5 min of disassociation time and a 30-s regeneration with 100 mmol/L glycine (pH 3.0). Each sensogram represents the relative response after subtraction of the reference (control) flow cell. The initial slope of the association phase is directly proportional to concentration under mass transport limited conditions only ( 23 ). Therefore, we confirmed rMBL binding to be mass transport limited by varying the flow rate on separate injections (data not shown). A calibration curve was generated by plotting the concentration of rMBL against the initial slope of each response at 20 s after injection. For inhibition analysis and KD calculations, varying concentrations of Glupep (100–0 μg/ml; 1 μg/ml of Glupep = 1.069 μmol/L), an inhibitory mAb specific for human MBL (3F8, 5 or 50 μg/ml) or an isotype control Ab (50 μg/ml) were incubated with a constant concentration of rMBL (6.9 nmol/L in running buffer) for 15–30 min at 23°C. Flow rate, contact time, and regeneration conditions for Glupep inhibition experiments were identical to conditions used for standard curve generation. For control experiments, a 90-s contact time was used. BIAevaluation software 3.0.2 was used to calculate the KD (BIAcore). Briefly, the slope at 20-s after injection was recorded and the concentration of free MBL in each sample was extrapolated from the calibration curve. The KD was calculated using the solution affinity model with general fit parameters according to the equation:
where Bfree = concentration of free MBL in solution, B = the total concentration of MBL, and A = the total concentration of Glupep ( 23 ).
Cell surface ELISA
C3 deposition was measured on hypoxic/reoxygenated HUVECs as previously described ( 6 , 18 ). Briefly, confluent monolayers of HUVECs were subjected to either 0, 12, or 24 h of <1% O2 (hypoxia) in a humidified chamber (Coy Laboratory Products, Ann Arbor, MI) at 37°C. Medium was removed and cells were reoxygenated for 3 h in a 95% air/5% CO2 incubator in the presence of 30% human serum diluted in gelatin/Veronal-buffered saline supplemented with 5 mmol/L Ca2+/Mg2+ (GVB2+). Glupep or GlcNAc (Sigma) was diluted to various concentrations in 30% human serum/GVB2+. Cells were fixed in 1% paraformaldehyde (Sigma) for 30 min and then washed. C3 was detected using a peroxidase-conjugated polyclonal goat anti-human C3 Ab (Cappel, West Chester, PA) and developed with ABTS. VCAM-1 expression was measured using a mAb to human VCAM-1 (mAb 6G10) ( 24 ) as previously described ( 25 ). All ELISA data represent the mean ± SE. All data were analyzed by a two-way ANOVA with pairwise multiple comparisons using the Tukey test. Sigma Stat (Jandel Scientific, San Rafael, CA) was used for statistical analysis.
Confocal microscopy
Confocal microscopy for MBL deposition was performed as previously described ( 6 , 25 ). Briefly, HUVECs were grown on LabTek tissue culture slides (Nunc, Naperville, IL) and exposed to either 0 or 24 h of hypoxia. The hypoxic medium was removed and GVB2+ containing 30% human serum treated with either PBS (vehicle), an inhibitory mAb specific for human MBL (3F8, 5 μg/ml), or Glupep (30, 10, or 3 μg/ml) was added at initiation of the 3-h reoxygenation period. Cells were washed and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 min and blocked with 10% normal goat serum. Human MBL was identified using a biotinylated 1C10 mAb and streptavidin-conjugated Cy5 (blue; Jackson ImmunoResearch, West Grove, PA). The cells were washed, counterstained with propidium iodide (20 μg/ml), mounted, and analyzed as previously described ( 6 , 25 ).
Results
To determine whether the peptide SFGSGFGGGY (Glupep) is capable of inhibiting the binding of MBL to a natural ligand, GlcNAc, we performed competition experiments using a BIAcore 3000. As expected, purified recombinant human MBL bound to immobilized BSA-GlcNAc conjugate (Fig. 1 ⇓ , sensogram A). A functional inhibitory mAb to MBL (3F8, 5 and 50 μg/ml) inhibited this interaction (sensograms C and D, respectively), indicating that the binding of MBL to BSA-GlcNAc was specific. Preincubation of MBL with Glupep inhibited rMBL binding to BSA-GlcNAc in a concentration-dependent manner (Fig. 2 ⇓ ). Glupep also inhibited native human MBL (purified from human serum) in a comparable manner (data not shown). Thus, our data suggest that a short amino acid sequence from cytokeratin 14 is capable of binding MBL and attenuating its interactions with a natural ligand.
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The ischium, related to 'sciatic', is the lower part of which human bone?
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Ischium
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Ischium
The ischium forms the lower and posterior portion of the hip bones of the pelvis.
Learning Objective
Key Points
The ischium articulates with the ilium and the pubis.
The ischium is divided into the body, superior ramus of the ischium, and inferior ramus of the ischium.
The ischial tuberosity, which supports weight when sitting, is located on the ischium.
Term
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Full Text
The ischium forms the lower and back part of the hip bone . Situated below the ilium and behind the pubis, the superior portion of this bone forms approximately one third of the acetabulum , which articulates with the femoral head to form the hip joint.
This is a drawing of the left hip joint that is opened by removing the floor of the acetabulum from within the pelvis. The ischium is labeled at bottom left of the ilium. The head of the femur can be seen in the acetabulum.
The ischium is divisible into three portions; the body, and the superior and inferior rami.
The body contains a prominent spine that is the origin for the gemellus superior muscle . Two indentations run parallel to the spine—superiorly ,the greater sciatic notch and, inferiorly, the lesser sciatic notch, through which key nervous and vascular vessels pass.
The superior ramus of the ischium extends inferiorly and posteriorly from the body. It is the partial origin for the obturator internus and obturator externus muscles.
Posteriorly the ramus forms a large swelling termed the tuberosity of the ischium, or ischial tuberosity, which supports weight while sitting and is the origin for the gemellus inferior and adductor magnus muscles.
Dorsally, the ramus contributes to the obturator foramen , a large opening in the pelvis through which key nervous and vascular vessels pass.
The inferior ramus of the ischium is thin and flattened and ascends from the superior ramus of the ischium to join the inferior ramus of the pubis. It is the partial origin for the gracillis and adductor magnus muscles.
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Pelvis
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Sound reflected back within c.50 milliseconds is technically called what, commonly abbreviated as a sound production effect?
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Chapter 12: THE BONES OF THE LOWER LIMB
Chapter 12: The bones of the lower limb
Hip bone (figs. 12-1 , 12-2 , 12-3 , 12-4 , 12-5 , 12-6 , 12-7 , 12-8 , 12-9 , 31-1 , 31-2 and 31-3 ).
The hip bones (which have been named - they are no longer "innominate"!) meet anteriorly at the pubic symphysis. Together with the sacrum, they form a ring termed the bony pelvis. Each hip bone consists of an ilium, an ischium, and a pubis, all three of which in the adult are fused at the acetabulum to form a single bone.
The hip bone connects the trunk to the lower limb by extending from the sacrum to the femur. The terminology of the hip bone is based on the anatomical position, in which the articular surface of the pubic symphysis is in a sagittal plane and the pubic tubercle and anterior superior iliac spine are in the same coronal plane. The internal (or visceral) aspect of the body of the pubis then faces almost directly superiorward so that the urinary bladder rests upon it.
Ilium.
The ilium consists of a body and an ala (or wing), which are not visibly demarcated from each other on the lateral aspect. The body of the ilium is fused with the ischium and pubis and forms about the superior two fifths of the acetabulum. The iliac crest, which is the superior border of the bone, is readily palpable. The anterior extent of the iliac crest is the anterior superior iliac spine, to which the inguinal ligament is attached, and the posterior extent is the posterior superior iliac spine. The anterior superior iliac spine is an important landmark, which can be palpated (and sometimes seen) by tracing the iliac crest forward or the inguinal ligament upward. Clinically, the lower limb is measured from the anterior superior iliac spine to the tip of the medial malleolus of the tibia. The measuring tape is kept along the medial side of the patella. The posterior superior iliac spine is usually marked by a dimple in the skin just lateral to the sacrum. A line connecting the right and left dimples is at the level of the second sacral vertebra (S2) and indicates approximately the level of the middle of the sacro-iliac joints. Most of the iliac crest presents outer and inner lips and a rough intermediate line for attachment of muscles. The tubercle of the crest is the lateralmost part of the crest and is a projection of the outer lip about 5 cm posterior to the anterior superior iliac spine. The highest point of the iliac crest is slightly posterior to its midpoint. The supracristal plane, which is a horizontal plane that connects the highest points of the right and left iliac crests, is at the level of the L4 vertebra, generally at the interval between the spines of L3 and 4.
The ala (or wing) of the ilium presents three surfaces (the gluteal and sacropelvic surfaces and the iliac fossa) separated by three borders (anterior, posterior, and medial, respectively). The gluteal surface is crossed by variable muscular ridges (posterior, anterior, and inferior gluteal lines) that define attachments of gluteal muscles (fig. 12-1 ). Medially, a smooth surface, the iliac fossa, forms a part of the lateral wall of the greater (or "false") pelvis (fig. 12-4 ). Posterior to the iliac fossa, a rough sacropelvic surface includes the iliac tuberosity, which is a very rough, ligamentous area, and, inferior to it, the auricular (meaning "ear shaped") surface which is the iliac contribution to the sacro-iliac joint. The anterior border begins at the anterior superior spine and includes the anterior inferior iliac spine, situated superior to the acetabulum. Inferior to the anterior inferior spine and anterior to the acetabulum, the junction of the ilium and pubis forms a diffuse swelling, the iliopubic eminence. The posterior border of the ilium begins at the posterior superior spine and includes the posterior inferior iliac spine; it then runs anteriorward and forms the greater sciatic notch. The medial border includes the anterior edge of the auricular surface. Its inferior aspect forms a rounded ridge, the arcuate line, which continues to the iliopubic eminence.
Ischium.
The ischium, which forms the postero-inferior part of the hip bone, consists of a body and a ramus. The body is fused with the ilium and pubis and forms approximately the posterior two fifths of the acetabulum. The inferior end of the body forms a rough impression known as the ischial tuberosity, to which the hamstrings are attached (figs. 12-1 , 12-2 , 12-3 , 12-4 and 12-5 ). The tuberosity is covered by a bursa, which may become enlarged ("weaver's bottom"). The ischial tuberosity is obscured by the gluteus maximus when the hip is extended but is palpable when the thigh is flexed. The body weight rests on the ischial tuberosities in the sitting position. The body of the ischium presents three surfaces: one facing the thigh (femoral), another related to the ischiorectal fossa (pelvic), and still another (posterior), which is continuous with the gluteal surface of the ilium. Superiot to the ischial tuberosity, the lesser sciatic notch leads to the ischial spine, which is at the inferior limit of the greater sciatic notch. These notches are converted into foramina by the sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments. The ramus of the ischium extends medially from the body and tuberosity and joins the inferior ramus of the pubis. The conjoined rami of the ischium and pubis complete the inferior aspect of the obturator foramen. They have two surfaces: one faces the thigh and the other the pelvis and perineum.
Pubis.
The pubis consists of a body and two rami. The bodies of the two sides meet in the median plane at the pubic symphysis. The medial, or symphysial, surface is rough and covered by cartilage. The body also presents a pelvic surface, which faces superiorward and supports the bladder, and a femoral surface, which is roughened for muscular attachments. On the anterior aspect, a ridge termed the pubic crest ends laterally in the pubic tubercle. The pubic tubercle is an important landmark in the lower part of the abdominal wall, about 3 cm from the median plane (see fig. 25-7 ). It can be found by tracing the tendon of the adductor longus superiorward. The pubic tubercle is crossed by the spermatic cord and is a guide to the superficial inguinal ring, femoral ring, and saphenous opening. In the anatomical position, the pubic tubercles and the anterior superior iliac spines are all in the same coronal plane. The superior ramus of the pubis extends superolaterally to the acetabulum, where it is fused with the ilium and ischium, and forms about the anterior one fifth of the acetabulum. Anteriorly, the pecten, or pectineal line, extends along the superior pubic ramus from the pubic tubercle to the iliopubic eminence. The pubic crest and the pectineal line form a part of the linea terminalis. On the inferior aspect of the superior pubic ramus, the obturator crest extends from the pubic tubercle to the acetabular notch. A triangular pectineal surface lies between the pectineal line and the obturator crest. The superior ramus also presents a pelvic surface and an obturator surface, the latter crossed by the obturator groove, which lodges the obturator nerve and vessels; the groove is converted by the obturator membrane into the obturator canal. The inferior ramus of the pubis joins the ramus of the ischium.
Acetabulum and Obturator Foramen.
The acetabulum (resembling a Roman vinegar cup; cf. acetic acid) is formed by the ilium, ischium, and pubis (see figs. 12-1 and 15-12 ). It opens inferiorward, anteriorward, and lateralward and forms a socket for the head of the femur. Its horseshoe-shaped, articular surface is known as its lunate surface, whereas its rough, nonarticular floor is the acetabular fossa. The rim, which is deficient on the inferior side at the acetabular notch, gives attachment to the acetabular labrum that deepens the hip socket. The obturator foramen is bounded by the ischium and the pubis and their rami. Except at the obturator groove, the foramen is closed by the obturator membrane, which is attached along its margin.
Ossification.
The three parts of the hip bone begin to ossify during the fetal period. By late childhood, the three primary centers are separated in the acetabulum by the Y-shaped triradiate cartilage (figs. 12-8 C and 12-9 ). Secondary centers appear chiefly in that cartilage and also in the iliac crest, anterior inferior iliac spine, ischial tuberosity, and pubic symphysis.
Femur
The femur, or thigh bone (figs. 12-7 , 12-8 , 12-10 , 12-11 , 12-12 , 12-13 , 12-14 , 12-15 , 12-16 , 12-17 and 12-18 ), is the longest and heaviest bone in the body. Its length varies from one fourth to one third of that of the body; hence stature can be estimated from it. When a subject is in the standing position, the femur transmits weight from the hip bone to the tibia. The femur is well covered with muscles, so that only its superior and inferior ends are palpable.
The superior end consists of a head, neck, and two trochanters. Its trabeculae are well seen radiographically (see fig. 12-7 ). The head faces superiorward, medialward, and slightly anteriorward and presents a pit (or fovea) to which the ligament of the head is attached (figs. 12-10 and 12-12 ). The blood supply to the head of the femur is important, because it may be interrupted when the neck is fractured. Metaphysial and epiphysial arteries from the femoral circumflex vessels are carried in retinacula from near the femoral trochanters along the neck of the femur to reach the head. Other epiphysial arteries from the obturator enter the head by way of the ligament of the head (see fig. 15-15 ). The femoral neck is separated from the shaft in front by the intertrochanteric line, which can be traced inferiorly to a spiral line that joins the medial lip of the linea aspera (fig. 12-13 ). Posteriorly, about two thirds of the neck is intracapsular (fig. 12-18 ). The plane of the neck, followed medially, usually lies anterior to that of the femoral condyles (anteversion of head of femur), and the two planes form an angle (fig. 12-16 ). This angle of femoral torsion is about 15 degrees in the adult but is approximately twice as great in infancy. The degree of anteversion may be altered in pathological conditions, and its determination may be important in diagnosis and treatment. In addition, the long axes of the femoral neck and shaft make an angle of inclination (fig. 12-17 ), which may be altered by any pathological condition that weakens the neck of the femur. When the angle of inclination is diminished, the condition is known as coxa vara; when it is increased, as coxa valga. The neck is a common site of fracture in older people, with danger of avascular necrosis of the head if blood flow is compromised. The greater trochanter is situated laterally and can be palpated (most easily with the hip abducted) on the lateral side of the thigh, a hands-breadth or more below the iliac crest. When a subject is in the erect position, the greater trochanters are in the same horizontal plane as the pubic tubercles, the heads of the femora (and hence the hip joints), and the coccyx. Posteriorly, the greater trochanter can be traced downward into the intertrochanteric crest, which presents an elevation termed the quadrate tubercle (fig. 12-13 ). A depression medial to the greater trochanter posteriorly is the trochanteric fossa (fig. 12-12 ). The lesser trochanter projects medially at the junction of the neck with the shaft.
The shaft of the femur, which is convex anteriorly, presents anterior, medial, and lateral surfaces. In the middle third, the prominent posterior border is known as the linea aspera (figs. 12-13 and 12-14 ). It has medial and lateral lips and an intermediate area that broadens into a posterior surface in the upper and lower thirds of the shaft. The superior aspect of the medial lip of the linea aspera is continuous with the spiral line and the lateral lip is continuous with with the gluteal tuberosity. Between the continuations of the lips, the pectineal line extends superiorly toward the posterior part of the lesser trochanter. The inferior part of the medial lip of the linea aspera is continuous with the medial supracondylar line, which is interrupted to allow the passage of the femoral artery and ends in the adductor tubercle. The lateral lip is continuous with the lateral supracondylar line, which descends to the lateral epicondyle. The posterior, or popliteal, surface lies between the two supracondylar lines at the posteroinferior part of the femur.
The inferior end of the femur consists of two condyles, which are continuous anteriorly but separated inferiorly and posteriorly by the intercondylar fossa. On their anterior aspects, the condyles form the patellar surface, which comprises a wider lateral and a narrower medial part (fig. 12-10 ); these articulate with corresponding facets on the patella. Medially, the most prominent part of the medial condyle is the medial epicondyle. The adductor tubercle, a small prominence on the superiormost portion of the medial condyle, can be found by tracing the tendon of the adductor magnus inferiorward. Laterally, the lateral condyle presents the lateral epicondyle, near which are the origins of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius and the popliteus.
The obliquity of the femur results in an obtuse, lateral angle at the knee. Its exaggeration is termed genu valgum (knock-knee). Genu valgum may tend to encourage lateral dislocation of the patella.
To determine whether shortening of the limb is in the head or neck of the femur (or in both), the relative positions of certain anatomical points are verified. For example, a line (Nelaton's) from the anterior superior iliac spine to the most promient part of the ischial tuberosity should normally lie superior to the greater trochanter.
The shaft of the femus begins to ossify during the eighth postovulatory week, and an epiphysial center is usually present in the distal end at birth. Centers appear for the head, the greater trochanter, and the lesser trochanter during infancy, childhood, and late childhood, respectively (see figs. 12-8 and 15-15 ).
Patella
The patella, or knee cap (figs. 12-19 , 12-20 and 12-21 ), is a triangular sesamoid bone embedded in the tendon of insertion of the quadriceps femoris muscle. The superior border of the patella is the base of the triangle, and lateral and medial borders descend to converge at the apex. The patella can be moved from side to side when the quadriceps is relaxed. A part of the quadriceps tendon covers the anterior surface of the bone and is continued, as the patellar ligament, to the tuberosity of the tibia. The patella articulates on its posterior side with the patellar surface of the condyles of the femur. The articular surface of the patella comprises a larger, lateral facet and a smaller, medial one. Lateral dislocation of the patella is resisted by the shape of the lateral condyle of the femur and by the medial pull of the vastus medialis. Excision of the patella results in minimal functional deficiency. The patella ossifies from several centers, which appear during childhood.
Tibia
The tibia, or shin bone (figs. 12-20 , 12-21 , 12-22 , 12-23 , 12-24 , 12-25 , 12-26 and 12-27 ), measures about one fourth to one fifth of the length of the body. It can be palpated on the anterior and medial sides of the leg. When a subject is in the standing position, the tibia transmits the weight from the femur to the foot.
The superior end is expanded for articulation with the inferior end of the femur. It consists of medial and lateral condyles, and a tuberosity is found anteriorly at the junction with the shaft. The superior end of each condyle articulates with the corresponding femoral condyle. Irregularities of the superior surface of the tibia between the two tibial condyles form a series of intercondylar areas, an eminence, and tubercles. The inferior aspect of the lateral condyle presents posteriorly a circular facet for the head of the fibula. In the position of kneeling, the body rests on the lower part of the tuberosity, the ligamentum patellae, the anterior portion of the tibial condyles, and the patella.
When viewed from the superior aspect, the shaft of the tibia appears twisted (as if the upper end were rotated more medially than the lower). The angle of tibial torsion (usually 15 to 20 degrees) is that between a horizontal line through the condyles and one through the malleoli. This angle of tibial torsion increased over early childhood. The shaft of the tibia has medial, lateral, and posterior surfaces that are separated from one another by anterior, interosseous, and medial borders. The medial surface is readily palpable on the anteromedial aspect of the leg. The posterior surface, which is crossed superiorly by a rough ridge termed the soleal line, may be considered to have medial and lateral parts, and these may be separated by an indistinct vertical ridge. The anterior border, or crest, forms the easily palpable "shin" and descends from the lateral side of the tibial tuberosity to the anterior aspect of the medial malleolus. The interosseous (or lateral) border gives attachment to the interosseous membrane.
The inferior end of the tibia presents: (1) an anterior surface; (2) a lateral surface, which ends in the fibular notch (for articulation with the lower end of the fibula); (3) a posterior surface (grooved by the tibialis posterior and flexor digitorum longus tendons); (4) a medial surface, which runs onto the distal prolongation of the tibia known as the medial malleolus; and (5) an inferior surface, which articulates with the talus. It should be noted that the talus also articulates with the lateral surface of the medial malleolus.
The shaft begins to ossify during the eighth postovulatory week, and an epiphysial center is usually present in the superior end at birth. Centers appear for the inferior end during infancy (see fig. 12-30 ), commonly for the tuberosity (which ossifies mainly by inferiorward growth from the upper epiphysis) and sometimes for the tip of the medial malleolus.
Fibula
The fibula (figs. 12-20 , 12-21 , 12-22 , 12-23 , 12-25 , 12-26 , 12-27 , 12-28 and 12-31 ) is the slender, lateral bone of the leg. It does not bear weight. The term "peroneal" is synonymous with fibular, and has been used in the past interchangably. The fibula articulates with the tibia superiorly and with the talus inferiorly and is anchored in between to the tibia by the interosseous membrane. The superior and inferior ends of the bone are palpable, but muscles cover its middle portion.
The superior end, or head, articulates with the posteroinferior aspect of the lateral condyle of the tibia. The head of the fibula is readily palpable by tracing the biceps tendon inferiorward (see figs. 12-23 and 12-25 ). It is on the same level as the tuberosity of the tibia. The head is prolonged superiorward into an apex (or styloid process) posterolaterally. The common peroneal nerve winds from posterior to the head and onto the lateral aspect of the "neck," where it can be palpated by rolling it between a finger and the bone (see fig. 12-26 ). The shaft of the fibula is arched anteriorward in such a way that the plane of the interosseous membrane is almost sagittal, except at its inferior end, where it becomes coronal. The seeming torsion of the fibula and the changing relationships of the fibula and tibia must be kept in mind in order to understand the topography of the leg. The shaft of the fibula has a roughly triangular cross section, although the surfaces and borders vary considerably (as does their nomenclature: the Birmingham Revision is followed here). When well-developed, at least three surfaces (anterior, lateral, and posterior) and three borders (anterior, posterior, and interosseous) can be distinguished. Moreover, the posterior surface is subdivided by a prominent ridge, the medial crest, as a result of which the medial portion of the posterior surface may be described as a separate, medial surface. In terms of muscular attachments, the anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces are extensor, peroneal, and flexor, respectively (see fig. 16-1 ).
The inferior end of the fibula, or the lateral malleolus, is more prominent, more posterior and extends about 1 cm more distally than the medial malleolus. It articulates with the tibia and with the lateral surface of the talus; the talus fits between the two malleoli. Posteromedially, a malleolar fossa gives attachment to ligaments. Posteriorly, a groove on the lateral malleolus is occupied by the peroneal tendons. The classic (Pott's) fracture at the ankle involves the lower end of the fibula.
The shaft begins to ossify at about the junction of the embryonic and fetal periods. Centers appear for the inferior end during infancy and for the superior end during childhood. It should be noted that the inferior epiphysial line of the fibula is in line with the superior surface of the talus in the ankle joint (figs. 12-27 and 12-30 ).
Tarsus
The tarsus (figs. 12-30 , 12-31 , 12-32 , 12-33 , 12-34 and 12-35 ) usually comprises seven bones, one of which, the talus, articulates with the bones of the leg. The tarsus is convex superiorly and concave inferiorly. The tarsal bones are the talus, navicular, and three cuneiforms on the medial side, and the calcaneus and cuboid, which are more laterally placed. Accessory ossicles may be found, e.g., a fibular sesamoid, the os tibiale externum (near the tuberosity of the navicular and sometimes called the "accessory navicular"), and the os trigonum (at the posterior aspect of the talus; see fig. 12-30 B).
The navicular, cuneiforms, and cuboid, together with the five metatarsals, form the transverse arch of the foot. Medially, a longitudinal arch is established by the calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiforms, and the first three metatarsals. Laterally, a longitudinal arch is formed by the calcaneus, cuboid, and the lateral two metatarsals.
The talus, or ankle bone, has no muscular attachments. Its body is its posterior part, and it has a superior projection called the trochlea. The trochlea has superior and medial surfaces for articulation with the tibia and a lateral surface for the fibula. Various tubercles and processes have received conflicting names. The most important is the lateral (or posterior) tubercle, which may be found as a separate skeletal element, the os trigonum (see fig. 12-30 B). The neck and head of the talus are directed anteriorward and medially. A deep depression under the lateral side of the neck and above the calcaneus is known as the tarsal sinus. It becomes narrow medially to form the tarsal canal. The head of the talus, which rests on the sustentaculum of the calcaneus, articulates with the navicular and the plantar calcaneonavicular ("spring") ligament. Inferiorly, the talus has three facets for articulation with the calcaneus (fig. 12-36 ). Small portions of the talus may be palpable, especially in children but most of it is obscured within the ankle joint.
The navicular lies between the talus on the posterior side and the three cuneiforms that are immediately anterior to it. Its medial projection, the tuberosity of the navicular, can be palpated just anteroinferior to the medial malleolus and anterior to the sustentaculum tali. The posterior aspect of the tuberosity is the medial end of the transverse tarsal joint. (The lateral end of the transverse tarsal joint is about halfway between the lateral malleolus and the tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal, which is also palpable.) The tuberosity provides the main insertion for the tibialis posterior tendon.
The three cuneiform bones, so called because they are wedge-shaped, lie anterior to the navicular and posterior to the first three metatarsals. The medial and lateral cuneiforms project farther anteriorward than does the intermediate one, leaving a depression over the middle cuneiform that is occupied by the base of the second metatarsal. The line of the tarsometatarsal joints is thus irregular. The medial cuneiform can be identified by tracing the tibialis anterior tendon to it in the dorsiflexed foot.
The calcaneus, or os calcis, transmits much of the weight of the body from the talus to the ground. Its trabeculae are well seen radiographically (see fig. 12-30 D). The anterior portion of the superior aspect is prolonged medially: this projection, the sustentaculum tali, can be felt in vivo immediately inferior to the medial malleolus. The superior surface of the sustentaculum has a facet for the talus, and its inferior surface is grooved by the flexor hallucis longus tendon. The posterior part of the calcaneus is known as the calcaneal tuberosity. It gives attachment posteriorly to the calcaneal tendon and inferiorly to some of the short muscles of the sole as well as to the plantar aponeurosis. The calcaneus articulates with the cuboid on its anterior aspect. The anterior ends of the talus and calcaneus are more or less flush, and they form the posterior joint surface of the transverse tarsal joint. Various tubercles and processes of the calcaneus have received confusing names.
The cuboid articulates posteriorly with the calcaneus, anteriorly with the fourth and fifth metatarsals, and medially with the lateral cuneiform and sometimes the navicular. The fibularis longus tendon lies in a notch laterally and may occupy a groove on the inferior surface.
Ossification (see fig. 12-30 ).
The calcaneus and talus begin to ossify during fetal life, and the cuboid shortly before birth. Epiphysial centers appear for the calcaneal tuberosity and the posterior tubercle of the talus during childhood.
Metatarsus
The tarsus is connected to the phalanges by five metatarsal bones, referred to collectively as the metatarsus. They are numbered from 1 to 5, from medial to lateral. They are longer and thinner than the metacarpals.
Each metatarsal is technically a long bone, consisting of a base proximally, a shaft, and a head distally. Each bone has characteristic features, e.g., the first (which carries more weight) is short and thick. The base of the fifth presents a tuberosity, which projects posterolaterally and is palpable at the lateral aspect of the foot.
The shaft of each metatarsal begins to ossify during fetal life, and centers appear postnatally in the heads of the four lateral bones and in the base of the first metatarsal (see fig. 12-30 C). The first metatarsal, like the first metacarpal, may have a center for its head as well as its base. The tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal frequently shows a separate center and lack of fusion of this center must be distinguished from fracture.
Phalanges
The great toe (and frequently the little toe) has two phalanges, whereas each of the other toes has three. They are designated proximal, middle, and distal. Each phalanx is technically a long bone, consisting of a base proximally, a shaft, and a head distally. Although the phalanges of the foot are shaped differently from those of the hand, their basic arrangement is similar; e.g., each distal phalanx ends distally in a tuberosity. The middle and distal phalanges of the little toe are often fused. The phalanges usually begin to ossify during fetal life, and centers appear postnatally in the bases of most of them (see fig. 12-30 C).
Sesamoid bones are found related to the inferior aspect of some of the metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints. Two located just inferior to the head of the first metatarsal are almost always present.
Additional reading
Frazer's Anatomy of the Human Skeleton, 6th ed., rev. by A. S. Breathnach, Churchill, London, 1965. A detailed, regional synthesis of skeletal and muscular anatomy.
Questions
12-1 How is the hip bone oriented in the anatomical position?
12-1 When a subject is in the anatomical position, the pubic tubercle and the anterior superior iliac spine are in a coronal plane and the articular surface of the pubis is sagittal.
12-2 On what does the body weight rest in the sitting position?
12-2 When a subject is sitting, the body weight rests on the ischial tuberosites and not on the glutei.
12-3 To which features is the pubic tubercle a guide?
12-3 The pubic tubercle is a guide to the superficial inguinal ring, femoral ring, and saphenous opening.
12-4 Compare the acetabulum with the glenoid cavity of the scapula.
12-4 The acetabulum is formed developmentally by three bones. As compared with the glenoid cavity of the scapula, it is directed inferiorly as well as laterally and anteriorly, is deeper, and is not covered completely by articular cartilage (but only on a lunate surface). The hip joint is stabilized chiefly by its capsule and ligaments, the shoulder joint by the musculotendinous cuff.
12-5 Why is the blood supply to the head of the femur important clinically?
12-5 The blood supply to the head of the femur (see fig. 15-15 ) may be interrupted after fracture of the neck of the bone, resulting in avascular necrosis and collapse of the head. The neck is partly intracapsular and partly extracapsular (see fig. 12-18 ), and fractures may be classified accordingly.
12-6 On which structures does one kneel?
12-6 One kneels chiefly on the tuberosity of the tibia (separated from the skin by the subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa) and the ligamentum patellae.
12-7 How are (a) the adductor tubercle of the femur and (b) the head of the fibula found?
12-7 By tracing downward the tendon of the adductor magnus, one arrives at the adductor tubercle of the femur. By tracing downward the tendon of the biceps femoris, one reaches the head of the fibula.
12-8 What is the relationship of the lateral malleolus to the medial?
12-8 The lateral malleolus is more prominent and more posterior and extends more distally than does the medial.
12-9 What is the classic fracture at the ankle?
12-9 Fracture of the lower end of the fibula is frequently combined with tearing of the deltoid ligament, medial malleolus, or both, with consequent instability of the tibiofibular mortice of the ankle joint. Fracture-dislocation of the ankle was described by Percivall Pott in 1765: he himself suffered from a tibial (but not a Pott's!) fracture on falling from his horse.
12-10 Do any tarsals show ossification at birth?
12-10 The calcaneus, talus, and frequently the cuboid (i.e., the three largest tarsals) begin to ossify before birth. It is rare to find ossification before birth in the lateral cuneiform or in the head of the femur, whereas an ossific center may be seen in the head of the humerus around the time of birth. The center for the distal end of the femur is almost always present at full term, and that for the proximal end of the tibia is frequently to be seen then also.
Figure legends
Figure 12-1 The right hip bone, lateral view, anatomical position.
Figure 12-2 The right hip bone, inferolateral view, muscular and ligamentous attachments.
Figure 12-3 The right hip bone, posterolateral view, muscular and ligamentous attachments. The origin of the tensor fasciae latae often extends more posteriorly.
Figure 12-4 The right hip bone, anterior view, anatomical position.
Figure 12-5 The right hip bone, medial view, anatomical position.
Figure 12-6 The right hip bone, medial view, muscular origins and ligamentous attachments.
Figure 12-7 The hip in various positions. A, Maximum lateral rotation. Note the apparent foreshortening of the neck of the femur. The lesser trochanter is clearly visible. B, anatomical position. Although the neck shows well, it is still slightly foreshortened, and a slight degree of medial rotation would be necessary to show it correctly. C, Maximum medial rotation. Note that the lesser trochanter is now overlapped completely by the shaft of the femur.
Figure 12-8 A, Child's hips, abducted. Note the epiphysis for the lesser trochanter on each side. B, Hip of an adult, abducted. Note the greater trochanter (above) and lesser trochanter (below). C, Child's hip. Note the site of the triradiate cartilage (arrow) and the epiphyses for the head and greater trochanter of the femur.
Figure 12-9 A, The hip bone at birth. lined regions indicate bony areas in the ilium, ischium, and pubis. The rest is cartilage. B, The hip bone at puberty, showing the increase in ossification and secondary centers (black). C, Adult acetabulum. The lines indicate the site of fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
Figure 12-10 The right femur, anterior view, anatomical position. The asterisk indicates the cervical tubercle.
Figure 12-11 The right femur, showing muscular attachments. The inferior part of the origin of the vastus intermedius fuses with that of the vastus lateralis.
Figure 12-12 The right femur, medial and lateral views.
Figure 12-13 The right femur, posterior view, anatomical position.
Figure 12-14 Schematic representation of the posterior femur. A, The linea aspera and its superior and inferior extensions. B, Muscular attachments.
Figure 12-15 Muscular and ligamentous attachments to the superior and inferior ends of the right femur. Anterior, The fascia that encloses the tensor fasciae latae meets at the anterior edge of that muscle, turns around the anterior edge of the gluteus minimus, and fuses with the fascia of the rectus femoris muscle and with the iliofemoral ligament at the ilium and with the tendon of the gluteus minimus below at the greater trochanter. This fascial strip constitutes the iliotrochanteric band. Medial, The attachment of the iliofemoral ligament turns superiorward at the superior aspect of the lesser trochanter and constitutes the femoral attachment of the pubofemoral ligament. Posterior, See also fig. 12-14 for details. Lateral, The gluteus medius muscle is inserted along an oblique line on the lateral aspect of the greater trochanter, contiguous on the anteroinferior aspect with the gluteus minimus (a bursa intervenes) and posterosuperiorly with the piriformis.
Figure 12-16 Anteversion of the head of the right femur as viewed from the superior aspect. The angle of torsion is the angle between the long axis of the head (upper arrow) and the horizontal axis of the condyles (lower arrow).
Figure 12-17 The angle of inclination, which averages about 125 degrees in adults.
Figure 12-18 The superior and inferior ends of the femur, showing the usual position of the epiphysial lines and the usual line of attachment of the joint capsule. The posterior part of the neck is covered by a reflection of synovial membrane but has little if any capsular attachment. (Based on Mainland.)
Figure 12-19 The right patella.
Figure 12-20 A, Anteroposterior view of the knee. Note the obliquity of the femur, outline of the patella, radiolucent interval occupied by the menisci and articular cartilage, and intercondylar eminence of the tibia (showing the lateral and medial intercondylar tubercles). B, lateral view of the flexed knee. Note the patella, condyles of the femur, head of the fibula, (superior) tibiofibular joint, and tuberosity of the tibia. (Courtesy of V. C. Johnson, M.D., Detroit, Michigan.)
Figure 12-21 A, Child's knee, lateral view. Note the epiphyses for the inferior end of the femur and the superior end of the tibia. The patella has begun to ossify, and the fat deep to the ligamentum patellae is visible as a radiolucent area. B, lateral radiograph of the knee, showing fabella (arrow). C, Radiograph of the flexed knee. Note the radiological joint space between the femur and patella. The lateral condyle of the femur is that on the right-hand side of the illustration. D, Radiograph of dried bones of a 5-year old boy. Note the outline of the cartilage. E, Pneumoarthrogram of the knee produced by injecting air into the joint cavity. Note the medial meniscus and the cruciate ligaments. (A courtesy of V. C. Johnson, M.D., Detroit, Michigan. E courtesy of Sir Thomas lodge, Sheffield, England.)
Figure 12-22 The right tibia and fibula, anterior view.
Figure 12-23 The right tibia and fibula, anterior aspect, muscular and ligamentous attachments. Note that the fibularis longus and extensor digitorum longus muscles arise from the tibia as well as from the fibula.
Figure 12-24 The right tibia. Note that the soleal line (posterior view) is interrupted. (See fig. 16-4 .) The vertical line that subdivides the posterior surface separates the origins of the flexor digitorum longus and the tibialis posterior.
Figure 12-25 The right tibia and fibula, posterior aspect, muscular and ligamentous attachments. Note that, because of the twisting shaft of the fibula, the origins of the fibularis longus and brevis are visible in part in this posterior view. The attachment of the deep transverse fascia of the leg is indicated by a single asterisk; the attachment of the aponeurosis covering the tibialis posterior muscle is indicated by two asterisks. The flexor (like the extensor) hallucis longus arises from the fibula.
Figure 12-26 Muscular and ligamentous attachments of the superior ends of the right tibia and fibula. In the lateral view, note that the interosseous border of the tibia separates the attachments of the tibialis anterior and the tibialis posterior. The origin of the fibularis longus and extensor digitorum longus from the tibia is not shown. (See fig. 12-23 .) Lower right, Schematic representation of the relations of the tibial collateral ligament, which crosses the semimembranosus tendon but which is deep to the tendons of the gracilis, semitendinosus, and sartorius (the pes anserinus).
Figure 12-27 The superior and inferior ends of the right tibia and fibula, showing the usual position of the epiphysial lines and the usual line of attachment of the joint capsule. (Based on Mainland.)
Figure 12-28 The right fibula. Note that: (1) in the medial view, the medial crest subdivides the posterior surface; (2) in the posterior view, the lateral surface turns posteriorly in passing downward; and (3) in the lateral view, the anterior surface turns laterally in passing downward.
Figure 12-29 A, Anteroposterior view of the left ankle. Note the medial and lateral malleoli (and their different levels) and the trochlea of the talus. B, lateral view of the ankle. Note the line of the talotibial part of the joint and the outlines of the talus, navicular, and calcaneus. (B courtesy of V. C. Johnson, M.D., Detroit, Michigan.)
Figure 12-30 The ankle and foot. A, Child's ankle. Note the epiphyses for the inferior ends of the fibula and tibia. The epiphysial line of the fibula is in line with the ankle joint. B, lateral view of an adult ankle. Note the os trigonum (arrow) at the posterior aspect of the talus. C, Child's foot. Note the epiphyses for the metatarsals and phalanges. Note also the irregularity in the ossification of the phalanges of the fifth toe. D, lateral view of child's foot. Note the epiphyses for the base of the first metatarsal (arrow) and for the calcaneus (A, B, and C courtesy of V. C. Johnson, M.D., Detroit, Michigan. D courtesy of George L. Sackett, M.D., Painesville, Ohio.)
Figure 12-31 A, Dorsoplantar view of the foot. At least a portion of all seven tarsal bones can be identified. Note the os tibiale externum (arrow) near the tuberosity of the navicular. Note also the sesamoid bones below the head of the first metatarsal. B, lateral view of the foot. Note the navicular and its tuberosity (overlapped by the head of the talus), the cuboid, a peroneal sesamoid, and the tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal. The numerals 1, 2, and 3 indicate the lines of the first, second, and third cuneometatarsal joints, respectively. C, Oblique view of the foot. Note the region where the calcaneus may meet the navicular. A peroneal sesamoid (arrow) is visible near the tuberosity of the cuboid. (Courtesy of V. C. Johnson, M.D., Detroit, Michigan.)
Figure 12-32 Bones of the right foot.
Figure 12-33 Bones of the right foot, muscular and ligamentous attachments. The attachments of the interossei are omitted.
Figure 12-34 Bones of the right foot.
Figure 12-35 Bones of the right foot, medial aspect, muscular and tendinous attachments.
Figure 12-36 The right calcaneous and talus, showing corresponding articular facets. Cf. fig. 17-7 .
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Hydraulic fracturing explained
Hydraulic fracturing
Hydraulic fracturing explained
Hydraulic fracturing (also hydrofracturing, hydrofracking, fracking, or fraccing) is a well-stimulation technique in which rock is fractured by a pressurized liquid. The process involves the high-pressure injection of 'fracking fluid' (primarily water, containing sand or other proppants suspended with the aid of thickening agent s) into a wellbore to create cracks in the deep-rock formations through which natural gas , petroleum , and brine will flow more freely. When the hydraulic pressure is removed from the well, small grains of hydraulic fracturing proppants (either sand or aluminium oxide ) hold the fractures open.
Hydraulic fracturing began as an experiment in 1947, and the first commercially successful application followed in 1950. As of 2012, 2.5 million "frac jobs" had been performed worldwide on oil and gas wells; over one million of those within the U.S. Such treatment is generally necessary to achieve adequate flow rates in shale gas , tight gas , tight oil , and coal seam gas wells. Some hydraulic fractures can form naturally in certain veins or dikes . [1]
Hydraulic fracturing is highly controversial in many countries. Its proponents advocate the economic benefits of more extensively accessible hydrocarbons . [2] However, opponents argue that these are out-weighed by the potential environmental impacts , which include risks of ground and surface water contamination, air and noise pollution , and potentially triggering earthquakes , along with the consequential hazards to public health and the environment.
Increases in seismic activity following hydraulic fracturing along dormant or previously unknown faults are sometimes caused by the deep-injection disposal of hydraulic fracturing flowback (a byproduct of hydraulically fractured wells), and produced formation brine (a byproduct of both fractured and nonfractured oil and gas wells). [3] For these reasons, hydraulic fracturing is under international scrutiny, restricted in some countries, and banned altogether in others. Some countries have banned the practice or put moratoria in place, while others have adopted an approach involving tight regulation. The European Union is drafting regulations that would permit controlled application of hydraulic fracturing.
Geology
See main article: Fracture (geology) .
Mechanics
Fracturing rocks at great depth frequently becomes suppressed by pressure due to the weight of the overlying rock strata and the cementation of the formation. This suppression process is particularly significant in "tensile" (Mode 1) fractures which require the walls of the fracture to move against this pressure. Fracturing occurs when effective stress is overcome by the pressure of fluids within the rock. The minimum principal stress becomes tensile and exceeds the tensile strength of the material. Fractures formed in this way are generally oriented in a plane perpendicular to the minimum principal stress, and for this reason, hydraulic fractures in well bores can be used to determine the orientation of stresses. In natural examples, such as dikes or vein-filled fractures, the orientations can be used to infer past states of stress.
Veins
Most mineral vein systems are a result of repeated natural fracturing during periods of relatively high pore fluid pressure . The impact of high pore fluid pressure on the formation process of mineral vein systems is particularly evident in "crack-seal" veins, where the vein material is part of a series of discrete fracturing events, and extra vein material is deposited on each occasion. One example of long-term repeated natural fracturing is in the effects of seismic activity. Stress levels rise and fall episodically, and earthquakes can cause large volumes of connate water to be expelled from fluid-filled fractures. This process is referred to as "seismic pumping".
Dikes
Minor intrusions in the upper part of the crust , such as dikes, propagate in the form of fluid-filled cracks. In such cases, the fluid is magma . In sedimentary rocks with a significant water content, fluid at fracture tip will be steam.
History
Precursors
Fracturing as a method to stimulate shallow, hard rock oil wells dates back to the 1860s. Dynamite or nitroglycerin detonations were used to increase oil and natural gas production from petroleum bearing formations. On 25 April 1865, Civil War veteran Col. Edward A. L. Roberts received a patent for an " exploding torpedo ". It was employed in Pennsylvania , New York , Kentucky , and West Virginia using liquid and also, later, solidified nitroglycerin . Later still the same method was applied to water and gas wells. Stimulation of wells with acid, instead of explosive fluids, was introduced in the 1930s. Due to acid etching , fractures would not close completely resulting in further productivity increase.
Oil and gas wells
The relationship between well performance and treatment pressures was studied by Floyd Farris of Stanolind Oil and Gas Corporation . This study was the basis of the first hydraulic fracturing experiment, conducted in 1947 at the Hugoton gas field in Grant County of southwestern Kansas by Stanolind. For the well treatment, of gelled gasoline (essentially napalm ) and sand from the Arkansas River was injected into the gas-producing limestone formation at . The experiment was not very successful as deliverability of the well did not change appreciably. The process was further described by J.B. Clark of Stanolind in his paper published in 1948. A patent on this process was issued in 1949 and exclusive license was granted to the Halliburton Oil Well Cementing Company. On 17 March 1949, Halliburton performed the first two commercial hydraulic fracturing treatments in Stephens County, Oklahoma , and Archer County, Texas . Since then, hydraulic fracturing has been used to stimulate approximately one million oil and gas wells in various geologic regimes with good success.
In contrast with large-scale hydraulic fracturing used in low-permeability formations, small hydraulic fracturing treatments are commonly used in high-permeability formations to remedy "skin damage", a low-permeability zone that sometimes forms at the rock-borehole interface. In such cases the fracturing may extend only a few feet from the borehole. [4]
In the Soviet Union , the first hydraulic proppant fracturing was carried out in 1952. Other countries in Europe and Northern Africa subsequently employed hydraulic fracturing techniques including Norway, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Austria, France, Italy, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, Tunisia, and Algeria.
Massive fracturing
Massive hydraulic fracturing (also known as high-volume hydraulic fracturing) is a technique first applied by Pan American Petroleum in Stephens County, Oklahoma , USA in 1968. The definition of massive hydraulic fracturing varies, but generally refers to treatments injecting over 150 short tons, or approximately 300,000 pounds (136 metric tonnes), of proppant. [5]
American geologists gradually became aware that there were huge volumes of gas-saturated sandstones with permeability too low (generally less than 0.1 millidarcy) to recover the gas economically. [5] Starting in 1973, massive hydraulic fracturing was used in thousands of gas wells in the San Juan Basin , Denver Basin , [6] the Piceance Basin , [7] and the Green River Basin , and in other hard rock formations of the western US. Other tight sandstone wells in the US made economically viable by massive hydraulic fracturing were in the Clinton-Medina Sandstone, and Cotton Valley Sandstone. [5]
Massive hydraulic fracturing quickly spread in the late 1970s to western Canada, Rotliegend and Carboniferous gas-bearing sandstones in Germany, Netherlands (onshore and offshore gas fields), and the United Kingdom in the North Sea .
Horizontal oil or gas wells were unusual until the late 1980s. Then, operators in Texas began completing thousands of oil wells by drilling horizontally in the Austin Chalk , and giving massive slickwater hydraulic fracturing treatments to the wellbores. Horizontal wells proved much more effective than vertical wells in producing oil from tight chalk; [8] sedimentary beds are usually nearly horizontal, so horizontal wells have much larger contact areas with the target formation.
Shales
Hydraulic fracturing of shales goes back at least to 1965, when some operators in the Big Sandy gas field of eastern Kentucky and southern West Virginia started hydraulically fracturing the Ohio Shale and Cleveland Shale, using relatively small fracs. The frac jobs generally increased production, especially from lower-yielding wells. [9]
In 1976, the United States government started the Eastern Gas Shales Project, which included numerous public-private hydraulic fracturing demonstration projects. [10] During the same period, the Gas Research Institute , a gas industry research consortium, received approval for research and funding from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission .
In 1997, taking the slickwater fracturing technique used in East Texas by Union Pacific Resources (now part of Anadarko Petroleum Corporation ), Mitchell Energy (now part of Devon Energy ), applied the technique in the Barnett Shale of north Texas. This made gas extraction widely economical in the Barnett Shale, and was later applied to other shales. George P. Mitchell has been called the "father of fracking" because of his role in applying it in shales. [11] The first horizontal well in the Barnett Shale was drilled in 1991, but was not widely done in the Barnett until it was demonstrated that gas could be economically extracted from vertical wells in the Barnett. [12]
As of 2013, massive hydraulic fracturing is being applied on a commercial scale to shales in the United States, Canada, and China. Several additional countries are planning to use hydraulic fracturing .
Process
According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), hydraulic fracturing is a process to stimulate a natural gas, oil, or geothermal well to maximize extraction. The EPA defines the broader process to include acquisition of source water, well construction, well stimulation, and waste disposal.
Method
A hydraulic fracture is formed by pumping fracturing fluid into a wellbore at a rate sufficient to increase pressure at the target depth (determined by the location of the well casing perforations), to exceed that of the fracture gradient (pressure gradient) of the rock. The fracture gradient is defined as pressure increase per unit of depth relative to density, and is usually measured in pounds per square inch, per square foot, or bars. The rock cracks, and the fracture fluid permeates the rock extending the crack further, and further, and so on. Fractures are localized as pressure drops off with the rate of frictional loss, which is relevant to the distance from the well. Operators typically try to maintain "fracture width", or slow its decline following treatment, by introducing a proppant into the injected fluida material such as grains of sand, ceramic, or other particulate, thus preventing the fractures from closing when injection is stopped and pressure removed. Consideration of proppant strength and prevention of proppant failure becomes more important at greater depths where pressure and stresses on fractures are higher. The propped fracture is permeable enough to allow the flow of gas, oil, salt water and hydraulic fracturing fluids to the well.
During the process, fracturing fluid leakoff (loss of fracturing fluid from the fracture channel into the surrounding permeable rock) occurs. If not controlled, it can exceed 70% of the injected volume. This may result in formation matrix damage, adverse formation fluid interaction, and altered fracture geometry, thereby decreasing efficiency.
The location of one or more fractures along the length of the borehole is strictly controlled by various methods that create or seal holes in the side of the wellbore. Hydraulic fracturing is performed in cased wellbores, and the zones to be fractured are accessed by perforating the casing at those locations.
Hydraulic-fracturing equipment used in oil and natural gas fields usually consists of a slurry blender, one or more high-pressure, high-volume fracturing pumps (typically powerful triplex or quintuplex pumps) and a monitoring unit. Associated equipment includes fracturing tanks, one or more units for storage and handling of proppant, high-pressure treating iron, a chemical additive unit (used to accurately monitor chemical addition), low-pressure flexible hoses, and many gauges and meters for flow rate, fluid density, and treating pressure. Chemical additives are typically 0.5% percent of the total fluid volume. Fracturing equipment operates over a range of pressures and injection rates, and can reach up to 100MPa and (100 barrels per minute).
Well types
A distinction can be made between conventional, low-volume hydraulic fracturing, used to stimulate high-permeability reservoirs for a single well, and unconventional, high-volume hydraulic fracturing, used in the completion of tight gas and shale gas wells. High-volume hydraulic fracturing usually requires higher pressures than low-volume fracturing; the higher pressures are needed to push out larger volumes of fluid and proppant that extend farther from the borehole.
Horizontal drilling involves wellbores with a terminal drillhole completed as a "lateral" that extends parallel with the rock layer containing the substance to be extracted. For example, laterals extend 1500to in the Barnett Shale basin in Texas, and up to in the Bakken formation in North Dakota. In contrast, a vertical well only accesses the thickness of the rock layer, typically 50-. Horizontal drilling reduces surface disruptions as fewer wells are required to access the same volume of rock.
Drilling often plugs up the pore spaces at the wellbore wall, reducing permeability at and near the wellbore. This reduces flow into the borehole from the surrounding rock formation, and partially seals off the borehole from the surrounding rock. Low-volume hydraulic fracturing can be used to restore permeability.
Fracturing fluids
See main article: Hydraulic fracturing proppants and List of additives for hydraulic fracturing .
The main purposes of fracturing fluid are to extend fractures, add lubrication, change gel strength, and to carry proppant into the formation. There are two methods of transporting proppant in the fluidhigh-rate and high- viscosity . High-viscosity fracturing tends to cause large dominant fractures, while high-rate (slickwater) fracturing causes small spread-out micro-fractures.
Water-soluble gelling agents (such as guar gum ) increase viscosity and efficiently deliver proppant into the formation.
Fluid is typically a slurry of water, proppant, and chemical additives . Additionally, gels, foams, and compressed gases, including nitrogen , carbon dioxide and air can be injected. Typically, 90% of the fluid is water and 9.5% is sand with chemical additives accounting to about 0.5%. However, fracturing fluids have been developed using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and propane in which water is unnecessary. [13]
The proppant is a granular material that prevents the created fractures from closing after the fracturing treatment. Types of proppant include silica sand, resin-coated sand, bauxite , and man-made ceramics. The choice of proppant depends on the type of permeability or grain strength needed. In some formations, where the pressure is great enough to crush grains of natural silica sand, higher-strength proppants such as bauxite or ceramics may be used. The most commonly used proppant is silica sand, though proppants of uniform size and shape, such as a ceramic proppant, are believed to be more effective.
The fracturing fluid varies depending on fracturing type desired, and the conditions of specific wells being fractured, and water characteristics. The fluid can be gel, foam, or slickwater-based. Fluid choices are tradeoffs: more viscous fluids, such as gels, are better at keeping proppant in suspension; while less-viscous and lower-friction fluids, such as slickwater, allow fluid to be pumped at higher rates, to create fractures farther out from the wellbore. Important material properties of the fluid include viscosity , pH , various rheological factors , and others.
Water is mixed with sand and chemicals to create fracking fluid. Approximately 40,000 gallons of chemicals are used per fracturing. [14] A typical fracture treatment uses between 3 and 12 additive chemicals. Although there may be unconventional fracturing fluids, typical chemical additives can include one or more of the following:
Acid s— hydrochloric acid or acetic acid is used in the pre-fracturing stage for cleaning the perforations and initiating fissure in the near-wellbore rock.
Sodium chloride (salt)—delays breakdown of gel polymer chains.
Polyacrylamide and other friction reducers decrease turbulence in fluid flow and pipe friction, thus allowing the pumps to pump at a higher rate without having greater pressure on the surface.
The most common chemical used for hydraulic fracturing in the United States in 2005–2009 was methanol , while some other most widely used chemicals were isopropyl alcohol , 2-butoxyethanol , and ethylene glycol .
Typical fluid types are:
Conventional linear gels. These gels are cellulose derivative ( carboxymethyl cellulose , hydroxyethyl cellulose , carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose , hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose ), guar or its derivatives (hydroxypropyl guar, carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar), mixed with other chemicals.
Borate-crosslinked fluids. These are guar-based fluids cross-linked with boron ions (from aqueous borax / boric acid solution). These gels have higher viscosity at pH 9 onwards and are used to carry proppant. After the fracturing job, the pH is reduced to 3–4 so that the cross-links are broken, and the gel is less viscous and can be pumped out.
Organometallic-crosslinked fluids - zirconium , chromium , antimony , titanium salts - are known to crosslink guar-based gels. The crosslinking mechanism is not reversible, so once the proppant is pumped down along with cross-linked gel, the fracturing part is done. The gels are broken down with appropriate breakers.
Aluminium phosphate-ester oil gels. Aluminium phosphate and ester oils are slurried to form cross-linked gel. These are one of the first known gelling systems.
For slickwater fluids the use of sweeps is common. Sweeps are temporary reductions in the proppant concentration, which help ensure that the well is not overwhelmed with proppant. As the fracturing process proceeds, viscosity-reducing agents such as oxidizer s and enzyme breakers are sometimes added to the fracturing fluid to deactivate the gelling agents and encourage flowback. Such oxidizer react with and break down the gel, reducing the fluid's viscosity and ensuring that no proppant is pulled from the formation. An enzyme acts as a catalyst for breaking down the gel. Sometimes pH modifiers are used to break down the crosslink at the end of a hydraulic fracturing job, since many require a pH buffer system to stay viscous. At the end of the job, the well is commonly flushed with water under pressure (sometimes blended with a friction reducing chemical.) Some (but not all) injected fluid is recovered. This fluid is managed by several methods, including underground injection control, treatment, discharge, recycling, and temporary storage in pits or containers. New technology is continually developing to better handle waste water and improve re-usability.
Fracture monitoring
Measurements of the pressure and rate during the growth of a hydraulic fracture, with knowledge of fluid properties and proppant being injected into the well, provides the most common and simplest method of monitoring a hydraulic fracture treatment. This data along with knowledge of the underground geology can be used to model information such as length, width and conductivity of a propped fracture.
Injection of radioactive tracer s along with the fracturing fluid is sometimes used to determine the injection profile and location of created fractures. Radiotracers are selected to have the readily detectable radiation, appropriate chemical properties, and a half life and toxicity level that will minimize initial and residual contamination. Radioactive isotopes chemically bonded to glass (sand) and/or resin beads may also be injected to track fractures. For example, plastic pellets coated with 10 GBq of Ag-110mm may be added to the proppant, or sand may be labelled with Ir-192, so that the proppant's progress can be monitored. Radiotracers such as Tc-99m and I-131 are also used to measure flow rates. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission publishes guidelines which list a wide range of radioactive materials in solid, liquid and gaseous forms that may be used as tracers and limit the amount that may be used per injection and per well of each radionuclide.
A new technique in well-monitoring involves fiber-optic cables outside the casing. Using the fiber optics, temperatures can be measured every foot along the well - even while the wells are being fracked and pumped. By monitoring the temperature of the well, engineers can determine how much fracking fluid different parts of the well use as well as how much natural gas they collect.
Microseismic monitoring
For more advanced applications, microseismic monitoring is sometimes used to estimate the size and orientation of induced fractures. Microseismic activity is measured by placing an array of geophone s in a nearby wellbore. By mapping the location of any small seismic events associated with the growing fracture, the approximate geometry of the fracture is inferred. Tiltmeter arrays deployed on the surface or down a well provide another technology for monitoring strain
Microseismic mapping is very similar geophysically to seismology . In earthquake seismology, seismometers scattered on or near the surface of the earth record S-waves and P-waves that are released during an earthquake event. This allows for motion along the fault plane to be estimated and its location in the earth’s subsurface mapped. Hydraulic fracturing, an increase in formation stress proportional to the net fracturing pressure, as well as an increase in pore pressure due to leakoff. [15] Tensile stresses are generated ahead of the fracture's tip, generating large amounts of shear stress . The increases in pore water pressure and in formation stress combine and affect weaknesses near the hydraulic fracture, like natural fractures, joints, and bedding planes. [16]
Different methods have different location errors and advantages. Accuracy of microseismic event mapping is dependent on the signal-to-noise ratio and the distribution of sensors. Accuracy of events located by seismic inversion is improved by sensors placed in multiple azimuths from the monitored borehole. In a downhole array location, accuracy of events is improved by being close to the monitored borehole (high signal-to-noise ratio).
Monitoring of microseismic events induced by reservoir stimulation has become a key aspect in evaluation of hydraulic fractures, and their optimization. The main goal of hydraulic fracture monitoring is to completely characterize the induced fracture structure, and distribution of conductivity within a formation. Geomechanical analysis, such as understanding a formations material properties, in-situ conditions, and geometries, helps monitoring by providing a better definition of the environment in which the fracture network propagates. [17] The next task is to know the location of proppant within the fracture and the distribution of fracture conductivity. This can be monitored using multiple types of techniques to finally develop a reservoir model than accurately predicts well performance.
Horizontal completions
Since the early 2000s, advances in drilling and completion technology have made horizontal wellbores much more economical. Horizontal wellbores allow far greater exposure to a formation than conventional vertical wellbores. This is particularly useful in shale formations which do not have sufficient permeability to produce economically with a vertical well. Such wells, when drilled onshore, are now usually hydraulically fractured in a number of stages, especially in North America. The type of wellbore completion is used to determine how many times a formation is fractured, and at what locations along the horizontal section.
In North America, shale reservoirs such as the Bakken , Barnett , Montney , Haynesville , Marcellus , and most recently the Eagle Ford , Niobrara and Utica shales are drilled horizontally through the producing interval(s), completed and fractured. The method by which the fractures are placed along the wellbore is most commonly achieved by one of two methods, known as "plug and perf" and "sliding sleeve".
The wellbore for a plug-and-perf job is generally composed of standard steel casing, cemented or uncemented, set in the drilled hole. Once the drilling rig has been removed, a wireline truck is used to perforate near the bottom of the well, and then fracturing fluid is pumped. Then the wireline truck sets a plug in the well to temporarily seal off that section so the next section of the wellbore can be treated. Another stage is pumped, and the process is repeated along the horizontal length of the wellbore.
The wellbore for the sliding sleeve technique is different in that the sliding sleeves are included at set spacings in the steel casing at the time it is set in place. The sliding sleeves are usually all closed at this time. When the well is due to be fractured, the bottom sliding sleeve is opened using one of several activation techniques and the first stage gets pumped. Once finished, the next sleeve is opened, concurrently isolating the previous stage, and the process repeats. For the sliding sleeve method, wireline is usually not required.
These completion techniques may allow for more than 30 stages to be pumped into the horizontal section of a single well if required, which is far more than would typically be pumped into a vertical well that had far fewer feet of producing zone exposed.
Uses
Hydraulic fracturing is used to increase the rate at which fluids, such as petroleum, water, or natural gas can be recovered from subterranean natural reservoirs. Reservoirs are typically porous sandstone s, limestone s or dolomite rocks, but also include "unconventional reservoirs" such as shale rock or coal beds. Hydraulic fracturing enables the extraction of natural gas and oil from rock formations deep below the earth's surface (generally 5000–), which is greatly below typical groundwater reservoir levels. At such depth, there may be insufficient permeability or reservoir pressure to allow natural gas and oil to flow from the rock into the wellbore at high economic return. Thus, creating conductive fractures in the rock is instrumental in extraction from naturally impermeable shale reservoirs. Permeability is measured in the micro darcy to nanodarcy range. Fractures are a conductive path connecting a larger volume of reservoir to the well. So-called "super fracking," creates cracks deeper in the rock formation to release more oil and gas, and increases efficiency. The yield for typical shale bores generally falls off after the first year or two, but the peak producing life of a well can be extended to several decades.
While the main industrial use of hydraulic fracturing is in stimulating production from oil and gas wells , hydraulic fracturing is also applied:
To stimulate groundwater wells
For electricity generation in enhanced geothermal system s
To increase injection rates for geologic sequestration of
Since the late 1970s, hydraulic fracturing has been used, in some cases, to increase the yield of drinking water from wells in a number of countries, including the US, Australia, and South Africa.
Economic effects
See also: Shale gas , Tight oil and Price of oil . Hydraulic fracturing has been seen as one of the key methods of extracting unconventional oil and unconventional gas resources. According to the International Energy Agency , the remaining technically recoverable resources of shale gas are estimated to amount to 208e12m3, tight gas to 76e12m3, and coalbed methane to 47e12m3. As a rule, formations of these resources have lower permeability than conventional gas formations. Therefore, depending on the geological characteristics of the formation, specific technologies (such as hydraulic fracturing) are required. Although there are also other methods to extract these resources, such as conventional drilling or horizontal drilling, hydraulic fracturing is one of the key methods making their extraction economically viable. The multi-stage fracturing technique has facilitated the development of shale gas and light tight oil production in the United States and is believed to do so in the other countries with unconventional hydrocarbon resources.
The National Petroleum Council estimates that hydraulic fracturing will eventually account for nearly 70% of natural gas development in North America. [18] Hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling apply the latest technologies and make it commercially viable to recover shale gas and oil. In the United States, 45% of domestic natural gas production and 17% of oil production would be lost within 5 years without usage of hydraulic fracturing. [19]
U.S.-based refineries have gained a competitive edge with their access to relatively inexpensive shale oil and Canadian crude. The U.S. is exporting more refined petroleum products, and also more liquified petroleum gas (LP gas). LP gas is produced from hydrocarbons called natural gas liquids, released by the hydraulic fracturing of petroliferous shale, in a variety of shale gas that's relatively easy to export. Propane , for example, costs around $620 a ton in the U.S. compared with more than $1,000 a ton in China, as of early 2014. Japan, for instance, is importing extra LP gas to fuel power plants, replacing idled nuclear plants. Trafigura Beheer BV , the third-largest independent trader of crude oil and refined products, said at the start of 2014 that "growth in U.S. shale production has turned the distillates market on its head." [20]
Some studies call into question the claim that what has been called the "shale gas revolution" has a significant macro-economic impact. A study released in the beginning of 2014 by the IDDRI concluded the contrary. It states that, on the long-term as well as on the short-run, the "shale gas revolution" due to hydraulic fracturing in the United States has had very little impact on economic growth and competitiveness. [21] The same report concludes that in Europe, using hydraulic fracturing would have very little advantage in terms of competitiveness and energy security . Indeed, for the period 2030-2035, shale gas is estimated to cover 3 to 10% of EU projected energy demand, which is not enough to have a significant impact on energetic independence and competitiveness. [21]
Hydrofracked shale oil and gas has the potential to alter the geography of energy production in the US. [22] [23] In the short run, in counties with hydrofracturing employment in the oil and gas sector more than doubled in the last 10 years, with spill-overs in local transport-, construction but also manufacturing sectors. [22] The manufacturing sector benefits from lower energy prices, giving the US manufacturing sector a competitive edge. On average, natural gas prices have decreased by more than 30% in counties above shale deposits compared to the rest of the US. Some research has highlighted the negative effects on house prices for properties in the direct vicinity of fracturing wells. [24] Local house prices in Pennsylvania decrease if the property is close to a hydrofracking gas well and is not connected to city water, suggesting that the concerns of ground water pollution are priced by markets.
Public debate
Politics and public policy
An anti-fracking movement has emerged both internationally with involvement of international environmental organization s and nations such as France and locally in affected areas such as Balcombe in Sussex where the Balcombe drilling protest was in progress during mid-2013. [25] The considerable opposition against hydraulic fracturing activities in local townships in the United States has led companies to adopt a variety of public relations measures to reassure the public, including the employment of former military personnel with training in psychological warfare operations. According to Matt Pitzarella, the communications director at Range Resources , employees trained in the Middle East have been valuable to Range Resources in Pennsylvania, when dealing with emotionally charged township meetings and advising townships on zoning and local ordinances dealing with hydraulic fracturing.
There have been many protests directed at hydraulic fracturing. For example, ten people were arrested in 2013 during an anti-fracking protest near New Matamoras, Ohio, after they illegally entered a development zone and latched themselves to drilling equipment. Though usually nonviolent, some protestors use violence and intimidation. In northwest Pennsylvania, there was a drive-by shooting at a well site, in which someone shot two rounds of a small-caliber rifle in the direction of a drilling rig, before shouting profanities at the site and fleeing the scene. In Washington County, Pennsylvania , a contractor working on a gas pipeline found a pipe bomb that had been placed where a pipeline was to be constructed, which local authorities said would have caused a "catastrophe" had they not discovered and detonated it.
In 2014 a number of European officials provided circumstantial evidence that Eastern European protests against fracking may be sponsored by Gazprom , Russia's state-controlled gas company. Russian officials have on numerous occasions warned Europe that fracking "poses a huge environmental problem". [26]
Documentary films
Josh Fox 's 2010 Academy Award nominated film Gasland [27] became a center of opposition to hydraulic fracturing of shale. The movie presented problems with ground water contamination near well sites in Pennsylvania, Wyoming, and Colorado. Energy in Depth, an oil and gas industry lobbying group, called the film's facts into question. In response, a rebuttal of Energy in Depth's claims of inaccuracy was posted on Gasland's website.
The Director of the Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission (COGCC) offered to be interviewed as part of the film if he could review what was included from the interview in the final film but Fox declined the offer. Exxon Mobil , Chevron Corporation and ConocoPhillips aired advertisements during 2011 and 2012 that claimed to describe the economic and environmental benefits of natural gas and argue that hydraulic fracturing was safe.
The film Promised Land , starring Matt Damon , takes on hydraulic fracturing. The gas industry is making plans to try to counter the film's criticisms of hydraulic fracturing with informational flyers, and Twitter and Facebook posts.
In January 2013 Northern Irish journalist and filmmaker Phelim McAleer released a crowdfunded [28] documentary called FrackNation as a response to the statements made by Fox in Gasland. FrackNation premiered on Mark Cuban 's AXS TV . The premiere corresponded with the release of Promised Land. [29]
In April 2013, Josh Fox released Gasland 2, a documentary that states that the gas industry's portrayal of natural gas as a clean and safe alternative to oil is a myth, and that hydraulically fractured wells inevitably leak over time, contaminating water and air, hurting families, and endangering the earth's climate with the potent greenhouse gas methane.
In 2014, Vido Innovations released the documentary The Ethics of Fracking. The film covers the politics, spiritual, scientific, medical and professional points of view on hydraulic fracturing. It also digs into the way the gas industry portrays fracking in their advertising. [30]
In 2015, the Canadian documentary film Fractured Land had its world premiere at the Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival . [31]
Research issues
Typically the funding source of the research studies is a focal point of controversy. Concerns have been raised about research funded by foundations and corporations, or by environmental groups, which can at times lead to at least the appearance of unreliable studies. Several organizations, researchers, and media outlets have reported difficulty in conducting and reporting the results of studies on hydraulic fracturing due to industry and governmental pressure, and expressed concern over possible censoring of environmental reports. There is a need for more research into the environmental and health effects of the technique. [32]
Health risks
There is concern over the possible adverse public health implications of hydraulic fracturing activity. [32] A 2013 review on shale gas production in the United States stated, "with increasing numbers of drilling sites, more people are at risk from accidents and exposure to harmful substances used at fractured wells." [33] A 2011 hazard assessment recommended full disclosure of chemicals used for hydraulic fracturing and drilling as many have immediate health effects, and many may have long-term health effects. [34]
In June 2014 Public Health England published a review of the potential public health impacts of exposures to chemical and radioactive pollutants as a result of shale gas extraction in the UK, based on the examination of literature and data from countries where hydraulic fracturing already occurs. The executive summary of the report stated: "An assessment of the currently available evidence indicates that the potential risks to public health from exposure to the emissions associated with shale gas extraction will be low if the operations are properly run and regulated. Most evidence suggests that contamination of groundwater, if it occurs, is most likely to be caused by leakage through the vertical borehole. Contamination of groundwater from the underground hydraulic fracturing process itself (ie the fracturing of the shale) is unlikely. However, surface spills of hydraulic fracturing fluids or wastewater may affect groundwater, and emissions to air also have the potential to impact on health. Where potential risks have been identified in the literature, the reported problems are typically a result of operational failure and a poor regulatory environment."
A 2012 report prepared for the European Union Directorate-General for the Environment identified potential risks to humans from air pollution and ground water contamination posed by hydraulic fracturing. This led to a series of recommendations in 2014 to mitigate these concerns. [35] [36] A 2012 guidance for pediatric nurses in the US said that hydraulic fracturing had a potential negative impact on public health and that pediatric nurses should be prepared to gather information on such topics so as to advocate for improved community health. [37]
Environmental impacts
See also: Environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing in the United States and Exemptions for hydraulic fracturing under United States federal law .
The environmental impacts of hydraulic fracturing include air emissions and climate change, high water consumption, water contamination, land use, risk of earthquakes, noise pollution, and health effects on humans. Air emissions are primarily methane that escapes from wells, along with industrial emissions from equipment used in the extraction process. Modern UK and EU regulation requires zero emissions of methane, a potent greenhouse gas . [38] Escape of methane is a bigger problem in older wells than in ones built under more recent EU legislation.
Hydraulic fracturing uses between 1.2e6USgal3.5e6USgal of water per well, with large projects using up to 5e6USgal. Additional water is used when wells are refractured. An average well requires 3e6USgal8e6USgal of water over its lifetime. According to the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies , greater volumes of fracturing fluids are required in Europe, where the shale depths average 1.5 times greater than in the U.S. Surface water may be contaminated through spillage and improperly built and maintained waste pits, and ground water can be contaminated if the fluid is able to escape the formation being fractured (through, for example, abandoned wells) or by produced water (the returning fluids, which also contain dissolved constituents such as minerals and brine water s). Produced water is managed by underground injection, municipal and commercial wastewater treatment and discharge, self‐contained systems at well sites or fields, and recycling to fracture future wells. Typically less than half of the produced water used to fracture the formation is recovered. [39]
About of land is needed per each drill pad for surface installations. Well pad and supporting structure construction significantly fragments landscapes which likely has negative effects on wildlife. [40] These sites need to be remediated after wells are exhausted. Each well pad (in average 10 wells per pad) needs during preparatory and hydraulic fracturing process about 800 to 2,500 days of noisy activity, which affect both residents and local wildlife. In addition, noise is created by continuous truck traffic (sand, etc.) needed in hydraulic fracturing. Research is underway to determine if human health has been affected by air and water pollution, and rigorous following of safety procedures and regulation is required to avoid harm and to manage the risk of accidents that could cause harm.
In July 2013, the US Federal Railroad Administration listed oil contamination by hydraulic fracturing chemicals as "a possible cause" of corrosion in oil tank cars. [41]
Hydraulic fracturing sometimes causes induced seismicity or earthquakes. The magnitude of these events is usually too small to be detected at the surface, although tremors attributed to fluid injection into disposal wells have been large enough to have often been felt by people, and to have caused property damage and possibly injuries. [42] [43]
Microseismic events are often used to map the horizontal and vertical extent of the fracturing. A better understanding of the geology of the area being fracked and used for injection wells can be helpful in mitigating the potential for significant seismic events. [44]
Regulations
See also: Hydraulic fracturing by country and Regulation of hydraulic fracturing .
Countries using or considering use of hydraulic fracturing have implemented different regulations, including developing federal and regional legislation, and local zoning limitations. In 2011, after public pressure France became the first nation to ban hydraulic fracturing, based on the precautionary principle as well as the principle of preventive and corrective action of environmental hazards. [45] [46] The ban was upheld by an October 2013 ruling of the Constitutional Council . [47] Some other countries such as Scotland have placed a temporary moratorium on the practice due to public health concerns and strong public opposition. Countries like the United Kingdom and South Africa have lifted their bans, choosing to focus on regulation instead of outright prohibition. [48] Germany has announced draft regulations that would allow using hydraulic fracturing for the exploitation of shale gas deposits with the exception of wetland areas . In China, regulation on shale gas still faces hurdles, as it has complex interrelations with other regulatory regimes, especially trade. [49]
The European Union has adopted a recommendation for minimum principles for using high-volume hydraulic fracturing. Its regulatory regime requires full disclosure of all additives. In the United States, the Ground Water Protection Council launched FracFocus.org, an online voluntary disclosure database for hydraulic fracturing fluids funded by oil and gas trade groups and the U.S. Department of Energy. Hydraulic fracturing is excluded from the Safe Drinking Water Act 's underground injection control's regulation, except when diesel fuel is used. The EPA assures surveillance of the issuance of drilling permits when diesel fuel is employed. [50]
In 2012, Vermont became the first state in the United States to ban hydraulic fracturing. On 17 December 2014, New York became the second state to issue a complete ban on any hydraulic fracturing due to potential risks to human health and the environment. [51] [52] [53]
See also
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Hydraulic fracturing
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Ishmael, the first son of Abraham, based on biblical account refers metaphorically also to a?
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Hydraulic fracturing - Hydraulic fracturing is the fracturing of localized rock by a pressurized liquid. - Fracking - Online community supporting those who are providing support to stop fracking in America | Fracking - Online community supporting those who are providing support to stop fracking in America
Floyd Farris; J.B. Clark ( Stanolind Oil and Gas Corporation )
Year of invention
1947
Hydraulic fracturing is the fracturing of localized rock by a pressurized liquid. Some hydraulic fractures form naturally—certain veins or dikes are examples. Induced hydraulic fracturing or hydrofracturing, commonly known as fracking, is a technique in which typically lease water with fresh water combined is mixed with sand and chemicals, and the mixture is injected at high pressure into a wellbore to create small fractures (typically less than 1mm), along which fluids such as gas, petroleum and brine water may migrate to the well. The radial distance the process influence from the well is typically 150 yards.[ citation needed ] Hydraulic pressure is removed from the well, then small grains of proppant (sand or aluminium oxide) hold these fractures open once the rock achieves equilibrium. The technique is very common in wells for shale gas , tight gas , tight oil , and coal seam gas [1] [2] and hard rock wells. This well stimulation is only conducted once in the life of the well and greatly enhanced fluid removal and well productivity. A different technique where only acid is injected is referred to as acidizing .
The first experimental use of hydraulic fracturing was in 1947, and the first commercially successful applications were in 1949. As of 2010, it was estimated that 60% of all new oil and gas wells worldwide were being hydraulically fractured. [3] As of 2012, 2.5 million hydraulic fracturing jobs have been performed on oil and gas wells worldwide, more than one million of them in the United States. [4]
Head of the frac pump
Halliburton Frack Job in the Bakken
Proponents of hydraulic fracturing point to the economic benefits from the vast amounts of formerly inaccessible hydrocarbons the process can extract. [5] Opponents point to potential environmental impacts, including contamination of ground water , depletion of fresh water , risks to air quality , the migration of gases and hydraulic fracturing chemicals to the surface, surface contamination from spills and flow-back, and the health effects of these. [6] For these reasons hydraulic fracturing has come under international scrutiny, with some countries suspending or banning it. [7] [8] However, some of those countries, including most notably the United Kingdom, [9] have recently lifted their bans, choosing to focus on regulations instead of outright prohibition. Documented groundwater contamination has occurred from seepage of the stored water from the hydraulic fracturing from unlined surface ponds.[ citation needed ] The 2013 draft EU-Canada trade treaty includes language outlawing any "breach of legitimate expectations of investors" which may occur if revoking drilling licenses of Canada-registered companies in the territory of the European Union after the treaty comes into force. [10]
Frac job in process
Main article: Fracture (geology)
Mechanics
Fracturing in rocks at depth tends to be suppressed by the confining pressure , due to the load caused by the overlying rock strata and the cementation of the formation. This is particularly so in the case of "tensile" ( Mode 1 ) fractures, which require the walls of the fracture to move apart, working against this confining pressure. Hydraulic fracturing occurs when the effective stress is overcome sufficiently by an increase in the pressure of fluids within the rock, such that the minimum principal stress becomes tensile and exceeds the tensile strength of the material. [11] [12] Fractures formed in this way will in the main be oriented in the plane perpendicular to the minimum principal stress and for this reason induced hydraulic fractures in well bores are sometimes used to determine the orientation of stresses. [13] In natural examples, such as dikes or vein-filled fractures, the orientations can be used to infer past states of stress. [14]
Veins
Most vein systems are a result of repeated hydraulic fracturing during periods of relatively high pore fluid pressure. This is particularly noticeable in the case of "crack-seal" veins, where the vein material can be seen to have been added in a series of discrete fracturing events, with extra vein material deposited on each occasion. [15] One mechanism to demonstrate such examples of long-lasting repeated fracturing is the effect of seismic activity, in which the stress levels rise and fall episodically and large volumes of connate water may be expelled from fluid-filled fractures during earthquakes. This process is referred to as "seismic pumping". [16]
Dikes
Low-level minor intrusions such as dikes propagate through the crust in the form of fluid-filled cracks, although in this case the fluid is magma . In sedimentary rocks with a significant water content the fluid at the propagating fracture tip will be steam. [17]
Non-hydraulic fracturing
Fracturing as a method to stimulate shallow, hard rock oil wells dates back to the 1860s. It was applied by oil producers in the US states of Pennsylvania , New York , Kentucky , and West Virginia by using liquid and later also solidified nitroglycerin . Later, the same method was applied to water and gas wells. The idea to use acid as a nonexplosive fluid for well stimulation was introduced in the 1930s. Due to acid etching , fractures would not close completely and therefore productivity was enhanced.
Hydraulic fracturing in oil and gas wells
The relationship between well performance and treatment pressures was studied by Floyd Farris of Stanolind Oil and Gas Corporation . This study became a basis of the first hydraulic fracturing experiment, which was conducted in 1947 at the Hugoton gas field in Grant County of southwestern Kansas by Stanolind. [1] [3] For the well treatment 1,000 US gallons (3,800 l; 830 imp gal) of gelled gasoline (essentially napalm ) and sand from the Arkansas River was injected into the gas-producing limestone formation at 2,400 feet (730 m). The experiment was not very successful as deliverability of the well did not change appreciably. The process was further described by J.B. Clark of Stanolind in his paper published in 1948. A patent on this process was issued in 1949 and an exclusive license was granted to the Halliburton Oil Well Cementing Company. On March 17, 1949, Halliburton performed the first two commercial hydraulic fracturing treatments in Stephens County, Oklahoma , and Archer County, Texas . [3] Since then, hydraulic fracturing has been used to stimulate approximately a million oil and gas wells [18] in various geologic regimes with good success.
In the Soviet Union , the first hydraulic proppant fracturing was carried out in 1952. Other countries in Europe and Northern Africa to use hydraulic fracturing included Norway, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Austria, France, Italy, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, Tunisia, and Algeria. [19]
Massive hydraulic fracturing
Pan American Petroleum applied the first massive hydraulic fracturing (also known as high-volume hydraulic fracturing) treatment in Stephens County, Oklahoma , USA in 1968. The definition of massive hydraulic fracturing varies somewhat, but is generally used for treatments injecting greater than about 150 mt, or 300,000 pounds of proppant. [20]
American geologists became increasingly aware that there were huge volumes of gas-saturated sandstones with permeability too low (generally less than 0.1 milli darcy ) to recover the gas economically. [20] Starting in 1973, massive hydraulic fracturing was used in thousands of gas wells in the San Juan Basin , Denver Basin , [21] the Piceance Basin , [22] and the Green River Basin , and in other hard rock formations of the western US. Other tight sandstones in the US made economic by massive hydraulic fracturing were the Clinton-Medina Sandstone, and Cotton Valley Sandstone. [20]
Massive hydraulic fracturing quickly spread in the late 1970s to western Canada, Rotliegend and Carboniferous gas-bearing sandstones in Germany, Netherlands onshore and offshore gas fields, and the United Kingdom sector of the North Sea . [19]
Horizontal oil or gas wells were unusual until the 1980s. Then in the late 1980s, operators in Texas began completing thousands of oil wells by drilling horizontally in the Austin Chalk , and giving massive slickwater hydraulic fracturing treatments to the wellbores. Horizontal wells proved much more effective than vertical wells in producing oil from the tight chalk; [23] the shale runs horizontally so a horizontal well reached much more of the resource. [24] In 1991, the first horizontal well was drilled in the Barnett Shale [24] and in 1996 slickwater fluids were introduced. [24]
Massive hydraulic fracturing in shales
Due to shale's high porosity and low permeability, technology research, development and demonstration were necessary before hydraulic fracturing could be commercially applied to shale gas deposits. In the 1970s the United States government initiated the Eastern Gas Shales Project , a set of dozens of public-private hydraulic fracturing pilot demonstration projects. During the same period, the Gas Research Institute , a gas industry research consortium, received approval for research and funding from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission . [25]
In 1997, based on earlier techniques used by Union Pacific Resources, now part of Anadarko Petroleum Corporation , Mitchell Energy, now part of Devon Energy , developed the hydraulic fracturing technique known as "slickwater fracturing" which involves adding chemicals to water to increase the fluid flow, that made the shale gas extraction economical. [26] [27] [28]
As of 2013, in addition to the United States several countries are planning to use hydraulic fracturing for unconventional oil and gas production. [29] [30] [31]
Induced hydraulic fracturing
According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) hydraulic fracturing is a process to stimulate a natural gas, oil, or geothermal energy well to maximize the extraction. The broader process, however, is defined by EPA as including the acquisition of source water, well construction, well stimulation, and waste disposal. [32]
Uses
The technique of hydraulic fracturing is used to increase the rate at which fluids, such as petroleum, water, or natural gas can be recovered from subterranean natural reservoirs. Reservoirs are typically porous sandstones , limestones or dolomite rocks, but also include "unconventional reservoirs" such as shale rock or coal beds. Hydraulic fracturing enables the production of natural gas and oil from rock formations deep below the earth's surface (generally 5,000–20,000 feet (1,500–6,100 m)), which is typically greatly below groundwater reservoirs of basins if present. At such depth, there may not be sufficient permeability or reservoir pressure to allow natural gas and oil to flow from the rock into the wellbore at economic rates. Thus, creating conductive fractures in the rock is pivotal to extract gas from shale reservoirs because of the extremely low natural permeability of shale, which is measured in the micro darcy to nanodarcy range. [33] Fractures provide a conductive path connecting a larger volume of the reservoir to the well. So-called "super fracing", which creates cracks deeper in the rock formation to release more oil and gas, will increase efficiency of hydraulic fracturing. [34] The yield for a typical shale gas well generally falls off after the first year or two, although the full producing life of a well can last several decades. [35]
While the main industrial use of hydraulic fracturing is in arousing production from oil and gas wells , [36] [37] [38] hydraulic fracturing is also applied:
To stimulate groundwater wells [39]
To precondition or induce rock to cave in mining [40]
As a means of enhancing waste remediation processes, usually hydrocarbon waste or spills [41]
To dispose of waste by injection into deep rock formations [42]
As a method to measure the stress in the Earth [43]
To increase injection rates for geologic sequestration of CO2 [45]
Hydraulic fracturing of water-supply wells
Since the late 1970s, hydraulic fracturing has been used in some cases to increase the yield of drinking water from wells in a number of countries, including the US, Australia, and South Africa. [46] [47] [48]
Method
A hydraulic fracture is formed by pumping the fracturing fluid into the wellbore at a rate sufficient to increase pressure downhole at the target zone (determined by the location of the well casing perforations) to exceed that of the fracture gradient (pressure gradient) of the rock. [49] The fracture gradient is defined as the pressure increase per unit of the depth due to its density and it is usually measured in pounds per square inch per foot or bars per meter. The rock cracks and the fracture fluid continues further into the rock, extending the crack still further, and so on. Fractures are localized because pressure drop off with frictional loss attributed to the distance from the well. Operators typically try to maintain "fracture width", or slow its decline, following treatment by introducing into the injected fluid a proppant – a material such as grains of sand, ceramic, or other particulates, that prevent the fractures from closing when the injection is stopped and the pressure of the fluid is removed. Consideration of proppant strengths and prevention of proppant failure becomes more important at greater depths where pressure and stresses on fractures are higher. The propped fracture is permeable enough to allow the flow of formation fluids to the well. Formation fluids include gas, oil, salt water and fluids introduced to the formation during completion of the well during fracturing. [49]
During the process, fracturing fluid leakoff (loss of fracturing fluid from the fracture channel into the surrounding permeable rock) occurs. If not controlled properly, it can exceed 70% of the injected volume. This may result in formation matrix damage, adverse formation fluid interactions, or altered fracture geometry and thereby decreased production efficiency. [50]
The location of one or more fractures along the length of the borehole is strictly controlled by various methods that create or seal off holes in the side of the wellbore. Hydraulic fracturing is performed in cased wellbores and the zones to be fractured are accessed by perforating the casing at those locations. [51]
Hydraulic-fracturing equipment used in oil and natural gas fields usually consists of a slurry blender, one or more high-pressure, high-volume fracturing pumps (typically powerful triplex or quintuplex pumps) and a monitoring unit. Associated equipment includes fracturing tanks, one or more units for storage and handling of proppant, high-pressure treating iron, a chemical additive unit (used to accurately monitor chemical addition), low-pressure flexible hoses, and many gauges and meters for flow rate, fluid density, and treating pressure. [52] Chemical additives are typically 0.5% percent of the total fluid volume. Fracturing equipment operates over a range of pressures and injection rates, and can reach up to 100 megapascals (15,000 psi) and 265 litres per second (9.4 cu ft/s) (100 barrels per minute). [53]
Well types
A distinction can be made between conventional or low-volume hydraulic fracturing used to stimulate high-permeability reservoirs to frac a single well, and unconventional or high-volume hydraulic fracturing, used in the completion of tight gas and shale gas wells as unconventional wells are deeper and require higher pressures than conventional vertical wells. [54] In addition to hydraulic fracturing of vertical wells, it is also performed in horizontal wells. When done in already highly permeable reservoirs such as sandstone-based wells, the technique is known as "well stimulation". [38]
Horizontal drilling involves wellbores where the terminal drillhole is completed as a "lateral" that extends parallel with the rock layer containing the substance to be extracted. For example, laterals extend 1,500 to 5,000 feet (460 to 1,500 m) in the Barnett Shale basin in Texas, and up to 10,000 feet (3,000 m) in the Bakken formation in North Dakota. In contrast, a vertical well only accesses the thickness of the rock layer, typically 50–300 feet (15–91 m). Horizontal drilling also reduces surface disruptions as fewer wells are required to access a given volume of reservoir rock. Drilling usually induces damage to the pore space at the wellbore wall, reducing the permeability at and near the wellbore. This reduces flow into the borehole from the surrounding rock formation, and partially seals off the borehole from the surrounding rock. Hydraulic fracturing can be used to restore permeability [55] , but is not typically administered in this way.
Fracturing fluids
Main articles: Proppants and fracking fluids and List of additives for hydraulic fracturing
High-pressure fracture fluid is injected into the wellbore, with the pressure above the fracture gradient of the rock. The two main purposes of fracturing fluid is to extend fractures, add lubrication, change gel strength and to carry proppant into the formation, the purpose of which is to stay there without damaging the formation or production of the well. Two methods of transporting the proppant in the fluid are used – high-rate and high- viscosity . High-viscosity fracturing tends to cause large dominant fractures, while high-rate (slickwater) fracturing causes small spread-out micro-fractures.[ citation needed ]
This fracture fluid contains water-soluble gelling agents (such as guar gum) which increase viscosity and efficiently deliver the proppant into the formation. [56]
Process of mixing water with fracking fluids to be injected into the ground
The fluid injected into the rock is typically a slurry of water, proppants, and chemical additives . [57] Additionally, gels, foams, and compressed gases, including nitrogen , carbon dioxide and air can be injected. Typically, of the fracturing fluid 90% is water and 9.5% is sand with the chemical additives accounting to about 0.5%. [49] [58] [59] However, fracturing fluids have been developed in which the use of water has been made unnecessary, using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and propane. [60]
A proppant is a material that will keep an induced hydraulic fracture open, during or following a fracturing treatment, and can be gel, foam, or slickwater-based. Fluids make tradeoffs in such material properties as viscosity , where more viscous fluids can carry more concentrated proppant; the energy or pressure demands to maintain a certain flux pump rate ( flow velocity ) that will conduct the proppant appropriately; pH , various rheological factors , among others. Types of proppant include silica sand , resin-coated sand, and man-made ceramics. These vary depending on the type of permeability or grain strength needed. The most commonly used proppant is silica sand, though proppants of uniform size and shape, such as a ceramic proppant, is believed to be more effective. Due to a higher porosity within the fracture, a greater amount of oil and natural gas is liberated. [61]
The fracturing fluid varies in composition depending on the type of fracturing used, the conditions of the specific well being fractured, and the water characteristics. A typical fracture treatment uses between 3 and 12 additive chemicals. [49] Although there may be unconventional fracturing fluids, the more typically used chemical additives can include one or more of the following:
Acids — hydrochloric acid (usually 28%-5%), or acetic acid is used in the pre-fracturing stage for cleaning the perforations and initiating fissure in the near-wellbore rock. [59]
Citric acid —used for corrosion prevention.
Isopropanol —increases the viscosity of the fracture fluid. [59]
The most common chemical used for hydraulic fracturing in the United States in 2005–2009 was methanol , while some other most widely used chemicals were isopropyl alcohol , 2-butoxyethanol , and ethylene glycol . [62]
Typical fluid types are:
Conventional linear gels. These gels are cellulose derivatives ( carboxymethyl cellulose , hydroxyethyl cellulose , carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose , hydroxypropyl cellulose , methyl hydroxyl ethyl cellulose ), guar or its derivatives ( hydroxypropyl guar , carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar ) based, with other chemicals providing the necessary chemistry for the desired results.
Borate-crosslinked fluids. These are guar-based fluids cross-linked with boron ions (from aqueous borax / boric acid solution). These gels have higher viscosity at pH 9 onwards and are used to carry proppants. After the fracturing job the pH is reduced to 3–4 so that the cross-links are broken and the gel is less viscous and can be pumped out.
Organometallic-crosslinked fluids zirconium , chromium , antimony , titanium salts are known to crosslink the guar based gels. The crosslinking mechanism is not reversible. So once the proppant is pumped down along with the cross-linked gel, the fracturing part is done. The gels are broken down with appropriate breakers. [56]
Aluminium phosphate-ester oil gels. Aluminium phosphate and ester oils are slurried to form cross-linked gel. These are one of the first known gelling systems.
For slickwater it is common to include sweeps or a reduction in the proppant concentration temporarily to ensure the well is not overwhelmed with proppant causing a screen-off. [63] As the fracturing process proceeds, viscosity reducing agents such as oxidizers and enzyme breakers are sometimes then added to the fracturing fluid to deactivate the gelling agents and encourage flowback. [56] The oxidizer reacts with the gel to break it down, reducing the fluid's viscosity and ensuring that no proppant is pulled from the formation. An enzyme acts as a catalyst for the breaking down of the gel. Sometimes pH modifiers are used to break down the crosslink at the end of a hydraulic fracturing job, since many require a pH buffer system to stay viscous. [63] At the end of the job the well is commonly flushed with water (sometimes blended with a friction reducing chemical) under pressure. Injected fluid is to some degree recovered and is managed by several methods, such as underground injection control, treatment and discharge, recycling, or temporary storage in pits or containers while new technology is being continually being developed and improved to better handle waste water and improve re-usability. [49]
Fracture monitoring
Measurements of the pressure and rate during the growth of a hydraulic fracture, as well as knowing the properties of the fluid and proppant being injected into the well provides the most common and simplest method of monitoring a hydraulic fracture treatment. This data, along with knowledge of the underground geology can be used to model information such as length, width and conductivity of a propped fracture. [49]
Injection of radioactive tracers , along with the other substances in hydraulic-fracturing fluid, is sometimes used to determine the injection profile and location of fractures created by hydraulic fracturing. [64] The radiotracer is chosen to have the readily detectable radiation, appropriate chemical properties, and a half life and toxicity level that will minimize initial and residual contamination. [65] Radioactive isotopes chemically bonded to glass (sand) and/or resin beads may also be injected to track fractures. [66] For example, plastic pellets coated with 10 GBq of Ag-110mm may be added to the proppant or sand may be labelled with Ir-192 so that the proppant's progress can be monitored. [65] Radiotracers such as Tc-99m and I-131 are also used to measure flow rates. [65] The Nuclear Regulatory Commission publishes guidelines which list a wide range of radioactive materials in solid, liquid and gaseous forms that may be used as tracers and limit the amount that may be used per injection and per well of each radionuclide. [66]
Microseismic monitoring
For more advanced applications, microseismic monitoring is sometimes used to estimate the size and orientation of hydraulically induced fractures. Microseismic activity is measured by placing an array of geophones in a nearby wellbore. By mapping the location of any small seismic events associated with the growing hydraulic fracture, the approximate geometry of the fracture is inferred. Tiltmeter arrays, deployed on the surface or down a well, provide another technology for monitoring the strains produced by hydraulic fracturing. [67]
Microseismic mapping is very similar geophysically seismology . In earthquake seismology seismometers scattered on or near the surface of the earth record S-waves and P-waves that are released during an earthquake event. This allows for the motion along the fault plane to be estimated and its location in the earth’s subsurface mapped. During formation stimulation by hydraulic fracturing an increase in the formation stress proportional to the net fracturing pressure as well as an increase in pore pressure due to leakoff takes place. [68] Tensile stresses are generated ahead of the fracture/cracks’ tip which generates large amounts of shear stress . The increase in pore water pressure and formation stress combine and affect the weakness (natural fractures, joints, and bedding planes) near the hydraulic fracture. Dilatational and compressive reactions occur and emit seismic energy detectable by highly sensitive geophones placed in nearby wells or on the surface. [69]
Different methods have different location errors and advantages. Accuracy of microseismic event locations is dependent on the signal to noise ratio and the distribution of the receiving sensors. For a surface array location accuracy of events located by seismic inversion is improved by sensors placed in multiple azimuths from the monitored borehole. In a downhole array location accuracy of events is improved by being close to the monitored borehole (high signal to noise ratio).
Monitoring of microseismic events induced by reservoir stimulation has become a key aspect in evaluation of hydraulic fractures and their optimization. The main goal of hydraulic fracture monitoring is to completely characterize the induced fracture structure and distribution of conductivity within a formation. This is done by first understanding the fracture structure. Geomechanical analysis, such as understanding the material properties, in-situ conditions and geometries involved will help with this by providing a better definition of the environment in which the hydraulic fracture network propagates. [70] The next task is to know the location of proppant within the induced fracture and the distribution of fracture conductivity. This can be done using multiple types of techniques and finally, further develop a reservoir model than can accurately predict well performance.
Horizontal completions
Since the early 2000s, advances in drilling and completion technology have made drilling horizontal wellbores much more economical. Horizontal wellbores allow for far greater exposure to a formation than a conventional vertical wellbore. This is particularly useful in shale formations which do not have sufficient permeability to produce economically with a vertical well. Such wells when drilled onshore are now usually hydraulically fractured in a number of stages, especially in North America. The type of wellbore completion used will affect how many times the formation is fractured, and at what locations along the horizontal section of the wellbore. [71]
In North America, shale reservoirs such as the Bakken, Barnett, Monterey , Haynesville , Marcellus , and most recently the Eagle Ford , Niobrara and Utica shales are drilled, completed and fractured using this method.[ citation needed ] The method by which the fractures are placed along the wellbore is most commonly achieved by one of two methods, known as "plug and perf" and "sliding sleeve". [72]
The wellbore for a plug and perf job is generally composed of standard joints of steel casing, either cemented or uncemented, which is set in place at the conclusion of the drilling process. Once the drilling rig has been removed, a wireline truck is used to perforate near the end of the well, following which a fracturing job is pumped (commonly called a stage). Once the stage is finished, the wireline truck will set a plug in the well to temporarily seal off that section, and then perforate the next section of the wellbore. Another stage is then pumped, and the process is repeated as necessary along the entire length of the horizontal part of the wellbore. [73]
The wellbore for the sliding sleeve technique is different in that the sliding sleeves are included at set spacings in the steel casing at the time it is set in place. The sliding sleeves are usually all closed at this time. When the well is ready to be fractured, using one of several activation techniques, the bottom sliding sleeve is opened and the first stage gets pumped. Once finished, the next sleeve is opened which concurrently isolates the first stage, and the process repeats. For the sliding sleeve method, wireline is usually not required.[ citation needed ]
Sleeves
These completion techniques may allow for more than 30 stages to be pumped into the horizontal section of a single well if required, which is far more than would typically be pumped into a vertical well. [74]
Economic impacts
See also: Shale gas
Hydraulic fracturing has been seen as one of the key methods of extracting unconventional oil and gas resources. According to the International Energy Agency , the remaining technically recoverable resources of shale gas are estimated to amount to 208 trillion cubic metres (7.3 quadrillion cubic feet), tight gas to 76 trillion cubic metres (2.7 quadrillion cubic feet), and coalbed methane to 47 trillion cubic metres (1.7 quadrillion cubic feet). As a rule, formations of these resources have lower permeability than conventional gas formations. Therefore, depending on the geological characteristics of the formation, specific technologies (such as hydraulic fracturing) are required. Although there are also other methods to extract these resources, such as conventional drilling or horizontal drilling, hydraulic fracturing is one of the key methods making their extraction economically viable. The multi-stage fracturing technique has facilitated the development of shale gas and light tight oil production in the United States and is believed to do so in the other countries with unconventional hydrocarbon resources. [5] China is suspected of trying using cyberspies to access information about hydraulic fracturing equipment and practices in order to meet its energy needs without having to pay for outside equipment and services. [75]
The National Petroleum Council estimates that hydraulic fracturing will eventually account for nearly 70% of natural gas development in North America. [76] Hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling apply the latest technologies and make it commercially viable to recover shale gas and oil. In the United States, 45% of domestic natural gas production and 17% of oil production would be lost within 5 years without usage of hydraulic fracturing. [77]
A number of studies related to the economy and fracking, demonstrates a direct benefit to economies from fracking activities in the form of personnel, support, ancillary businesses, analysis and monitoring. Typically the funding source of the study is a focal point of controversy. [78] Most studies are either funded by mining companies or funded by environmental groups, which can at times lead to at least the appearance of unreliable studies. [78] An unbiased study was performed by Deller & Schreiber in 2012, looking at the relationship between non-oil and gas mining and community economic growth. The study concluded that there is an impact on income growth; however, researchers found that mining does not lead to an increase in population or employment. [78] The actual financial impact of non-oil and gas mining on the economy is dependent on many variables and is difficult to identify definitively.
Environmental impact
See also: Exemptions for hydraulic fracturing under United States federal law
Hydraulic fracturing has raised environmental concerns and is challenging the adequacy of existing regulatory regimes. [79] These concerns have included ground water contamination, risks to air quality, migration of gases and hydraulic fracturing chemicals to the surface, mishandling of waste, and the health effects of all these, as well as its contribution to raised atmospheric CO2 levels by enabling the extraction of previously-sequestered hydrocarbons. [6] [49] [62] Because hydraulic fracturing originated in the United States, [80] its history is more extensive there than in other regions. Most environmental impact studies have therefore taken place there.
Research issues
Several organizations, researchers, and media outlets have reported difficulty in conducting and reporting the results of studies on hydraulic fracturing due to industry [81] [82] and governmental pressure, and expressed concern over possible censoring of environmental reports. [81] [83] [84] , though work by National Science Foundation, the EPA and several universities has been considered unbiased. Concerns have been raised about the role of wealthy foundations in financing research [85] that some have argued was designed inflate the risks of development, [86] and lobbying by the gas industry to promote its activities. [87] The broader debate over these topics provides an example of the research challenges on this subject. Researchers have recommended requiring disclosure of all hydraulic fracturing fluids, testing animals raised near fracturing sites, and closer monitoring of environmental samples. [88] After court cases concerning contamination from hydraulic fracturing are settled, the documents are sealed, and at least one recent case bears that out, [89] while others believe it has and could lead to unnecessary risks to public safety and health. [90] The American Petroleum Institute denies that this practice has hidden problems with gas drilling.[ citation needed ]
Air
See also: Environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing in the United States#Air emissions
The air emissions from hydraulic fracturing are related to methane leaks originating from wells, and emissions from the diesel or natural gas powered equipment such as compressors, drilling rigs, pumps etc. [49] Also transportation of necessary water volume for hydraulic fracturing, if done by trucks , can cause high volumes of air emissions, especially particulate matter emissions. [91] There are also reports of health problems around compressors stations [92] or drilling sites, [93] although a causal relationship is not established [93] and one Texas analysis found no evidence of effects. [94]
Natural gas produced by hydraulic fracturing causes higher well-to-burner emissions than gas produced from conventional wells. Although a recent report coauthored by researchers at the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory [95] found emissions from shale gas, when burned for electricity, were “very similar” to those from so-called “conventional well” natural gas, hydraulic fracturing's higher emissions profile is mainly due to the gas released during completing wells as some gas returns to the surface, together with the fracturing fluids. Depending on their treatment, the well-to-burner emissions are 3.5%–12% higher than for conventional gas. [79] Other studies have found different effects, and a debate has arisen particularly around a study by professor Robert W. Howarth finding shale gas significantly worse for global warming than oil or coal [96] and various others criticizing the analysis. [97] [98] Howarth has responded that "The latest EPA estimate for methane emissions from shale gas falls within the range of our estimates but not those of Cathles et al., which are substantially lower." [99] The U.S. EPA has estimated the methane leakage rate to be about 2.4% – well below Howarth’s estimate. The American Gas Association, and industry trade group, calculated a 1.2% leakage rate [100] based on the EPA's latest greenhouse gas inventory, although the EPA has not publicly stated a change to its prior estimate.
Water
This section should be summarized and a link to Environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing provided by using the main template per the guidance in Wikipedia:Summary style .
(December 2012)
Consumption
The large volumes of water required have raised concerns about hydraulic fracturing in arid areas, such as Karoo in South Africa [80] and drought prone areas of North America. [101] During periods of low stream flow it may affect water supplies for municipalities and industries such as power generation , as well as recreation and aquatic life . It may also require water overland piping from distant sources. [102]
Hydraulic fracturing uses between 1.2 and 3.5 million US gallons (4.5 and 13 Ml) of water per well, with large projects using up to 5 million US gallons (19 Ml). Additional water is used when wells are refractured. [56] [103] An average well requires 3 to 8 million US gallons (11,000 to 30,000 m3) of water over its lifetime. [49] [102] [103] [104] Using the case of the Marcellus Shale as an example, as of 2008 hydraulic fracturing accounted for 650 million US gallons per year (2,500,000 m3/a) or less than 0.8% of annual water use in the area overlying the Marcellus Shale. [102] [105] The annual number of well permits, however, increased by a factor of five [106] and the number of well starts increased by a factor of over 17 from 2008 to 2011. [107] According to the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies , greater volumes of fracturing fluids are required in Europe, where the shale depths average 1.5 times greater than in the U.S. [108] To minimize water consumption, recycling is one possible option. [79] In the Spring of 2013, new hydraulic fracturing water recycling rules were adopted in the state of Texas by the Railroad Commission of Texas . The Water Recycling Rules are intended to encourage Texas hydraulic fracturing operators to conserve water used in the hydraulic fracturing process for oil and gas wells. [109]
Injected fluid
See also: List of additives for hydraulic fracturing
There are concerns about possible contamination by hydraulic fracturing fluid both as it is injected under high pressure into the ground and as it returns to the surface. [110] [111] To mitigate the impact of hydraulic fracturing to groundwater, the well and ideally the shale formation itself should remain hydraulically isolated from other geological formations, especially freshwater aquifers. [79] In 2009 state regulators from at least a dozen states have also stated that they have seen no evidence [112] of the hydraulic fracturing process polluting drinking water. In May 2011, former U.S. EPA administrator Lisa Jackson (appointed by President Barack Obama) has said on at least two occasions that there is either no proven case of direct contamination by the hydraulic fracturing process, or that the EPA has never made a definitive determination [113] of such contamination. By August 2011 there were at least 36 cases of suspected groundwater contamination due to hydraulic fracturing in the United States. In more recent congressional testimony in April 2013, Dr. Robin Ikeda, Deputy Director of Noncommunicable Diseases, Injury and Environmental Health at the CDC listed several sites where EPA had documented contamination. [114] In several cases EPA has determined that hydraulic fracturing was likely the source of the contamination. [90] [115] [116] [117] [118] [119]
While some of the chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing are common and generally harmless, some are known carcinogens at high enough doses. [62] A report prepared for House Democratic members Henry Waxman , Edward Markey and Diana DeGette stated that out of 2,500 hydraulic fracturing products, "more than 650 of these products contained chemicals that are known or possible human carcinogens, regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act , or listed as hazardous air pollutants". [62] The report also shows that between 2005 and 2009, 279 products had at least one component listed as "proprietary" or "trade secret" on their Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) required material safety data sheet (MSDS). The MSDS is a list of chemical components in the products of chemical manufacturers, and according to OSHA, a manufacturer may withhold information designated as "proprietary" from this sheet. When asked to reveal the proprietary components, most companies participating in the investigation were unable to do so, leading the committee to surmise these "companies are injecting fluids containing unknown chemicals about which they may have limited understanding of the potential risks posed to human health and the environment". [62] Without knowing the identity of the proprietary components, regulators cannot test for their presence. This prevents government regulators from establishing baseline levels of the substances prior to hydraulic fracturing and documenting changes in these levels, thereby making it more difficult to prove that hydraulic fracturing is contaminating the environment with these substances. [120]
Another 2011 study identified 632 chemicals used in natural gas operations. Only 353 of these are well-described in the scientific literature. The study indicated possible long-term health effects that might not appear immediately. The study recommended full disclosure of all products used, along with extensive air and water monitoring near natural gas operations; it also recommended that hydraulic fracturing's exemption from regulation under the US Safe Drinking Water Act be rescinded. [121] Industry group Energy In Depth, a research arm of the Independent Petroleum Association of America, contends that fracking "was never granted an 'exemption' from it... How can something earn an exemption from a law that never covered or even conceived of it in the first place?” [122]
In April 2011, the Ground Water Protection Council launched FracFocus.org, an online voluntary disclosure database for hydraulic fracturing fluids. The site is funded by oil and gas trade groups and the U.S. Department of Energy. The site has been met with some skepticism [123] relating to proprietary information that is not included, although President Obama’s energy and climate adviser Heather Zichal has said of the database: “As an administration, we believe that FracFocus is an important tool that provides transparency to the American people.” [124] At least five states – including Colorado [125] and Texas – have mandated fluid disclosure [126] and incorporated FracFocus as the tool for disclosure. As of March 2013, FracFocus had more than 40,000 searchable well records on its site.
Flowback
As the fracturing fluid flows back through the well, it consists of spent fluids and may contain dissolved constituents such as minerals and brine waters . It may account for about 30–70% of the original fracture fluid volume.[ citation needed ] In addition, natural formation waters may flow to the well and need treatment or disposal. These fluids, commonly known as flowback, produced water , or wastewater, are managed by underground injection , wastewater treatment and discharge, or recycling to fracture future wells. [127] Hydraulic fracturing can concentrate levels of uranium, radium, radon, and thorium in flowback. [128] Treatment of produced waters may be feasible through either self-contained systems at well sites or fields or through municipal waste water treatment plants or commercial treatment facilities. [127] However, the quantity of waste water being treated, and the improper configuration of sewage plants to treat it, have become an issue in the northeast United States. Much of the wastewater from hydraulic fracturing operations in Pennsylvania is processed by public sewage treatment plants, which are not equipped to remove radioactive material and are not required to test for it. [129] [130] Another issue is the bromide in waste brine. The bromide combines with chlorine disinfectant and dissolved organic matter in water treatment plants to form trihalomethanes (THMs). [131] [132]
Interestingly, a recent study from Duke University found: “Contrary to current perceptions, Marcellus [Shale] wells produce significantly less wastewater per unit gas recovered (~35%) compared to conventional natural gas wells.” [133] Estimates of the amount of injected fluid returning to the surface vary. Some say approximately 15-20% of the injected fluid returns to the surface with the gas [134] and other that higher amounts return. [135] Some remains underground [134] and some may return to the surface through abandoned wells or other pathways. [136] Although not necessarily indicative of broader industry trends, several reports [137] [138] have also highlighted an industry-wide shift toward greater water recycling in the Marcellus Shale.
Methane
Groundwater methane contamination is also a concern as it has adverse impact on water quality and in extreme cases may lead to potential explosion. [139] [130] In 2006, over 7 million cubic feet (200,000 m3) of methane were released from a blown gas well in Clark, Wyoming and shallow groundwater was found to be contaminated. [140] However, methane contamination is not always caused by hydraulic fracturing. Drilling for ordinary drinking water wells can also cause methane release. Some studies make use of tests that can distinguish between the deep thermogenic methane released during gas/oil drilling, and the shallower biogenic methane that can be released during water-well drilling. While both forms of methane result from decomposition, thermogenic methane results from geothermal assistance deeper underground. [141] [142]
According to the 2011 study of the MIT Energy Initiative , "there is evidence of natural gas (methane) migration into freshwater zones in some areas, most likely as a result of substandard well completion practices i.e. poor quality cementing job or bad casing, by a few operators." [143] 2011 studies by the Colorado School of Public Health and Duke University also pointed to methane contamination stemming from hydraulic fracturing or its surrounding process. [139] [142] A study by Cabot Oil and Gas examined the Duke study using a larger sample size, found that methane concentrations were related to topography, with the highest readings found in low-lying areas, rather than related to distance from gas production areas. Using a more precise isotopic analysis, they showed that the methane found in the water wells came from both the Marcellus Shale (Middle Devonian) where hydraulic fracturing occurred, and from the shallower Upper Devonian formations. [141] A 2013 Duke study suggested that both defective cement seals in the upper part of wells and faulty steel linings within deeper layers may be allowing methane and injected fluid to seep into surface waters. [111] Abandoned gas and oil wells also provide conduits to the surface. [136]
In April 2013 the EPA dramatically lowered its estimate of how much methane gas is released to the atmosphere during the fracking process by 20 percent. [144]
Radioactivity
See also: Radionuclides associated with hydraulic fracturing
There are concerns about the levels of radioactivity in wastewater from hydraulic fracturing and its potential impact on public health. A Popular Mechanics article stated, however, that although shale does have a radioactive signature, testing conducted in Pennsylvania in 2009 found “no evidence of elevated radiation levels” in waterways. [145] The EPA called for more testing. [146] In 2009, Conrad Dan Volz, former Director of the Center for Health Environments and Communities at the University of Pittsburgh, said that radiation concerns are one of the least pressing issues. [145]
In 2011 The New York Times reported radium in wastewater from natural gas wells is released into Pennsylvania rivers, [130] [147] and has compiled a map of these wells and their wastewater contamination levels, [148] and stated that some EPA reports were never made public. [110] The Times' reporting on the issue has come under some criticism. [149] [150] Recycling this wastewater has been proposed as a partial solution, but this approach has limitations. [151] A 2012 study examining a number of hydraulic fracturing sites in Pennsylvania and Virginia by Pennsylvania State University , found that water that flows back from gas wells after hydraulic fracturing contains high levels of radium . [152] Solid waste such as drill clippings is also radioactive. In 2012 there were 1325 radiation alerts from all sources at dumps in Pennsylvania, up from 423 alerts in 2008. At least 1,000 of the 2012 alerts were set off by waste from gas and oil drilling hydraulic fracturing operations. [153]
Seismicity
Hydraulic fracturing routinely produces microseismic events much too small to be detected except by sensitive instruments. These microseismic events are often used to map the horizontal and vertical extent of the fracturing. [154] However, as of late 2012, there have been three instances of hydraulic fracturing, through induced seismicity , triggering quakes large enough to be felt by people: one each in the United States, Canada, and England. [155]
The injection of waste water from oil and gas operations, including from hydraulic fracturing, into saltwater disposal wells may cause bigger low-magnitude tremors , being registered up to 3.3 (Mw). [156]
Induced seismicity from hydraulic fracturing
The United States Geological Survey (USGS) has reported earthquakes induced by hydraulic fracturing, and by disposal of hydraulic fracturing flowback into waste disposal wells, in several locations. Bill Ellsworth, a geoscientist with the U.S. Geological Survey, has said, however: “We don’t see any connection between fracking and earthquakes of any concern to society.” [157] The National Research Council (part of the National Academy of Sciences) has also observed that hydraulic fracturing, when used in shale gas recovery, does not pose a serious risk of causing earthquakes that can be felt. [158]
A British Columbia Oil and Gas Commission investigation concluded that a series of 38 earthquakes (magnitudes ranging from 2.2 to 3.8 on the Richter scale ) occurring in the Horn River Basin area between 2009 and 2011 were caused by fluid injection during hydraulic fracturing in proximity to pre-existing faults. The tremors were small enough that only one of them was reported felt by people; there were no reports of injury or property damage. [159]
A report in the UK concluded that hydraulic fracturing was the likely cause of two small tremors (magnitudes 2.3 and 1.4 on the Richter scale ) that occurred during hydraulic fracturing of shale. [160] [161] [162]
Induced seimicity from water disposal wells
According to the USGS only a small fraction of roughly 40,000 waste fluid disposal wells for oil and gas operations in the United States have induced earthquakes that are large enough to be of concern to the public. [163] Although the magnitudes of these quakes has been small, the USGS says that there is no guarantee that larger quakes will not occur. [164] In addition, the frequency of the quakes has been increasing. In 2009, there were 50 earthquakes greater than magnitude 3.0 in the area spanning Alabama and Montana, and there were 87 quakes in 2010. In 2011 there were 134 earthquakes in the same area, a sixfold increase over 20th century levels. [165] There are also concerns that quakes may damage underground gas, oil, and water lines and wells that were not designed to withstand earthquakes. [164] [166]
Several earthquakes in 2011, including a 4.0 magnitude quake on New Year's Eve that hit Youngstown, Ohio , are likely linked to a disposal of hydraulic fracturing wastewater, according to seismologists at Columbia University . [167] A similar series of small earthquakes occurred in 2012 in Texas. Earthquakes are not common occurrences in either area. Disposal and injection wells are regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act and UIC laws. [168]
Health impacts
Concern has been expressed over the possible long and short term health effects of air and water contamination and radiation exposure by gas production. [128] [169] [170] A study on the effect of gas drilling, including hydraulic fracturing, published by the Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine , concluded that exposure to gas drilling operations was strongly implicated in serious health effects on humans and animals [171] although scientists have raised concerns about that particular report. [172] As of May 2012, the United States Institute of Medicine and United States National Research Council were preparing to review the potential human and environmental risks of hydraulic fracturing. [173] [174]
A 2012 study concluded that risk prevention efforts should be directed towards reducing air emission exposures for persons living and working near wells during well completions. [175] In the United States the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) released a hazard alert based on data collected by NIOSH that workers may be exposed to dust with high levels of respirable crystalline silica ( silica dioxide ) during hydraulic fracturing. [176] NIOSH notified company representatives of these findings and provided reports with recommendations to control exposure to crystalline silica and recommend that all hydraulic fracturing sites evaluate their operations to determine the potential for worker exposure to crystalline silica and implement controls as necessary to protect workers. [177]
According to the United States Department of Energy , hydraulic fracturing fluid is composed of approximately 95% water, 4.5% sand and 0.5% different chemicals. [49] These percentages are by weight, so hydraulically fracturing a well uses 4-7 million gallons of water (15000-27000 tons) and 80-140 tons of chemicals. There can be up to 65 chemicals and often include benzyne, glycol-ethers, toluene, ethanol and nonphenols. [178] Many chemicals used in fracking, such as 2-BE ethylene glycol, are carcenogenic. This chemical is listed under chronic oral RFD assessment, chronic inhalation RFC assessment, and carcinogenicity assessment records of the US environmental protection agency’s website. In a study done by the US Environmental Protection Agency, it found statistically significant effects observed in mice included forestomach ulcers and epithelial hyperplasia, hematopoietic cell proliferation and hemosiderin pigmentation in the spleen, Kupffer cell pigmentation in the livers, and bone marrow hyperplasia (in males only, suggesting tissue damage due to exposure above 125-250ppm. [179] The study also found statistically significant decreases in automated and manual hematocrit (Hct) values, hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations, and red blood cell (RBC) for both males and females at exposure of 250ppm and for female in the 125ppm exposure group. [179]
In a study done by Colborn and colleagues, they examined 353 out of 994 fracking chemicals identified by TEDX in hydraulic fracking operation. They found over 75% of the 353 chemicals affected the skin, eyes, and other sensory organs,52% affected the nervous system, 40% affected the immune system and kidney system, and 46% affected the cardiocascular system and blood. [180]
In a second study done by Colborn and colleagues, they examined the airborne chemicals due to the fracking process. The group categorized the human tissue types into 12 categories and found 35 chemicals affected the brain/nervous system, 33 the liver/ metabolism, and 30 the endocrine system, which includes reproductive and developmental effects. The categories with the next highest numbers of effects were the immune system (28), cardiovascular/blood (27), and the sensory and respiratory systems (25 each). Eight chemicals had health effects in all 12 categories. [181]
Airborne chemicals during the fracking process, such as benzene and benzene derivatives, naphthalene, methylene chloride, are either carcinogenic or suspected as a human carcinogen to the human body. [181] [182]
Although many of these chemicals are harmful, some of them are either non toxic or are non toxic at lower dosages. For example, Glutaraldehyde, although toxic to the body, is used as a common disinfectant and to sterilize medical and dental equipment. [183] Various acids and salts, such as citric acid, potassium chloride, and hydrochloric acid can be found in our food supply, water supply, and cleaning solutions. [183] Other chemicals such as Ammonium bisulfite, and N,n- dimethyl formamide, although more complex and less common, are found in cosmetic products [183]
Mitigation of health impacts
Innovation of techniques and equipment, a mainstay of the U.S. oil and gas industry, are improving both job efficiency and worker safety. Given greater public notoriety due to the 2012 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) hazard alert, oil & gas industry stakeholders have been working diligently to solve the silica dusting issue.[ citation needed ]
Improved safety practices, and improved equipment with dust mitigating features reduce risk to workers. One such example of safety by design is the PropMaster [184] ™ vertical silo.[ citation needed ]
The greatest point of dust emissions is during the loading of sand storage units through pneumatic conveyance. Secondarily, conveyor belt delivery of frac sand from storage to the blending unit is a cause of PM emissions. The PropMaster™ vertical design provides high vent capability mitigating silica dioxide emissions in the worker hot zone during the pneumatic conveyance process.[ citation needed ] This is crucial during "hot loading" when sand supply is replenished during the hydraulic fracturing job. To further mitigate silica dioxide emissions, the sand delivery process from storage to blending unit, has been reverse engineered. This process engineering has reduced the speed and number of conveyor belts necessary. As well, according to the NIOSH recommendation, frac sand fall distance has been reduced through gravity discharge and choke filling. In addition dust control units have been implemented to remove dust from the hot zone.[ citation needed ]
Public debate
Poster against fracking in Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain, October 2012
Politics and public policy
To control the hydraulic fracturing industry, some governments are developing legislation and some municipalities are developing local zoning limitations. [185] In 2011, France became the first nation to ban hydraulic fracturing. [7] [8] Some other countries have placed a temporary moratorium on the practice. [186] The US has the longest history with hydraulic fracturing, so its approach to hydraulic fracturing may be modeled by other countries. [80]
The considerable opposition against hydraulic fracturing activities in local townships has led companies to adopt a variety of public relations measures to assuage fears about hydraulic fracturing, including the admitted use of "military tactics to counter drilling opponents". At a conference where public relations measures were discussed, a senior executive at Anadarko Petroleum was recorded on tape saying, "Download the US Army / Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Manual, because we are dealing with an insurgency", while referring to hydraulic fracturing opponents. Matt Pitzarella, spokesman for Range Resources also told other conference attendees that Range employed psychological warfare operations veterans. According to Pitzarella, the experience learned in the Middle East has been valuable to Range Resources in Pennsylvania, when dealing with emotionally charged township meetings and advising townships on zoning and local ordinances dealing with hydraulic fracturing. [187] [188]
Police officers have recently been forced, however, to deal with intentionally disruptive and even potentially violent opposition to oil and gas development. In March 2013, ten people were arrested [189] during an “anti-fracking protest” near New Matamoras, Ohio, after they illegally entered a development zone and latched themselves to drilling equipment. In northwest Pennsylvania, there was a drive-by shooting at a well site, in which an individual shot two rounds of a small-caliber rifle in the direction of a drilling rig, just before shouting profanities at the site and fleeing the scene. [190] And in Washington County, Pa., a contractor working on a gas pipeline found a pipe bomb that had been placed where a pipeline was to be constructed, which local authorities said would have caused a “catastrophe” had they not discovered and detonated it. [191]
Media coverage
Josh Fox's 2010 Academy Award nominated film Gasland became a center of opposition to hydraulic fracturing of shale. The movie presented problems with ground water contamination near well sites in Pennsylvania, Wyoming, and Colorado. [192] Energy in Depth, an oil and gas industry lobbying group, called the film's facts into question. [193] In response, a rebuttal of Energy in Depth's claims of inaccuracy was posted on Gasland's website. [194] The Director of the Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission (COGCC) offered to be interviewed as part of the film if he could review what was included from the interview in the final film but Fox declined the offer. [195] Exxon Mobil , Chevron Corporation and ConocoPhillips aired advertisements during 2011 and 2012 that claim to describe the economic and environmental benefits of natural gas and argue hydraulic fracturing is safe. [196]
The film Promised Land , starring Matt Damon , takes on hydraulic fracturing. [197] The gas industry has made plans to counter the film's criticisms of hydraulic fracturing with informational flyers, and Twitter and Facebook posts. [196]
One New York Times report claimed that an early draft of a 2004 EPA study discussed "possible evidence" of aquifer contamination but the final report omitted that mention. [81] Some have criticized the narrowing of EPA studies, including the EPA study on hydraulic fracturing's impact on drinking water to be released in late 2014, [198] such that hydrocarbon extraction processes not unique to hydraulic fracturing, such as drilling, casing, and above ground impacts, are considered beyond scope. [82] [83] [199] [200] [201]
See also
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The architectural term colonnade refers to a series of what features?
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Glossary of Landscape Gardening and Architecture Terms
Home Page: Stowe Landscape Gardens
arcade
literally, a series of arches; in gardening, often a straight, tree-lined walkway, the trees forming the arched ceiling.
Arcadia
a picturesque plateau region in Greece, reputed to be the home of pastoral poetry and commemorated by pastoral poets as an ideal landscape of peace and contentment, peopled by philosopher-shepherds.
architrave
a term generally used for the molding around a door or window, and specifically used for the lowest level of the entablature , directly above the capital of a column .
baluster
one of a series of short vertical posts that support a rail and form a balustrade, often forming the roofline of a building as well as the border of a staircase or porch.
baroque
artistic style of the seventeenth century characterized in sculpture by passion, in architecture by grandeur and the use of curved structures, and in painting by voluptuous figures, huge landscapes, and dramatic subjects.
bastion
a projecting part of a rampart or other fortification; in landscape gardening, a bastion is a projecting section of the ha-ha .
belvedere
an architectural structure, such as a gazebo or a roofed open gallery, situated in a landscape so as to command a good view of the surrounding countryside; literally "beautiful view" in Latin.
cabinet
in gardening, a term that refers to a hedged enclosure at the end of a walk.
capital
a carved or molded decorative head to a column or pilaster , denoting one of the five architectural orders .
capriccio
a type of landscape painting that reflects the whim or caprice of the painter in placing particular works of architecture in an unusual setting, such as the Roman Colosseum in a pastoral landscape or St. Paul's Cathedral on the Grand Canal in Venice.
cascade
a fall of water arranged in a succession of stages, either informally over a rock formation or more formally over a series of steps; a rustic arch often projects above the cascade, especially if the water emerges from a hillside.
champain
an expanse of open, level countryside.
champ�tre
term in painting for the pastoral style in which nature seems left untouched by art.
clump
a cluster, usually of trees, planted for visual effect in a landscape garden in the picturesque style.
coffer
one of a series of recessed panels in a ceiling, usually done in plaster.
colonnade
a series of columns set at regular intervals, usually supporting the base of a roof structure.
column
a cylindrical, upright structural support in architecture, consisting of a base, shaft, and capital ; an engaged column is one half-embedded in the wall behind it.
cornice
the uppermost level of the entablature ; also the uppermost level of molding on an internal or external wall.
dentil
simple, projecting, tooth-like molding, representing the ends of roofing or ceiling beams, found on the cornices of buildings.
down
an undulating, treeless upland plain.
entablature
the uppermost part of a classical architectural order , a level of decoration situated above the capitals of a colonnade and consisting of the architrave , frieze , and cornice .
espalier
a series of fruit trees trained on a framework of lines and stakes to form a hedge.
exedra
an open or colonnaded recess, intended for conversation, often semi-circular, and furnished with seats or a long bench.
eyecatcher
a structure, often an artificial ruin, built on a distant rise to catch the attention of a viewer and carry his or her eye out of the surrounding garden into the wider countryside.
façade
any front of a building given architectural treatment.
festoon
a garland of leaves or ribbons suspended in a loop between two points; festoons are often painted or sculpted, the latter particularly in friezes of the Corinthian order .
f�te galante
a type of landscape painting made popular by Watteau that depicts outdoor gatherings (f�tes) of men and women, dressed in fashionable contemporary clothes and engaging in dance, flirtation, conversation, or music-making; the setting may involve architectural ruins.
flutes
rounded vertical grooves on a column or pilaster .
folly
a garden building built primarily for visual effect: to "fool" the eye.
frieze
the central level of the entablature , often decorated with classical motifs in carving or molding.
front
the architectural facing of a building, more decorative than structural.
glade
open, grassy area surrounded by woods.
gothic
general term for a style of architecture and ornament prevalent between the twelfth and sixteenth centuries, considered old-fashioned in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, characterized by pointed arches, ribbed vaulting, and flying buttresses, and by grotesque decorations; when it came back into fashion in the mid-1700s, it was celebrated as a symbol of British patriotism.
grand style
the style of painting, promoted by Reynolds as President of the Royal Academy, in which the figures and background are painted in highly formal and idealized ways; such paintings demonstrate the artist's elevated thought and dignified composition.
grotto
an underground passage, often decorated with crystals, bits of broken shells, and broken pieces of mirror, and involving running water in rills and pools; all of this is calculated to create a mysterious effect.
guglio
an obelisk -- that is, a tapering column of stone, square or rectangular rather than cylindrical, and topped by a pyramid -- often acting as a fountain.
ha-ha
a sunk fence; that is, a ditch with one sloping side and one vertical side into which is built a retaining wall; a ha-ha creates a barrier for sheep, cattle, and deer while allowing an unbroken view of the landscape.
herm
a statue of the head of a Greek god set on a square stone pillar.
hermitage
a garden building, often complete with a hired "hermit" to live there, calculated to raise an appreciation for contemplation in the context of nature.
heroic painting
painting in the grand style , depicting scenes from history, mythology, or scripture, and promoting the heroic qualities of courage, loyalty, justice, generosity, etc.
knot
a small, rectangular garden, developed in Tudor times, that consists of an intricate, geometric pattern, or knot, laid out in dwarf plants such as box or rosemary; sometimes the pattern takes the form of objects such as heraldic beasts.
loggia
a gallery or arcade that is roofed but open, along the front or side of a building, and often on an upper level.
manor
specifically, the district over which a lord had domain in medieval western Europe; in general, any landed estate.
neoclassicism
artistic style of the late eighteenth century, characterized by its regularity and uniformity and its close resemblance to the art of classical antiquity.
obelisk
an upright, four-sided, tapered pillar that terminates in a pyramid; it may be inscribed or plain, and it is often placed prominently in the center of a pool, at the crown of a hill, or at the end of a terrace walk.
orangery
a building, usually with large and numerous windows, built to house potted orange trees during the winter; the trees are moved outside during the warmer months.
order
one of the five classical architectural formulas consisting of base, column , and entablature : seen most easily in the capital of a column, the orders range from the plainest (Tuscan and Doric) to the scrolled Ionic, the leafy Corinthian, and the most elaborate Composite, a combination of the Ionic and Corinthian.
ornament
architectural or painterly decoration, as opposed to structural elements: urns, statuary, and friezes might ornament a building, while dress and jewelry might ornament a figure in a portrait.
parapet
a low protective wall or railing at the edge of a roof, walkway, or embankment.
parterre
a flower garden with beds and paths designed to form a pattern, the outdoor and botanical equivalent to an indoor Persian carpet; literally "on the ground" in French.
pastoral
a type of poetry or painting, on a lower level of formality and subject matter than the heroic, which has to do with the life of shepherds and shepherdesses, particularly during the golden age of classical times.
patte d'oie
three radiating garden avenues; named after a goose's foot.
pediment
the architectural structure above a window, door, or porch -- either triangular or segmental (an arc, or segment of a circle); an open pediment has the center of its top missing, and a broken pediment has the center of its base missing.
peristyle
literally, surrounded by columns ; a term for a temple or other structure enclosed in a colonnade .
piano nobile
the main floor of a building where the most important rooms would be located: literally "noble storey" in Italian.
picturesque
an artistic principle in both painting and gardening that emphasizes the rough and irregular, the surprising, the various, the commonplace, and the decaying or aged; picturesque gardening and painting were mutually influential.
pilaster
a rectangular column , including its base and capital , set into the face of a wall.
plinth
a block or slab upon which a column, pedestal, or statue is based; also the bottom course of stones supporting a wall -- the plinth course.
portico
literally, porch: an architectural design used widely by Palladio and his followers, which consists of a colonnade supporting a pedimented roof of varying depth.
quincunx
an arrangement of five objects, usually trees, with one at each corner of a rectangle and one at the center; this basic structural unit is often multiplied to create a larger pattern, and plantations of trees in this pattern may be identified by the same term.
quoin
one of a series of stones laid at the exterior corners and angles of a building and consisting of contrasting material to that of the wall.
rampart
a large defensive fortification consisting of an embankment and often topped by a parapet .
redoubt
a small defensive earthwork fortification, sometimes temporary, and sometimes used to reinforce a permanent rampart .
rococo
artistic style of the early eighteenth century characterized by energy, lightness, delicacy, playfulness, and self-conscious artificiality; it was replaced by a more stern neoclassicism .
rotunda
a circular, domed building or hall.
rustication
the roughened finish, naturally or artificially created, on blocks of stone or masonry, and the deep engraving of the joints between the blocks; rustication is often used on the facade of the ground floor of a Palladian building.
stylobate
the immediate foundation of a colonnade ; literally "column base" in Greek.
tetrastyle
an architectural unit consisting of four columns .
theatre
tiers or terraces in a hillside, resembling the concave formation of seats in a classical outdoor theatre.
tonsure
the shaping of evergreens by clipping.
topiary
a garden or shrubbery trimmed and shaped into geometric or animal forms.
topographical painting
a type of landscape painting that tends toward factual representation, particularly in views of royal and aristocratic residences and of prominent features of a particular countryside; this type of landscape stands in contrast to the more mythological, imaginary representations of nature in the landscapes of, for example, Claude Lorrain.
tufa
the calcareous (chalky, containing calcium carbonate) and siliceous (flinty, containing silica) deposits of springs, lakes, or ground water; also a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash: in architectural terms, tufa refers to a rough facing stone applied to buildings to give a rustic look.
Venetian window
also called a Palladian window or a serliana, this decorative window is characterized by a central arched opening, wider and taller than its flanking openings, which have flat entablatures ; these openings are usually flanked by decorative columns , and the center opening may sit above hinged panels which, when opened, create a Venetian door.
vista
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Columns (video game)
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The word porous literally refers to what characteristic in a substance?
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Statue _of_Liberty/curtain wall
centering - the wooden scaffolding that was set up so a true arch could be made.
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flat arch - An arch having a horizontal intrados with voussoirs radiating from the center. Also know as a “jack arch” or :straight arch"..
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French arch- A flat arch having voussoirs inclined to the same angle on each side of the center keystone.
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intrados - the inside curve or surface of an arch or vault.
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keystone - the central, topmost stone of an arch. It locks in the voussoirs before the centering scaffolding can be removed. (p. 22 in the window arches, .
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lancet arch - A Gothic or pointed arch.
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ogee arch - S-shaped double curve in Gothic architecture.
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round arch - (False arch) equal to half a circle. A semicircular arch without voissoirs. Keystones are sometimes used for decoration but has nothing to do with the structure of the arch.
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Roman arch (True Arch) - An arch made of voissoirs and a keystone
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segmental arch - a section of arch that equals the arc of less than a half circle
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soffit - underpart of an arch, architrave, or overhanging cornice.
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spandrel - space between an arched opening and the rectangle formed by the outer moldings above and to one side - often filled with painted decoration.
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fretwork spandrels - were made with intricate cutwork.
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Tudor arch - a triangular arch with soft curves at the bottom two corners.
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bargeboard/vergeboard - the extended boards from a gable end-often decorated in Victorian and Gothic architecture.
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bullseye - a small round decorative piece with a smaller circle inside of it resembling an eye.
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chevron - a zigzag molding (like an upside down V) in Norman architecture, Romanesque.
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crocket - ) A projecting decorative feature in Gothic architectur carved in a variety of leaf shapes. The decoration projects at regular intervals along the inclined side of a pinnacle ,gable or vergeboard.
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foil -”leaf” in Gothic architecture.
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gingerbread - a word to describe any kind of decoration on a home found in such places as the gables, vergeboards, porches, eaves, and around windows or doors. The decoration is generally created with a sawn scroll work technique. However, when the word “gingerbread” is used, it can also refer to homes that are distastefully and gaudily ornamented without much regard to the specific ornament used. It is a word I would use sparingly because of its negative connotations. (See sawn scroll work).
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mouchette - a teardrop-shaped Gothic tracery design.
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pendant - a decorative piece (made of masonry or turned wood) suspended from a roof or vergeboard: used especially in Gothic architecture
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quatrefoil - four-leafed Gothic design found in tracery.
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sawn scroll work- when the scroll saw was invented many decorative features for homes were made for vergeboards, brackets, tympanums. The term “gingerbread” often refers to this type of external architectural decoration.
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tracery - elaborate ornamental pattern-work in stone subdividing the upper part of a Gothic window.
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trefoil - three-leafed as in Gothic tracery design.
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acropolis - the high, fortified part of an ancient Greek city.
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apse - the semicircular end of a basilica, often has a statue within it.
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balloon frame - introduced in the 1830s, a system of framing a building in which wood studs extend in one piece from the top of the foundation sill-plate to the top roof plate; floor joists are nailed to the studs and are supported by horizontal boards. Fell out of style when it was noted that fires which broke out inside these buildings spread easily upwards through the walls.
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barrel vault - or tunnel vault; a series of pressed-together arches, they were heavy and had enormous thrust or pressure downward and outward, usually had heavy walls because of this.
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basilica - long halls serving a variety of civic purposed - beginning in Hellenistic Greece. They became standard in every Roman town for courts of law.
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battered chimney - a brick or masonry chimney with sides that are graduated so that its rectangular shape is wider at the bottom than the top.
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bungalow - A bungalow is modest in size and scale; is one or one-and-one-half stories high;-is low to the ground in appearance; has a rectangular or square shape; has deep roof overhangs and wide eaves; has a porch across the facade, in front, and/or on two or three sides; has an exterior typically composed of different materials; has natural wood related to the region or area; has colors and tones related to nature and the immediate environment; is affordable; is integrated with natural materials, colors and forms; is an example of art combined with form and function.
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buttress - a heave added vertical part of a Gothic or Romanesque cathedral that contains the outward pressure of the vaults. Eventually these were separated from the building itself yet still anchored to the vaults and were called flying buttresses.
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cantilever - a beam or other structure projecting from a wall and supporting an extension to a building, as on a cantilevered balcony or upper store.
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cast iron - a hard, brittle, nonmalleable iron-based alloy containing 2.0% to 4.5% carbon and 0.5% to 3% silicon, cast in a sand mold and machined to make many building products.
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cella - the main room of a temple - the narrow hall that ran the entire length of the temple.
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choir - Believed to be the most important part of the church in early Gothic cathedral architecture. It is the part between the nave and the main altar reserved for the choir and clergy.
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coffer - an ornamental sunken panel, especially in a ceiling. Used to save weight on domed ceilings in ancient architecture.
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coquina - A material used with early Spanish Colonial styled buildings. It is made of limestone made of shell aggregate the Spanish discovered in 1583.
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clerestory - the row of large windows in a church, basilica, or cathedral.
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column - A vertical, usually circular pillar, generally used as a support for a beam or other structure, such as an entablature.
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dome-on-drum construction - The Romans used this method to construct their domes. The dome section was placed on top of a round drum (like a low cut cylinder) section which often was placed over a square or rectangular section.
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engaged column - like the reed bundles and wooden supports that came before them that were set into mud-brick walls to strengthen them.
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facade - the front face or elevation of a building. (All buildings have a facade though some are decorated more than the rest of the building).
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furring walls - "Furring Out, " means setting off a new wall in front of one already built. This provides for dead air space the extra protection of the surface of the ":furred out" wall. The water proofing of the the builidng wall and the air space left between is a good guarantee against destruction due to moisture. Furred out panels can be emplyed by the fresco painter to great advantage giving her a practical and perfectly safe wall to work on if certain precautions are taken to ensure a stable and strong surface.
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groin vault - or square vault, made by intersecting two barrel vaults at right angles. The spaces created by this vault were called bay areas. (See barrel vault)
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Greek order columns - Doric (plain capital, fluted, with no base), Ionic (a capital with opposing spiraling volutes) and Corinthian (ornate capital with stylized acanthus leaves).
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incised - cut into, carved, engraved - used in Greek black figure art.
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limestone - An ancient building material often covered with a coat of stucco to provide a smooth surface and painted.
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lintel - a horizontal beam over an opening in a wall that carries the weight of the structure above.
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nave - upper walk of the center track of a church or basilica.
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newel cap and post - the end post of a balustrade, the cap is on the top of the newel; an ornamented post at the top, bottom, or landing of a stairway that supports the handrail.
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order - Greek temple architecture was divided into three orders (Doric, Ionic, Corinthian), then the Romans added three more (Composite, Roman Doric, Tuscan). Each order had its own set of proportions and ornamental requirements (most apparent in its column and entablature) that the architects had to adhere to.
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palazzo - an Italian palace, or any large extravagant building of a similar style.
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pier - solid masonry supports with no base or capital; Romanesque and Gothic pillars; the solid support between openings in buildings.
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prairie house – a house style associated predominantly with the early work of Frank Lloyd Wright, the design was influenced by the open prairie of mid-western American. The houses featured open plans with a low, horizontal emphasis.
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quonset - a half-cylinder on the ground that is covered with corrugated metal. The frame of the original 16 x 36 foot Quonset was curved steel T-ribs, its floor tongue-and-groove and its exterior galvanized. Subsequent design revisions included flat welded ribs 2 x 3 5/8 inch, lighter plywood flooring, and a less-visible olive-drab exterior. The standard size came to be 30 x 48 feet plus 4 foot overhangs on each end. Fuller produced more than 153,000 Quonsets for the Navy.In 1941 the United States Navy considered options for housing men and operations in far-flung stations. The George A. Fuller construction company, at its facility near Quonset Point, Rhode Island, produced the Quonset for the navy.
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Roman order columns - Composite (capital is half Corinthian and half Ionic), Roman Doric (similar to Greek Doric), and Tuscan (non-fluted, not decorated).
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saltbox - A type of wood-frame building, one-and-a-half or two stories in the front and one story in the rear. The double-pitched roof is short in the front and long in the rear, extending close to the ground.
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square-boxed column - a supporting column that is square. The capital and base are also square and unornamented. Can be found in Federal styled buildings. (See Ermatinger House in Oregon City).
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tabby wall – raised by setting two boards on edge. Into this frame was then poured limeshell mortar mixed with sand and oyster shells. When that section had set, the boards were raised a level and the process repeated. Used as a kind of cement to coat Spanish Colonial architecture. Early Spanish Colonial homes in St. Augustine, Florida, were built of coquina and then coated with tabby.
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thermae - Roman baths
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wrought iron - a tough, malleable, relatively soft iron that is readily forged and welded, having a fibrous structure containing approximately 0.2% carbon and a small amount of uniformly distributed slag.
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villa - A house in the country, often large and luxurious.
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ziggurats: platforms with the temple of the local god on them - shops, houses clustered around them. Found in Mesopotamia, built by the Sumerians.
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acanthus - a plant found on the shores of the Mediterranean and particularly admired by the Greeks and Romans for the elegance of its leaves. Found on many classical designs such as the Corinthian and Composite columns.
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acroterion - A classical ornament or crowning adorning a pediment usually at gable corners and crown, generally of monsters, sphinxes, griffins or gorgons, sometimes massive floral complexes.
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acroteria - plinths for statues or ornaments placed at the apex and ends of a pediment: also, more loosely, both the plints and what stands on them.
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amorino - ornament from the Renaissance; little Italian chubby naked cupids.
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anthemion - Greek ornament of alternating palmettes and lotus motifs or two types of palmettes (one open, one closed) usually found on a cornice or neck of Ionic capital; used a lot in the 1700s.
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antefixae - Ornamental blocks on the edge of a roof to conceal the ends of the tiles.
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arabesque - geometric intricate surface decoration; no human figures; has interlaced patterns.
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architrave - the lowest part of an entablature, or the molded frame around a door or window opening.
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Art Deco - popular in the 1920s-30s, decorative arts after the war, geometric, stylized, derived from Art Nouveau, bright colors, sunbursts, Egyptian motifs.
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Art Nouveau -popular in England in the 1880s. It was the name of a shop that opened in Paris in 1895 to sell objects of the modern style, a decorative arts design: flowing expressive lines, whiplash curves, flower and leaf motifs, female figures with long undulating hair, came from the Arts and Crafts movement in Britain. It was influenced by Japanese art, Rococo and Celtic art.
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Arts and Crafts - a movement protesting industrialization, infusing the crafts back into the world we see and live in.
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ball flower - three leaves embracing a ball; 14th century Gloucester English design; also called “bell flower”.
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baluster - It is a small column or a little, round, short pillar that is part of a balustrade. The word “baluster” comes from the Italian word blausto or balaustra meaning the flower of the pomegranate.
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balustrade - handrail supported by balusters; any of the small posts that support the upper rail of a railing, as in a staircase or porch rail .
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Baroque - started in Italy and Spain, a post-Renaissance style, popular in Europe in the 1600s - 1750s. It represented dynamism, movement. Baroque means “irregular, contorted, grotesque”. This was a time of theatre on a grander scale. Domes were big, facades were highly ornamented which found its total cartharsis in the Rococo Period which pushed the style to its most extreme.
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Bauhaus A style of architecture that reflected the push towards functionalism and industrial design. A German design school (1919-33) promoted this style of modernist architecture and design. It was closed by the Nazis in 1933. The New Bauhaus opened in Chicago in 1937.
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battlements - slotted or alternating solid and open parapet that originally appeared on castles and other ancient fortified buildings.
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Beaux Arts - The American Renaissance period which ran from 1885 to the 1920s that encompassed Italian Renaissance and Neoclassical revival styles. Ornament and facades were featured in limestone, buff-colored or yellow brick, and accented with enormous cartouches and sculptural ornamental works.
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belt-course - a horizontal “belt” formed by a projecting course (or courses) in a masonry wall for decorative purposes.
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bracket - a small projection, usually decorated, that supports or appears to support a projecting eaves or lintel.
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Brutalism This style began in England in 1954 coined to characterize the style of Le Corbusier and others who were inspired by such buildings. Brutalism nearly always used concrete exposed at it roughest and handled with overemphais on big chunky member which collide ruthlessly. The old Oregon Historical Society Building on the park blocks in Portland, Oregon is an example of Brutalist architecture.
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capital - The head or top of a column or pilaster.
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cartouche- an oval tablet with an elaborate scroll-carved frame, used as ornamentation for building moldings, borders, panels, etc.
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caryatid - sculptured female figure used as a column to support an entablature.
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corbel - a block of stone, elaborately carved, projecting from a wall and sometimes supporting a load like the beams of a roof, floor or vault, or sometimes used for decorative effect only. Also: a projecting block supporting a beam or other
orizontal element. A vault or arch can be constructed from a series of corbels each projecting from the one below it.
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cornice - the upper element of an entablature, molded and projecting, or any continuous molded and projecting cap to a wall or window or door opening. (p. 16 - along the roof top and around the gable ends making the gables into pediments, p. 20 roof line porch, and bay window roof lines, p. 22 - along bay window and building’s roof lines, p. 24 - along all roof lines of first and second floors, p.26. “belt cornice” under clock, p. 28, p. 32, p.34, p. 38 - “belt cornices” and along roof lines.
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dentils - Greek classical feature of a row of small rectangular shapes placed closely together beneath the cornice. Teeth-like in appearance.
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A dog-tooth or "dogtooth pattern", in architecture, is an ornament found in the moldings of medieval work of the commencement of the 12th century, which is thought to have been introduced by the Crusaders from the East. The earliest example is found in the hall at Rabbath Ammon in Moab (c. 614) built by the Sassanians, where it decorates the arch molding of the blind arcades and the string courses. The pattern consists of four flower petals forming a square or diamond shape with a central element. The petals have the form of the pointed conical canine tooth, eye tooth or cuspid.
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egg n’ dart - (also leaf and dart, also alpha and omega - beginning and end) Classical ornamental design that forms a course of alternating oval shapes and arrows.
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entablature - a feature that is part of an Order of classical Greek architecture. The entablature is above the capital of the column and encompasses the architrave that simulates the beam across the columns or posts, the frieze, an area left plain or highly sculpted or decorated, and the cornice, the projected border for the roof line. (all the buildings with columns have an entablature though none are ornate except the Hollywood on
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entasis - slight convex curve applied to columns in Classical architecture to counter the illusion that would otherwise occur of the columns being slightly concave.
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exedrae - A portico or open room with seats in ancient Greece. Renaissance architect, Brunelleschi added this to cathedral architecture.
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festoon - A carved ornament in the form of a garland of fruit and flowers, tied with ribbons and suspended at both ends in a loop; commonly used on a frieze or panel also called a swag. (p. 42 on the right and left sides just above the marquee).
fleur-de-lis - French lily flower; heraldic flower with three petals forming a stylized lily.
fluted - curved indentations that run up and down along a column’s shaft.
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fresco - A technique of painting in which paint, generally watercolors, is applied on fresh wet stucco or plaster, with the colors being absorbed into the surface.
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fret work/key/meander - Greek repeated rectangular pattern design only using straight lines throughout.
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frieze - the middle division of an entablature, below the cornice (all buildings with an entablature and columns have a frieze though most are not ornate as they were in ancient times
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Gothic Revival - This style is the opening act for the Victorian Age. It is a reflection of the Picturesque movement (an aesthetic point of view celebrating the variety, texture, and irregularity inherent in nature) that began in Europe. Gothic Revival buildings often had vaulted ceilings, battlements, lancet-arched windows and doorways, and tracery (shapes found on vergeboards and windows that look like cutouts in stone.) Gothic Revival elements are based on architectural ideas from the Middle Ages. Gothic Revival was popular in the 1830s and 40s. English architecture, Augustus Pugin, was the innovative architect of the Gothic Revival style of architecture. Gothic Revival buildings a featured pointed or lancet doorways and windows, spire, and vertical features.
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Greek Revival - a phase of Neoclassicism that spread the idea of “noble simplicity and calm grandeur."
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guilloche -
impasto - a thick rough application of paint
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intonaco - is the old Italian name applied to the last mortar layer upon which a fresco painting is made. The kind of surface finishing the intonaco should have is a matter of personal taste and often involves the use particular types of plastering materials and troweling techniques such as
a marble dust intonaco - a dry marble dust is sifted through a 34 mesh or finer sift and then is miexed with 5 parts lime and 7 parts marble dust, or a sand intonaco - which is made up from finely sifted banksand (about 7 parts to 5 parts of lime.
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Italian Renaissance - popular in 1800s-1920s. This is a revival architecture directly inspired by the great Renaissance houses of Italy. Many of these design features were copied from actual Renaissance landmarks of Roman, Florentine, and Venetian pillazzis and villas, and then translated into American palaces primarily in our cities.
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loggia - passage or gallery colonaded on 1 or 2 sides.
meander -a running ornament consisting of an intricate variety of Greek fretwork.
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modillion - Greek classical feature of large rectangular shapes closely placed beneath the cornice, that are similar to a bracket in use, although modillions are purely ornamental as they formalize the look of beams protruding from beneath the roof of a early wood-framed building. (p. 26-under the circular roof, p.38 - under first roof cornice, p. 40 - under roof cornice).
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Neoclassical - This was a time of classical revival in Europe during 1700s through the 1800s.
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oxbow - a large rounded design usually found inside porch posts made of one piece of wood that is placed on a mold and steamed into shape.
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Palladian Revival - 1720s. Palladio influenced a classical revival that encompassed the ideals of, simple, geometric forms. It was the opposite of Baroque pomposity. Palladianism launched by Lord Burlington in England spread to the American colonies and became known as Georgian style after King Georges.
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pergola - covered walk in a garden.
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phialai - a Greek shallow bowl with small raised centers (navels-mesomphalic) beneath which the fingers would fit. The shape was Eastern, where handleless round-bottomed cups were preferred to Greek shapes. In Greece they were commonly used in pouring libations.
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pieta - during a time when emotional appeal and realism was important in religious sculpture, the pieta (which means “pity”) was designed to serve private devotion. It became a contemplation image.
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pilaster - a rectangular column projecting slightly from a wall. In classical architecture it conforms with the order used.
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plinth - The square that comes below the base of a column.
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Renaissance - a period in history that was the first to become aware of its own existence and coin a label on itself. People knew they were no longer in the Middle Ages and had reached a time of rebirth of individualism, humanism, of intellectual activity, revivals of ancient architectural styles. The goal was not to duplicate but to equal the great works for antiquity by studying Classical architecture.
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Rococo - Late Baroque era - buildings were whimsical, playful, full of fantasy, and more lighthearted that the typical Baroque buildings.
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Romanesque - a pre-Gothic (pre-1200s) medieval architectural style with links with the Mediterranean tradition. Round arches were used, and buildings were solid and heavy like buildings in ancient Rome, hence the name.
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Romanticism - Part of the Enlightenment; the age of reason and the common good. It was more an attitude of mind than a style of art and architecture. All revival styles fall into the Romantic Picturesque ideal.
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scroll brackets - brackets in the shape of scrolls.
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spool-and-spindle - Eastlake ornament of turned wood, shaped like wooden spools (rimmed cylinders) and spindles (rounded tapering sticks).
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sunburst - an Eastlake decorative element shaped like a sun with radiating rays; often only a semi or quarter circle of the motif is used.
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swag - a decoration resembling a garland of fruit, flower, or leaves draped between two points;a festoon. (See festoon).
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triglyph - In the frieze of a Doric entablature, a rectangular block that has three vertical strips formed by two grooves.
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trumeau - a center post supporting the lintel that spans the width of an arch in a Romanesque portal ensemble.
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Tudor Age - This time period includes the styles called Tudor (a style developed during the reign of Henry VIII in the 1500s), Elizabethan, Jacobean, and Jacobethan (styles developed during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I and King James I of England during the 1500s and 1600s). These buildings were derived from English Renaissance buildings of the 16th and 17th centuries. The Jacobethan style refers to the mixture of Jacobean and Elizabethan styles.
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urn - large ornamental bulbous containers often containing floral arrangements that became a decorative end piece on roofs and newel posts in classical Greek architecture.
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Victorian - This style represents a break with the classical restrictions of proportion and order. The Victorian era was a time of “free expression” in architecture. On Victorian buildings you often see a loose interpretive style of Italian Renaissance design that is sometimes called “free classical”. Buildings were highly detailed and were built during the reign of Queen Victoria of England, hence the name “Victorian”).
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volute - A spiral scroll-like ornament commonly found on Ionic, Composite or Corinthian columns.
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cresting - A decorative fence-like ornament on the ridge of a roof.
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cupola – a small dome, a rounded roof on a circular or polygonal base crowning a roof or turret. Also, a small, often squarish tower on a roof.
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dome – a convex covering over a circular, square, or polygonal space. Domes may be hemispherical, semi-elliptical, pointed or onion-shaped. Also, a large rounded roof or ceiling on a circular or many-sided base, cupola.
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finial - formal ornament at the top of a newel or gable.
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gambrel roof - a double-sloped roof, characteristic of Dutch Colonial architecture.
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hipped roof - a roof which slopes upward on all four sides.
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imbrication - a pattern or design resembling the regular overlapping of tiles or shingles.
jerkin head roof/clipped gable - a gable roof, truncated or clipped at the apex.
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lantern - An upright structure on a roof or dome for letting in light and air or for decoration
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mansard roof - a roof having two slopes on each of its four sides; the lower slope is steeper than the upper. Mansard roofs have dormers in them so that a usable third floor is created as opposed to an attic.
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parapet - a low wall used as protection in any location where there is a drop like at the edge of a roof, balcony or terrac.
rafter An inclined timber which forms the side of a roof, to which the roof covering is attached.
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board and batten - a form of wood siding for exterior walls, consisting of long vertical boards and thin strips, or battens, which extend over adjacent boards or joints (the spaces between adjacent surfaces).
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brick work - “Stretchers” are full-sized bricks, “headers” are half-sized bricks, and a “course” is a single horizontal line of bricks. A “bond” is any of a variety of arrangements of bricks having a regular, recognizable, usually overlapping (or staggered) pattern to increase the strength and enhance the appearance of the construction.
There are many kinds of bonds in brickwork. To see these and learn more about masonry and brickwork, I suggest taking a look at architectural manuals and masonry manuals in the library, at book stores or on line, which will illustrate and explain brick design work.
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clapboard - horizontal or vertical siding that overlaps.
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coping - When used to describe architectural features “coping” refers to the top layer of a brick or stone wall. It is usually built with a slope to shed water.
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curtain wall - a protective wall around a castle.
A star-shaped curtain wall has six angles projections or alients where the soldiers fight enemies.
One example is Braemar Castle in Scotland.
Currently a curtain wall is the outer covering of a building in which the outer walls are non-structural, but merely keep out the weather. As the curtain wall is non-structural it can be made of a lightweight material reducing construction costs. When glass is used as the curtain wall, a great advantage is that natural light can penetrate deeper within the building. The curtain wall fa�ade does not carry any dead load weight from the building other than its own dead load weight. The wall transfers horizontal wind loads that are incident upon it to the main building structure through connections at floors or columns of the building. A curtain wall is designed to resist air and water infiltration, sway induced by wind and seismic forces acting on the building, and its own dead load weight forces.
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Another famous star curtain wall is around the Statue of Liberty in the USA.
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diamond shingles - ornamental shingles that when overlapped form diamonds.(p. 32 - on the towers, p. 33 - shingle work above the star, comet and man on the moon).
.
diaper pattern - all-over surface decoration of a small repeated pattern such as squares or lozenges.
.
dog tooth - a small square decoration that slopes to a point in the middle of the square.
.
Eastlake - a style of ornamentation using numerously variegated Victorian designs including stick work, spindles and knobs, brackets, sawn scroll work, “free classical” detailing, Gothic additions, finials, roof cresting, towers and cupolas, oxbow, any number of scalloped styled siding.
,
facade - the front elevation of a building.
,
free classical - classical ornamental forms that are not constricted to Classical proportions but are used freely.
,
gable - The portion above eaves level of an end wall of a building with a pitched roof. The gable is triangular in form. Sometimes it refers to the entire end wall.
,
half-timbering - in late medieval architecture, a type of construction in which the heavy timber framework is exposed, and the spaces between the studs filled with wattle-and-daub, plaster or brickwork. The effect of half-timbering was imitated by
the Stick, Queen Anne, Tudor and Jacobethan styles-architectural styles fashionable in the 19th-20th C
,
herringbone - a decorative pattern of stone, brick or tile that looks like the spine of a herring with the ribs extended from opposite sides in rows of parallel, slanting lines.
,
panel - any flat, rigid support prepared with a ground for painting on, can be recessed or protruding/
,
quoin - cornerstone of a building, rising the entire height of the wall, and distinguished from the main construction material by size, texture, or conspicuous joining. In masonry construction, they reinforce the corners,; in wood construction, they do not bear any load, are made of wood and imitate the effect of stone or brick.
.
rustication - masonry characterized by smooth or roughly textures block faces, and strongly emphasized recessed joint.
.
sawtooth shingles - shingles in the triangular shapes of teeth in a horizontal row.
.
scalloped, fish scale, or circle siding - siding shaped like the round overlapping scales of a fish. The siding may be rounded or segmentally-shaped.
.
shiplag siding/tongue and groove - siding that fits together and doesn’t overlap like clapboard.
.
stick work - the decorative stick-like pieces of wood placed in diagonal, vertical, and horizontal patterns of the outside of a wood-frame building; usually found in gable ends and around windows.
.
stucco - An exterior wall covering consisting of a mixture of cement, sand, lime, and water or of cement, sand, and hair.
.
terra cotta - A red-brown fired, but unglazed clay used for roof tiles and decorative wall covering. Glazed terra cotta was frequently used for exterior decoration on buildings of the early 20th century.
.
tympanum - the area within a pediment, often decorated with scroll sawn ornaments, scalloped siding or sculpted figures as in Greek and Roman buildings.
belvedere – A tower or turret built for the purpose of giving a view.
.
.
cupola - houseo n top - a small dome-like structure on top of a roof or tower.
tower - a building or structure, usually round or square in plan and characteristically taller than its diameter.
Windows
.
bay window - a projecting bay with windows that forms an extension to the interior floor space. On the outside, the bay should extend to ground level, in contrast to an oriel window which doesn’t touch the ground.
.
broken pediment - a pediment over a a door, window or on a gable that is incomplete in the center of the bottom part of the triangle.
.
dormer - A structure containing a vertical window(or windows)that projects through a pitched roof and has a roof of its
own.
.
casement A window frame that opens on vertical hinges. A casement window contains two such vertical-hinged windows, separated by a mullion
.
eyebrow dormer - a dormer that has a bell curve shape on top and a straight horizontal bottom. It looks a lot like an eyebrow, hence the name.
.
fanlights-a window, often semicircular, over a door, with radiating muntins suggesting a fan.
.
lancet window - a Gothic pointed window.
.
louvered - a window shutter or door fitted with slanting fixed or movable slats to admit air, but exclude rain, snow, or to provide privacy.
.
mullion - A vertical bar on a window or door that divides and supports the panes or panels.
.
muntin - A thin strip of wood or metal that holds the panes within a window.
.
oculus - round window.
.
oriel window - a bay window that projects from the building above ground level. In medieval architecture, a bay window is corbeled out from the wall of an upper story.
.
Paladian window - a window divide into three parts: a large, arched central window, flanked by two smaller rectangular windows. It is sometimes called Venetian window.
.
pediment - a low triangular gable in classical architecture, surrounded by a cornice.
.
sidelights - a framed window on either side of a door or window.
.
transom-horizontal glazed opening above a door or window.
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In the longstanding Samsung logo which letter has a missing major part?
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Ford Motor Company: Company Information | Ford.com
Shop Here
Strong Business
Great vehicles are great for drivers everywhere, and that’s the foundation of our business’s strength. To meet demand, Ford is in the midst of its most ambitious manufacturing expansion in 50 years. We’re increasing capacity in the United States and adding plants around the world.
We’re growing without sacrificing profits. In the past year, we’ve continued to fund our employee pension plans worldwide, delivered record profit-sharing contributions to our U.S. hourly employees and doubled our shareholder dividend.
Learn more about our business:
2015 Annual Report
Investors
Better World
Our work doesn’t stop with our products and our bottom line. An integral part of the Ford team’s DNA is ‘people serving people.’ That’s why our global brand promise is called Go Further – we go further so you can.
We’re helping to solve global challenges linked to economic development, energy security and environmental sustainability. In 2013, for example, Ford globally reduced the amount of water it used to produce each vehicle by 30 percent compared to a 2009 baseline, reaching its goal two years ahead of schedule. Plans are under way to set new long-term goals.
Community service is an important part of Ford’s heritage and always has been. The Ford Volunteer Corps celebrated its 10th anniversary in 2015. Ford Motor Company Fund and Community Services has donated more than $1.5 billion in its 65-year history.
Within our Sustainability report, our Blueprint for Mobility envisions the future of transportation, in which vehicles communicate with each other and the world around them to make driving safer, easier and more efficient. Our Blueprint for Sustainability goes beyond improved fuel economy and reduced CO2 emissions to define sustainability as a business model that creates value by preserving and enhancing environmental, social and financial capital.
Learn more about our efforts:
Community
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A
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Built 1723-25, the famous Spanish Steps are in which capital city?
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15 Famous Logos And Their Hidden Meanings. I Had No Idea About #4.
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15 Famous Logos And Their Hidden Meanings. I Had No Idea About #4.
Have you ever looked at logos and wondered what their meanings were or what inspired the designer? Here are 15 logos that you see almost every day and what they represent.
#1. Toyota
The three ellipses seen in the logo for Toyota represent three hearts: the heart of the customer, the heart of the product, and the heart of progress in the field of technology
Car Type
#2. McDonald’s
Yes, the “M” for McDonald’s and there really isn’t another meaning. In the 60’s, McDonald’s wanted to change the logo but their design consultant and psychologist Louis Cheskin insisted that they left the golden arches. According to BBC , he said customers will unconsciously recognize the logo as “symbolism of a pair of nourishing breasts.” Whether this is true or not, their logo is one of the most recognizable in the world.
Picture or Photo
#3. Mobil
The importance of this logo is in its colors. The red is said to represent strength and the blue represents faithfulness and security that the company provides.
Brand Profiles
#4. Pepsi
Pepsi’s old logo is the one on the left. The new logo on the right cost Pepsi $1 million. They hired Arnell Associates to come up with it. As a result, Pepsi had to spend millions more to rebrand everything. Then Arnell’s 27 page document was leaked and it was entitled, “Breathtaking Design Strategy.” It proposes that the new logo is some sort of Da Vinci Code. The logo draws on Feng Shui, the Renaissance, the earth’s Geodynamo, the theory of relativity, and much more. For more info on this, read the Gawker’s article .
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i don't know
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Canon law is rules/regulations according to the authority of the?
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JCD Dissertation - School of Canon Law
School of Canon Law
P = Printed Book; M = Microfilm; N = Not published
Sequential:
578
Condon, Edward
"Heresy by Association: The Canonical Prohibition of Freemasonry in History and in the Current Law" 2014
577
Zielonka, Dariusz J.
"The Influence of the Second Vatican Council on the Function of Papal Legates. Comparative Analysis of the 1917 and 1983 Codes of Canon Law and Selected Special Faculties" 2013
576
Farcas, Benone
"The Canonical Form of Marriage in Latin Law and in Oriental Law: A Comparative Study with References to the Application of Catholic-Byzantine Law to Selected Pastoral Concerns in Eastern Europe" 2010
575
McEachern O’Brien, Jaclyn
"Diplomatic Activity in Service of Papal Teaching: The Promotion of Religious Freedom in Relations with Selected Islamic States During the Pontificate of John Paul II " 2010
574
Beaudet, Christopher J. L.
"The Promotion of Doctrine by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith in Light of Pastor bonus and Canon 754" 2010
573
"The Obligation of Perfect and Perpetual Continence and Married Deacons in the Latin Church" 2010
572
Rosen, Cyprian R.
"Fostering the Patrimony of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin: a Study in the Mutual Responsibility of the Order and the Apostolic See" 2009
571
Ayala Partida, Rogelio
"Accountability in the Exercise of Diocesan Pastoral Care: The Functioning and Monitoring of Selected Ecclesiastical Offices" 2009
570
Kolondra, Grazyna
"Right to Fair Proceedings in the Judicial Penal Process in Light of the Norms on the Ordinary Contentious Trial" 2009
569
Giurgi, Eduard
"The Impact of Dolus on the Legal Acts in the 1983 Code of Canon Law" 2009
568
Sheridan, Sean
"Ex Corde Ecclesiae: A Canonical Commentary on Catholic Universities “From the Heart of the Church” to Catholic Universities" 2009
567
Condon, Thomas M.
"The Sanctifying Function of the Diocesan Bishop Especially in Relationship with Pastors: A Canonical Analysis of Liturgical Developments with Special Reference to the Eucharist" 2009
566
Staab, Jeffrey M.
"The Obligation of Clerics to Acknowledge and Foster the Mission of Lay Persons in Selected Institutes of Collaboration" 2008
565
Foster, John J. M.
"The Nature and Use of the Recognitio of the Apostolic See with a Consideration of Select "
564
Akpoghiran, Peter O.
"The Role and Evaluation of Witness Testimony in Marriage Nullity Trials in the 1983 Code of Canon Law and the 2005 Instruction Dignitas connubii" 2007
563
Skrocki, Michael K.
"Historical Roots of the Extraordinary Form of Marriage in the 1990 Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium as Found in the Imperial Legislation of Justinian, Constantine V and Leo VI" (M) 2006
562
Cronkleton, Thomas E.
"A Comparative Study of the Juridic Personality of a Roman Catholic Parish in Canon Law and the Laws of the State of Wyoming" (M) 2004
561
"Benedictine Monasticism and the Canonical Obligation of Common Life" (M) 2004
560
"The Spiritual and Juridical Bonds in the Order of Preachers: A Canonical Study" (M) 2004
559
"Developing Criteria of Ecclesiality for Associations of the Faithful" (M) 2002
558
Stuart, George E.
"The Meaning of Sacred Status in the 1917 and 1983 Codes of Canon Law" (M) 2001
557
Purcell, Thomas F.
"The Training of Members of Religious Institutes for Ordained Ministry According to the Current Law of the Church" (M) 2002
556
"The Right of Defense in Administrative Procedures: A Comparative and Analogical Study" (M) 1999
555
Jenkins, Ronny E.
"Recent Rotal Jurisprudence on Simulation “Contra Bonum Sacramenti” by an Implicit Act of the Will; (M)" 1999
554
Horn, Francis J.
"The Role of the Lay Brother in the Governance of the Order of Saint Augustine" (M) 1998
553
Jung, Jerome L.
"Transactions Which May Worsen the Patrimonial Condition of a Public Juridic Person in the United States: A Study of Canon 1295" (M) 1998
552
Zwifka, David Alan
"Regulation of the Rights of Individuals for the Common Good: An Analysis of Canon 223 §2 in Light of American Constitutional Law as Articulated in the Opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States" (M) 1997
551
"The Diocesan Chancellor in Canon Law and in Praxis in United States Archdioceses" (M) 1997
550
"Written Agreements Between Bishops and Religious for Entrusted Diocesan Works" (M) 1996
549
Whitt, Dwight Reginald
"The Personal Particular Church From the Antepreparatory Stage of the Second Vatican Council to Canon 372 §2 in the 1983 Code of Canon Law and its Application to American Roman Catholics of African Ancestry" (M) 1996
548
Armstrong, Christopher R.
"A Critical Appraisal of Latae Sententiae Penalties in the 1983 Code of Canon Law" (M) 1996
547
"The Diocesan Bishop's Solicitude for the Intellectual Life of Diocesan Priests" (M) 1996
546
"The ""Summa De multiplici iuris divisione"": An Introduction and Critical Text" (M) 1996
545
Foster, Michael Smith
"The Promotion of the Canonical Rights of Children in Situations of Divorce and Remarriage" (M) 1994
544
"A Canonical Commentary on Selected Personnel Policies in the United States of America Regarding"
543
Pfnausch, Edward G.
"The Relationship between Ministry and Holiness in the Life of the Diocesan Priest: An Interpretation of Canon 276, §2, 1° of the 1983 code of canon law" (M) 1994
542
Shea, Patrick T.
"A Study of the Canonical Status of an Exclaustrated Member of a Religious Institute in the Light of Civil Law Considerations in the United States of America" (M) 1993
541
"A Canonical Analysis of the Meaning of Humano Modo in Canon 1061, §1" (M) 1993
540
Bartchak, Mark L.
"Responsibility for Providing Spiritual Formation in Diocesan Seminaries According to the 1983 Code of Canon Law, With Special Reference to the United States" (M) 1992
539
Joyce, Michael P.
"The Ministry of the Priest in the Exercise of the Munus Sanctificandi as it Pertains to the Eucharist" (M) 1992
538
"The Vicar Forane: An Historico Canonical Study" (M) 1991
537
"Penal Procedural Law in the 1983 Code of Canon Law" (M) 1991
536
O'Connell, David M.
"An Analysis of Canon 810 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law and Its Application to Catholic Universities and Institutes of Higher Studies in the United States" (M) 1990
535
Bowers, Ronald J.
"Episcopal Power of Governance in the Diocesan Church: From the 1917 Code of Canon Law to the Present" (M) 1990
534
Lusena, Michael
"The Application of Selected Capita of Canonical Jurisprudence to the Practice of ""Proposed Marriages"" in Sri Lanka; (M)" 1990
533
Schneider, Francis J.
"Obedience to the Bishop by the Diocesan Priest in the 1983 Code of Canon Law" (M) 1990
532
Hayes, Eugene J.
"Rightful Autonomy of Life and Charism in the Proper Law of the Norbertine Order" (M) 1990
531
"The Practice of the Evangelical Counsels in Secular Institutes" (M) 1989
530
"Authority of Ministers Provincial in the Order of Friars Minor Before 1518" (M) 1989
529
Ryan, Richard J.
"The Canonical Status of Marriages Attempted Before Civil Authorities: A Historical Analysis from the Council of Trent to the 1983 Code" (M) 1989
528
Cox, Craig A.
"Procedural Changes in Formal Marriage Nullity Cases from the 1917 to the 1983 Code: Analysis, Critique and Possible Alternatives" (M) 1989
527
"Customary Law in the Corpus Iuris Canonici" (M) 1989
526
Euart, Sharon A.
"Church State Implications in the United States of Canon 812 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law" (M) 1988
525
Cusack, Barbara Anne
"A Study of the Relationship Between the Diocesan Bishop and Catholic Schools Below the Level of Higher Education in the U.S.: Canons 801 806 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law" (M) 1988
524
Moran, Thomas A.
"The Applicability of Canon 1095, 3? to Post Traumatic Stress Disorders in Vietnam Veterans" (M) 1988
523
Blyskal, Lucy M.
"The Ordinary Ecclesiastical Magisterium from the Antepreparatory Documents of Vatican Council II to Canons 752 and 753 of the 1983 Code" (M) 1987
522
Breitenbeck, Marie
"The Role of Experts in Ecclesial Decision Making in the 1983 Code of Canon Law; (M)" 1987
521
Lahey, John Francis
"Faithful Fulfillment of the Pious Will: A Fundamental Principle of Church Law as Found in the 1983 Code of Canon Law; (M)" 1988
520
"The Diocesan Bishop and the Munus Sanctificandi: A Study of Its Legal Development; (M)" 1987
519
Rinere, Elissa A.
"The Term ""Ministry"" as Applied to the Laity in the Documents of Vatican II, Post Conciliar Documents of the Apostolic See, and the 1983 Code of Canon Law; (M)" 1986
518
"The Synod of Bishops: An Analysis of its Legal Development; (M)" 1986
517
Koury, Joseph J.
"Three Sixteenth Century Constitutions on the Dissolution of Marriage: A Study on Lawmaking and the Uses of Law; (M)" 1985
516
Amos, John R.
"Associations of the Christian Faithful in the 1983 Code of Canon Law: A Canonical Analysis and Evaluation; (M)" 1986
515
Beal, John P.
"Confining and Structuring the Exercise of Administrative Discretion in the Particular Church: A Study of the Adaptability of Certain Principles of American Administrative Law to the Exercise of Administrative Discretion by Diocesan Bishop; (M)" 1995
514
"Small Christian Communities in Eastern Africa with Particular Reference to Tanzania: Canonical Implications; (M)" 1985
513
Jarrell, Lynn
"The Development of Legal Structures for Women Religious Between 1500 and 1900: A Study of Selected Institutes of Religious Life for Women; (M)" 1985
512
Smith, Rosemary
"Lay Persons and the Munus Sanctificandi: Legal Development from the Second Vatican Council to the Revised Code of Canon Law; (M)" 1984
511
Balhoff, Michael J.
"The Legal Interrelatedness of the Sacraments of Initiation: New Canonical Developments in the Latin Rite from Vatican Council II to 1982; (M)" 1984
510
Donlon, James I.
"The Human Rights of Priests to Equitable Sustenance and to Mobility: An Evaluation of Canon Law from the Codex Iuris Canonici to the Proposed Revision of the Code of Canon Law; (M)" 1984
509
Sachs, Leslie R.
"Thomas Cranmer's Reformatio Legum Ecclesiasticarum in the Context of English Church Law from the Middle Ages to the Canons of 1603; (M)" 1982
508
Pivonka, Leonard D.
"The Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity: A Study of a Catholic Response to the Modern Ecumenical Movement; (M)" 1982
507
"Epilepsy and Holy Orders in the Canonical Practice of the Western Church; (M)" 1982
506
Frugé, Donald J.
"The Taxation Practices of the United States Bishops in Relation to the Authority of Bishops to Tax "
505
"The Interpretation of the Law on Communion Under Both Species; (M)" 1982
504
McDonough, Elizabeth
"Canon Law in Pastoral Perspective: Principles for the Application of Law According to Antoninus of Florence; (M)" 1982
503
Teixeira, J. Stanley
"Personnel Policies: A Canonical Commentary on Selected Clergy Personnel Policies in the United States of America; (M)" 1981
502
"The Minister of Music in the Western Church; (M)" 1981
501
"The Quamprimum of Infant Baptism in the Western Church; (M)" 1981
500
Oosterman, John B.
"Peter Damiani's Doctrine on the Sacerdotal Office: A Canonical Study of the Validity of Orders and the Worthy Exercise of Ordained Ministry; (M)" 1980
499
"The Legal Condition of Women in the Church: Shifting Policies and Norms; (M)" 1979
498
King, Geoffrey J.
"The Acceptance of Law by the Church Community as an Integral Element in the Formation of Canon Law: An Historical and Analytical Study; (M)" 1979
497
Labbé, Emil J.
"A Canonical Study of Pastoral Preparation for Priestly Ministry, with Special Reference to the Untied States; (M)" 1978
496
"The Understanding of the Concept of Bonum Fidei in the Church's Canonical Tradition; (M)" 1978
495
"Canonico Historical Study of the Diaconate in the Western Church; (M)" 1979
494
Thrasher, Robert W.
"The Application of Canon 1014 to External Forum and Internal Forum Solution to Marriage Cases; (M)" 1978
493
Modde, Margaret Mary
"A Canonical Study of the Leadership Conference of Women Religious (LCWR) of the United States of America; (M)" 1977
492
"The Judgment of Formal Matrimonial Cases: Historical Reflections, Contemporary Developments, and Future Possibilities; (M)" 1977
491
Myers, John J.
"The Trullan Controversy: Implications for the Status of the Orthodox Churches in Roman Catholic Canon Law; (M)" 1977
490
"Lay Participation in Selected Structures of Church Government Since Vatican II; (M)" 1976
489
Dillon, Edward J.
"The Applicability of the Impediments of Consanguinity, Nonage, and Prior Bond As Found in Georgia Law to the Summary Process Established by Causas Matrimoniales" (M) 1976
488
Hevia, Todd O.
"Moral Impotence As a Canonical Matrimonial Disability: Juristic Origin and Concept Use and Developments in American Canonical Jurisprudence; (M)" 1976
487
Barnhiser, Judith A.
"A Study of the Authority Structures of Three Nineteenth Century Apostolic Communities of Religious Women in the United States" (M) 1975
486
Vazquez, Lucy
"The Common Law on the Novitiate in the Western Church from the Council of Trent to the Present" (M) 1975
485
"Sources of Particular Law for the Ukrainian Catholic Church in the United States; (M)" 1975
484
Miller, Robert A.
"The Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith: Its Origin, Concept, and the Development of Its Competency" (M) 1975
483
Grogan, Vincent B.
"The Canonical Implementation of the Renewal of Religious Formation, Government, and Internal Discipline Since the Second Vatican Council in the Order of Friars Minor in the United States" (M) 1974
482
Ryan, Richard R.
"The Authority of the Residential Bishop in the Latin Rite to Dispense from the General laws of the Church" (M) 1973
481
The Synod of Bishops: Its Canonical Structure and Procedures" (M) 1973
480
"The Development, Structure and Competence of the Episcopal Conference" (M) 1972
479
"Incidental Causes In Judicial Procedure: A Historical Conspectus and a Commentary" (M) 1971
478
Rehage, Joseph W.
"The Private Ownership of Property by Individual Religious Before 1917: A Historical Study of Canonical Legislation Prior to the Code of Canon Law" (M) 1971
477
"The Ecclesial Dimension of Valid Orders" (M) 1971
476
"The Changing Attitudes of the Catholic Church Toward Mixed Marriages" (M) 1971
474
"Court Procedure for Marriage Cases of Nullity and the Renewal of Pope Benedict XIV" (N)
473
O'Connor, Seamus
"The Structure of a Post Conciliar Diocesan Synod in the United States of America" (M) 1970
472
Mazgaj, Marion S.
"The Communist Government of Poland as Affecting the Rights of the Church from 1944 to 1960" (M) 1970
471
"Canon Law and the Board of Trustees in a Catholic College" (M) 1967
470
"The Concept of the Parish in the Light of the Second Vatican Council" (M) 1969
468
Kendall, Philip E.
"Intellectual Formation in the Major Seminary Curriculum: Principles and Considerations A Canonical Historical Study" (M) 1970
467
Jamail, Michael A.
"The Senates of Priests in the Province of San Antonio, Texas: A Descriptive Study" (M) 1969
465
"The Laity, Luther and Trent: An Historical and Canonical Analysis" (M) 1968
464
463
George, Joseph S.
"The Principle of Subsidiarity With Special Reference to Its Role in Papal and Episcopal Relations in the Light of Lumen Gentium" (M) 1968
462
"The Canonical Form of Marriage Re evaluation" (M) 1968
461
"The Pre nuptial Promises in Mixed Marriages: An Historical and Canonical Analysis" (M) 1968
460
"The Law for the Restoration of the Permanent Diaconate: A Canonical Commentary" (M) 1968
459
Borgman, Mason W.
"The Common Life Among Clerics in the Writings of St. Augustine of Hippo and Ecclesiastical Legislation" (M) 1968
458
Besendorfer, Ralph L.
"The Valid and Licit Assistance at Inter ritual Marriage in the United States of America" (M) 1968
457
"The Rejection of Judicial Witnesses and Their Testimony" (M) 1967
456
Connor, James E.
"The Invalidity of Marriage in the Roman Catholic Church and in the Civil Laws of the United States: A Comparative Study" (M) 1968
455
"The Nature of the Episcopal Office According to the Second Vatican Council" (M) 1967
454
"The Obligation of the Divine Office in the Latin and Oriental Churches" (M) 1967
453
"Postulation by Ecclesiastical Bodies: An Historical Synopsis and Commentary" (M) 1967
452
"Synodal and Pro synodal Judges" (M) 1967
451
"The Summary Process of Canons 1990 1992" (M) 1967
450
"Concelebration: A Historical Synopsis and Canonical Commentary" (M) 1966
449
"L'Eveque, Membre du College Episcopal" (M) 1966
448
Palma, Feliciano M.
"A Comparative Study of Wills in Canon Law and in the Civil Code of the Philippines" (M) 1965
447
"The Vicar General of the Episcopal Ordinary" (P) 1966
446
"The Status of the Church in American Civil Law and Canon Law" (P) 1966
445
"The Use of the Writings of St. Augustine as Sources of Canon Law" (M) 1965
444
"The Laws of the State of Illinois Affecting Church Property" (M) 1964
443
"The Military Ordinariate in the USA" (M) 1966
442
O'Connor, John J.
"Historical Notes Upon the Reform Decrees of the Sixth and Seventh Session of the Council of Trent" (M) 1964
441
"The Concept of Matrimonium Ratum in Gratian and the Early Decretists (1140 1215)" (M) 1964
440
"The Academic Curriculum in Minor Seminaries" (P) 1965
439
"Nomination of Bishops in Present Day Concordats" (N)
438
"The Laws of the State of Minnesota Affecting Church Property" (M) 1964
437
Jacob, Isaac H.
"The Meaning of Pars Sanior in the Rule of Saint Benedict and Its Use in the Decretal Collection of Pope Gregory IX with a Study of the Electoral Law as Found in the Decretum of Gratian" (M) 1964
436
"The Laws of the State of New Jersey Affecting Church Property" 1 (M) 1964
435
Voegtle, Leonard A.
"Canonical Reasons for the Rejection of Candidates to Final Vows: A Historical Survey and Canonical Commentary" (M) 1963
434
"The Catholic Parties in Civil Divorce and Separation" (N)
433
"The Laws of the State of Kentucky Affecting Church Property" (M) 1963
432
"The Restraint of the Exercise of One's Rights" (P) 1965
431
"The Juridic Authority of the Church Over the Non baptized" (M) 1963
430
"Extern Sisters in Monasteries of Nuns" (P) 1963
429
"Directives on Sacred Art and the Building of a Church" (P) 1962
428
"Laws of the State of Delaware Affecting Church Property" (P) 1963
427
"Canonical Employer employee Relationship: Canon 1524" (P) 1964
426
"Papal Judge Delegates at the Time of the Corpus Iuris Canonici" (P) 1963
425
"The Recipient of the Sacrament of Penance" (P) 1962
424
"Character Requisites for Reception of Holy Orders" (M) 1962
423
"The Impediment of Male Impotence, with Special Application to Paraplegia" (P) 1963
422
Brady, Mel L.
"The Quinquennial Report of Religious Institutes to the Holy See: A Historical Synopsis and a Commentary" (P) 1963
421
"Archconfraternities, Archsodalities and Primary Unions, with a Supplement
on the Archconfraternity of Christian Mothers" (P) 1962
420
"The Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith" (P) 1961
419
"The Recipient of Extreme Unction" (P) 1961
418
"The Right to Accuse a Marriage of Invalidity" (P) 1961
417
"The Laws of the State of Mississippi Affecting Church Property" (P) 1962
416
"The Canonical Suppression of Religious Houses" (N)
415
"Mental Illness affecting Marital Consent" (P) 1961
414
"Authorized Ecclesiastical Acts" (P) 1961
413
"The Seal of Confession" (P) 1960
412
"First Amendment Freedoms, Papal Pronouncements and Concordat Practice" (P) 1961
411
"The Leasing of Church Properties in the Philippines" (N)
410
"The Manifestation of Conscience" (P) 1960
409
"The Laws of the State of Nevada Affecting Church Property" (P) 1962
408
407
Sampon, Robert
"A Comparative Study of the First Provincial Council of Milwaukee and the Code of Canon Law" (N)
406
"The Laws of the State of New Mexico Affecting Church Property" (P) 1959
405
"The Laws of the State of Texas Affecting Church Property" (P) 1960
404
"The Penal Remedies of the Code of Canon Law" (P) 1960
403
"Pope Urban II and Canon Law" (P) 1960
402
"Decennial Faculties for Ordinaries in Quasi dioceses" (P) 1961
401
"Parochial Relations and Co operation of the Religious and Secular Clergy" (P) 1958
400
"The Canonico Juridical Status of a Communis" (P) 1959
399
"The Concept of Public Order" (P) 1959
398
"Interpretation of Rescripts: A Commentary with Historical Notes" (P) 1959
397
Dziadosz, Henry J.
"The Provisions of the Decree Spiritus Sancti Munera: The Law for the Extraordinary Minister of Confirmation" (P) 1958
396
"Temporal Administration of the Religious House in a Non exempt Clerical Pontifical Institute" (P) 1961
395
Cox, Ronald J.
"A Study of the Juridic Status of Laymen in the Writing of the Medieval Canonists" (P) 1959
394
Clancy, Walter B.
"The Rites and Ceremonies of Sacred Ordination (Canons 1002 1005): A Historical Conspectus and a Canonical Commentary" (P) 1962
393
"Natural Law and Positive Law" (P) 1959
392
Adams, Donald E.
"The Truth Required in the Preces for Rescripts: A Historical Synopsis and a Commentary" (P) 1960
391
"Requisites of Intention in the Reception of the Sacraments" (P) 1965
390
Ruddy, James
"The Apostolic Constitution Christus Dominus: Text, Translation and Commentary with Short Annotations on the Motu Proprio Sacram Communionem" (P) 1957
389
"Judicial Experts: A Source of Evidence in Ecclesiastical Trials" (P) 1958
388
"The Laws of the State of New York Affecting Church Property" (P) 1957
387
"Ecclesiastical Property in Australia and New Zealand" (P) 1957
386
385
McGrath, John
"A Comparative Study of Crime and its Imputability in Ecclesiastical Criminal Law and in American Criminal Law" (P) 1957
384
"The Sacred Congregation of Seminaries and Universities of Studies" (P) 1957
383
"Clergy Conference: Canon 131 A Historical Conspectus and a Canonical Commentary" (P) 1957
382
"Canonical Relations Between Bishops and Abbots at the Beginning of the Tenth Century" (P) 1957
381
Frattin, Peter L.
"The Matrimonial Impediment of Impotence: Occlusion of the Spermatic Ducts and Vaginismus: A Historical Synopsis and a Commentary" (P) 1958
380
"Free Admission to the Church for Sacred Rites" (P) 1964
379
"Prejudicial Attempts in Pending Litigation: An Historical Synopsis and a Commentary" (P) 1960
378
"Jurisdiction of Pastors in the External Forum: A Historical Synopsis and a Commentary" (P) 1957
377
"Matrimonial Indissolubility: Contrary Conditions A Historical Synopsis and a Commentary" (P) 1963
376
Bantigue, Pedro N.
"The Provincial Council of Manila of 1771; Its text followed by a commentary on Actio II, De Episcopis" (P) 1957
375
"Fast and Abstinence in the First Order of St. Francis" (P) 1957
373
"Canonical Provisions for Universities and Colleges" (P) 1956
372
"The Plenary Council" (P) 1958
371
"The Instantia of the Lawsuit" (P) 1957
370
"The Cessation of Rescripts" (N)
369
"The Supreme Moderator of Exempt Religious Orders" (P) 1957
368
"The Principal Oratory of Religious" (N)
367
"Property Laws of the State of Ohio Affecting the Church" (P) 1956
366
"Canonical Regulations Regarding Exposition of the Blessed Sacrament According to Canons 1274 and 1275" (N)
365
"Disqualification of Electors in Ecclesiastical Elections" (P) 1958
364
"Loss of Privileges" (P) 1964
363
"The Medieval Concept of an Ecclesiastical Office" (P) 1956
362
"The Judicial Summons" (P) 1957
361
"The Plaint of Nullity Against the Sentence" (P) 1956
359
"The Bishop's Quinquennial Report" (P) 1956
358
"Guardians of the Mentally Ill in Ecclesiastical Trials" (P) 1956
357
"Infamy of Law" (P) 1954
356
"Legislation and Requirements for Permissible Cohabitation in Invalid Marriages" (P) 1954
355
"The Juridical Effects of the Sanatio in Radice" (P) 1955
354
Rouillard, Jacques
"Une étude comparée du droit canonique et du droit civil paroissial de la Province de Québec dans l'administration des biens paroissaux" (N)
353
"The Canonical Effects of Infamy of Fact" (P) 1954
352
"The Congregation of Sacred Rites" (P) 1954
351
"The Local Superior in Non Exempt Clerical Congregations" (P) 1954
350
"The Secret Archives of the Diocesan Curia" (P) 1954
349
Bottoms, Archibald M.
"The Discretionary Authority of the Ecclesiastical Judge in Matrimonial Trials of the First Instance" (P) 1955
348
"Extraordinary Form of Marriage According to Canon 1098" (P) 1954
347
"The New Law on Secular Institutes" (P) 1953
346
"Doubt in Canon Law" (P) 1954
345
"Doctrinal Interpretation of Law" (P) 1961
344
"The Obligation of Respect and Obedience of Clerics to Their Ordinary Canon 127" (P) 1954
343
"The Time and Place of Sacred Ordination" (P) 1953
342
"Spiritual Care in Diocesan Seminaries" (P) 1966
341
"Ordination in Societies of the Common Life" (P) 1958
340
"Invalidity of Dispensations According to Canon 84, §1" (P) 1953
339
"The Parish Census and the Liber Status Animarum" (P) 1954
338
"The Juridical Status of Heretics and Schismatics in Good Faith" (N)
337
"The Judicial Power of the Church Canon 1553, §1" (P) 1953
336
"The Legal Status of Catholic Elementary Schools in Belgium, 1830 1950" (P) 1953
335
Uricheck, George
"De Forma Celebrationis Matrimonii in Ecclesiis Orientalibus ante Motu Proprio Crebrae Allatae et post" (M) 1970
334
"Deprivation of the Clerical Garb" (P) 1958
333
"The Sacred Congregation of the Sacraments: Its Competence in the Roman Curia" (P) 1954
332
"The Law of the Celebret" (P) 1952
331
Mathis, Marcian
"The Constitution and Supreme Administration of Regional Seminaries Subject to the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith in China" (P) 1952
330
"The Cessation of Delegated Power" (P) 1954
329
"The Precensorship of Books" (P) 1953
328
"Religious Vocation: Its Juridic Concept" (P) 1953
327
"Entrance into the Novitiate by Clerics in Major Orders" (P) 1953
326
The Betrothal Contract in the Code of Canon Law; 1954 (P)
325
"The Canonical Procedure in Separation Cases" (P) 1952
324
"The Time and Place of Baptism" (P) 1954
323
"De Ordinariorum Dispensandi Facultate ad Normam Canonis 81" (P) 1952
322
"The Probation in Societies of Quasi Religious" (P) 1951
305
"The Use of the Portable Altar" (P) 1950
304
"The Matrimonial Impediment of Public Propriety" (P) 1952
303
"The Particular Penal Precept" (P) 1953
302
"The Canonical Concept of congrua sustentatio for the Secular Clergy" (P) 1950
301
"The Place for the Hearing of Confessions" (P) 1950
300
"Ecclesiastical Communities and Their Ability to Induce Legal Customs" (P) 1950
299
"The Minister of the Last Sacraments" (P) 1951
298
"The Minister of Holy Communion" (P) 1950
297
"Nullity in Judicial Acts" 1950 (P) 1950
296
"The Constitutive Elements of Parishes" (P) 1950
295
"The Obligation of Holding Sacred Missions in Parishes" (P) 1949
294
"Reverential Fear in Matrimonial Cases in Asiatic Countries: Rota Cases" (P) 1949
293
"Vocation to the Priesthood: Its Canonical Concept" (P) 1950
292
"The Custody of the Holy Eucharist" (P) 1950
291
"The Canonical Obligation of Preaching in Parish Churches" (P) 1950
290
"Study of Canon 2222, §1" (P) 1949
289
"De Delicto Sollicitationis" (P) 1954
288
"The Rogatory Commission" (P) 1949
287
"The Recording Judge in the Ecclesiastical Collegiate Tribunal" (P) 1949
286
"The Nature of Support of Diocesan Priests in the United States" (P) 1949
285
"The Simple Removal from Office" (P) 1951
284
"The Status of Secularized Ex Religious Clerics" (P) 1948
283
"Relation of the Local Ordinary to Religious of Diocesan Approval" (P) 1949
282
"The Privileges of Bishops" (P) 1951
281
"The Division of Parishes" (P) 1951
280
"Faculties of Regular Confessors" (P) 1949
279
"Contumacy in Ecclesiastical Trials" (N)
278
"Transfer of Religious to Another Community" (P) 1949
277
"The Annual Pastoral Report to the Local Ordinary" (N)
276
Kane, Thomas
"The Jurisdiction of the Patriarchs of the Major Sees in Antiquity and in the Middle Ages" (P) 1949
275
"Time and Place for the Celebration of Mass" (P) 1949
274
"The Rights and Obligations of Metropolitans" (P) 1947
259
"The ipso facto Effected Dismissal of Religious" (P) 1948
258
"The Provincial Superior in Religious Orders of Men" (P) 1947
257
"Legislative Powers of the Provincial Council" (P) 1947
256
"Obligations and Privileges of Religious Promoted to the Episcopal or Cardinalatial Dignities; 1947 (P)"
255
"The Septimae Manus Witness" (P) 1949
254
"The Master of Novices" (P) 1947
253
"Matrimonial Procedure in Ordinary Court of Second Instance" (P) 1947
252
"Relations Canoniques entre le Missionaire et Ses Superieurs" (P) 1947
251
"The Collegiate Moral Person as Party Litigant" (P) 1947
250
"The Functions Reserved to Pastors" (P) 1947
249
"Domicile of the Wife Unlawfully Separated from Her Husband" (P) 1947
248
"The Quinquennial Faculties, Formula IV" (P) 1948
247
"The Recipient of First Holy Communion" (P) 1947
246
"The Baptism of the Children of Non Catholics" (N)
245
"Ignorance Affecting Matrimonial Consent" (P) 1950
244
"The Determination and Transfer of Rite" (N)
243
Marbach, Joseph
"Marriage Legislation for the Catholics of the Oriental Rites in the United States and Canada" (P) 1946
242
"The Privilege of the Canon" (P) 1946
241
"The Promulgation of Law" (P) 1947
240
"The ab acatholicis nati of Canon 1099, §2" (P) 1946
226
"The Marriage Contract and the Procreation of Offspring" (P) 1946
225
"Religious Who Are Known as Conversi" (P) 1945
224
"The Simple Impediments to Holy Orders" (P) 1945
223
"The Reduction of Clerics to the Lay State" (P) 1945
222
"Comparative Law, Ecclesiastical and Civil, in Lithuanian Concordat" (P) 1945
221
"The Marriages of Minors" (P) 1945
220
"Alms Gathering by Religious" (P) 1945
219
"The Free Conferral of Offices" (P) 1945
218
"The Renunciation of an Ecclesiastical Office" (P) 1945
217
"The Privileges of Cardinals" (P) 1945
216
"The Spiritual Prefect in Clerical Religious Houses of Study" (P) 1945
215
The Election of Bishops in the Letters of Pope Gregory the Great" (P) 1945
214
"The Sacred Congregation for the Oriental Church" (P) 1945
213
"De Inquisitione Speciali" (P) 1945
212
"The Computation of Time in a Canonical Novitiate" (P) 1945
211
"The Right of Apostolic Legation" (P) 1947
210
"Constitutions for Diocesan Courts" (P) 1944
209
"Proof of the Reception of the Sacraments" (P) 1944
208
"Reservation of Censures" (P) 1944
207
"Marie Droits Patrimoniaux des Maisons et des Eglises Religieuses" (N)
206
Olalia, Alexander
"A Comparative Study of the Christian Constitution of States and the Constitution of the Philippine Commonwealth" (P) 1944
205
"The Matrimonial Impediment of Nonage" (P) 1944
204
"The Union of Parishes" (P) 1944
203
"Attempted Marriages and Their Consequent Juridic Effects" (N)
202
"Adverse Possession, Prescription and Limitation of Actions: The Canonical Praescriptio" (P) 1944
201
"The Marriages of Unworthy Catholics: Canons 1065 and 1066" (P) 1944
187
"The Consecration and Blessing of Churches" (P) 1943
186
"Privileges of Regulars to Absolve and Dispense" (P) 1943
185
"The Blessing of Cemeteries" (P) 1943
184
"Religious Dismissed After Perpetual Profession" (P) 1943
183
"Communication, a Source of Privileges" (P) 1943
182
"The Declaration of Nullity of Marriages Contracted Outside the Church" (P) 1943
181
"The Probative Value of Documents in Ecclesiastical Trials" (P) 1942
180
"Chapters in Religious Institutes" (P) 1943
179
"Discussions with Non Catholics: Canonical Legislation" (P) 1943
178
"The Canonical Erection of Religious Houses" (P) 1943
177
"Cooperation in Crime" (P) 1942
155
"The Obligation of the Missa pro Populo" (P) 1942
154
"The Time and Place for the Celebration of Marriage" (P) 1942
153
"Common Law Marriage" (P) 1942
152
"Le Premier Concile Plenier de Quebec et le Code de Droit Canonique" (P) 1942
151
"The Profession of Faith" (P) 1942
150
"The Juridic Effects of Moral Certitude on Pre Nuptial Guarantees" (P) 1942
149
"Les Etudes dans les Religions Clericales" (P) 1942
148
"Violation of the Cloister" (P) 1942
147
"Papal and Episcopal Administration of Church Property" (P) 1942
146
"The Defendant in Ecclesiastical Trials" (P) 1942
145
"Incardination and Excardination of Seculars" (P) 1941
144
"The General Principles for the Reckoning of Time in Canon Law" (P) 1941
143
"Ignorance in Relation to the Imputability of Delicts" (P) 1941
142
"The Canonical Episcopal Visitation of the Diocese" (P) 1941
141
Schmidt, John
"The Principles of Authentic Interpretation in Canon 17 of the Code of Canon Law" (P) 1941
140
"Penal Administrative Procedure Against Negligent Pastors" (P) 1941
139
"The Privation of Christian Burial" (P) 1941
135
"Religious Ordinaries and Canon 198" (P) 1942
134
"Dowry for Women Religious" (P) 1941
133
"Judicial Advocates and Procurators" (P) 1941
132
"The Alienation of Church Property in the United States" (P) 1941
131
"The Right of the Church to Acquire Property" (P) 1941
130
"Canonical Norms Governing the Deposition and Degradation of Clerics" (P) 1941
129
"Restitutio in Integrum" (P) 1941
128
Farrell, Benjamin
"The Rights and Duties of the Local Ordinary Regarding Congregations of Women Religious of Pontifical Right" (P) 1941
127
"Extrajudicial Penal Powers of Ecclesiastical Superiors" (P) 1941
126
"The Concept of Clerical Immunity" (P) 1941
125
"The Minister of Confirmation" (P) 1941
124
"The Eucharistic Fast" (P) 1941
123
"Proof of Death in Prenuptial Investigation" (P) 1940
122
"Supplied Jurisdiction According to Canon 209" (P) 1940
121
"A Commentary on Canon 1125" (P) 1940
120
"Principles of Episcopal Jurisdiction" (P) 1939
119
"The General Norms of Dispensation" (P) 1939
118
"The Administrative Removal of Pastors" (P) 1937
103
"The Clerical Obligations of Canons 139 and 142" (P) 1937
102
"The Simple Convalidation of Marriage" (P) 1937
101
"The Promoter of Justice" (P) 1936
100
"Canonical Limitations on the Alienation of Church Property" (P) 1936
99
"The Value of Testimonial Evidence in Matrimonial Procedure" (P) 1935
98
"The Penal Law for Religious" (P) 1935
97
"Residence of Pastors" (P) 1935
96
"Canonical Causes for Matrimonial Dispensations" (P) 1935
95
"The Proper Bishop for Ordination and Dimissorial Letters" (P) 1935
94
"Presumption of Law in Matrimonial Procedure" (P) 1935
93
"The Special Matrimonial Process in Cases of Evident Nullity" (P) 1935
92
"Legislacion Ecclesiastica sobra el Ayuno y la Abstinecia" (P) 1935
91
"Canonical Ante Nuptial Promises and the Civil Law" (P) 1934
90
"The Matrimonial Impediment of Consanguinity and Affinity" (P) 1934
89
"Conditional Matrimonial Consent" (P) 1934
88
"The Judiciary Department of the Diocesan Curia" (P) 1925
25
"La Potestad Legislativa de la Iglesia Catolica" (P) 1925
24
"Vicars and Prefects Apostolic" (P) 1924
23
"The Administration of the Sacraments to Dying Non Catholics" (P) 1924
22
"General Legislation on Indulgences" (P) 1924
21
"The Right of Patronage According to the Code of Canon Law" (P) 1924
20
"Reserved Cases According to the Code of Canon Law" (P) 1924
19
"Judicial Procedure in Dismissal of Clerical Exempt Religious" (P) 1923
18
"Ecclesiastical Sepulture in the New Code of Canon Law" (P) 1923
17
"Delinquencies and Penalties in the Administration and the Reception of the Sacraments" (P) 1923
16
"Diocesan Faculties According to the Code of Canon Law" (P) 1922
15
"A Comparative Study of the Constitution Apostolicae Sedis and the Codex Juris Canonici" (P) 1922
14
"Competence in Ecclesiastical Tribunals" (P) 1922
13
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Church
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What old Japanese battle cry and emperor greeting means 'ten thousand years of life (to you)'?
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Code of Canon Law: text - IntraText CT
Code of Canon Law
BOOK II : THE PEOPLE OF GOD
PART II : THE HIERARCHICAL CONSTITUTION OF THE CHURCH
SECTION II :PARTICULAR CHURCHES AND THEIR GROUPINGS
TITLE III : THE INTERNAL ORDERING OF PARTICULAR CHURCHES (Cann. 460 - 572)
CHAPTER VI : PARISHES, PARISH PRIESTS AND ASSISTANT PRIESTS
Table of Contents | Words: Alphabetical - Frequency - Inverse - Length - Statistics | Help | IntraText Library
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i don't know
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The official European hazard symbol of a bold black X in a yellow/orange square indicates that a substance is harmful and?
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CARICOM REGIONAL STANDARD: Specification for labelling of retail packages of aerosol insecticides
Specification for labelling of retail packages of aerosol insecticides
CRS 37: 2011
CARICOM Regional Organisation for Standards and Quality (CROSQ)
2nd Floor, Nicholas House
T: 246.622.7670 | F: 246.622.7678
Website: http://www.crosq.org
© CROSQ 2011 – All rights reserved. No part of this publication is to be reproduced without the prior written consent of CROSQ.
ISBN 978-976-8234-28-5
ii iii
Committee representation
This CARICOM Regional Standard was prepared under the supervision of the Regional Technical Committee (RTC1) for Labelling (hosted by the CARICOM member state Jamaica) which at the time comprised the following members:
Members
Mona School of Business, The University of the West Indies, Mona
Ms. Roxanne Miller
Mrs. Vonetta Nurse Thompson (Technical Secretary)
Bureau of Standards Jamaica
Warning marks and warning phrases
5
Annex A (normative Standardized warning phrases
8
Table 1 — Approved warning marks
6
Table 2 — Colour codes applicable to aerosol insecticides of hazard classes II, III, IV
7
Figure 1 — Warning mark for flammable gas
6
Figure 2 — Warning mark for harmful or irritant
6
Figure 3 — Minimum dimensions for warning marks
6
v vi
Foreword
This CARICOM Regional Standard has been prepared to set the labelling requirements for aerosol insecticides sold in the Caribbean Community.
This standard has been prepared and issued by the CARICOM Regional Organisation for Standards and Quality (CROSQ).
It was approved by the Thirty-Second Meeting of the Council for Trade and Economic Development (COTED) on 3-4 May 2011.
All manufacturers, importers, distributors and other entities engaged in the production and or trade of retail packages of aerosol insecticides within any Member State of the Caribbean Community shall comply with the requirements of this standard.
In the development of this standard, assistance was derived from the following:
Trinidad and Tobago, Ministry of Health, Requirements for the labelling of retail packages of Pesticides in Trinidad & Tobago;
ISO/IEC Guide 41 Packaging, Recommendations for addressing consumer needs;
Jamaican Standard, JS 1 Part 15 :1992, Specification for the labelling of commodities Part 15 : Labelling of household chemicals;
Jamaican Standard, JS 1 Part 27 :1998, Specification for the labelling of commodities Part 15 : Labelling of retail packages of pesticides;
United Nations, The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) First revised edition;
WHO, CTD/WHOPES/IC/96.1, Draft Report of the WHO Informal Consultation on the evaluation and testing of insecticides;
Chinese National Standard, CNS 7181, Labelling of Aerosol Cans;
International Air Transport Association Dangerous Goods Regulations, 51st Edition, 2010;
European Commission, Directive 75/324, Aerosol Dispensers;
ISO 3864-2, Graphic Symbols- Safety colours and safety signs- Part 2 : Design principles for product safety labels;
United Nations, Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Volume II, 16th Revised Edition, 2009.
1
1 Scope
This standard specifies the labelling requirements for aerosol insecticides in pressurized dispensers intended for household use.
2 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this standard, the following terms and definitions shall apply.
2.1
accompanying instructions
any document providing specifications, instructions and or information on the use of the aerosol insecticide which is described on or supplied with the package of the aerosol insecticide
2.2
active ingredient
any chemical substance, which, when included in the aerosol insecticide, is claimed to be responsible for the stated function of the product
2.3
address
full postal address, including telephone number and or e-mail address, of the principal place of business or registered office of the manufacturer, re-packager or distributor of the aerosol insecticide
2.4
aerosol
aerosol dispenser
non-refillable receptacle made of metal, glass or plastic and containing a gas, compressed, liquefied or dissolved under pressure, with or without a liquid, paste or powder, and fitted with a release device allowing the contents to be ejected as solid or liquefied particles in suspension in a gas, as a foam, paste or powder, or in a liquid or gaseous state
2.5
either:
the country where the goods were wholly manufactured; or
in cases where the composition and or quality of the goods was changed to a significant extent elsewhere, (other than by packaging), the last country where such significant change occurred
2.6
entity engaged in the selling of the aerosol insecticide
NOTE The manufacturer may be the distributor of the product.
2.7
liquid having a flash point of not more than 93 °C
2.8
flash point
lowest temperature (corrected to a standard pressure of 101.3 kPa) at which the application of an ignition source causes the vapours of a liquid to ignite under specified test conditions
2
2.9
harmful substance
chemical composition which, if inhaled, ingested or absorbed, may pose health risks to humans and animals
2.10
hazard
any potential harm or risk to human and or animal health which may arise when the aerosol insecticide is handled, used or stored
2.11
insecticide
any substance that, by itself or in combination with other substances, represented or used for destroying or controlling insects
NOTE It does not include any antiseptic, disinfectant, drug or preservative used in foods in accordance with a product standard.
2.12
chemical composition which through immediate, prolonged and or repeated contact, can cause inflammation
2.13
label
mark, symbol, device, imprint, stamp, brand, ticket or tag applied to, placed on, sold with, distributed with, and referring to any aerosol insecticide or package containing aerosol insecticide
2.14
main panel
that part of a label normally intended to be presented to the consumer or intended to be most conspicuous to the consumer, regardless of the shape or size of the container, at the time when the aerosol insecticide to which the label relates is offered or exposed for sale
2.15
entity actually engaged in, or responsible for manufacturing the aerosol insecticide
2.16
package
any receptacle, container, wrapper, box, confining band or card in or on which aerosol insecticide is sold
NOTE This does not include package liners, shipping containers or any other wrapping or box not customarily displayed to the consumer or purchaser at the point of retail sale.
2.17
significant extent
where there is a change in the product that has resulted in a change in the Brussels Tariff Nomenclature (BTN) number or where there is no change in the BTN number but the product has undergone a significant process
2.18
relevant authority
person, officer or authority administering a law on the labelling, manufacturing, importation, transportation, storage, use, sale, advertising or disposal of aerosol insecticides.
3
recognizable symbol designed to give an indication of the effect of a hazardous material
2.20
warning phrase
word, phrase or phrases accompanying each warning mark
NOTE The warning mark with its accompanying warning phrase(s) indicates the kind and degree of hazard of the aerosol insecticide which the user or handler is likely to encounter.
3 Labelling
3.1 General
3.1.1
The labels on all the retail packages of aerosol insecticides that are offered for sale or sold shall comply with the following requirements:
a label shall be affixed to every package of aerosol insecticide with the following information on its main panel:
the statements “READ INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE USE”; and “KEEP OUT OF THE REACH OF CHILDREN”, or similar statement, in bold type and of conspicuous prominence;
the brand name or trade name of the aerosol insecticide;
the approved or recommended use of the aerosol insecticide;
the common names of all active ingredients and a statement of the concentration of each active ingredient in the aerosol insecticide in terms of weight in volume for liquid aerosol insecticides;
a statement of the net contents of the package in terms of SI Units of weight or volume; and
an indication by warning marks incorporating warning phrases, in the official language of the country in which the aerosol insecticide is being sold, of the appropriate hazard class of the aerosol insecticide in accordance with 3.4;
the label whether printed on or affixed to the package of the aerosol insecticide shall also bear the following information:
the name and address of the manufacturer and or distributor(s);
the country of origin;
the safety precautions required for storage, transportation and use;
the warning statement “DO NOT REUSE PACKAGE” (or other similar statement);
a statement on the safe and proper means for disposal of the package after the contents have been used;
first-aid instructions including precautionary statements and instructions in case of contact or exposure; 4
a warning statement indicating that the container is pressurized and should not be punctured;
EXAMPLE “This container is pressurized. Do not puncture or incinerate even when empty.”
a statement of environmental, physical and chemical hazards associated with the use of the insecticide;
a warning statement indicating that the container should be kept away from heat, including direct sunlight;
an expiry date;
a date of manufacture or packaging; and
batch number or lot number.
3.1.2
The information required in 3.1.1 shall be in the official language(s) of the country in which the aerosol insecticide is being sold.
3.1.3
Instructions in different languages shall be separate from those in the official language of the country in which the aerosol insecticide is being sold.
3.1.4
The information required in 3.1.1 shall be included in any instructions which accompany the aerosol insecticide.
EXAMPLE booklet, pamphlet
3.1.5
The safety information and first aid instructions required in 3.1.1 shall be given in the most appropriate of the standardized phrases set out in Annex A. The manufacturer may provide additional information on the label.
3.2 Terms to be avoided
3.2.1
Words such as “SAFE”, “HARMLESS”, “NON-TOXIC”, “NON-POISONOUS” or “NON-INJURIOUS” or any such words or phrases in respect of risks to humans, animals or plants, either with or without qualifying phrases such as “when used as directed”, shall not be used.
3.2.2
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Irritant
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What is the number 333 in Roman numerals?
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Method of test for flashpoint of volatile flammable materials by Tagliabue open-cup apparatus.
1500.43a
Method of test for flashpoint of volatile flammable materials.
1500.44
Method for determining extremely flammable and flammable solids.
1500.45
Method for determining extremely flammable and flammable contents of self-pressurized containers.
1500.46
Method for determining flashpoint of extremely flammable contents of self-pressurized containers.
1500.47
Method for determining the sound pressure level produced by toy caps.
1500.48
Technical requirements for determining a sharp point in toys and other articles intended for use by children under 8 years of age.
1500.49
Technical requirements for determining a sharp metal or glass edge in toys and other articles intended for use by children under 8 years of age.
1500.50
Test methods for simulating use and abuse of toys and other articles intended for use by children.
1500.51
Test methods for simulating use and abuse of toys and other articles intended for use by children 18 months of age or less.
1500.52
Test methods for simulating use and abuse of toys and other articles intended for use by children over 18 but not over 36 months of age.
1500.53
Test methods for simulating use and abuse of toys and other articles intended for use by children over 36 but not over 96 months of age.
1500.81
Exemptions for food, drugs, cosmetics, and fuels.
1500.82
Exemption from full labeling and other requirements.
1500.83
Exemptions for small packages, minor hazards, and special circumstances.
1500.85
Exemptions from classification as banned hazardous substances.
1500.86
Exemptions from classification as a banned toy or other banned article for use by children.
1500.87
Children's products containing lead: inaccessible component parts.
1500.88
Exemptions from lead limits under section 101 of the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act for certain electronic devices.
1500.89
Procedures and requirements for determinations regarding lead content of materials or products under section 101(a) of the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act.
1500.90
Procedures and requirements for exclusions from lead limits under section 101(b) of the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act.
1500.91
Determinations regarding lead content for certain materials or products under section 101 of the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act.
1500.121
Labeling requirements; prominence, placement, and conspicuousness.
1500.122
Costs chargeable in connection with relabeling and reconditioning inadmissible imports.
Authority:
15 U.S.C. 1261-1278, 122 Stat. 3016; the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008, Pub. L. 110-314, § 104, 122 Stat. 3016 (August 14, 2008).
Source:
38 FR 27012, Sept. 27, 1973, unless otherwise noted.
§ 1500.1
Scope of subchapter.
Set forth in this subchapter C are the regulations of the Consumer Product Safety Commission issued pursuant to and for the implementation of the Federal Hazardous Substances Act as amended (see § 1500.3(a)(1)).
§ 1500.2
Authority.
Authority under the Federal Hazardous Substances Act is vested in the Consumer Product Safety Commission by section 30(a) of the Consumer Product Safety Act (15 U.S.C. 2079(a)).
§ 1500.3
Certain terms used in this part.
As used in this part:
(1)
Act
means the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (Pub. L. 86-613, 74 Stat. 372-81 (15 U.S.C. 1261-74)) as amended by:
(i) The Child Protection Act of 1966 (Pub. L. 89-756, 80 Stat. 1303-05).
(ii) The Child Protection and Toy Safety Act of 1969 (Pub. L. 91-113, 83 Stat. 187-90).
(iii) The Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970 (Pub. L. 91-601, 84 Stat. 1670-74).
(2)
Commission
means the Consumer Product Safety Commission established May 14, 1973, pursuant to provisions of the Consumer Product Safety Act (Pub. L. 92-573, 86 Stat. 1207-33 (15 U.S.C. 2051-81)).
(b)
Statutory definitions.
Except for the definitions given in section 2 (c) and (d) of the act, which are obsolete, the definitions set forth in section 2 of the act are applicable to this part and are repeated for convenience as follows (some of these statutory definitions are interpreted, supplemented, or provided with alternatives in paragraph (c) of this section):
(1)
Territory
means any territory or possession of the United States, including the District of Columbia and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico but excluding the Canal Zone.
(2)
Interstate commerce
means (i) commerce between any State or territory and any place outside thereof and (ii) commerce within the District of Columbia or within any territory not organized with a legislative body.
(3)
includes an individual, partnership, corporation, and association.
(4)(i)
Hazardous substance
means:
(A) Any substance or mixture of substances which is toxic, corrosive, an irritant, a strong sensitizer, flammable or combustible, or generates pressure through decomposition, heat, or other means, if such substance or mixture of substances may cause substantial personal injury or substantial illness during or as a proximate result of any customary or reasonably foreseeable handling or use, including reasonably foreseeable ingestion by children.
(B) Any substance which the Commission by regulation finds, pursuant to the provisions of section 3(a) of the act, meet the requirements of section 2(f)(1)(A) of the act (restated in (A) above).
(C) Any radioactive substance if, with respect to such substance as used in a particular class of article or as packaged, the Commission determines by regulation that the substance is sufficiently hazardous to require labeling in accordance with the act in order to protect the public health.
(D) Any toy or other article intended for use by children which the Commission by regulation determines, in accordance with section 3(e) of the act,
presents an electrical, mechanical, or thermal hazard.
(ii)
Hazardous substance
shall not apply to pesticides subject to the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, to foods, drugs, and cosmetics subject to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, nor to substances intended for use as fuels when stored in containers and used in the heating, cooking, or refrigeration system of a house. “Hazardous substance” shall apply, however, to any article which is not itself a pesticide within the meaning of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act but which is a hazardous substance within the meaning of section 2(f)(1) of the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (restated in paragraph (b)(4)(i) of this section) by reason of bearing or containing such a pesticide.
(iii)
Hazardous substance
shall not include any source material, special nuclear material, or byproduct material as defined in the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended, and regulations issued pursuant thereto by the Atomic Energy Commission.
(5)
Toxic
shall apply to any substance (other than a radioactive substance) which has the capacity to produce personal injury or illness to man through ingestion, inhalation, or absorption through any body surface.
(6)(i)
Highly toxic
means any substance which falls within any of the following categories:
(A) Produces death within 14 days in half or more than half of a group of 10 or more laboratory white rats each weighing between 200 and 300 grams, at a single dose of 50 milligrams or less per kilogram of body weight, when orally administered; or
(B) Produces death within 14 days in half or more than half of a group of 10 or more laboratory white rats each weighing between 200 and 300 grams, when inhaled continuously for a period of 1 hour or less at an atmospheric concentration of 200 parts per million by volume or less of gas or vapor or 2 milligrams per liter by volume or less of mist or dust, provided such concentration is likely to be encountered by man when the substance is used in any reasonably foreseeable manner; or
(C) Produces death within 14 days in half or more than half of a group of 10 or more rabbits tested in a dosage of 200 milligrams or less per kilogram of body weight, when administered by continuous contact with the bare skin for 24 hours or less.
(ii) If the Commission finds that available data on human experience with any substance indicate results different from those obtained on animals in the dosages and concentrations specified in paragraph (b)(6)(i) of this section, the human data shall take precedence.
(7)
Corrosive
means any substance which in contact with living tissue will cause destruction of tissue by chemical action, but shall not refer to action on inanimate surfaces.
(8)
Irritant
means any substance not corrosive within the meaning of section 2(i) of the act (restated in paragraph (b)(7) of this section) which on immediate, prolonged, or repeated contact with normal living tissue will induce a local inflammatory reaction.
(9)
Strong sensitizer
means a substance which will cause on normal living tissue through an allergic or photodynamic process a hypersensitivity which becomes evident on reapplication of the same substance and which is designated as such by the Commission. Before designating any substance as a strong sensitizer, the Commission, upon consideration of the frequency of occurrence and severity of the reaction, shall find that the substance has a significant potential for causing hypersensitivity.
(10) The terms
and
combustible
as they apply to any substances, liquid, solid, or the contents of any self-pressurized container, are defined by regulations issued by the Commission and published at § 1500.3(c)(6).
(11)
means a substance which emits ionizing radiation.
(12)
Label
means a display of written, printed, or graphic matter upon the immediate container of any substance or, in the cases of an article which is unpackaged or is not packaged in an
immediate container intended or suitable for delivery to the ultimate consumer, a display of such matter directly upon the article involved or upon a tag or other suitable material affixed thereto. A requirement made by or under authority of the act that any word, statement, or other information appear on the label shall not be considered to be complied with unless such word, statement, or other information also appears (i) on the outside container or wrapper, if any there be, unless it is easily legible through the outside container or wrapper and (ii) on all accompanying literature where there are directions for use, written or otherwise.
(13)
does not include package liners.
(14)
Misbranded hazardous substance
means a hazardous substance (including a toy, or other article intended for use by children, which is a hazardous substance, or which bears or contains a hazardous substance in such manner as to be susceptible of access by a child to whom such toy or other article is entrusted) intended, or packaged in a form suitable, for use in the household or by children, if the packaging or labeling of such substance is in violation of an applicable regulation issued pursuant to section 3 or 4 of the Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970 or if such substance, except as otherwise provided by or pursuant to section 3 of the act (Federal Hazardous Substances Act), fails to bear a label:
(i) Which states conspicuously:
(A) The name and place of business of the manufacturer, packer, distributor, or seller;
(B) The common or usual name or the chemical name (if there be no common or usual name) of the hazardous substance or of each component which contributes substantially to its hazard, unless the Commission by regulation permits or requires the use of a recognized generic name;
(C) The signal word “DANGER” on substances which are extremely flammable, corrosive, or highly toxic;
(D) The signal word “WARNING” or “CAUTION” on all other hazardous substances;
(E) An affirmative statement of the principal hazard or hazards, such as “Flammable,” “Combustible,” “Vapor Harmful,” “Causes Burns,” “Absorbed Through Skin,” or similar wording descriptive of the hazard;
(F) Precautionary measures describing the action to be followed or avoided, except when modified by regulation of the Commission pursuant to section 3 of the act;
(G) Instruction, when necessary or appropriate, for first-aid treatment;
(H) The word
Poison
for any hazardous substance which is defined as “highly toxic” by section 2(h) of the act (restated in paragraph (b)(6) of this section);
(I) Instructions for handling and storage of packages which require special care in handling or storage; and
(J) The statement (
) “Keep out of the reach of children” or its practical equivalent, or, (
2
) if the article is intended for use by children and is not a banned hazardous substance, adequate directions for the protection of children from the hazard; and
(ii) On which any statements required under section 2(p)(1) of the act (restated in paragraph (b)(14)(i) of this section) are located prominently and are in the English language in conspicuous and legible type in contrast by typography, layout, or color with other printed matter on the label.
Misbranded hazardous substance
also means a household substance as defined in section 2(2)(D) of the Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970 if it is a substance described in section 2(f)(1) of the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (restated in paragraph (b)(4)(i)(A) of this section) and its packaging or labeling is in violation of an applicable regulation issued pursuant to section 3 or 4 of the Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970.
(15)(i)
Banned hazardous substance
means:
(A) Any toy, or other article intended for use by children, which is a hazardous substance, or which bears or contains a hazardous substance in such manner as to be susceptible of access by a child to whom such toy or other article is entrusted; or
(B) Any hazardous substance intended, or packaged in a form suitable, for use in the household, which the Commission by regulation classifies as
a “banned hazardous substance” on the basis of a finding that, notwithstanding such cautionary labeling as is or may be required under the act for that substance, the degree or nature of the hazard involved in the presence or use of such substance in households is such that the objective of the protection of the public health and safety can be adequately served only by keeping such substance, when so intended or packaged, out of the channels of interstate commerce;
Provided,
That the Commission by regulation (
1
) shall exempt from section 2(q)(1)(A) of the act (restated in paragraph (b)(15)(i)(A) of this section) articles, such as chemistry sets, which by reason of their functional purpose require the inclusion of the hazardous substance involved, or necessarily present an electrical, mechanical, or thermal hazard, and which bear labeling giving adequate directions and warnings for safe use and are intended for use by children who have attained sufficient maturity, and may reasonably be expected, to read and heed such directions and warnings, and (
2
) shall exempt from section 2(q)(1)(A) of the act (restated in paragraph (b)(15)(i)(A) of this section), and provide for the labeling of, common fireworks (including toy paper caps, cone fountains, cylinder fountains, whistles without report, and sparklers) to the extent that the Commission determines that such articles can be adequately labeled to protect the purchasers and users thereof.
(ii) Proceedings for the issuance, amendment, or repeal of regulations pursuant to section 2(q)(1)(B) of the act (restated in paragraph (b)(15)(i)(B) of this section) shall be governed by the provisions of section 701 (e), (f), and (g) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act:
Provided,
That if the Commission finds that the distribution for household use of the hazardous substance involved presents an imminent hazard to the public health, the Commission may by order published in the
Federal Register
give notice of such finding, and thereupon such substance when intended or offered for household use, or when so packaged as to be suitable for such use, shall be deemed to be a “banned hazardous substance” pending the completion of proceedings relating to the issuance of such regulations.
(16) “Electrical hazard”—an article may be determined to present an electrical hazard if, in normal use or when subjected to reasonably foreseeable damage or abuse, its design or manufacture may cause personal injury or illness by electric shock.
(17) “Mechanical hazard”—an article may be determined to present a mechanical hazard if, in normal use or when subjected to reasonably foreseeable damage or abuse, its design or manufacture presents an unreasonable risk of personal injury or illness:
(i) From fracture, fragmentation, or disassembly of the article;
(ii) From propulsion of the article (or any part or accessory thereof);
(iii) From points or other protrusions, surfaces, edges, openings, or closures;
(iv) From moving parts;
(v) From lack or insufficiency of controls to reduce or stop motion;
(vi) As a result of self-adhering characteristics of the article;
(vii) Because the article (or any part or accessory thereof) may be aspirated or ingested;
(viii) Because of instability; or
(ix) Because of any other aspect of the article's design or manufacture.
(18) “Thermal hazard”—an article may be determined to present a thermal hazard if, in normal use or when subjected to reasonably foreseeable damage or abuse, its design or manufacture presents an unreasonable risk of personal injury or illness because of heat as from heated parts, substances, or surfaces.
(c)
Certain statutory definitions interpreted, supplemented, or provided with alternatives.
The following items interpret, supplement, or provide alternatives to definitions set forth in section 2 of the act (and restated in paragraph (b) of this section):
(1) To provide flexibility as to the number of animals tested, the following is an alternative to the definition of “highly toxic” in section 2(h) of the act (and paragraph (b)(6) of this section);
Highly toxic
means:
(i) A substance determined by the Commission to be highly toxic on the basis of human experience; and/or
(ii) A substance that produces death within 14 days in half or more than half of a group of:
(A) White rats (each weighing between 200 and 300 grams) when a single dose of 50 milligrams or less per kilogram of body weight is administered orally;
(B) White rats (each weighing between 200 and 300 grams) when a concentration of 200 parts per million by volume or less of gas or vapor, or 2 milligrams per liter by volume or less of mist or dust, is inhaled continuously for 1 hour or less, if such concentration is likely to be encountered by man when the substance is used in any reasonably foreseeable manner; and/or
(C) Rabbits (each weighing between 2.3 and 3.0 kilograms) when a dosage of 200 milligrams or less per kilogram of body weight is administered by continuous contact with the bare skin for 24 hours or less by the method described in § 1500.40.
The number of animals tested shall be sufficient to give a statistically significant result and shall be in conformity with good pharmacological practices.
(2) To give specificity to the definition of “toxic” in section 2(g) of the act (and restated in paragraph (b)(5) of this section), the following supplements that definition. The following categories are not intended to be inclusive.
(i)
Acute toxicity. Toxic
means any substance that produces death within 14 days in half or more than half of a group of:
(A) White rats (each weighing between 200 and 300 grams) when a single dose of from 50 milligrams to 5 grams per kilogram of body weight is administered orally. Substances falling in the toxicity range between 500 milligrams and 5 grams per kilogram of body weight will be considered for exemption from some or all of the labeling requirements of the act, under § 1500.82, upon a showing that such labeling is not needed because of the physical form of the substances (solid, a thick plastic, emulsion, etc.), the size or closure of the container, human experience with the article, or any other relevant factors;
(B) White rats (each weighing between 200 and 300 grams) when an atmospheric concentration of more than 200 parts per million but not more than 20,000 parts per million by volume of gas or vapor, or more than 2 but not more than 200 milligrams per liter by volume of mist or dust, is inhaled continuously for 1 hour or less, if such concentration is likely to be encountered by man when the substance is used in any reasonably foreseeable manner: and/or
(C) Rabbits (each weighing between 2.3 and 3.0 kilograms) when a dosage of more than 200 milligrams but not more than 2 grams per kilogram of body weight is administered by continuous contact with the bare skin for 24 hours by the method described in § 1500.40.
The number of animals tested shall be sufficient to give a statistically significant result and shall be in conformity with good pharmacological practices. “Toxic” also applies to any substance that is “toxic” (but not “highly toxic”) on the basis of human experience.
(ii)
Chronic toxicity.
A substance is toxic because it presents a chronic hazard if it falls into one of the following categories. (For additional information see the chronic toxicity guidelines at 16 CFR 1500.135.)
(A)
A substance is toxic if it is or contains a known or probable human carcinogen.
(B)
A substance is toxic if it is or contains a known or probable human neurotoxin.
(C)
For Developmental or Reproductive Toxicants.
A substance is toxic if it is or contains a known or probable human developmental or reproductive toxicant.
(3) The definition of
corrosive
in section 2(i) of the act (restated in paragraph (b)(7) of this section) is interpreted to also mean the following:
Corrosive
means a substance that causes visible destruction or irreversible alterations in the tissue at the site of contact. A test for a corrosive substance is whether, by human experience, such tissue destruction occurs at the site of application. A substance would be considered corrosive to the skin if, when tested on the intact skin
of the albino rabbit by the technique described in § 1500.41, the structure of the tissue at the site of contact is destroyed or changed irreversibly in 24 hours or less. Other appropriate tests should be applied when contact of the substance with other than skin tissue is being considered.
(4) The definition of
irritant
in section 2(j) of the act (restated in paragraph (b)(8) of this section) is supplemented by the following:
Irritant
includes “primary irritant to the skin” as well as substances irritant to the eye or to mucous membranes.
Primary irritant
means a substance that is not corrosive and that human experience data indicate is a primary irritant and/or means a substance that results in an empirical score of five or more when tested by the method described in § 1500.41.
Eye irritant
means a substance that human experience data indicate is an irritant to the eye and/or means a substance for which a positive test is obtained when tested by the method described in § 1500.42.
(5) The definition of
strong sensitizer
in section 2(k) of the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (restated in 16 CFR 1500.3(b)(9)) is supplemented by the following definitions:
(i)
A
sensitizer
is a substance that will induce an immunologically-mediated (allergic) response, including allergic photosensitivity. This allergic reaction will become evident upon reexposure to the same substance. Occasionally, a sensitizer will induce and elicit an allergic response on first exposure by virtue of active sensitization.
(ii)
Strong.
In determining that a substance is a “strong” sensitizer, the Commission shall consider the available data for a number of factors. These factors should include any or all of the following (if available): Quantitative or qualitative risk assessment, frequency of occurrence and range of severity of reactions in healthy or susceptible populations, the result of experimental assays in animals or humans (considering dose-response factors), with human data taking precedence over animal data, other data on potency or bioavailability of sensitizers, data on reactions to a cross-reacting substance or to a chemical that metabolizes or degrades to form the same or a cross-reacting substance, the threshold of human sensitivity, epidemiological studies, case histories, occupational studies, and other appropriate
in vivo
(iii)
Severity of reaction.
The minimal severity of reaction for the purpose of designating a material as a “strong sensitizer” is a clinically important allergic reaction. For example, strong sensitizers may produce substantial illness, including any or all of the following: physical discomfort, distress, hardship, and functional or structural impairment. These may, but not necessarily, require medical treatment or produce loss of functional activities.
(iv)
Significant potential for causing hypersensitivity.
“Significant potential for causing hypersensitivity” is a relative determination that must be made separately for each substance. It may be based upon the chemical or functional properties of the substance, documented medical evidence of allergic reactions obtained from epidemiological surveys or individual case reports, controlled in
vitro
appearing in section 2(1) of the Federal Hazardous Substances Act, as follows:
(i) The term
extremely flammable
shall apply to any substance which has a flashpoint at or below 20 °F (−6.7 °C) as determined by the test method described at § 1500.43a, except that, any mixture having one component or more with a flashpoint higher than 20 °F (−6.7 °C) which comprises at least 99 percent of the total volume of the mixture is not considered to be an extremely flammable substance.
(ii) The term
flammable
shall apply to any substance having a flashpoint
above 20 °F (−6.7 °C) and below 100 °F (37.8 °C), as determined by the method described at § 1500.43a, except that:
(A) Any mixture having one component or more with a flashpoint at or above 100 °F (37.8 °C) which comprises at least 99 percent of the total volume of the mixture is not considered to be a flammable substance; and
(B) Any mixture containing 24 percent or less of water miscible alcohols, by volume, in aqueous solution is not considered to be flammable if the mixture does not present a significant flammability hazard when used by consumers.
(iii) The term
combustible
shall apply to any substance having a flashpoint at or above 100 °F (37.8 °C) to and including 150 °F (65.6 °C) as determined by the test method described at § 1500.43a, except that:
(A) Any mixture having one component or more with a flashpoint higher than 150 °F (65.6 °C) which comprises at least 99 percent of the total volume of the mixture is not considered to be a combustible hazardous substance; and
(B) Any mixture containing 24 percent or less of water miscible alcohols, by volume, in aqueous solution is not considered to be combustible if the mixture does not present a significant flammability hazard when used by consumers.
(iv) To determine flashpoint temperatures for purposes of enforcing and administering requirements of the Federal Hazardous Substances Act applicable to “extremely flammable,” “flammable,” and “combustible” hazardous substances, the Commission will follow the procedures set forth in § 1500.43a. However, the Commission will allow manufacturers and labelers of substances and products subject to those requirements to rely on properly conducted tests using the Tagliabue open-cup method which was in effect prior to the issuance of § 1500.43a (as published at 38 FR 27012, September 27, 1973, and set forth below), and the defintions of the terms “extremely flammable,” “flammable,” and “combustible” in this section before its amendment (as published at 38 FR 27012, September 27, 1983, and amended 38 FR 30105, November 1, 1973, set forth in the note following this section) if all of the following conditions are met:
(A) The substance or product was subject to and complied with the requirements of the Federal Hazardous Substances Act for “extremely flammable,” “flammable,” or “combustible” hazardous substances before the effective date of § 1500.43a; and
(B) No change has been made to the formulation or labeling of such substance or product after the effective date of § 1500.43a, prescribing a closed-cup test apparatus and procedure.
(v)
Extremely flammable solid
means a solid substance that ignites and burns at an ambient temperature of 80 °F or less when subjected to friction, percussion, or electrical spark.
(vi)
Flammable solid
means a solid substance that, when tested by the method described in § 1500.44, ignites and burns with a self-sustained flame at a rate greater than one-tenth of an inch per second along its major axis.
(vii)
Extremely flammable contents of self-pressurized container
means contents of a self-pressurized container that, when tested by the method described in § 1500.45, a flashback (a flame extending back to the dispenser) is obtained at any degree of valve opening and the flashpoint, when tested by the method described in § 1500.43a is less than 20 °F (−6.7 °C).
(viii)
Flammable contents of self-pressurized container
means contents of a self-pressurized container that, when tested by the method described in § 1500.45, a flame projection exceeding 18 inches is obtained at full valve opening, or flashback (a flame extending back to the dispenser) is obtained at any degree of valve opening.
(7) The definition of
hazardous substance
in section 2(f)(1)(A) of the act (restated in paragraph (b)(4)(i)(A) of this section) is supplemented by the following definitions or interpretations or terms used therein:
(i) A substance or mixture of substances that “generates pressure through decomposition, heat, or other means” is a hazardous substance:
(A) If it explodes when subjected to an electrical spark, percussion, or the flame of a burning paraffin candle for 5 seconds or less.
(B) If it expels the closure of its container, or bursts its container, when held at or below 130 °F. for 2 days or less.
(C) If it erupts from its opened container at a temperature of 130 °F. or less after having been held in the closed container at 130 °F. for 2 days.
(D) If it comprises the contents of a self-pressurized container.
(ii)
Substantial personal injury or illness
means any injury or illness of a significant nature. It need not be severe or serious. What is excluded by the word “substantial” is a wholly insignificant or negligible injury or illness.
(iii)
Proximate result
means a result that follows in the course of events without an unforeseeable, intervening, independent cause.
(iv)
Reasonably foreseeable handling or use
includes the reasonably foreseeable accidental handling or use, not only by the purchaser or intended user of the product, but by all others in a household, especially children.
(8) The definition of “radioactive substance” in section 2(m) of the act (restated in paragraph (b)(11) of this section) is supplemented by the following:
Radioactive substance
means a substance which, because of nuclear instability, emits electromagnetic and/or particulate radiation capable of producing ions in its passage through matter. Source materials, special nuclear material, and byproduct materials described in section 2(f)(3) of the act are exempt.
(9) In the definition of “label” in section 2(n) of the act (restated in paragraph (b)(12) of this section), a provision stipulates that words, statements, or other information required to be on the label must also appear on all accompanying literature where there are directions for use, written or otherwise. To make this provision more specific, “accompanying literature” is interpreted to mean any placard, pamphlet, booklet, book, sign, or other written, printed, or graphic matter or visual device that provides directions for use, written or otherwise, and that is used in connection with the display, sale, demonstration, or merchandising of a hazardous substance intended for or packaged in a form suitable for use in the household or by children.
(10) The definition of “misbranded hazardous substance” in section 2(p) of this act (restated in paragraph (b)(14) of this section) is supplemented by the following definitions or interpretations of terms used therein:
(i)
Hazardous substances intended, or packaged in a form suitable, for use in the household
means any hazardous substance, whether or not packaged, that under any customary or reasonably foreseeable condition of purchase, storage, or use may be brought into or around a house, apartment, or other place where people dwell, or in or around any related building or shed including, but not limited to, a garage, carport, barn, or storage shed. The term includes articles, such as polishes or cleaners, designed primarily for professional use but which are available in retail stores, such as hobby shops, for nonprofessional use. Also included are items, such as antifreeze and radiator cleaners, that although principally for car use may be stored in or around dwelling places. The term does not include industrial supplies that might be taken into a home by a serviceman. An article labeled as, and marketed solely for, industrial use does not become subject to this act because of the possibility that an industrial worker may take a supply for his own use. Size of unit or container is not the only index of whether the article is suitable for use in or around the household; the test shall be whether under any reasonably foreseeable condition of purchase, storage, or use the article may be found in or around a dwelling.
(ii)
in section 2(p)(1) of the act and
prominently
and
conspicuous
in section 2(p)(2) of the act mean that, under customary conditions of purchase, storage, and use, the required information shall be visible, noticeable, and in clear and legible English. Some factors affecting a warning's prominence and conspicuousness are: Location, size of type, and contrast of printing against background. Also bearing on the effectiveness of a warning might be the effect of the package contents if spilled on the label.
Note:
in accord with such methods.
(c)(6)(i)
Extremely flammable
means any substance that has a flashpoint at or below 20 °F. as determined by the method described in § 1500.43.
(ii)
Flammable
means any substance that has a flashpoint of above 20 °F., to and including 80 °F., as determined by the method described in § 1500.43.
[38 FR 27012, Sept. 27, 1973, as amended at 38 FR 30105, Nov. 1, 1973; 49 FR 22465, May 30, 1984; 51 FR 28536, Aug. 8, 1986; 51 FR 29096, Aug. 14, 1986; 51 FR 30209, Aug. 25, 1986; 57 FR 46669, Oct. 9, 1992]
§ 1500.4
Human experience with hazardous substances.
(a) Reliable data on human experience with any substance should be taken into account in determining whether an article is a “hazardous substance” within the meaning of the act. When such data give reliable results different from results with animal data, the human experience takes precedence.
(b) Experience may show that an article is more or less toxic, irritant, or corrosive to man than to test animals. It may show other factors that are important in determining the degree of hazard to humans represented by the substance. For example, experience shows that radiator antifreeze is likely to be stored in the household or garage and likely to be ingested in significant quantities by some persons. It also shows that a particular substance in liquid form is more likely to be ingested than the same substance in a paste or a solid and that an aerosol is more likely to get into the eyes and the nasal passages than a liquid.
§ 1500.5
Hazardous mixtures.
For a mixture of substances, the determination of whether the mixture is a “hazardous substance” as defined by section 2(f) of the act (repeated in § 1500.3(b)(4)) should be based on the physical, chemical, and pharmacological characteristics of the mixture. A mixture of substances may therefore be less hazardous or more hazardous than its components because of synergistic or antagonistic reactions. It may not be possible to reach a fully satisfactory decision concerning the toxic, irritant, corrosive, flammable, sensitizing, or pressure-generating properties of a substance from what is known about its components or ingredients. The mixture itself should be tested.
§ 1500.12
Products declared to be hazardous substances under section 3(a) of the act.
(a) The Commission finds that the following articles are hazardous substances within the meaning of the act because they are capable of causing substantial personal injury or substantial illness during or as a proximate result of any customary or reasonably foreseeable handling or use:
(1) Charcoal briquettes and other forms of charcoal in containers for retail sale and intended for cooking or heating.
(2) Metal-cored candlewicks that have a lead content of more than 0.06 percent of the total weight of the metal core, and candles made with such wicks.
(b) [Reserved]
[38 FR 27012, Sept. 27, 1973, as amended at 68 FR 19147, Apr. 18, 2003]
§ 1500.13
Listing of “strong sensitizer” substances.
On the basis of frequency of occurrence and severity of reaction information, the Commission finds that the following substances have a significant potential for causing hypersensitivity and therefore meet the definition for “strong sensitizer” in section 2(k) of the act (repeated in § 1500.3(b)(9)):
(a) Paraphenylenediamine and products containing it.
(b) Powdered orris root and products containing it.
(c) Epoxy resins systems containing in any concentration ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, and diglycidyl ethers of molecular weight of less than 200.
(d) Formaldehyde and products containing 1 percent or more of formaldehyde.
(e) Oil of bergamot and products containing 2 percent or more of oil of bergamot.
§ 1500.14
Products requiring special labeling under section 3(b) of the act.
(a) Human experience, as reported in the scientific literature and to the Poison Control Centers and the National Clearing House for Poison Control Centers, and opinions of informed medical experts establish that the following substances are hazardous:
(1) Diethylene glycol and mixtures containing 10 percent or more by weight of diethylene glycol.
(2) Ethylene glycol and mixtures containing 10 percent or more by weight of ethylene glycol.
(3) Products containing 5 percent or more by weight of benzene (also known as benzol) and products containing 10 percent or more by weight of toluene (also known as toluol), xylene (also known as xylol), or petroleum distillates such as kerosine, mineral seal oil, naphtha, gasoline, mineral spirits, stoddard solvent, and related petroleum distillates.
(4) Methyl alcohol (methanol) and mixtures containing 4 percent or more by weight of methyl alcohol (methanol).
(5) Turpentine (including gum turpentine, gum spirits of turpentine, steam-distilled wood turpentine, sulfate wood turpentine, and destructively distilled wood turpentine) and mixtures containing 10 percent or more by weight of such turpentine.
(b) The Commission finds that the following substances present special hazards and that, for these substances, the labeling required by section 2(p)(1) of the act is not adequate for the protection of the public health. Under section 3(b) of the act, the following specific label statements are deemed necessary to supplement the labeling required by section 2(p)(1) of the act:
(1)
Diethylene glycol.
Because diethylene glycol and mixtures containing 10 percent or more by weight of diethylene glycol are commonly marketed, stored, and used in a manner increasing the possibility of accidental ingestion, such products shall be labeled with the signal word “warning” and the statement “Harmful if swallowed.”
(2)
Ethylene glycol.
Because ethylene glycol and mixtures containing 10 percent or more by weight of ethylene glycol are commonly marketed, stored, and used in a manner increasing the possibility of accidental ingestion, such products shall be labeled with the signal word “warning” and the statement “Harmful or fatal if swallowed.”
(3)
Benzene, toluene, xylene, petroleum distillates.
(i) Because inhalation of the vapors of products containing 5 percent or more by weight of benzene may cause blood dyscrasias, such products shall be labeled with the signal word “danger,” the statement of hazard “Vapor harmful,” the word “poison,” and the skull and crossbones symbol. If the product contains 10 percent or more by weight of benzene, it shall bear the additional statement of hazard “Harmful or fatal if swallowed” and the additional statement “Call physician immediately.”
(ii) Because products containing 10 percent or more by weight of toluene, xylene, or any of the other substances listed in paragraph (a)(3) of this section may be aspirated into the lungs, with resulting chemical pneumonitis, pneumonia, and pulmonary edema, such products shall be labeled with the signal word “danger,” the statement or
hazard “Harmful or fatal if swallowed,” and the statement “Call physician immediately.”
(iii) Because inhalation of the vapor of products containing 10 percent or more by weight of toluene or xylene may cause systemic injury, such products shall bear the statement of hazard “Vapor harmful” in addition to the statements prescribed in paragraph (b)(3)(ii) of this section.
(4)
(
methanol
). Because death and blindness can result from the ingestion of methyl alcohol, the label for this substance and for mixtures containing 4 percent or more by weight of this substance shall include the signal word “danger,” the additional word “poison,” and the skull and crossbones symbol. The statement of hazard shall include “Vapor harmful” and “May be fatal or cause blindness if swallowed.” The label shall also bear the statement “Cannot be made nonpoisonous.”
(5)
Turpentine.
Because turpentine (including gum turpentine, gum spirits of turpentine, steam-distilled wood turpentine, sulfate wood turpentine, and destructively distilled wood turpentine) and products containing 10 percent or more by weight of such turpentine, in addition to oral toxicity resulting in systemic poisoning, may be aspirated into the lungs with resulting chemical pneumonitis, pneumonia, and pulmonary edema, such products shall be labeled with the signal word “danger” and the statement of hazard “Harmful or fatal if swallowed.”
(6)
Charcoal.
Charcoal briquettes and other forms of charcoal in containers for retail sale and intended for cooking or heating.
(i)(A) Because inhalation of the carbon monoxide produced by burning charcoal indoors or in confined areas may cause serious injury or death, containers of such products packaged before November 3, 1997, shall bear the following borderlined statement:
WARNING: Do Not Use for Indoor Heating or Cooking Unless Ventilation Is Provided for Exhausting Fumes to Outside. Toxic Fumes May Accumulate and Cause Death
(B) For bags of charcoal packaged before November 3, 1997, the statement specified in paragraph (b)(6)(i) of this section shall appear within a heavy borderline in a color sharply contrasting to that of the background, on both front and back panels in the upper 25 percent of the panels of the bag at least 2 inches below the seam, and at least 1 inch above any reading material or design elements in type size as follows: The signal word “WARNING” shall appear in capital letters at least three-eighths inch in height; the remaining text of the warning statement shall be printed in letters at least three-sixteenths inch in height.
(ii)(A) Because inhalation of the carbon monoxide produced by burning charcoal indoors or in confined areas can cause serious injury or death, containers of such products packaged on or after November 3, 1997, shall bear the following borderlined label.
ER03MY96.051
(B) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(6)(ii)(C) of this section, the following requirements apply to bags of charcoal subject to paragraph (b)(6)(ii)(A) of this section. The label specified in paragraph (b)(6)(ii)(A) of this section shall appear within a heavy borderline, in a color sharply contrasting to that of the background, on both the front and back panels in the upper 25 percent of the panels of the bag, and with the outer edge of the borderline at least 2.54 cm (1 inch) below the seam and at least 2.54 cm (1 inch) above any other reading material or design elements. The signal word “WARNING” shall be in bold capital letters in at least 7.14 mm (
9/32
inch) type. The remaining text of the warning statement shall be in at least 4.763 mm (
3/16
inch) type. The phrase “CARBON MONOXIDE HAZARD” shall be in bold. This phrase and the word “NEVER” shall be in all capital letters. The lettering shall have a strokewidth-to-height ratio of 1:6 to 1:8. The label shall be at least 50.8 mm (2 inches) high and 147.5 mm (5
13/16
inches) wide. The label's lettering, spacing between the bottom of the letters of one line and the top of the letter of the next line, and pictogram shall have the size relation to each other and to the remainder of the label shown in paragraph (b)(6)(ii)(A) of this section.
(C) For bags of charcoal subject to paragraph (b)(6)(ii)(A) of this section that are 6 inches or less wide, the minimum label height may be reduced to 38 mm (1.5 inches) and the minimum width may be reduced to 139.7 mm (5.5 inches). The signal word “WARNING” shall be in capital letters in at least 6.32 mm (0.249 inch) type. The remaining text of the warning shall be in at least 4.23 mm (0.166 inch) type. All other requirements of paragraphs 6(b)(ii) (A) and (B) of this section shall apply to these bags.
(7)
Fireworks devices.
Because of the special hazards presented by fireworks devices if not used in a certain manner, the following listed fireworks devices shall be labeled as indicated:
(i)
Use only under [close] adult supervision. (Use of the word close is optional.)
For outdoor use only.
Place in wooden trough or iron pipe at 75° angle, pointing away from people or flammable material.
Do not hold in hand.
Light fuse and get away.
(vi)
Warning (or Caution) Flammable (or Emits Showers of Sparks, if More Descriptive)
Use only under [close] adult supervision. (Use of the word close is optional.)
For outdoor use only.
Attach securely by means of a nail through the hole (or place on hard flat surface, for ground spinners).
Light fuse and get away.
(vii)
Warning (or Caution) Flammable (or Emits Showers of Sparks, if More Descriptive)
Use only under [close] adult supervision. (Use of the word close is optional.)
For outdoor use only.
Hold in hand—point away from body, clothing, or other flammable material (or place upright on level ground. Do not hold in hand, if more descriptive).
Light fuse (or light fuse and get away, if more descriptive).
(viii)
Place on hard, open surface.
Light fuse and get away.
(xv)
Labeling—General.
Any fireworks device not required to have a specific label as indicated above shall carry a warning label indicating to the user where and how the item is to be used and necessary safety precautions to be observed. All labels required under this section shall comply with the requirements of § 1500.121 of these regulations. (See also § 1500.17(a) (3), (8) and (9); § 1500.83(a)(27); § 1500.85(a)(2); and part 1507).
(8)
Art materials.
Note:
The Labeling of Hazardous Art Materials Act (“LHAMA”), 15 U.S.C. 1277 (Pub. L. 100-695, enacted November 18, 1988) provides that, as of November 18, 1990, “the requirements for the labeling of art materials set forth in the version of the standard of the American Society for Testing and Materials [“ASTM”] designated D-4236 that is in effect on [November 18, 1988] * * * shall be deemed to be a regulation issued by the Commission under section 3(b)” of the Federal Hazardous Substances Act, 15 U.S.C. 1262(b). For the convenience of interested persons, the Commission is including the requirements of ASTM D-4236 in paragraph (b)(8)(i) of this section, along with other requirements (stated in paragraph (b)(8)(ii) of this section)
made applicable to art materials by the LHAMA. The substance of the requirements specified in LHAMA became effective on November 18, 1990, as mandated by Congress.
(i)
—(
1
) This section describes a procedure for developing precautionary labels for art materials and provides hazard and precautionary statements based upon knowledge that exists in the scientific and medical communities. This section concerns those chronic health hazards known to be associated with a product or product component(s), when the component(s) is present in a physical form, volume, or concentration that in the opinion of a toxicologist (see paragraph (b)(8)(i)(B)(
11
) of this section) has the potential to produce a chronic adverse health effect(s).
(
2
) This section applies exclusively to art materials packaged in sizes intended for individual users of any age or those participating in a small group.
(
) Labeling determinations shall consider reasonably foreseeable use or misuse.
(
4
) Manufacturers or repackagers may wish to have compliance certified by a certifying organization. Guidelines for a certifying organization are given in paragraph (b)(8)(i)(H) of this section.
(B) Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard. (
1
) Art material or art material product—any raw or processed material, or manufactured product, marketed or represented by the producer or repackager as intended for and suitable for users as defined herein.
(
2
) Users—artists or crafts people of any age who create, or recreate in a limited number, largely by hand, works which may or may not have a practical use, but in which aesthetic considerations are paramount.
(
3
) Chronic adverse health effect(s)—a persistent toxic effect(s) that develops over time from a single, prolonged, or repeated exposure to a substance. This effect may result from exposure(s) to a substance that can, in humans, cause sterility, birth defects, harm to a developing fetus or to a nursing infant, cancer, allergenic sensitization, damage to the nervous system, or a persistent adverse effect to any other organ system.
(
4
) chronic health hazard(s) (hereafter referred to as “chronic hazard”)—a health risk to humans, resultant from exposure to a substance that may cause a chronic adverse health effect.
(
5
) Analytical laboratory—a laboratory having personnel and apparatus capable of performing quantitative or qualitative analyses of art materials, which may yield information that is used by a toxicologist for evaluation of potentially hazardous materials.
(
6
) Label—a display of written, printed, or graphic matter upon the immediate container of any art material product. When the product is unpackaged, or is not packaged in an immediate container intended or suitable for delivery to users, the label can be a display of such matter directly upon the article involved or upon a tag or other suitable labeling device attached to the art material.
(
) Producer—the person or entity who manufactures, processes, or imports an art material.
(
8
) Repackager—the person or entity who obtains materials from producers and without making changes in such materials puts them in containers intended for sale as art materials to users.
(
9
) Sensitizer—a substance known to cause, through an allergic process, a chronic adverse health effect which becomes evident in a significant number of people on re-exposure to the same substance.
(
10
) Toxic—applies to any substance that is likely to produce personal injury or illness to humans through ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact.
(
11
) Toxicologist—an individual who through education, training, and experience has expertise in the field of toxicology, as it relates to human exposure, and is either a toxicologist or physician certified by a nationally recognized certification board.
(
) Bioavailability—the extent that a substance can be absorbed in a biologically active form.
(C) Requirements. (
1
) The producer or repackager of art materials shall submit art material product formulation(s) or reformulation(s) to a toxicologist for review, such review to be in accordance with paragraph
(b)(8)(l)(D) of this section. The toxicologist shall be required to keep product formulation(s) confidential.
(
2
) Unless otherwise agreed in writing by the producer or repackager, no one other than the toxicologists shall have access to the formulation(s); except that the toxicologists shall furnish a patient's physician, on a confidential basis, the information necessary to diagnose or treat cases of exposure or accidental ingestion.
(
3
) The producer or repackager, upon advice given by a toxicologist in accordance with paragraph (b)(8)(i)(D) of this section and based upon generally accepted, well-established evidence that a component substance(s) is known to cause chronic adverse health effects adopt precautionary labeling in accordance with paragraph (b)(8)(i)(E) of this section.
(
4
) Labeling shall conform to any labeling practices prescribed by federal and state statutes or regulations and shall not diminish the effect of required acute toxicity warnings.
(
5
) The producer or repackager shall supply a poison exposure management information source the generic formulation information required for dissemination to poison control centers or shall provide a 24-hour cost-free telephone number to poison control centers.
(
6
) The producer or repackager shall have a toxicologist review as necessary, but at least every 5 years, art material product formulation(s) and associated label(s) based upon the then-current, generally accepted, well-established scientific knowledge.
(
7
) Statement of Conformance—“Conforms to ASTM Practice D-4236,” or “Conforms to ASTM D-4236,” or “Conforms to the health requirements of ASTM D-4236.” This statement may be combined with other conformance statements. The conformance statement should appear whenever practical on the product; however, it shall also be acceptable to place the statement on one or more of the following:
(
) a display or sign at the point of purchase,
(
) separate explanatory literature available on requirements at the point of purchase,
(
) a response to a formal request for bid or proposal.
(D) Determination of Labeling. (
1
) An art material is considered to have the potential for producing chronic adverse health effects if any customary or reasonably foreseeable use can result in a chronic hazard.
(
) In making the determination, a toxicologist(s) shall take into account the following:
(
i
) Current chemical composition of the art material, supplied by an analytical laboratory or by an industrial chemist on behalf of a manufacturer or repackager.
(
ii
) Current generally accepted, well-established scientific knowledge of the chronic toxic potential of each component and the total formulation.
(
iii
) Specific physical and chemical form of the art material product, bioavailability, concentration, and the amount of each potentially chronic toxic component found in the formulation.
(
iv
) Reasonably foreseeable uses of the art material product as determined by consultation with users and other individuals who are experienced in use of the material(s), such as teachers, or by market studies, unless such use information has previously been determined with respect to the specific art material(s) under review.
(
) Potential for known synergism and antagonism of the various components of the formulation.
(
vi
) Potentially chronic adverse health effects of decomposition or combustion products, if known, from any reasonably foreseeable use of the hazardous art material product.
(
vii
) Opinions of various regulatory agencies and scientific bodies, including the International Agency for Research on Cancer and the National Cancer Institute, on the potential for chronic adverse health effects of the various components of the formulation.
(
3
) Based upon the conclusion reached in conformance with review determinations set forth herein, the toxicologist(s) shall recommend precautionary labeling consistent with paragraph (b)(8)(i)(E) of this section.
(E) Labeling Practices—(
) When a signal word for an acute hazard(s) is mandated and a
chronic hazard(s) exists, the signal word shall be that for the acute hazard.
(
) When only a chronic hazard(s) exists, the signal word WARNING shall be used.
(
iii
) The signal word shall be prominently visible and set in bold capitals in a size equal to or greater than the statement of potential chronic hazards.
(
2
) List of Potentially Chronic Hazards—Potentially chronic hazards, as determined under the procedures of paragraph (b)(8)(i)(D) of this section, shall be stated substantially in accordance with the statements listed in paragraph (b)(8)(i)(F) of this section. Potentially chronic hazards noted shall be those that are clinically significant and that might be expected with any reasonably foreseeable use of the art material. The hazards should be grouped in the order of relative descending severity.
(
3
) Name of Chronically Hazardous Component(s)—All components and known decomposition products of the formulation with a potential for chronic hazards, as determined under the procedures of paragraph (b)(8)(i)(D) of this section, shall be listed prominently. Generically equivalent names may be used.
(
4
) Safe Handling Instructions—Appropriate precautionary statements as to work practices, personal protection, and ventilation requirements shall be used substantially conforming with those listed in paragraph (b)(8)(i)(G) of this section.
(
5
) List of Sensitizing Components—To protect users from known sensitizers found within art materials, each label shall contain a list of those sensitizers present in sufficient amounts to contribute significantly to a known skin or respiratory sensitization.
(
6
) Combined Statement—If an art material contains more than one component capable of causing a chronic adverse health effect, or if a single chemical can cause several different chronic adverse health effects, the potential effects may be combined into one statement.
(
7
) Information Sources—The precautionary label shall contain a statement identifying a source for additional health information substantially in conformance with one of the phrases listed below:
(
) For more health information—(24 hour cost-free U.S. telephone number),
(
) Contact a physician for more health information, or
(
) Call your local poison control center for more health information.
(
8
) Labeling Content, Product Size—Any art material product in a container larger in size than one fluid ounce (30 ml) (if the product is sold by volume) or one ounce net weight (28 g) (if the product is sold by weight) shall have full precautionary labeling, as described in paragraph (b)(8)(i) (E) of this section. Any art material product in a container equal to or smaller than one fluid ounce or one ounce net weight shall have a label that includes a signal word in conformance with paragraph (b)(8)(i)(E)(
1
) of this section and a list of potentially harmful or sensitizing components in conformance with paragraphs (b)(8)(i)(E) (
3
) The information described in paragraph (b)(8)(i)(E) of this section must appear on:
(
i
) The outside container or wrapper, if any, unless it is easily legible through the outside container or wrapper and
(
ii
) All accompanying literature where there are directions for use, written or otherwise. Where a product that requires warning labels under paragraphs (b)(8)(i) (D) and (E) of this section is packed within a point-of-sale package that obscures the warning statement(s), the point-of-sale package shall carry the signal word conforming to paragraph (b)(8)(i)(E)(
1
) and the following wording: “Contains: (list hazardous product(s)) that may be harmful if misused. Read cautions on individual containers carefully. Keep out of the reach of children.”
(
10
) Statements required under paragraphs (b)(8)(i) (D) and (E) of this section must be in the English language and located prominently in conspicuous and legible type in contrast by topography, layout, or color with other printed matter on the label.
(
11
) Supplemental Information—Where appropriate, more detailed information that relates to chronic hazard(s), such as physical properties, decomposition products, detailed safety instructions, or disposal recommendations, shall be included in supplemental documents, such as Material Safety Data Sheets, technical brochures, technical data sheets etc.
(F) chronic Hazard Statements
CONTACT MAY CAUSE PERMANENT EYE DAMAGE.
MAY BE HARMFUL BY BREATHING VAPORS/DUSTS.
MAY BE HARMFUL IF SWALLOWED.
MAY BE HARMFUL BY SKIN CONTACT.
MAY PRODUCE BIRTH DEFECTS IN THE DEVELOPING FETUS.
MAY BE EXCRETED IN HUMAN MILK.
MAY CAUSE HARM TO THE NURSING INFANT.
CANCER AGENT! EXPOSURE MAY PRODUCE CANCER.
CANCER AGENT BASED ON TESTS WITH LABORATORY ANIMALS.
POSSIBLE CANCER AGENT BASED ON TESTS WITH LABORATORY ANIMALS.
MAY PRODUCE ALLERGIC REACTION BY INGESTION/INHALATION/SKIN CONTACT.
MAY PRODUCE NUMBNESS OR WEAKNESS IN THE EXTREMITIES.
EXPOSURE MAY CAUSE (SPECIFY THE ORGAN(S)) DAMAGE.
HEATING/COMBUSTION MAY CAUSE HAZARDOUS DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS.
(G) Precautionary Statements
Keep out of reach of children.
When using do not eat, drink, or smoke.
Wash hands immediately after use.
Avoid inhalation/ingestion/skin contact.
Keep container tightly closed when not in use.
Store in well-ventilated area.
Wear protective clothing (specify type).
Wear protective goggles/face shield.
Wear NIOSH-certified mask for dusts/mists/fumes.
Wear NIOSH-certified respirator with an appropriate cartridge for (specify).
Wear NIOSH-certified supplied-air respirator.
Use window exhaust fan to remove vapors and ensure adequate cross ventilation. (Specify explosion-proof if necessary.)
Do not heat above (specify temperature) without adequate ventilation.
Use (specify type) local exhausting hood.
Do not use/mix with (specify material).
(ii) The following shall apply with respect to the standard for art materials set forth in § 1500.14(b)(8)(i).
(A) The term
art material or art material product
shall mean any substance marketed or represented by the producer or repackager as suitable for use in any phase of the creation of any work of visual or graphic art of any medium. The term does not include economic poisons subject to the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act or drugs, devices, or cosmetics subject to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act.
(B) The standard referred to in paragraph (b)(8)(i) of this section applies to art materials intended for users of any age.
(C) Each producer or repackager of art materials shall describe in writing the criteria used to determine whether an art material has the potential for producing chronic adverse health effects. Each producer or repackager shall submit, to the Commission's Division of Regulatory Management, Consumer Product Safety Commission, Washington, DC 20207, the written description of the criteria described above and a list of art materials that require hazard warning labels under this section. Upon request of the Commission, a producer or repackager shall submit to the Commission product formulations.
(D) All art materials that require chronic hazard labeling pursuant to this section must include on the label the name and United States address of the producer or repackager of the art materials, an appropriate United States telephone number that can be contacted for more information on the hazards requiring warning labels under this section, and a statement that such
art materials are inappropriate for use by children.
(E) If an art material producer or repackager becomes newly aware of any significant information regarding the hazards of an art material or ways to protect against the hazard, this new information must be incorporated into the labels of such art materials that are manufactured after 12 months from the date of discovery. If a producer or repackager reformulates an art material, the new formulation must be evaluated and labeled in accordance with the standard set forth § 1500.14(b)(8)(i).
(F) In determining whether an art material has the potential for producing chronic adverse health effects, including carcinogenicity and potential carcinogenicity, the toxicologist to whom the substance is referred under the standard described above shall take into account opinions of various regulatory agencies and scientific bodies, including the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).
(iii) Pursuant to the LHAMA, the Commission has issued guidelines which, where possible, specify criteria for determining when any customary or reasonably foreseeable use of an art material can result in a chronic hazard. These guidelines include criteria for determining when art materials may produce chronic adverse effects in children and adults, criteria for determining which substances contained in art materials have the potential for producing chronic adverse effects and what those effects are, criteria for determining the bioavailability of chronically hazardous substances contained in art materials when the products are used in a customary or reasonably foreseeable manner, and criteria for determining acceptable daily intake levels for chronically hazardous substances contained in art materials. Because these guidelines apply to hazardous substances in general as well as to hazardous substances in art materials, the guidelines are set forth in § 1500.135 and a definition of “chronic toxicity” is provided in § 1500.3(c)(2)(ii) as part of supplementation of the term “toxic” in section 2(q) of the FHSA.
(iv)
Policies and interpretations.
(A) For purposes of enforcement policy, the Commission will not consider as sufficient grounds for bringing an enforcement action under the Labeling of Hazardous Art Materials Act (“LHAMA”) the failure of the following types of products to meet the requirements of § 1500.14(b)(8) (i) through (iii).
(
1
) Products whose intended general use is not to create art (e.g., common wood pencils, and single colored pens, markers, and chalk), unless the particular product is specifically packaged, promoted, or marketed in a manner that would lead a reasonable person to conclude that it is intended for use as an art material. Factors the Commission would consider in making this determination are how an item is packaged (e.g., packages of multiple colored pencils, chalks, or markers unless promoted for non-art materials uses are likely to be art materials), how it is marketed and promoted (e.g., pencils and pens intended specifically for sketching and drawing are likely to be art materials), and where it is sold (e.g., products sold in an art supply store are likely to be art materials). The products described in this paragraph do not meet the statutory definition of “art material.”
(
2
) Tools, implements, and furniture used in the creation of a work of art such as brushes, chisels, easels, picture frames, drafting tables and chairs, canvas stretchers, potter's wheels, hammers, air pumps for air brushes, kilns, and molds.
(
3
) Surface materials upon which an art material is applied, such as coloring books and canvas, unless, as a result of processing or handling, the consumer is likely to be exposed to a chemical in or on the surface material in a manner which makes that chemical susceptible to being ingested, absorbed, or inhaled.
(
4
) The following materials whether used as a surface or applied to one, unless, as a result of processing or handling, the consumer is likely to be exposed to a chemical in or on the surface material in a manner which makes that chemical susceptible to being ingested, absorbed, or inhaled: paper, cloth, plastics, films, yarn, threads,
rubber, sand, wood, stone, tile, masonry, and metal.
(B) For purposes of LHAMA enforcement policy, the Commission will enforce against materials including, but not limited to, paints, crayons, colored pencils, glues, adhesives, and putties, if such materials are sold as part of an art, craft, model, or hobby kit. The Commission will enforce the LHAMA requirements against paints or other materials sold separately which are intended to decorate art, craft, model, and hobby items. Adhesives, glues, and putties intended for general repair or construction uses are not subject to LHAMA. However, the Commission will enforce the LHAMA requirements against adhesives, glues, and putties sold separately (not part of a kit) if they are intended for art and craft and model construction uses. This paragraph (b)(8)(iv)(B) applies to products introduced into interstate commerce on or after August 14, 1995.
(C) Commission regulations at § 1500.14(b)(8)(i)(C)(7) require that a statement of conformance appear with art materials that have been reviewed in accordance with the Commission standard. The Commission interprets this provision to require a conformance statement regardless of the presence of any chronic hazard warnings.
(D) Nothing in this enforcement statement should be deemed to alter any of the requirements of the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (“FHSA”), such as, but not limited to, the requirement that any hazardous substance intended or packaged in a form suitable for household use must be labeled in accordance with section 2(p) of the FHSA.
Appendix A to § 1500.14(b)(8)—Guidelines for a Certifying Organization (Not Mandatory)
(a) The term “certifying organization,” as used in this paragraph, refers to an organization or an institute that, after assuring that all provisions are met, certifies that an art material does conform to the labeling requirements of this practice.
(b) The certifying body may be funded by member manufacturers, but should include users or their representatives, as well as manufacturers' chemists, on its technical and certifying committees.
(c) Representative samples of art materials, labeled as conforming to this section and bought at retail, should be analyzed at random and from time to time by an analytical laboratory to ensure they are the same as the formulation used by the toxicologist(s) for determining labeling requirements.
(d) The methods used by the toxicologist(s) in review and determination of the need and content of precautionary labeling for potentially chronic adverse health effects should be periodically reviewed by an advisory board composed of not less than three or more than five toxicologists, at least one of whom is certified in toxicology by a nationally recognized certification board.
(e) In cases where there is disagreement by participating producers or participating users, with the determination of the toxicologist(s), there should be a method whereby the toxicologist's decision can be presented to the advisory board of toxicologists for arbitration.
[38 FR 27012, Sept. 27, 1973, as amended at 41 FR 22934, June 8, 1976; 48 FR 16, Jan. 3, 1983; 53 FR 3018, Feb. 3, 1988; 57 FR 46669, Oct. 9, 1992; 60 FR 8193, Feb. 27, 1995; 61 FR 19829, May 3, 1996; 61 FR 33175, June 26, 1996]
§ 1500.15
Labeling of fire extinguishers.
When a substance or mixture of substances labeled for use in or as a fire extinguisher produces substances that are toxic within the meaning of § 1500.3(c) (1) and (2) when used according to label directions to extinguish a fire, the containers for such substances shall bear the following labeling:
(a) When substances are produced that meet the definition of highly toxic in § 1500.3(c)(1), the signal word “Danger” and the statement of hazard “Poisonous gases formed when used to extinguish flame or on contact with heat” are required labeling.
(b) When substances are produced that meet the definition of toxic in § 1500.3(c)(2), the signal word “Caution” or “Warning” and the statement of hazard “Dangerous gas formed when used to extinguish flame or on contact with heat” are required labeling.
(c) Regardless of whether paragraph (a) or (b) of this section applies, any substance or mixture of substances labeled for use as a fire extinguisher that, if applied to an electrical fire, would subject the user to the likelihood of electrical shock shall be conspicuously labeled “Caution: Do not use on electrical wires.”
(d) The statements specified in paragraphs (a), (b), and (c) of this section shall be in addition to any other that may be required under the act. All such substances or mixtures of substances shall also bear the additional statements “Use in an enclosed place may be fatal” and “Do not enter area until well ventilated and all odor of chemical has disappeared.”
§ 1500.17
Banned hazardous substances.
(a) Under the authority of section 2(q)(1)(B) of the act, the Commission declares as banned hazardous substances the following articles because they possess such a degree or nature of hazard that adequate cautionary labeling cannot be written and the public health and safety can be served only by keeping such articles out of interstate commerce:
(1) Mixtures that are intended primarily for application to interior masonry walls, floors, etc., as a water repellant treatment and that are “extremely flammable” within the meaning of section 2(1) of the act (repeated in § 1500.3(b)(10)).
(2) Carbon tetrachloride and mixtures containing it (including carbon tetrachloride and mixtures containing it used in fire extinguishers), excluding unavoidable manufacturing residues of carbon tetrachloride in other chemicals that under reasonably foreseeable conditions of use do not result in an atmospheric concentration of carbon tetrachloride greater than 10 parts per million.
(3) Fireworks devices intended to produce audible effects (including but not limited to cherry bombs, M-80 salutes, silver salutes, and other large firecrackers, aerial bombs, and other fireworks designed to produce audible effects, and including kits and components intended to produce such fireworks) if the audible effect is produced by a charge of more than 2 grains of pyrotechnic composition; except that this provision shall not apply to such fireworks devices if all of the following conditions are met:
(i) Such fireworks devices are distributed to farmers, ranchers, or growers through a wildlife management program administered by the U.S. Department of the Interior (or by equivalent State or local government agencies); and
(ii) Such distribution is in response to a written application describing the wildlife management problem that requires use of such devices, is of a quantity no greater than required to control the problem described, and is where other means of control are unavailable or inadequate. (See also § 1500.14(b)(7); § 1500.17(a) (8) and (9); § 1500.83(a)(27); § 1500.85(a)(2); and part 1507).
(4) Liquid drain cleaners containing 10 percent or more by weight of sodium and/or potassium hydroxide; except that this subparagraph shall not apply to such liquid drain cleaners if packaged in accordance with a standard for special packaging of such articles promulgated under the Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970 (Pub. L. 91-601, 84 Stat. 1670-74 (15 U.S.C. 1471-76)).
(5) Products containing soluble cyanide salts, excluding unavoidable manufacturing residues of cyanide salts in other chemicals that under reasonable and foreseeable conditions of use will not result in a concentration of cyanide greater than 25 parts per million.
(6)(i) Any paint or other similar surface-coating material intended, or packaged in a form suitable, for use in or around the household that:
(A) Is shipped in interstate commerce after December 31, 1973, and contains lead compounds of which the lead content (calculated as the metal) is in excess of 0.06 percent of the total weight of the contained solids or dried paint film; or
(B) Is shipped in interstate commerce after December 31, 1972, and contains lead compounds of which the lead content (calculated as the metal) is in excess of 0.5 percent of the total weight of the contained solids or dried paint film.
(C) [Reserved]
(D) The provisions of paragraph (a)(6)(i) of this section do not apply to artists' paints and related materials.
(ii) Any toy or other article intended for use by children that:
(A) Is shipped in interstate commerce after December 31, 1973, and bears any paint or other similar surface-coating material containing lead compounds of
which the lead content (calculated as the metal) is in excess of 0.06 percent of the total weight of the contained solids or dried paint film; or
(B) Is shipped in interstate commerce after December 31, 1972, and bears any paint or other similar surface-coating material containing lead compounds of which the lead content (calculated as the metal) is in excess of 0.5 percent of the total weight of the contained solids or dried paint film.
(iii) Since the Commission has issued comprehensive regulations for lead-containing paint and certain consumer products bearing such paint at the 0.06 percent level under the Consumer Product Safety Act (see 16 CFR part 1303), paragraphs (i) and (ii) of § 1500.17(a)(6) are revoked as to the subject products manufactured after February 27, 1978.
Note:
The effective date of paragraphs (a)(6)(i)(A) and (a)(6)(ii)(A) was stayed by an order published in the
Federal Register
of August 10, 1972 (37 FR 16078).
(7) General-use garments containing asbestos (other than garments having a bona fide application for personal protection against thermal injury and so constructed that the asbestos fibers will not become airborne under reasonably foreseeable conditions of use).
(8) Firecrackers designed to produce audible effects, if the audible effect is produced by a charge of more than 50 milligrams (.772 grains) of pyrotechnic composition (not including firecrackers included as components of a rocket), aerial bombs, and devices that may be confused with candy or other foods, such as “dragon eggs,” and “cracker balls” (also known as “ball-type caps”), and including kits and components intended to produce such fireworks except such devices which meet all of the following conditions:
(i) The fireworks devices are distributed to farmers, ranchers, or growers through a wildlife management program administered by the U.S. Department of Interior (or by equivalent State or local governmental agencies); and
(ii) Such distribution is in response to a written application describing the wildlife management problem that requires use of such devices, is of a quantity no greater than required to control the problem described, and is where other means of control is unavailable or inadequate. (See also § 1500.17(a) (3) and (9)).
(9) All fireworks devices, other than firecrackers, including kits and components intended to produce such fireworks, not otherwise banned under the act, that do not comply with the applicable requirements of part 1507 of this chapter, except fireworks devices which meet all the following conditions:
(i) The fireworks devices are distributed to farmers, ranchers, or growers through a wildlife management program administered by the U.S. Department of the Interior (or by equivalent State or local government agencies); and
(ii) Such distribution is in response to a written application describing the wildlife management problem that requires use of such devices, is of a quantity no greater than required to control the problem described, and is where other means of control is unavailable or inadequate. (See also § 1500.17(a) (3) and (8)).
(10) Self-pressurized products intended or suitable for household use that contain vinyl chloride monomer as an ingredient or in the propellant manufactured or imported on or after October 7, 1974. (See also § 1500.17(a) (3) and (8)).
(11)(i) Reloadable tube aerial shell fireworks devices that use shells larger than 1.75 inches in outer diameter and that are imported on or after October 8, 1991.
(ii)
(A)
General.
In order to issue a rule under section 2(q)(1) of the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (“FHSA”), 15 U.S.C. 1261(q)(1), classifying a substance or article as a banned hazardous substance, the FHSA requires the Commission to make certain findings and to include these findings in the regulation. These findings are discussed below.
(B)
Voluntary standard.
Although a voluntary standard relating to the risk of injury associated with reloadable tube aerial shells has been adopted, it has not been implemented. Thus, the Commission is not required to make findings covering the likelihood that the voluntary standard would result in
elimination or adequate reduction of the risk of injury or that there would be substantial compliance with the voluntary standard.
(C)
Relationship of benefits to costs.
The Commission estimates that the removal of large reloadable shells from the market is likely to virtually eliminate the number of associated injuries, with only a slight offsetting increase in the number of injuries due to the use of substitute Class C fireworks products available to consumers. The estimated net benefits range from essentially zero to close to $1 million annually. The annual costs of a ban are estimated to be very low. Included are potential costs to foreign manufacturers and U.S. importers from sales losses, production changes, and inventory retrofitting, and slightly reduced market choices for consumers who purchase aerial display fireworks. Costs to each of these sectors are estimated to be slight, and are reduced to the extent that alternative products are perceived as adequate substitutes for large reloadable shells. Thus, the Commission finds that the benefits expected from the regulation bear a reasonable relationship to its costs.
(D)
Least burdensome requirement.
The Commission considered several alternatives to the ban. These included: Design or performance criteria; additional or alternative labeling; inclusion of some reloadable shells 1.75 inches or smaller in the ban; and no action in reliance on the voluntary standard. The Commission determined that a ban of reloadable shells larger than 1.75 inches in outer diameter is the least burdensome alternative that would prevent or adequately reduce the risk of injury.
(
1
) Regarding design or performance criteria, the Commission considered requirements similar to those stated in the voluntary standard of the American Fireworks Standards Laboratory (“AFSL”). However, such criteria may increase the cost of the product and would not address all factors involved in the incidents. Further, concerns exist about the feasibility of criteria and quality control.
(
2
) Regarding additional or alternative labeling, the users' perception and experience concerning the amount of time available to get away may lead them to disregard an inconsistent warning. There are no data to suggest that a significant number, if any, incidents would be avoided if large reloadable shells carried more detailed labels or instructions than they currently do. It cannot be concluded that potential benefits would be greater than zero.
(
3
) The Commission considered including reloadable shells that are 1.75 inches or less in outer diameter and have the “equivalent explosive power” of larger shells. A kinetic energy level of 70 joules was considered to evaluate explosive power. However, any potential benefits are uncertain since the Commission concluded that a clear relation between kinetic energy and injury potential could not be established. Also, costs could be slightly higher.
(
4
) The Commission also considered imposing no mandatory requirements on large reloadable shells and relying instead on the AFSL voluntary standard. However, it is uncertain whether any net benefits to consumers would result from this alternative, since the level of injury reduction could be near zero if, as is probable, some firms chose not to conform with some or all of the AFSL standard.
(12)(i)
Large multiple-tube devices.
Multiple-tube mine and shell fireworks devices that first enter commerce or are imported on or after March 26, 1997, that have any tube measuring 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) or more in inner diameter, and that have a minimum tip angle less than 60 degrees when tested in accordance with the procedure of § 1507.12 of this part.
(ii)
—(A)
General.
In order to issue a rule under the section 2(q)(1) of the FHSA, 15 U.S.C. 1261(q)(1), classifying a substance or article as a banned hazardous substance, the FHSA requires the Commission to make certain findings and to include these in the regulation. These findings are discussed in paragraphs (a)(12)(ii) (B) through (D) of this section.
(B)
(
1
) One alternative to the tip-angle requirement that the Commission considered is to take no mandatory action, and to depend on a voluntary standard. The
American Fireworks Safety Laboratory (AFSL) has a standard for mines and shells intended to address the potential tip-over hazard associated with multiple-tube fireworks devices. AFSL's Voluntary Standard for Mines and Shells—Single or Multiple Shot requires that large multiple-tube devices not tip over (except as the result of the last shot) when shot on a 2-inch thick medium-density foam pad. The Commission cannot conclude that AFSL's existing voluntary standard adequately reduces the risk of injury from large devices that tip over while functioning. The Commission's tests using polyurethane foam did not find sufficient agreement between performance on foam and on grass. No other data are available to show that this dynamic test is reliable.
(
2
) In addition, even if the AFSL standard is effective, the Commission does not believe that compliance with the standard will be adequate. AFSL reports that it has been testing in accordance with its standard since January 1994. However, the results of CPSC's compliance testing indicate that multiple-tube devices still tip over while functioning. In fiscal year 1994, all 24 imported devices the Commission tested, and 1 of 8 domestic devices, tipped over while functioning. In fiscal year 1995, 22 of 27 imported devices and 1 of 5 domestic devices tipped over during Commission testing. The Commission finds that there is unlikely to be substantial compliance with the voluntary standard applicable to multiple-tube devices.
(C)
Relationship of benefits to costs.
The Commission estimates that the 60-degree tip-angle standard will eliminate the unreasonable tip-over risk posed by these devices. This will provide benefits of saving one life about every 3 years, and preventing an unknown number of nonfatal injuries. The annual cost of modifying affected devices is estimated to be between $1.5 million and $2.7 million. The Commission finds that the benefits from the regulation bear a reasonable relationship to its costs.
(D)
Least burdensome requirement.
The Commission considered the following alternatives: a ban of all multiple-tube devices with inner tube diameters 1.5 inches or greater; a dynamic performance standard; additional labeling requirements; and relying on the voluntary standard. Although a ban of all large multiple-tube devices would address the risk of injury, it would be more burdensome than the tip-angle standard. The Commission was unable to develop a satisfactory dynamic standard that would reduce the risk of injury. Neither additional labeling requirements nor reliance on the voluntary standard would adequately reduce the risk of injury. Thus, the Commission finds that a standard requiring large multiple-tube devices to have a minimum tip angle greater than 60 degrees is the least burdensome requirement that would prevent or adequately reduce the risk of injury.
(13)(i)
Candles made with metal-cored wicks.
Candles manufactured or imported on or after October 15, 2003, made with metal-cored candlewicks, unless:
(A) The metal core of each candlewick has a lead content (calculated as the metal) of not more than 0.06 percent of the total weight of the metal core; and
(B) Each outer container or wrapper in which candles subject to paragraph (a)(13)(i)(A) of this section are shipped, including each outer container or wrapper in which such candles are distributed to a retail outlet, is labeled “Conforms to 16 CFR 1500.17(a)(13).” For purposes of this paragraph (B), the term “outer container or wrapper” does not include the immediate container in which candle(s) is/are intended to be displayed at retail or during use in the home, unless that container or wrapper is also the only container or wrapper in which the candle(s) is/are shipped to a retailer.
(ii)
Metal-cored candlewicks.
Metal-cored candlewicks manufactured or imported on or after October 15, 2003, unless:
(A) The metal core of each candlewick has a lead content (calculated as the metal) of not more than 0.06 percent of the total weight of the metal core; and
(B) Each outer container or wrapper in which candlewicks subject to paragraph (a)(13)(ii)(A) of this section is shipped, including each outer container
or wrapper of a shipment distributed to a retail outlet, is labeled “Conforms to 16 CFR 1500.17(a)(13).” For purposes of this paragraph (B), the term “outer container or wrapper” does not include the immediate container in which candlewick(s) is/are intended to be displayed or sold at retail, unless that container or wrapper is also the only container or wrapper in which the candlewick(s) is/are shipped to a retailer.
(iii)
—(A)
General.
To issue a rule under section 2(q)(1) of the FHSA, 15 U.S.C. 1261(q)(1), classifying a substance or article as a banned hazardous substance, the Commission must make certain findings and include them in the regulation. These findings are discussed in paragraphs (a)(13)(iii)(B) through (D) of this section.
(B)
Voluntary Standard.
One alternative to the ban that the Commission considered is to take no mandatory action, and to depend on a voluntary standard. One organization has a standard for candlewicks intended to address the potential for substantial illness posed by such wicks and candles with such wicks. The Commission has found that the standard is technically unsound and that substantial compliance with it is unlikely. Furthermore, there is no evidence that the standard has been adopted and implemented by candlewick or candle manufacturers.
(C)
Relationship of Benefits to Costs.
The Commission estimates that the ban will reduce the potential for exposure to lead and resulting lead poisoning because there is no “safe” level of lead in the blood. The annual cost to the candle/wick industry of the ban is estimated by the Commission to be in the range of $100,000 to $300,000. On a percentage basis these costs represent only 0.005 to 0.015 percent of the overall value of candle shipments in 2000, which was approximately $2 billion. Accordingly, the Commission finds that the benefits from the regulation bear a reasonable relationship to its costs.
(D)
Least burdensome requirement.
The Commission considered the following alternatives: no action; labeling all metal-cored candles with wicks containing more than 0.06 percent lead by weight of the metal; recordkeeping for shipments of wicks containing 0.06 percent or less lead by weight of the metal and of candles with such wicks; and relying on the voluntary standard. Neither no action, nor labeling, nor reliance on the voluntary standard would adequately reduce the risk of illness. Recordkeeping for shipments of wicks and of candles was not the least burdensome requirement that would prevent or adequately reduce the risk of illness. Therefore the Commission finds that a ban on candlewicks containing more than 0.06 percent lead by weight of the metal and candles with such wicks is the least burdensome requirement that would prevent or adequately reduce the risk of illness.
(b) [Reserved]
(Secs. 2(f)(1), (A), (B), (g), (q)(1)(B), 3(a), 74 Stat. 372, 374, as amended 80 Stat. 1304-05, 83 Stat. 187-189, 90 Stat. 503 (15 U.S.C. 1261, 1262); sec. 701 (e), (f), (g), 52 Stat. 1055-56, as amended 70 Stat. 919, 72 Stat. 948 (21 U.S.C. 371 (e), (f), (g)), sec. 30(a), 86 Stat. 1231 (15 U.S.C. 2079(a)))
[38 FR 27012, Sept. 27, 1973, as amended at 38 FR 27514, Oct. 4, 1973; 38 FR 31520, Nov. 15, 1973; 39 FR 30114, Aug. 21, 1974; 39 FR 42903, Dec. 9, 1974; 41 FR 22935, June 8, 1976; 42 FR 44202, Sept. 1, 1977; 43 FR 12310, Mar. 24, 1978; 48 FR 16, Jan. 3, 1983; 56 FR 37837, Aug. 9, 1991; 61 FR 13095, Mar. 26, 1996; 61 FR 18245, Apr. 25, 1996; 68 FR 19147, Apr. 18, 2003]
§ 1500.18
Banned toys and other banned articles intended for use by children.
(a)
Toys and other articles presenting mechanical hazards.
Under the authority of sections 2(f)(1)(D) and 24 of the act and pursuant to the provisions of section 3(e) of the act, the Commission has determined that the following types of toys or other articles intended for use by children present a mechanical hazard within the meaning of section 2(s) of the act because in normal use, or when subjected to reasonably foreseeable damage or abuse, the design or manufacture presents an unreasonable risk of personal injury or illness:
(1) Any toy rattle containing, either internally or externally, rigid wires, sharp protrusions, or loose small objects that have the potential for causing lacerations, puncture wound injury, aspiration, ingestion, or other injury. (But see § 1500.86(a)(1)).
(2) Any toy having noisemaking components or attachments capable of being dislodged by the operating features of the toy or capable of being deliberately removed by a child, which toy has the potential for causing laceration, puncture wound injury, aspiration, ingestion, or other injury.
(3) Any doll, stuffed animal, or other similar toy having internal or external components that have the potential for causing laceration, puncture wound injury, or other similar injury. (But see § 1500.86(a)(2)); (See also §§ 1500.48 and 1500.49).
(4) Lawn darts and other similar sharp-pointed toys usually intended for outdoor use and having the potential for causing puncture wound injury.
(5) Caps (paper or plastic) intended for use with toy guns and toy guns not intended for use with caps if such caps when so used or such toy guns produce impulse-type sound at a peak pressure level at or above 138 decibels, referred to 0.0002 dyne per square centimeter, when measured in an anechoic chamber at a distance of 25 centimeters (or the distance at which the sound source ordinarily would be from the ear of the child using it if such distance is less than 25 centimeters) in any direction from the source of the sound. This paragraph is an interim regulation pending further investigation to determine whether prevention of damage to the hearing of children requires revision hereof.
(6) Any article known as a “baby-bouncer” or “walker-jumper” and any other similar article (referred to in this paragraph as “article(s)”), except an infant walker subject to part 1216, which is intended to support very young children while sitting, bouncing, jumping, and/or reclining, and which because of its design has any exposed parts capable of causing amputation, crushing, lacerations, fractures, hematomas, bruises, or other injuries to fingers, toes, or other parts of the anatomy of young children. Included among, but not limited to, the design features of such articles which classify the articles as banned hazardous substances are:
(i) The areas about the point on each side of the article where the frame components are joined together to form an “X” shape capable of producing a scissoring, shearing, or pinching effect.
(ii) Other areas where two or more parts are joined in such a manner as to permit a rotational movement capable of exerting a scissoring, shearing, or pinching effect.
(iii) Exposed coil springs which may expand sufficiently to allow an infant's finger, toe, or any other part of the anatomy to be inserted, in whole or in part, and injured by being caught between the coils of the spring or between the spring and another part of the article.
(iv) Holes in plates or tubes which provide the possibility of insertion, in whole or in part, of a finger, toe, or any part of the anatomy that could then be injured by the movement of another part of the article.
(v) Design and construction that permits accidental collapse while in use. (But see § 1500.86(a)(4)).
(7) Toys usually known as clacker balls and consisting of two balls of plastic or another material connected by a length of line or cord or similar connector (referred to as “cord” in § 1500.86(a)(5)), intended to be operated in a rhythmic manner by an upward and downward motion of the hand so that the two balls will meet forcefully at the top and bottom of two semicircles thus causing a “clacking” sound, which toys present a mechanical hazard because their design or manufacture presents an unreasonable risk of personal injury from fracture, fragmentations, or disassembly of the toy and from propulsion of the toy or its part(s). (But see § 1500.86(a)(5).) This does not include products that are constructed so that the connecting members consist of plastic rods integrally molded to the balls and are mounted on a pivot so that movement of the balls is essentially limited to a single plane.
(8) Any pacifier that does not meet the requirements of 16 CFR part 1511 and that is introduced into interstate commerce after February 26, 1978.
(9) Any toy or other article intended for use by children under 3 years of age which presents a choking, aspiration, or ingestion hazard because of small parts as determined by part 1501 of this chapter and which is introduced into
interstate commerce after January 1, 1980. For purposes of this regulation, introduction into interstate commerce is defined as follows: A toy or children's article manufactured outside the United States is introduced into interstate commerce when it is first brought within a U.S. port of entry. A toy or children's article manufactured in the United States is introduced into interstate commerce (1) at the time of its first interstate sale, or (2) at the time of its first intrastate sale if one or more of its components and/or raw materials were received interstate, whichever occurs earlier. Part 1501 defines the term “toy or other article intended for use by children under 3,” as used in this regulation, and exempts certain products from banning under this regulation.
(10)-(11) [Reserved]
(12) Any bicycle as defined in § 1512.2(a) of this chapter (except a bicycle that is a “track bicycle” or a “one-of-a-kind bicycle” as defined in § 1512.2 (d) and (e) of this chapter) that is introduced into interstate commerce on or after May 11, 1976, and that does not comply with the requirements of part 1512 of this chapter, except for §§ 1512.5(c)(3), 1512.9(a), 1512.18(e) and 1512.18(f) which become effective November 13, 1976.
(15) Any rattle (as defined in § 1510.2 of this chapter) that is introduced into interstate commerce on or after August 21, 1978, and that does not comply with the requirements of part 1510 of this chapter. For purposes of the regulation, introduction into interstate commerce is defined as follows: A rattle manufactured outside the United States is introduced into interstate commerce when it is first brought within a U.S. port of entry. A rattle manufactured in the United States is introduced into interstate commerce (a) at the time of its first interstate sale, or (b) at the time of its first intrastate sale if one or more of its components and/or raw materials were received interstate.
(16) (i) Any article known as an “infant cushion” or “infant pillow,” and any other similar article, which has all of the following characteristics (But see § 1500.86(a)(9)):
(A) Has a flexible fabric covering. The term
fabric
includes those materials covered by the definition of “fabric” in section 2(f) of the Flammable Fabrics Act, 15 U.S.C. 1191(f).
(B) Is loosely filled with a granular material, including but not limited to, polystyrene beads or pellets.
(C) Is easily flattened.
(D) Is capable of conforming to the body or face of an infant.
(E) Is intended or promoted for use by children under one year of age.
(ii)
—(A)
General.
In order to issue a rule under section 2(q)(1) of the Federal Hazardous Substance Act (FHSA), 15 U.S.C. 1261(q)(1), classifying a substance or article as a banned hazardous substance, the FHSA requires the Commission to make certain findings and to include these findings in the regulation. These findings are discussed in paragraphs (a)(16)(ii) (B) through (D) of this section.
(B)
Voluntary standard.
No findings concerning compliance with or adequacy of a voluntary standard are necessary since no voluntary standard addressing infant cushions has been adopted or implemented.
(C)
Relationship of benefits to costs.
The Commission estimates that the removal of infant cushions from the market will result in total annual benefits of approximately five million dollars. The potential costs to businesses are expected to be offset by production of other products, and the potential costs to consumers are likely to be offset by the availability of substitutes for a comparable price.
(D)
Least burdensome requirement.
The Commission considered labeling and a design or performance standard as alternatives to the ban. The Commission does not believe that any form of labeling would have a significant effect in preventing the hazard associated with infant cushions. The Commission also concluded that no feasible standard exists that would address the hazard. Thus, the Commission determined that a ban of infant cushions is the least burdensome alternative that would prevent or adequately reduce the risk of injury.
(17) Any ball intended for children under three years of age that, under the influence of its own weight, passes,
in any orientation, entirely through a circular hole with a diameter of 1.75 inches (44.4 mm.) in a rigid template
1/4
inches (6 mm.) thick. In testing to evaluate compliance with this paragraph, the diameter of opening in the Commission's test template shall be no greater than 1.75 inches (44.4 mm.).
(i) For the purposes of this paragraph, the term “ball” includes any spherical, ovoid, or ellipsoidal object that is designed or intended to be thrown, hit, kicked, rolled, dropped, or bounced. The term “ball” includes any spherical, ovoid, or ellipsoidal object that is attached to a toy or article by means of a string, elastic cord, or similar tether. The term “ball” also includes any multi-sided object formed by connecting planes into a generally spherical, ovoid, or ellipsoidal shape that is designated or intended to be used as a ball, and any novelty item of a generally spherical, ovoid, or ellipsoidal shape that is designated or intended to be used as a ball.
(ii) The term “ball” does not include dice, or balls permanently enclosed inside pinball machines, mazes, or similar outer containers. A ball is permanently enclosed if, when tested in accordance with 16 CFR 1500.52, the ball is not removed from the outer container.
(iii) In determining whether such a ball is intended for use by children under three years of age, the criteria specified in 16 CFR 1501.2(b) and the enforcement procedure established by 16 CFR 1501.5 shall apply.
(18)(i) Any bunk bed (as defined in § 1513.2(c) of this chapter) that does not comply with the requirements of part 1513 of this chapter.
(ii)
Findings.
In order to issue a rule under Section 3(e) of the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (FHSA), 15 U.S.C. 1262(e), classifying a toy or other article intended for use by children as a hazardous substance on the basis that it presents a mechanical hazard (as defined in Section 2(s) of the FHSA), the FHSA requires the Commission to make the following findings and to include these findings in the regulation: Bunk beds present a mechanical hazard; Where a voluntary standard has been adopted and implemented by the affected industry, that compliance with such voluntary standard is not likely to result in the elimination or adequate reduction of the risk of injury, or it is unlikely that there will be substantial compliance with such voluntary standard; The benefits expected from the rule bear a reasonable relationship to its costs; and The rule imposes the least burdensome requirement that prevents or adequately reduces the risk of injury for which the rule is being promulgated. These findings are made in the appendix to Part 1513.
(19)(i) Dive sticks, and other similar articles, that are used in swimming pools or other water environments for such activities as underwater retrieval games or swimming instruction, and which, when placed in the water, submerge and rest at the bottom of the pool. This includes products that are pre-weighted to sink to the bottom and products that are designed to allow the user to adjust the weight. Dive sticks and similar articles that come to rest underwater at an angle greater than 45 degrees from vertical when measured under the test at § 1500.86(a)(7) and dive sticks and similar articles that maintain a compressive force of less than 5-lbf under the test at § 1500.86(a)(8) are exempt from this banning rule. Articles that have a continuous circular shape, such as dive rings and dive disks are also exempt.
(ii)(A)
Findings.
In order for the Commission to issue a rule under section 2(q)(1) of the FHSA classifying a substance or article as a banned hazardous substance, the Commission must make certain findings and include these findings in the regulation. 15 U.S.C. 1262(i)(2). These findings are discussed in paragraphs (a)(18)(ii)(B) through (D) of this section.
(B)
Voluntary standard.
No findings concerning compliance with and adequacy of a voluntary standard are necessary because no relevant voluntary standard addressing the risk of injury posed by dive sticks has been adopted and implemented.
(C)
Relationship of benefits to costs.
The Commission estimates the potential benefits of removing hazardous dive sticks from the market to be 2 to 4 cents per dive stick. With the availability of substitutes and the expected
low cost of modifying dive sticks to conform to the rule, the Commission anticipates that necessary changes will be minimal. The Commission estimates that the costs of the rule will be no more than 2 to 4 cents per dive stick. Thus, the Commission finds that there is a reasonable relationship between the expected benefits of the rule and its costs.
(D)
Least burdensome requirement.
The Commission considered pursuing voluntary recalls, following a voluntary standard, requiring labeling or changing the scope of the rule. A banning rule would be more effective than case-by-case recalls because the impalement hazard affects all dive sticks, not a specific brand or model. Awaiting recalls would allow these hazardous items on the market until the Commission obtained recalls. No applicable voluntary standard exists, and compliance may be low if one did. Although labeling could help reduce the risk of injuries from dive sticks, it would be less effective than a banning rule. It may be difficult for a label to convey the necessary information at the time of use. Modifying the scope so that the rule would only apply to pre-weighted dive sticks would continue to permit hazardous items because the unweighted dive sticks can easily be weighted to stand vertically at the bottom of the water. Thus, the Commission finds that a ban of dive sticks with the hazardous characteristics it has identified is the least burdensome alternative that would adequately reduce the risk of injury.
(b)
Electrically operated toys and other electrical operated children's articles presenting electrical, thermal, and/or certain mechanical hazards.
Under the authority of section 2(f)(1)(D) of the act and pursuant to provisions of section 3(e) of the act, the Commission has determined that the following types of electrically operated toys or other electrically operated articles intended for use by children present electrical, thermal, and/or certain mechanical hazards within the meaning of section 2 (r), (s), and/or (t) of the act because in normal use or when subjected to reasonably foreseeable damage or abuse, the design or manufacture may cause personal injury or illness by electric shock and/or presents an unreasonable risk of personal injury or illness because of heat as from heated parts, substances, or surfaces, or because of certain mechanical hazards.
(1) Any electrically operated toy or other electrically operated article intended for use by children (as defined in § 1505.1(a)(1)) that is introduced into interstate commerce and which does not comply with the requirements of part 1505 of this chapter.
Note:
Paragraph (b)(1) was originally promulgated as 21 CFR 191.9a(b)(1) with an effective date of September 3, 1973 (38 FR 6138).
(2) [Reserved]
(c)
Toys and other articles (not electrically operated) presenting electric hazards.
Under the authority of section 2(f)(1)(D) of the act and pursuant to provisions of section 3(e) of the act, the Commission has determined that the following types of toys or other articles intended for use by children (not electrically operated) present an electrical hazard within the meaning of section 2(r) of the act.
(1) Any kite 10 inches or greater in any dimension constructed of aluminized polyester film or any kite having a tail or other component consisting of a piece of aluminized polyester film 10 inches or greater in any dimension presents an electrical hazard and is a banned hazardous substance because its design (specifically its size and electrical conductivity) presents a risk of personal injury from electric shock due to its ability to conduct electricity and to become entangled in or otherwise contact high voltage electric power lines.
(2) [Reserved]
(15 U.S.C. 1261 (f)(1)(D), (g)(1)(A), (r); 15 U.S.C. 1262(e)(1); 15 U.S.C. 2079(a))
[38 FR 27012, Sept. 27, 1973]
Editorial Note:
Misbranded toys and other articles intended for use by children.
(a)
For the purposes of this section, the following definitions shall apply.
(1)
Ball
means a spherical, ovoid, or ellipsoidal object that is designed or intended to be thrown, hit, kicked, rolled, dropped, or bounced. The term “ball” includes any spherical, ovoid, or ellipsoidal object that is attached to a toy or article by means of a string, elastic cord, or similar tether. The term “ball” also includes any multi-sided object formed by connecting planes into a generally, spherical, ovoid, or ellipsoidal shape that is designated or intended to be used as a ball, and any novelty item of a generally spherical, ovoid, or ellipsoidal shape that is designated or intended to be used as a ball. The term “ball” does not include dice, or balls permanently enclosed inside pinball machines, mazes, or similar outer containers. A ball is permanently enclosed if, when tested in accordance with 16 CFR 1500.53, it is not removed from the outer container.
(2)
Small ball
means a ball that, under the influence of its own weight, passes, in any orientation, entirely through a circular hole with a diameter of 1.75 inches (44.4 mm.) in a rigid template
1/4
inches (6 mm.) thick. In testing to evaluate compliance with this regulation, the diameter of opening in the Commission's test template shall be no greater than 1.75 inches (44.4 mm.).
(3)
Latex balloon
means a toy or decorative item consisting of a latex bag that is designed to be inflated by air or gas. The term does not include inflatable children's toys that are used in aquatic activities such as rafts, water wings, swim rings, or other similar items.
(4)
Marble
means a ball made of a hard material, such as glass, agate, marble or plastic, that is used in various children's games, generally as a playing piece or marker. The term “marble” does not include a marble permanently enclosed in a toy or game. A marble is permanently enclosed if, when tested in accordance with 16 CFR 1500.53, it is not removed from the toy or game.
(5)
Small part
means any object which, when tested in accordance with the procedures contained in 16 CFR 1501.4(a) and 1501.4(b)(1), fits entirely within the cylinder shown in Figure 1 appended to 16 CFR part 1501. The use and abuse testing provisions of 16 CFR 1500.51 through 1500.53 and 1501.4(b)(2) do not apply to this definition.
(6)
Package
or packaging refers to the immediate package in which a product subject to labeling under section 24 of the act is sold, as well as to any outer container or wrapping for that package.
(7)
Descriptive material
means any discrete piece of written material separate from the label of the package that contains an instruction (whether written or otherwise) for the use of a product subject to these labeling requirements, any depiction of the product, and any written material that specifically describes any function, use, warnings, user population, design or material specification, or other characteristic of the product. A catalog or other marketing material or advertisement that depicts other products in addition to the product it accompanies is not “descriptive material” unless it contains additional information, such as instructions for use of the product it accompanies or lists of accessories exclusively for use with that product, that are designed to focus the purchaser's attention on the product. Descriptive material “accompanies” a product subject to the labeling requirements when it is packaged with the product or when it is intended to be distributed with the product at the time of sale or delivery to the purchaser. “Descriptive material” does not include statements that appear on the package of a product subject to the labeling requirements. “Descriptive material” does not include material intended solely for use by children if the package it accompanies contains a separate package insert prominently identified as a warning for parents that contains the required precautionary statements.
(8)
and
container for retail display
mean containers in which multiple unpackaged and unlabeled items are held for direct selection by and sale to consumers.
(b)
Misbranded toys and children's articles.
Pursuant to sections 2(p) and 24 of the FHSA, the following articles are misbranded hazardous substances if their packaging, any descriptive material that accompanies them, and, if
unpackaged and unlabeled, any bin in which they are held for sale, any container in which they are held for retail display, or any vending machine from which they are dispensed, fails to bear the labeling statements required in paragraphs (b) (1) through (4) and paragraph (f)(3) of this section, or if such labeling statements fail to comply with the prominence and conspicuousness requirements of paragraph (d) of this section.
(1) With the exception of books and other articles made of paper, writing materials such as crayons, chalk, pencils, and pens, modeling clay and similar products, fingerpaints, watercolors, and other paint sets, and any other article identified in 16 CFR 1501.3 (other than balloons), any article that is a toy or game intended for use by children who are at least three years old but less than six years of age shall bear or contain the following cautionary statement if the toy or game includes a small part:
ER27FE95.001
(2) Any latex balloon, or toy or game that contains a latex balloon, shall bear the following cautionary statement:
ER27FE95.002
(3)(i) Any small ball intended for children three years of age or older shall bear the following cautionary statement:
ER27FE95.003
(ii) Any toy or game intended for children who are at least three years old but less than eight years of age that contains a small ball shall bear the following cautionary statement:
ER27FE95.004
(4)(i) Any marble intended for children three years of age or older shall bear the following cautionary statement:
ER27FE95.005
(ii) Any toy or game intended for children who are at least three years old but less than eight years of age that contains a marble shall bear the following cautionary statement:
ER27FE95.006
(c)
Age of intended user.
In determining the ages of the children for which any toy or article subject to this section is intended, the following factors are relevant: the manufacturer's stated intent (such as the age stated on a label) if it is reasonable; the advertising, marketing, and promotion of the article; and whether the article is commonly recognized as being intended for children in this age group. In enforcing this provision, the Commission will follow the procedures set forth in 16 CFR 1501.5.
(d)
Prominence and conspicuousness of labeling statements.
The requirements of 16 CFR 1500.121 relating to the prominence and conspicuousness of precautionary labeling statements for hazardous substances shall apply to any labeling statement required under § 1500.19(b) and (f), with the following clarifications and modifications.
(1) All labeling statements required by § 1500.19(b) and (f) shall be in the
English language. The statements required by paragraph (b) need not appear in the format and layout depicted in paragraph (b). The statements required by 16 CFR 1500.19(b) and (f) shall be blocked together within a square or rectangular area, with or without a border. This means that the statements must appear on at least two lines. The statements shall be separated from all other graphic material by a space no smaller than the minimum allowable height of the type size for other cautionary material (e.g., the phrase “Not for children under 3 yrs.”). If not separated by that distance, the labeling statements must be surrounded by a border line. Label design, the use of vignettes, or the proximity of other labeling or lettering shall not obscure or render inconspicuous any labeling statement required under § 1500.19(b) and (f). This means that such statements shall appear on a solid background, which need not differ from the background color or any other color on the package label.
(2) The words “WARNING” or “SAFETY WARNING” required by section 24 of the FHSA shall be regarded as signal words.
(3) The statement “CHOKING HAZARD” shall be regarded as a statement of the principal hazard associated with the products subject to this section.
(4) All other remaining statements required by this section shall be regarded as “other cautionary material” as that term is defined in 16 CFR 1500.121(a)(2)(viii).
(5) The principal display panel for a bin, container for retail display, or vending machine shall be the side or surface designed to be most prominently displayed, shown, or presented to, or examined by, prospective purchasers. In the case of bins or containers for retail display, the cautionary material may be placed on a display card of a reasonable size in relationship to the surface area of the bin or container. The area of the display card shall constitute the area of the principal display panel. In the case of vending machines that contain a display card, the cautionary label may be placed either on the display card, on the coinage indicator decal, or on the glass or clear plastic of the machine. If there is no display card inside a vending machine, the size of the principal display panel will be calculated in accordance with 16 CFR 1500.121(c) based on the size of the front of the container from which items are dispensed, exclusive of the area of metal attachments, coin inserts, bases, etc. Any other side or surface of such a bin, container for retail sale, or vending machine that bears information, such as price or product description, for examination by purchasers shall be deemed to be a principal display panel, excluding any side or surface with information that only identifies the company that owns or operates a vending machine.
(6) All of the labeling statements required by this section, including those classified as “other cautionary material,” must appear on the principal display panel of the product, except as provided for by § 1500.19(f). Any signal word shall appear on the same line and in close proximity to the triangle required by section 24 of the act. Multiple messages should be provided with sufficient space between them, when feasible, to prevent them from visually blending together.
(7) All labeling statements required by this section shall comply with the following type size requirements. 16 CFR 1500.121(c)(1) explains how to compute the area of the principal display panel and letter height.
Area sq. in
5/32
″
(8) Labeling required by this section that appears on a bin, container for retail display, or vending machine shall be in reasonable proximity to any pricing or product information contained on the principal display panel, or, if such information is not present, in
close proximity to the article that is subject to the labeling requirements.
(9) Descriptive material that accompanies a product subject to the labeling requirements, including accompanying material subject to the alternative allowed by § 1500.19(f), shall comply with the requirements of 16 CFR 1500.121(c)(6) relating to literature containing instructions for use which accompanies a hazardous substance. If the descriptive material contains instructions for use, the required precautionary labeling shall be in reasonable proximity to such instructions or directions and shall be placed together within the same general area (see 16 CFR 1500.121(c)(6)).
(10) In the case of any alternative labeling statement permitted under § 1500.19(e), the requirements of 16 CFR 1500.121(b)(3) and 1500.121(c)(2)(iii) shall apply to statements or indicators on the principal display panel directing attention to the complete cautionary labeling that appears on another display panel.
(11) Any triangle required by this section shall be an equilateral triangle. The height of such a triangle shall be equal to or exceed the height of the letters of the signal word “WARNING”. The height of the exclamation point inside the triangle shall be at least half the height of the triangle, and the exclamation point shall be centered vertically in the triangle. The triangle shall be separated from the signal word by a distance at least equal to the space occupied by the first letter of the signal word. In all other respects, triangles with exclamation points shall conform generally to the provisions of 16 CFR 1500.121 relating to signal words.
(e)
Combination of labeling statements.
The labels of products that contain more than one item subject to the requirements of this section may combine information relating to each of the respective hazards, if the resulting condensed statement contains all of the information necessary to describe the hazard presented by each article. However, in the case of a product that contains a balloon and another item subject to the labeling requirements, only the signal word and statement of hazard may be combined.
(f)
Alternative labeling statements for small packages.
Any cautionary statement required by section 1500.19(b) may be displayed on a display panel of the package of a product subject to the labeling requirement other than the principal display panel only if:
(1) The package has a principal display panel of 15 square inches or less,
(2) The full labeling statement required by paragraph (b) of this section is displayed in three or more languages on another display panel of the package of the product, and
(3)(i) In the case of a toy or game subject to § 1500.19(b)(1), a small ball subject to § 1500.19(b)(3), a marble subject to § 1500.19(b)(4), or a toy or game containing such a ball or marble, the principal display panel of the package bears the statement:
ER27FE95.007
and bears an arrow or other indicator pointing toward or directing the purchaser's attention to the display panel on the package where the full labeling statement appears, or
(ii) In the case of a balloon subject to § 1500.19(b)(2) or a toy or game containing such a balloon, the principal display panel bears the statement:
ER27FE95.008
and bears an arrow or other indicator pointing toward or directing the purchaser's attention to the display panel on the package where the full labeling statement appears.
(g)
Alternative for products manufactured outside the United States.
In the case of a product subject to the labeling requirements of § 1500.19(b) which is manufactured outside the United States and is shipped directly from the manufacturer to the consumer by United States mail or other delivery service in an immediate package that contains descriptive material, the descriptive material inside the immediate package of the product need not bear the required labeling statement only if the shipping container of the product contains other accompanying material that bears the required statements displayed in a prominent and conspicuous manner. Products shipped from abroad to a U.S. affiliate for shipment to consumers are included within the scope of this exception.
(h)
Preemption.
Section 101(e) of the Child Safety Protection Act of 1994 prohibits any state or political subdivision of a state from enacting or enforcing any requirement relating to cautionary labeling addressing small parts hazards or choking hazards associated with any toy, game, marble, small ball, or balloon intended or suitable for use by children unless the state or local requirement is identical to a requirement established by section 24 of the FHSA or by 16 CFR 1500.19. Section 101(e) allows a state or political subdivision of a state to enforce a non-identical requirement relating to cautionary labeling warning of small parts hazards or choking hazards associated with any toy subject to the provisions of section 24 of FHSA until January 1, 1995, if the non-identical requirement was in effect on October 2, 1993.
[60 FR 10752, Feb. 27, 1995, as amended at 60 FR 41802, Aug. 14, 1995]
§ 1500.20
Labeling requirement for advertising toys and games.
(a)
Scope.
This section applies to catalogue and other printed material advertisements which provide a direct means of purchase or order of products requiring cautionary labeling under sections 24(a) and (b) of the FHSA.
(b)
Effective Date.
Under the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008, Public Law 110-314, 122 Stat. 3016 (August 14, 2008), (“CPSIA”), the effective date of the CPSIA's amendment to Section 24 of the FHSA to require cautionary statements in catalogues and other printed materials is February 10, 2009. By this rule, the Commission is providing a grace period of 180 days, or until August 9, 2009, during which catalogues and other printed materials printed prior to February 10, 2009, may be distributed without such cautionary statements. Catalogues and other printed materials that are printed on or after February 10, 2009, must have the required cautionary statements. All catalogues and other printed materials distributed on or after August 9, 2009, must comply with this rule. This rule addresses only catalogues and other printed materials; however, the CPSIA extends the requirements for cautionary statements to Internet advertisements as well. Internet advertisements must comply with Section 24 of the FHSA as amended by the CPSIA no later than December 12, 2008.
(c)
For the purposes of this section, the following definitions shall apply.
(1)
Ball
means a spherical, ovoid, or ellipsoidal object that is designed or intended to be thrown, hit, kicked, rolled, dropped, or bounced. The term “ball” includes any spherical, ovoid, or ellipsoidal object that is attached to a toy or article by means of a string, elastic cord, or similar tether. The term “ball” also includes a multi-sided object formed by connecting planes
into a generally spherical, ovoid, or ellipsoidal shape that is designated or intended to be used as a ball, and any novelty item of a generally spherical, ovoid, or ellipsoidal shape that is designated or intended to be used as a ball. The term “ball” does not include dice, or balls permanently enclosed inside pinball machines, mazes, or similar other containers. A ball is permanently enclosed if, when tested in accordance with 16 CFR 1500.53, it is not removed from the outer container.
(2)
Small ball
means a ball that, under the influence of its own weight, passes in any orientation, entirely through a circular hole with a diameter of 1.75 inches (44.4 mm) in a rigid template
1/4
inches (6 mm) thick. In testing to evaluate compliance with this regulation, the diameter of opening in the Commission's test template shall be no greater than 1.75 inches (44.4 mm).
(3)
Latex balloon
means a toy or decorative item consisting of a latex bag that is designed to be inflated by air or gas. The term does not include inflatable children's toys that are used in aquatic activities such as rafts, water wings, swim rings, or other similar items.
(4)
Marble
means a ball made of hard material, such as glass, agate, marble, or plastic, that is used in various children's games, generally as a playing piece or marker. The term “marble” does not include a marble permanently enclosed in a toy or game. A marble is permanently enclosed if, when tested in accordance with 16 CFR 1500.53, it is not removed from the toy or game.
(5)
Small part
means any object which, when tested in accordance with the procedures contained in 16 CFR 1501.4(a) and 1501.4(b)(1), fits entirely within the cylinder shown in Figure 1 appended to 16 CFR part 1501. The use and abuse testing provisions of 16 CFR 1500.51 through 1500.53 and 1501.4(b)(2) do not apply to this definition.
(6)
Direct means of purchase or order
means any method of purchase that allows the purchaser to order the product without being in the physical presence of the product. Advertising that provides a direct means of purchase or order of a product would include catalogues or other printed advertising material that contain order blanks, telephone numbers or fax numbers for placing orders, and Internet Web sites that enable consumers to purchase a product online or through the use of a telephone number or fax number provided on the Internet Web site.
(d)
Advertising requirements.
Any toy or game that requires a cautionary statement about the choking hazard associated with small parts, balloons, small balls, or marbles must bear that cautionary statement in the product's advertising if the advertising provides a direct means to purchase or order the product.
(1) The advertising for any article that is a toy or game intended for use by children who are at least three years old but less than six years of age shall bear or contain the following cautionary statement if the toy or game includes a small part:
ER17NO08.093
(2) The advertising for any latex balloon, or toy or game that contains a latex balloon, shall bear the following cautionary statement:
ER17NO08.094
(3)(i) The advertising for any small ball intended for children three years of age or older shall bear the following cautionary statement:
ER17NO08.095
(ii) The advertising for any toy or game intended for children who are at least three years old but less than eight years of age that contains a small ball shall bear the following cautionary statement:
ER17NO08.096
(4)(i) The advertising for any marble intended for children three years of age or older shall bear the following cautionary statement:
ER17NO08.097
(ii) The advertising for any toy or game intended for children who are at least three years old but less than eight years of age that contains a marble shall bear the following cautionary statement:
ER17NO08.098
(e)
Abbreviated warnings for catalogues and other printed materials.
Abbreviated versions of the required cautionary statements are permitted in each individual product advertisement, provided that the corresponding full cautionary statements appear in the catalogue and a statement referring to the precise location of the full cautionary statements—such as the page number on which the cautionary statements can be found—is located at the bottom of each catalogue page that contains one or more abbreviated cautionary statements. If abbreviated cautionary statements are used:
(1) The full cautionary statements associated with the abbreviated cautionary statements shall appear:
(i) Near the beginning of the catalogue, before any catalogue pages that contain advertisements of products available for purchase, or
(ii) Adjacent to the ordering information or order form in the catalogue.
(2) The full cautionary statements shall be in conspicuous and legible type in contrast by typography, layout or color.
(3) The full cautionary statements shall be clearly numbered according to the following scheme:
Required cautionary statement
(4) The abbreviated cautionary statements shall consist of items 1500.20(e)(3)(i) through 1500.20(e)(3)(iv):
(i) A safety alert symbol substantially similar to that shown in figure 7.
ER17NO08.099
(ii) The phrase, “CHOKING HAZARD,” written in capital letters.
(iii) Numbers, separated by commas and enclosed within a single set of parentheses, that identify the applicable cautionary statements for the product being advertised, followed by a period. These numbers shall match the numbers used to identify each full cautionary statement, as specified in 1500.20(e)(2).
(iv) A single prohibited age range written as either “Not for under 3 yrs” or “Not for under 8 yrs,” based on the most restrictive age range for all required cautionary statements for that product. Thus, if an advertised product requires the cautionary statement specified in 16 CFR 1500.19(b)(2), the prohibited age range in the abbreviated cautionary statement shall be “Not for under 8 yrs.”
(v) For example, see Figure 8 for the abbreviated cautionary statement for an advertisement of a product that requires the cautionary statements specified in 16 CFR 1500.19(b)(1) and 16 CFR 1500.19(b)(2).
ER17NO08.100
(f)
Alternatives to cautionary statements for individual product advertisements in catalogues and other printed materials.
Multiple identical full or abbreviated cautionary statements may be replaced with a single full cautionary statement under the following circumstances:
(1) If all products available for purchase within a catalogue require the same cautionary statement, that cautionary statement, in full, may appear on the front cover, or equally conspicuous location, of the catalogue in lieu of repeating the cautionary statement within the catalogue, provided that it is communicated to consumers that the cautionary statement applies to all products in the catalogue.
(2) If all products on one catalogue page or on two facing catalogue pages require the same cautionary statement, that cautionary statement, in full, may appear at the top of the page or pages in lieu of repeating the cautionary statement in each product advertisement, provided that it is communicated to consumers that the cautionary statement applies to all products on the catalogue page or pages.
(g)
Prominence and conspicuousness of labeling statements.
The type size of abbreviated cautionary statements shall be reasonably related to the type size of any other printed matter in the product advertisement, and must be in conspicuous and legible type by typography, layout, or color with other printed matter in the advertisement and separated from other graphic matter.
(h)
Business to Business Catalogue Exception.
The requirements of section 24(c)of the Federal Hazardous Substances Act, as amended by section 105 of the CPSIA, do not apply to catalogues and other printed materials distributed solely between businesses unless the recipient business is one that could be expected to be purchasing the product for the use of children (instead of for resale, e.g.). Examples of businesses that can be expected to be purchasing products for the use of children include day care centers, schools, and churches.
[73 FR 67736, Nov. 17, 2008, as amended at 73 FR 71545, Nov. 25, 2008]
§ 1500.40
Method of testing toxic substances.
The method of testing the toxic substances referred to in § 1500.3(c) (1)(ii)(C) and (2)(iii) is as follows:
(a)
(
single exposure
). In the acute exposures, the agent is held in contact with the skin by means of a sleeve for periods varying up to 24 hours. The sleeve, made of rubber dam or other impervious material, is so constructed that the ends are reinforced with additional strips and should fit snugly around the trunk of the animal. The ends of the sleeve are tucked, permitting the central portion to “balloon” and furnish a reservoir for
the dose. The reservoir must have sufficient capacity to contain the dose without pressure. In the following table are given the dimensions of sleeves and the approximate body surface exposed to the test substance. The sleeves may vary in size to accommodate smaller or larger subjects. In the testing of unctuous materials that adhere readily to the skin, mesh wire screen may be employed instead of the sleeve. The screen is padded and raised approximately 2 centimeters from the exposed skin. In the case of dry powder preparations, the skin and substance are moistened with physiological saline prior to exposure. The sleeve or screen is then slipped over the gauze that holds the dose applied to the skin. In the case of finely divided powders, the measured dose is evenly distributed on cotton gauze which is then secured to the area of exposure.
Dimensions of Sleeves for Acute Dermal Toxicity Test
[Test animal—Rabbits]
(b)
Preparation of test animal.
The animals are prepared by clipping the skin of the trunk free of hair. Approximately one-half of the animals are further prepared by making epidermal abrasions every 2 or 3 centimeters longitudinally over the area of exposure. The abrasions are sufficiently deep to penetrate the stratum corneum (horny layer of the epidermis) but not to distrub the derma; that is, not to obtain bleeding.
(c)
Procedures for testing.
The sleeve is slipped onto the animal which is then placed in a comfortable but immobilized position in a multiple animal holder. Selected doses of liquids and solutions are introduced under the sleeve. If there is slight leakage from the sleeve, which may occur during the first few hours of exposure, it is collected and reapplied. Dosage levels are adjusted in subsequent exposures (if necessary) to enable a calculation of a dose that would be fatal to 50 percent of the animals. This can be determined from mortality ratios obtained at various doses employed. At the end of 24 hours the sleeves or screens are removed, the volume of unabsorbed material (if any) is measured, and the skin reactions are noted. The subjects are cleaned by thorough wiping, observed for gross symptoms of poisoning, and then observed for 2 weeks.
§ 1500.41
Method of testing primary irritant substances.
Primary irritation to the skin is measured by a patch-test technique on the abraded and intact skin of the albino rabbit, clipped free of hair. A minimum of six subjects are used in abraded and intact skin tests. Introduce under a square patch, such as surgical gauze measuring 1 inch by 1 inch and two single layers thick, 0.5 milliliter (in the case of liquids) or 0.5 gram (in the case of solids and semisolids) of the test substance. Dissolve solids in an appropriate solvent and apply the solution as for liquids. The animals are immobilized with patches secured in place by adhesive tape. The entire trunk of the animal is then wrapped with an impervious material, such as rubberized cloth, for the 24-hour period of exposure. This material aids in maintaining the test patches in position and retards the evaporation of volatile substances. After 24 hours of exposure, the patches are removed and the resulting reactions are evaluated on the basis of the designated values in the following table:
Skin reaction
Severe edema (raised more than 1 millimeter and extending beyond the area of exposure)
4
1
The “value” recorded for each reading is the average value of the six or more animals subject to the test.
Readings are again made at the end of a total of 72 hours (48 hours after the first reading). An equal number of exposures are made on areas of skin that have been previously abraded. The abrasions are minor incisions through the stratum corneum, but not sufficiently deep to disturb the derma or to produce bleeding. Evaluate the reactions of the abraded skin at 24 hours and 72 hours, as described in this paragraph. Add the values for erythema and eschar formation at 24 hours and at 72 hours for intact skin to the values on abraded skin at 24 hours and at 72 hours (four values). Similarly, add the values for edema formation at 24 hours and at 72 hours for intact and abraded skin (four values). The total of the eight values is divided by four to give the primary irritation score; for example:
Skin reaction
Thus, the primary irritation score is 12÷4=3.
§ 1500.42
Test for eye irritants.
(a)(1) Six albino rabbits are used for each test substance. Animal facilities for such procedures shall be so designed and maintained as to exclude sawdust, wood chips, or other extraneous materials that might produce eye irritation. Both eyes of each animal in the test group shall be examined before testing, and only those animals without eye defects or irritation shall be used. The animal is held firmly but gently until quiet. The test material is placed in one eye of each animal by gently pulling the lower lid away from the eyeball to form a cup into which the test substance is dropped. The lids are then gently held together for one second and the animal is released. The other eye, remaining untreated, serves as a control. For testing liquids, 0.1 milliliter is used. For solids or pastes, 100 milligrams of the test substance is used, except that for substances in flake, granule, powder, or other particulate form the amount that has a volume of 0.1 milliliter (after compacting as much as possible without crushing or altering the individual particles, such as by tapping the measuring container) shall be used whenever this volume weighs less than 100 milligrams. In such a case, the weight of the 0.1 milliliter test dose should be recorded. The eyes are not washed following instillation of test material except as noted below.
(2) The eyes are examined and the grade of ocular reaction is recorded at 24, 48, and 72 hours. Reading of reactions is facilitated by use of a binocular loupe, hand slit-lamp, or other expert means. After the recording of observations at 24 hours, any or all eyes may be further examined after applying fluorescein. For this optional test, one drop of fluorescein sodium ophthalmic solution U.S.P. or equivalent is dropped directly on the cornea. After flushing out the excess fluorescein with sodium chloride solution U.S.P. or equivalent, injured areas of the cornea appear yellow; this is best visualized in a darkened room under ultraviolet illumination. Any or all eyes may be washed with sodium chloride solution U.S.P. or equivalent after the 24-hour reading.
(b)(1) An animal shall be considered as exhibiting a positive reaction if the test substance produces at any of the readings ulceration of the cornea (other than a fine stippling), or opacity of the cornea (other than a slight
dulling of the normal luster), or inflammation of the iris (other than a slight deepening of the folds (or rugae) or a slight circumcorneal injection of the blood vessels), or if such substance produces in the conjunctivae (excluding the cornea and iris) an obvious swelling with partial eversion of the lids or a diffuse crimson-red with individual vessels not easily discernible.
(2) The test shall be considered positive if four or more of the animals in the test group exhibit a positive reaction. If only one animal exhibits a positive reaction, the test shall be regarded as negative. If two or three animals a positive reaction, the test is repeated using a different group of six animals. The second test shall be considered positive if three or more of the animals exhibit a positive reaction. If only one or two animals in the second test exhibit a positive reaction, the test shall be repeated with a different group of six animals. Should a third test be needed, the substance will be regarded as an irritant if any animal exhibits a positive response.
(c) To assist testing laboratories and other interested persons in interpreting the results obtained when a substance is tested in accordance with the method described in paragraph (a) of this section, an “Illustrated Guide for Grading Eye Irritation by Hazardous Substances” will be sold by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.
1
The guide will contain color plates depicting responses of varying intensity to specific test solutions. The grade of response and the substance used to produce the response will be indicated.
1
The Illustrated Guide is out of print and, as of January 1, 1981, no longer available. However, information about the test method, and black and white photocopies may be obtained by writing to the Directorate for Epidemiology and Health Sciences, CPSC, Washington, D.C. 20207, (301) 504-0957.
[38 FR 27012, Sept. 27, 1973; 38 FR 30105, Nov. 1, 1973; 62 FR 46667, Sept. 4, 1997]
§ 1500.43
Method of test for flashpoint of volatile flammable materials by Tagliabue open-cup apparatus.
Scope
1. (a) This method describes a test procedure for the determination of open-cup flashpoints of volatile flammable materials having flashpoints below 175 °F.
(b) This method, when applied to paints and resin solutions which tend to skin over or which are very viscous, gives less reproducible results than when applied to solvents.
Outline of Method
2. The sample is placed in the cup of a Tag Open Tester, and heated at a slow but constant rate. A small test flame is passed at a uniform rate across the cup at specified intervals. The flashpoint is taken as the lowest temperature at which application of the test flame causes the vapor at the surface of the liquid to flash, that is, ignite but not continue to burn.
Apparatus
3. The Tag open-cup tester is illustrated in Fig. 1. It consists of the following parts, which must conform to the dimensions shown, and have the additional characteristics as noted:
EC03OC91.051
B=Observed flash of isopropyl alcohol.
Apply this correction of all determinations.
Half units in correction shall be discarded.
Precision
9. (a) For hydrocarbon solvents having flashpoints between 60 °F. and 110 °F., repeatability is ±2 °F. and the reproducibility is ±5 °F.
(b) If results from two tests differ by more than 10 °F., they shall be considered uncertain and should be checked. This calibration procedure provided in this method will cancel out the effect of barometric pressure if calibration and tests are run at the same pressure. Data supporting the precision are given appendix III of the 1956 Report of Committee D-1 on Paint, Varnish, Lacquers and Related Products, Proceedings, Am. Soc. Testing Mats., Vol. 56 (1956).
Note:
The test apparatus and procedure described in § 1500.43 may be used by manufacturers and labelers of products subject to the Federal Hazardous Substances Act to determine flashpoint temperatures of those products under the conditions set forth in § 1500.3(c)(6)(iv), as amended.
[51 FR 28537, Aug. 8, 1986]
§ 1500.43a
Method of test for flashpoint of volatile flammable materials.
(a)
Scope.
(1) This method describes the test procedure which the Commission will use for the determination of the flashpoint of volatile flammable materials, using a Setaflash
1
low-range closed tester, or an apparatus producing equivalent results. The method described in this section is essentially a Setaflash equilibrium procedure which closely parallels the test method designated ASTM D 3828-81, “Standard Test Methods for Flash Point by Setaflash Closed Tester,” published by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103. Manufacturers and labelers of products subject to labeling and other requirements under the Federal Hazardous Substances Act may use other apparatus and/or test methods which produce equivalent results.
1
Setaflash is a registered trademark of Stanhope-Seta Limited, Surrey, England.
(2) At the option of the user, the procedures described in this section may be used to determine the actual flashpoint temperature of a sample or to determine whether a product will or will not flash at a specified temperature (flash/no flash).
(3) If the substance to be tested has a viscosity greater than 150 Stokes at 77 °F (25 °C), see paragraph (n) of this section for modifications to the testing procedure.
(4) If the Commission has reason to believe on the basis of reliable experience or other relevant information or data that the flammability hazard of a substance is greater or less than its flammability classification based on flashpoint temperature determined in accordance with this § 1500.43a and that the substance should be reclassified, the Commission will initiate a rulemaking proceeding for reclassification of the substance. Product manufacturers and labelers may use reliable experience or other relevant information or data in addition to the flashpoint temperature of a substance as a basis for compliance with any applicable requirements of the Federal Hazardous Substances Act in the absence of a rule issued by the Commission to reclassify the substance.
(b)
Summary of test methods.
(1) Method A—Flash/No Flash Test. A specified volume of sample is introduced by a syringe into the cup of the apparatus that is set and maintained at the specified temperature. After a specific time a test flame is applied and an observation made as to whether or not a flash occurred. Test procedures are set forth in detail in § 1500.43a(i).
(2) Method B—Finite (or Actual) Flashpoint. (i) A specified voume of sample is introduced into the cup of the apparatus that is maintained at the expected flashpoint. After a specified time a test flame is applied and the observation made whether or not a flash occurred.
(ii) The specimen is removed from the cup, the cup cleaned, and the cup temperature adjusted 5 °C (9 °F), lower or higher depending on whether or not a flash occurred previously. A fresh specimen is introduced and tested. This procedure is repeated until the flashpoint is established within 5 °C (9 °F).
(iii) The procedure is then repeated at 1 °C (2 °F) intervals until the flashpoint is determined to the nearest 1 °C (2 °F).
(iv) If improved accuracy is desired the procedure is repeated at 0.5 °C (1 °F). Test procedures are set forth in detail at § 1500.43a(j).
(3) The test procedures will be modified, where necessary, to ensure that the results obtained reflect the hazard of the substance under reasonably foreseeable conditions of use. Thus, for example, the material, if a mixture, will normally be tested as it comes from the container, and/or after a period of evaporation. The period of evaporation for a material which is a mixture will normally be the time required for the mixture to evaporate in an open beaker under ambient conditions to 90 percent of its original volume, or a period of four hours, whichever occurs first. However, this period of evaporation will be changed if the results obtained do not represent the hazard of the substance under reasonably foreseeable conditions of use.
(c)
Definition of flashpoint.
The lowest temperature of the sample, corrected
to a barometric pressure of 101.3 kPa (760 mm Hg), at which application of a test flame causes the vapor of the sample to ignite under specified conditions of test. The sample is deemed to have flashed when a large flame appears and instantaneously propagates itself over the surface of the sample. Occasionally, particularly near actual flashpoint, the application of the test flame will cause a halo or an enlarged flame; this is not a flash and should be ignored.
(d)
Test apparatus.
The test apparatus is an equilibrium closed-cup tester with a range up to 100 °C (212 °F). The essential dimensions and requirements are shown in figure 1 and table 3, and are described in § 1500.43a(m). Closed-cup flashpoint testers and accessories meeting these requirements are available from commercial suppliers and distributors of laboratory equipment.
(e)
Safety precautions.
The operator must exercise and take appropriate safety precautions during the initial application of the test flame to the sample. Samples containing low-flash material may give an abnormally strong flash when the test flame is first applied.
(f)
Preparation of samples.
(1) Erroneously high flashpoints may be obtained if precautions are not taken to avoid the loss of volatile material. In preliminary tests of materials taken directly from the container, do not open containers unnecessarily and make a transfer unless the sample temperature is at least 10 °C (18 °F) below the expected flashpoint. Do not use samples in leaky containers for this test.
(2) Do not store samples in plastic (polyethylene, polypropylene, etc.) bottles since volatile material may diffuse through the walls of the bottle.
(3) A 2-ml specimen is required for each test. If possible, obtain at least a 50-ml sample from the bulk test site and store in a clean, tightly closed container.
(g)
Preparation of apparatus.
(1) Place the tester on a level, stable surface. Unless tests are made in a draft-free area, surround the tester on three sides with a shield for protection. Do not rely on tests made in a laboratory draft hood or near ventilators.
(2) Read the manufacturer's instructions on the care and servicing of the instrument and for correct operation of its controls.
(h)
Calibration and standardization.
(1) Before initial use determine and plot the relationship between the temperature control dial and the thermometer readings at each major (numbered) dial division as follows:
Turn the temperature control knob
2
fully counterclockwise (“O” reading). Advance the temperature control knob clockwise until the indicator light is illuminated.
3
Advance the knob clockwise to the next numbered line. After the thermometer mercury column ceases to advance, record the dial reading and the temperature. Advance the knob clockwise to the next numbered line. After the thermometer mercury column ceases to advance, read the dial reading and the temperature. Repeat this procedure through the full range of the instrument. Plot the dial readings versus the respective temperatures.
2
If the instrument has two temperature control knobs, set the fine control (center, small knob) at its mid-position and allow it to remain there throughout the calibration. The calibration is determined by adjusting the coarse control (large, outer knob) only.
3
When using the tester, it will be found that the indicator light may not illuminate and the temperature may not rise until a temperature control dial setting between one and two is reached.
(2) Standardize the instrument using a sample of material meeting the specifications in table 1. If the average of two determinations falls within the acceptable limits the instrument is assumed to be operating properly. If the average of the two determinations does not fall within this range, check the manufacturer's operating and maintenance instructions and determine that they are being followed. In particular, be sure that the cup lid assembly makes a vapor-tight seal with the cup, the shutter provides a light-tight seal, and that adequate heat transfer paste surrounds the thermometer bulb and the immersed portion of the barrel.
(i)
Test Method A—for determining Flash/No Flash.
(1) Determine the target flashpoint as follows:
(i) Target flashpoint, °C=S
c
(ii) Target flashpoint, °C=S
c
(iii) Target flashpoint, °F=S
f
and
4
The barometric pressure used in this calculation must be the ambient pressure for the laboratory at the time of test. Many aneroid barometers, such as those used at weather stations and airports, are precorrected to give sea-level readings; these must not be used.
A=ambient barometer pressure, kPa.
4
(2) Inspect the inside of the sample cup, lid, and shutter mechanism for cleaniness and freedom from contamination. Use an absorbent paper tissue to wipe clean, if necessary. Put cover in place and lock securely. The filing orifice may be convenienty cleaned with a pipe cleaner.
(3) Set the instrument at the target temperature.
(i) For target temperature below ambient. The instrument power switch is to be in the off position. Fill the refigerant-charged cooling block with a suitable material.
5
Raise the lid and shutter assembly, and position the base of the block in the sample cup, being careful not to injure or mar the cup. When the thermometer reads approximately 6 to 10 °C (10 to 20 °F) below the target temperature, remove the cooling block and quickly dry the cup with a paper tissue to remove any moisture. Immediately close the lid and shutter assembly and secure. Prepare to introduce the sample using the syringe, both of which have been precooled to a temperature 5 to 10 °C (10 to 20 °F) below the target temperature.
5
If the target or specification temperature is not less than 5 °C (40 °F) crushed ice and water may be used as charging (cooling) fluid. If below 5 °C (40 °F), a suitable charging (cooling) fluid is solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) and acetone. If the refrigerant charged cooling module is unavailable, refer to the manufacturer's instruction manual for alternative methods of cooling.
(A) Caution: Do not cool the sample block below −38 °C, the freezing point of mercury.
(B) Caution: Acetone is extremely flammable. Keep away from heat, sparks, and flames and keep container closed when not actually pouring acetone. Use only in a well-ventilated area. Avoid inhalation and contact with the eyes or skin. Use cloth or leather gloves, goggles or safety shield, and keep dry ice in a canvas bag, especially when cracking.
(ii) For target temperature above ambient. Switch the instrument on and turn the coarse temperature control knob fully clockwise (full on) causing the indicator light to illuminate.
6
When the thermometer indicates a temperature about 3 °C (5 °F) below the target (or specification) temperature, reduce the heat input to the sample cup by turning the coarse temperature control knob counter-clockwise to the desired control point (see § 1500.43a(i)(1)). When the indicator light slowly cycles on and off read the temperature on the thermometer. If necessary, adjust the fine (center) temperature control knob to obtain the desired test (target) temperature. When the test temperature is reached and the indicator lamp slowly cycles on and off, prepare to introduce the sample.
6
The target temperature may be attained by originally turning the coarse temperature control knob to the proper setting (see § 1500.43a(h)(1) for the temperature desired rather than the maximum setting (full on). The elapsed time to reach the temperature will be greater, except for maximum temperature. However, less attention will be required during the intervening period.
(4) Charge the syringe with a 2-ml specimen of the sample
7
to be tested; transfer the syringe to the filling orifice, taking care not to lose any sample; discharge the test specimen into the cup by fully depressing the syringe plunger, remove the syringe.
7
For target or expected temperatures below ambient, both syringe and sample must be precooled to cup temperature (see § 1500.43a(i)(3)(i)) before the specimen is taken.
(5)(i) Set the timer
8
by rotating its knob clockwise to its stop. Open the
gas control valve and light the pilot and test flames. Adjust the test flame with the pinch valve to conform to the size of the 4-mm (5/32-in.) gage.
8
For target temperatures below ambient, do not set the timer. Adjust the test flame
and allow the temperature to rise under ambient conditions until the target temperature is reached. Immediately apply the test flame as detailed.
(ii) After the time signal indicates the specimen is at test temperature
8
, apply the test flame by slowly and uniformly opening the shutter and closing it completely over a period of approximately 2
1/2
Watch closely for a flash at the cup openings.
9
Never apply the test flame to the specimen more than once. Fresh portions of the sample must be used for each test.
(iii) The sample is deemed to have flashed when a large flame appears and instantaneously propagates itself over the surface of the sample (see § 1500.43a(c)).
(6) Record the test results as “flash” or “no flash” and the test temperature.
(7) Turn off the pilot and test flames using the gas control valve. Remove the sample and clean the instrument. It may be necessary to allow the cup temperature to decline to a safe level before cleaning.
(j)
Test Method B—for determining Finite or Actual Flashpoint.
(1) Inspect the inside of the sample cup, lid, and shutter mechanism for cleanliness and freedom from contamination. Use an absorbent paper tissue to wipe clean, if necessary. Put cover in place and lock securely. The filling orifice may be conveniently cleaned with a pipe cleaner.
(2) For expected flashpoints below ambient. (i) The instrument power switch is to be in off position. Fill the refrigerant-charged cooling block with a suitable material.
5
Raise the lid and shutter assembly, and position the base of the block in the sample cup, being careful not to injure or mar the cup. When the thermometer reaches a temperature 5 to 10 °C (10 to 20 °F) below the expected flashpoint, remove the cooling block and quickly dry the cup with a paper tissue to remove any moisture. Immediately close the lid and shutter assembly and secure. Prepare to introduce the sample using the syringe, both of which have been precooled to a temperature 5 to 10 °C (10 to 20 °F) below the expected temperature (See § 1500.43a(j)(5)).
(ii) Caution: Do not cool the sample block below −38 °C, the freezing point of mercury.
(3) For tests where the expected flashpoint is above ambient. Turn the coarse temperature control knob fully clockwise (full on) causing the indicator light to illuminate. When the thermometer reaches a temperature 3 °C (5 °F) below the estimated flashpoint, turn the coarse temperature knob counter-clockwise to the dial reading representing the estimated flashpoint temperature as shown on the calibration curve (See § 1500.43a(h)(1)). When the indicator light slowly cycles on and off, read the temperature on the thermometer. If necessary, adjust the fine temperature control knob to obtain the exact desired temperature.
(4)(i) Charge the syringe
with a 2 ml specimen of the sample
7
to be tested; transfer the syringe to the filling orifice, taking care not to lose any sample; discharge the test specimen into the cup by fully depressing the syringe plunger; remove the syringe.
(ii) Set the timer
10
by rotating its knob clockwise to its stop. Open the gas control valve and ignite the pilot and test flames. Adjust the test flame with the pinch valve to conform to the size of the 4-mm (
5/32
(iii) After the audible time signal indicates the specimen is at test temperature,
10
apply the test flame by slowly and uniformly opening the shutter and then closing it completely over a period of approximately 2
1/2
s. Watch closely for a flash at the cup opening.
10
For expected flashpoint below ambient, do not set the timing device. Adjust the test flame. Allow the temperature to rise under ambient conditions until the temperature reaches 5 °C (9 °F) below the expected flashpoint. Immediately apply the test flame.
(iv) The sample is deemed to have flashed only if a large flame appears and instantaneously propagates itself over the surface of the sample. (See § 1500.43a(c).)
(v) Turn off the pilot and test flames using the gas control valve. When the cup temperature declines to a safe
level, remove the sample and clean the instrument.
(5)(i) If a flash was observed in § 1500.43a(j)(4)(iii) repeat the procedure given in § 1500.43a(j)(2) or (3), and in § 1500.43a(j)(4), testing a new specimen at a temperature 5 °C (9 °F) below that at which the flash was observed.
(ii) If necessary, repeat the procedure in § 1500.43a(j)(5)(i), lowering the temperature 5 °C (9 °F) each time, until no flash is observed.
9
(iii) Proceed to § 1500.43a(j)(7).
(6)(i) If no flash was observed in § 1500.43a(j)(4)(iii) repeat the procedure given in § 1500.43a(j)(2) or (3), and in § 1500.43a(j)(4), testing a fresh specimen at a temperature 5 °C (9 °F) above that at which the specimen was tested in § 1500.43a(j)(4)(iii).
(ii) If necessary repeat the procedure in § 1500.43a(j)(6)(i), above, raising the temperature 5 °C (9 °F) each time until a flash is observed.
9
(7) Having established a flash within two temperatures 5 °C (9 °F) apart, repeat the procedure at 1 °C (2 °F) intervals from the lower of the two temperatures until a flash is observed.
9
Record the temperature of the test when this flash occurs as the flashpoint, allowing for any known thermometer correction. Record the barometric pressure.
4
(8) The flashpoint determined in § 1500.43a(j)(7) will be to the nearest 1 °C (2 °F). If improved accuracy is desired (that is, to the nearest 0.5 °C (1 °F)), test a fresh specimen at a temperature 0.5 °C (1 °F) below that at which the flash was observed in § 1500.43a(j)(7). If no flash is observed, the temperature recorded in § 1500.43a(j)(7), is the flashpoint to the nearest 0.5 °C (1 °F). If a flash is observed at the lower temperature, record this latter temperature as the flashpoint.
(9) Turn off the pilot and test flames using the gas control valve. When the cup temperature declines to a safe level, remove the sample and clean the instrument.
(k)
Calculations.
If it is desired to correct the observed finite flashpoint for the effect of barometric pressure, proceed as follows: Observe and record the ambient barometric pressure
4
at the time of the test. If the pressure differs from 101.3 kPa (760 mm Hg), correct the flashpoint as follows:
(1) Corrected flashpoint ( °C)=C+0.25 (101.3-A)
(2) Corrected flashpoint ( °F)=F+0.06 (760-B)
(3) Corrected flashpoint ( °C)=C+0.03 (760-B)
Where: F=Observed flashpoint, °F,
C=observed flashpoint, °C,
B=ambient barometric pressure, mm Hg; and
A=ambient barometric pressure, kPa.
(l)
Precision.
The precision of the method as determined by statistical examination of interlaboratory results is as follows:
(1) Repeatability. The difference between two test results obtained by the same operator with the same apparatus under constant operating conditions on identical test material, would, in the long run, in the normal and correct operation of the test method, exceed the values shown in table 2 only in 1 case in 20.
(2) Reproducibility. The difference between two single and independent results obtained by different operators working in different laboratories on identical test material, would, in the long run, in the normal and correct operation of the test method, exceed the values shown in table 2 only in 1 case in 20.
(m)
Flash Test Apparatus.
(1)(i) Unit consisting of an aluminum alloy or nonrusting metal block of suitable conductivity with a cylindrical depression, or sample cup, over which is fitted a cover. A thermometer is embedded in the block.
(ii) The cover is fitted with an opening slide and a device capable of inserting an ignition flame (diameter 4±0.5 mm) into the well when the slide device shall intersect the plane of the underside of the cover. The cover is also provided with an orifice extending into the sample well for insertion of the test sample and also a suitable clamping device for securing the cover tightly to the metal block. The three openings in the cover shall be within the diameter of the sample well. When the slide is in the open position, the two openings in the slide shall coincide exactly with the two corresponding openings in the cover.
(iii) Electrical heaters are attached to the bottom of the cup in a manner
that provides efficient transfer of heat. An electronic heat control is required to hold the equilibrium temperature, in a draft-free area, within 0.1 °C (0.2 °F) for the low-temperature tester. A visual indicator lamp shows when energy is or is not being applied. Energy may be supplied from 120 or 240 V, 50 or 60 Hz main service.
(2)(i) Test flame and pilot flame-regulatable test flame, for dipping into the sample cup to try for flash, and a pilot flame, to maintain the test flame, are required. These flames may be fueled by piped gas service. A gage ring 4mm (5/32 in.) in diameter, engraved on the lid near the test flame, is required to ensure uniformity in the size of the test flame.
(ii) Caution: Never recharge the self-contained gas tank at elevated temperature, or with the pilot or test flames lighted, nor in the vicinity of other flames.
(iii) Audible Signal is required. The audiable signal is given after 1 min in the case of the low-temperature tester.
(iv) Syringe. 2ml capacity, equipped with a needle suitable for use with the apparatus, adjusted to deliver 2.00±0.05 ml.
(3) Essential dimensions of the test apparatus are set forth in table 3.
(n)
Testing high-viscosity liquids.
(1) High-viscosity materials may be added to the cup by the following procedure:
(i) Back load a 5 or 10-ml syringe with the sample to be tested and extrude 2 ml into the cup. Spread the specimen as evenly as possible over the bottom of the cup.
(ii) If the sample cannot be loaded into a syringe and extruded, other means of adding the sample to the cup may be used such as a spoon. Add approximately 2 ml of material to the spoon and then push the material from the spoon into the cup.
(iii) If the test specimen does not close the sampling port in the cup, seal the cup externally by suitable means.
(2) Using the appropriate procedure, either Method A in § 1500.43a(i) or Method B in § 1500.43a(j), determine the flashpoint of the specimen which has been added to the tester in accordance with § 1500.43a(n)(i), except that the time specified is increased from 1 to 5 minutes for samples at or above ambient temperature.
Table 1—Calibration of Tester
Material
[51 FR 28539, Aug. 8, 1986]
§ 1500.44
Method for determining extremely flammable and flammable solids.
(a)
—(1)
Granules, powders, and pastes.
Pack the sample into a flat, rectangular metal boat with inner dimensions 6 inches long × 1 inch wide × one-fourth inch deep.
(2)
Rigid and pliable solids.
Measure the dimensions of the sample and support it by means of metal ringstands, clamps, rings, or other suitable devices as needed, so that the major axis is oriented horizontally and the maximum surface is freely exposed to the atmosphere.
(b)
Procedure.
Place the prepared sample in a draft-free area that can be ventilated and cleared after each test. The temperature of the sample at the
time of testing shall be between 68 °F. and 86 °F. Hold a burning paraffin candle whose diameter is at least 1 inch, so that the flame is in contact with the surface of the sample at the end of the major axis for 5 seconds or until the sample ignites, whichever is less. Remove the candle. By means of a stopwatch, determine the time of combustion with self-sustained flame. Do not exceed 60 seconds. Extinguish flame with a CO
2
or similar nondestructive type extinguisher. Measure the dimensions of the burnt area and calculate the rate of burning along the major axis of the sample.
§ 1500.45
Method for determining extremely flammable and flammable contents of self-pressurized containers.
(a)
Equipment required.
The test equipment consists of a base 8 inches wide, 2 feet long, marked in 6-inch intervals. A rule 2 feet long and marked in inches is supported horizontally on the side of the base and about 6 inches above it. A paraffin candle 1 inch or more in diameter, and of such height that the top third of the flame is at the height of the horizontal rule, is placed at the zero point in the base.
(b)
Procedure.
The test is conducted in a draft-free area that can be ventilated and cleared after each test. Place the self-pressurized container at a distance of 6 inches from the flame source. Spray for periods of 15 seconds to 20 seconds (one observer noting the extension of the flame and the other operating the container) through the top third of the flame and at a right angle to the flame. The height of the flame should be approximately 2 inches. Take three readings for each test, and average. As a precaution do not spray large quantities in a small, confined space. Free space of previously discharged material.
§ 1500.46
Method for determining flashpoint of extremely flammable contents of self-pressurized containers.
Use the apparatus described in § 1500.43a. Use some means such as dry ice in an open container to chill the pressurized container. Chill the container, the flash cup, and the bath solution of the apparatus (brine or glycol may be used) to a temperature of about 25 °F below zero. Puncture the chilled container to exhaust the propellant. Transfer the chilled formulation to the test apparatus and test in accordance with the method described in § 1500.43a.
[51 FR 28544, Aug. 8, 1986]
§ 1500.47
Method for determining the sound pressure level produced by toy caps.
(a)
Equipment required.
The equipment for the test includes a microphone, a preamplifier (if required), and an oscilloscope.
(1) The microphone-preamplifier system shall have a free-field response uniform to within ±2 decibels from 50 hertz to 70 kilohertz or beyond and a dynamic range covering the interval 70 to 160 decibels relative to 20 micronewtons per square meters. Depending on the model, the microphone shall be used at normal or at grazing incidence, whichever gives the most uniform free-field response. The microphone shall be calibrated both before and after the test of a model of cap. The calibration shall be accurate to within ±1 decibel. If the calibration is of the pressure type or of the piston-phone plus electrostatic actuator type, it shall be corrected to free-field conditions in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
(2) The oscilloscope shall be the storage type or one equipped with a camera. It shall have a response uniform to within ±1 decibel from 50 hertz to 250 kilohertz or higher. It shall be calibrated to within ±1 decibel against an external voltage source periodically during the tests.
(b)
Procedure.
(1) Use the type pistol that would ordinarily be used with the caps being tested. Place the pistol and testing equipment so that neither the pistol nor the microphone is closer than 1 meter from any wall, floor, ceiling, or other large obstruction. Locate the pistol and the microphone in the same horizontal plane with a distance of 25 centimeters between the diaphragm of the microphone and the position of the explosive. Measure the peak sound pressure level at each of the six designated orientations of the pistol with respect to the measuring
microphone. The 0° orientation corresponds to the muzzle of the pistol pointing at the microphone. The 90°, 180°, and 270° orientations are measured in a clockwise direction when looking down on the pistol with its barrel horizontal, as illustrated by the following figure:
EC03OC91.055
(2) The hammer and trigger orientations are obtained by rotating the pistol about the axis of the barrel, when the pistol is in the 90° or 270° orientation, so that the hammer and the trigger are each respectively closest to and in the same horizontal plane with the microphone.
(3) Fire 10 shots at each of the six orientations, obtaining readings on the oscilloscope of the maximum peak voltage for each shot. Average the results of the 10 firings for each of the six orientations.
(4) Using the orientation that yields the highest average value, convert the value to sound pressure levels in decibels relative to 20 micronewtons per square meter using the response to the calibrated measuring microphone.
§ 1500.48
Technical requirements for determining a sharp point in toys and other articles intended for use by children under 8 years of age.
(a)
Objective.
The sharp point test prescribed by paragraph (d) of this section will be used by the Commission in making a preliminary determination that points on toys and other articles intended for use by children under 8 years of age, and such points exposed in normal use or as a result of reasonably foreseeable damage or abuse of such toys and articles, present a potential risk of injury by puncture or laceration under section 2(s) of the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (15 U.S.C. 1261(s)). The Commission will further evaluate points that are identified as presenting a potential risk of puncture or laceration injury to determine the need for individual product regulatory action.
(b)
—(1)
General.
The sharp point test of paragraph (d) of this section is applicable to toys or other articles that are introduced into interstate commerce on or after December 22, 1978. The sharp point test shall be applied to any accessible portion of the test sample before and after subjecting the test sample to the use and abuse tests of §§ 1500.51, 1500.52, and 1500.53 (excluding the bite test-paragraph (c) of each section).
(2)
Exemptions.
(i) Toys and other children's articles that are the subject of any of the following regulations are exempt from this § 1500.48: The regulations for bicycles, non-full-size baby cribs, and full-size baby cribs (parts 1508, 1509, and 1512, of this chapter).
(ii) Toys that by reason of their functional purpose necessarily present the hazard of sharp points and that do not have any nonfunctional sharp points are exempt from this § 1500.48:
Provided,
Each toy is identified by a conspicuous, legible, and visible label at the time of any sale, as having functional sharp points. An example of such toys is a toy sewing machine with a needle.
(iii) Articles, besides toys, intended for use by children that by reason of their functional purpose necessarily present the hazard of sharp points and that do not have any nonfunctional sharp points are exempt from this § 1500.48. An example of such articles is a ball-point pen.
(c)
—(1)
General.
Any point that is accessible either before or after these tests of §§ 1500.51, 1500.52, and 1500.53 (excluding the bite test—paragraph (c) of each section) are performed shall be subject to the sharp point test of paragraph (d) of this section.
(2)
Accessible points.
(i) An accessible point for a toy or article intended for children 3 years of age or less is one that can be contacted by any portion forward of the collar of the accessibility probe designated as probe A in figure 2 of this section.
(ii) An accessible point for a toy or article intended for children over 3 years up to 8 years of age is one that can be contacted by any portion forward of the collar of the accessibility probe designated as probe B in figure 2 of this section.
(iii) An accessible point for a toy or article intended for children of ages spanning both age groups is one that can be contacted by any portion forward of the collar of either probe A or B, as shown in figure 2 of this section.
(3)
Insertion depth for accessibility.
(i) For any hole, recess, or opening having a minor dimension (The minor dimension of an opening is the diameter of the largest sphere that will pass through the opening.) smaller than the collar diameter of the appropriate probe, the total insertion depth for accessibility shall be up to the collar on the appropriate probe. Each probe joint may be rotated up to 90 degrees to simulate knuckle movement.
(ii) For any hole, recess, or opening having a minor dimension larger than the collar diameter of probe A but less than 7.36 inches (186.9 millimeters), when probe A is used, or a minor dimension larger than the collar diameter of probe B but less than 9.00 inches (228.6 millimeters), when probe B is used, the total insertion depth for accessibility shall be determined by inserting the appropriate probe with the extension shown in figure 2 in any direction up to two and one-quarter times the minor dimension of the probe, recess, or opening, measured from any point in the plane of the opening. Each probe joint may be rotated up to 90 degrees to simulate knuckle movement.
(iii) For any hole, recess, or opening having a minor dimension of 7.36 inches (186.9 millimeters) or larger when probe A is used, or a minor di-mension of 9.00 inches (228.6 millimeters), or larger when probe B is used, the total insertion depth for accessibility is unrestricted unless other holes, recesses, or openings within the original hole, recess, or opening are encountered with dimensions specified in paragraph (c)(3) (i) or (ii) of this section. In such instances, the appropriate paragraphs (c)(3) (i) or (ii) of this section shall be followed. If both probes are to be used, a minor dimen-sion that is 7.36 inches (186.9 millimeters or larger shall determine unrestricted access.
(4)
Inaccessible points.
Points shall be considered inaccessible without testing with a probe if they lie adjacent to a surface of the test sample and any gap between the point and the adjacent surface does not exceed 0.020 inch (0.50 millimeter) either before or after the tests of §§ 1500.51, 1500.52, and 1500.53 (excluding the bite test—paragraph (c) of each section) are performed.
(d)
—(1)
Principle of operation.
The principle of operation of the sharp point tester shown in figure 1 of this section is as follows (Detailed engineering drawings for a suggested sharp point tester are available from the Commission's Office of the Secretary.): A rectangular opening measuring 0.040 inch (1.02 millimeters) wide by 0.045 inch (1.15 millimeters) long in the end of the slotted cap establishes two reference dimensions. Depth of penetration of the point being tested determines sharpness. If the point being tested can contact a sensing head that is recessed a distance of 0.015 inch (0.38 millimeter) below the end cap and can move the sensing head a further 0.005 inch (0.12 millimeter) against a 0.5-pound (2.2-newton) force of a return spring, the point shall be identified as sharp. A sharp point tester of the general configuration shown in figure 1 of this section or one yielding equivalent results shall identify a sharp point. In conducting tests to determine the presence of sharp points, the Commission will use the sharp point tester shown in figure 1 of this section and the accessibility probes designated as A or B in figure 2 of this section.
(2)
Procedure.
(i) The sample to be tested shall be held in such a manner that it does not move during the test.
(ii) Part of the test sample may need to be removed to allow the sharp point testing device to test a point that is accessible by the criteria of paragraph (c) of this section. Such dismantling of the test sample could affect the rigidity of the point in question. The sharp point test shall be performed with the point supported so that its stiffness approximates but is not greater than the point stiffness in the assembled sample.
(iii) Using the general configuration shown in figure 1 of this section, the adjustment and operation of the sharp point tester is as follows: Hold the sharp point tester and loosen the lock ring by rotating it so that it moves towards the indicator lamp assembly a sufficient distance to expose the calibration reference marks on the barrel. Rotate the gaging can clockwise until the indicator lamp lights. Rotate the cap counterclockwise until an equivalent of five divisions (the distance between the short lines on the cap) have passed the calibration reference mark. Lock the gaging cap in this position by rotating the lock ring until it fits firmly against the cap. Insert the point into the gaging slot in all directions in which it was accessible by the criteria of paragraph (c) of this section, and apply a force of 1.00 pound (4.45 newtons). A glowing light identifies the point as sharp.
(iv) The test instruments used by the Commission in its tests for compliance with this regulation shall have gaging slot opening dimensions no greater than 0.040 inch by 0.045 inch and shall have the sensing head recessed a depth of no less than 0.015 inch. The force applied by the Commission when inserting a point into the gaging slot shall be no more than 1.00 pound.
(e) For the purpose of conformance with the technical requirements prescribed by this § 1500.48, the English figures shall be used. The metric approximations are provided in parentheses for convenience and information only.
EC03OC91.056
§ 1500.49
Technical requirements for determining a sharp metal or glass edge in toys and other articles intended for use by children under 8 years of age.
(a)
Objective.
The sharp edge test method prescribed by paragraph (d) of this section will be used by the Commission in making a preliminary determination that metal or glass edges on toys and other articles intended for use by children under 8 years of age, and such edges exposed in normal use or as a result of reasonably forseeable damage or abuse of such toys and articles, present a potential risk of injury by
laceration or avulsion under section 2(s) of the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (15 U.S.C. 1261(s)). The Commission will further evaluate toys and other articles with edges that are identified as presenting a potential risk of laceration or avulsion injury to determine the need for individual product regulation.
(b)
—(1)
General.
The sharp edge test of paragraph (d) of this section is applicable to toys or other articles containing metal or glass edges that are introduced into interstate commerce after March 26, 1979. Such articles manufactured outside the United States are introduced into interstate commerce when first brought within as U.S. port of entry. Such articles manufactured in the United States are introduced into interstate commerce (a) at the time of first interstate sale, or (b) at the time of first intrastate sale if one or more components and/or raw materials were received interstate, whichever occurs earlier.
(2)
Exemptions.
(i) Toys and other children's articles that are the subject of any of the following regulations are exempt from this § 1500.49: The regulations for bicycles, non-full-size baby cribs, and full-size baby cribs (parts 1508, 1509, and 1512 of this chapter).
(ii) Toys that by reason of their functional purpose necessarily present the hazard of sharp metal or glass edges and that do not have any nonfunctional sharp metal or glass edges are exempt from this section: Provided, the toy is identified by a conspicuous, legible, and visible label at the time of any sale, as having functional sharp metal or glass edges. Examples of these are a pair of toy scissors and toy tool kits.
(iii) Articles, besides toys, intended for use by children that by reason of their functional purpose necessarily present the hazard of sharp metal or glass edges and that do not have any non-functional sharp metal or glass edges are exempt from this section. Examples of these are children's ice skates and children's cutlery.
(3)
—(i)
Glass.
For the purpose of this regulation the Commission defines glass as a hard, brittle, amorphous substance produced by fusion, usually consisting of mutually dissolved silica and silicates that also contain soda and lime.
(ii)
Metal.
For the purpose of this regulation the Commission intends the word metal to include both elemental metals and metal alloys.
(c)
—(1)
General.
Any metal or glass edge that is accessible either before or after the test of §§ 1500.51, 1500.52, and 1500.53 (excluding the bite test—paragraph (c) of each section) are performed shall be subject to the sharp edge test of paragraph (d) of this section. Toys reasonably intended to be assembled by an adult and not intended to be taken apart by a child shall be tested only in the assembled state if the shelf package and the assembly instructions prominently indicate that the article is to be assembled only by an adult.
(2)
Accessible edges.
(i) An accessible metal or glass edge for a toy or article intended for children 3 years of age or less is one that can be contacted by any portion forward of the collar of the accessibility probe designated as probe A in Figure 2 of this section.
(ii) An accessible edge for a toy or article intended for children over 3 years and up to 8 years of age is one that can be contacted by any portion forward of the collar of the accessibility probe designated as Probe B in Figure 2 of this section.
(iii) An accessible edge for a toy or article intended for children of ages spanning both age groups is one that can be contacted by any portion forward of the collar of either Probe A or Probe B, as shown in Figure 2 of this section.
(3)
Insertion depth.
(i) For any hole, recess, or opening having a minor dimension (the minor dimension of an opening is the diameter of the largest sphere that will pass through the opening), smaller than the collar diameter of the appropriate probe, the total insertion depth for accessibility shall be up to the collar on the appropriate probe. Each probe joint may be rotated up to 90 degrees to simulate knuckle movement.
(ii) For any hole, recess, or opening having a minor dimension larger than the collar diameter of Probe A, but less than 7.36 inches (186.9 millimeters),
when Probe A is used, or a minor dimension larger than the collar diameter of Probe B, but less than 9.00 inches (228.6 millimeters), when Probe B is used, the total insertion depth for accessibility shall be determined by inserting the appropriate probe with the extension, shown in Figure 2, in any direction up to 2
1/4
times the minor dimension of the hole, recess, or opening, measured from any point in the plane of the opening. Each probe joint may be rotated up to 90 degrees to simulate knuckle movement.
(iii) For any hole, recess, or opening having a minor dimension of 7.36 inches (186.9 millimeters) or larger when Probe A is used, or a minor dimension of 9.00 inches (228.6 millimeters) or larger when Probe B is used, the total insertion depth for accessibility is unrestricted unless other holes, recesses, or openings within the original hole, recess, or opening are encountered with dimensions specified in paragraph (c)(3) (i) or (ii) of this section. In such instances, the appropriate paragraphs (c)(3) (i) or (ii) of this section shall be followed. If both probes are to be used, a minor dimension that is 7.36 inches (186.9 millimeters or larger shall determine unrestricted access.
(4)
Inaccessible edges.
Metal or glass edges shall be considered inaccessible without testing with a probe if they lie adjacent to a surface of the test sample, and any gap between the edge and the adjacent surface does not exceed 0.020 inch (0.50 millimeter) both before and after the tests of §§ 1500.51, 1500.52, and 1500.53 (excluding the bite test—paragraph (c) of each section) are performed. For example, in a lap joint in which a metal edge is overlapped by a parallel surface, any burr or feather-edge on the side closest to the protecting parallel surface is considered inaccessible if the gap between the edge and the parallel surface is no greater than 0.020 inch (0.50 millimeter). As an additional example, when sheet metal has a hemmed edge a portion of the sheet adjacent to the edge is folded back upon itself, approximately 180 degrees, so that it is roughly parallel to the main sheet. Any burrs or feathering on the inside edge, the side closest to the protecting parallel surface of the main sheet, will be considered inaccessible if the gap between the inside edge and the parallel surface does not exceed 0.020 inch (0.50 millimeter).
(d)
—(1)
Principle of operation.
The test shall be performed with a sharp edge tester which contains a cylindrical mandrel capable of rotation at a constant velocity. (Engineering drawings for a suitable portable sharp edge test instrument are available from the Commission's Office of the Secretary.) The full circumference of the mandrel shall be wrapped with a single layer of polytetrafluoroethylene (TFE) tape as specified in paragraph (e)(3) of this section. The mandrel shall be applied to the edge to be tested with a normal force of 1.35 pounds (6.00 Newtons) such that the edge contacts the approximate center of the width of the tape as shown in Figure 1 of this section. The mandrel shall be rotated through one complete revolution while maintaining the force against the edge constant. Linear motion of the mandrel along the line of the edge shall be prevented. The edge shall be identified as sharp if it completely cuts through the tape for a length of not less than
1/2
inch (13 millimeters) at any force up to 1.35 pounds (6.00 Newtons).
(2)
Procedure.
(i) The edge of the sample to be tested shall be held in such a manner that it does not move during the test. If the full mandrel force of 1.35 pounds (6.00 Newtons) causes the edge to bend, a reduced mandrel force may be used.
(ii) Part of the test sample may need to be removed to allow the sharp edge testing device to test an edge that is accessible by the criteria of paragraph (c) of this section. Such dismantling of the test sample could affect the rigidity of the edge in question. The sharp edge test shall be performed with the edge supported so that its stiffness approximates but is not greater than the edge stiffness in the assembled sample.
(iii) Conduct of a sharp edge test is as follows: Wrap one layer of polytetrafluoroethylene (TFE) tape, described in paragraph (e)(3) of this section, around the full circumference of the mandrel in an unstretched state. The ends of
the tape shall be either butted or overlapped not more than 0.10 inch (2.5 millimeters). Apply the mandrel, at the approximate center of the tape, to the edge of the test sample with a force of 1.35 pounds (6.00 Newtons) measured in a direction at right angles to the mandrel axis. The mandrel shall be placed so that its axis is at 90 degrees ±5 degrees to the line of a straight test edge or 90 degrees ±5 degrees to a tangent at the point of contact with a curved test edge. The point of contact between the test edge and the mandrel shall be in the approximate center of the width of the tape. The axis of the mandrel may be positioned anywhere in a plane which is at right angles to either the line of a straight test edge or to a tangent at the point of contact with a curved test edge. The operator should seek the orientation most likely to cause the edge to cut the tape. Maintain the force against the edge and rotate the mandrel through one complete revolution while preventing any linear motion of the mandrel along the edge. Release the mandrel from the edge and remove the tape without enlarging any cut or causing any score to become a cut. A cut in the tape with a length of not less than
1/2
inch (13 millimeters) identifies an edge as sharp. (The test instruments used by the Commission in its test for compliance with the regulation will be calibrated to insure that the force with which the mandrel is applied to a test edge does not exceed 1.35 pounds.)
(e)
Specifications for sharp edge test equipment.
The following specifications shall apply to the equipment to be used in the sharp edge test described in paragraph (d) of this section:
(1) The rotation of the mandrel shall produce a constant tangential velocity of 1.00±0.08 inch per second (25.4±2.0 millimeters per second) during the center 75 percent of its rotation and shall have a smooth start and stop.
(2) The mandrel shall be made of steel. The test surface of the mandrel shall be free of scratches, nicks, or burrs and shall have a surface roughness no greater than 16 microinches (0.40 micron). The test surface shall have a hardness no less than 40 as measured on the Rockwell “C” scale, as determined pursuant to ASTM E 18-74 entitled “Standard Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell Superficial Hardness of Metallic Materials,” published July 1974 and which is incorporated by reference in this regulation. (Copies are available from American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 19103.) The diameter of the mandrel shall be 0.375±0.005 inch (9.35±0.12 millimeters). The mandrel shall be of suitable length to carry out the test.
(3) The tape shall be pressure-sensitive polytetrafluoroethylene (TFE) high temperature electrical insulation tape as described in Military Specification MIL-I-23594B (1971) which is incorporated by reference in this regulation. (Copies are available from Naval Publications and Forms Center, 5801 Tabor Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. 19120.) The thickness of the polytetrafluoroethylene backing shall be between 0.0026 inch (0.066 millimeter) and 0.0035 inch (0.089 millimeter).
1
The adhesive shall be pressure-sensitive silicone polymer with a nominal thickness of 0.003 inch (.08 millimeter). The width of the tape shall not be less than
1/4
inch (6 millimeters). While conducting sharp edge tests the temperature of the tape shall be maintained between 70 °F (21.1 °C) and 80 °F (26.6 °C).
1
The tape that the Commission will use for the sharp edge test is CHR type “T” manufactured by The Connecticut Hard Rubber Co., New and East Streets, New Haven, Conn. 06509.
(f) For the purpose of conformance with the technical requirements prescribed by this § 1500.49, the English figures shall be used. The metric approximations are provided in parentheses for convenience and information only.
EC03OC91.057
(Secs. 2(s), 10(a), 74 Stat. 378 (15 U.S.C. 1261, 1269))
[43 FR 12645, Mar. 24, 1978, as amended at 43 FR 21324, May 17, 1978]
§ 1500.50
Test methods for simulating use and abuse of toys and other articles intended for use by children.
(a)
Objective.
The objective of §§ 1500.51, 1500.52, and 1500.53 is to describe specific test methods for simulating normal use of toys and other articles intended for use by children as well as the reasonably foreseeable damage or abuse to which the articles may be subjected. The test methods are for use in exposing potential hazards that would result from the normal use or the reasonably foreseeable damage or abuse of such articles intended for children.
(b)
Application—general.
(1)(i) The test methods described in §§ 1500.51, 1500.52 and 1500.53 are to be used in determining what is normal use and reasonably foreseeable damage or abuse when specifically referenced under § 1500.18. Other banning regulations may also reference these use and abuse toy test procedures.
(ii) The test methods described in §§ 1500.51, 1500.52, and 1500.53 have been established for articles intended for the specified age groups of children: 18 months of age or less, over 18 months but not over 36 months of age, and over 36 months but not over 96 months of
age. If an article is marked, labeled, advertised, or otherwise intended for children of ages spanning more than one of these age groups, the article will be subjected to the tests providing the most stringent requirements. If an article is not age-labeled in a clear and conspicuous manner or, based on such factors as marketing practices and the customary patterns of usage of a product by children, is inappropriately age-labeled, and is intended or appropriate for children 96 months of age or less, it will also be subjected to the most stringent test requirements.
(2) For purposes of compliance with the test methods prescribed in §§ 1500.51, 1500.52, and 1500.53, the English system shall be used. The metric approximations are provided in parentheses for convenience and information only.
(3) Each of the test methods described in §§ 1500.51, 1500.52, and 1500.53 shall be applied to a previously untested sample except the tension test which shall be conducted with the test sample used in the torque test.
(4) Prior to testing, each sample shall be subjected to a temperature of 73°±3 °F. (23°±2 °C.) as a relative humidity of 20−70 percent for a period of at least 4 hours. The toy testing shall commence within five minutes after the toy has been removed from the preconditioning atmosphere.
(5) Toys reasonably intended to be assembled by an adult and not intended to be taken apart by a child shall be tested only in the assembled state if the shelf package and the assembly instructions prominently indicate that the article is to be assembled only by an adult.
(6) Toys intended to be repeatedly assembled and taken apart shall have the individual pieces as well as the completed article subjected to these test procedures.
(7) In situations where a test procedure may be applied in more than one way to a toy test component, the point (or direction) of force (or torque) application which results in the most severe conditions shall be used.
(c)
As used in this section and in §§ 1500.51, 1500.52, and 1500.53:
(1)
Toy
means any toy, game, or other article designed, labeled, advertised, or otherwise intended for use by children.
(2)
Mouth toy
means any toy reasonably intended to be placed into or in contact with a child's mouth.
[40 FR 1483, Jan. 7, 1975; 40 FR 16191, Apr. 10, 1975]
§ 1500.51
Test methods for simulating use and abuse of toys and other articles intended for use by children 18 months of age or less.
(a)
Application.
The test methods described in this section shall be used to simulate the normal and reasonably foreseeable use, damage, or abuse of toys and other articles intended for use by children 18 months of age or less in conjunction with § 1500.18.
(b)
—(1)
Application.
Except as provided in paragraph (b)(4) of this section, toys having a weight of less than 3.0 pounds ±0.01 pound (1.4 kilograms) shall be subject to this test.
(2)
The impact medium shall consist of a
1/8
-inch (0.3-centimeter) nominal thickness of type IV vinyl-composition tile, composition 1—asbestos free, as specified by paragraphs 1.2 and 3.1.4 of Interim Amendment-1(YD), dated November 14, 1979, to the Federal Specification entitled Tile, Floor: Asphalt, Rubber, Vinyl, Vinyl-Asbestos, SS-T-312B, dated October 10, 1974,
1
over at least a 2.5-inch (6.4-centimeter) thickness of concrete. The impact area shall be at least 3 square feet (0.3 square meter). The Commission recognizes that this specified impact medium is the equivalent of, and will yield the same impact test results as, a surface covered with vinyl-asbestos tile meeting the requirements of Federal Specification SS-T-312A.
1
These documents may be ordered from the General Services Administration, Specifications Unit, Room 6654, 7th and D Streets, S.W., Washington, DC 20407. The price of the specification and amendment is $1.00.
(3)
Testing procedure.
Except as provided in paragraphs (b)(4) (i) and (ii) of this section, the toy shall be dropped 10 times from a height of 4.5 feet ±0.5 inch (1.37 meters) onto the impact medium described in paragraph (b)(2) of this section. The toy shall be dropped in random orientation. After each drop,
the test sample shall be allowed to come to rest and shall be examined and evaluated before continuing.
(4)
Large and bulky toys.
(i) A toy that has a projected base area of 400 or more square inches (2,560 or more square centimeters), shall be tested for impact in accordance with paragraph (b)(4)(iii) of this section. The base area for toys with permanently attached legs shall be measured by calculating the area enclosed by straight lines connecting the outermost edge of each leg of the perimeter.
(ii) A toy that has a volume of more than 3 cubic feet (0.085 cubic meter), calculated by the major dimensions without regard to minor appendages, shall be tested for impact in accordance with paragraph (b)(4)(iii) of this section.
(iii) The toys described in paragraph (b)(4)(i) and (ii) of this section shall be tested for impact by tipping them over three times by pushing the samples slowly past their centers of balance onto the impact medium described in paragraph (b)(2) of this section.
(c)
—(1)
Application.
A toy (or component or any accessible portion thereof) that has an external dimension of 1.25 inches ±0.05 inch (3.18 centimeters) or less and a design configuration that would permit a child to insert a portion into the mouth in any orientation up to a biting thickness of 1.25 inches ±0.05 inch (3.18 centimeters), for a penetration of at least 0.25 inch (0.635 centimeter), shall be subject to this test.
(2)
—(i)
Contact mechanism.
The contact mechanism shall be two metal strips or plates each measuring 0.25 inch ±0.002 inch (0.635 centimeter) high and each having a contact edge radius of 0.020 inch ±0.002 inch (0.05 centimeter), for at least a 150-degree cross-sectional arc. A suggested contact mechanism appears in figure 1 of this section.
(ii)
Loading device.
The loading device shall be a scale or force gauge having an accuracy of ±0.5 pound (±225 grams).
(3)
Testing procedure.
The test article shall be placed in the contact mechanism in any reasonable position for a penetration of 0.25 to 0.5 inch (0.64 to 1.27 centimeters), which position utilizes less than 180 degrees of the arc of the contact mechanism, and a test load increasing to 25 pounds ±0.5 pound (11.35 kilograms) shall be evenly applied within 5 seconds. This load shall be maintained for an additional 10 seconds.
(d)
—(1)
Application.
This test shall be applied to each component of a toy containing metal wire(s), or other metal material(s), for stiffening or for retention of form if the component can be bent through a 60-degree arc by a maximum force of 10 pounds ±0.5 pound (4.55 kilograms), applied perpendicularly to the major axis of the component at a point 2 inches (5 centimeters) from the intersection of the component with the main body of the toy or at the end of the component if the component is less than 2 inches ±0.05 inch (5 centimeters) long.
(2)
Testing procedure.
The toy shall be secured in a vise equipped with vise shields that are fabricated from 13-gauge cold-rolled steel or other similar material and that have a 0.375-inch (0.95-centimeter) inside radius. The component shall then be bent through a 60-degree arc by a force applied at a point on the component 2 inches ±0.05 inch (5 centimeters) from the intersection of the component with the main body of the toy or applied at the end of the component if the component is less than 2 inches (5 centimeters) long. The component shall then be bent in the reverse direction through a 120-degree arc. This process shall be repeated for 30 cycles at a rate of one cycle per two seconds with a 60-second rest period occurring after each 10 cycles. Two 120-degree arc bends shall constitute one cycle.
(e)
—(i)
General.
A toy with a projection, part, or assembly that a child can grasp with at least the thumb and forefinger or the teeth shall be subject to this test.
(ii)
Toys with rotating components.
Projections, parts, or assemblies that are rigidly mounted on an accessible rod or shaft designed to rotate along with the projections, parts, or assemblies shall be tested with the rod or shaft clamped to prevent rotation.
(2)
—(i)
Loading device.
The loading device shall be a torque gauge, torque wrench, or other appropriate device having an accuracy of ±0.2
inch-pound (±0.23 kilogram-centimeter).
(ii)
Clamp.
The clamp shall be capable of holding the test component firmly and transmitting a torsional force.
(3)
Testing procedure.
With the toy rigidly fastened in any reasonable test position, the clamp is fastened to the test object or component. A torque of 2 inch-pounds ±0.2 inch-pound (2.30 kilogram-centimeters) shall be applied evenly within a period of 5 seconds in a clockwise direction until a rotation of 180 degrees from the original position has been attained or 2 inch-pounds (2.30 kilogram-centimeters) exceeded. The torque or maximum rotation shall be maintained for an additional 10 seconds. The torque shall then be removed and the test component permitted to return to a relaxed condition. This procedure shall then be repeated in a counterclockwise direction.
(f)
—(i)
General.
Any projection of a toy that the child can grasp with at least the thumb and forefinger or the teeth shall be subject to this test. This test is to be conducted on the same toy that has been subjected to the torque test described in paragraph (e) of this section.
(ii)
Stuffed toys and beanbags.
A stuffed toy or beanbag constructed of pliable materials having seams (such as fabrics) shall have the seams subjected to 10 pounds ±0.5 pound (4.55 kilograms) of force applied in any direction.
(2)
—(i)
Clamps.
One clamp capable of applying a tension load to the test component is required. A second clamp suitable for applying a tension load perpendicularly to the major axis of the test component is also required.
(ii)
Loading device.
The loading device is to be a self-indicating gauge or other appropriate means having an accuracy of ±0.5 pound (±225 grams).
(3)
Testing procedure.
With the test sample fastened in a convenient position, an appropriate clamp shall be attached to the test object or component. A 10-pound ±0.5 pound (4.55-kilogram) direct force shall be evenly applied, within a period of 5 seconds, parallel to the major axis of the test component and maintained for an additional 10 seconds. The tension clamp shall then be removed and a second clamp appropriate for pulling at 90 degrees shall be attached to the test object or component. A 10-pound ±0.5 pound (4.55-kilogram) tensile force shall be evenly applied, within a period of 5 seconds, perpendicularly to the major axis of the test component and maintained for an additional 10 seconds.
(g)
—(1)
Application.
Any area on the surface of a toy that is accessible to a child and inaccessible to flat-surface contact during the impact test shall be subject to this test.
(2)
Test apparatus.
The loading device shall be a rigid metal disc 1.125 inches ±0.015 inch (2.86 centimeters) in diameter and 0.375 inch (0.95 centimeter) in thickness. The perimeter of the disc shall be rounded to a radius of
1/32
inch (0.08 centimeter) to eliminate irregular edges. The disc shall be attached to an appropriate compression scale having an accuracy of ±0.5 pound (±225 grams).
(3)
Testing procedure.
The disc shall be positioned so that the contact surface is parallel to the surface under test. A direct force of 20 pounds ±0.5 pound (9.1 kilograms) shall be evenly applied within 5 seconds through the disc. This load shall be maintained for an additional 10 seconds. During the test the toy is to rest on a flat, hard surface in any convenient position.
EC03OC91.059
[40 FR 1484, Jan. 7, 1975; 40 FR 6210, Feb. 10, 1975; 40 FR 16192, Apr. 10, 1975; 40 FR 17746, Apr. 22, 1975; as amended at 55 FR 52040, Dec. 19, 1990; 56 FR 9, Jan. 2, 1991; 56 FR 558, Jan. 7, 1991]
§ 1500.52
Test methods for simulating use and abuse of toys and other articles intended for use by children over 18 but not over 36 months of age.
(a)
Application.
The test methods described in this section, shall be used to simulate the normal and reasonably foreseeable use, damage, or abuse of toys and other articles intended for use by children over 18 but not over 36 months of age in conjunction with § 1500.18.
(b)
—(1)
Application.
Except as provided in paragraph (b)(4) of this section, toys having a weight of less than 4.0 pounds ±0.01 pound (1.8 kilograms) shall be subject to this test.
(2)
The impact medium shall consist of a
1/8
-inch (0.3-centimeter) nominal thickness of type IV vinyl-composition tile, composition 1—asbestos free, as specified by paragraphs 1.2 and 3.1.4 of Interim Amendment-1(YD), dated November 14, 1979, to the Federal Specification entitled Tile, Floor: Asphalt, Rubber, Vinyl, Vinyl-Asbestos, SS-T-312B, dated October 10, 1974,
1
over at least a 2.5-inch (6.4-centimeter) thickness of concrete. The impact area shall be at least 3 square feet (0.3 square meter). The Commission recognizes that this specified impact medium is the equivalent of, and will yield the same impact test results as, a surface covered with vinyl-asbestos tile meeting the requirements of Federal Specification SS-T-312A.
1
See footnote 1 to § 1500.51.
(3)
Testing procedure.
Except as provided in paragraph (b)(4) (i) and (ii) of this section, the toy shall be dropped four times from a height of 3 feet ±0.5 inch (0.92 meter) onto the impact medium described in paragraph (b)(2) of this section. The toy shall be dropped in random orientation. After each drop, the test sample shall be allowed to come to rest and shall be examined and evaluated before continuing.
(4)
Large and bulky toys.
(i) A toy that has a projected base area of 400 or more square inches (2,560 or more square centimeters) shall be tested for impact in accordance with paragraph (b)(4)(iii) of this section. The base area for toys with permanently attached legs shall be measured by calculating the area enclosed by straight lines connecting the outermost edge of each leg of the perimeter.
(ii) A toy that has a volume of more than 3 cubic feet (0.085 cubic meter), calculated by the major dimensions without regard to minor appendages, shall be tested for impact in accordance with paragraph (b)(4)(iii) of this section.
(iii) The toys described in paragraph (b)(4) (i) and (ii) of this section shall be tested for impact by tipping them over three times by pushing the samples slowly past their centers of balance onto the impact medium described in paragraph (b)(2) of this section.
(c)
—(1)
Application.
A toy (or component or any accessible portion thereof) that has an external dimension of 1.25 inches ±0.05 inch (3.18 centimeters) or less and a design configuration that would permit a child to insert a portion into the mouth in any orientation up to a biting thickness of 1.25 inches ±0.05 inches (3.18 centimeters), for a penetration of at least 0.25 inch (0.635 centimeter), shall be subject to this test.
(2)
—(i)
Contact mechanism.
The contact mechanism shall be two metal strips or plates each measuring 0.25 inch ±0.002 inch (0.635 centimeter) high and each having a contact edge radius of 0.020 inch ±0.002 inch (0.05 centimeter) for at least a 150-degree cross-sectional arc. A suggested contact mechanism appears in figure 1 of § 1500.51.
(ii)
Loading device.
The loading device shall be a scale or force gauge having an accuracy of ±0.5 pound (±225 grams).
(3)
Testing procedure.
The test article shall be placed in the contact mechanism in any reasonable position for a penetration of 0.25 to 0.5 inch (0.64 to 1.27 centimeters), which position utilizes less than 180 degrees of the arc of the contact mechanism, and a test load increasing to 50 pounds ±0.5 pound (22.74 kilograms) shall be evenly applied within 5 seconds. This load shall be maintained for an additional 10 seconds.
(d)
—(1)
Application.
This test shall be applied to each component of a toy containing metal wire(s), or other metal material(s), for stiffening or for retention of form if the component can be bent through a 60-degree arc by a maximum force of 15 pounds ±0.5 pound (6.80 kilograms) applied perpendicularly to the major axis of the component at a point 2 inches ±0.05 inch (5 centimeters) from the intersection of the component with the main body of the toy or at the end of the component if the component is less than 2 inches ±0.05 inch (5 centimeters) long.
(2)
Testing procedure.
The toy shall be secured in a vise equipped with vise shields that are fabricated from 13-gauge cold-rolled steel or other similar material and that have a 0.375-inch (0.95-centimeter) inside radius. The
component shall then be bent through a 60-degree arc by a force applied at a point on the component 2 inches ±0.05 inch (5 centimeters) from the intersection of the component with the main body of the toy or applied at the end of the component if the component is less than 2 inches (5 centimeters) long. The component shall then be bent in the reverse direction through a 120-degree arc. This process shall be repeated for 30 cycles at a rate of one cycle per two seconds with a 60-second rest period occurring after each 10 cycles. Two 120-degree arc bends shall constitute one cycle.
(e)
—(i)
General.
A toy with a projection, part, or assembly that a child can grasp with at least the thumb and forefinger or the teeth shall be subject to this test.
(ii)
Toys with rotating components.
Projections, parts, or assemblies that are rigidly mounted on an accessible rod or shaft designed to rotate along with the projections, parts, or assemblies shall be tested with the rod or shaft clamped to prevent rotation.
(2)
—(i)
Loading device.
The loading device shall be a torque gauge, torque wrench, or other appropriate device having an accuracy of ±0.2 inch-pound (±0.23 kilogram-centimeter).
(ii)
Clamp.
The clamp shall be capable of holding the test component firmly and transmitting a torsional force.
(3)
Testing procedure.
With the toy rigidly fastened in any reasonable test position, the clamp is fastened to the test object or component. A torque of 3 inch-pounds ±0.2 inch-pound (3.46 kilogram-centimeters) shall be applied evenly within a period of 5 seconds in a clockwise direction until a rotation of 180 degrees from the original position has been attained or 3 inch-pounds ±0.2 inch-pound (3.46 kilogram-centimeters) exceeded. The torque or maximum rotation shall be maintained for an additional 10 seconds. The torque shall then be removed and the test component permitted to return to a relaxed condition. This procedure shall then be repeated in a counterclockwise direction.
(f)
—(i)
General.
Any projection of a toy that the child can grasp with at least the thumb and forefinger or the teeth shall be subject to this test. This test is to be conducted on the same toy that has been subjected to the torque test described in paragraph (e) of this section.
(ii)
Stuffed toys and beanbags.
A stuffed toy or beanbag constructed of pliable materials having seams (such as fabrics) shall have the seams subjected to 15 pounds ±0.5 pound (6.80 kilograms) of force applied in any direction.
(2)
—(i)
Clamps.
One clamp capable of applying a tension load to the test component is required. A second clamp suitable for applying a tension load perpendicularly to the major axis of the test component is also required.
(ii)
Loading device.
The loading device is to be a self-indicating gauge or other appropriate means having an accuracy of ±0.5 pound (±255 grams).
(3)
Testing procedure.
With the test sample fastened in a convenient position, an appropriate clamp shall be attached to the test object or component. A 15-pound ±0.5 pound (6.80-kilogram) direct force shall be evenly applied, within a period of 5 seconds, parallel to the major axis of the test component and maintained for an additional 10 seconds. The tension clamp shall then be removed and a second clamp appropriate for pulling at 90 degrees shall be attached to the test object or component. A 15-pound ±0.5 pound (6.80-kilogram) tensile force shall be evenly applied, within a period of 5 seconds, perpendicularly to the major axis of the test component and maintained for an additional 10 seconds.
(g)
—(1)
Application.
Any area on the surface of a toy that is accessible to a child and inaccessible to flat-surface contact during the impact test shall be subject to this test.
(2)
Test apparatus.
The loading device shall be a rigid metal disc 1.125 inches ±0.015 inch (2.86 centimeters) in diameter and 0.375 inch (0.95 centimeter) in thickness. The perimeter of the disc shall be rounded to a radius of
1/32
inch (0.08 centimeter) to eliminate irregular edges. The disc shall be attached to an appropriate compression scale having an accurancy of ±0.5 pound (±225 grams).
(3)
Testing procedure.
The disc shall be positioned so that the contact surface
is parallel to the surface under test. A direct force of 25 pounds ±0.5 pound (11.4 kilograms) shall be evenly applied within 5 seconds through the disc. This load shall be maintained for an additional 10 seconds. During the test the toy is to rest on a flat, hard surface in any convenient position.
[40 FR 1485, Jan. 7, 1975; 40 FR 6210, Feb. 10, 1975; 40 FR 16192, Apr. 10, 1975; as amended at 56 FR 10, Jan. 2, 1991]
§ 1500.53
Test methods for simulating use and abuse of toys and other articles intended for use by children over 36 but not over 96 months of age.
(a)
Application.
The test methods described in this section shall be used to simulate the normal and reasonably foreseeable use, damage, or abuse of toys and other articles intended for use by children over 36 but not over 96 months of age in conjunction with § 1500.18.
(b)
—(1)
Application.
Except as provided in paragraph (b)(4) of this section, toys having a weight of less than 10.0 pounds ±0.01 pound (4.6 kilograms) shall be subject to this test.
(2)
The impact medium shall consist of a
1/8
-inch (0.3-centimeter) nominal thickness of type IV vinyl-composition tile, composition 1—asbestos free, as specified by paragraphs 1.2 and 3.1.4 of Interim Amendment-1(YD), dated November 14, 1979, to the Federal Specification entitled Tile, Floor: Asphalt, Rubber, Vinyl, Vinyl-Asbestos, SS-T-312B, dated October 10, 1974,
1
over at least a 2.5-inch (6.4-centimeter) thickness of concrete. The impact area shall be at least 3 square feet (0.3 square meter). The Commission recognizes that this specified impact medium is the equivalent of, and will yield the same impact test results as, a surface covered with vinyl-asbestos tile meeting the requirements of Federal Specification SS-T-312A.
(3)
Testing procedure.
except as provided in paragraph (b)(4) (i) and (ii) of this section, the toy shall be dropped four times from a height of 3 feet ±0.5 inch (0.92 meter) onto the impact medium described in paragraph (b)(2) of this section. The toy shall be dropped in random orientation. After each drop, the test sample shall be allowed to come to rest and shall be examined and evaluated before continuing.
(4)
Large and bulky toys.
(i) A toy that has a projected base area of 400 or more square inches (2,560 or more square centimeters) shall be tested for impact in accordance with paragraph (b)(4)(iii) of this subsection. The base area for toys having permanently attached legs shall be measured by calculating the area enclosed by straight lines connecting the outermost edge of each leg of the perimeter.
(ii) A toy that has a volume of more than 3 cubic feet (0.085 cubic meter), calculated by the major dimensions without regard to minor appendages, shall be tested for impact in accordance with paragraph (b)(4)(iii) of this section.
(iii) The toys described in paragraph (b)(4) (i) and (ii) of this section shall be tested for impact by tipping them over three times by pushing the samples slowly past their centers of balance onto the impact medium described in paragraph (b)(2) of this section.
(c)
A toy (or component) that is a mouth toy shall be subject to this test.
(2)
—(i)
Contact mechanism.
The contact mechanism shall be two metal strips or plates each measuring 0.25 inch ±0.002 inch (0.635 centimeter) high and each having a contact edge radius of 0.020 inch ±0.002 inch (0.5 centimeter) for at least a 150-degree cross-sectional arc. A suggested contact mechanism appears in figure 1 of § 1500.51.
(ii)
Loading device.
The loading device shall be a scale or force gauge having an accuracy of ±0.5 pound (±225 grams).
(3)
Testing procedure.
The test article shall be placed in the contact mechanism in any reasonable position for a penetration of 0.25 to 0.5 inch (0.64 to 1.27 centimeters), which position utilizes less than 180 degrees of the arc of the contract mechanism, and a test load increasing to 100 pounds ±0.5 pound (45.50 kilograms) shall be evenly applied within 5 seconds. This load shall be maintained for an additional 10 seconds.
(d)
Application.
This test shall be applied to each component of a toy containing metal wire(s), or
other metal material(s), for stiffening or for retention of form if the component can be bent through a 60-degree arc by a maximum force of 15 pounds ±0.5 pound (6.80 kilograms) applied perpendicularly to the major axis of the component at a point 2 inches ±0.05 inch (5 centimeters) from the intersection of the component with the main body of the toy or at the end of the component if the component is less than 2 inches ±0.05 inch (5 centimeters) long.
(2)
Testing procedure.
The toy shall be secured in a vise equipped with vise shields that are fabricated from 13-gauge cold-rolled steel or other similar material and that have a 0.375-inch (0.95-centimeter) inside radius. The component shall then be bent through a 60-degree arc by a force applied at a point on the component 2 inches (5 centimeters) from the intersection of the component with the main body of the toy or applied at the end of the component if the component is less than 2 inches (5 centimeters) long. The component shall then be bent in the reverse direction through a 120-degree arc. This process shall be repeated for 30 cycles at a rate of one cycle per two seconds with a 60-second rest period occurring after each 10 cycles. Two 120-degree arc bends shall constitute one cycle.
(e)
—(i)
General.
A toy with a projection, part, or assembly that a child can grasp with at least the thumb and forefinger or the teeth shall be subject to this test.
(ii)
Toys with rotating components.
Projections, parts, or assemblies that are rigidly mounted on an accessible rod or shaft designed to rotate along with the projections, parts, or assemblies shall be tested with the rod or shaft clamped to prevent rotation.
(2)
—(i)
Loading device.
The loading device shall be a torque gauge, torque wrench, or other appropriate device having an accuracy of ±0.2 inch-pound (±0.23 kilogram-centimeter).
(ii)
Clamp.
The clamp shall be capable of holding the test component firmly and transmitting a torsional force.
(3)
Testing procedure.
With the toy rigidly fastened in any reasonable test position, the clamp is fastened to the test object or component. A torque of 4 inch-pounds ±0.2 inch-pound (4.60 kilogram-centimeters) shall be applied evenly within a period of 5 seconds in a clockwise direction until a rotation of 180 degrees from the original position has been attained or 4 inch-pounds ±0.2 inch-pound (4.60 kilogram-centimeters) exceeded. The torque or maximum rotation shall be maintained for an additional 10 seconds. The torque shall then be removed and the test component permitted to return to a relaxed condition. This procedure shall then be repeated in a counterclockwise direction.
(f)
—(i)
General.
Any projection of a toy that the child can grasp with at least the thumb and forefinger or the teeth shall be subject to this test. This test is to be conducted on the same toy that has been subjected to the torque test described in paragraph (e) of this section.
(ii)
Stuffed toys and beanbags.
A stuffed toy or beanbag constructed of pliable materials having seams (such as fabrics) shall have the seams subjected to 15 pounds ±0.5 pound (6.80 kilograms) of force applied in any direction.
(2)
—(i)
Clamps.
One clamp capable of applying a tension load to the test component is required. A second clamp suitable for applying a tension load perpendicularly to the major axis of the test component is also required.
(ii)
Loading device.
The loading device is to be a self-indicating gauge or other appropriate means having an accuracy of ±0.5 pound (±225 grams).
(3)
Testing procedure.
With the test sample fastened in a convenient position, and appropriate clamp shall be attached to the test object or component. A 15-pound ±0.5 pound (6.80-kilogram) direct force shall be evenly applied, within a period of 5 seconds, parallel to the major axis of the test component and maintained for an additional 10 seconds. The tension clamp shall then be removed and a second clamp appropriate for pulling at 90 degrees shall be attached to the test object or component. A 15-pound ±0.5 pound (6.80-kilogram) tensile force shall be evenly applied, within a period of 5 seconds, perpendicularly to the major axis of the
test component and maintained for an additional 10 seconds.
(g)
—(1)
Application.
Any area on the surface of a toy that is accessible to a child and inaccessible to flat-surface contact during the impact test shall be subject to this test.
(2)
Test apparatus.
The loading device shall be a rigid metal disc 1.125 inches ±0.015 inch (2.86 centimeters) in diameter and 0.375 inch (0.95 centimeter) in thickness. The perimeter of the disc shall be rounded to a radius of
1/32
inch (0.08 centimeter) to eliminate irregular edges. The disc shall be attached to an appropriate compression scale having an accuracy of ±0.5 pound (±225 grams).
(3)
Testing procedure.
The disc shall be positioned so that the contact surface is parallel to the surface under test. A direct force of 30 pounds ±0.5 pound (13.6 kilograms) shall be evenly applied within 5 seconds through the disc. This load shall be maintained for an additional 10 seconds. During the test the toy is to rest on a flat, hard surface in any convenient position.
[40 FR 1486, Jan. 7, 1975; 40 FR 16192, Apr. 10, 1975, as amended at 56 FR 10, Jan. 2, 1991]
§ 1500.81
Exemptions for food, drugs, cosmetics, and fuels.
(a)
Food, drugs, and cosmetics.
Substances subject to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act are exempted by section 2(f)(2) of the act; but where a food, drug, or cosmetic offers a substantial risk of injury or illness from any handling or use that is customary or usual it may be regarded as misbranded under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act because its label fails to reveal material facts with respect to consequences that may result from use of the article (21 U.S.C. 321(n)) when its label fails to bear information to alert the householder to this hazard.
(b)
Fuels.
A substance intended to be used as a fuel is exempt from the requirements of the act when in containers that are intended to be or are installed as part of the heating, cooling, or refrigeration system of a house. A portable container used for delivery or temporary or additional storage, and containing a substance that is a hazardous substance as defined in section 2(f) of the act, is not exempt from the labeling prescribed in section 2(p) of the act, even though it contains a fuel to be used in the heating, cooking, or refrigeration system of a house.
§ 1500.82
Exemption from full labeling and other requirements.
(a) Any person who believes a particular hazardous substance intended or packaged in a form suitable for use in the household or by children should be exempted from full label compliance otherwise applicable under the act, because of the size of the package or because of the minor hazard presented by the substance, or for other good and sufficient reason, may submit to the Commission a request for exemption under section 3(c) of the act, presenting facts in support of the view that full compliance is impracticable or is not necessary for the protection of the public health. The Commission shall determine on the basis of the facts submitted and all other available information whether the requested exemption is consistent with adequate protection of the public health and safety. If the Commission so finds, it shall detail the exemption granted and the reasons therefor by an appropriate order published in the
Federal Register
.
(b) The Commission may on its own initiative determine on the basis of facts available to it that a particular hazardous substance intended or packaged in a form suitable for use in the household or by children should be exempted from full labeling compliance otherwise applicable under the act because of the size of the package or because of the minor hazard presented by the substance or for other good and sufficient reason. If the Commission so finds, it shall detail the exemption granted and the reasons therefor by an appropriate order in the
Federal Register
.
(c) Any person who believes a particular article should be exempted from being classified as a “banned hazardous substance” as defined by section 2(q)(1)(A) of the act (repeated in § 1500.3(b)(15)(i)(A)), because its functional purpose requires inclusion of a hazardous substance, it bears labeling giving adequate directions and warnings for safe use, and it is intended for use by children who have attained sufficient maturity, and may reasonably
be expected, to read and heed such directions and warnings, may submit to the Commission a request for exemption under section 2(q)(1)(B)(i) of the act (repeated in proviso (
1
) under § 1500.3(b)(15(i)), presenting facts in support of his contention. The commission shall determine on the basis of the facts submitted, and all other available information, whether the requested exemption is consistent with the purposes of the act. If the Commission so finds, it shall detail the exemption granted and the reasons therefor by an appropriate order in the
Federal Register
.
(d) On its own initiative, the Commission may determine on the basis of available facts that a particular banned hazardous substance should be exempted from section 2(q)(1)(A) of the act (repeated in § 1500.3(b)(15)(i)(A)), because its functional purpose requires inclusion of a hazardous substance, it bears labeling giving adequate directions and warnings for safe use, and it is intended for use by children who have obtained sufficient maturity, and may reasonably be expected, to read and heed such directions and warnings. If the Commission so finds, it shall detail the exemption granted and the reasons therefor by an appropriate order in the
Federal Register
§ 1500.83
Exemptions for small packages, minor hazards, and special circumstances.
(a) The following exemptions are granted for the labeling of hazardous substances under the provisions of § 1500.82:
(1) When the sole hazard from a substance in a self-pressurized container is that it generates pressure or when the sole hazard from a substance is that it is flammable or extremely flammable, the name of the component which contributes the hazards need not be stated.
(2) Common matches, including book matches, wooden matches, and so-called “safety” matches are exempt from the labeling requirements of section 2(p)(1) of the act (repeated in § 1500.3(b)(14)(i)) insofar as they apply to the product being considered hazardous because of being an “extremely flammable solid” or “flammable solid” as defined in § 1500.3(c)(6)(v) and (vi).
(3) Paper items such as newspapers, wrapping papers, toilet and cleansing tissues, and paper writing supplies are exempt from the labeling requirements of section 2(p)(1) of the act (repeated in § 1500.3(b)(14)(i)) insofar as they apply to the products being considered hazardous because of being an “extremely flammable solid” or “flammable solid” as defined in § 1500.3(c)(6)(v) and (vi).
(4) Thread, string, twine, rope, cord, and similar materials are exempt from the labeling requirements of section 2(p)(1) of the act (repeated in § 1500.3(b)(14)(i)) insofar as they apply to the products being considered hazardous because of being an “extremely flammable solid” or “flammable solid” as defined in Sec. 1500.3(c)(6)(v) and (vi).
(5) Laboratory chemicals intended only for research or investigational and other laboratory uses (except those in home chemistry sets) are exempt from the requirements of placement provided in § 1500.121 if all information required by that section and the act appears with the required prominence on the label panel adjacent to the main panel.
(6) [Reserved]
(7) Rigid or semirigid ballpoint ink cartridges are exempt from the labeling requirements of section 2(p)(1) of the act (repeated in § 1500.3(b)(14)(i)), insofar as such requirements would be necessary because the ink contained therein is a “toxic” substance as defined in § 1500.3(c)(2)(i), if:
(i) The ballpoint ink cartridge is of such construction that the ink will, under any reasonably foreseeable conditions of manipulation or use, emerge only from the ballpoint end;
(ii) When tested by the method described in § 1500.3(c)(2)(i), the ink does not have an LD-50 single oral dose of less than 500 milligrams per kilogram of body weight of the test animal; and
(iii) The cartridge does not have a capacity of more than 2 grams of ink.
(8) Containers of paste shoe waxes, paste auto waxes, and paste furniture and floor waxes containing toluene (also known as toluol), xylene (also known as xylol), petroleum distillates, and/or turpentine in the concentrations described in § 1500.14(a)(3) and (5) are exempt from the labeling requirements
of § 1500.14(b)(3)(ii) and (5) if the visicosity of such products is sufficiently high so that they will not flow from their opened containers when inverted for 5 minutes at a temperature of 80 °F., and are exempt from bearing a flammability warning statement if the flammability of such waxes is due solely to the presence of solvents that have flashpoints above 80 °F. when tested by the method described in § 1500.43.
(9) Porous-tip ink-marking devices are exempt from the labeling requirements of section 2(p)(1) of the act (repeated in § 1500.3(b)(14)(i)) and from the labeling requirements of § 1500.14(b)(1), (2), and (3)(ii) and (iii) insofar as such requirements would be necessary because the ink contained therein is a toxic substance as defined in § 1500.3(c)(2)(i), and/or because the ink contains 10 percent or more by weight of toluene (also known as toluol), xylene (also known as xylol), or petroleum distillates as defined in § 1500.14(a)(3), and/or because the ink contains 10 percent or more by weight of ethylene glycol; provided that:
(i) The porous-tip ink-marking devices are of such construction that:
(A) The ink is held within the device by an absorbent material so that no free liquid is within the device; and
(B) Under any reasonably foreseeable conditions of manipulation and use, including reasonably foreseeable abuse by children, the ink will emerge only through the porous writing nib of the device; and
(ii)(A) The device has a capacity of not more than 10 grams of ink and the ink, when tested by methods described in § 1500.3(c)(2)(i), has an LD-50 single oral dose of not less than 2.5 grams per kilogram of body weight of the test animal; or
(B) The device has a capacity of not more than 12 grams of ink and the ink, when tested by methods described in § 1500.3(c)(2)(i), has an LD-50 single oral dose of not less than 3.0 grams per kilogram of body weight of the test animal.
(10) Viscous nitrocellulose-base adhesives containing more than 4 percent methyl alcohol by weight are exempt from the label statement “Cannot be be made nonpoisonous” required by § 1500.14(b)(4) if:
(i) The total amount of methyl alcohol by weight in the product does not exceed 15 percent; and
(ii) The contents of any container does not exceed 2 fluid ounces.
(11) Packages containing polishing or cleaning products which consist of a carrier of solid particulate or fibrous composition and which contain toluene (also known as toluol), xylene (also known as xylol), or petroleum distillates in the concentrations described in § 1500.14(a) (1) and (2) are exempt from the labeling requirements of § 1500.14(b)(3)(ii) if such toluene, xylene, or petroleum distillate is fully absorbed by the solid, semisolid, or fibrous carrier and cannot be expressed therefrom with any reasonably foreseeable conditions of manipulation.
(12) Containers of dry ink intended to be used as a liquid ink after the addition of water are exempt from the labeling requirements of section 2(p)(1) of the act (repeated in § 1500.3(b)(14)(i)) and from the labeling requirements of § 1500.14(b) (1) and (2) insofar as such requirements would be necessary because the dried ink contained therein is a toxic substance as defined in § 1500.3(c)(2)(i) and/or because the ink contains 10 percent or more of ethylene glycol as defined in § 1500.14(a)(2); provided that:
(i) When tested by the method described in § 1500.3(c)(2)(i), the dry ink concentrate does not have an LD-50 (lethal dose, median; lethal for 50 percent or more of test group) single oral dose of less than 1 gram per kilogram of body weight of the test animal.
(ii) The dry ink concentrate enclosed in a single container does not weigh more than 75 milligrams.
(iii) The dry ink concentrate does not contain over 15 percent by weight of ethylene glycol.
(13) Containers of liquid and semisolid substances such as viscous-type paints, varnishes, lacquers, roof coatings, rubber vulcanizing preparations, floor covering adhesives, glazing compounds, and other viscous products containing toluene (also known as toluol), xylene (also known as xylol), or petroleum distillates in concentrations described in § 1500.14(a)(3) are exempt from the labeling requirements of
§ 1500.14(b)(3)(ii) insofar as that subdivision applies to such toluene, xylene, or petroleum distillates, provided that the viscosity of the substance or of any liquid that may separate or be present in the container is not less than 100 Saybolt universal seconds at 100 °F.
(14) Customer-owned portable containers that are filled by retail vendors with gasoline, kerosene (kerosine), or other petroleum distillates are exempt from the provision of section 2(p)(1)(A) of the act (which requires that the name and place of business of the manufacturer, distributor, packer, or seller appear on the label of such containers) provided that all the other label statements required by section 2(p)(1) of the act and § 1500.14(b)(3) appear on the labels of containers of the substances named in this subparagraph.
(15) Cellulose sponges are exempt from the labeling requirements of section 2(p)(1) of the act and § 1500.14(b)(1) insofar as such requirements would be necessary because they contain 10 percent or more of diethylene glycol as defined in § 1500.14(a)(1), provided that:
(i) The cellulose sponge does not contain over 15 percent by weight of diethylene glycol; and
(ii) The diethylene glycol content is completely held by the absorbent cellulose material so that no free liquid is within the sponge as marketed.
(16) Containers of substances which include salt (sodium chloride) as a component are exempt from the labeling requirements of section 2(p)(1) of the act (repeated in § 1500.3(b)(14)(i)) insofar as such requirements would be necessary because the salt contained therein is present in a quantity sufficient to render the article “toxic” as defined in § 1500.3(3)(2)(i), provided that the labels of such containers bear a conspicuous statement that the product contains salt.
(17) The labeling of substances containing 10 percent or more of ferrous oxalate is exempt from the requirement of § 1500.129(f) that it bear the word “poison” which would be required for such concentration of a salt of oxalic acid.
(18) Packages containing articles intended as single-use spot removers, and which consist of a cotton pad or other absorbent material saturated with a mixture of drycleaning solvents, are exempt from the labeling requirements of section 2(p)(1) of the act (repeated in § 1500.3(b)(14)(i)) insofar as they apply to the “flammable solid” hazard as defined in § 1500.3(c)(6)(vi), provided that:
(i) The article is packaged in a sealed foil envelope;
(ii) The total amount of solvent in each package does not exceed 4.5 milliliters; and
(iii) The article will ignite only when in contact with an open flame, and when so ignited, the article burns with a sooty flame.
(19) Packages containing articles intended as single-use spot removers, and which consist of a cotton pad or other absorbent material containing methyl alcohol, are exempt from the labeling requirements of § 1500.14(b)(4), if:
(i) The total amount of cleaning solvent in each package does not exceed 4.5 milliliters of which not more than 25 percent is methyl alcohol; and
(ii) The liquid is completely held by the absorbent materials so that no free liquid is within the packages marketed.
(20) Cigarette lighters containing petroleum distillate fuel are exempt from the labeling requirements of section 2(p)(1) of the act (repeated in § 1500.3(b)(14)(i)) and § 1500.14(b)(3) insofar as such requirements would be necessary because the petroleum distillate contained therein is flammable and because the substance is named in § 1500.14(a)(3) as requiring special labeling, provided that:
(i) Such lighters contain not more than 10 cubic centimeters of fuel at the time of sale; and
(ii) Such fuel is contained in a sealed compartment that cannot be opened without the deliberate removal of the flush-set, screw-type refill plug of the lighter.
(21) Containers of dry granular fertilizers and dry granular plant foods are exempt from the labeling requirements of section 2(p)(1) of the act (repeated in § 1500.3(b)(14)(i)) insofar as such requirements would be necessary because the fertilizer or plant food contained therein is a toxic substance as defined in § 1500.3(c)(2)(i), provided that:
(i) When tested by the method described in § 1500.3(c)(2)(i), the product
has a single dose LD-50 of not less than 3.0 grams per kilogram of body weight of the test animal;
(ii) The label of any such exempt dry granular fertilizers discloses the identity of each of the hazardous ingredients;
(iii) The label bears the name and address of the manufacturer, packer, distributor, or seller; and
(iv) The label bears the statement “Keep out of the reach of children” or its practical equivalent.
(22) Small plastic capsules containing a paste composed of powdered metal solder mixed with a liquid flux are exempt from the requirements of section 2(p)(1) of the act (repeated in § 1500.3(b)(14)(i)), if:
(i) The capsule holds not more than one-half milliliter of the solder mixture;
(ii) The capsule is sold only as a component of a kit; and
(iii) Adequate caution statements appear on the carton of the kit and on any accompanying labeling which bears directions for use.
(23) Chemistry sets and other science education sets intended primarily for use by juveniles, and replacement containers of chemicals for such sets, are exempt from the requirements of section 2(p)(1) of the act (repeated in § 1500.3(b)(14)(i)), if:
(i) The immediate container of each chemical that is hazardous as defined in the act and regulations thereunder bears on its main panel the name of such chemical, the appropriate signal word for that chemical, and the additional statement “Read back panel before using” (or “Read side panel before using,” if appropriate) and bears on the back (or side) panel of the immediate container the remainder of the appropriate cautionary statement for the specific chemical in the container;
(ii) The experiment manual or other instruction book or booklet accompanying such set bears on the front page thereof, as a preface to any written matter in it (or on the cover, if any there be), the following caution statement within the borders of a rectangle and in the type size specified in § 1500.121:
WARNING—This set contains chemicals that may be harmful if misused. Read cautions on individual containers carefully. Not to be used by children except under adult supervision
; and
(iii) The outer carton of such set bears on the main display panel within the borders of a rectangle, and in the type size specified in § 1500.121, the caution statement specified in paragraph (a)(23)(ii) of this section.
(24) Fire extinguishers containing fire extinguishing agents which are stored under pressure or which develop pressure under normal conditions of use are exempt from the labeling requirements of section 2(p)(1) of the act (repeated in § 1500.3(b)(14)(i)) insofar as such requirements apply to the pressure hazard as defined in § 1500.3(c)(7)(i), provided that:
(i) If the container is under pressure both during storage and under conditions of use, it shall be designed to withstand a pressure of at least 6 times the charging pressure at 70 °F., except that carbon dioxide extinguishers shall be constructed and tested in accordance with applicable Interstate Commerce Commission specifications; or
(ii) If the container is under pressure only during conditions of use, it shall be designed to withstand a pressure of not less than 5 times the maximum pressure developed under closed nozzle conditions at 70 °F. or 1
1/2
times the maximum pressure developed under closed nozzle conditions at 120 °F., whichever is greater.
(25) Cleaning and spot removing kits intended for use in cleaning carpets, furniture, and other household objects; kits intended for use in coating, painting, antiquing, and similarly processing furniture, furnishings, equipment, sidings, and various other surfaces; and kits intended for use in photographic color processing are exempt from the requirements of section 2(p)(1) of the act (repeated in § 1500.3(b)(14)(i)) and from the requirements of § 1500.14, provided that:
(i) The immediate container of each hazardous substance in the kit is fully labeled and in conformance with the requirements of the act and regulations thereunder; and
(ii) The carton of the kit bears on the main display panel (or panels) within a
borderline, and in the type size specified in § 1500.121, the caution statement “(Insert proper signal word as specified in paragraph (a)(25)(iii) of this section). This kit contains the following chemicals that may be harmful if misused: (List hazardous chemical components by name.) Read cautions on individual containers carefully. Keep out of the reach of children.”
(iii) If either the word “POISON” or “DANGER” is required on the container of any component of the kit, the same word shall be required to appear as part of the caution statement on the kit carton. If both “POISON” and “DANGER” are required in the labeling of any component or components in the kit, the word “POISON” shall be used. In all other cases the word “WARNING” or “CAUTION” shall be used.
(26) Packages containing articles intended as single-use spot removers and containing methyl alcohol are exempt from the labeling specified in § 1500.14(b)(4), if:
(i) The total amount of cleaning solvent in each unit does not exceed 1 milliliter, of which not more than 40 percent is methyl alcohol;
(ii) The liquid is contained in a sealed glass ampoule enclosed in a plastic container with a firmly attached absorbent wick at one end through which the liquid from the crushed ampoule must pass, under the contemplated conditions of use; and
(iii) The labeling of each package of the cleaner bears the statement “WARNING—Keep out of the reach of children,” or its practical equivalent, and the name and place of business of the manufacturer, packer, distributor, or seller.
(27) Packaged fireworks assortments intended for retail distribution are exempt from section 2(p)(1) of the act (repeated in § 1500.3(b)(14)(i)), if:
(i) The package contains only fireworks devices suitable for use by the public and designed primarily to produce visible effects by combustion, except that small devices designed to produce audible effects may also be included if the audible effect is produced by a charge of not more than 2 grains of pyrotechnic composition;
(ii) Each individual article in the assortment is fully labeled and in conformance with the requirements of the act and regulations thereunder; and
(iii) The outer package bears on the main display panel (or panels), within the borders of a rectangle and in the type size specified in § 1500.121, the caution statement “WARNING—This assortment contains items that may be hazardous if misused and should be used only under adult supervision. IMPORTANT—Read cautions on individual items carefully.” (See also § 1500.14(b)(7); § 1500.17(a) (3), (8) and (9); § 1500.85(a)(2); and part 1507).
(28) Packages containing felt pads impregnated with ethylene glycol are exempt from the labeling requirements of § 1500.14(b)(1), if:
(i) The total amount of ethylene glycol in each pad does not exceed 1 gram; and
(ii) The liquid is held by the felt pad so that no free ethylene glycol is within the package.
(29) Cigarette lighters containing butane and/or isobutane fuel are exempt from the labeling requirements of section 2(p)(1) of the act (repeated in § 1500.3(b)(14)(i)) insofar as such requirements would otherwise be necessary because the fuel therein is extremely flammable and under pressure, provided that:
(i) The lighters contain not more than 12 grams of fuel at the time of sale; and
(ii) The fuel reservoir is designed to withstand a pressure of at least 1
1/2
times the maximum pressure which will be developed in the container at 120 °F.
(30) The outer retail containers of solder kits each consisting of a small tube of flux partially surrounded by a winding of wire-type cadmium-free silver solder are exempt from the labeling requirements of section 2(p)(1) of the act (repeated in § 1500.3(b)(14)(i)), if:
(i) The metal solder contains no cadmium and is not otherwise hazardous under the provisions of the act;
(ii) The tube of flux in the kit is fully labeled and in conformance with the act and regulations thereunder, and any accompanying literature that bears directions for use also bears all
the information required by section 2(p) of the act; and
(iii) The main panel of the outer container bears in type size specified in § 1500.121 the following: (A) The signal word; (B) a statement of principal hazard or hazards; (C) the statement “Keep out of the reach of children,” or its practical equivalent; and (D) instructions to read other cautionary instructions on the tube of flux within.
(31) Visual novelty devices consisting of sealed units, each of which unit is a steel and glass cell containing perchloroethylene (among other things), are exempt from the requirements of § 1500.121(a) that would otherwise require a portion of the warning statement to appear on the glass face of the device, provided that:
(i) The device contains not more than 105 milliliters of perchloroethylene and contains no other component that contributes substantially to the hazard; and
(ii) The following cautionary statement appears on the device (other than on the bottom) in the type size specified in § 1500.121 (c) and (d):
Caution—If Broken, Resultant Vapors May Be Harmful
Contains perchloroethylene. Do not expose to extreme heat. If broken indoors, open windows and doors until all odor of chemical is gone.
Keep out of the reach of children.
A practical equivalent may be substituted for the statement “Keep out of the reach of children.”
(32) Hollow plastic toys containing mineral oil are exempt from the labeling specified in § 1500.14(b)(3)(ii), if:
(i) The article contains no other ingredient that would cause it to possess the aspiration hazard specified in § 1500.14(b)(3)(ii);
(ii) The article contains not more than 6 fluid ounces of mineral oil;
(iii) The mineral oil has a viscosity of at least 70 Saybolt universal seconds at 100 °F.;
(iv) The mineral oil meets the specifications in the N.F. for light liquid petrolatum; and
(v) The container bears the statement “CAUTION—Contains light liquid petrolatum N.F. Discard if broken or leak develops.”
(33) Containers of mineral oil having a capacity of not more than 1 fluid ounce and intended for use in producing a smoke effect for toy trains are exempt from the labeling specified in § 1500.14(b)(3), if:
(i) The mineral oil meets the specifications in the N.F. for light liquid petrolatum;
(ii) The mineral oil has a viscosity of at least 130 Saybolt universal seconds at 100 °F.;
(iii) The article contains no other ingredient that contributes to the hazard; and
(iv) The label declares the presence light liquid petrolatum and the name and place of business of the manufacturer, packer, distributor, or seller.
(34) Viscous products containing more than 4 percent by weight of methyl alcohol, such as adhesives, asphalt-base roof and tank coatings, and similar products, are exempt from bearing the special labeling required by § 1500.14(b)(4), if:
(i) The product contains not more than 15 percent by weight of methyl alcohol;
(ii) The methyl alcohol does not separate from the other ingredients upon standing or through any foreseeable use or manipulation;
(iii) The viscosity of the product is not less than 7,000 centipoises at 77 °F., unless the product is packaged in a pressurized container and is dispensed as a liquid unsuitable for drinking; and
(iv) The labeling bears the statement “Contains methyl alcohol. Use only in well-ventilated area. Keep out of the reach of children.”
(35) Individual detonators or blasting caps are exempt from bearing the statement, “Keep out of the reach of children,” or its practical equivalent, if:
(i) Each detonator or cap bears conspicuously in the largest type size practicable the statement, “DANGEROUS—BLASTING CAPS—EXPLOSIVE” or “DANGEROUS—DETONATOR—EXPLOSIVE”; and
(ii) The outer carton and any accompanying printed matter bear appropriate, complete cautionary labeling.
(36) Individual toy rocket propellant devices and separate delay train and/or
recovery system activation devices intended for use with premanufactured model rocket engines are exempt from bearing the full labeling required by section 2(p)(1) of the act (repeated in § 1500.3(b)(14)(i)) insofar as such requirements would be necessary because the articles are flammable or generate pressure, provided that:
(i) The devices are designed and constructed in accordance with the specifications in § 1500.85(a)(8), (9) or (14);
(ii) Each individual device or retail package of devices bears the following:
(A) The statement “WARNING—FLAMMABLE: Read instructions before use”;
(B) The common or usual name of the article;
(C) A statement of the type of engine and use classification;
(D) Instructions for safe disposal; and
(E) Name and place of business of manufacturer or distributor; and
(iii) Each individual rocket engine or retail package of rocket engines distributed to users is accompanied by an instruction sheet bearing complete cautionary labeling and instructions for safe use and handling of the individual rocket engines.
(37) Glues with a cyanoacrylate base in packages containing 3 grams or less are exempt from the requirement of § 1500.121(d) that labeling which is permitted to appear elsewhere than on the main label panel must be in type size no smaller than 6 point type, provided that:
(i) The main panel of the immediate container bears both the proper signal word and a statement of the principal hazard or hazards associated with this product, as provided by § 1500.121 (a) and (c);
(ii) The main panel of the immediate container also bears an instruction to read carefully additional warnings elsewhere on the label and on any outer package, accompanying leaflet, and display card. The instruction to read additional warnings must comply with the size, placement, conspicuousness, and contrast requirements of § 1500.121; and
(iii) The remainder of the cautionary labeling required by the act that is not on the main label panel must appear elsewhere on the label in legible type and must appear on any outer package, accompanying leaflet, and display card. If there is no outer package, accompanying leaflet, or display card, then the remainder of the required cautionary labeling must be displayed on a tag or other suitable material that is securely affixed to the article so that the labeling will remain attached throughout the conditions of merchandising and distribution to the ultimate consumer. That labeling which must appear on any outer package, accompanying leaflet, tag, or other suitable material must comply with the size, placement, contrast, and conspicuousness requirements of § 1500.121(d).
(38) Rigid or semi-rigid writing instruments and ink cartridges having a writing point and an ink reservoir are exempt from the labeling requirements of section 2(p)(1) of the act (repeated in § 1500.3(b)(14)(i) of the regulations) and of regulations issued under section 3(b) of the act (§ 1500.14(b)(1, 2)) insofar as such requirements would be necessary because the ink contained therein is a “toxic” substance as defined in § 1500.3(c)(2)(i) and/or because the ink contains 10 percent or more by weight ethylene glycol or diethylene glycol, if all the following conditions are met:
(i) The writing instrument or cartridge is of such construction that the ink will, under any reasonably foreseeable condition of manipulation and use, emerge only from the writing tip.
(ii) When tested by the method described in § 1500.3(c)(2)(i), the ink does not have an LD-50 single oral dose of less than 2.5 grams per kilogram of body weight of the test animal.
(iii) If the ink contains ethylene glycol or diethylene glycol, the amount of such substance, either singly or in combination, does not exceed 1 gram per writing instrument or cartridge.
(iv) The amount of ink in the writing instrument or cartridge does not exceed 3 grams.
[38 FR 27012, Sept. 27, 1973; 42 FR 33026, June 29, 1977, as amended at 43 FR 32745, July 28, 1978; 43 FR 47176, Oct. 13, 1978; 44 FR 42678, July 20, 1979; 46 FR 11513, Feb. 9, 1981; 48 FR 16, Jan. 3, 1983; 68 FR 4699, Jan. 30, 2003; 74 FR 27249, June 9, 2009; 75 FR 49380, Aug. 13, 2010]
§ 1500.85
Exemptions from classification as banned hazardous substances.
(a) The term
banned hazardous substances
as used in section 2(q)(1)(A) of the act shall not apply to the following articles provided that these articles bear labeling giving adequate directions and warnings for safe use:
(1) Chemistry sets and other science education sets intended primarily for juveniles, and replacement components for such sets, when labeled in accordance with § 1500.83(a)(23).
(2) Firecrackers designed to produce audible effects, if the audible effect is produced by a charge of not more than 50 milligrams (.772 grains) of pyrotechnic composition. (See also § 1500.14(b)(7); § 1500.17(a) (3), (8) and (9); and part 1507).
(3) [Reserved]
(4) Educational materials such as art materials, preserved biological specimens, laboratory chemicals, and other articles intended and used for educational purposes.
(5) Liquid fuels containing more than 4 percent by weight of methyl alcohol that are intended and used for operation of miniature engines for model airplanes, boats, cars, etc.
(6) Novelties consisting of a mixture of polyvinyl acetate, U.S. Certified Colors, and not more than 25 percent by weight of acetone, and intended for blowing plastic balloons.
(7) Games containing, as the sole hazardous component, a self-pressurized container of soap solution or similar foam-generating mixture provided that the foam-generating component has no hazards other than being in a self-pressurized container.
(8) Model rocket propellant devices designed for use in light-weight, recoverable, and reflyable model rockets, provided such devices:
(i) Are designed to be ignited by electrical means.
(ii) Contain no more than 62.5 grams (2.2 ounces) of propellant material and produce less than 80 newton-seconds (17.92 pound seconds) of total impulse with thrust duration not less than 0.050 second.
(iii) Are constructed such that all the chemical ingredients are preloaded into a cylindrical paper or similarly constructed nonmetallic tube that will not fragment into sharp, hard pieces.
(iv) Are designed so that they will not burst under normal conditions of use, are incapable of spontaneous ignition, and do not contain any type of explosive or pyrotechnic warhead other than a small parachute or recovery-system activation charge.
(9) Separate delay train and/or recovery system activation devices intended for use with premanufactured model rocket engines wherein all of the chemical ingredients are preloaded so the user does not handle any chemical ingredient and are so designed that the main casing or container does not rupture during operation.
(10) Solid fuel pellets intended for use in miniature jet engines for propelling model jet airplanes, speed boats, racing cars, and similar models, provided such solid fuel pellets:
(i) Weigh not more than 11.5 grams each.
(ii) Are coated with a protective resinous film.
(iii) Contain not more than 35 percent potassium dichromate.
(iv) Produce a maximum thrust of not more than 7
1/2
ounces when used as directed.
(v) Burn not longer than 12 seconds each when used as directed.
(11) Fuses intended for igniting fuel pellets exempt under subparagraph (10) of this paragraph.
(12) Kits intended for construction of model rockets and jet propelled model airplanes requiring the use of difluorodichloromethane as a propellant, provided the outer carton bears on the main panel in conspicuous type size the statement “WARNING—Carefully read instructions and cautions before use.”
(13) Flammable wire materials intended for electro-mechanical actuation and release devices for model kits described in paragraph (12) of this section, provided each wire does not exceed 15 milligrams in weight.
(14) Model rocket propellant devices (model rocket motors) designed to propel rocket-powered model cars, provided—
(i) Such devices:
(A) Are designed to be ignited electrically and are intended to be operated from a minimum distance of 15 feet (4.6 m) away;
(B) Contain no more than 4 g. of propellant material and produce no more than 2.5 Newton-seconds of total impulse with a thrust duration not less than 0.050 seconds;
(C) Are constructed such that all the chemical ingredients are pre-loaded into a cylindrical paper or similarly constructed non-metallic tube that will not fragment into sharp, hard pieces;
(D) Are designed so that they will not burst under normal conditions of use, are incapable of spontaneous ignition, and do not contain any type of explosive or pyrotechnic warhead other than a small recovery system activation charge;
(E) Bear labeling, including labeling that the devices are intended for use by persons age 12 and older, and include instructions providing adequate warnings and instructions for safe use; and
(F) Comply with the requirements of 16 CFR 1500.83(a)(36)(ii and iii); and
(ii) The surface vehicles intended for use with such devices:
(A) Are lightweight, weighing no more than 3.0 oz. (85 grams), and constructed mainly of materials such as balsa wood or plastics that will not fragment into sharp, hard pieces;
(B) Are designed to utilize a braking system such as a parachute or shock absorbing stopping mechanism;
(C) Are designed so that they cannot accept propellant devices measuring larger than 0.5″ (13 mm) in diameter and 1.75″ (44 mm) in length;
(D) Are designed so that the engine mount is permanently attached by the manufacturer to a track or track line that controls the vehicle's direction for the duration of its movement;
(E) Are not designed to carry any type of explosive or pyrotechnic material other than the model rocket motor used for primary propulsion;
(F) Bear labeling and include instructions providing adequate warnings and instructions for safe use; and
(G) Are designed to operate on a track or line that controls the vehicles' direction for the duration of their movement and either cannot operate off the track or line or, if operated off the track or line, are unstable and fail to operate in a guided fashion so that they will not strike the operator or bystanders.
(b) [Reserved]
[38 FR 27012, Sept. 27, 1973, as amended at 41 FR 22935, June 8, 1976; 42 FR 43391, Aug. 29, 1977; 48 FR 16, Jan. 3, 1983; 68 FR 4699, Jan. 30, 2003]
§ 1500.86
Exemptions from classification as a banned toy or other banned article for use by children.
(a) The term
banned hazardous substance
as used in section 2(q)(1)(A) of the act (repeated in § 1500.3(b)(15)(i)(A)) of the act shall not apply to the following articles:
(1) Toy rattles described in § 1500.18(a)(1) in which the rigid wires, sharp protrusions, or loose small objects are internal and provided that such rattles are constructed so that they will not break or deform to expose or release the contents either in normal use or when subjected to reasonably foreseeable damage or abuse.
(2) Dolls and stuffed animals and other similar toys described in § 1500.18(a)(3) in which the components that have the potential for causing laceration, puncture wound injury, or other similar injury are internal, provided such dolls, stuffed animals, and other similar toys are constructed so that they will not break or deform to expose such components either in normal use or when subjected to reasonably foreseeable damage or abuse.
(3) [Reserved]
(4) Any article known as a “baby-bouncer” or “walker-jumper” and any other similar article (referred to in this paragraph as “article(s)”), except an infant walker subject to part 1216 of this chapter, described in § 1500.18(a)(6) provided:
(i) The frames are designed and constructed in a manner to prevent injury from any scissoring, shearing, or pinching when the members of the frame or other components rotate about a common axis or fastening point or otherwise move relative to one another; and
(ii) Any coil springs which expand when the article is subjected to a force that will extend the spring to its maximum distance so that a space between successive coils is greater than one-
eighth inch (0.125 inch) are covered or otherwise designed to prevent injuries; and
(iii) All holes larger than one-eighth inch (0.125 inch) in diameter and slots, cracks, or hinged components in any portion of the article through which a child could insert, in whole or in part a finger, toe, or any other part of the anatomy are guarded or otherwise designed to prevent injuries; and
(iv) The articles are designed and constructed to prevent accidental collapse while in use; and
(v) The articles are designed and constructed in a manner that eliminates from any portion of the article the possibility of presenting a mechanical hazard through pinching, bruising, lacerating, crushing, breaking, amputating, or otherwise injuring portions of the human body when in normal use or when subjected to reasonably foreseeable damage or abuse; and
(vi) Any article which is introduced into interstate commerce after the effective date of this subparagraph is labeled:
(A) With a conspicuous statement of the name and address of the manufacturer, packer, distributor, or seller; and
(B) With a code mark on the article itself and on the package containing the article or on the shipping container, in addition to the invoice(s) or shipping document(s), which code mark will permit future identification by the manufacturer of any given model (the manufacturer shall change the model number whenever the article undergoes a significant structural or design modification); and
(vii) The manufacturer or importer of the article shall make, keep, and maintain for 3 years records of sale, distribution, and results of inspections and tests conducted in accordance with this subparagraph and shall make such records available at all reasonable hours upon request by any officer or employee of the Consumer Product Safety Commission and shall permit such officer or employee to inspect and copy such records, to make such stock inventories as he deems necessary, and to otherwise check the correctness of such records.
(5) Clacker balls described in § 1500.18(a)(7) that have been designed, manufactured, assembled, labeled, and tested in accordance with the following requirements, and when tested at the point of production or while in interstate commerce or while held for sale after shipment in interstate commerce do not exceed the failure rate requirements of the table in paragraph (a)(5)(vi) of this section:
(i) The toy shall be so designed and fabricated that:
(A) Each ball: Weighs less than 50 grams; will not shatter, crack, or chip; is free of cracks, flash (ridges due to imperfect molding), and crazing (tiny surface cracks); and is free of rough or sharp edges around any hole where the cord enters or over any surface with which the cord may make contact. Each ball is free of internal voids (holes, cavities, or air bubbles) if the balls are made of materials other than those materials (such as ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), nylon, and high-impact polystyrene) that are injection-molded and possess high-impact characteristics.
(B) The cord: Is of high tensile strength, synthetic fibers that are braided or woven, having a breaking strength in excess of 445 Newtons (100 pounds); is free of fraying or any other defect that might tend to reduce its strength in use; is not molded in balls made of casting resins which tend to wick up or run up on the outside of the cord; and is affixed to a ball at the center of the horizontal plane of the ball when it is suspended by the cord. Clacker balls where the mass of each ball is less than 12 grams (0.42 oz.) and the distance between the center of the pivot and the center of the ball cannot exceed 180 mm (7.1 inches) may have a minimum cord breaking strength of less than 445 Newtons (100 pounds), as computed by the following formula:
Adjusted Cord Breaking Strength in Newtons=0.1382(m
b
p
=pivot length in mm.
(C) When the cord is attached to the ball by means of a knot, the end beneath the knot is chemically fused or otherwise treated to prevent the knot from slipping out or untying in use.
(ii) The toy shall be tested at the time of production:
(A) By using the sampling procedure described in the table in subdivision (vi) of this subparagraph to determine the number of units to be tested.
(B) By subjecting each ball tested to 10 drops of a 2.25 kg (5-pound) steel impact rod or weight (57-mm (2
1/4
-inch) diameter with a flat head) dropped 1220 mm (48 inches) in a vented steel or aluminum tube (60-mm (2
3/8
-inch) inside diameter) when the ball is placed on a steel or cast iron mount. Clacker balls where the mass of each ball is less than 12 grams (0.42 oz.) and the distance between the center of the pivot and the center of the ball cannot exceed 180 mm (7.1 inches) may be tested by dropping the impact weight from a height of less than 1220 mm (48 in.), where the height is computed as follows:
Adjusted drop height in mm=179×10
−5
p
=pivot length in mm.
Any ball showing any chipping, cracking, or shattering shall be counted as a failure within the meaning of the third column of the table in paragraph (a)(5)(vi) of this section.
(C) By inspecting each ball tested for smoothness of finish on any surface of the ball which may come in contact with the cord during use. A cotton swab shall be rubbed vigorously over each such surface or area of the ball; if any cotton fibers are removed, the ball shall be counted as a failure within the meaning of the fourth column of the table in subdivision (vi) of this paragraph. The toy shall also be checked to ascertain that there is no visibly perceptible “wicking up” or “running up” of the casting resins on the outside of the cord in the vicinity where the ball is attached.
(D) By fully assembling the toy and testing the cord in such a manner as to test both the strength of the cord and the adequacy with which the cord is attached to the ball and any holding device such as a tab or ring included in the assembly. The fully assembled article shall be vertically suspended by one ball and a 445-Newton (100-pound) test applied to the bottom ball. Clacker balls where the mass of each ball is less than 12 grams (0.42 oz.) and the distance between the center of the pivot and the center of the ball cannot exceed 180 mm (7.1 inches) may be tested with a force of under 445 Newtons (100 pounds). The test force for these clacker balls shall be the same as the cord breaking strength calculated in § 1500.86(a)(5)(i)(B). Any breaking, fraying, or unraveling of the cord or any sign of slipping, loosening, or unfastening shall be counted as a failure within the meaning of the fourth column of the table in paragraph (a)(5)(vi) of this section.
(E) By additionally subjecting any ring or other holding device to a 222-Newton (50-pound) test load applied to both cords; the holding device is to be securely fixed horizontally in a suitable clamp in such a manner as to support 50 percent of the area of such holding device and the balls are suspended freely. Clacker balls where the mass of each ball is less than 12 grams (0.42 oz.) and the distance between the center of the pivot and the center of the ball cannot exceed 180 mm (7.1 inches) may have their holding device tested with a force of less than 222 Newtons (50 pounds). The holding device test force for these clacker balls shall be half of the cord breaking strength calculated in § 1500.86(a)(5)(i)(B). Any breaking, cracking, or crazing of the ring or other holding device shall be counted as a failure within the meaning of the fourth column of the table in paragraph (a)(5)(vi) of this section.
(F) By cutting each ball tested in half and then cutting each half perpendicularly to the first cut into three or more pieces of approximately equal thickness. Each portion is to be inspected before and after cutting, and any ball showing any flash, crack, crazing, or internal voids on such inspection is to be counted as a failure within the meaning of the fourth column of the table in paragraph (a)(5)(vi) of this section. Balls that are injection-molded and possess high-impact characteristics (such as injection-molded balls made of ABS, nylon, or high-impact polystyrene) though exempt from the requirements that there be no internal voids, must be tested to determine the presence of any flash, crack or grazing. A transparent ball shall be subjected to the same requirements except that it may be visually inspected without cutting.
(iii) The toy shall be fully assembled for use at time of sale, including the proper attachments of balls, cords, knots, loops, or other holding devices.
(iv) The toy shall be labeled:
(A) With a conspicuous statement of the name and address of the manufacturer, packer, distributor, or seller.
(B) To bear on the toy itself and/or the package containing the toy and/or the shipping container, in addition to the invoice(s) and shipping document(s), a code or mark in a form and manner that will permit future identification of any given batch, lot, or shipment by the manufacturer.
(C) To bear a conspicuous warning statement on the main panel of the retail container and display carton and on any accompanying literature: That if cracks develop in a ball or if the cord becomes frayed or loose or unfastened, use of the toy should be discontinued; and if a ring or loop or other holding device is present, the statement “In use, the ring or loop must be placed around the middle finger and the two cords positioned over the forefinger and held securely between the thumb and forefinger,” or words to that effect which will provide adequate instructions and warnings to prevent the holding device from accidentally slipping out of the hand. Such statements shall be printed in sharply contrasting color within a borderline and in letters at least 6 mm (
1/4
inch) high on the main panel of the container and at least 3 mm (
1/8
) high on all accompanying literature.
(v) The manufacturer of the toy shall make, keep, and maintain for 3 years records of sale, distribution, and results of inspections and tests conducted in accordance with this subparagraph and shall make such records available upon request at all reasonable hours by any officer or employee of the Consumer Product Safety Commission, and shall permit such officer or employee to inspect and copy such records and to make such inventories of stock as he deems necessary and otherwise to check the correctness of such records.
(vi) The lot size, sample size, and failure rate for testing clacker balls are as follows:
Number of units in batch, shipment, delivery, lot, or retail stock
Number of units in random sample
Failure rate constituting rejection when testing per § 1500.86(a)(5)(ii)(B)
Failure rate constituting rejection when testing per § 1500.86(a)(5)(ii) (C), (D), (E), and (F)
50 or less
11
62
(vii) Applicability of the exemption provided by this paragraph shall be determined through use of the table in paragraph (a)(5)(vi) of this section. A random sample of the number of articles as specified in the second column of the table shall be selected according to the number of articles in a particular batch, shipment, delivery, lot, or retail stock per the first column. A failure rate as shown in either the third or fourth column shall indicate that the entire batch, shipment, delivery, lot, or retail stock has failed and thus is not exempted under this paragraph from classification as a banned hazardous substance.
(6) Caps (paper or plastic) described in § 1500.18(a)(5), provided:
(i) Such articles do not produce peak sound pressure levels greater than 158 decibels when tested in accordance with § 1500.47, and provided any such articles producing peak sound pressure levels greater than 138 decibels but not greater than 158 decibels when tested in accordance with § 1500.47 shall bear the following statement on the carton
and in the accompanying literature in accordance with § 1500.121: “WARNING—Do not fire closer than 1 foot to the ear. Do not use indoors.”
(ii) Any person who elects to distribute toy caps in accordance with paragraph (a)(6)(i) of this section shall promptly notify the Consumer Product Safety Commission, Bureau of Compliance, Washington, D.C. 20207, of their intention and shall conduct or participate in a program to develop caps that produce a sound pressure level of not more than 138 decibels when tested in accordance with § 1500.47.
(iii) Any person who elects to distribute caps in accordance with paragraph (a)(6)(i) of this section shall, after notification of his intentions to the Commission in accordance with paragraph (a)(6)(ii) of this section, submit to the Consumer Product Safety Commission, Bureau of Compliance, Washington, DC 20207, a progress report not less frequently than once every 3 months concerning the status of his program to develop caps that produce a sound level of not more than 138 decibels when tested in accordance with § 1500.47.
(7) Dive sticks and similar articles described in § 1500.18(a)(19) that come to rest at the bottom of a container of water in a position in which the long axis of the article is greater than 45 degrees from vertical when measured in accordance with the following test method:
(i) Test equipment.
(A) A container that is filled with tap water to a depth at least 3 inches [76 mm] greater than the longest dimension of the dive stick. The container shall:
(
1
) Be sufficiently wide to allow the dive stick to lie along the bottom with its long axis in a horizontal position,
(
) Have clear side walls to permit observation of the dive stick under water, and
(
3
) Be placed on a level surface and have a flat bottom.
(B) A protractor or other suitable angle measurement device that has an indicator for 45 degrees from vertical.
(ii) Testing procedure
(A) If the dive stick is sold such that the consumer is required to attach an additional component(s) to the dive stick, then the product shall be tested both with and without the attachment(s).
(B) From just above the water surface, drop the dive stick into the container.
(C) Let the dive stick sink and come to rest at the bottom of the container. If the dive stick is designed so that the weight can be adjusted by adding water or other substance, adjust the weight so that the dive stick sinks and comes to rest with its long axis positioned as close to vertical as possible.
(D) Align the angle measurement device alongside the dive stick underwater and wait for the dive stick to come to rest if there is any water disturbance. Determine whether the long axis of the dive stick is greater than or less than 45 degrees from vertical.
(8) Dive sticks and similar articles described in § 1500.18(a)(19) in which the maximum force measured in the following test method is less than 5-lbf [22N]. The test shall be conducted in the ambient environment of the laboratory and not under water.
(i) Test equipment.
(A) A compression rig that has a force gauge or equivalent device that is calibrated for force measurements within a minimum range of 0 to 5 lbf [0-22 N] and with an accuracy of ±0.1 lbf [±0.44 N] or better. The test rig shall have a system to guide this force application in the vertical direction and shall have a means to adjust the rate of load application.
(B) Compression disk—the loading device that is attached to the force gauge shall be a rigid metal disk with a minimum diameter of 1.125 inches [29 mm].
(C) Vise or other clamping device.
(ii) Testing procedure
(A) Position the bottom of the dive stick in the clamping device so that the longest axis of the dive stick is vertical. The bottom end of the dive stick is the end that sinks to the bottom of a pool of water. Secure the bottom of the dive stick in the clamp such that the clamping mechanism covers no more than the bottom
1/2
inch [13 mm] of the dive stick.
(B) Apply a downward force at a rate of 0.05 in/sec (±0.01 in/sec) [1.3 mm.sec ±0.3 mm/sec] at the top of the dive
stick with the compression disk positioned so that the plane of the disk contact surface is perpendicular to the long axis of the dive stick.
(C) Apply the load for a period of 40 seconds or until the maximum recorded force exceeds 5-lbf [22 N].
(D) Record the maximum force that was measured during the test.
(b) [Reserved]
(9) Boston Billow Nursing Pillow and substantially similar nursing pillows that are designed to be used only as a nursing aide for breastfeeding mothers. For example, are tubular in form, C- or crescent-shaped to fit around a nursing mother's waist, round in circumference and filled with granular material.
[38 FR 27012, Sept. 27, 1973, as amended at 53 FR 46839, Nov. 18, 1988; 59 FR 9076, 9077, Feb. 25, 1994; 66 FR 13651, Mar. 7, 2001; 68 FR 70140, Dec. 17, 2003; 73 FR 77495, Dec. 19, 2008; 75 FR 35282, June 21, 2010]
§ 1500.87
Children's products containing lead: inaccessible component parts.
(a) The Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act (CPSIA) provides for specific lead limits in children's products. Section 101(a) of the CPSIA provides that by February 10, 2009, products designed or intended primarily for children 12 and younger may not contain more than 600 ppm of lead. After August 14, 2009, products designed or intended primarily for children 12 and younger cannot contain more than 300 ppm of lead. On August 14, 2011, the limit may be further reduced to 100 ppm after three years, unless the Commission determines that it is not technologically feasible to have this lower limit.
(b) Section 101 (b)(2) of the CPSIA provides that the lead limits do not apply to component parts of a product that are not accessible to a child. This section specifies that a component part is not accessible if it is not physically exposed by reason of a sealed covering or casing and does not become physically exposed through reasonably foreseeable use and abuse of the product including swallowing, mouthing, breaking, or other children's activities, and the aging of the product, as determined by the Commission. Paint, coatings, or electroplating may not be considered to be a barrier that would render lead in the substrate to be inaccessible to a child.
(c) Section 101(b)(2)(B) of the CPSIA directs the Commission to promulgate by August 14, 2009, this interpretative rule to provide guidance with respect to what product components or classes of components will be considered to be inaccessible.
(d) The accessibility probes specified for sharp points or edges under the Commissions' regulations at 16 CFR 1500.48-1500.49 will be used to assess the accessibility of lead-component parts of a children's product. A lead-containing component part would be considered accessible if it can be contacted by any portion of the specified segment of the accessibility probe. A lead-containing component part would be considered inaccessible if it cannot be contacted by any portion of the specified segment of the accessibility probe.
(e) For products intended for children that are 18 months of age or less, the use and abuse tests set forth under the Commission's regulations at 16 CFR 1500.50 and 16 CFR 1500.51 (excluding the bite test of § 1500.51(c)), will be used to evaluate accessibility of lead-containing component parts of a children's product as a result of normal and reasonably foreseeable use and abuse of the product.
(f) For products intended for children that are over 18 months but not over 36 months of age, the use and abuse tests set forth under the Commission's regulations at 16 CFR 1500.50 and 16 CFR 1500.52 (excluding the bite test of § 1500.52(c)), will be used to evaluate accessibility of lead-containing component parts of a children's product as a result of normal and reasonably foreseeable use and abuse of the product.
(g) For products intended for children that are over 36 months but not over 96 months of age, the use and abuse tests set forth under the Commission's regulations at 16 CFR 1500.50 and 16 CFR 1500.53 (excluding the bite test of § 1500.53(c)), will be used to evaluate accessibility of lead-containing component parts of a children's product as a result of normal and reasonably foreseeable use and abuse of the product.
(h) For products intended for children over 96 months through 12 years of
age, the use and abuse tests set forth under the Commission's regulations at 16 CFR 1500.50 and 16 CFR 1500.53 (excluding the bite test of § 1500.53(c)) intended for children aged 37-96 months will be used to evaluate accessibility of lead-containing component parts of a children's product as a result of normal and reasonably foreseeable use and abuse of the product.
(i) A children's product that is or contains a lead-containing part which is enclosed, encased, or covered by fabric and passes the appropriate use and abuse tests on such covers, is inaccessible to a child unless the product or part of the product in one dimension is smaller than 5 centimeters.
(j) The intentional disassembly or destruction of products by children older than age 8 years by means or knowledge not generally available to younger children, including use of tools, will not be considered in evaluating products for accessibility of lead-containing components.
[74 FR 39540, Aug. 7, 2009]
§ 1500.88
Exemptions from lead limits under section 101 of the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act for certain electronic devices.
(a) The Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act (CPSIA) provides for specific lead limits in children's products. Section 101(a) of the CPSIA provides that by February 10, 2009, products designed or intended primarily for children 12 and younger may not contain more than 600 ppm of lead. After August 14, 2009, products designed or intended primarily for children 12 and younger cannot contain more than 300 ppm of lead. On August 14, 2011, the limit will be further reduced to 100 ppm, unless the Commission determines that it is not technologically feasible to meet this lower limit. Section 101(b)(2) of the CPSIA further provides that the lead limits do not apply to component parts of a product that are not accessible to a child. This section specifies that a component part is not accessible if it is not physically exposed by reason of a sealed covering or casing and does not become physically exposed through reasonably foreseeable use and abuse of the product including swallowing, mouthing, breaking, or other children's activities, and the aging of the product, as determined by the Commission. Paint, coatings, or electroplating may not be considered to be a barrier that would render lead in the substrate to be inaccessible to a child.
(b) Section 101(b)(4) of the CPSIA provides that if the Commission determines that it is not technologically feasible for certain electronic devices to comply with the lead limits, the Commission must issue requirements by regulation to eliminate or minimize the potential for exposure to and accessibility of lead in such electronic devices and establish a compliance schedule unless the Commission determines that full compliance is not technologically feasible within a schedule set by the Commission.
(c) Certain accessible lead-containing component parts in children's electronic devices unable to meet the lead limits set forth in paragraph (a) of this section due to technological infeasibility are granted the exemptions that follow in paragraph (d) of this section below, provided that use of lead is necessary for the proper electronic functioning of the component part and it is not technologically feasible for the component part to meet the lead content limits set forth in paragraph (a) of this section.
(d) Exemptions for lead as used in certain electronic components parts in children's electronic devices include:
(1) Lead blended into the glass of cathode ray tubes, electronic components, and fluorescent tubes.
(2) Lead used as an alloying element in steel. The maximum amount of lead shall be less than 0.35% by weight (3,500 ppm).
(3) Lead used in the manufacture of aluminum. The maximum amount of lead shall be less than 0.4% by weight (4,000 ppm).
(4) Lead used in copper-based alloys. The maximum amount of lead shall be less than 4% by weight (40,000 ppm).
(5) Lead used in lead-bronze bearing shells and bushings.
(6) Lead used in compliant pin connector systems.
(7) Lead used in optical and filter glass.
(8) Lead oxide in plasma display panels (PDP) and surface conduction electron emitter displays (SED) used in structural elements; notably in the front and rear glass dielectric layer, the bus electrode, the black stripe, the address electrode, the barrier ribs, the seal frit and frit ring, as well as in print pastes.
(9) Lead oxide in the glass envelope of Black Light Blue (BLB) lamps.
(e) Components of electronic devices that are removable or replaceable, such as battery packs and light bulbs that are inaccessible when the product is assembled in functional form or are otherwise granted an exemption, are not subject to the lead limits in paragraph (a) of this section.
(f) Commission staff is directed to reevaluate and report to the Commission on the technological feasibility of compliance with the lead limits in paragraph (a) of this section for children's electronic devices, including the technological feasibility of making accessible component parts inaccessible, and the status of the exemptions, no less than every five years after publication of a final rule in the
Federal Register
[75 FR 3158, Jan. 20, 2010]
§ 1500.89
Procedures and requirements for determinations regarding lead content of materials or products under section 101(a) of the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act.
(a) The Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act provides for specific lead limits in children's products. Section 101(a) of the CPSIA provides that by February 10, 2009, products designed or intended primarily for children 12 years of age or younger may not contain more than 600 ppm of lead. After August 14, 2009, products designed or intended primarily for children 12 years of age or younger cannot contain more than 300 ppm of lead. On August 14, 2011, the limit will be further reduced to 100 ppm, unless the Commission determines that this lower limit is not technologically feasible. Paint, coatings or electroplating may not be considered a barrier that would make the lead content of a product inaccessible to a child or prevent the absorption of any lead in the human body through normal and reasonably foreseeable use and abuse of the product.
(b) The Commission may, either on its own initiative or upon the request of any interested person, make a determination that a material or product does not contain leads levels that exceed 600 ppm, 300 ppm, or 100 ppm, as applicable.
(c) A determination by the Commission under paragraph (b) of this section that a material or product does not contain lead levels that exceed 600 ppm, 300 ppm, or 100 ppm, as applicable does not relieve the material or product from complying with the applicable lead limit as provided under paragraph (a) of this section.
(d) To request a determination under paragraph (b) of this section, the request must:
(1) Be e-mailed to
[email protected].
and titled “Section 101 Request for Lead Content Determination.” Requests may also be mailed, preferably in five copies, to the Office of the Secretary, Consumer Product Safety Commission, Room 502, 4330 East West Highway, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, or delivered to the same address.
(2) Be written in the English language.
(3) Contain the name and address, and e-mail address or telephone number, of the requestor.
(4) Provide documentation including:
(i) A detailed description of the product or material and how it is used by a child;
(ii) Representative data on the lead content of parts of the product or materials used in the production of a product;
(iii) All relevant data or information on manufacturing processes through which lead may be introduced into the material or product;
(iv) An assessment of the likelihood or lack thereof that the manufacturing processes will result in lead contamination of a material or product that ordinarily does not contain lead;
(v) All relevant data or information on the facilities used to manufacture the material or product, and any other materials used in the product;
(vi) An assessment of the likelihood or lack thereof that the use of leaded materials in a facility will result in lead contamination of a material or product that ordinarily does not contain lead;
(vii) Any other information relevant to the potential for lead content of the product or material to exceed the statutory lead limit specified in the request, that is 600 ppm, 300 ppm, or 100 ppm, as applicable;
(viii) Detailed information on the relied upon test methods for measuring lead content of products or materials including the type of equipment used or any other techniques employed and a statement as to why the data is representative of the lead content of such products or materials generally; and
(ix) Any data or information that is unfavorable to the request that is reasonably available to the requestor.
(e) Where a submission fails to meet all of the requirements of paragraph (d) of this section, the Office of the Secretary shall notify the person submitting it, describe the deficiency, and explain that the request may be resubmitted when the deficiency is corrected.
(f) Upon receipt of a complete request for a determination, the Office of Hazard Identification and Reduction (EXHR) will assess the request to determine whether the product or material is one that does not contain lead in excess of the limits as provided under paragraph (a) of this section. EXHR will make an initial recommendation within thirty (30) calendar days, to the extent practicable. EXHR may request an extension from the Executive Director of the CPSC, if necessary, to make its initial determination. A complete request is one that does not require additional information from the requestor for EXHR to make an initial recommendation to the Commission.
(g) Where the Office of Hazard Identification and Reduction's (EXHR) initial recommendation is to deny the request for a lead content determination, it will provide, in a staff memorandum to the Commission, submitted to the Commission for ballot vote, the basis for the denial with sufficient detail for the Commission to make an informed decision that reasonable grounds for a determination are not presented. The Commission, by ballot vote, will render a decision on the staff's recommendation. The ballot vote and the staff memorandum will be posted on the CPSC Web site. Any determination by the Commission to grant a request will be published in the
Federal Register
for comment. If the Commission concludes that the request shall be denied, the requestor shall be notified in writing of the denial from the Office of the Secretary along with the official ballot results and the EXHR staff's memorandum of recommendation.
(h) Where the Office of Hazard Identification and Reduction's (EXHR) initial recommendation is to grant the request for a lead content determination, it will submit the basis for that recommendation to the Commission in a memorandum to be voted on by ballot, with sufficient detail for the Commission to make an informed decision that reasonable grounds for a determination are presented. If the notice of proposed rulemaking (NPR) is published, it will invite public comment in the
Federal Register.
EXHR will review and evaluate any comments and supporting documentation before making its final recommendation to the Commission for final agency action, by staff memorandum submitted to the Commission. If the Commission, after review of the staff's final recommendation, determines that a material or product does not and would not exceed the lead content limits, it will decide by ballot vote, on whether to publish a final rule in the
Federal Register
.
(i) The filing of a request for a determination does not have the effect of staying the effect of any provision or limit under the statutes and regulations enforced by the Commission. Even though a request for a determination has been filed, unless a Commission determination is issued in final form after notice and comment, materials or products subject to the lead limits under section 101 of the CPSIA must be tested in accordance with section 102 of the CPSIA, unless the testing requirement is otherwise stayed by the Commission.
[74 FR 10480, Mar. 11, 2009]
§ 1500.90
Procedures and requirements for exclusions from lead limits under section 101(b) of the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act.
(a) The Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act provides for specific lead limits in children's products. Section 101(a) of the CPSIA provides that by February 10, 2009, products designed or intended primarily for children 12 years of age or younger may not contain more than 600 ppm of lead. After August 14, 2009, products designed or
intended primarily for children 12 years of age or younger cannot contain more than 300 ppm of lead. On August 14, 2011, the limit will be further reduced to 100 ppm, unless the Commission determines that this lower limit is not technologically feasible. Paint, coatings or electroplating may not be considered a barrier that would make the lead content of a product inaccessible to a child or prevent the absorption of any lead in the human body through normal and reasonably foreseeable use and abuse of the product.
(b) Section 101(b)(1) of the CPSIA provides that the Commission may exclude a specific product or material from the lead limits established for children's products under the CPSIA if the Commission, after notice and a hearing, determines on the basis of the best-available, objective, peer-reviewed, scientific evidence that lead in such product or material will neither:
(1) Result in the absorption of any lead into the human body, taking into account normal and reasonably foreseeable use and abuse of such product by a child, including swallowing, mouthing, breaking, or other children's activities, and the aging of the product; nor
(2) Have any other adverse impact on public health or safety.
(c) To request an exclusion from the lead limits as provided under paragraph (a) of this section, the request must:
(1) Be e-mailed to
[email protected].
and titled “Section 101 Request for Exclusion of a Material or Product.” Requests may also be mailed, preferably in five copies, to the Office of the Secretary, Consumer Product Safety Commission, Room 502, 4330 East West Highway, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, or delivered to the same address.
(2) Be written in the English language.
(3) Contain the name and address, and e-mail address or telephone number, of the requestor.
(4) Provide documentation including:
(i) A detailed description of the product or material and how it is used by a child;
(ii) Representative data on the lead content of parts of the product or materials used in the production of a product;
(iii) All relevant data or information on manufacturing processes through which lead may be introduced into the product or material;
(iv) Any other information relevant to the potential for lead content of the product or material to exceed the CPSIA lead limits that is reasonably available to the requestor;
(v) Detailed information on the relied upon test methods for measuring lead content of products or materials including the type of equipment used or any other techniques employed and a statement as to why the data is representative of the lead content of such products or materials generally; and
(vi) An assessment of the manufacturing processes which strongly supports a conclusion that they would not be a source of lead contamination of the product or material, if relevant.
(5) Provide best-available, objective, peer-reviewed, scientific evidence to support a request for an exclusion demonstrating that the normal and reasonably foreseeable use and abuse activity by a child (including swallowing, mouthing, breaking, or other children's activities) and the aging of the material or product for which exclusion is sought, will not result in the absorption of any lead into the human body, nor have any other adverse impact on public health or safety. This literature should support a request for exclusion that addresses how much lead is present in the product, how much lead comes out of the product, and the conditions under which that may happen and information relating to a child's interaction, if any, with the product.
(6) Provide best-available, objective, peer-reviewed, scientific evidence that is unfavorable to the request that is reasonably available to the requestor.
(d) Where a submission fails to meet all of the requirements of paragraph (c) of this section, the Office of the Secretary shall notify the person submitting it, describe the deficiency, and explain that the request may be resubmitted when the deficiency is corrected.
(e) Upon receipt of a complete request for an exclusion, the Office of Hazard Identification and Reduction (EXHR) will assess the request to determine whether, on the basis of its review of the submitted materials, that the normal and reasonably foreseeable use and abuse activity by a child (including swallowing, mouthing, breaking, or other children's activities) and the aging of the material or product for which exclusion is sought, will not result in the absorption of any lead into the human body nor have any other adverse impact on health or safety.
EXHR will make an initial recommendation within thirty (30) calendar days to the extent practicable. EXHR may request an extension from the Executive Director of the CPSC, if necessary, to make its initial recommendation. A complete request is one that does not require additional information from the requestor for EXHR to make an initial recommendation to the Commission.
(f) Where the Office of Hazard Identification and Reduction's (EXHR) initial recommendation is to deny the request for an exclusion, it will provide in a staff memorandum to the Commission, submitted to the Commission for ballot vote, the basis for denial with sufficient detail for the Commission to make an informed decision that reasonable grounds for an exclusion are not presented. The Commission, by ballot vote, will render a decision on the staff's recommendation. The ballot vote and the staff memorandum will be posted on the CPSC Web site. Any determination by the Commission to grant a request will be published in the
Federal Register
for comment. If the Commission concludes that the request shall be denied, the requestor shall be notified in writing of the denial from the Office of the Secretary along with the official ballot results and the EXHR's staff's memorandum of recommendation.
(g) Where the Office of Hazard Identification and Reduction's (EXHR) initial recommendation is to grant the exclusion, it will submit the basis for that recommendation to the Commission in a memorandum to be voted on by ballot, with sufficient detail for the Commission to make an informed decision that reasonable grounds for a determination are presented. If the notice of proposed rulemaking (NPR) is published, it will invite public comment in the
Federal Register.
EXHR will review and evaluate the comments and supporting documentation before making its final recommendation to the Commission, by staff memorandum submitted to the Commission, for final agency action. If the Commission, after review of the staff's final recommendation, determines that an exclusion is supported by the evidence, it will decide by ballot vote, on whether to publish a final rule in the
Federal Register
.
(h) The filing of a request for exclusion does not have the effect of staying the effect of any provision or limit under the statutes and regulations enforced by the Commission. Even though a request for an exclusion has been filed, unless an exclusion is issued in final form by the Commission after notice and comment, materials or products subject to the lead limits under section 101 of the CPSIA are considered to be banned hazardous substances if they do not meet the lead limits as provided under paragraph (a) of this section.
[74 FR 10480, Mar. 11, 2009]
§ 1500.91
Determinations regarding lead content for certain materials or products under section 101 of the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act.
(a) The Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act provides for specific lead limits in children's products. Section 101(a) of the CPSIA provides that by February 10, 2009, products designed or intended primarily for children 12 and younger may not contain more than 600 ppm of lead. After August 14, 2009, products designed or intended primarily for children 12 and younger cannot contain more than 300 ppm of lead. On August 14, 2011, the limit may be further reduced to 100 ppm, unless the Commission determines that it is not technologically feasible to have this lower limit. Paint, coatings or electroplating may not be considered a barrier that would make the lead content of a product inaccessible to a child. Materials used in products intended primarily for children 12 and younger that are treated or coated with paint or similar surface-coating materials that are subject to 16 CFR part 1303, must comply with the requirements for lead paint under section 14(a) of the Consumer Product Safety Act (CPSA), as amended by section 102(a) of the CPSIA.
(b) Section 3 of the CPSIA grants the Commission general rulemaking authority to issue regulations, as necessary, either on its own initiative or upon the request of any interested person, to make a determination that a
material or product does not exceed the lead limits as provided under paragraph (a) of this section.
(c) A determination by the Commission under paragraph (b) of this section that a material or product does not contain lead levels that exceed 600 ppm, 300 ppm, or 100 ppm, as applicable, does not relieve the material or product from complying with the applicable lead limit as provided under paragraph (a) of this section if the product or material is changed or altered so that it exceeds the lead content limits.
(d) The following materials do not exceed the lead content limits under section 101(a) of the CPSIA provided that these materials have neither been treated or adulterated with the addition of materials that could result in the addition of lead into the product or material:
(1) Precious gemstones: diamond, ruby, sapphire, emerald.
(2) Semiprecious gemstones and other minerals, provided that the mineral or material is not based on lead or lead compounds and is not associated in nature with any mineral based on lead or lead compounds (excluding any mineral that is based on lead or lead compounds including, but not limited to, the following: aragonite, bayldonite, boleite, cerussite, crocoite, galena, linarite, mimetite, phosgenite, vanadinite, and wulfenite).
(3) Natural or cultured pearls.
(4) Wood.
(5) Paper and similar materials made from wood or other cellulosic fiber, including, but not limited to, paperboard, linerboard and medium, and coatings on such paper which become part of the substrate.
(6) CMYK process printing inks (excluding spot colors, other inks that are not used in CMYK process, inks that do not become part of the substrate under 16 CFR part 1303, and inks used in after-treatment applications, including screen prints, transfers, decals, or other prints).
(7) Textiles (excluding after-treatment applications, including screen prints, transfers, decals, or other prints) consisting of:
(i) Natural fibers (dyed or undyed) including, but not limited to, cotton, kapok, flax, linen, jute, ramie, hemp, kenaf, bamboo, coir, sisal, silk, wool (sheep), alpaca, llama, goat (mohair, cashmere), rabbit (angora), camel, horse, yak, vicuna, qiviut, guanaco;
(ii) Manufactured fibers (dyed or undyed) including, but not limited to, rayon, azlon, lyocell, acetate, triacetate, rubber, polyester, olefin, nylon, acrylic, modacrylic, aramid, spandex.
(8) Other plant-derived and animal-derived materials including, but not limited to, animal glue, bee's wax, seeds, nut shells, flowers, bone, sea shell, coral, amber, feathers, fur, leather.
(e) The following metals and alloys do not exceed the lead content limits under section 101(a) of the CPSIA, provided that no lead or lead-containing metal is intentionally added but does not include the non-steel or non-precious metal components of a product, such as solder or base metals in electroplate, clad, or fill applications:
(1) Surgical steel and other stainless steel within the designations of Unified Numbering System, UNS S13800-S66286, not including the stainless steel designated as 303Pb (UNS S30360).
(2) Precious metals: Gold (at least 10 karat); sterling silver (at least 925/1000); platinum; palladium; rhodium; osmium; iridium; ruthenium, titanium.
[74 FR 43041, Aug. 26, 2009]
§ 1500.121
Labeling requirements; prominence, placement, and conspicuousness.
(a)(1)
Background and scope.
Section 2(p)(1) of the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (FHSA) or “the Act”), 15 U.S.C. 1261(p)(1), requires that hazardous substances bear certain cautionary statements on their labels. These statements include: signal words; affirmative statements of the principal hazard(s) associated with a hazardous substance; the common or usual name, or chemical name, of the hazardous substance; the name and place of business of the manufacturer, packer, distributor, or seller; statements of precautionary measures to follow; instructions, when appropriate, for special handling and storage; the statement “Keep Out of the Reach of Children” or its practical equivalent;
and, when appropriate, first-aid instructions. Section 2(p)(2) of the Act specifies that all such statements shall be located prominently on the label of such a substance and shall appear in conspicuous and legible type in contrast by typography, layout, or color with other printed matter on the label. This regulation contains the Commission's interpretations and policies for the type size and placement of cautionary material on the labels of hazardous substances and contains other criteria for such cautionary statements that are acceptable to the Commission as satisfying section 2(p)(2) of the Act. Labels that do not comply with this regulation may be considered misbranded.
(2)
For the purposes of this section:
(i)
Container
means the immediate package from which a hazardous substance may be dispensed and also any article, package or wrapping, such as a tube or cone used for a firework or a wet cell battery casing containing sulfuric acid, which is necessary for the substance to function during actual use.
(ii)
and
cautionary labeling required by the Act
mean all items of labeling information required by sections 2(p)(1) of the FHSA (repeated in 16 CFR 1500.3(b)(14)(i) or by the regulations which require additional labeling under section 3(b) of the Act.
(iii)
Display panel
means any surface of the immediate container, and of any outer container or wrapping, which bears labeling.
(iv)
Principal display panel
means the portion(s) of the surface of the immediate container, and of any outer container or wrapping, which bear(s) the labeling designed to be most prominently displayed, shown, presented, or examined under conditions of retail sale. (See paragraph (c)(1) of this section.)
(v)
Type size
means the actual height of the printed image of each upper case or capital letter as it appears on the label of a hazardous substance. (See paragraph (c)(2) of this section.)
(vi)
Signal word
means the appropriate word “DANGER,” “WARNING,” or “CAUTION,” as required by sections 2(p)(1) (C) or (D) of the Act.
(vii)
Statement of principal hazard(s)
means that wording descriptive of the principal or primary hazard(s) associated with a hazardous substance required by section 2(p)(1)(E) of the Act. Some examples of such statements are “HARMFUL OR FATAL IF SWALLOWED,” “VAPOR HARMFUL,” “FLAMMABLE,” and “SKIN AND EYE IRRITANT.”
(viii)
Other cautionary material
means all labeling statements, other than “signal words” or “statement(s) of principal hazard(s),” required by the Act or by regulations issued under the Act.
(b)
Prominent label placement.
To satisfy the requirement of the Act that cautionary labeling statements shall appear “prominently” on the label of a hazardous substance, all such statements shall be placed on the label as follows:
(1)
Horizontal placement of labeling statements.
Except for the name and place of business of the manufacturer, packer, distributor, or seller, all cautionary material required by the Act shall appear in lines that are generally parallel to any base on which the package rests as it is designed to be displayed for sale or, on display panels other than the principal display panel, in lines generally parallel to all other labeling on that panel. This requirement does not apply to labeling on collapsible tubes, cylindrical containers with a narrow diameter, or F-type containers where both the “front” and “back” of the container are principal display panels. (See paragraph (e) of this section.)
(2)
Principal display panel labeling.
(i) All items of cautionary labeling required by the Act may appear on the principal display panel on the immediate container and, if appropriate, on any other container or wrapper. See paragraph (b)(4) of this section for requirements and exceptions for labeling outer containers and wrappings.
(ii) The signal word, the statement of principal hazard(s), and, if appropriate, instructions to read carefully any cautionary material that may be placed elsewhere on the label shall be blocked
together within a square or rectangular area, with or without a border, on the principal display panel on the immediate container and, where required by paragraph (b)(4) of this section, on any outer container or wrapping. All cautionary statements placed on the principal display panel shall be separated on all sides from other printed or graphic matter, with the exception of the declaration of net contents required under the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act, 15 U.S.C. 1453(a) (2) and (3), by a border line or by a space no smaller than the minimum allowable height of the type size for cautionary material required by the Act (exclusive of signal words and statements of hazard) on the principal display panel.
(iii) Depending on the design of the package or the configuration of the label, or both, a package may have more than one principal display panel. If so, each principal display panel must bear, at a minimum, the signal word, statement of principal hazard or hazards, and, if appropriate, instructions to read carefully any cautionary material that may be placed elsewhere on the label.
(A) Where the principal display panel of the immediate container consists of a lid, cap, or other item which may be separated from the immediate container and discarded, the container shall be deemed to have a second principal display panel elsewhere on the immediate container which must bear, at a minimum, the signal word, statement of principal hazard(s), and instructions, if appropriate, to read any cautionary material which may be placed elsewhere on the label.
(3)
Prominent label placement—other display panel labeling.
All items of cautionary labeling required by the Act which do not appear on the principal display panel shall be placed together on a display panel elsewhere on the container. The name and place of business of the manufacturer, packer, distributor, or seller may appear separately on any display panel. Where cautionary material appears on a display panel other than the principal display panel, the principal display panel shall bear the statement “Read carefully other cautions on the ___ panel,” or its practical equivalent. [A description of the location of the other panel is to be inserted in the blank space.]
(4)
Outer container or wrappings.
All cautionary labeling appearing on the immediate container of a hazardous substance shall also appear on any outer container or wrapping used in the retail display of the substance, in the same manner as required for the immediate container. Those cautionary labeling statements appearing on the immediate container which are clearly legible through any outer container or wrapper used in retail display need not appear on the outer container or wrapping itself. (See section 2(n)(1) of the Act.)
(5)
Placement of the word “Poison” and the skull and crossbones symbol.
The word “poison” and, when appropriate, the skull and crossbones symbol shall appear on the label of a hazardous substance as follows:
(i) If a hazardous substance is “highly toxic,” as defined in § 1500.3(c)(i) and section 2(h)(1) of the FHSA, the label must bear the word “poison” in accordance with section 2(p)(1)(H) of the Act, in addition to the signal word “DANGER,” and must also bear the skull and crossbones symbol. Some products, under § 1500.14(b) of the regulations, may, in addition to any required signal word, be required to bear the word “poison” and the skull and crossbones symbol because of the special hazard associated with their ingredients. In both instances, the word “poison” and the skull and crossbones symbol need not appear on the principal display panel on the container, unless all other cautionary labeling required by the Act appears on the principal display panel. The word “poison” and the skull and crossbones symbol, when required, must appear either together with other cautionary labeling on a display panel other than the principal display panel or together with the signal word and statement(s) of principal hazard on the principal display panel.
(ii) Where, pursuant to a regulation issued under section 3(b) of the Act, the label of a hazardous substance requires the word “poison” instead of a signal word, the word, “POISON” shall appear in capital letters on the principal display panel, together with the statement(s) of the principal hazard. Certain
substances for which the word “poison” is required instead of any signal word are listed in § 1500.129.
(c)
Conspicuousness—type size and style.
To satisfy the requirement that cautionary labeling statements under the Act be conspicuous and legible, such statements shall conform to the following requirements:
(1)
Area of principal display panel.
The area of the principal display panel is the area of the side or surface of the immediate container, or of the side or surface of any outer container or wrapping, that bears the labeling designed to be most prominently displayed, shown, presented, or examined under conditions of retail sale. This area is not limited to the portion of the surface covered with labeling; rather, it includes the entire surface. Flanges at the tops and bottoms of cans, conical shoulders of cans, handles, and shoulders and necks of bottles and jars are excluded in measuring the area. For the purposes of determining the proper type size for cautionary labeling, the area of the principal display panel (or other panel bearing cautionary labeling, under paragraph (c)(2)(ii) of this section) is to be computed as follows:
(i) In the case of a rectangular package, where one entire side is the principal display panel, the product of the height times the width of that side shall be the area of the principal display panel.
(ii) In the case of a cylindrical or nearly cylindrical container or tube on which the principal display panel appears on the side, the area of the principal display panel shall be 40 percent of the product of the height of the container times its circumference.
(iii) In the case of any other shape of container, the area of the principal display panel shall be 40 percent of the total surface of the container, excluding those areas, such as flanges at tops and bottoms, specified in paragraph (c)(1) above. However, if such a container presents an obvious principal display panel (such as an oval or hour-glass shaped area on the side of a container for dishwashing detergent), the area to be measured shall be the entire area of the obvious principal display panel.
(2)
(i) The term
type size
refers to the height of the actual printed image of each upper case or capital letter as it appears on the label. The size of cautionary labeling shall be reasonably related to the type size of any other printing appearing on the same panel, but in any case must meet the minimum size requirements in table 1.
(ii) When an item of labeling is required to be in a specified type size, all upper case, or capital, letters must be at least equal in height to the required type size, and all other letters must be the same style as the upper case or capital letters. Unless otherwise specified in the regulations (examples appear at §§ 1500.14(b)(6), 1512.19, 1508.9, and part 1505), the type size of all cautionary statements appearing on any display panel shall comply with the specifications in table 1 when the area of the display panel is measured by the method in paragraph (c)(1) above:
Table I
> means “greater than.”
* minimum height of printed image of capital or upper case letters.
** including the word “poison” when required instead of a signal word by Section 3(b) of the Act (§ 1500.129).
*** size of lettering for other cautionary material is based on the area of the display panel on which such cautionary material appears.
(iii) If all of the required cautionary labeling does not appear on the principal display panel, the statement to “Read carefully other cautions on the ___ panel,” or its practical equivalent, must appear in, as a minimum, the same type size as that required in table 1 for the other cautionary material which appears elsewhere on the label of a hazardous substance. The size
of the cautionary labeling that does not appear on the principal display panel is determined by the area of the panel on which it does appear.
(3)
Type style—proportion.
The ratio of the height of a capital or uppercase letter to its width shall be such that the height of the letter is no more than 3 times its width.
(4)
Signal word and statements of hazard—capital letters.
The signal word, the word “poison” if required instead of a signal word (see § 1500.129), and the statement of principal hazard or hazards shall be in capital letters.
(5)
Multiple statement of hazard—type size and style.
All statements of principal hazard or hazards on a label shall appear in the same size and style of type, and shall appear in the same color or have the same degree of boldness.
(6)
Accompanying literature containing directions for use.
Where literature accompanying the package of a hazardous substance has directions for use, written or otherwise, section 2(n) of the Act requires the literature to bear cautionary labeling.
(i) All such cautionary labeling shall be in reasonable proximity to any direction for use and shall be placed together within the same general area.
(ii) The type size of such cautionary labeling shall be reasonably related to the type size of any other printed matter in the accompanying literature and must be in conspicuous and legible type by typography, layout, or color with other printed matter on the label. The signal word and statement of principal hazard or hazards shall appear in capital letters.
(d)
Conspicuousness—contrast.
To satisfy the requirement that cautionary labeling statements appear in conspicuous and legible type which is in contrast by typography, layout, or color with the other printed matter on the label, such statements shall conform to the following requirements:
(1)
Color.
Where color is the primary method used to achieve appropriate contrast, the color of any cautionary labeling statement shall be in sharp contrast with the color of the background upon which such a statement appears. Examples of combinations of colors which may not satisfy the requirement for sharp contrast are: black letters on a dark blue or dark green background, dark red letters on a light red background, light red letters on a reflective silver background, and white letters on a light gray or tan background.
(2)
Interference with conspicuousness—labeling design, vignettes, or other printed material.
For cautionary information appearing on panels other than the principal display panel, the label design, the use of vignettes, or the proximity of other labeling or lettering shall not be such that any cautionary labeling statement is obscured or rendered inconspicuous.
(e)
Collapsible metal tubes.
Collapsible metal tubes containing hazardous substances shall be labeled so that all cautionary labeling required by the Act appears as close to the dispensing end of the container as possible. The placement and conspicuousness of these statements shall conform to the provisions of paragraphs (b), (c), and (d) of this section.
(f)
Unpackaged hazardous substances.
Where practicable, unpackaged hazardous substances intended, or distributed in a form suitable, for use in or around a household or by children shall be labeled so that all items of information required by the Act appear upon the article itself. In instances where this is impracticable (for example, because of the size or nature of the article), the required cautionary labeling must be displayed by means of a tag or other suitable material that is no less than five square inches in area and is securely affixed to the article so that the labeling will remain attached throughout conditions of merchandising and distribution to the ultimate consumer. The placement and conspicuousness of all cautionary labeling appearing on such a tag or material, or on an unpackaged article, shall conform to the provisions of paragraphs (b), (c), and (d) of this section. For the purposes of determining the proper type size to use on a tag or other material, the area of one side of the tag or other material shall be the area of the principal display panel.
(g)
Exemptions.
All requirements of the Act are satisfied by compliance
with this § 1500.121. However, exemptions can be granted under section 3(c) of the Act and § 1500.83, or under the provisions of another statute should this section be incorporated in regulations under another statute. Section 1500.82 contains the requirements for exemption requests under the Federal Hazardous Substances Act.
(h)
Effective date.
The provisions of this rule apply to hazardous substances bearing labels printed after December 30, 1985. Labels printed prior to the effective date of this rule may be applied until not later than December 28, 1987. This rule applies to all hazardous substances to which labels are applied after December 28, 1987.
[49 FR 50383, Dec. 28, 1984]
§ 1500.122
Deceptive use of disclaimers.
A hazardous substance shall not be deemed to have met the requirements of section 2(p) (1) and (2) of the act (repeated in § 1500.3(b)(14) (i) and (ii)) if there appears in or on the label (or in any accompanying literature; words, statements, designs, or other graphic material that in any manner negates or disclaims any of the label statements required by the act; for example, the statement “Harmless” or “Safe around pets” on a toxic or irritant substance.
§ 1500.123
Condensation of label information.
Whenever the statement of the principal hazard or hazards itself provides the precautionary measures to be followed or avoided, a clear statement of the principal hazard will satisfy the requirements of section 2(p)(1) (E) and (F) of the act (repeated in § 1500.3(b)(14)(i) (E) and (F)). When the statement of precautionary measures in effect provides instruction for first-aid treatment, the statement of the precautionary measures will satisfy the requirements of section 2(p)(1) (F) and (G) of the act (repeated in § 1500.3(b)(14)(i) (F) and (G)).
§ 1500.125
Labeling requirements for accompanying literature.
When any accompanying literature includes or bears any directions for use (by printed word, picture, design, or combination thereof), such placard, pamphlet, booklet, book, sign, or other graphic or visual device shall bear all the information required by section 2(p) of the act (repeated in § 1500.3(b)(14)).
§ 1500.126
Substances determined to be “special hazards.”
Whenever the Commission determines that for a particular hazardous substance intended or packaged in a form suitable for use in the household or by children, the requirements of section 2(p) of the act (repeated in § 1500.3(b)(14)) are not adequate for the protection of the public health and safety because of some special hazard, the Commission, by an appropriate order in the
Federal Register,
shall specify such reasonable variations or additional label requirements that it finds are necessary for the protection of the public health and safety. Such order shall specify a date that is not less than 90 days after the order is published (unless emergency conditions stated in the order specify an earlier date) after which any such hazardous substance intended, or packaged in a form suitable, for use in the household or by children that fails to bear a label in accordance with such order shall be deemed to be a misbranded hazardous substance.
§ 1500.127
Substances with multiple hazards.
(a) Any article that presents more than one type of hazard (for example, if the article is both toxic and flammable) must be labeled with: An affirmative statement of each such hazard; the precautionary measures describing the action to be followed or avoided for each such hazard; instructions, when necessary or appropriate, for first-aid treatment of persons suffering from the ill effects that may result from each such hazard; instructions for handling and storage of articles that require special care in handling and storage because of more than one type of hazard presented by the article; and the common or usual name (or the chemical name if there is no common or usual name) for each hazardous component present in the article.
(b) Label information referring to the possibility of one hazard may be combined with parallel information concerning any additional hazards presented by the article if the resulting condensed statement contains all of the information needed for dealing with each type of hazard presented by the article.
[38 FR 27012, Sept. 27, 1973; 38 FR 30105, Nov. 1, 1973]
§ 1500.128
Label comment.
The Commission will offer informal comment on any proposed label and accompanying literature involving a hazardous substance if furnished with:
(a) Complete labeling or proposed labeling, which may be in draft form.
(b) Complete quantitative formula.
(c) Adequate clinical pharmacological, toxicological, physical, and chemical data applicable to the possible hazard of the substance.
(d) Any other information available that would facilitate preparation of a suitable label, such as complaints of injuries resulting from the product's use or other evidence that would furnish human-experience data.
§ 1500.129
Substances named in the Federal Caustic Poison Act.
The Commission finds that for those substances covered by the Federal Caustic Poison Act (44 Stat. 1406), the requirements of section 2(p)(1) of the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (repeated in § 1500.3(b)(14)(i)) are not adequate for the protection of the public health. Labeling for those substances, in the concentrations listed in the Federal Caustic Poison Act, were required to bear the signal word “poison.” The Commission concludes that the lack of the designation “poison” would indicate to the consumer a lesser hazard and that such would not be in the interest of the public health. Under the authority granted in section 3(b) of the act, the Commission therefore finds that for the following substances, and at the following concentrations, the word “poison” is necessary instead of any signal word:
(a) Hydrochloric acid and any preparation containing free or chemically unneutralized hydrochloric acid (HCl) in a concentration of 10 percent or more.
(b) Sulfuric acid and any preparation containing free or chemically unneutralized sulfuric acid (H
2
2
) in a concentration of 20 percent or more.
(h) Hypochlorous acid, either free or combined, and any preparation containing the same in a concentration that will yield 10 percent or more by weight of available chlorine.
(i) Potassium hydroxide and any preparation containing free or chemically unneutralized potassium hydroxide (KOH), including caustic potash and vienna paste (vienna caustic), in a concentration of 10 percent or more.
(j) Sodium hydroxide and any preparation containing free or chemically unneutralized sodium hydroxide (NaOH), including caustic soda and lye in a concentration of 10 percent or more.
(k) Silver nitrate, sometimes known as lunar caustic, and any preparation containing silver nitrate (AgNO
3
) in a concentration of 5 percent or more.
(l) Ammonia water and any preparation containing free or chemically uncombined ammonia (NH
3
), including ammonium hydroxide and “hartshorn,” in a concentration of 5 percent or more.
§ 1500.130
Self-pressurized containers: labeling.
(a) Self-pressurized containers that fail to bear a warning statement adequate for the protection of the public health and safety may be misbranded
under the act, except as otherwise provided pursuant to section 3 of the act.
(b) The following warning statement will be considered as meeting the requirements of section 2(p)(1) of the act (repeated in § 1500.3(b)(14)(i)) if the only hazard associated with an article is that the contents are under pressure:
warning—contents under pressure
Do not puncture or incinerate container. Do not expose to heat or store at temperatures above 120 °F. Keep out of the reach of children.
The word “CAUTION” may be substituted for the word “WARNING”. A practical equivalent may be substituted for the statement “Keep out of the reach of children.”
(c) That portion of the warning statement set forth in paragraph (b) of this section in capital letters should be printed on the main (front) panel of the container in capital letters of the type size specified in § 1500.121(c). The balance of the cautionary statements may appear together on another panel if the front panel also bears a statement such as “Read carefully other cautions on _____ panel.”
(d) If an article has additional hazards, such as skin or eye irritancy, toxicity, or flammability, appropriate additional front and rear panel precautionary labeling is required.
§ 1500.133
Extremely flammable contact adhesives; labeling.
(a) Extremely flammable contact adhesives, also known as contact bonding cements, when distributed in containers intended or suitable for household use may be misbranded under the act if the containers fail to bear a warning statement adequate for the protection of the public health and safety.
(b) The following warning statement is considered as the minimum cautionary labeling adequate to meet the requirements of section 2(p)(1) of the act (repeated in § 1500.3(b)(14)(i)) with respect to containers of more than one-half pint of contact adhesive and similar liquid or semiliquid articles having a flashpoint at or below 20 °F. as determined by the method in § 1500.43, when the only hazard foreseeable is that caused by the extreme flammability of the mixture:
Danger
Prevent buildup of vapors—open all windows and doors—use only with cross-ventilation.
Keep away from heat, sparks, and open flame.
Do not smoke, extinguish all flames and pilot lights, and turn off stoves, heaters, electric motors, and other sources of ignition during use and until all vapors are gone.
Close container after use.
Keep out of the reach of children.
(c) The words that are in capital letters in the warning statement set forth in paragraph (b) of this section should be printed on the main (front) panel or panels of the container in capital letters of the type size specified in § 1500.121(c). The balance of the cautionary information may appear together on another panel provided the front panel bears a statement such as “Read carefully other cautions on ___ panel,” the blank being filled in with the identification of the specific label panel bearing the balance of the cautionary labeling. It is recommended that a borderline be used in conjunction with the cautionary labeling.
(d) If an article has additional hazards, or contains ingredients listed in § 1500.14 as requiring special labeling, appropriate additional front and rear panel precautionary labeling is required.
(e) Since the Commission has issued a regulation banning under the Consumer Product Safety Act extremely flammable contact adhesives covered by this labeling regulation (sec. 16 CFR part 1302), paragraphs (a), (b), (c) and (d) of this section are revoked as to the subject products after June 13, 1978.
[38 FR 27012, Sept. 27, 1973, as amended at 42 FR 63742, Dec. 19, 1977]
§ 1500.134
Policy on first aid labeling for saline emesis.
(a) This section states the Consumer Product Safety Commission's policy concerning first aid instructions for the use of a salt solution to induce
vomiting (saline emesis) in the event of ingestion of hazardous substances.
(b) In many cases where hazardous substances are ingested, the recommended first aid instructions for inducing vomiting have contained a statement that this should be accomplished by drinking a solution of salt (sodium chloride) in warm water. At one time, this direction was considered medically acceptable. However, the Commission has obtained information showing that the instruction to perform saline emesis is no longer appropriate. This is because the use of salt to induce vomiting can cause severe hypernatremia (salt poisoning) with potentially toxic effects, particularly in children 5 years old or younger, the age group most often involved in accidental poisonings. In view of the availability of safer and more effective emetics such as ipecac syrup, the Commission no longer recommends a direction to perform saline emesis as a first aid direction for inducing vomiting.
(c) The Commission believes that, for products for which directions for saline emesis have been given in the past, ipecac syrup, U.S.P., is the most appropriate emetic, unless a particular contraindication exists in connection with any particular hazardous substance.
(d) The Commission wishes to emphasize that this policy does not require that any specific first aid instruction or wording be used. Where appropriate, the label may include directions (1) that the victim immediately contact a doctor or poison control center and/or (2) that vomiting be induced using methods other than salt. It is, of course, the manufacturer's responsibility to insure that the label provides enough information in addition to first aid instructions to fulfill all other labeling required by statute or regulation.
(Sec. 30(a), 86 Stat. 1231 (15 U.S.C. 2079(a)))
[43 FR 33704, Aug. 1, 1978]
§ 1500.135
Summary of guidelines for determining chronic toxicity.
A substance may be toxic due to a risk of a chronic hazard. (A regulatory definition of “toxic” that pertains to chronic toxicity may be found at 16 CFR 1500.3(c)(2).) The following discussions are intended to help clarify the complex issues involved in assessing risk from substances that may potentially cause chronic hazards and, where possible, to describe conditions under which substances should be considered toxic due to a risk of the specified chronic hazards. The guidelines are not intended to be a static classification system, but should be considered along with available data and with expert judgment. They are not mandatory. Rather, the guidelines are intended as an aid to manufacturers in determining whether a product subject to the FHSA presents a chronic hazard. All default assumptions contained in the guidelines on hazard and risk determination are subject to replacement when alternatives which are supported by appropriate data become available. The following are brief summaries of more extensive discussions contained in the guidelines. Thus, the guidelines should be consulted in conjunction with these summaries. Copies of the guidelines may be obtained from the Office of Compliance and Enforcement, Consumer Product Safety Commission, Washington, DC 20207. (In addition to the chronic hazards discussed below, issues relating to the chronic hazard of sensitization are discussed in 16 CFR 1500.3(c)(5).)
(a)
Carcinogenicity.
Substances are toxic by reason of their potential carcinogenicity in humans when they are known or probable human carcinogenic substances as defined below. Substances that are possible human carcinogenic substances or for which there is no evidence of carcinogenic effect under the following categories lack sufficient evidence to be considered toxic by virtue of their potential carcinogenicity.
(1)
Known Human carcinogenic Substances (“sufficient evidence” in humans).
Substances are toxic by reason of their carcinogenicity when they meet the “sufficient evidence” criteria of carcinogenicity from studies in humans, which require that a causal relationship between exposure to an agent and cancer be established. This category is similar to the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Group A, the International Agency for Research on Cancer's (IARC) Group 1, or the
American National Standards Institute's (ANSI) Category 1. A causal relationship is established if one or more epidemiological investigations that meet the following criteria show an association between cancer and exposure to the agent.
(i) No identified bias that can account for the observed association has been found on evaluation of the evidence.
(ii) All possible confounding factors which could account for the observed association can be ruled out with reasonable confidence.
(iii) Based on statistical analysis, the association has been shown unlikely to be due to chance.
(2)
Probable Human Carcinogenic Substances.
Substances are also toxic by reason of their probable carcinogenicity when they meet the “limited evidence” criteria of carcinogenicity in humans or the “sufficient evidence” criteria of carcinogenicity in animals described below. This category is similar to EPA's Group B, IARC's Group 2, or ANSI's Categories 2 and 3. Evidence derived from animal studies that has been shown not to be relevant to humans is not included. For example, such evidence would result when there was an identified mechanism of action for a chemical that causes cancer in animals that has been shown not to apply to the human situation. It is reasonable, for practical purposes, to regard an agent for which there is “sufficient” evidence of carcinogenicity in animals as if it presented a carcinogenic risk to humans.
(i)
“Limited evidence” of carcinogenicity in humans.
The evidence is considered limited for establishing a causal relationship between exposure to the agent and cancer when a causal interpretation is credible, but chance, bias, or other confounding factors could not be ruled out with reasonable confidence.
(ii)
“Sufficient evidence” of carcinogenicity in animals.
Sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity requires that the substance has been tested in well-designed and -conducted studies (e.g., as conducted by National Toxicology Program (NTP), or consistent with the Office of Science Technology Assessment and Policy (OSTP) guidelines) and has been found to elicit a statistically significant (p <0.05) exposure-related increase in the incidence of malignant tumors, combined malignant and benign tumors, or benign tumors if there is an indication of the ability of such benign tumors to progress to malignancy:
(A) In one or both sexes of multiple species, strains, or sites of independent origin; or experiments using different routes of administration or dose levels; or
(B) To an unusual degree in a single experiment (one species/strain/sex) with regard to unusual tumor type, unusual tumor site, or early age at onset of the tumor.
The presence of positive effects in short-term tests, dose-response effects data, or structure-activity relationship are considered additional evidence.
(3)
Possible Human Carcinogenic Substance (“limited evidence” animal carcinogen).
In the absence of “sufficient” or “limited” human data, agents with “limited” evidence of carcinogenicity from animal studies fall into this category. Such substances, and those that do not fall into any other group, are not considered “toxic.” This does not imply that the substances are or are not carcinogens, only that the evidence is too uncertain to provide for a determination. This category is similar to EPA's Group C, IARC's Group 3, or ANSI's category 4.
(b)
Neurotoxicity.
Substances are toxic by reason of their potential neurotoxicity in humans when they meet the “sufficient evidence” or “limited evidence” criteria of neurotoxicity in humans, or when they meet the “sufficient evidence” criteria of neurotoxicity in animals.
(1)
Known Neurotoxic Substances (“sufficient evidence in humans”).
Substances are toxic by reason of their neurotoxicity and are considered “known neurotoxic substances” when they meet the “sufficient evidence” criteria of neurotoxicity derived from studies in humans which require that a causal association between exposure to an agent and neurotoxicity be established with a reasonable degree of certainty. Substances in this category meet the definition of “neurotoxic” as stated above. “Sufficient evidence,”
derived from human studies, for a causal association between exposure to a chemical and neurotoxicity is considered to exist if the studies meet the following criteria.
(i) A consistent pattern of neurological dysfunction is observed.
(ii) The adverse effects/lesions account for the neurobehavioral dysfunction with reasonable certainty.
(iii) All identifiable bias and confounding factors are reasonably discounted after consideration.
(iv) The association has been shown unlikely to be due to chance, based on statistical analysis.
(2)
Probable Neurotoxic Substances.
Substances are also toxic by reason of their probable neurotoxicity when they meet the “limited evidence” criteria of neurotoxicity in humans, or the “sufficient evidence” criteria derived from animal studies. Evidence derived from animal studies that has been shown not to be relevant to humans is not included. Such evidence would result, for example, when there was an identified mechanism of action for a chemical that causes neurotoxicity in animals that has been shown not to apply to the human situation.
(i)
“Limited evidence” of neurotoxicity in humans.
The evidence derived from human studies is considered limited for neurotoxicity when the evidence is less than convincing, i.e., one of the criteria of “sufficient evidence” of neurotoxicity for establishing a causal association between exposure to the agent and neurotoxicity is not met, leaving some uncertainties in establishing a causal association.
(ii)
“Sufficient evidence” of neurotoxicity in animals.
Sufficient evidence of neurotoxicity derived from animal studies for a causal association between exposure to a chemical and neurotoxicity requires that:
(A) The substance has been tested in well-designed and -conducted studies (e.g., NTP's neurobehavioral battery, or conforming to EPA's neurotoxicity test guidelines); and
(B) The substance has been found to elicit a statistically significant (p <0.05) increase in any neurotoxic effect in one or both sexes of multiple species, strains, or experiments using different routes of administration and dose-levels.
(3)
Possible Neurotoxic Substances.
“Possible neurotoxic substances” are the substances which meet the “limited evidence” criteria of neurotoxicity evidence derived from animal studies in the absence of human data, or in the presence of inadequate human data, or data which do not fall into any other group. Substances in this category are not considered “toxic.”
(c)
Definitions of “Sufficient” and “Limited” Evidence.
The following definitions apply to all categories stated below.
(i) “Sufficient evidence” from human studies for a causal association between human exposure and the subsequent occurrence of developmental or reproductive toxicity is considered to exist if the studies meet the following criteria:
(A) No identified bias that can account for the observed association has been found on evaluation of the evidence.
(B) All possible confounding factors which could account for the observed association can be ruled out with reasonable confidence.
(C) Based on statistical analysis, the association has been shown unlikely to be due to chance.
(ii) “Limited evidence” from human studies exists when the human epidemiology meets all but one of the criteria for “sufficient evidence”; i.e., the statistical evidence is borderline as opposed to clear-cut, there is a source of bias, or there are confounding factors that have not been and cannot be accounted for.
(iii) “Sufficient evidence” from animal studies exists when
(A) Obtained from a good quality animal study; and
(B) The substance has been found to elicit a statistically significant (p<0.05) treatment-related increase in multiple endpoints in a single species/strain, or in the incidence of a single endpoint at multiple dose levels or with multiple routes of administration in a single species/strain, or increase in the incidence of a single endpoint in multiple species/strains/ experiments.
(iv) “Limited evidence” from animal studies exists when:
(A) Obtained from a good quality study and there is a statistically significant (p<0.05) treatment-related increase in the incidence of a single endpoint in a single species/strain/experiment at a single dose level administered through only one route and such evidence otherwise does not meet the criteria for “sufficient evidence”; or
(B) The evidence is derived from studies which can be interpreted to show positive effects but have some qualitative or quantitative limitations with respect to experimental procedures (e.g., doses, exposure, follow-up, number of animals/group, reporting of the data, etc.) which would prevent classification of the evidence in the group of “sufficient evidence.”
(2)
Developmental Toxicants.
Substances are toxic by reason of their potential developmental or reproductive toxicity when they meet the “sufficient evidence” or “limited evidence” criteria of developmental or reproductive toxicity in humans, or when they meet the “sufficient evidence” criteria of developmental or reproductive toxicity in animals. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Economic Community (EEC) have developed categories for teratogens but not other developmental toxicants. The teratogen guidelines limit the information only to structural birth defects and do not include other hazards of developmental toxicity such as embryonal death, fetal death, or functional deficiencies which are also important in assessing the overall toxicity of a substance when administered during pregnancy. Recently, EPA has proposed a system for classifying developmental toxicity. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has not yet developed any classification for developmental toxicity. The commission has established the following categories for determination of developmental toxicity according to the available evidence.
(i)
Known Human Developmental Toxicant (“sufficient evidence in humans”).
A substance is considered a “known human developmental toxicant” if there is “sufficient” human evidence to establish a causal association between human exposure and the subsequent occurrence of developmental toxicity manifested by death of the conceptus (embryo or fetus), or structural or functional birth defects. This category (Human Developmental Toxicant) is comparable to category 1 of the EEC and categories D and X of FDA, except that these guidelines are limited to teratogens. This category is also comparable to the category “definitive evidence for human developmental toxicity” proposed by EPA.
(ii)
Probable Human Developmental Toxicant.
A substance is considered a “probable human developmental toxicant” if there is “limited” human evidence or “sufficient” animal evidence to establish a causal association between human exposure and subsequent occurrence of developmental toxicity. This group (Probable Human Developmental Toxicant) is comparable to the category “adequate evidence for human developmental toxicity” proposed by EPA. This category is also comparable to category 2 of the EEC and category A1 of FDA, except that these guidelines are limited to teratogens.
(iii)
Possible Human Developmental Toxicant.
A substance is considered a “possible human developmental toxicant” if there is “limited” animal evidence, in the absence of human data, or in the presence of inadequate human data, or which does not fall into any other group, to establish a causal association between human exposure and subsequent occurrence of developmental toxicity. EEC, FDA, and EPA have not developed a category comparable to this group. The Commission believes that data from well planned animal studies are important to consider even though they may provide only limited evidence of developmental toxicity.
(3)
Male Reproductive Toxicants.
Male reproductive toxicants can be grouped into the following different categories based on evidence obtained from human or animal studies.
(i)
Known Human Male Reproductive Toxicant.
A substance is considered a “known human male reproductive toxicant” if there is “sufficient” human evidence to establish a causal association between human exposure and the
adverse effects on male reproductive main endpoints which are mating ability, fertility, and prenatal and postnatal development of the conceptus. This category is comparable to the one termed “Known Positive” in the EPA guidelines on male reproductive risk assessment.
(ii)
Probable Human Male Reproductive Toxicant.
A substance is considered a “probable human male reproductive toxicant” if there is “limited” human evidence or “sufficient” animal evidence to establish a causal association between human exposure and the adverse effects on male reproductive main endpoints. This category is comparable to the one termed “Probable Positive” in the EPA guidelines on male reproductive risk assessment. However, the EPA category is based only on sufficient animal evidence. CPSC believes that limited human evidence is also sufficient for a chemical to be placed in this category.
(iii)
Possible Human Male Reproductive Toxicant.
A substance is considered a “possible human male reproductive toxicant” if there is limited animal evidence, in the absence of human data, or in the presence of inadequate human data, or which does not fall into any other group, to establish a causal association between human exposure and adverse effects on male reproductive main endpoints. This category is comparable to the one termed “Possible Positive A” in the EPA guidelines on male reproductive risk assessment. EPA proposes to use either limited human or limited animal evidence data to classify a toxicant as a “Possible Positive A” toxicant. As described above, CPSC would elevate limited human evidence to the category “Probable Human Male Reproductive Toxicant.”
(4)
Female Reproductive Toxicants.
Female reproductive toxicants can be grouped into the following different categories based on evidence obtained from human or animal studies. EPA has proposed guidelines for assessing female reproductive risk but has not yet proposed a specific system for categorization of female reproductive toxicants.
(i)
Known Human Female Reproductive Toxicant.
A substance is considered a “known human female reproductive toxicant” if there is “sufficient” human evidence to establish a causal association between human exposure and adverse effects on female reproductive function such as mating ability, fertility, and prenatal and postnatal development of the conceptus.
(ii)
Probable Human Female Reproductive Toxicant.
A substance is considered a “probable human female reproductive toxicant” if there is “limited” human evidence or “sufficient” animal evidence to establish a causal association between human exposure and adverse effects on female reproductive function.
(iii)
Possible Human Female Reproductive Toxicant.
A substance is considered a “possible human female reproductive toxicant” if there is “limited” animal evidence, in the absence of human data, or in the presence of inadequate human data, or which does not fall into any other group, to establish a causal association between human exposure and adverse effects on female reproductive function.
(d)
Other Subjects Related to the Determination that a Substance is Toxic.
Under the FHSA, for a toxic substance to be considered hazardous, it must not only have the potential to be hazardous but there must also be the potential that persons are exposed to the substance, that the substance can enter the body, and that there is a significant risk of an adverse health effect associated with the customary handling and use of the substance. Under these guidelines, existence of an adverse health effect means that such exposure is above the “acceptable daily intake” (“ADI”). The ADI is based on the risks posed by the substance, and whether they are acceptable under the FHSA. This section addresses those issues by providing guidelines concerning assessment of exposure, assessment of bioavailability, determination of acceptable risks and the ADI to children and adults, and assessment of risk.
(1)
Assessment of Exposure.
An exposure assessment may comprise a single exposure scenario or a distribution of exposures. Reasonably foreseeable use, as well as accidental exposure, should be taken into consideration when designing exposure studies. The following
guidelines should be used in the assessment of exposure.
(i)
Inhalation.
Inhalation studies to assess exposure should be reliable studies using direct monitoring of populations, predictions of exposure through modeling, or surrogate data.
(A)
Direct Monitoring.
Populations to be monitored should be selected randomly to be representative of the general population, unless the exposure of a particular subset population is the desired goal of the assessment. The monitoring technique should be appropriate for the health effect of interest.
(B)
Modeling.
Predictions of exposure to a chemical using mathematical models can be based on physical and chemical principles, such as mass balance principles. Mass balance models should consider the source strength of the product of interest, housing characteristics, and ambient conditions likely to be encountered by the studied population.
(C)
Surrogate Data.
Surrogate data should only be used when data concerning the chemical of interest are sparse or unavailable and when there is a reasonable assurance that the surrogate data will accurately represent the chemical of interest.
(ii)
Oral Ingestion.
Oral ingestion studies may involve direct monitoring of sources of chemicals as well as laboratory simulations. The estimation of exposure from ingestion of chemicals present in consumer products is predicted based upon estimates of use of the product and absorption of the chemical from the gastrointestinal tract. The following criteria should be established for laboratory simulations to estimate exposure:
(A) A simulant or range of simulants should be carefully selected to mimic the possible range of conditions which occur in humans, such as full and empty stomachs, or various saliva compositions at different times of the day.
(B) The mechanical action to which a product is submitted must be chosen to represent some range of realistic conditions to which a human may subject the product.
(iii)
Dermal Exposure.
(A) Dermal exposure involves estimating the amount of substance contacting the skin. This may involve experiments measuring the amount of material leached from a product contacting a liquid layer which interfaces with the skin, or the amount of substance which migrates from a product (in solid or liquid form) which is in contact with the skin.
(B) Parameters to be considered include: Surface area of the skin contacted, duration of contact, frequency of contact, and thickness of a liquid interfacial layer.
(2)
Assessment of Bioavailability.
(i) The need to consider bioavailability in estimating the risk from use of a product containing a toxic substance only arises when it is anticipated that the absorption characteristics of a substance to which there is human exposure will differ from those characteristics for the substance tested in the studies used to define the dose-response relationship.
(ii) In determining the need to assess bioavailability, the factors to be examined include:
(A) The physical or chemical form of the substance,
(B) The route of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or through the skin),
(C) The presence of other constituents in the product which interfere with or alter absorption of the toxic substance, and
(D) Dose.
(3)
Assessment of Risk.
This section on quantitative risk assessment applies to estimates of risk for substances that are toxic by reason of their carcinogenicity.
(i) Generally, the study leading to the highest risk should be used in the risk assessment; however, other factors may influence the choice of study.
(ii) Risk should be based on the maximum likelihood estimate from a multistage model (such as Global83 or later version) unless the maximum likelihood estimate is not linear at low dose, in which case the 95% upper confidence limit on risk should be used.
(iii) For systemic carcinogens, if estimates of human risk are made based on animal data, a factor derived from dividing the assumed human weight (70 kg) by the average animal weight during the study and taking that to the
1/3
power should be used. There is the possibility that this factor may be
changed, using the
power instead of the
1/3
power, as part of a unified Federal regulatory approach. If such an approach is adopted, it will apply here.
(iv) When dose is expressed as parts per million, and the carcinogen acts at the site of contact, humans and animals exposed to the same amount for the same proportion of lifetime should be assumed to be equally sensitive.
(v) If no experimental study having the same route of exposure as that anticipated for human use of a substance is available, a study by another route of exposure may be used. Pharmacokinetic methods may be used if sufficient data are available.
(vi) When exposure scenarios are different from those used in the underlying study upon which estimates of risk are based, proportionality should be applied. If pharmacokinetic methods are used to adjust for risks at high versus low exposure levels, level-time measures should not be combined without taking the non-linearity into account.
(4)
—(i)
ADI for Carcinogens.
The maximum acceptable daily intake (“ADI”) is that exposure of a toxic (by virtue of its carcinogenicity) substance that is estimated to lead to a lifetime excess risk of one in a million. Exposure refers to the anticipated exposure from normal lifetime use of the product, including use as a child as well as use as an adult.
(ii)
ADI for Neurotoxicological and Developmental/Reproductive Agents.
Due to the difficulties in using a numerical risk assessment method to determine risk for neurotoxicological or developmental/reproductive toxicants, the Commission is using a safety factor approach, as explained below.
(A)
Human Data.
If the hazard is ascertained from human data, a safety factor of ten will be applied to the lowest No Observed Effect Level (“NOEL”) seen among the relevant studies. If no NOEL can be determined, a safety factor of 100 will be applied to the Lowest Observed Effect Level (“LOEL”). Both the NOEL and LOEL are defined in terms of daily dose level.
(B)
Animal Data.
If the hazard is ascertained from animal data, a safety factor of one hundred will be applied to the lowest NOEL. If no NOEL can be determined, a safety factor of one thousand will be applied to the lowest LOEL. Both the NOEL and LOEL are defined in terms of daily dose level.
[57 FR 46665, Oct. 9, 1992]
§ 1500.210
Responsibility.
The provisions of these regulations (16 CFR subchapter C of chapter II) with respect to the doing of any act shall be applicable also to the causing of such act to be done.
§ 1500.211
Guaranty.
In the case of the giving of a guaranty or undertaking referred to in section 5(b)(2) of the act, each person signing such guaranty or undertaking, or causing it to be signed, shall be considered to have given it. Each person causing a guaranty or undertaking to be false is chargeable with violations of section 4(d) of the act.
§ 1500.212
Definition of guaranty; suggested forms.
(a) A guaranty or undertaking referred to in section 5(b)(2) of the act may be:
(1) Limited to a specific shipment or other delivery of an article, in which case it may be a part of or attached to the invoice or bill of sale covering such shipment of delivery; or
(2) General and continuing, in which case, in its application to any shipment or other delivery of an article, it shall be considered to have been given at the date such article was shipped or delivered, or caused to be shipped or delivered, by the person who gives the guaranty of undertaking.
(b) The following are suggested forms of guaranty or undertaking referred to in section 5(b)(2) of the act. (1)
Limited form for use on invoice or bill of sale.
(Name of person giving the guaranty or undertaking)
hereby guarantees that no article listed herein is misbranded within the meaning of the Federal Hazardous Substances Act.
(Signature and post-office address of person giving the guaranty or undertaking)
(2)
The article comprising each shipment or other delivery hereafter made by _____
(Name of person giving the guaranty or undertaking)
to, or on the order of __________
(Name and post-office address of person to whom the guaranty or undertaking is given)
is hereby guaranteed, as of the date of such shipment or delivery, to be, on such date, not misbranded within the meaning of the Federal Hazardous Substances Act.
(Signature and post-office address of person giving the guaranty or undertaking)
(c) The application of a guaranty or undertaking referred to in section 5(b)(2) of the act to any shipment or other delivery of an article shall expire when such article, after shipment or delivery by the person who gave such guaranty or undertaking, becomes misbranded within the meaning of the act.
§ 1500.213
Presentation of views under section 7 of the act.
(a) Presentation of views under section 7 of the act shall be private and informal. The views presented shall be confined to matters relevant to the contemplated proceeding. Such views may be presented by letter or in person by the person to whom the notice was given, or by his representative. In case such person holds a guaranty or undertaking referred to in section 5(b)(2) of the act applicable to the article on which such notice was based, such guaranty or undertaking, or a verified copy thereof, shall be made a part of such presentation of views.
(b) Upon request, reasonably made, by the person to whom a notice appointing a time and place for the presentation of views under section 7 of the act has been given, or by his representative, such time or place, or both such time and place, may be changed if the request states reasonable grounds therefor. Such request shall be addressed to the office of the Consumer Product Safety Commission that issued the notice.
§ 1500.214
Examinations and investigations; samples.
When any officer or employee of the Commission collects a sample of a hazardous substance for analysis under the act, the sample shall be designated as an official sample if records or other evidence is obtained by him or any other officer or employee of the Commission indicating that the shipment or other lot of the article from which such sample was collected was introduced or delivered for introduction into interstate commerce, or was in or was received in interstate commerce, or was manufactured within a Territory not organized with a legislative body. Only samples so designated by an officer or employee of the Commission shall be considered to be official samples:
(a) For the purpose of determining whether or not a sample is collected for analysis, the term “analysis” includes examinations and tests.
(b) The owner of a hazardous substance of which an official sample is collected is the person who owns the shipment or other lot of the article from which the sample is collected.
§ 1500.230
Guidance for lead (Pb) in consumer products.
(a)
Summary.
(1) The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission issues this guidance to manufacturers, importers, distributors, and retailers to protect children from hazardous exposure to lead in consumer products.
1
The Commission identifies the major factors that it considers when evaluating products that contain lead, and informs the public of its experience with products that have exposed children to potentially hazardous amounts of lead.
1
This guidance is not a rule. It is intended to highlight certain obligations under the Federal Hazardous Substances Act. Companies should read that Act and the accompanying regulations in this part for more detailed information.
(2) To reduce the risk of hazardous exposure to lead, the Commission requests manufacturers to eliminate the use of lead that may be accessible to children from products used in or around households, schools, or in recreation. The Commission also recommends that, before purchasing products for resale, importers, distributors, and retailers obtain assurances from manufacturers that those products do not contain lead that may be accessible to children.
(b)
Hazard.
Young children are most commonly exposed to lead in consumer products from the direct mouthing of objects, or from handling such objects and subsequent hand-to-mouth activity. The specific type and frequency of
behavior that a child exposed to a product will exhibit depends on the age of the child and the characteristics and pattern of use of the product. The adverse health effects of lead poisoning in children are well-documented and may have long-lasting or permanent consequences. These effects include neurological damage, delayed mental and physical development, attention and learning deficiencies, and hearing problems. Because lead accumulates in the body, even exposures to small amounts of lead can contribute to the overall level of lead in the blood and to the subsequent risk of adverse health effects. Therefore, any unnecessary exposure of children to lead should be avoided. The scientific community generally recognizes a level of 10 micrograms of lead per deciliter of blood as a threshold level of concern with respect to lead poisoning. To avoid exceeding that level, young children should not chronically ingest more than 15 micrograms of lead per day from consumer products.
(c)
Guidance.
(1) Under the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (FHSA), 15 U.S.C. 1261(f)(1), household products that expose children to hazardous quantities of lead under reasonably foreseeable conditions of handling or use are “hazardous substances.” A household product that is not intended for children but which creates such a risk of injury because it contains lead requires precautionary labeling under the Act. 15 U.S.C. 1261(p). A toy or other article intended for use by children which contains a hazardous amount of lead that is accessible for children to ingest is a banned hazardous substance. 15 U.S.C. 1261(q)(1)(B). In evaluating the potential hazard associated with products that contain lead, the Commission staff considers these major factors on a case-by-case basis: the total amount of lead contained in a product, the bioavailability of the lead, the accessibility of the lead to children, the age and foreseeable behavior of the children exposed to the product, the foreseeable duration of the exposure, and the marketing, patterns of use, and life cycle of the product.
(2) Paint and similar surface coatings containing lead have historically been the most commonly-recognized sources of lead poisoning among the products within the Commission's jurisdiction. The Commission has, by regulation, banned paint and other similar surface coatings that contain more than 0.06% lead (“lead-containing paint”), toys and other articles intended for use by children that bear lead-containing paint, and furniture articles for consumer use that bear lead-containing paint. 16 CFR Part 1303. In recent years, however, the Commission staff has identified a number of disparate products—some intended for use by children and others simply used in or around the household or in recreation—that presented a risk of lead poisoning from sources other than paint. These products included vinyl miniblinds, crayons, figurines used as game pieces, and children's jewelry.
(3) In several of these cases, the staff's determination that the products presented a risk of lead poisoning resulted in recalls or in the replacement of those products with substitutes, in addition to an agreement to discontinue the use of lead in future production. The Commission believes that, had the manufacturers of these lead-containing products acted with prudence and foresight before introducing the products into commerce, they would not have used lead at all. This in turn would have eliminated both the risk to young children and the costs and other consequences associated with the corrective actions.
(4) The Commission urges manufacturers to eliminate lead in consumer products to avoid similar occurrences in the future. However, to avoid the possibility of a Commission enforcement action, a manufacturer who believes it necessary to use lead in a consumer product should perform the requisite analysis before distribution to determine whether the exposure to lead causes the product to be a “hazardous substance.” If the product is a hazardous substance and is also a children's product, it is banned. If it is a hazardous household substance but is not intended for use by children, it requires precautionary labeling. This same type of analysis also should be performed on materials substituted for lead.
(5) The Commission also notes that, under the FHSA, any firm that purchases a product for resale is responsible for determining whether that product contains lead and, if so, whether it is a “hazardous substance.” The Commission, therefore, recommends that, prior to the acquisition or distribution of such products, importers, distributors, and retailers obtain information and data, such as analyses of chemical composition or accessibility, relevant to this determination from manufacturers, or have such evaluations conducted themselves.
[63 FR 70649, Dec. 22, 1998]
§ 1500.231
Guidance for hazardous liquid chemicals in children's products.
(a)
Summary.
The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission issues this guidance to manufacturers, importers, distributors, and retailers to protect children from exposure to hazardous chemicals found in liquid-filled children's products, such as rolling balls, bubble watches, necklaces, pens, paperweights, keychains, liquid timers, and mazes.
1
The Commission identifies the major factors that it considers when evaluating liquid-filled children's products that contain hazardous chemicals, and informs the public of its experience with exposure to these hazardous chemicals to children. To reduce the risk of exposure to hazardous chemicals, such as mercury, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, methanol, methylene chloride, petroleum distillates, toluene, xylene, and related chemicals, the Commission requests manufacturers to eliminate the use of such chemicals in children's products. The Commission also recommends that, before purchasing products for resale, importers, distributors, and retailers obtain assurances from manufacturers that liquid-filled children's products do not contain hazardous liquid chemicals.
1
This guidance is not a rule. It is intended to highlight certain obligations under the Federal Hazardous Substances Act. Companies should read that Act and the accompanying regulations in this part for more detailed information.
(b)
Hazard.
During reasonably foreseeable handling or use of liquid-filled children's products, hazardous chemicals may become accessible to young children in a manner that places children at risk. Young children are exposed to the chemicals from directly mouthing them or from handling such objects and subsequent hand-to-mouth or hand-to-eye activity. The specific type and frequency of behavior that a child exposed to a product will exhibit depends on the age of the child and the characteristics and pattern of use of the product. The adverse health effects of these chemicals to children include chemical poisoning from ingestion of the chemicals, pneumonia from aspiration of the chemicals into the lungs, and skin and eye irritation from exposure to the chemicals. The chemicals may also be combustible.
(c)
Guidance.
(1) Under the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (FHSA), products that are toxic or irritants and that may cause substantial injury or illness under reasonably foreseeable conditions of handling or use, including reasonably foreseeable ingestion by children, are “hazardous substances.” 15 U.S.C. 1261(f)(1). A product that is not intended for children, but that creates a risk of substantial injury or illness because it contains hazardous chemicals, requires precautionary labeling under the Act. 15 U.S.C. 1261(p). A toy or other article intended for use by children that contains an accessible and harmful amount of a hazardous chemical is banned. 15 U.S.C. 1261(q)(1)(A). In evaluating the potential hazard associated with children's products that contain hazardous chemicals, the Commission's staff considers certain factors on a case-by-case basis, including: the total amount of the hazardous chemical in a product, the accessibility of the hazardous chemicals to children, the risk presented by that accessibility, the age and foreseeable behavior of the children exposed to the product, and the marketing, patterns of use, and life cycle of the product.
(2) The Commission's staff has identified a number of liquid-filled children's products, such as rolling balls, bubble watches, necklaces, pens, paperweights, maze toys, liquid timers, and keychains, that contain hazardous chemicals. In several of these cases,
the staff determined that these products violated the FHSA because they presented a risk of chemical poisoning and/or chemical pneumonia from aspiration. This determination resulted in recalls or in the replacement of those products with substitutes, as well as in agreements with the manufacturers to discontinue the use of hazardous chemicals in liquid-filled children's products in future production. The Commission believes that these hazardous substances pose a risk to young children and, consequently, manufacturers should not have included them in the product design or manufacturing process.
(3) Therefore, the Commission considers the use of hazardous chemicals in children's products such as those described above to be ill-advised and encourages manufacturers to avoid using them in such products. Further, the Commission recommends that, before purchasing such products for resale, importers, distributors, and retailers obtain assurances from the manufacturers that liquid-filled children's products do not contain hazardous liquid chemicals.
[63 FR 70648, Dec. 22, 1998]
Imports
Size requirements and test procedure.
1501.5
Enforcement procedure.
Authority:
Secs. 2(f)(1)(D), (q)(1)(A), (s), 3(e)(1), and 10; 74 Stat. 372, 374, 375 as amended; 80 Stat. 1304-05, 83 Stat. 187-89 (15 U.S.C. 1261, 1262, 1269).
Source:
44 FR 34903, June 15, 1979, unless otherwise noted.
§ 1501.1
Purpose.
Section 1500.18(a)(9) of this chapter classifies as a banned hazardous substance any toy or other article intended for use by children under 3 years of age that presents a choking, aspiration, or ingestion hazard because of small parts. This part 1501 describes certain articles that are subject to § 1500.18(a)(9); lists certain articles that are specifically exempted; and provides a test method for determining whether an article is hazardous to children under 3 because it, or one of its components that can be detached or broken off during normal or reasonable foreseeable use, is too small.
§ 1501.2
Scope.
(a) This regulation (§ 1500.18(a)(9) and the criteria described in § 1501.4 below) applies to all toys and other articles intended for use by children under 3 years (36 months) of age that are introduced into interstate commerce after the effective date. Such articles include, but are not to limited to: squeeze toys; teethers; crib exercisers; crib gyms; crib mobiles; other toys or articles intended to be affixed to a crib, stroller, playpen, or baby carriage; pull and push toys; pounding toys; blocks and stacking sets; bathtub, wading pool and sand toys; rocking, spring, and stick horses and other figures; chime and musical balls and carousels; jacks-in-the-box; stuffed, plush, and flocked animals and other figures; preschool toys, games and puzzles intended for use by children under 3; riding toys intended for use by children under 3; infant and juvenile furniture articles which are intended for use by children under 3 such as cribs, playpens, baby bouncers and walkers, strollers and carriages; dolls which are intended for use by children under 3 such as baby dolls, rag dolls, and bean bag dolls; toy cars, trucks, and other vehicles intended for use by children under 3. In addition, such articles include any other toys or articles which are intended, marketed or labeled to be entrusted to or used by children under 3 years of age.
(b) In determining which toys and other articles are intended for use by children under 3 years (36 months) of age, for purposes of this regulation, the following factors are relevant: the manufacturer's stated intent (such as on a label) if it is a reasonable one; the advertising, promotion, and marketing of the article; and whether the article is commonly recognized as being intended for children under 3.
(c) This regulation does not apply to toys or articles which are solely intended for use by children 3 years of age or older. In addition, it does not apply to all articles to which children under 3 years of age might have access simply because of presence in a household. Certain articles which are specifically exempted from this regulation are listed in § 1501.3 below.
§ 1501.3
The following articles are exempt from this regulation (§§ 1500.18(a)(9) and 1501.4 below):
(a) Balloons;
(b) Books and other articles made of paper;
(c) Writing materials such as crayons, chalk, pencils, and pens;
(d) Children's clothing and accessories, such as shoe lace holders and buttons;
(e) Grooming, feeding, and hygiene products, such as diaper pins and clips, barrettes, toothbrushes, drinking glasses, dishes and eating utensils;
(f) Phonograph records;
(g) Modeling clay and similar products;
(h) Fingerpaints, watercolors, and other paint sets;
(i) Rattles (as defined at 16 CFR 1510.2); and
(j) Pacifiers (as defined at 16 CFR 1511.2(a)).
§ 1501.4
Size requirements and test procedure.
(a) No toy or other children's article subject to § 1500.18(a)(9) and to this part 1501 shall be small enough to fit entirely within a cylinder with the dimensions shown in Figure 1, when tested in accordance with the procedure in paragraph (b) of this section. In testing to ensure compliance with this regulation, the dimensions of the Commission's test cylinder will be no greater than those shown in Figure 1. (In addition, for compliance purposes, the English dimensions shall be used. The metric approximations are included only for convenience.)
(b)(1) Place the article, without compressing it, into the cylinder. If the article fits entirely within the cylinder, in any orientation, it fails to comply with the test procedure. (Test any detached components of the article the same way.)
(2) If the article does not fit entirely within the cylinder, subject it to the appropriate “use and abuse” tests of 16 CFR 1500.51 and 1500.52 (excluding the bite tests of §§ 1500.51(c) and 1500.52(c)). Any components or pieces (excluding paper, fabric, yarn, fuzz, elastic, and string) which have become detached from the article as a result of the use and abuse testing shall be placed into the cylinder, one at a time. If any such components or pieces fit entirely within the cylinder, in any orientation and without being compressed, the article fails to comply with the test procedure.
EC03OC91.060
setting forth the following information:
(1) A description of the regulation that is the subject of the hearing.
(2) A statement specifying any part of the regulation that has been stayed by operation of law or in the Commission's discretion.
(3) The time, date, and place of the hearing, or a statement that such information will be contained in a later notice.
(4) The parties to the hearing.
(5) The issues at the hearing. The statement of issues determines the scope of the hearing.
§ 1502.13
Notice of hearing; stay of action.
(a) If the Commission determines upon review of the objections and requests for hearing that a hearing is justified on any issue, the Commission will publish a notice setting forth the following:
(1) A description of the regulation that is the subject of the hearing.
(2) A statement specifying any part of the regulation or order that has been stayed by operation of law or in the Commission's discretion.
(3) The parties to the hearing.
(4) The issues of fact on which a hearing has been justified.
(5) A statement of any objections or requests for hearing for which a hearing has not been justified, which are subject to § 1502.10.
(6) The presiding officer, or a statement that the presiding officer will be designated in a later notice.
(7) The time within which notices of participation should be filed under § 1502.16.
(8) The date, time, and place of the prehearing conference, or a statement that the date, time, and place will be announced in a later notice. The prehearing conference may not commence until after the time expires for filing the notice of participation required by § 1502.16(a).
(9) The time within which participants should submit written information and views under § 1502.25(b). Additional copies of material already submitted under § 1502.25 need not be included with any later submissions.
(10) The contents of the portions of the administrative record relevant to the issues at the hearing. Except for trade secrets or other confidential information, the disclosure of which is prohibited by statute, the portions listed will be placed on public display in the Office of the Secretary before the notice is published.
(b) The statement of the issues determines the scope of the hearing and the matters on which evidence may be introduced. The issues may be revised by the presiding officer. A participant may obtain interlocutory review by the Commission of a decision by the presiding officer to revise the issues to include an issue on which the Commission has not granted a hearing or to eliminate an issue on which a hearing has been granted.
(c) A hearing is deemed to begin on the date of publication of the notice of hearing.
§ 1502.14
Effective date of a regulation when no objections are filed.
(a) If no objections are filed and no hearing is requested on a regulation under § 1502.5, the regulation is effective on the date specified in the regulation as promulgated.
(b) The Commission shall publish a confirmation of the effective date of the regulation. The
Federal Register
document confirming the effective date of the regulation may extend the time for compliance with the regulation.
Subpart C—Appearance and Participation
§ 1502.15
Appearance.
(a) A person who has filed a notice of participation under § 1502.16 may appear in person or by counsel or other representative in any hearing and, subject to § 1502.27, may be heard concerning all relevant issues.
(b) The presiding officer may strike a person's appearance for violation of the requirements regarding conduct in § 1502.28.
§ 1502.16
Notice of participation.
(a) Within 30 days after publication of the notice of hearing under § 1502.13, a person desiring to participate in a hearing is to file with the Office of the Secretary a notice of participation in the following form:
(Date)
Office of the Secretary, Consumer Product Safety Commission, Room 502, 4330 East West Highway, Bethesda, MD. Mailing address: Office of the Secretary, Consumer Product Safety Commission, Washington, DC 20207.
Notice of Participation
The following statements are made as part of this notice of participation:
A.
Specific interests.
(A statement of the specific interest of the person in the proceeding, including the specific issues of fact concerning which the person desires to be heard. This part need not be completed by a party to the proceeding.)
B.
Commitment to participate.
(A statement that the person will present documentary evidence or testimony at the hearing and will comply with the requirements of § 1502.25 of these procedures.)
(Signed)
(b) Any amendment to a notice of participation should be filed with the Office of the Secretary and served on all participants.
(c) No person may participate in a hearing who has not filed a written notice of participation or whose participation has been stricken under paragraph (e) of this section.
(d) The presiding officer may permit the late filing of a notice of participation upon a showing of good cause.
(e) The presiding officer may strike the participation of a person for nonparticipation in the hearing or for failure to comply with any requirement of this subpart, e.g., disclosure of information as required by § 1502.25 or the prehearing order issued under § 1502.30. Any person whose participation is stricken may petition the Commission for interlocutory review of that decision.
[56 FR 9278, Mar. 6, 1991, as amended at 62 FR 46667, Sept. 4, 1997]
§ 1502.17
Advice on public participation in hearings.
(a) All inquiries from the public about scheduling, location, and general procedures should be addressed to the Office of the Secretary, Consumer Product Safety Commission, Washington, DC 20207, or telephone (301) 504-0800.
(b) Requests by hearing participants for changes in the schedule of a hearing or for filing documents, briefs, or other pleadings should be made in writing directly to the presiding officer.
(c) Under no circumstances will the Office of the General Counsel of CPSC directly provide advice about a hearing to any person who is participating or may participate in the hearing. In every hearing, certain attorneys in the office are designated to represent the staff. Other members of the office, ordinarily including the General Counsel, are designated to advise the Commission on a final decision in the matter. It is not compatible with these functions, nor would it be professionally responsible, for the attorneys in the Office of the General Counsel also to advise other participants in a hearing, or for any attorney who may be called on to advise the Commission to respond to inquiries from other participants in the hearing; such participants may be urging views contrary to those of the staff involved or to what may ultimately be the final conclusions of the Commission. Accordingly, members of the Office of the General Counsel, other than the attorneys responsible for representing the staff, will not answer questions about the hearing from any participant or potential participant.
(d) Participants in a hearing may communicate with the attorneys responsible for representing the staff, in the same way that they may communicate with counsel for any other party in interest about the presentation of matters at the hearing. It would be inappropriate to bar discussion of such matters as stipulations of fact, joint presentation of witnesses, or possible settlement of hearing issues. Members of the public, including participants at hearings, are advised, however, that all such communications, including those by telephone, will be recorded in memoranda that can be filed with the Office of the Secretary.
(e) Separation of functions and
ex parte
communications will be handled as follows.
(1) An interested person may meet or correspond with any CPSC representative concerning a matter prior to publication of a notice announcing a formal evidentiary public hearing on the matter. The provisions of 16 CFR part 1012 apply to such meetings.
(2) Upon publication of a notice announcing a formal evidentiary public hearing, the following rules concerning separation of functions apply:
(i) The CPSC staff members responsible for preparing evidence and participating in the hearing in the matter are, as a party to the hearing, responsible for all investigative functions and for presentation of the position of the staff at the hearing and in any pleading or oral argument before the Commission. These representatives of the staff may not participate or advise in any decision except as witnesses or counsel in public proceedings. Except as provided herein, there shall be no other communication between representatives of the staff and representatives of the various Commissioners' offices concerning the matter prior to the decision of the Commission. The Commission may, however, designate other representatives of the staff to advise the Commission. The designation will be in writing and filed with the Office
of the Secretary no later than the time specified in paragraph (f)(2) of this section for the application of separation of functions. All employees of the CPSC other than representatives of the involved staff (except for those specifically designated otherwise) may be called upon to advise and participate with the offices of the Commissioners in their functions relating to the hearing and the final decision.
(ii) The General Counsel of CPSC shall designate members of the Office of the General Counsel to advise and participate with the staff in its functions in the hearing and shall designate other members of the Office of the General Counsel to advise the offices of the Commissioners in their functions related to the hearing and the final decision. The members of the Office of the General Counsel designated to advise the staff may not participate or advise in any decision of the Commission except as counsel in public proceedings. The designation shall be in the form of a memorandum filed with the Office of the Secretary and made a part of the administrative record in the proceeding. There may be no other communication between those members of the Office of the General Counsel designated to advise the offices of the Commissioners and any other person in the Office of the General Counsel or in the involved staff with respect to the matter prior to the decision of the Commission. The General Counsel may assign different attorneys to advise either the staff or the offices of the Commissioners at any stage of the proceedings. The General Counsel will ordinarily advise and participate with the offices of the Commissioners in their functions relating to the hearing and the final decision.
(iii) The Commissioners are responsible for the agency review and final decision of the matter, with the advice and participation of anyone in CPSC other than representatives of the responsible staff and those members of the Office of the General Counsel designated to assist in the staff functions in the hearing.
(iv) Between the date that separation of functions applies and the date of the Commission's decision on the matter, communication concerning the matter involved in the hearing will be restricted as follows:
(A) No person outside CPSC may have an
ex parte
communication with the presiding officer or any person representing the offices of the Commissioners concerning the matter in the hearing. Neither the presiding officer nor any person representing the offices of the Commissioners may have any
ex parte
communications with a person outside CPSC concerning the matter in the hearing. All communications are to be public communications, as witness or counsel under the applicable procedures.
(B) A participant in the hearing may submit a written communication concerning a proposal for settlement to the presiding officer with a request that it be transmitted to the Commission. These communications are to be in the form of pleadings, served on all other participants, and filed with the Office of the Secretary like any other pleading.
(C) A written communication contrary to this section must be immediately served on all other participants and filed with the Office of the Secretary by the presiding officer at the hearing, or by the Commissioner, depending on who received the communication. An oral communication contrary to this section must be immediately recorded in a written memorandum and similarly served on all other participants and filed with the Office of the Secretary. A person, including a representative of a participant in the hearing, who is involved in an oral communication contrary to this section, must, if possible, be made available for cross-examination during the hearing with respect to the substance of that conversation. Rebuttal testimony pertinent to a written or oral communication contrary to this section will be permitted. Cross-examination and rebuttal testimony will be transcribed and filed with the Office of the Secretary.
(D) The making of a communication contrary to this section may, consistent with the interests of justice and the policy of the underlying statute,
result in a decision adverse to the person knowingly making or causing the making of such a communication.
[56 FR 9278, Mar. 6, 1991, as amended at 62 FR 46667, Sept. 4, 1997]
Subpart D—Presiding Officer
§ 1502.18
Presiding officer.
The presiding officer in a hearing will be an administrative law judge qualified under 5 U.S.C. 3105.
§ 1502.19
Commencement of functions.
The functions of the presiding officer begin upon designation and end upon the filing of the initial decision.
§ 1502.20
Authority of presiding officer.
The presiding officer has all powers necessary to conduct a fair, expeditious, and orderly hearing, including the power to—
(a) Specify and change the date, time, and place of oral hearings and conferences;
(b) Establish the procedures for use in developing evidentiary facts, including the procedures in § 1502.30(b) and to rule on the need for oral testimony and cross-examination under § 1502.26(b);
(c) Prepare statements of the areas of factual disagreement among the participants;
(d) Hold conferences to settle, simplify, or determine the issues in a hearing or to consider other matters that may expedite the hearing;
(e) Administer oaths and affirmations;
(f) Control the course of the hearing and the conduct of the participants;
(g) Examine witnesses and strike or limit their testimony if they fail to respond fully to proper questions;
(h) Admit, exclude, or limit evidence;
(i) Set the time for filing pleadings;
(j) Rule on motions and other procedural matters;
(k) Rule on motions for summary decision under § 1502.31;
(l) Conduct the hearing in stages if the number of parties is large or the issues are numerous and complex;
(m) Waive, suspend, or modify any procedure in this subpart if the presiding officer determines that no party will be prejudiced, the ends of justice will be served, and the action is in accordance with law;
(n) Strike the participation of any person under § 1502.16(e) or exclude any person from the hearing under § 1502.28, or take other reasonable disciplinary action; and
(o) Take any other action required for the fair, expeditious, and orderly conduct of the hearing.
§ 1502.21
Disqualification of presiding officer.
(a) A participant may request the presiding officer to disqualify himself/herself and withdraw from the proceeding. The ruling on any such request may be appealed in accordance with § 1502.35(b).
(b) A presiding officer who is aware of grounds for disqualification, whether or not raised by a participant, shall withdraw from the proceeding.
§ 1502.22
Unavailability of presiding officer.
(a) If the presiding officer is unable to act for any reason, the Commission will assign the powers and duties to another presiding officer. The substitution will not affect the hearing, except as the new presiding officer may order.
(b) Any motion based on the substitution must be made within 10 days.
Subpart E—Hearing Procedures
(a) Participants in a hearing are to appear at the prehearing conference
prepared to discuss and resolve all matters specified in paragraph (b) of this section.
(1) To expedite the hearing, participants are encouraged to prepare in advance for the prehearing conference. Participants should cooperate with each other, and should request information and begin preparation of testimony at the earliest possible time. Failure of a participant to appear at the prehearing conference or to raise matters that reasonably could be anticipated and resolved at that time will not delay the progress of the hearing and constitutes a waiver of the rights of the participant regarding such matters as objections to the agreements reached, actions taken, or rulings issued by the presiding officer at or as a result of the prehearing conference and may be grounds for striking the participation under § 1502.16.
(2) Participants shall bring to the prehearing conference the following specific information, which will be filed with the Office of the Secretary under § 1502.23:
(i) Any additional information desired to supplement the submission filed under § 1502.25; the supplement may be filed if approved under § 1502.25.
(ii) A list of all witnesses whose testimony will be offered, orally or in writing, at the hearing, with a full curriculum vitae for each. Additional witnesses may be identified later, with the approval of the presiding officer, on a showing that the witness was not reasonably available at the time of the prehearing conference, that the relevance of the witness's views could not reasonably have been foreseen at that time, or for other good cause shown, as where a previously identified witness is unforeseeably unable to testify.
(iii) All prior written statements, including articles and any written statement signed or adopted, or a recording or transcription of an oral statement made, by persons identified as witnesses if—
(A) The statement is available without making a request to the witness;
(B) The statement relates to the subject matter of the witness's testimony; and
(C) The statement either was made before the time the person agreed to become a witness or has been made publicly available by the person.
(b) The presiding officer will conduct a prehearing conference for the following purposes:
(1) To determine the areas of factual disagreement to be considered at the hearing. The presiding officer may hold conferences off the record in an effort to reach agreement on disputed factual questions, subject to the
ex parte
limitations in § 1502.17(f).
(2) To identify the most appropriate techniques for developing evidence on issues in controversy and the manner and sequence in which they will be used, including, where oral examination is to be conducted, the sequence in which witnesses will be produced for, and the time and place of, oral examination. The presiding officer may consider, but is not limited to, the following techniques.
(i) Submission of narrative statements of position on factual issues in controversy.
(ii) Submission of evidence or identification of previously submitted evidence to support such statements, such as affidavits, verified statements of fact, data, studies, and reports.
(iii) Exchange of written interrogatories directed to particular witnesses.
(iv) Written requests for the production of additional documentation, data, or other relevant information.
(v) Submission of written questions to be asked by the presiding officer of a specific witness.
(vi) Identification of facts for which oral examination and/or cross-examination is appropriate.
(3) To group participants with substantially like interests for presenting evidence, making motions and objections, including motions for summary decision, filing briefs, and presenting oral argument.
(4) To hear and rule on objections to admitting information submitted under § 1502.25 into evidence.
(5) To obtain stipulations and admissions of facts.
(6) To take other action that may expedite the hearing.
(c) The presiding officer shall issue, orally or in writing, a prehearing order
reciting the actions taken at the prehearing conference and setting forth the schedule for the hearing. The order will control the subsequent course of the hearing unless modified by the presiding officer for good cause.
§ 1502.31
Summary decisions.
(a) After the hearing commences, a participant may move, with or without supporting affidavits, for a summary decision on any issue in the hearing. Any other participant may, within 10 days after service of the motion, which time may be extended for an additional 10 days for good cause, serve opposing affidavits or countermove for summary decision. The presiding officer may set the matter for argument and call for the submission of briefs.
(b) The presiding officer will grant the motion if the objections, requests for hearing, other pleadings, affidavits, and other material filed in connection with the hearing, or matters officially noticed, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that a participant is entitled to summary decision.
(c) Affidavits should set forth facts that would be admissible in evidence and show affirmatively that the affiant is competent to testify to the matters stated. When a properly supported motion for summary decision is made, a participant opposing the motion may not rest upon mere allegations or denials or general descriptions of positions and contentions; affidavits or other responses must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue of fact for the hearing.
(d) Should it appear from the affidavits of a participant opposing the motion that for sound reasons stated, facts essential to justify the opposition cannot be presented by affidavit, the presiding officer may deny the motion for summary decision, allow additional time to permit affidavits or additional evidence to be obtained, or issue other just order.
(e) If on motion under this section a summary decision is not rendered upon the whole case or for all the relief asked, and evidentiary facts need to be developed, the presiding officer will issue an order specifying the facts that appear without substantial controversy and directing further evidentiary proceedings. The facts so specified will be deemed established.
(f) A participant submitting or opposing a motion for summary decision may obtain interlocutory review by the Commission of a summary decision of the presiding officer.
§ 1502.32
Receipt of evidence.
(a) A hearing consists of the development of evidence and the resolution of factual issues as set forth in this subpart and in the prehearing order.
(b) All orders, transcripts, written statements of position, written direct testimony, written interrogatories and responses, and any other written material submitted in the proceeding comprise the administrative record of the hearing, and will be promptly placed on public display in the Office of the Secretary, except as ordered by the presiding officer.
(c) Written evidence, identified as such, is admissible unless a participant objects and the presiding officer excludes it on objection of a participant or on the presiding officer's own initiative.
(1) The presiding officer may exclude written evidence as inadmissible only if—
(i) The evidence is irrelevant, immaterial, unreliable, or repetitive;
(ii) Exclusion of part or all of the written evidence of a participant is necessary to enforce the requirements of this subpart; or
(iii) The evidence was not submitted as required by § 1502.25.
(2) Items of written evidence are to be submitted as separate documents, sequentially numbered, except that a voluminous document may be submitted in the form of a cross-reference to the documents filed under § 1502.25.
(3) Written evidence excluded by the presiding officer as inadmissible remains a part of the administrative record, as an offer of proof, for judicial review.
(d) Testimony, whether on direct or on cross-examination, is admissible as evidence unless a participant objects and the presiding officer excludes it.
(1) The presiding officer may exclude oral evidence as inadmissible only if—
(i) The evidence is irrelevant, immaterial, unreliable, or repetitive; or
(ii) Exclusion of part or all of the evidence is necessary to enforce the requirements of these procedures.
(2) If oral evidence is excluded as inadmissible, the participant may take written exception to the ruling in a brief to the Commission, without taking oral exception at the hearing. Upon review, the Commission may reopen the hearing to permit the evidence to be admitted if the Commission determines that its exclusion was erroneous and prejudicial.
(e) The presiding officer may schedule conferences as needed to monitor the progress of the hearing, narrow and simplify the issues, and consider and rule on motions, requests, and other matters concerning the development of the evidence.
(f) The presiding officer will conduct such proceedings as are necessary for the taking of oral testimony, for the oral examination of witnesses by the presiding officer on the basis of written questions previously submitted by the parties, and for the conduct of cross-examination of witnesses by the parties. The presiding officer shall exclude irrelevant or repetitious written questions and limit oral cross-examination to prevent irrelevant or repetitious examination.
(g) The presiding officer shall order the proceedings closed for the taking of oral testimony relating only to trade secrets and privileged or confidential commercial or financial information. Participation in closed proceedings will be limited to the witness, the witness's counsel, and Federal Government employees.
§ 1502.33
Official notice.
(a) Official notice may be taken of such matters as might be judicially noticed by the courts of the United States or of any other matter peculiarly within the general knowledge of CPSC as an expert agency.
(b) If official notice is taken of a material fact not appearing in the evidence of record, a participant, on timely request, will be afforded an opportunity to show the contrary.
§ 1502.34
Briefs and arguments.
(a) Promptly after the taking of evidence is completed, the presiding officer will announce a schedule for the filing of briefs. Briefs are to be filed ordinarily within 45 days of the close of the hearing. Briefs must include a statement of position on each issue, with specific and complete citations to the evidence and points of law relied on. Briefs must contain proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law.
(b) The presiding officer may, as a matter of discretion, permit oral argument after the briefs are filed.
(c) Briefs and oral argument shall refrain from disclosing specific details of written and oral testimony and documents relating to trade secrets and privileged or confidential commercial or financial information, except as specifically authorized in a protective order issued by the presiding officer.
§ 1502.35
Interlocutory appeal from ruling of presiding officer.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section and in §§ 1502.13(b), 1502.16(e), 1502.31(f), and 1502.37(d) authorizing interlocutory appeals, rulings of the presiding officer may not be appealed to the Commission before the Commission's consideration of the entire record of the hearing.
(b) A ruling of the presiding officer is subject to interlocutory appeal to the Commission if the presiding officer certifies on the record or in writing that immediate review is necessary to prevent exceptional delay, expense, or prejudice to any participant or substantial harm to the public interest.
(c) When an interlocutory appeal is made to the Commission, a participant may file a brief with the Commission only if such is specifically authorized by the presiding officer or the Commission, and, if such authorization is granted, within the period the Commission directs. If a participant is authorized to file a brief, any other participant may file a brief in opposition, within the period the Commission directs. If no briefs are authorized, the appeal will be presented as an oral argument to the Commission. The oral argument will be transcribed. If briefs are authorized, oral argument will be
heard only at the discretion of the Commission.
§ 1502.36
Official transcript.
(a) The presiding officer will arrange for a verbatim stenographic transcript of oral testimony and for necessary copies of the transcript.
(b) One copy of the transcript will be placed on public display in the Office of the Secretary upon receipt.
(c) Copies of the transcript may be obtained by application to the official reporter and payment of costs thereof.
(d) Witnesses, participants, and counsel have 30 days from the time the transcript becomes available to propose corrections in the transcript of oral testimony. Corrections are permitted only for transcription errors. The presiding officer shall promptly order justified corrections.
§ 1502.37
Motions.
(a) Except for a motion made in the course of an oral hearing before the presiding officer, a motion on any matter relating to the proceeding shall be filed under § 1502.23 and must include a draft order.
(b) A response may be filed within 10 days of service of a motion. The time may be shortened or extended by the presiding officer for good cause shown.
(c) The moving party has no right to reply, except as permitted by the presiding officer.
(d) The presiding officer shall rule upon the motion and may certify that ruling to the Commission for interlocutory review.
Subpart F—Administrative Record
Federal Register
notices pertinent to the proceeding;
(6) All submissions filed under § 1502.24, e.g., the submissions required by § 1502.25, all other documentary evidence and written testimony, pleadings, statements of position, briefs, and other similar documents;
(7) The transcript, written order, and all other documents relating to the prehearing conference, prepared under § 1502.30;
(8) All documents relating to any motion for summary decision under § 1502.31;
(9) All documents of which official notice is taken under § 1502.33;
(10) All pleadings filed under § 1502.34;
(11) All documents relating to any interlocutory appeal under § 1502.35;
(12) All transcripts prepared under § 1502.36; and
(13) Any other document relating to the hearing and filed with the Office of the Secretary by the presiding officer or any participant.
(b) The record of the administrative proceeding is closed—
(1) With respect to the taking of evidence, when specified by the presiding officer; and
(2) With respect to pleadings, at the time specified in § 1502.34(a) for the filing of briefs.
(c) The presiding officer may reopen the record to receive further evidence at any time before the filing of the initial decision.
§ 1502.39
Examination of record.
Except as provided in § 1502.3, documents in the record will be publicly available. Documents available for examination or copying will be placed on public display in the Office of the Secretary promptly upon receipt in that office.
Subpart G—Initial and Final Decision
§ 1502.40
Initial decision.
(a) The presiding officer shall prepare and file an initial decision as soon as practicable after the filing of briefs and oral argument.
(b) The initial decision shall contain—
(1) Findings of fact based upon relevant, material, and reliable evidence of record;
(2) Conclusions of law;
(3) A discussion of the reasons for the findings and conclusions, including a discussion of the significant contentions made by any participant;
(4) Citations to the record supporting the findings and conclusions;
(5) An appropriate regulation supported by substantial evidence of record and based upon the findings of fact and conclusions of law (unless the initial decision is to not issue a regulation);
(6) An effective date for the regulation (if any), together with an explanation of why the effective date is appropriate; and
(7) The periods of time for filing exceptions to the initial decision with the Office of the Secretary and for filing replies to such exceptions, in accordance with § 1502.41(a)-(c).
(c) The initial decision must refrain from disclosing specific details of trade secrets and privileged or confidential commercial or financial information, except as specifically authorized in a protective order issued by the presiding officer.
(d) The initial decision is to be filed with the Office of the Secretary and served upon all participants. Once the initial decision is filed with the Office of the Secretary, the presiding officer has no further jurisdiction over the matter, and any motions or requests filed with the Office of the Secretary will be decided by the Commission.
(e) The initial decision becomes the final decision of the Commission by operation of law unless a participant files exceptions with the Office of the Secretary under § 1502.41(a) or the Commission files a notice of review under § 1502.41(f).
(f) Notice that an initial decision has become the decision of the Commission without appeal to or review by the Commission will be published in the
Federal Register.
104 less than melting point.
Subpart B—Policies and Interpretations
§ 1505.50
Stalled motor testing.
(a) § 1505.6(e)(4)(ii) requires that a motor-operated toy be tested with the motor stalled if the construction of the toy is such that any person can touch moving parts associated with the motor from outside the toy. The performance of the toy shall be considered unacceptable if, during the test, temperatures higher than those specified in § 1505.8 are attained or if temperatures higher than those specified for Type C surfaces in § 1505.7 are attained on any accessible surface of the motor.
(b) To determine if a moving part associated with the motor can be touched from outside the toy, the Commission staff will use a
1/4
-inch diameter rod, as referenced in § 1505.4(h)(1). If the rod, when inserted into openings in the toy, can touch any moving part associated with the motor, the toy will be tested with the motor stalled.
(c) The requirement that temperatures higher than those specified in § 1505.8 not be attained applies to those internal components which are described in § 1505.8. Additionally, temperatures of accessible surfaces shall not exceed those specified for Type C surfaces in § 1505.7.
(Secs. 2(q)(1)(A), 2(r), 3(e), 10(a), 74 Stat. 372, 378, 80 Stat. 1303-1304, 83 Stat. 187-189 (15 U.S.C. 1261, 1262, 1269); sec. 30(a), 86 Stat. 1231 (15 U.S.C. 2079(a)))
[43 FR 26428, June 20, 1978]
§ 1505.51
15 U.S.C. 1261-1262, 2079(d); 21 U.S.C. 371(e).
Source:
41 FR 22935, June 8, 1976, unless otherwise noted.
Cross Reference:
See also 1500.14(b)(7); 1500.17(a) (3), (8) and (9); 1500.83(a)(27) and 1500.85(a)(2).
§ 1507.1
Scope.
This part 1507 prescribes requirements for those fireworks devices (other than firecrackers) not otherwise banned under the act. Any fireworks device (other than firecrackers) which fails to conform to applicable requirements is a banned hazardous substance and is prohibited from the channels of interstate commerce. Any fireworks device not otherwise banned under the act shall not be a banned hazardous substance by virtue of the fact that there are no applicable requirements prescribed herein.
§ 1507.2
Fireworks devices shall not contain any of the following chemicals:
(a) Arsenic sulfide, arsenates, or arsenites.
(b) Boron.
(c) Chlorates, except:
(1) In colored smoke mixtures in which an equal or greater amount of sodium bicarbonate is included.
(2) In caps and party poppers.
(3) In those small items (such as ground spinners) wherein the total powder content does not exceed 4 grams of which not greater than 15 percent (or 600 milligrams) is potassium, sodium, or barium chlorate.
(d) Gallates or gallic acid.
(e) Magnesium (magnesium/aluminum alloys, called magnalium, are permitted).
(f) Mercury salts.
(g) Phosphorus (red or white). Except that red phosphorus is permissible in caps and party poppers.
(h) Picrates or picric acid.
(i) Thiocyanates.
(j) Titanium, except in particle size greater than 100-mesh.
(k) Zirconium.
Fuses.
(a) Fireworks devices that require a fuse shall:
(1) Utilize only a fuse that has been treated or coated in such manner as to reduce the possibility of side ignition. Devices such as ground spinners that require a restricted orifice for proper thrust and contain less than 6 grams of pyrotechnic composition are exempted from § 1507.3(a)(1).
(2) Utilize only a fuse which will burn at least 3 seconds but not more than 9 seconds before ignition of the device.
(b) The fuse shall be securely attached so that it will support either the weight of the fireworks device plus 8 ounces of dead weight or double the weight of the device, whether is less, without separation from the fireworks device.
[41 FR 22935, June 8, 1976, as amended at 61 FR 67200, Dec. 20, 1996; 61 FR 67200, Dec. 20, 1996]
§ 1507.4
Bases.
The base or bottom of fireworks devices that are operated in a standing upright position shall have the minimum horizontal dimensions or the diameter of the base equal to at least one-third of the height of the device including any base or cap affixed thereto.
§ 1507.5
Pyrotechnic leakage.
The pyrotechnic chamber in fireworks devices shall be sealed in a manner that prevents leakage of the pyrotechnic composition during shipping, handling, and normal operation.
§ 1507.6
Burnout and blowout.
The pyrotechnic chamber in fireworks devices shall be constructed in a manner to allow functioning in a normal manner without burnout or blowout.
§ 1507.7
Handles and spikes.
(a) Fireworks devices which are intended to be hand-held and are so labeled shall incorporate a handle at least 4 inches in length (see § 1500.14(b)(7)). Handles shall remain firmly attached during transportation, handling and full operation of the device, or shall consist of an integral section of the device at least four inches below the pyrotechnic chamber.
(b) Spikes provided with fireworks devices shall protrude at least 2 inches from the base of the device and shall have a blunt tip not less than
1/8
§ 1507.8
Wheel devices.
Drivers in fireworks devices commonly known as “wheels” shall be securely attached to the device so that they will not come loose in transportation, handling, and normal operation. Wheel devices intended to operate in a fixed location shall be designed in such a manner that the axle remains attached to the device during normal operation.
§ 1507.9
Toy smoke devices and flitter devices.
(a) Toy smoke devices shall be so constructed that they will neither burst nor produce external flame (excluding the fuse and firstfire upon ignition) during normal operation.
(b) Toy smoke devices and flitter devices shall not be of such color and configuration so as to be confused with banned fireworks such as M-80 salutes, silver salutes, or cherry bombs.
(c) Toy smoke devices shall not incorporate plastic as an exterior material if the pyrotechnic composition comes in direct contact with the plastic.
§ 1507.10
Rockets with sticks.
Rockets with sticks (including skyrockets and bottle rockets) shall utilize a straight and rigid stick to provide a direct and stable flight. Such sticks shall remain straight and rigid and attached to the driver so as to prevent the stick from being damaged or detached during transportation, handling, and normal operation.
§ 1507.11
Party poppers.
Party poppers (also known by other names such as “Champagne Party Poppers,” and “Party Surprise Poppers,”) shall not contain more than 0.25 grains of pyrotechnic composition. Such devices may contain soft paper or cloth inserts provided any such inserts do not ignite during normal operation.
§ 1507.12
(a)
Application.
Multiple-tube mine and shell fireworks devices with any tube measuring 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) or more in inside diameter and subject to § 1500.17(a)(12) of this part shall not tip over when subjected to the tip-angle test described in this section.
(b)
Testing procedure.
The device shall be placed on a smooth surface that can
be inclined at 60 degrees from the horizontal, as shown in Figure 1 of this section. The height and width of the inclined plane (not including the portion of the plane below the mechanical stop) shall be at least 1 inch (2.54 cm) greater than the largest dimension of the base of the device to be tested. The test shall be conducted on a smooth, hard surface that is horizontal as measured by a spirit level or equivalent instrument. The mechanical stop on the inclined plane shall be 1/16 inches (1.6 mm) in height and perpendicular to the inclined plane. The stop shall be positioned parallel to the bottom edge of the inclined plane and so that no portion of the device to be tested or its base touches the horizontal surface. The device shall not tip over when the plane is inclined at 60-degrees from the horizontal. The procedure shall be repeated for each edge of the device.
Figure 1 to § 1507.12
[61 FR 13096, Mar. 26, 1996]
Pt. 1508, Fig. 2
Figure 2 to Part 1508—Headform Probe
EC03OC91.062
[47 FR 47544, Oct. 27, 1982]
Pt. 1508, Fig. 3
Figure 3 to Part 1508
EC03OC91.063
Test procedure.
Authority:
Secs. 2(f)(1)(D), (q)(1)(A), (s), 3(e)(1), 64 Stat. 372, 374, 375, as amended 80 Stat. 1304-05, 83 Stat. 187-89 (15 U.S.C. 1261, 1262); sec. 30(a), 86 Stat. 1231 (15 U.S.C. 2079(a)).
Source:
43 FR 22002, May 23, 1978, unless otherwise noted.
§ 1510.1
Scope and purpose of part 1510.
This part 1510 sets forth the requirement whereby rattles (as defined in § 1510.2) are not banned articles under § 1500.18(a)(15) of this chapter. The purpose of these requirements is to ensure that certain infant rattles which may cause choking and/or suffocation because their design or construction permits them to enter into an infant's mouth and become lodged in the throat are eliminated from interstate commerce.
§ 1510.2
Definition.
For the purposes of this part 1510, a rattle is an infant's toy, intended to be hand held, usually containing pellets or other small objects and which produces sounds when shaken. Examples of products which may have similar noisemaking characteristics but which are excluded from the scope of this definition are: dolls, stuffed animals, crib exercisers, crib mobiles, pull toys, shoe lace holders, bells which are not part of the noisemaking component of a rattle, plastic keys or other figures on loops or chains which produce sound by striking together, games, puzzles and musical instruments such as tambourines, castanets, and maracas.
§ 1510.3
Requirements.
No portion of a rattle, when tested in accordance with the procedure of § 1510.4 below, shall be capable of entering and penetrating to the full depth of a cavity in a test fixture with dimensions shown in figure 1. (In determining these dimensions for compliance purposes, the English measurements shall be used. Metric equivalents are included for convenience.) Rattles shall meet this requirement both before and after performing the use and abuse tests of § 1500.51 of this chapter (excluding the bite and flexure tests of paragraphs (c) and (d)).
§ 1510.4
Test procedure.
Place the test fixture shown in Figure 1 on a horizontal plane surface. Under its own weight and in a non-compressed state apply any portion of the test sample in the most adverse orientation to the opening in the test fixture. Repeat this procedure after performing the use and abuse tests of § 1500.51 (excluding the bite and flexure tests of paragraphs (c) and (d) of this section). In testing to ensure compliance with this regulation, the measurements of the opening of the Commission's test fixture will be no greater than those shown in Figure 1 and the depth of the fixture used will be no less than that shown in Figure 1.
EC03OC91.067
Figure 1 to Part 1511—Pacifier Test Fixture
Figure 2 to Part 1511—Small Parts Gage
Authority:
Secs. 2(f)(1)(D), (q)(1)(A), (s), 3(e)(1), 74 Stat. 372, 374, 375, as amended 80 Stat. 1304-05, 83 Stat. 187-89; 15 U.S.C. 1261, 1262.
Source:
42 FR 33279, June 30, 1977, unless otherwise noted.
§ 1511.1
Scope of part 1511.
This part 1511 sets forth the requirements whereby pacifiers (as defined in § 1511.2(a)) are not banned articles under § 1500.18(a)(8) of this chapter.
§ 1511.2
(a) A
pacifier
is an article consisting of a nipple that is intended for a young child to suck upon, but is not designed to facilitate a baby's obtaining fluid, and usually includes a guard or shield and a handle or ring.
(b)
Guard or shield
means the structure located at the base of the nipple used to prevent the pacifier from being completely drawn into the child's mouth.
(c)
Handle or ring
means the structure usually located adjacent to the guard or shield used for holding or grasping the pacifier. A hinged handle or ring is one that is free to pivot about an axis parallel to the plane of the guard or shield.
§ 1511.3
(a)
Performance requirements.
Place the pacifier in the opening of the fixture illustrated in Figure 1(a) of this part so that the nipple of the pacifier is centered in the opening and protrudes through the back of the fixture as shown in Figure 1(b). For pacifiers with
non-circular guards or shields, align the major axis of the guard or shield with the major axis of the opening in the fixture. Apply a tensile force to the pacifier nipple in the direction shown. The force shall be applied gradually attaining but not exceeding 2.0 pounds (8.9 newtons) within a period of 5 seconds and maintained at 2.0 pounds for an additional 10 seconds. Any pacifier which can be completely drawn through an opening with dimensions no greater than those of Figure 1(a) by such a force shall fail the test in this part.
(b)
Ventilation holes.
The pacifier guard or shield shall contain at least two holes symmetrically located and each being at least 0.20 inches (5 millimeters) in minor dimension. The edge of any hole shall be no closer than 0.20 inches (5 millimeters) to the perimeter of the pacifier guard or shield.
§ 1511.4
(a)
Protrusions limitation.
No protrusion from the face of the guard or shield opposite from the nipple shall exceed 0.63 inches (16mm) when measured in accordance with the procedure specified in paragraph (b) of this section.
(b)
Protrusion test.
Secure the pacifier by clamping the nipple with its axis horizontal. For pacifiers with hinged handles or rings the orientation of the hinge axis shall be horizontal. A plane surface shall be applied to any protrusion from the guard or shield with a force gradually attaining but not exceeding 2.0 pounds (8.9 newtons) applied in a direction along the axis of the nipple. The normal of the plane surface shall be maintained parallel to the axis of the nipple. Any protrusion shall be allowed to flex or rotate about its hinge as the plane surfact is applied to it. Measure the distance from the plane surface to the guard or shield at the base of the nipple.
§ 1511.5
(a)
Nipple.
Hold the pacifier by the shield or guard, grasp the nipple end of the pacifier and gradually apply a tensile force to the pacifier nipple in any possible direction. The force shall be applied gradually, attaining but not exceeding 10.0 pounds (44.5 newtons) within a period of 5 seconds and maintained at 10.0 pounds for an additional 10 seconds.
(b)
Handle or ring.
Hold the pacifier by the shield or guard or base of the nipple, and push or pull on the handle or ring in any possible direction. The force shall be applied gradually attaining but not exceeding 10.0 pounds (44.5 newtons) within a period of 5 seconds and maintained at 10.0 pounds for an additional 10 seconds.
(c)
Heat cycle deterioration.
After the testing prescribed in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section, all pacifiers shall be subject to the following: submerge the pacifier in boiling water for 5 minutes and then remove the pacifier and allow it to cool for 5 minutes in room temperature air, 60° to 80 °F. (16° to 27 °C). After the cooling period, resubmerge the pacifier in the boiling water for 5 minutes. The process shall be repeated for a total of 6 boiling/cooling cycles. After the sixth cycle, the pacifier shall again be subjected to the structural tests in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section and section 1511.3.
(d)
Small parts.
Any components or fragments which are released as a result of the tests specified in paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of this section shall be placed in the truncated cylinder shown in Figure 2, such that the component or fragment is in the lowest position in the cylinder. If the uppermost edge of the component or fragment is below the plane of the top of the cylinder, the pacifier shall fail the test in this section.
§ 1511.6
Ribbons, strings, cords, or other attachments.
A pacifier shall not be sold or distributed with any ribbon, string, cord, chain, twine, leather, yarn or similar attachments.
§ 1511.7
Labeling.
(a) As required by paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, pacifiers shall be labeled with the statement: “Warning—Do Not Tie Pacifier Around Child's Neck as it Presents a Strangulation Danger.”
(b) The labeling statement required by paragraph (a) of this section shall appear legibly and conspicuously on
any retail display carton containing two or more pacifiers.
(c) Each individually packaged pacifier shall bear the labeling statement required in paragraph (a) of this section on the package legibly and conspicuously.
§ 1511.8
Metric references.
For purposes of compliance with the test procedure prescribed by this § 500.46, the English figures shall be used. The metric approximations are provided in parentheses for convenience and information only.
Pt. 1511, Fig. 1
Figure 1 to Part 1511—Pacifier Test Fixture
EC03OC91.068
Figure 2 to Part 1511—Small Parts Gage
EC03OC91.069
Abrasion test for retroreflective rims.
(Ref. § 1512.16(i)):
(1) This test consists of a steel wire cup brush rotating at a constant velocity of 60 rpm that is applied at a force of 2 N (0.45 lbf) to the retroreflective material on one side of a bicycle wheel rim. The rim is rotated about the axle at a linear velocity of 0.23 m/sec (9 in./sec). The test is complete when the wheel has completed 1000 revolutions.
(2)
Apparatus.
Figure 8 of this part 1512 illustrates the following test fixture arrangement that is suitable to perform this abrasion test:
(i)
Test fixture.
The test fixture contains a clamp to hold the axle of a bicycle wheel so that the wheel can rotate freely about the axle. The axis of rotation is capable of being inclined from the vertical to bring that portion of the side of the wheel rim containing the retroreflective material into a horizontal plane as it passes beneath the abrading brush. A drive mechanism to rotate the bicycle wheel contains a means to adjust the rotational velocity to obtain the specified linear velocity measured at a point on the wheel rim on the axis of the abrading brush.
(ii)
Abrader.
The abrader is a cup brush meeting the specification in paragraph (r)(3)(v) of this section. It is mounted in a chuck attached to a motor that rotates about a vertical axis at the specified rotational velocity. A means is provided to apply the rotating cup brush at the specified force against the retroreflective material on the bicycle wheel rim. The axis of the abrading brush is positioned on the mid point in the width of the retroreflective material. The force is produced by deadweights applied to a pan on the axis of the counterbalanced motor/brush assembly.
(3)
Specifications.
(i) The linear velocity of the reflective band on wheel rim shall be 0.23 m/sec (9 in./sec) measured at a point on the axis of the abrading brush.
(ii) The rotational velocity of the abrading brush shall be 60 rpm.
(iii) The force normal to the plane of the retroreflective material at which the abrading brush is to be applied shall be 2 N (0.45 lbf).
(iv) The bicycle wheel shall make 1000 complete revolutions per test.
(v) The abrader shall be a cup brush having bristles that are 0.005 in. (approx. 0.13mm) diameter low carbon steel wire; an outside diameter of 0.5 inch (aprox. .13mm); a wire bristle length of 0.25 inch (approx. 6.4mm); and
a cup diameter of 0.405 inch (approx. 10.29mm).
6
6
For compliance testing the Commission will use a brush meeting this description distributed by Dremel Manufacturing Company, Racine, Wisconsin as Dremel Part No. 442. This brush is manufactured by Weiler Brush Company as No. 26074, MC-10 Wire.
(vi) The abrasion test shall be conducted at an ambient temperature of between 16 °C (60 °F) and 27 °C (80 °F).
(4)
Procedure.
(i) The retroreflective bicycle rim to be tested shall be an unused sample free from grit, grime and grease. Prior to beginning the test, remove, according to instructions supplied with the bicycle, any protective coating or material used to prevent damage in shipping.
(ii) Test the wheel in a suitable test fixture, according to the specifications in paragraph (r)(3) of this section.
(iii) Clamp the wheel by its axle in the test fixture and align the axis of rotation so that the portion of the reflective material below the axis of the abrading brush is horizontal.
(iv) Shape the cup brush by hand to the specified 0.5 (approx. 13mm) diameter. Any stray wire bristles projecting more than 1/32 in. (approx. 1 mm) beyond the tip of the bulk of the bristles should be clipped off. Adjust the position of the brush so that its axis is centered over the mid-point in the width of the retroreflective material.
(v) Adjust the rotational velocity of the bicycle wheel to obtain a linear velocity of 0.23 m/sec (9 in./sec) measured at the mid-point in the width of the retroreflective material. Adjust the force to obtain a force normal to the surface under the brush of 2 N (0.45 lbf).
(vi) Apply the abrading brush to the retroreflective material on the wheel rim, and continue the test for 1000 complete revolutions of the bicycle wheel.
[43 FR 60034, Dec. 22, 1978, as amended at 45 FR 82628, Dec. 16, 1980; 46 FR 3204, Jan. 14, 1981; 68 FR 52691, Sept. 5, 2003; 76 FR 27888, May 13, 2011]
§ 1512.19
Instructions and labeling.
A bicycle shall have an instruction manual attached to its frame or included with the packaged unit.
(a) The instruction manual shall include at least the following:
(1) Operations and safety instructions describing operation of the brakes and gears, cautions concerning wet weather and night-time operation, and a guide for safe on-and-off road operation.
(2) Assembly instructions for accomplishing complete and proper assembly.
(3) Maintenance instructions for proper maintenance of brakes, control cables, bearing adjustments, wheel adjustments, lubrication, reflectors, tires and handlebar and seat adjustments; should the manufacturer determine that such maintenance is beyond the capability of the consumer, specifics regarding locations where such maintenance service can be obtained shall be included.
(b) A bicycle less than fully assembled and fully adjusted shall have clearly displayed on any promotional display material and on the outside surface of the shipping carton the following: (1) A list of tools necessary to properly accomplish assembly and adjustment, (2) a drawing illustrating the minimum leg-length dimension of a rider and a method of measurement of this dimension.
(c) The minimum leg-length dimension shall be readily understandable and shall be based on allowing no less than one inch of clearance between (1) the top tube of the bicycle and the ground plane and (2) the crotch measurement of the rider. A girl's style frame shall be specified in the same way using a corresponding boys' model as a basis.
(d) [Reserved]
(e) Every bicycle subject to the requirements of this part 1512 shall bear a marking or label that is securely affixed on or to the frame of the bicycle in such a manner that the marking or label cannot be removed without being defaced or destroyed. The marking or label shall identify the name of the manufacturer or private labeler and shall also bear some form of marking from which the manufacturer can identify the month and year of manufacture or from which the private labeler can identify the manufacturer and the month and year of manufacture. For purposes of this paragraph, the term
manufacture
means the completion by the manufacturer of a bicycle of those construction or assembly operations
that are performed by the manufacturer before the bicycle is shipped from the manufacturer's place of production for sale to distributors, retailers, or consumers.
[43 FR 60034, Dec. 22, 1978, as amended at 60 FR 62990, Dec. 8, 1995]
§ 1512.20
Separability.
If any section or portion thereof of this part 1512 or its application to any person or circumstance is held invalid, the remainder of the section(s) and its (their) application to other persons or circumstances is not thereby affected.
Subpart B—Policies and Interpretations [Reserved]
Pt. 1512, Fig. 1
)
Figure 2 to Part 1513—Test Probe for Neck Entrapment
Figure 3 to Part 1513—Motion of Test Probe Arrested by Simultaneous Contact With Both Sides of “A” Section of Probe and Boundaries of Opening
Figure 4 to Part 1513—Neck Portion of “B” Section of Probe Enters Completely Into Opening
Appendix to Part 1513—Findings Under the Federal Hazardous Substances Act
Authority:
15 U.S.C. 1261(f)(1)(D), 1261(s), 1262(e)(1), 1262(f)-(i).
Source:
64 FR 71907, Dec. 22, 1999, unless otherwise noted.
§ 1513.1
Scope, application, and effective date.
(a)
Scope, basis, and purpose.
This part 1513 prescribes requirements for bunk beds to reduce or eliminate the risk that children will die or be injured from being trapped between the upper
bunk and the wall or in openings below guardrails or in other structures in the bed. Bunk beds meeting these requirements are exempted from 16 CFR 1500.18(a)(18).
(b)
Application and effective date.
This part applies to all bunk beds, except those manufactured only for institutional use, that are manufactured in the United States, or imported, on or after June 19, 2000. (Facilities intended for use by children under age 6 are not considered to be institutions.) Bunk beds, as described in this section, that are not intended for use by children are subject to the requirements in 16 CFR part 1213, and not to 16 CFR 1500.18(a)(18). However, the provisions of 16 CFR 1213 are substantively identical to the requirements in this part 1513.
§ 1513.2
As used in this part 1513:
Bed. See Bunk bed.
Bed end structure
means an upright unit at the head and foot of the bed to which the side rails attach.
Bunk bed
means a bed in which the underside of any foundation is over 30 inches (760 mm) from the floor.
Foundation
means the base or support on which a mattress rests.
Guardrail
means a rail or guard on a side of the upper bunk to prevent a sleeping occupant from falling or rolling out.
§ 1513.3
(a)
Guardrails.
(1) Any bunk bed shall provide at least two guardrails, at least one on each side of the bed, for each bed having the underside of its foundation more than 30 inches (760 mm) from the floor.
(2) One guardrail shall be continuous between each of the bed's end structures. “Continuous” means that any gap between the guardrail and end structure shall not exceed 0.22 inches (5.6 mm) (so as to not cause a finger entrapment hazard for a child).
(3) The other guardrail may terminate before reaching the bed's end structures, providing there is no more than 15 inches (380 mm) between either end of the guardrail and the nearest bed end structure.
(4) For bunk beds designed to have a ladder attached to one side of the bed, the continuous guardrail shall be on the other side of the bed.
(5) Guardrails shall be attached so that they cannot be removed without either intentionally releasing a fastening device or applying forces sequentially in different directions.
(6) The upper edge of the guardrails shall be no less than 5 inches (130 mm) above the top surface of the mattress when a mattress of the maximum thickness specified by the manufacturer's instructions is on the bed. This requirement does not prohibit a wall-side guardrail that terminates in a quarter-circle bend and attaches to the side rail of the upper bunk foundation.
(7) With no mattress on the bed, there shall be no openings in the structure between the lower edge of the uppermost member of the guardrail and the underside of the upper bunk's foundation that would permit passage of the wedge block shown in Figure 1 of this part when tested in accordance with the procedure at § 1513.4(a).
(b)
Bed end structures.
(1) The upper edge of the upper bunk end structures shall be at least 5 inches (130 mm) above the top surface of the mattress for at least 50 percent of the distance between the two posts at the head and foot of the upper bunk when a mattress and foundation of the maximum thickness specified by the manufacturer's instructions is on the bed.
(2) With no mattress on the bed, there shall be no openings in the rigid end structures above the foundation of the upper bunk that will permit the free passage of the wedge block shown in Figure 1 when tested in accordance with the procedure at § 1513.4(b).
(3) When tested in accordance with § 1513.4(c), there shall be no openings in the end structures between the underside of the foundation of the upper bunk and upper side of the foundation of the lower bunk that will permit the free passage of the wedge block shown in Figure 1, unless the openings are also large enough to permit the free passage of a 9-inch (230-mm) diameter rigid sphere.
(4) All portions of the boundary of any opening required by §§ 1513.4(c)(1) and (2) to be probed by the wedge block
of Figure 1, and that permits free passage of a 9-inch diameter sphere, must conform to the neck entrapment requirements of § 1513.4(c)(3).
§ 1513.4
(a)
Guardrails
(see § 1513.3(a)(6)). With no mattress on the bed, place the wedge block shown in Figure 1, tapered side first, into each opening in the rigid bed structure below the lower edge of the uppermost member of the guardrail and above the underside of the upper bunk's foundation. Orient the block so that it is most likely to pass through the opening (
e.g.,
the major axis of the block parallel to the major axis of the opening) (“most adverse orientation”). Then, gradually apply a 33-lbf (147-N) force in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the large end of the block. Sustain the force for 1 minute.
(b)
Upper bunk end structure
(see § 1513.3(b)(2)). Without a mattress or foundation on the upper bunk, place the wedge block shown in Figure 1 into any opening, tapered side first, and in the most adverse orientation. Determine if the wedge block can pass freely through the opening.
(c)
Lower bunk end structure
(see § 1513.3(b)(3)). (1) Without a mattress or foundation on the lower bunk, place the wedge block shown in Figure 1, tapered side first, into each opening in the lower bunk end structure in the most adverse orientation. Determine whether the wedge block can pass freely through the opening. If the wedge block passes freely through the opening, determine whether a 9-inch (230-mm) diameter rigid sphere can pass freely through the opening.
(2) With the manufacturer's recommended maximum thickness mattress and foundation in place, repeat the test in paragraph (c)(1) of this section.
(3) All portions of the boundary of any opening that is required to be probed by the wedge block of Figure 1 by paragraphs (c)(1) and (c)(2) of this section, and that permits free passage of a 9-inch diameter sphere, must satisfy the requirements of paragraphs (c)(3)(i) and (c)(3)(ii) of this section addressing neck entrapment:
(i) Insert the “A” section of the test template shown in Figure 2 of this part into the portion of the boundary to be tested, with the plane of the template in the plane of the opening and with the centerline of the top of the template (as shown in Figure 2) aligned parallel to the centerline of the opening, until motion is stopped by contact between the test template and the boundaries of the opening (see Figure 3 of this part). By visual inspection, determine if there is simultaneous contact between the boundary of the opening and both sides of the “A” section of the template. If simultaneous contact occurs, mark the contact points on the boundary of the opening and conduct the additional test described in paragraph (c)(3)(ii) of this section.
(ii) To check the potential for neck entrapment, place the neck portion of the “B” section of the template into the opening, with its plane perpendicular to both the plane of the opening and the centerline of the opening (see Figure 4 of this part). If the neck portion of the “B” section of the template can completely enter the opening (passes 0.75 inch or more beyond the points previously contacted by the “A” section of the template), the opening is considered to present a neck entrapment hazard and fails the test, unless its lower boundary slopes downward at 45” or more for the whole distance from the narrowest part of the opening the neck can reach to the part of the opening that will freely pass a 9-inch diameter sphere.
§ 1513.5
Marking and labeling.
(a) There shall be a permanent label or marking on each bed stating the name and address (city, state, and zip code) of the manufacturer, distributor, or retailer; the model number; and the month and year of manufacture.
(b) The following warning label shall be permanently attached to the inside of an upper bunk bed end structure in a location that cannot be covered by the bedding but that may be covered by the placement of a pillow.
ER22DE99.006
Instructions shall accompany each bunk bed set, and shall include the following information.
(a)
Size of mattress and foundation.
The length and width of the intended mattress and foundation shall be clearly stated, either numerically or in conventional terms such as twin size, twin extra-long, etc. In addition, the maximum thickness of the mattress and foundation required for compliance with § 1513.3 (a)(5) and (b)(1) of this part shall be stated.
(b)
The instructions shall provide the following safety warnings:
(1) Do not allow children under 6 years of age to use the upper bunk.
(2) Use guardrails on both sides of the upper bunk.
(3) Prohibit horseplay on or under beds.
(4) Prohibit more than one person on upper bunk.
(5) Use ladder for entering or leaving upper bunk.
(6) If the bunk bed will be placed next to a wall, the guardrail that runs the full length of the bed should be placed against the wall to prevent entrapment between the bed and the wall. (This applies only to bunk beds without two full-length guardrails.)
Pt. 1513, Fig. 1
Figure 1 to Part 1513—Wedge Block for Tests in § 1513.4 (
a
Figure 2 to Part 1513—Test Probe for Neck Entrapment
ER22DE99.008
Pt. 1513, Fig. 3
Figure 3 to Part 1513—Motion of Test Probe Arrested by Simultaneous Contact With Both Sides of “A” Section of Probe and Boundaries of Opening
ER22DE99.009
Pt. 1513, Fig. 4
Figure 4 to Part 1513—Neck Portion of “B” Section of Probe Enters Completely Into Opening
ER22DE99.010
Pt. 1513, App.
Appendix to Part 1513—Findings Under the Federal Hazardous Substances Act
The Federal Hazardous Substances Act (FHSA) requires that the Commission, in order to issue part 1513, make the following findings and include them in the rule. 15 U.S.C. 1261(s), 1262(i). Because of this, the facts and determinations in these findings apply as of the date the rule was issued, December 22, 1999.
A.
Bunk beds present a mechanical hazard.
Section 2(s) of the FHSA states that an “article may be determined to present a mechanical hazard if, in normal use or when subjected to reasonably foreseeable damage or abuse, its design or manufacture presents an unreasonable risk of personal injury or illness * * * (3 from * * * surfaces, edges, openings, or closures * * * , or (9) because of any other aspect of the articles design or manufacture.” 15 U.S.C. 1261(s).
2. For a recent 9.6-year period, the CPSC received reports of 57 deaths of children under age 15 who died when they were trapped between the upper bunk of a bunk bed and the wall or when they were trapped in openings in the bed's structure. Over 96% of those who died in entrapment incidents were age 3 or younger. On average, averting these deaths is expected to produce a benefit to society with a present value of about $175 to $350 for each bed that otherwise would not have complied with one or more of the rule's requirements.
3. This increased safety will be achieved in three main ways. First, all bunk beds will be required to have a guardrail on both sides of the bed. If the bed is placed against a wall, the guardrail on that side is expected to prevent a child from being entrapped between the bed and the wall. The guardrail on the
wall side of the bed must extend continuously from one end to the other. Second, the end structures of the bed must be constructed so that, if an opening in the end structure is large enough so a child can slip his or her body through it, it must be large enough that the child's head also can pass through. Third, this area must also be constructed so that a child cannot insert his or her head into an opening and move to another part of the opening where the head cannot be pulled out and the neck can become entrapped.
4. For the reasons discussed in paragraph C of this appendix, the benefits of the changes to bunk beds caused by this rule will have a reasonable relationship to the changes' costs. The rule addresses a risk of death, and applies primarily to a vulnerable population, children under age 3. The life-saving features required by the rule are cost-effective and can be implemented without adversely affecting the performance and availability of the product. The effective date provides enough time so that production of bunk beds that do not already comply with the standard can easily be changed so that the beds comply. Accordingly, the Commission finds that there is an unreasonable risk of entrapment injury associated with bunk beds that do not comply with part 1513.
B.
Where a voluntary standard has been adopted and implemented by the affected industry, that compliance with such voluntary standard is not likely to result in the elimination or adequate reduction of the risk of injury, or it is unlikely that there will be substantial compliance with such voluntary standard.
1.
Adequacy of the voluntary standard.
In this instance, there is a voluntary standard addressing the risk of entrapment in bunk beds. However, the rule goes beyond the provisions of the voluntary standard. First, it eliminates the voluntary standard's option to have an opening of up to 15 inches at each end of the wall-side guardrail. Second, it requires more of the lower bunk end structures to have entrapment protection. The voluntary standard protects against entrapment only within the 9-inch space immediately above the upper surface of the lower bunk's mattress. The mandatory standard extends this area of protection upward to the level of the underside of the upper bunk foundation. Both of these provisions, which are in the rule but not in the voluntary standard, address fatalities and, as noted in this paragraph (a)(18), have benefits that bear a reasonable relationship to their costs.
Therefore, the Commission finds that compliance with the voluntary standard is not likely to result in the elimination or adequate reduction of the risk of entrapment injury or death.
2.
Substantial compliance.
i. The FHSA does not define “substantial compliance.” The March 3, 1999 Notice of Proposed Rulemaking summarized an interpretation of “substantial compliance” that the Office of General Counsel provided to the Commission. 64 FR 10245, 10248-49 (March 3, 1999). The Commission specifically invited public comment on that interpretation from “all persons who would be affected by such an interpretation.” Id. at 10249. The Commission received more than 20 comments on the interpretation.
ii. Having now considered all the evidence that the staff has presented, the comments from the public, and the legal advice from the Office of General Counsel, the Commission concludes that there is not “substantial compliance” with the ASTM voluntary standard for bunk beds within the meaning of the Consumer Product Safety Act and the Federal Hazardous Substances Act. See, e.g., 15 U.S.C. 2058(f)(3)(D)(ii); 15 U.S.C. 1262(i)(2)(A)(ii). However, the Commission does not adopt a general interpretation of “substantial compliance” focusing on whether the level of compliance with a voluntary standard could be improved under a mandatory standard. Rather, the grounds for the Commission's decision focus on the specific facts of this rulemaking and are stated below.
iii. The legislative history regarding the meaning of “substantial compliance” indicates that the Commission should consider whether compliance is sufficient to eliminate or adequately reduce the risk of injury in a timely fashion and that, generally, compliance should be measured in terms of the number of complying products, rather than the number of manufacturers who are in compliance. E.g., Senate Report No. 97-102, p. 14 (May 15, 1981); House Report No. 97-158, p. 11 (June 19, 1981); H. Conf. Rep. No. 97-208, 97th Cong., 1st Sess. 871, reprinted in 1981 U.S. Code Cong. & Admin. News 1010, 1233.
iv. Given this Congressional guidance, the Commission believes it appropriate to examine the number of conforming products as the starting point for analysis. However, the Commission does not believe that there is any single percentage of conforming products that can be used in all cases to define “substantial compliance.” Instead, the percentage must be viewed in the context of the hazard the product presents. Thus, the Commission must examine what constitutes substantial compliance with a voluntary standard in light of its obligation to safeguard the American consumer.
v. There are certain factors the agency considers before it initiates regulatory action, such as the severity of the potential injury, whether there is a vulnerable population at risk, and the risk of injury. See 16 CFR 1009.8. These and other factors also appropriately inform the Commission's decision regarding whether a certain level of conformance with a voluntary standard is
substantial. In the light of these factors, industry's compliance rate with the voluntary standard for bunk beds is not substantial.
vi. In this case, the Commission deals with the most severe risk—death—to one of the most vulnerable segments of our population—infants and young children. While the risk of death is not high, it exists whenever a young child is in a residence with a nonconforming bunk bed.
vii. Additionally, some products, such as hairdryers without shock protection devices, require some intervening action (dropping the hair dryer into water) to create the hazard. By contrast, deaths in bunk beds occur during the intended use of the product—a child rolling over in bed or climbing in or out of it—without any intervening action.
viii. The Commission must also consider that bunk beds have a very long product life, frequently being passed on to several families before being discarded. Thus, a number of children may be exposed to a bed during its useful life. Every noncomplying bed that poses an entrapment hazard presents the potential risk of death to any young child in the house. It is a risk that is hard for a parent to protect against, as children find their way onto these beds even if they are not put to sleep in them.
ix. Bunk beds are products that can be made relatively easily by very small companies, or even by a single individual. The Office of Compliance believes smaller entities will always present a compliance problem, because new manufacturers can enter the marketplace relatively easily and need little expertise to make a wooden bunk bed. The evidence seems to support the view that there will always be an irreducible number of new, smaller bunk bed manufacturers who will not follow the voluntary standard.
x. What constitutes substantial compliance is also a function of what point in time the issue is examined. In 1989, the Commission denied a petition for a mandatory bunk bed rule. At that time, industry was predicting that by April of 1989, 90% of all beds being manufactured would comply with the voluntary guidelines. But that was in the context of years of steadily increasing conformance and the hope that conformance would continue to grow and that deaths and near-misses would begin to decline. But the conformance level never grew beyond the projection for 1989 and deaths and near-misses have not dropped.
xi. Even with the existing compliance rate, the Commission is contemplating the prospect of perhaps 50,000 nonconforming beds a year (or more) entering the marketplace, with many beds remaining in use for perhaps 20 years or longer. Under these circumstances, a 10% rate of noncompliance is too high.
xii. It is now clear that the bunk bed voluntary standard has not achieved an adequate reduction of the unreasonable risk of death to infants and children in a timely fashion, and it is unlikely to do so. Accordingly, the Commission finds that substantial compliance with the voluntary standard for bunk beds is unlikely.
xiii. Products that present some or all of the following factors might not be held to as strict a substantial compliance analysis. Those which:
—Rarely or never cause death;
—Cause only less severe injuries;
—Do not cause deaths or injuries principally to a vulnerable segment of the population;
—Are not intended for children and which have no special attraction for children;
—Have a relatively short life span;
—Are made by a few stable manufacturers or which can only be made by specialized manufacturers needing a significant manufacturing investment to produce the product;
—Are covered by a voluntary standard which continues to capture an increasing amount of noncomplying products; or
—Require some additional intervening action to be hazardous.
xiv. And, in analyzing some other product, there could be other factors that would have to be taken into consideration in determining what level of compliance is adequate to protect the public. The tolerance for nonconformance levels has to bear some relationship to the magnitude and manageability of the hazard addressed.
xv. The Commission emphasizes that its decision is not based on the argument that a mandatory rule provides more powerful enforcement tools. If this were sufficient rationale, mandatory rules could always displace voluntary standards, and this clearly was not Congress's intent. But, with a mandatory standard, the necessity of complying with a mandatory federal regulation will be understandable to small manufacturers. State and local governments will have no doubt about their ability to help us in our efforts to locate these manufacturers.
C.
The benefits expected from the rule bear a reasonable relationship to its costs.
1.
Bunk beds that do not comply with ASTM's requirements for guardrails.
The cost of providing a second guardrail for bunk beds that do not have one is expected to be from $15-40 per otherwise noncomplying bed. If, as expected, the standard prevents virtually all of the deaths it addresses, the present value of the benefits of this modification are estimated to be from $175-350 per otherwise noncomplying bed. Thus, the benefit of this provision is about 4-23 times its cost.
2.
Bunk beds that comply with ASTM's requirements for guardrails.
The voluntary standard allows up to a 15-inch gap in the coverage of the guardrail on the wall side of the upper bunk. Additional entrapment deaths are addressed by requiring that the
wall-side guardrail be continuous from one end of the bed to the other. The estimated present value of the benefits of this requirement will be $2.40 to $3.50 per otherwise noncomplying bed. The Commission estimates that the materials cost to extend one guardrail an additional 30 inches (760 mm) will be less than the present value of the benefits of making the change. Further, the costs of any design changes can be amortized over the number of bunk beds produced after the design change is made. Thus, any design costs are nominal.
3.
Lower bunk end structures.
The Commission is aware of a death, involving entrapment in the end structures of the lower bunk, occurring in a scenario not currently addressed by the voluntary standard. This death is addressed by extending the upper limit of the voluntary standard's lower bunk end structures entrapment provisions from 9 inches above the lower bunk's sleeping surface to the bottom of the upper bunk and by also including a test for neck entrapment in this area. The Commission expects the costs of this requirement to be design-related only, and small. Indeed, for some bunk beds, material costs may decrease since less material may be required to comply with these requirements than are currently being used. Again, the design costs for these modifications to the end structures can be amortized over the subsequent production run of the bed.
4.
Effect on market.
The small additional costs from any wall-side guardrail and end-structure modifications are not expected to affect the market for bunk beds, either alone or added to the costs of compliance to ASTM's provisions.
5.
Conclusion.
The Commission has no reason to conclude that any of the standard's requirements have costs that exceed the requirement's expected benefits. Further, the total effect of the rule is that the benefits of the rule will exceed its costs by about 4-23 times. Accordingly, the Commission concludes that the benefits expected from the rule will bear a reasonable relationship to its costs.
D.
The rule imposes the least burdensome requirement that prevents or adequately reduces the risk of injury for which the rule is being promulgated.
1. The Commission considered relying on the voluntary standard, either alone or combined with a third-party certification program. However, the Commission concludes that a mandatory program will be more effective in reducing these deaths, each of which is caused by an unreasonable risk of entrapment. Accordingly, these alternatives would not prevent or adequately reduce the risk of injury for which the rule is being promulgated.
2. The Commission also considered a suggestion that bunk beds that conformed to the voluntary standard be so labeled. Consumers could then compare conforming and nonconforming beds at the point of purchase and make their purchase decisions with this safety information in mind. This, however, would not necessarily reduce injuries, because consumers likely would not know there is a voluntary standard and thus would not see any risk in purchasing a bed that was not labeled as conforming to the standard.
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'Picaboo' was the 2011 launch name of what popular online application, whose logo is based on Ghostface Killah of the Wu-Tang Clan?
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150102st by Mike Hall - issuu
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Happy Chinese New Year! 19 The Chinese New Year Supplement
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7 Opinion: The Importance Of Maintaining Family Bonds 11 Health & Beauty Talk: KORE Therapy 12 Travel Talk: Island Hopping In Hawaii & Adventures In Angkor
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COVER STORY
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The weird and wonderful happenings around Shanghai over the last month Maintaining Family Bonds: Important Considerations For Staying Connected While Living Abroad
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We have opened up Talk’s 2014 archives to create our definitive Bucket List for the New Year
CITY LIVING What’s Hot What’s CooL 10 This month’s must-buys
BEAUTY TALK
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We experienced KORE Therapy, a neurological based treatment that integrates Western and Eastern ideologies to ascertain the root cause of our grievances
TRAVEL TALK
We explore the Angkor region of Cambodia and island hop in Hawaii
THE SCENE DINING OUT
NIGHT TALK
18
We review hot new restaurants; Gemma, Holy Cow and Sun Chateau On The Bund We get a drink at new speakeasy bar, FLASK
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The Chinese New Year Supplement 19
EDITOR’S LETTER
Happy New Year and 新年快乐 from Talk Magazine! In 2015, we welcome in the Chinese zodiac year of the sheep, and our Chinese New Year Supplement (pages 19 to 24) has all the information you need to know about local traditions, festive food and which zodiac sign you are. We also give you tips about how to avoid bad luck if this year is your benming nian. Unfortunately, if you were born in the year of the sheep, it is not your lucky day, or should we say year… Our cover story this month is Talk’s 2015 Bucket List (pages 8 and 9). We have created our list of must-do activities for 2015 covering beauty, health, style, travel and tech. If you haven’t already done so, we suggest you make it your New Year’s resolution to cover all five areas before the year is out. In this issue, Dr Nate Balfanz, Senior Clinical Psychologist at JJ-Premier Medical Care, a comprehensive mental and medical health service clinic for expat children, tells us why it’s important for kids to maintain family bonds whilst living abroad (page 7). Ensuring that these bonds remain unbroken helps to enhancing feelings of self-esteem and self-worth in children. We recently received a KORE Therapy treatment at The Peninsula Shanghai (page 11). It is a neurological based treatment that integrates Western and Eastern ideologies. Dr Brazier, who developed the world acclaimed programme, was in Shanghai to train members of The Peninsula Shanghai team and we were fascinated when he tested and apparently managed to determine the root cause of our aliments. Over on our travel pages in this issue, we holiday in Hawaii and escape to Angkor (pages 12 to 16). As usual, we have the latest hotel news, food and drink deals as well as our essential listings at the back (pages 31 onwards). Now, let’s Talk!
Nyima Pratten
AROUNDTOWN Your news round-up for the month of January & Febuary
A Nobel Act
Nobel Prize winner and Shanghaiborn scientist, Tsung Dao Lee, who won the award in 1957 in Physics, has donated his medal and diploma to the Tsung Dao Lee Library at Jiao Tong University Minhang campus. Visitors to the library will be able to view the impressive accolade and it will hopefully inspire the next generation of Shanghai-born talent.
Cracking Down On Unlicensed Taxis
12 unlicensed taxis, which were using the third-party booking application, Didi Taxi, have had their vehicles confiscated, with some facing a RMB 10000 fine. None of the drivers had a business licence and their cars were not registered as taxis. Shanghai residents must be wary, when stepping into a taxi, that the vehicle is being operated legally otherwise, in the event of an accident, they would not be able to claim compensation, as the vehicle is not insured. It is also not safe to travel with a driver who is not vetted by the system and therefore has no accountability. Take care when commuting!
The Glamour Has Gone
There was sad news at the end of 2014 with the announcement that Glamour Bar, on the Bund, would be shutting its doors for good. This year’s Shanghai International Literary Festival will now be held at sister venue, M on the Bund, in the Crystal Room at the restaurant. Whispers around town are that the bar was forced to close after the lease expired and rent was excessively raised. Glamour Bar will be sorely missed amongst the expat crowd in the city, as it was known for its cultural events, great cocktails and even better company.
Plastic, Not So Fantastic
We have all heard the stories about young Chinese women flocking to foreign countries, such as Korea, to go under the knife and change their physical appearance. Upon returning to China, after their plastic surgery, many look so different that they have trouble convincing immigration staff that it really is them in their passport photo. But what happens when the surgery turns ugly? Shanghai Zhen’ai Women’s Hospital has launched a hotline to give advice, consultation and medical help to those who have encountered bad experiences with plastic surgery abroad. FYI, the number is 4008 805 522.
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UPFRONT
Maintaining Family Bonds: Important Considerations For Staying Connected While Living Abroad Dr. Nate Balfanz
C
hristmas has been and gone and Chinese New Year is fast approaching here in Shanghai, which means it is a time of year when people gather together to celebrate, give thanks, and visit family members and friends they may not have the chance to see that often. The importance of time spent with significant others over the holidays is magnified for those of us in the expat community, as work, school and a variety of other circumstances have resulted in us being separated from our loved ones for, often, lengthy periods of time. So what can this holiday season teach us about the importance of staying connected with family and friends throughout the rest of the calendar year? Most of us would not have made the commitment to living in such a vibrant, fast-paced city as Shanghai if it were not for a willingness to step outside our comfort zones and pursue something we found to be worthwhile. Perhaps it was an entrepreneurial endeavour, a transatlantic job transfer or an opportunity to study in a foreign country that landed us here. Regardless, we all know how easy it can be to lose sight of where our journey began or how far we have come along the way. When we couple that with time zone differences, work responsibilities and the basic, everyday challenges of adjusting to life in a foreign community, it comes as no surprise that many of us lose contact with the family members and friends we used to see and speak to on a regular basis. One might ask, how could we possibly find time to connect with our old lives when we’ve been so busy creating a new life here in Shanghai? And better yet, why should we even bother? Research has demonstrated how maintaining the support of close family members and friends, despite the distance that separates us, can support both one’s physical and mental health. Positive social support from family members and friends has been shown to help reduce the likelihood of developing depressive disorders, as well as
EDUCATION TALK
enhancing feelings of selfesteem and self-worth, and even thwarting the onset of illness or chronic disease. The research makes it clear that staying positively connected with the family members and friends we surrounded ourselves with before moving is a critical tool for navigating the inevitable challenges that come with living in a foreign community. As worldrenowned psychiatrist and researcher Dr. Bruce Perry stated, “There’s no better biological interaction that you can have than a relationship.” Tips for Staying Connected Throughout the Year:
Create A Phone Call Schedule Whether it be every day, every week, or every month, creating and sticking to an agreed upon phone call schedule with your family members and friends helps to hold one another accountable for staying connected.
L
awrence Dallaglio, one of England’s finest Rugby World Cup winners and captains, visited Dulwich College Shanghai in December as part of the Rugby World Cup Trophy Tour. It was a great opportunity for all rugby players from Year 3 to Year 13 to meet an England legend and to see the official Rugby World Cup Trophy. Junior rugby students met with Lawrence Dallaglio and received signed rugby balls, whereas senior rugby students were treated to an audience with the sporting superstar. Lawrence Dallaglio played 85 games for England, three games for the British and Irish Lions, was a Rugby World Cup winner in 2003 and played 227 games for Wasps Rugby; a true inspiration for all Dulwich College Shanghai students.
Keep A Virtual Connection Between Skype, e-mail, text messaging and various types of social media, the space that separates us is smaller than ever. Maintaining a virtual connection with your loved ones throughout the course of a day or week is the next best substitute to sharing a physical space with them.
Maintain Holiday Celebrations And Traditions This tip is particularly important for those expats who are not able to make it home for the holidays. Cooking a holiday meal, hanging stockings on the mantel, or even watching your favourite holiday movie are all methods for promoting feelings of family togetherness. Combine tips #2 and #3 and watch your holiday movie “with” your family or friends over Skype.
Reach Out Chances are you are the only one amongst your family members and friends who is currently living abroad. This means that while your lifestyle has probably changed considerably, theirs has more or less stayed the same. This can make it difficult for others to understand the unique challenges that come with living in a foreign community, which will require an extra effort on your behalf to let them know how important staying connected is to you. Dr. Nate Balfanz is the Senior Clinical Psychologist at JJ-Premier Medical Care, a comprehensive mental and medical health service clinic for expat children, adolescents, adults, and families living in Shanghai. For more information on clinic services, contact Dr. Balfanz at: [email protected]
January-February15 TalkMagazine
s i ' L 5 t 1 e 0 2 uck
UPFRONT
COVER STORY
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BEAUTY IPL Hair Removal @ Strip W
e started our hair removal treatment with Strip back in May 2014, and have been going back every six weeks for our follow up sessions. We have been so impressed with our friendly and knowledgeable therapists throughout the experience, and equally impressed with our results. We have not experienced any pain or discomfort during the process and have not needed to use any other hair removal methods during the treatment. However, IPL hair removal works best on people with light skin and dark hair and is, unfortunately, not as effective on people with dark skin or very light hair. Most people can expect hair reduction ranging from 75% to 80% but for blonde or red-haired clients, results can range from 25% to 60% depending on the amount of melanin present in the hairs. IPL (intense pulsed light) hair removal treatment uses a broad spectrum of high-intensity focused light to destroy and weaken existing hair and hair follicles through heat energy, thereby stopping hair growth. As the hair starts to grow back after each treatment, it begins to shed naturally and regrowth is reduced with less noticeable, thinner hairs. We believe that for no-fuss, long-term hair removal, this is the best beauty investment you can make in 2015.
HEALTH
Strip has multiple locations around the city, including 158 Xinle Lu, near Donghu Lu. Tel: 5403 0011. Web: www.strip-shanghai.cn. Contact the store directly for prices and packages.
TalkMagazine
Reiki With Master Level Practitioner, Fadzi Mandiringa R eiki is an energy healing practice that originated in Japan almost a century ago. Reiki claims to be able to improve stress levels, heal emotional issues, as well as help with physical pain and more. Tafadzwa “Fadzi” Mandiringa, is originally from Zimbabwe, but comes to Shanghai via Changzhou, in Jiangsu Province. She explained that Reiki works with the chakra and meridian systems of the body, in a similar way to acupuncture, or acupressure, and that practitioners can read the health of different parts of the body by laying their hands lightly on, or slightly above, a patient, in order to pick up any issues.
January-February15
Mandiringa told Talk that Reiki works on all levels; spiritual, physical and mental. It can combat stress and boost your energy levels. It can also be used to combat emotional problems such as expressing yourself or issues with family and friends. We think that this is a great, alternative way to de-stress from life in our busy city. If you are looking for a new method to relax, relieve pain or improve your emotional wellbeing, try a Reiki treatment in Shanghai. For more information about Fadzi Mandiringa’s Reiki practice, visit her website, www.fadzi.com.
TRAVEL
Unisex Fashion At Mary H U
MaryH. 849 Julu Lu, near Changshu Lu. Web: www. designedbymaryh. com.
Explore The Lost Horizon Of Shangrila
I
STYLE
pgrade your wardrobe with items at locally based store, MaryH. The Swedish-born and bred accessories designer, Mary Huynh, originally came to Shanghai to explore her Chinese ancestry, but the move also led her to follow her long-time passion for fashion and start her own brand, Designed by MaryH, in 2010. Her first foray into the world of design was multiuse handbags that could be carried as a clutch, on the shoulder, or worn cross body, giving her customers the ability to cater one bag to different needs and occasions. MaryH also offers unisex boots, which are handcrafted with high quality cow leather and lambskin trims, both outside and inside. Designed by MaryH has products that run the price spectrum from RMB 200, for small leather goods, up to RMB 2,000, for large convertible tote bags. This year, choose minimalistic, functional yet colourful products and support this independent, unique brand rather than follow the lure of luxury labels.
f you only travel to one place this year, make sure it’s to Shangrila in Yunnan Province. Originally called Zhongdian County, or Gyalthang in Tibetan, Shangrila County, is part of Greater Tibet, and was given its current name in 2001 in the hopes of boosting tourism due to its association with the fictional, isolated paradise written about in James Hilton’s Lost Horizon. The town is split into various ethnic groups including Han, Naxi and Bai residents, however, the surrounding countryside is made up of traditional Tibetan farmhouses hosting an entirely Tibetan population. Blue skies and white clouds add to the beautiful Tibetan countryside scenes of rolling green hills, distant snow capped mountains and wandering yaks. Thanks to crystal clear visibility and fantastic light, your eyes are able to pick up the colour of far-flung prayer flags raging in the wind. Bright, enticing traditional patterns of turquoise, magenta, gold, cobalt and coral can be found on everything from clothes to house decorations, monasteries to horses. Apart from long treks in the countryside, and becoming acquainted with the local people, visitors must make a trip to Sungtseling Monastery. A very important monastery in Tibetan Buddhism, it was built in 1679 and is the largest of its kind in Yunnan and currently houses around 700 monks. Shangrila has a unique cultural heritage and a strong, traditional community. It is therefore an ideal place to visit and appreciate many aspects of Tibetan culture and customs without the restrictions that come with journeying into Tibet. This county is a deeply spiritual
and sacred place, where you will find hard working and high-spirited Tibetans enjoying the same type of lifestyle that their ancestors would have benefitted from generations before. And where should you stay? Banyan Tree Ringha of course! The hotel is situated in an extremely small Tibetan village, surrounded by mountains, and is made out of traditional Tibetan farmhouses that have been reused to form a beautiful hotel. The population of Ringha village, which is about a 30 minute drive from Shangrila centre, is 100% Tibetan and the hotel works very closely with the local community to organise day trips to village farms and dinners with local Tibetans to eat tsampa, drink yak's butter tea and join in with traditional Tibetan singing. They also offer the opportunity to take mountain treks with their tour guides, but due to the high altitude, we suggest taking a horse with you! Web: www.banyantree.com/en/cn-chinaringha.
TECH
App Of The Year: IndulgeSmart I
f you haven’t already done so, make sure you download IndulgeSmart this year, and put it to use straight away. IndulgeSmart is a Shanghai-based app that was launched last year aiming to help local residents explore, eat and enjoy. After registering an account with IndulgeSmart, you are able to search, share, rate and review local restaurants and bars, in English; a Chinese version of the app is slated to come out in the near future. The multi-functional platform allows you to search for venues based on your individual tastes and dining history, as well as suggest venues to your friends. It also uses location-based services to discover new restaurants or bars nearby. You can read reviews by other users, or leave your own, to get a true image of what’s hot and what’s not in town. By the end of 2014, the app already had 25000 users, with 4500 registered, highly active users, who mainly focused on mid to high end dining. This is a very user-friendly, English Language app, full of all the information you could possibly need. We believe that in the future, it could give Dianping a serious run for its money. Start using IndulgeSmart today and add your voice to the growing number of Shanghai-based foodies. Web: www.indulgesmart.com
January-February15 TalkMagazine
HOT & COOL
what’sHOT what’sCOOL Isobel Rose
It’s time to dust off your 2014 wardrobe. Here are our picks to see you into 2015 in style. COSY CATS We guarantee that you will not find anything snugger this season than Pinyin Press’s sweater with their trademark lucky cats print . RMB 280. Pinyin Press, available at Madame Mao’s Dowry. 207 Fumin Lu, near Julu Lu. Web: www.pinyinpress.com
FOR HIM PUNK UP YOUR ACCESSORIES Add a bit of drama to your outfit with this punk necklace complete with skulls and crosses. The mixed, multi chains and diamanté add a little fun to any occasion. RMB 850. Josie Chen. 382 Jianguo Xi Lu, near Taiyuan Lu. Web: www.josiechenrange.co.uk
There is no better way to show the men in your life that you care than by surprising them with your thoughtfulness every once in a while. The Chinese New Year tradition of celebrating by wearing new clothes makes for the perfect occasion. RMB TBC. Ted Baker. 1563 Nanjing Xi Lu, near Tongren Lu. Tel: 5291 9559. Web: www.tedbaker.com
CUTE COCKTAIL DRESSES Scoop up these trademark Cath Kidston dresses. Their fun and flirty prints are sure to make you stand out from the crowd. Green printed dress, RMB 880; white printed dress, RMB 690. Cath Kidston. 268 Xizang Zhong Lu, near Fuzhou Lu. Web: www.cathkidston.co.uk
WRAP UP WARM Christmas has been and gone, but the cold weather is here to stay for a few more months. Make sure that your outerwear is always effortlessly glamorous.
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Blue 100% cashmere sweater RMB 2957. Sabina Sweater, available at Xinlelu. 414 Shaanxi Bei Lu, near Beijing Xi Lu. Tel: 5213 3301. Web: www.xinlelu.com Metallic cocoon jacket, RMB 1386 (sale price). Vanessa Cheung, available at Xinlelu. 414 Shaanxi Bei Lu, near Beijing Xi Lu. Tel: 5213 3301. Web: www.xinlelu.com January-February15
CITY LIVING
HEALTH & BEAUTY
KORE Therapy @ The Peninsula Shanghai Nyima Pratten
The Peninsula Shanghai has become the first spa in the city to add the globally acclaimed KORE Therapy programme to their offerings. Developed by Dr John Brazier in the UK more than 20 years ago, KORE Therapy is a neurological based treatment that integrates Western and Eastern ideologies and orthopaedic muscle testing skills to ascertain the root cause of pain, illness and fatigue.
D
r Brazier is an honouree Doctor of Traditional Chinese Medicine and a specialist in Western musculoskeletal systems. This outgoing, Northern English doctor became interested in Eastern medicine after becoming one of the first ninjas in the UK and learning about the intricacies of the human body from an Easternmedicinal perspective. A happy coincidence, through his day job as an engineer, took to him Beijing and a chance meeting with a university doctor, after an injury, led him to study TMC in China and then other forms of Eastern medicine in Japan and Thailand before pursuing a career in wellness therapy; and as they say, the rest is history. After opening a practice in Lancashire, North England, with a Chinese colleague, and creating the KORE Therapy programme, Dr Brazier has become extremely successful in his field, and is now the Vice President of The Federation of Holistic Therapists, the UK's largest professional therapist association. KORE Therapy has also proved successful in enhancing sporting performance and injury assessment. Olympic athletes, Premier League footballers, professional golfers, tennis coaches, Indian Premier League cricketers and champion body builders seek treatment from Dr Brazier to increase their power before a match, or treatment for their pelvic, spinal, digestive, nerve, energy and blood flow issues. Dr Brazier visited The Peninsula Shanghai’s spa in December to conduct a five-day KORE Therapy training programme, teaching the Peninsula’s therapists and personal trainers to diagnose the causative factors in many musculoskeletal issues. The subsequent treatment is then aimed at achieving an immediate reduction of pain, increased strength, performance enhancement and faster recovery from illness and injury. We were lucky enough to be invited for a session while Dr Brazier was in the city. Our treatment began with a personal consultation, and a conversation about our specific health and wellness needs.
We identified that sleep problems were our biggest concern, although the doctor can also help with neck, back and leg pain, bowel and digestive issues and immune system problems amongst other things. As we lay, fully clothed on the massage table, Dr Brazier laid his hands on our body and discovered a slight rotation in our hips, which was compensating for an old injury in our right leg. He pinpointed the exact problem by using muscle testing, which involved the doctor applying pressure to different areas of our legs and then asking us to hold our thumb and ring finger together as he tried to pull them apart. If there was an injury in the area he had touched, it was harder to hold our fingers together against the opposing force. The doctor also discovered an old neck injury, exacerbated by constantly looking down at the computer or phone screen. We were told that problems with the neck could lead to sleeping problems, as there is a musculoskeletal imbalance between the head and neck. After the assessment, Dr Brazier aimed to treat these specific problems through the integrative KORE Therapy technique, which is a mixture of Western and Eastern philosophies, as he rebalanced and realigned our body. Although we were sceptical at first, the doctor proved the success of the treatment by once again using muscle testing. This time, after he put pressure on our problem areas, we were able to resist his pressure. Seeing the apparent, immediate improvement was undeniably impressive. If you are looking for a personalised treatment that is targeted to help improve your specific ailments, which you have not been able to cure with more commonplace treatments, it might be worthwhile seeking treatment from a KORE Therapy trained professional. Furthermore, Dr Brazier will be returning to Shanghai in 2015, so make sure you contact the spa if you would like to book an appointment with the master himself. KORE Therapy @ The Peninsula Shanghai Spa. Price: RMB 580 +15% (30-minute consultation); RMB 1200 +15% (60-minute consultation and screening treatments). January-February15 TalkMagazine
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TRAVEL TALK
Escape To Angkor Nyima Pratten
Siem Reap, approximately a four-hour direct flight away from Shanghai, is a buzzing little city in North-western Cambodia that is famed for being the gateway to the Angkor region. The area is covered in more than one thousand temples, the largest of which being Angkor Wat. Even though it was built in the early 12th century, it is still a modern day symbol of Cambodia, and should be at the top of every tourist’s bucket list.
T
his was our second visit to Siem Reap, the first time being in 2007, and we certainly noticed a big changed. The tourism industry has transformed this once sleepy city into a loud and boisterous party town filled with restaurants, cafes, souvenir shops, bars, pubs and clubs; especially around the aptly named Pub Street. In the evening, the area is crowded with tourists from around the world, especially rowdy young backpackers taking part in organised pubcrawls. Although this is an area well know for its live bands, drinking culture and nightlife, we enjoyed the area much better during the daytime, when we were able to walk around the area, buy local trinkets, snack in the local restaurants that are dotted around the streets and experience a Cambodian massage. We particularly enjoyed trying the many different variations on the famous local dish, Amok fish curry, which is a rich, thick yellow curry served in a coconut. Located a short tuk tuk ride away from the city centre is Angkor Archaeological Park. You must buy either a one-day pass or a three-day pass, at a slightly discounted price to enter the site. We realised that the area inside the park is so vast, and heaving with temples, that visitors would struggle to cover enough ground in one day. You can negotiate a price with your tuk tuk driver to take you around for the day, or the full three days. It is also possible to hire a guide to take you around the temples, which we highly recommend, to truly get an understanding of the site’s colourful history and the importance of the ancient buildings. If you want to explore the park independently, you can rent a bicycle, and thanks to the newly paved roads, it is quite a comfortable option, if you can stand the humidity. We visited the Angkor National Museum, during our time in Siem Reap to learn more about the pre-Angkor
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and post-Angkor reign, which was very beneficial, and if you want to tour the temples on your own, this should be your first stop. There are many statues and relics in the museum, along with explanations that will help your understanding of the area and the period of time. Once inside Angkor Archaeological Park, Angkor Wat welcomes you upon turning the first bend in the road. Surrounded by a lake, the reflection of the water gives the viewer an almost kaleidoscopic view of the scenery. Angkor
Wat is one of the largest religious monuments in the world, and is an awe-inspiring testament to the faith of bygone generations. We noticed that it was markedly busier that on our first visit eight years ago, and any photos you take of the temple will be full of people. However, it is definitely quieter first thing in the morning or last thing in the evening, so we suggest visiting during these times. As the temple is made up of many corridors and chambers, it is possible to find calmer little nooks and crannies
where you can sit and soak up the atmosphere. Beautiful walls with stone carvings of different royal and religious scenes are extremely intricate and impressive. Two other sites that are very much worth visiting are Ta Prohm and Bayon. Ta Prohm is perhaps the busiest temple we encountered, with scores of tourists lining up to take a photo beside the famous tree that was used in the filming of Tomb Raider, a film in which Angelina Jolie starred. The trees have pushed their way out through the ancient temple, making a break for the
sky and leaving the stone building blocks in ruins. Instead of trying to restore the complex to its previous grandeur, it has been left this way, partly leading to why this temple is so popular with tourists who are looking for a photogenic vista. Massive carvings of stone faces, which look out in four different decorations on jutting high towers, dominate Bayon. You are able to climb the steep and narrow stairs right to the top of the complex and walk amongst the godlike statues. If you are looking for a truly remarkable experience when visiting Angkor Archaeological Park, you should sign up for the Angkor Wat International Half Marathon that takes place at the end of the year (Web: www. angkormarathon.org). You are able to run around the site and view many of the famous temples on foot. Money for the charity race is also donated to local charities that work to help a country that experienced so much devastation only a short while ago. January-February15  TalkMagazine
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Adventures In Oahu Jamie Barys
Courtesy of La Mer
Home to Honolulu – the state capital and President Barack Obama’s birthplace – Oahu is the most populous island in the Hawaiian archipelago. More than 85 per cent of the state’s residents call the dot in the Pacific home, and its status as a major tourist destination makes that population even more dense in downtown Honolulu and along the stretches of Waikiki Beach. But this tiny island has enough landmass to offer up both urban hotspots and scenic retreats for island visitors.
Hike Manoa Falls
Oahu is so densely packed in that you can find lush, natural beauty just a 15-minute drive from the tower blocks of Waikiki. One of the easiest treks on the island, the hike to and from Manoa Falls, is just two miles round-trip and you trek along a flat path through groves of eucalyptus
Courtesy of La Mer
trees and bamboo forests and past stone-studded creeks before you reach the 150 feet tall falls. It may look a bit familiar to you - Jurassic Park and Lost were both filmed here – but even Steven Spielberg can’t quite capture the falls’ natural beauty. This is the wettest part of the island, so make sure you wear shoes with good tread and prepare to get muddy.
La Mer
The only restaurant in the state of Hawaii to be awarded a five-star designation by Forbes Travel Guide, La Mer is the pinnacle of dining in Oahu. Book for 6pm and ask for a table by the window, and you’ll have the best seat in the state as you watch the sun set over Waikiki Bay. As night falls, curious sea turtles pop their heads up in the glow of the restaurant for a breath of fresh air. This is all if you can take your eyes from the food in front of you. Every dish on the luxurious seven-course degustation menu is so beautifully plated you almost don’t want to eat it, but one mouthful and you’ll hardly be able to stop yourself. We melted for the poached locally-raised lobster with shaved truffles and an inspired Pinot Noir pairing and their cheese chariot – oh so much more than a tray – with white port.
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Courtesy of Hilton Hawaiian Village
Explore The North Shore
Far from the highrises of Honolulu and the tourist traps of Waikiki, the North Shore offers a more relaxed way of life than the city’s hustle and bustle, thanks in part to its high concentration of surfers. As you head over the mountains and into the lush, green jungles to the island’s windward side, you’ll see signs asking to “Keep the Country Country!” and stop local development. You can’t blame the hoteliers for leering at the locale; one stretch of the shore is known as “seven miles of heaven” thanks to its white sandy beaches and picturesque views, not to mention its killer surfing spots. Try your hand at the local pastime with Buttons Surf School, but stick with your instructor. Just a few miles away from your classroom of waves are the arenas of surf legends. The site of all three events in the men’s Triple Crown of Surfing, North Shore beaches like Banzai Pipeline and Sunset Beach see waves reaching up to fifty feet tall during the winter months. When you’ve worked up an appetite from all that paddling, head to Ted’s Bakery and order a plate lunch of garlic shrimp. Butterflied and fried in butter, these fresh shrimp are made to order and smothered in parmesan, setting them apart from the many food trucks that pre-fry their products to keep up with demand. For dessert, you can try their decadent chocolate cream pie or head to Matsumoto’s Shave Ice for a hometown snow cone drenched in their collection of sugary homemade syrups. Web: www.buttonssurfschool.com
Courtesy of Hilton Hawaiian Village
Courtesy of Hilton Hawaiian Village
Courtesy of Hilton Hawaiian Village Courtesy of Hilton Hawaiian Village
Where To Stay: Hilton Hawaiian Village They weren’t kidding with the name. The “Village” spreads over 22 acres, with 18 restaurants and lounges and over 90 shops and services spread around the resort. All total, that amounts to five pools (including the largest in Waikiki), 2860 rooms and an annual intake of 136,540 mai tais per year. It can be a bit overwhelming, but not if you’ve got a room in the Ali’I Tower. The beachfront building’s focus is privacy, so guests here receive separate check-in and a pool, gym and spa exclusive to the building. Access to the beach is as easy as walking out the front door, and they make it hard for you to come up with a reason to leave the resort, with stand-up paddleboard lessons in Duke Kahanamoku Lagoon and surf rentals and luaus onsite. Make sure to book a meal at Bali Steak & Seafood – the open-air dining room serves delicious fresh catch and has one of the most charming sommeliers we’ve ever met.
January-February15 TalkMagazine
TRAVEL TALK
Exploring Maui Haleakala National Park
Heading to the summit of Haleakala, an extinct shield volcano that rises 3000 meters out of the ocean, to watch the sunrise is a gold standard tourist attraction in Maui, and one that lives up to the hype. Home to more endangered species than any other place in the national park service, the peak was historically off limits to mere mortals – only kahuna (priests) were allowed to summit – but now it’s one of the biggest attractions on the island. If you’re not willing to wake up at 3am to make sure you catch the sun peeking over the Pacific, you can enjoy the park throughout the day. With Haleakala Bike Company, bikers can ride 60 kilometres into the crater (where, thankfully, a van picks them up and ferries them up the mountain). Horseback rides through Haleakala with Pony Express tours are also popular, as riders take in ocean views as they meander through cattle ranches.
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Web: www.bikemaui.com, www.ponyexpresstours.com
Local Tastes Of Maui Food Tours Flyin’ Hawaiian
Zip-lining is a popular activity on all the Hawaiian islands, but Maui lays claim to the course that boasts the most superlatives. Flyin’ Hawaiian is not only the highest and fastest zip-line on the island, it is the longest in the archipelago. The course traverses between two different towns, following four kilometres of ridges, valleys and forests, all under the natural canopy of the West Maui Mountains. While speeding over Maui’s gorgeous valley at 80 kilometres per hour is a thrill, a lot of the excitement is thanks to the guides themselves. A crew of rough and tumble guys who introduce themselves on the ATV ride up the mountain are on hand to make sure everyone has the best time possible, including enthusiastically advising you to flip upside on some of the shorter runs to spice things up. Hit them up for advice on the best local eats, where to find shady grottos with turtles and more – they’re happy to do everything they can to make sure every aspect of your trip is as memorable as that last 1100 meter zip.
Maui has so much more to offer than the big resorts that line the beaches, and Local Tastes Food Tours was created to help visitors experience the offbeat areas that locals call home. Tucked away in the rural northwestern slopes of Haleakala known as Upcountry, Makawao is a living monument to the paniolo culture of the early twentieth century, when Hawaiian cowboys ruled the area, hitching their horses to posts that still stand outside saloons and restaurants, like the famous T Komoda bakery. Today the area has a thriving local art scene, and Local Tastes incorporates that into their twohour Makawao Food & Art Tour that takes you through a special plate lunch and into galleries all around the town square. At the end of the tour, you receive a discount card for the places you visited, plus the feel-good afterglow knowing that 10 per cent of your tour ticket was donated to animal welfare organisations in the area. Web: www.localtastesofmaui.com
Courtesy of Grand Wailea
Where To Stay: Grand Wailea
Courtesy of Grand Wailea
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This resort on Maui’s southwestern coast is owned by the Waldorf Astoria, and the level of luxury one expects from the Waldorf is imported to this sunny property. Great for families, the network of swimming pools includes a wet playground with grottos, white water rapids, waterfalls and seven water slides. (They also offer the Hibiscus Pool, a kid-free space, for those looking for a quieter swimming experience.) The beachfront property offers placid waters and complimentary morning yoga classes – a zen retreat from the daily grind – and there are three 18-hole golf
January-February15
courses on location, as well as a scuba diving pool designed for lessons. Make sure you book a dinner at Humuhumunukunukuapua’a, the floating seafood restaurant that will wow you with its décor and Pacific Rim dishes, like macadamia nut crusted mahi mahi and the best diver scallops we’ve ever tasted. Named after Hawaii’s state fish, the restaurant is sheltered by Polynesian thatched hut roofs under which tropical fish swim happily, luckier
than the lobsters in the saltwater lagoon that are destined for your dinner plate. Web: www.grandwailea.com
THE SCENE
DINING OUT
New & Noted Gemma
mozzarella, which comes locally from Solo Latte, an excellent decision). He went to great lengths to secure the flour used in the pizza crust, and this time he’s not sharing it with his restaurant clients. It’s delicious as the base in the Serafina pizza (RMB 138). The alightly-doughy, perfectly-charred crust is swabbed with sweet tomato sauce. Slivers of prosciutto cotto relax into it, covering button mushrooms crisped just so the edges started to curl.
Jamie Barys
But on the pesto pizza (RMB 158), the crust doesn’t fare as well. Under the aged slices of prosciutto crudo draped over creamy piles of stracciatella and sprigs of arugula, barely wilted, the crust is dry and brittle. The wood-fire oven proved too much for the daubs of pesto, unable to defeat the dehydrating power of the kiln’s inferno.
What: Neapolitan pizzeria with a great focused menu Where: 20 Donghu Lu, near Huaihai Zhong Lu. Tel: 3356 5118. Web: www. gemma.cn.com Why: Pizza. Vino. Gelato. What more could you want?
his vertical integration plan into place, and now he can micromanage each step of the process, from supplier to table.
The antipasti platter (RMB 50) sums up Valazza’s commitment to finding quality ingredients on a single plate with briny olives from Tuscany, powerful slips of anchovies from Sicily and sweet roasted piquillo peppers from Spain. A bowl of cold
cuts (RMB 88 for three or RMB 138 for five) was generous – an excellent selection of salami, prosciutto crudo and coppa freshly sliced so paper thin that we thought we were on our final piece of salami, and it turned out to be four. Wines by the glass range from RMB 40 to RMB 60 and go down well with the menu – bottles are slightly more, but still very affordable, and Valazza’s gone to the trouble of finding some biodynamic beauties. Gelato – made in-house - is worth saving room for. Try the luscious strawberry with a scoop of fior di latte milk (RMB 30 for one scoop, RMB 50 for two) for a decadent turn on berries and cream. This is only the beginning for Valazza and the well-thought-out space. Next up is a second floor homemade pasta restaurant, and if Gemma’s pizza is any indication, the laser-like focus will make it worth a visit too. The late night crowds on Donghu Lu have also inspired them to look into creating an Italian cocktail menu.
And he does. Every single ingredient on his pizzas from start to finish is sourced and imported by him (except for the
When we found out that Gemma is owned by Yuri Valazza, it made sense that the osteria succeeds where so many other Shanghai restaurants have failed: reliably good sourcing. Valazza, a native of Napoli, is part-owner in Feidan, as well as the import company that manages the grocer’s products (and supplies hotels and restaurants like Liquid Laundry, Mercato and Franck). He also owns the logistics company that gets everything to Shanghai for the importer. With Gemma, he’s put the final piece of
Holy Cow
Nyima Pratten
What: Healthy hotpot Where: 1/F, 608 Xiaomuqiao Lu, near Zhongshan Nan Er Lu. Tel: 3356 6100. Why: For a wholesome meal free from the dreaded hotpot hangover. This hotpot joint is a rare find in China; a place offering the enticing dish with fresh meat that has never been frozen, an eclectic range of vegetables, straight from farm to table, and the whole pot entirely free from MSG. Gone are the dry mouths and sore stomachs many hotpot lovers accept after a night with the bubbling pot, and instead, culinary delights abound. Foodies will rejoice at the fresh beef, sourced from Dalian yellow cattle, a meat known locally for their tender meat with a fine texture. Different sections of the meat are expertly hand-cut by the butcher in the open kitchen with fresh, hanging beef, before being ferried to the table. Select a variety of different cuts for the table and ensure that you cook them separately, so that they can be boiled and bubbled to perfection. 18 different parts of the beef are available on the menu, from the tongue and throat, to the rib-eye and tail, so make sure you take your time and devour the whole carcass. It was a joy to see such a wide variety of fresh vegetables at a hotpot restaurant, including some vegetables we had never seen in Shanghai or never seen before anywhere, full stop! We’re talking about
grifola frondosa, or hen-of-the-wood mushroom, a rich earthy mushroom that we initially mistook for a cauliflower along with the elusive watermelon radish, patty pan squash, okra and watercress. Most of the vegetables come from the restaurant’s farm, Soleil Villa in Haimen, Shanghai, which, although is not certified as organic because it is a small, new farm, they do in fact employ painstaking organic methods. They use no pesticides or chemical fertilizers; instead they use bees for pollination and only bio-organic fertilisers. As most of the vegetables are sourced locally, the restaurant offers a seasonal vegetable selection. However, it is the broth that makes or breaks a hotpot restaurant and, as we all know, not all hotpot broths are created
equally. Holy Cow blows other broths out of the water for us, with their rich umami filled offering, thanks to hours worth of boiling beef spine bones. Wonderfully, because of the lack of MSG, we were also happy to tuck into the broth, after finishing the contents of the pot, which was jampacked with the vitamins and nutrients of the aforementioned ingredients; a perfect antidote to Shanghai’s cold weather. Our favourite part of the meal was when the Shanghai speciality, xiaolongbao, arrived at our dinner table. We were unsure how to cook the pork, freshly wrapped in their handmade skins, however, after gently
placing them in the boiling broth, we were enthralled to pull them out of the liquid and taste the ingenious concoction. Needless to say, the rich pork and taste of the broth did not let us down. Handmade tofu skins were another highlight of our hearty meal. Chef and founder, Anthony Zhao, believes that these safe, healthy ingredients should be accessible to everyone, and not just a fad for the wealthy, so the price points of the dishes are extremely affordable, with the broth starting from RMB 58 and hand-cut beef starting at RMB 38. There is no reason not to visit this healthy hotpot venue as fast as your legs can carry you. January-February15 TalkMagazine
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Sun Chateau On The Bund
Nyima Pratten
What: Extravagant Cantonese fare Where: 358 Dong Da Ming Lu, near Lvshun Lu. Tel: 3535 1739 Why: For fine dining with a great view This new Bund-side venue is shooting to become the new high-end drinking, dining and event space in the city. Kyle Su, formerly of Bar Rouge and Bund 18, runs the project, so you know you’re onto a good thing. Due to the positioning on the bend of the Huangpu River, guests benefit from a clear view of the Pudong and Puxi vistas through the floor to ceiling windows. Covering 5000 square metres, Sun Chateau comprises of a large multifunction venue space, which can hold up to 1000 people, 16 VIP rooms suitable for business banquets and private parties, Sun Studio, a loungecum-steakhouse on the top floor, and a large, outdoor, urban green space. We were invited to try a selection of Cantonese dishes that are available to guests who book the VIP rooms, which
are themed around different luxury brands. The delicate Cantonese food comes courtesy of two star Michelin chef, Huang BoQuan, who is famous for his unique usage of bird’s nest. We were treated to a myriad of delightful dishes on the tasting menu in the large, sun-catching, private room overlooking the river. The table groaned with ludicrously indulgent dishes such as tea smoked buffalo frog, braised beef with sweet potato, beef consommé with a pistachio dumpling and roasted suckling pig with lemon. Dishes such as the aspic of Alaskan king crab meat with creamed pink peppercorns and the salmon and seafood sashimi were fresh, light and tasty. We appreciated the earthy undertones of the braised e-fu noodles with truffle and the presentation of the crispy shrimp balls stuffed with foie gras and herbed prawns, with coloured, spun sugar in the shape of palm trees being a light hearted touch to a flamboyant meal. The highlight for us, however, was foie gras wrapped with French
chocolate, which was unlike anything we have ever tasted before, the rich creaminess of the liver being beautifully offset by the sweat and slightly bitter dark chocolate. There was also bird’s nest soup dessert as an after dinner treat for those with a sweet tooth, who had not already been satisfied. We tucked in because, after all, this is chef Huang BoQuan’s signature dish, and he did not disappoint. If you are looking for a venue to hold a celebration in the next couple of months, Sun Chateau On The Bund is a strong contender with their great views and interesting menu selection. Advanced booking is required.
Night Talk: FLASK Nyima Pratten
What: A hidden bar for those in the know Where: 432 Shanxi Nan Lu, near Fuxing Lu. Tel: 3368 6108 Why: If you want more of the speakeasy theme that is sweeping the city It may seem like a cruel joke if you arrive at number 432 Shaanxi Nan Lu, unaware about the gimmicky nature of the bar, and you stumble upon a dead looking sandwich shop instead of a happening spot. However, this is just the first hat tilt towards the speakeasy theme of the venue, a trend that has seemed to become increasingly popular in Shanghai over the past few years. To access the bar, you must enter the empty storefront and stride, with confidence, towards the vintage looking coke vending machine at the opposite side of the room. Pulling on the handle opens up a secret passageway as you climb into the vending machine, and through the small tunnel out into the dimly lit, prohibition bar. The 1920’s and 1930’s speakeasy theme is carried through from the vintage looking furniture to the bar staff in braces and flat caps. The menu also takes its cue from the era, however, when we visited, we were told
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that the drinks were being revamped for the New Year and they were yet to receive the definitive list. The cocktail menu is inspired by drinks popular during the period, as well as more modern variations, which are given a twist with a mixture of Western and Chinese flavours. Drinks are separated into three different categories: ladies (RMB 90), gents (RMB 90) and prohibition classics (RMB 80). We selected Taiwan plum soup from the ladies’ section of the menu, which are characterised by less alcohol content and
a more balanced flavour. Our drink was beautifully presented in a wooden teacup and saucer with salted dry plum powder around the rim, and dried flowers on top. The drink was the perfect mixture of sweet, sour and salt, which left us wanting to lick the rim of our cup for more of the tart, fruity flavour. We also chose the Robin Hood Roy from the gents’ selection, which are supposedly stronger with a smoky flavour. The drink was presented to us in a hip flask resting inside a cut out of a novel – al la prohibition style – along with a chilled cocktail glass and a smoked, dried fish garnish balanced
on the side, which was an interesting accompaniment to the heavy drink. The current drinks menu relies heavily on gin, whisky and rum, but we are looking forward to seeing what the future holds. Currently, the venue is stocked purely with drinks, although there are whispers that the sandwich-joint shop front will turn into a fully operational food dispenser, dishing out grilled cheese sandwiches to patrons right into the early hours of the morning. FLASK opens from 7.00pm, but starts to fill up during the evening until 2am.
CHINESE NEW YEAR
Chinese New Year
– What Does It Mean?
Chinese New Year has come around again with all the normal characteristics of a biting damp chill, noisy firecrackers, commercialisation, hongbao, an eerie ghost town like feel descending upon the city and an abundance of empty taxis on the road.
T
his year, Chinese New Year, also known as Spring Festival, falls on 19 February as it is based on the lunar calendar rather than the Gregorian calendar, and therefore falls on a different day each year. It is the most important holiday in the Chinese calendar and causes the biggest annual human migration in the world, as workers return home to their families for the holiday period. Red is splashed everywhere during this period, with connotations of wealth, good fortune and longevity. The legend surrounding the myth of wearing red involved a mythical beast called the Nian ( ĺš´ ) that would come on the first day of the New Year to eat crops, livestock and villagers. Locals put food in front of their houses at the beginning of every year in the hope that the Nian would eat the food they prepared and leave without harming anyone or anything else. One year the villages saw that the Nian was scared away by a little child wearing red. From that moment on, villagers hung red lanterns and scrolls outside their doors to scare away the beast; a tradition that continues until today.
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Reunion Dinner The biggest event of the Chinese New Year’s celebrations is the “reunion dinner” on Chinese New Year’s Eve, usually held at the most senior member of the family’s house. In the North, it is traditional to eat dumplings, which symbolise wealth, while in the South is it more common to make niangao (年糕), or Chinese New Year Cake. More traditional families will visit their local temple a few hours before the New Year begins, to pray, worship their ancestors and light incense, however, the temples can be very full and sometimes a ticket is needed in advance. A more recent traditional amongst Chinese households it to watch the famous CCTV New Year’s Gala, jam packed with celebrities and entertaining acts. Family members will also wear new clothes on New Year’s Day to symbolise new beginnings for the New Year.
Hongbao Hongbao (红包), or red envelopes, are also graciously handed out during this season according to a person’s status. The majority of hongbao are filled with an undisclosed amount of money from the more senior person to their junior - normally from more establish, older or married members of the family to a younger, unmarried subordinate. In addition, gifts of food or sweets are usually exchanged between friends.
Fireworks And Firecrackers Fireworks and firecrackers are let off relentlessly during the Chinese New Year period; they are intended to drive away evil spirits, but they can also succeed in driving you insane. Each firework has its gunpowder rolled up in red paper, as, once again, red is auspicious. You won’t be able to walk anywhere during the holiday season without seeing rolls of red paper scattering the street like long snail trails. The whole process is seen as a joyful process. However, beware! There are many risks related to releasing these dangerous gunpowder filled missiles.
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Chinese Zodiac Signs The Chinese Zodiac signs are based on a 12-year lunar cycle, with each year relating to a different animal sign. The 12 animals included in the zodiac cycle are the rat, ox, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, sheep, monkey, rooster, dog and pig. It is believed that the year of the animal signifies the character of a person born under that zodiac sign.
Year Of The Sheep This year is the year of the sheep and it starts from 19 February, 2015 to 7 February, 2016. Any child born within this time period will take on the Chinese zodiac sign of the sheep. The sheep is the eighth animal in the zodiac calendar and, if you know anything about Chinese culture, you will know that this will naturally be seen as a very fortunate birth sign to have. This zodiac animal symbolises love and happiness, and people born in the year of the sheep are most compatible with people born in the year of the rabbit, horse or pig but are least suitably matched with people born in the year of the rat, ox or dog. People born under this sign take on many characteristics of the sheep such as being easy-going, sympathetic, amicable and gentle. They are very sensitive, and much more likely to favour compromise over confrontation. The sheep longs for stability and seeks out long-term relationships and steady jobs, although they do appreciate the little luxuries and beauties in life. Sheep have a persistent nature, and they stay positive and don’t give up when the going gets tough. A person born in the year of the sheep is the type of person you want around when you are in a tight squeeze.
W
What Zodiac Sign Are You?
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ith city’super's auspicious Chinese New Year Hampers, give prosperity, health, wealth and good fortunes to your loved ones! The mega lifestyle specialty store, city’super, provides high quality, internationally sourced merchandise, as well as a large selection of exciting lifestyle products with an unparalleled shopping environment and service. To celebrate the upcoming Chinese New Year, city’super have prepared festive hampers, a beautiful gift, exquisite wine and many other delightful combinations. At city’super, you can find whatever you want in the store, from fine wines to seasonal offerings, from Italian pasta to European oysters.
January-February15
Shanghai ifc Store: LG2, Shanghai ifc Mall, 8 Century Avenue, Lujiazui, Pudong New Area. Shanghai Times Square Store： B1,Shanghai Times Square, 99 Middle Huaihai Road, Huangpu Area. Shanghai iapm Store: LG1, 999 Middle Huaihai Road, iapm mall, Xuhui Area
Rat
1924 1936 1948 1960 1972 1984 1996 2008
Ox
1925 1937 1949 1961 1973 1985 1997 2009
Tiger
1926 1938 1950 1962 1974 1986 1998 2010
Rabbit
1927 1939 1951 1963 1975 1987 1999 2011
Dragon
1928 1940 1952 1764 1976 1988 2000 2012
Snake
1929 1941 1953 1965 1977 1989 2001 2013
Horse
1930 1942 1954 1966 1978 1990 2002 2014
Sheep
1931 1943 1955 1967 1979 1991 2003 2015
Monkey
1932 1944 1956 1968 1980 1992 2004 2016
Cock
1933 1945 1957 1969 1981 1993 2005 2017
Dog
1934 1946 1958 1970 1982 1994 2006 2018
Pig
1935 1947 1989 1971 1983 1995 2007 2019
Celebrities Born In The Year Of The Sheep
Mick Jagger Nicole Kidman
(26 July, 1943) (20 June, 1967)
Nat King Cole (17 March, 1919)
Benming Nian Starting from the Chinese lunar year you were born, every 12 years marks your Chinese Zodiac year, or your benming nian. Unfortunately, this is apparently an unlucky period for those welcoming in their zodiac year; that’s 12, 24, 36 etc… year olds. However, luckily, it once again helps to wear red. You will see red underwear being sold in mom-and-pops shops, decorated with the sheep zodiac sign, around the city. So, if you are a sheep baby, buy a pair quick sharp to ward off bad luck.
January-February15 TalkMagazine
Firecrackers Gunpowder Hongbao Migration Spring Holiday Mythical Lanterns Reunion Niangao
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Dumplings Tradition Gifts Zodiac Animals Sheep Benmingnian Underwear Characteristics Symbols
IN THE KNOW
WHAT'S ON
JANUARY & FEBRUARY 10 January
Care For Orphans With Cleft Palates Take care of orphaned infants undergoing cleft palate surgery this weekend. Volunteers will assist with light cleaning and other home maintenance jobs. After cleaning, volunteers can engage in direct, one-on-one playtime with the orphaned infants at Shanghai Healing Home, a pre- and post-surgical care orphanage for abandoned infants with correctable deformities. Shanghai Healing Home's mission is to assist the Chinese Children's Welfare Institute by providing preand post-surgical care to abandoned babies suffering from surgically correctible deformities. SHH provides a familyfocused, home-like environment that meets not only the babies' physical needs, but also their emotional and social needs. To learn more about this amazing charity, check out www.shanghaihealinghome.com. 12:45pm to 3pm. RSVP at [email protected] and write “Shanghai Healing Home – 2015 January 10” in the subject field.
3 January
Zapata's Monthly Mardis Gras Party A wild night awaits as Zapata's throws another Mardi Gras Party on the 1st Saturday of each Month. Complete with hats, masks and beads, get loose and lose yourself dancing on the bartop. Make sure you enjoy the free Tequila pouring every hour! See you there… From 10am. Zapata’s. 5 Hengshan Lu, near Dongping Lu. Tel: 6433 4104
4 January
Reverse Happy Hour Start the month off right at Liquid Laundry with their late-night “Reverse Happy Hour”. Every Sunday night through to Thursday night from 10:30pm to 12:30am, you can buy one pizza and get one free! You can also buy two drinks and get one free! Drinks include house pours, house beers and house wine. For more information or to make reservations, email info@ theliquidlaundry.com, or call 6445 9589. Liquid Laundry. 2/F, 1028 Huaihai Zhong Lu, near Donghu Lu. Tel: 6445 9589. Web: www. theliquidlaundry.com
11 January
Play With Orphaned Babies In Minhang Share the love and take care of orphaned infants! Volunteers will be able to spend time with some of the most awesome babies in Shanghai! The Lupin Healing Home provides pre- and post-surgical care for abandoned babies with surgically correctible deformities. Childhood means so much, and if you want to share some of your happiness and stimulate and support building their self-esteem through play and laughter, you are welcome to join. Come with your smile and share your energy! Engage in direct, one-on-one play time with them to help their social, emotional and linguistic development. To learn more about this amazing charity, check out their website www.lupin26.com. 2:30pm to 4pm. Please RSVP at [email protected] and write “Lupin – Jan 11th” in the subject field.
10 January 3 January
The JACKPOT The JACKPOT: house music stew with more than a pinch of bass. Raz and Mau Mau play a seven-hour back-to-back set - starting deep, getting dirty and ending happy. Jack your body for a seven-hour session of heavy grooves and sweat on the dance floor (bring solid shoes). You might find crowd surfing, questionable decision-making, and women wearing only bathrobes. You will find Dada moving till sunrise. From 10pm to late. Free. DADA. 115 Xingfu Lu, near Fahuazhen Lu. Tel: 150 0018 2212
Healthiest Brunch In Town Sprout Lifestyle is starting special private brunches and dinners to kick off the New Year in (healthy) style, and you’re invited! Healthy chef and wellness coach, Kimberly Ashton, will be cooking up a dairy-free, gluten-free, sugar-free storm at Sprout café and will be available onsite for health, nutrition and recipe questions. Get in quick, as there are some “not on the menu” dishes and spaces are limited to only 11 people per meal. 9:30am to 11:30am (please specify as there are 2 sittings). RMB 200 (pre-payment required to secure your space). In Chinese and English languages. Sprout Lifestyle Café. 485 Fenglin Lu, near Zhongshan Nan Lu. RSVP: [email protected] (RSVP essential)
13 January
Healthy Cooking Demos – Send Your Ayi! Sprout’s cooking and nutrition classes have been very popular, and to continue their enthusiasm for healthy food, they are doing purely cooking demos (no theory) for you and/or your Ayi in Kimberly’s Kitchen. Send her along (or come yourself) and learn how to make these delicious hearty and healthy meals. All are vegetarian, dairy-free, gluten-free and sugar-free! 10:30am to 12:30pm (13, 20 and 27 January). RMB 200 (includes class, tasting and full bilingual recipes. All are gluten-free, dairy-free and sugar-free). Sprout Lifestyle Café. 485 Fenglin Lu, near Zhongshan Nan Lu. RSVP: [email protected] (RSVP essential)
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WHAT'S ON
13 January
Michael Bublé Concert Michael Steven Bublé is a Canadian singer, songwriter and actor. He has won several awards, including four Grammy Awards and multiple Juno Awards. His first album reached the top ten in Canada and the UK. He found a worldwide audience with his 2005 album, It's Time, and his 2007 album, Call Me Irresponsible, which reached number one on the Canadian Albums Chart, the UK Albums Chart, the U.S. Billboard 200 albums chart, the Australian ARIA Albums Chart and several European charts. This will be his debut performance in Shanghai. 8pm until 10pm. From RMB 380 to RMB 1880. Mercedes Benz Arena. 1200 Expo Da Dao, near Gaoke Xi Lu. Tel: 400-610-3721. Web: en.damai.cn
24 January 16 January
Superfoods Talk And Demo Join Health and Wellness coach Kimberly for a super healthy talk and demo about Superfoods. If you have ever wondered how you can eat your way to better health let Sprout show you how! Kimberly will cover nutrient rich foods, probiotic rich ingredients and the very popular top super foods including maca, cacao, goji, acai, chlorella, wheatgrass and much more. Great for building immunity, weight loss, improving digestion - you won’t want to miss this topic! 10am to 11:30am. RMB 150 per person (includes, talk, tasting and healthy morning tea). In Chinese and English language. Sprout Lifestyle Minhang Store. Fashion Park Mall, 569 Yunle Lu, opposite Pizza Express. RSVP: [email protected] (RSVP essential)
17 January
13 January – 17 January
Riverdance In Shanghai The group have had an incredible two decades of global success since the show first burst into the public’s heart at the Eurovision Song Contest in Dublin in 1994. This is a unique chance for Shanghai audiences to reconnect with the traditional Irish music and dance theatrical show. 7:30pm (Tuesday to Friday), 2pm (Saturday). RMB 80 – RMB 800. Shanghai Culture Square. 225 Shaanxi Nan Lu, Fuxing Zhong Lu. Tel: 5461 9961. Web: www. shculturesquare.com
Sunshine Home Join BEAN Shanghai for another fun afternoon at the Sunshine Home as they spend time with some of their favourite people in Shanghai! The activities BEAN plan will improve the motor skills of the Sunshiners. Chinese proficiency is not required, just an open mind and desire to help make it a memorable day for the Sunshine Home. Sunshine Disabled Homes are centres serving disabled adults throughout Shanghai. They provide disabled people with a place to learn and socialise and give their families a break during the day so that they can work normal jobs. BEAN sponsors a Sunshine Home with monthly visits and outings. 1:30pm to 3:30pm. Please RSVP to [email protected] to reserve your spot at this event
Burns Night Burns Night is a celebration that people are holding all over the world. It is a Scottish event with lots of typical Scottish things including pipe bands to entertain you with Scottish music. Burns Night includes a lot of entertainment, dances, delicious food, music and much more. The night will begin with drinks, children’s reading and performances followed by an exclusive dinner. There will be free beer, wine and whisky all night long for everyone. Experience the way of a Scottish celebration at Burns Night Shanghai 2015! From 7:30pm. Fairmont Peace Hotel. 20 Nanjing Dong Lu, near Zhongshan Dong Yi Lu. Web: www. burnsnightshanghai.com
25 January
The Indoor Shanghai Jewish Ghetto Tour This tour focuses on the plight of the Jews who managed to escape to Shanghai from Nazi Europe. During the tour, your native English-speaking guide will show you the area in which the Japanese confined the Jews, explain what their lives were like living in the ghetto and give case studies that illustrate how they survived and maintained their dignity. Highlights include the Mascot Roof Garden, a game of Carom, the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee and a tour of the excellent Shanghai Jewish Refugees Museum. 2:30pm to 4.30pm (every Sunday afternoon). RMB 290 (adults), RMB 220 (children under 14). Includes a western English speaking guide, museum tickets and all activities. See website for starting point and private tour pricing; tours must be booked in advance. Tel: 138 1777 0229. Web: www.newmantours.com. Email: [email protected]
28 January 14 January
The Bund Tour Take a stroll along the world’s most famous promenade and learn how a boggy marshland was turned into one of the most important trading hubs in the modern world. View the interiors of some of the Bund’s most stunning architectural masterpieces including the former Yokohama Specie Bank, the HSBC Bank and the Shanghai Club. Discover the scandals that hide behind the façades of Shanghai’s colonial past. 2pm to 4pm (every Wednesday afternoon). RMB 190 (adults), RMB 120 (children under 14). Includes a western English-speaking guide and all site entry. Tours must be booked in advance. Tel: 138 1777 0229. Web: www.newmantours.com. Email: info@ newmantours.com
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23 January
Lang Lang Masterclass Piano Concert Lang Lang, the Chinese pianist who has performed with leading orchestras around the world, will be preforming in Shanghai. Musicians and critics around the world have praised Lang for his total mastery of the piano. It is often noted that Lang successfully straddles two worlds – classical prodigy and rock-like "superstar". A popular artist at home and abroad, don’t miss the chance to witness Lang’s mastery for yourself. 7:45pm. RMB 80 – RMB 300. Chamber Hall, Shanghai Symphony Hall. 1380 Fuxing Zhong Lu, near Baoqing Lu. Web: www.shsymphony.com
Essential Oils Talk Join the Sprout team for a fascinating (and wonderful smelling) talk about the practical application of high quality essential oils in daily life. We will discuss how you can tap into nature’s “medicine chest” to address many health and wellbeing concerns; including using essential oils as a natural “anti-biotic” (for immune boosting, candida, flu and infections in general), as a natural “anti-histamine” (for allergies, e.g. asthma, hay fever and eczema), as a natural pain-killer (for headache, muscle tension, injury and post-surgery recovery) amongst other uses. There will also be various brands of essential oil samples for comparison at this session. It will be a fun-filled afternoon with lots of oil sniffing! 10am to 11:30am. RMB 50 includes afternoon tea, infused waters and talk. English language. Sprout Lifestyle Minhang Store. Fashion Park Mall, 569 Yunle Lu, opposite Pizza Express. RSVP: [email protected] (RSVP essential)
31 January
The Gangster Tour Take a tour through Shanghai with a colonial gangster, and learn about the crime lords who once ruled the city like kings. From “Big Eared” Du with his lucky monkey heads to “Pockmarked” Huang and his police car drug distribution, get to know some of the 20th century’s most powerful gangsters and find out why you wouldn’t want to cross them. In the process, you will get the chance to try chopstick pickpocketing, learn how to cheat in a casino, and enjoy a complimentary drink in a colonial mansion. Then, as an optional extra, why not try a cops vs. robbers shooting competition! 3pm to 5pm/6:30pm (every Saturday afternoon). RMB 290 (adults). RMB 220 (children under 14). Includes an English-speaking guide, all site entry and a complimentary drink in a luxurious Song family property. RMB 280 (adults), RMB 210 for cops vs. robbers shooting competition. Tours must be booked in advance. (0086 138 1777 0229, [email protected], www.newmantours.com)
26 February
14 February
3 February
Indoor Shanghai Kung Fu Tour Learn the legends of China’s martial arts progenitors and discover why kung fu is so closely intertwined with religion, superstition and literature. Then use state-ofthe-art equipment to assess your own speed, balance, reflexes and power. And last but not least, learn how to use Chinese martial arts to really protect your self. Available on a private basis whenever you like. RMB 290 (adults). RMB 240 (children under 14). Includes a western English-speaking guide and all activities. See website for starting point and private tour pricing. Tours must be booked in advance. Tel: 138 1777 0229. Web: www.newmantours.com. Email: [email protected]
Valentine’s Day Treat Treat your loved one this Valentine’s Day to a sinfully indulgent afternoon tea where you enjoy the rich flavours of a bubbling chocolate fondue. The Tea Room at Hyatt on the Bund embraces the cozy decadence of this European winter tradition, offering Chongming Island strawberries with three types of molten chocolate to plunge them into – white chocolate, milk chocolate, or bitter chocolate made with 75% cocoa. RMB 120 + 15% service charge. Hyatt on the Bund. 199 Huangpu Lu, near Wuchang Lu. Tel: 6393 1234 ext.6317.
The Cut Afterwork As your busy week nearly comes to an end on Thursday evening, gather your friends and colleagues and join THE CUT on their second floor for The Afterwork. Enjoy a buy one get one on a selection of beer, wine and cocktail offers from 5pm to 10pm – that's two drinks for RMB 60! You will get to enjoy the sounds of the handsome DJ duo, Super Attractive Ghetto Blaster. There will also be complimentary tapas passed around every 30 minutes. Every Thursday evening. The Cut. 6-7/F. IAPM Mall, 999 Huaihai Zhong Lu, near Shanxi Nan Lu. Tel: 6443 5136. Web: www.thecut-shanghai.com
8 February
The French Concession Tour Why did three women kill themselves at movie star Ruan Lingyu's funeral? Why did Chiang Kai-shek appoint Shanghai's most successful opium dealer to the Board of Opium Suppression? And why are there secret tunnels running between two of Shanghai’s most important historical buildings? Come on this French Concession Tour and all will be revealed. Plus, if you want to try some great food then why not sign up for the Delicious Chinese Lunch. 10am to 12/1:30 (every Sunday morning). RMB 190 (adults), RMB 120 (children under 14). Includes a western Englishspeaking guide and all site entry. RMB 240 (adults), RMB 170 (children under 14) for a Delicious Chinese Meal. Tours must be booked in advance. Tel: 138 1777 0229. Web: www.newmantours. com. Email: [email protected]
16 February
Tuesday Market M1NT Lounge presents the best cocktails with fresh fruits to keep you happy and healthy! M1NT mixologists will help you pick your fruit, choose your spirit and press play to start the evening. From 6pm (every Tuesday). M1NT. 318 Fuzhou Lu, near Shangdong Zhong Lu. Tel: 6391 2811. Web: www.m1ntglobal.com
10 February
Over and Above, Above and Beyond: Photography by Nathalie Perakis-Valat Imperfect and worn, the fabric and plastic awnings of Shanghai’s traditional lilong neighbourhoods are offered a Whitman-esque sense of quiet dignity, heroism and beauty at the hands of French photographer Nathalie Perakis-Valat. Art+ Shanghai Gallery’s first exhibition of 2015, "Over and Above, Above and Beyond: Photography by Nathalie Perakis-Valat," celebrates the unassuming beauty of the everyday through close-up images of awnings displayed alongside texts written by local residents and discarded objects from the neighbourhoods. Through abstract-like colour and texture, "Over and Above, Above and Beyond" speaks to the layers of a community, at once a visual and sociological study. 10am to 7pm (10 January to 7 March). Art+ Shanghai. 191 Suzhou Nan Lu, near Sichuan Bei Lu. Tel: 6333 7223. Web: www.artplusshanghai.com
27 February
18 February
Welcome In A Prosperous Chinese New Year At Sheng Hui Tang Share with family and friends and celebrate with a delectable feast created by InterContinental Shanghai Expo’s Hong Kong Master Chef, Poon Yin Man, at Sheng Hui Tang, the Signature Chinese Restaurant of the hotel. Sheng Hui Tang showcases authentic Cantonese cuisine while incorporating some Sichuan and Shanghai flavours. The restaurant has six elegant private rooms which makes it an ideal venue for social gathering and business entertainment. 5pm to 9:30pm. RMB 3888 per table. Sheng Hui Tang. 1188 Xueye Lu, near Puming Lu. Tel: 3858 1218
The Shanghai Ghost Tour Explore supernatural Shanghai on China’s one and only Ghost Tour! Highlights include the Guardian Lions of Jing’an Temple, the chance to try your hand at some creepy water calligraphy, and a walk through an old colonial cemetery! In addition there is a chance to dine with the ghosts at our optional Ghost Festival Dinner. 7pm to 9pm/10:30 (available as a public tour every Friday evening). RMB 240 (adults), RMB 160. (children under 14). Includes a western Englishspeaking guide. RMB 250 (adults), RMB 170 (children under 14) for a Ghost Festival Dinner. See website for starting point and private tour pricing. Tours must be booked in advance. Tel: 138 1777 0229. Web: www. newmantours.com. Email: [email protected]
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The Secret To Better Returns Owen Caterer
I
magine you are a financial adviser who has the secret formula for better returns. The path that ensures that your client makes an extra 1-2% p.a. if not more, every single year. This isn't a get rich scheme we are discussing, but a proven method with support from hundreds of academic papers and thousands of researchers globally including the Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) institute which trains the best asset managers globally. Would you educate your clients on the truth?
The real answer is, most don't, because they don't want you to know.
The reason they don't share this information is that it would hurt their commission-based business. Many try their best not to believe the truth, despite the overwhelming evidence. As the French Philosopher pointed out long ago, "A man is incapable of comprehending any argument that interferes with his revenue”. They just don't WANT to believe, so they don't. This also means they can't and won't tell their clients. The answer is also vital. It is the reason why the vast majority of offshore investments have underperformed the markets the last two years. Did your offshore portfolio produce a gain of about 30% in 2013 and 15% in 2014? If you are in an offshore investment, the answer is almost certainly, "No, not even close".
So what is the secret?
But what is the answer? It might seem obvious, but the answer is you should avoid anything high cost (both funds and accounts) and only invest in low cost funds that track a broad index. The problem for most advisers is that there is no commission anywhere to be seen in that model, hence the silence. Even managing a group of index funds in an account for a small annual fee is far less than what most advisory firms want to take. A fee based managed account should be the model, but isn't. So clients continue to suffer in silence, quieted by their embarrassment.
Swensen spells out the truth.
It is very easy when you know the truth, but let's not take it for granted. Are lower cost funds actually better? You can, and should, Google it, but let's provide some examples. David Swensen, the renowned long-time investment manager for Yale University's endowment, puts it thus; "The 96% of funds that fail to meet or beat the Vanguard 500 Index Fund lose by a wealthdestroying margin of 4.8% per annum". When the average market return is about 7.5%, that's quite a loss.
What about academic surveys?
But that was just an opinion (well informed though he is), so what about academic surveys? Are higher fee managers better? In fact, it’s the opposite. A research paper, Mutual Fund Fees Around the
World (Khorana, Servaes, Tufano), examined the fees and track record of 46,580 funds globally and found an inverse relationship between fees and performance, even after allowing for the impact of said fees. The only thing that was correlated with fund fees was the fund manager's profits! Not the clients' returns. The reason for the ability of these poor fund managers to attract money is their ability to pay commissions to brokers. Who gets those commissions? The commission based adviser of course. Living in Shanghai, and Asia in general, there is another group of fees that hobble returns even after the fund manager has taken his share; the fees of the investment product or investment platform. Many big companies, and even banks like HSBC in the past, have sold expensive offshore products labelled as "savings plans" or "investment bonds" that in fact charge fees of 3% to 6% per annum, carefully hidden in the fine print. With so many cuts for each layer from the fund manager, insurance company and commission based broker, it's a wonder any of these accounts eke out a gain.
So, is it a lost cause?
What are good options for the average person at home? There are two good options. Firstly, you can take the self managed route and open up an online discount brokerage account with low cost provider like Saxo, E-trade or Interactive Brokers and then focus your portfolio
on a few index funds. Or, if you lack the time and patience to pick exchange traded funds, which can be tricky when it comes to bond funds, you can and should find a fee-based financial advisor who will charge a small annual fee for an 'at-call' account. The US based Wealthfront is great for US residents, but there are also a small group of advisory firms in Asia who can also handle your account, risk profile and currency choice to build a low cost portfolio that will deliver the returns you should enjoy. Now you know the true secret to investing success, there is nothing stopping you from finding the best. Time to get online and to trade yourself or find a fee-based advisor in your area. Owen Caterer is a partner of Caterer Goodman Partners, a primarily fee based financial advisory firm. For more tips on how to handle your savings, check out their blog, www.chinaexpatmoney.com
Community Talk: Clothing Recycling Programme Green Initiatives, a nonprofit organisation that aims to minimise or reverse the environmental degradation in China brought about by economic growth, have launched their new initiative, The Fibre Project. It is Shanghai’s first closedloop clothing and shoes recycling project.
C
hristmas and New Year is a time when you might find your wardrobe swamped with new items from generous friends and family members or sale shopping. But before you throw all your old, unwanted items into the rubbish, think twice about the environmental problems caused by textile waste through landfill sites and incineration. Green Initiatives told Talk that in 2013, Shanghai alone produced approximately 130000 tons of textile waste, with typically 85% ending up in landfills and incinerators even though more than 90% is recyclable. Furthermore, at least 50%
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of the clothes we discard are reusable. That is why they have created a programme to collect these unwanted items and send them away to be reused, recycled or upcycled. Thanks to Green Initiatives’ partnership with Element Fresh, Unigroup Relocations and Urbn Hotels, the local community in Shanghai is now able to do their bit to help the environment by recycling their clothing. Due to the sponsorship and support from these local businesses, the logistics of the project and collection points for the clothing are taken care of. The items are then sent to I:CO, a Swissbased clothing recycler, where they will be sorted into re-wearable clothing for
people in need, re-useable items, where such things as t-shirts and sweatshirts are turned into cleaning cloths, recyclable textiles, which are no longer suitable for clothing, are converted into fibres for use as insulation material or upcycling, where recycled fibres can be spun into new yarn. I:CO is involved in numerous clothing recycling projects around the world; The Fibre Project is the first in China. Their goal is to create a closed-loop where nothing is wasted and everything is either reused or recycled. Green Initiatives plan to gradually scale up the project at strategic locations over the next twelve months to make the program more accessible to Shanghai
residents. Currently, it is possible to deposit clothes at Urbn Hotel and five Element Fresh locations: Shanghai Centre, Super Brand Mall, Yueda 889, Gubei Garden Plaza and Jinqiao. Items being accepted include all kinds of clothing, bedding, curtains, shoes, socks, napkins and towels, so long as they are not soiled, have a bad odour or are tainted with hazardous substances. The project also hopes that by getting the local community to think about how these discarded pieces of clothing negatively affect the environment, they may become more conscientious about textile wastage when considering whether or not to buy new clothing. Web: www.greeninitiatives.cn. Email: info@ greeninitiatives.cn
HOTELTALK Shanghai News
Hilton Shanghai was transformed into a winter wonderland
It is a tradition for families to gather around and enjoy an abundance of dishes on Chinese New Year’s Eve. Starting from RMB 388 per person, enjoy New Year’s feasting and joy at Hai Pai restaurant at Andaz Xintiandi, Shanghai. Featuring modern ambience, Andaz Xintiandi Shanghai will bring guests New Year’s blessings with classic Shanghainese cuisine. Johnny Xiang, Chef de Cuisine of Hai Pai restaurant, will present a customised menu showcasing several special dishes. These creative offerings will include braised lamb, steamed lazy fish, wok-fried jumbo prawns, festive spring dessert selections and many more. Tel: 2310 1700.
Hilton Shanghai Hongqiao unveiled the largest
This coming festive season, Hyatt on the Bund has prepared an exquisite gift box of traditional rice cakes (Nian Gao) – a musteat food during Chinese New Year. A selection of four different flavours is presented in a chic red box – brown sugar, eight treasure, radish and osmanthus – to make your celebration with family and friends all that enjoyable. Available from 15 January to 19 February 2015. RMB net per box (inclusive of XO sauce, honey and brown sugar jars). Tel: 6393 1234. Web: shanghai. bund.hyatt.com.
On Chinese New Year’s Eve, from 6pm to 10pm, embrace Chinese culture and exquisite cuisine crafted by famous Hong Kongnese chef and his culinary team at Man Ho in Shanghai Marriott Hotel Pudong East. An array of festive menus are available for diners to savour while look forward to a booming new year along with auspiciously-named dishes. The exclusive set menus are only available on 18th February, 2015, starting from RMB 4288 +15% service charge (10 persons). Tel: 6036 8866.
With the bejeweled concept, in collaboration with Damiani, for an edible rendition of the leading Italian luxury jewellery brand, the afternoon tea experience at The Langham, Xintiandi, Shanghai, will never the same again. Inspired by the precious jewels of Damiani, from its Baci, Gomitolo, Minou and Damianissima collections. The talented Pastry Chef, Delia Zhu, has molded and handmade an intriguing set of chocolate “Damiani” edible jewellery boxes.
Grand Kempinski Hotel Shanghai is proud to introduce
Chef Gianni from Favola Italian restaurant at Le Royal Meridien Shanghai presents its new menu, including a selection of antipasti, soups, an assortment of risottos and pasta dishes and a wider variety of main courses and pizzas. Highlights on the new menu are passatelli, crayfish filled half-moon pasta and oven baked Turbot fish. Chef Gianni fuses the traditional recipes of Italy with a modern twist and he invites you to explore the authentic flavour from Italy.
The Christmas Tree Lighting Ceremony at
with a festive Christmas tree and a charming Charity Christmas Train village. The annual charity project is now on its 19th year. Hilton Shanghai continues its charity deed by sponsoring Shanghai Sunrise Charity Foundation and Shanghai Renji Hospital. The Christmas Charity Train Project is an annual commitment of the Hilton Shanghai to help spread holiday cheer to less fortunate people in the community. The proceeds of this charity campaign help support Shanghai Sunrise in funding the education needs of underprivileged children in Shanghai. In addition, financial aid is also extended to needy patients at Shanghai Renji Hospital.
their new menu for ALBERO Spanish Restaurant. ALBERO is the name of a rock from Spain that has also been found in China. Like its name, ALBERO Restaurant has an ambience of nature and relaxation. People used to refer to Spain as enthusiastic as fire. The new menu is designed to feature authentic and popular dishes from Spain, and fill their guest’s dining experience with passion. Tel: 3867 9009.
Gingerbread House in city. When it comes to the Christmas season, the world falls in love with the sweet flavour of gingerbread, and for Hilton Shanghai Hongqiao that meant transforming its lobby into a magical wonderland featuring the largest Gingerbread House in the city and a magnificent tree with all the trimmings. Upon walking into the hotel, you could not miss the tasty-looking edfifice, with delicate exterior decoration flanked by adorable elks and quaint models of British soldiers.
InterContinental Shanghai Expo successfully
took place in the lobby of InterContinental Shanghai Expo on 1 December. It began with a beautiful Christmas carol performed by 40 students from Wellington College International Shanghai, all the distinguished guests were welcomed by Mr Gregor Raible, Director of Food and Beverage of InterContinental Shanghai Expo. January-February15 TalkMagazine
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HOTELTALK Shanghai News
Kerry Hotel, Pudong, Shanghai invites you to usher in the Year of the Goat with a distinctive experience with
its 2015 Chinese New Year. Starting at RMB1,368* per room per night, the package includes 1. Complimentary daily breakfast for two guests 2. Play access at Adventure Zone for one child during the stay 3. 15 per cent off the dining consumption bill 6. Complimentary in-room mini-bar on arrival, including snacks, juice and The BREW7. Access to Kerry Sports, which includes a 24-hour sports centre, indoor swimming pool and aerobics, spinning and yoga studios and classes. The special room package is valid from 7 February to 28 February, 2015.
Since the official opening in June, Food Therapy at the Mahota Kitchen in Sun Island Mahota Town has received hundreds of diners who have enjoyed the healthy eating concept. The chefs have now introduced the winter menu series, which was designed together with doctors and nutritionists in accordance to the TCM five elements and in line with the seasons. By always using the organic farm produce from Mahota Farm whenever possible, this winter menu series will warm your senses and delight your taste buds by serving food with natural freshness and high in nutrition. Price: From RMB 138 per pax.
South China News
The Ritz-Carlton, Guangzhou presents the "New Year Room Package". To enhance your
Mandarin Oriental, Guangzhou fuses stylish, chic modernity with traditional elements of the Orient and has the most spacious and luxurious accommodations in Guangzhou. Now, with their Club Delight package, you can experience their fantastic service, access to The Oriental Club Lounge and much more. Club Delight is available with a minimum stay of two nights. The offer is available until 10 April, 2015 with rates starting from RMB 2000 per night.
Indulge in the Chinese New Year dessert buffet at The Lobby Lounge of Hyatt Regency Dongguan, together with a selection of homemade cookies and cakes… all served by dedicated tea butlers. The hotel have elevated the term dessert buffet to a whole new level. There will be more than 50 different types of desserts served. Saturdays, Sundays and public holidays from 2:30pm to 6pm. RMB 128 +15% surcharge per person. Tel: 769 2289 1234.
Enjoy a Chinese New Year’s Eve set dinner at Hilton Changzhou. YUXI New Year's Eve Dinner set includes specialties such as baked crab with black pepper, steamed Abalone with fish maw in broth and YUXI Napoleon. Guests will benefit from one imported wine and one set of rice cakes per table. RMB 1588 to RMB 3888.
extraordinary experience throughout the following season, the hotel is proud to present the "New Year Room Package". Stay for two consecutive nights and enjoy 20% savings on benchmark rate and enjoy a complimentary buffet breakfast for two guests at the FOODS restaurant. If you want to enjoy 24-hour fine dining at Club Lounge, limousine transportation service, ironing service since check-in day and more, you simply need to add RMB 700 per day to upgrade. Offer is valid until 31 March, 2015. Guest must stay for two consecutive nights or above. Tel: 20 3813 6898. Web: ritzcarlton.com/guangzhou.
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Tonino Lamborghini Boutique Hotel Suzhou
B
y crossing the door you are entering a space of timeless beauty and luxury. Located on the banks of the picturesque Jinji Lake, the Tonino Lamborghini Boutique Hotel Suzhou has been imbued with a unique spiritual power. Hidden to outsiders and open to those who find the way in, the hotel has the power to take every guest to far and away places, freeing them of troubles and difficulties.
Anchored by The Lambo Tree at the heart of the hotel, you will never lose sight of Chinese gardens reflecting traditional ideals; such as water, trees,
The concept behind the hotel is comfort involving all senses. Buildings crafted with the traditional materials of Suzhou architecture, and combined with 21st century innovative technology, offer a haven for relaxation and reflection. With education and wisdom being a core Chinese value, the Tonino Lamborghini Boutique Hotel Suzhou has been created around the idea of a library; not only for reading, but for wisdom and passion. Aside from books, there is a collection of music, movies, wines and liqueurs, cigars, chocolates, and libraries representing 21st century lifestyle culture.
South China News
flowers, stones, walls with windows, and moon gates. This is where you should stand and look around. Everything will come to you. Just open your eyes.
East China News
InterContinental Ningbo offers the unique Winter Warmer Conrad Macao is pleased to announce the appointment of Ms
Janet Chan as Director of Luxury Sales. In her new role Ms Chan will be responsible for overseeing business and event partnerships within the luxury retail market and will also work closely with premium travel specialists. Originally from Australia, Janet has more than 10 years’ experience working with the luxury travel and hospitality industry and has worked for many five-star hotels in Fiji, Cambodia and Australia including Small Luxury Hotels of the World and the Preferred Hotel Group.
Package especially designed to meet the essential requirements of beauty and health conscious guests visiting the city. Relieve from stress, anxiety, and the hustles and bustles of daily routines. Valid from December 12, 2014 until February 28, 2015, the Hot Spring features a comprehensive set of amenities and services at a special rate of RMB 988net per night +15%. Tel: (0) 574 8796 6606. Benefits: Overnight accommodation in a well-appointed room of 42 sq. meters. Daily buffet breakfast for two persons at Elements.
Complimentary in-room Internet access. "Buy One Get One Free" for buffet dinner at Elements. Two sets of Erling Mountain Hot Spring entrance tickets. One complimentary overnight parking.
Erling Mountain Hot Spring is at the foot of Erling Mountain, overlooking Ningbo’s Dongqian Lake. The spring is a type of ammonium bicarbonate spring and the water is from the mouth of natural geothermal spring, popular in Japan. The so-called geothermal spring is famous as a Scenic and Tonic Spring. Erling Mountain Hot Spring is only thirty-minute away from InterContinental Ningbo. January-February15 TalkMagazine
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IT’SADATE
VUE Restaurant at Hyatt on the Bund has a winter treat for all lovers of imported seafood with a range of oysters jetted in from Europe and America. Fresh from France, they have Fines de Claires, David Lonce and Gillardeau oysters; from the US, there are Kumamoto; and from Ireland, the praised Tia Marra variety. All can be served raw or baked and hot, “Kilpatrick” style, “Rockefeller” with butter, parsley and Pernod, or “Florentine”, served with spinach, cream and Parmesan cheese. Tel: 6393 1234 ext.6328.
Soleil Villa
Quality Soil, Organic Farming
O
rder your vegetables straight from Soleil Villa to get the freshest and most uncommon vegetables in the city delivered right to your door. There is a seasonal selection, which includes pattypan squash, cassabanana, birkin beet (golden flesh) and chioggia beet (red-and-white-striped flesh), kale, crowndaisy chrysanthemum, yellow cream carrot, dark-purple carrot and cream pumpkin, that will arrive to you washed, packed and ready to be incorporated into your dishes. When it comes to scientific farming, people normally focus on yield. In contrast, Soleil Villa pay close attention to soil management. They have adopted a patented technology from Japan, utilising alkaline photosynthetic bacteria to improve soil fertility and productivity. This technology can prevent soil depletion caused by successive cropping, which is beneficial to the planting of crops such as watermelons and netted melons. To improve the quality of their agricultural products, they insist on manual weeding instead of using herbicides; they insist on using sticky trap plates instead of pesticides or other agricultural chemicals; they insist on using bees as pollinators instead of killing all the insects with dimethoate; they insist on using bio-organic fertilisers instead of chemical fertilisers. Their goal is to do their best to grow organic food, and to provide the safest and tastiest food for their customers. For Valentine’s Day 2015, Andaz Xintiandi, Shanghai will present a “Love Goes Around” room package, which will include complimentary chocolates and a bottle of champagne. During a night full of love, Hai Pai restaurant and Xuan Bar, located on the 1st floor of the hotel, will present couples with a romantic set menu crafted by Executive Chef Jacqueline Qiu. The romantic atmosphere will be enhanced with champagne and a charming surprise dessert, creating a euphoric haze and making the love go around. Tel: 2310 1234.
The planting team consists of professional farmers who have been working in the farming industry for over 30 years, each of them with a good command of modern greenhouse production-related technology and know-how. All management personnel studied agriculture in Japan. Most of Soleil Villa’s seeds are imported from overseas. Some of their melon and fruit seeds are transported from Japan to China.
How to order: For family orders Organic vegetable box (three meals for a family) Special Offer: RMB 100 (Free home delivery, cash on delivery) Organic vegetable bag (two meals for a family) Special Offer: RMB 50 (Home delivery only as part of an order of RMB 100 or higher, cash on delivery) For corporate or wholesale orders, please contact us to request price and product list. For Chinese service: Hotline for order, consultation and delivery service: Mr. Wang 136 7152 1920 QQ: 87083526 Email: [email protected] Wechat: soleilvilla (Follow the account, you can receive the forecast of seasonal vegetables we deliver every week.) For English service: Anthony Zhao 139 1820 7773, WeChat: anthonyzhao001
Liquid Laundry has started doing weekly free keggers every Tuesday night from 8:30pm to
-12:30am. Every Tuesday evening, Liquid Laundry will be giving away one of their house beers for free until the keg runs out.
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Note: The number of products is limited each day to ensure that vegetables are always fresh. The contents of the vegetable boxes are changed in accordance with the seasons.
IN THE KNOW LISTINGS
Listings
If you think you've got something we should know about, e-mail Talk Magazine at [email protected] or send a fax to 6237 5827. Beacon Café Square Shop: Shop 102A, Building 3, KIC Authentic Cantonese cuisine and dim sum Lu). T: 6882 8888 x 25 •500Red Beijing Xi Lu (near Shimen Er Lu)
SHANGHAI
DINING American BISTRO BURGER •A Mansion Building, 291 Fumin Lu (near Changle Lu). T: 6170 1315
Real handmade burgers with fresh ingredients. Hours: Sun-Thu 10am-12am, Fri-Sat 10am-4am
BLUE FROG •102-103A, Block 6, Daning Life
Hub, 1918 Gonghe Xin Lu. T: 6631 3920. Rm 3, Green Sports & Leisure Centre, 633 Biyun Lu (near Yunshan Lu). T: 5030 6426. GF, Super Brand Mall, 168 Lujiazui Xi Lu. T: 5047 3488. 30 Hongmei Entertainment Street, Lane 3338 Hongmei Lu. T: 5422 5119. Lower Level, Unit 12, Novel City, 131 Tianyaoqiao Lu (near Xingeng Lu). T: 3368 6117
GF02, Super Brand Mall. T: 5047 1012. No 2, 99 Xikang Lu (near Nanjing Xi Lu). T: 6289 2163. Unit 1, Basement, Plaza KIC, 270 Songhu Lu. T: 6533 3103. Unit 1051B, 1F, Cloud 9 Mall, 1018 Changning Lu. T: 5237 1781. Thumb Plaza, Bldg 18, 199 Fangdian Lu. T: 5833 0801. Infiniti Plaza ,138 Huaihai Zhong Lu. T: 6375 6167 香啡缤: 遵义路100号虹桥上海城一 楼140-141单元; 福州路666号金陵 海欣大厦1楼B座, 近延安路; 太仓路 181弄新天地广场北里10号楼; 黄金 城道915号; 浦东银城北路133号汇亚 大厦101室; 陆家嘴西路168号正大广 场GF02商铺; 西康路99弄-2(南京西 路,近恒隆广场2座); 淞沪路270号创 智天地广场地下一层01单元,创智天 地店; 长宁路1018号1051室龙之梦店; 芳甸路199弄证大大拇指广场; 淮海中 路138号无限度广场2楼
The ever-reliable Frog.
浦东金桥, 碧云路633号-3; 浦东新 区陆家嘴西路168号正大广场GF27（ 1楼）; 虹梅路3338弄30号; 天钥桥路 131号永新坊地下一层12室(辛耕路口)
Square, 333 Songhu Lu,Yangpu Central Park Shop: Shop 107, Building 16, Phase 2 Central Park, Apartment 6, Chaoyang Menwei Dajie,Chaoyang District, Beijing Park Avenue Shop: Shop 115, Park Avenue, 6 Chaoyang Gongyuan Nan Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing Yosemite Shop: Lobby 1, Yosemite Club, 4 Yuyang Lu, Houshayu Town, Shunyi District, Beijing
亦园店:乌鲁木齐中路82号;上海企业 天地店:湖滨路222号1号楼2层10号 铺;南京东路店:南京东路719号6号 商铺;上海浦东潍坊西路60号（近 浦城路）;东海广场店:铜仁路299号 东海广场101;利星国际广场店:上海 市长宁区延安西路1319弄101室;创 智广场店:杨浦区淞沪路333号创智 天地三期102A单元;新城国际店:朝 阳区朝外大街6号新城国际B期16号 楼107号商铺;公园大道店;朝阳区公 园南路6号院4-3号;顺义优山美地 店:顺义区后沙峪镇榆阳路4号优山 美地俱乐部
LOUNGE •GF,JASMINE Fairmont Peace Hotel, 20 Nanjing
Dong Lu (near Zhongshan Dong Yi Lu). T: 6138 6886
California Grill •40F,JW’s JW Marriott Hotel, 399 Nanjing Xi Lu. T: 5359 4969 x 6455
Hours: 11.30am - 2.30pm, 5.30 - 10.30pm 加州扒房：南京西路399号, 万豪酒 店40楼
Steakhouse •2F,Manhattan Marriott Hotel Hongqiao, 2270
Hongqiao Lu. T: 6237 6000 x 6633
As fantastic as the steaks here may be, we've also had a mighty fine lobster here. 曼哈顿扒房：虹桥路2270号万豪虹 桥大酒店2楼
500 Steak House •3F,Prime Hotel Main Tower, InterContinental Hotel, 500 Hengfeng Lu. T: 5253 9999 x 6336
Slabs of meat are complemented by a collection of premium vintages from the wine cellar. 恒丰路500号,上海浦西洲际酒店 3 楼
Bakery & Deli One •559Baker Nanchang Lu (near Shaanxi Nan Lu) T: 6211 8217
Saint Germain Bakery, a renowned Canadian brand provides only the utmost quality, using natural and fresh ingredients. Hours: 7am-11pm. www.bakerone.cn 加焙坊：徐汇区南昌路559号（近陕 西南路，地铁1号线、10号线陕西 南路站）
•2F, Bauernstube Sheraton Shanghai Hongqiao Hotel, 5 Zunyi Nan Lu. T: 6275 8888 x 3104
One of the best places in Shanghai to get cold cuts. 农夫之家食品店：上海市遵义南 路5号，虹桥喜来登上海太平洋大 饭店2楼
Café 1188 •Lobby Level, InterContinental
Shanghai Expo, 1188 Xueye Lu (near Yuntai Lu). T: 3858 1208 Interactive kitchens and live cooking stations make this brunch a feast for the eyes.
咖啡厅1188：浦东雪野路1188号， 近南码头路，上海世博洲际酒店一楼
Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf •Unit 140-141, Shanghai City Centre,
100 Zunyi Lu (near Xianxia Lu). T: 6237 1458. Block B, 1F, Jinlinghaixin Building, 666 Fuzhou Lu (near Yunnan Zhong Lu). T: 6391 7971. House 10, Lane 181 Taicang Lu (near Madang Lu). T: 6387 4248. 915 Huang Jincheng Lu. T: 6209 9212. Azia Centre, 133 Yincheng Bei Lu (near Lujiazui Huan Lu). T: 5877 9558. 168 Lujiazui Xi Lu, Unit
Costa cafés are springing up all over town. www.costa.net.cn (华美达店) 南京东路715号; (仙乐斯 店) 南京西路388号仙乐斯广场; (港汇 店) 虹桥路1号港汇广场2楼; (Eton 裕 景店) 浦东大道545号; (美罗城办公 楼) 肇嘉浜路1111号; 向城路15号和 17号; 九尊,镇宁路9号; 虹梅路3196号
•
Fuwa Pulu Shop 55, Level 3, 388 Xijiangwan Lu. T: 6628 2897 Hours:10am-10pm 164-166 Huichuan Lu. T: 6277 3577 Hours: 10am-12am
A la carte menu with Asian and Western specialties for breakfast, lunch and dinner. Hours: 6.30am–11.30pm 赛丽娜: 延安西路488号上海日航 酒店一楼
•1250Whisk Huaihai Zhong Lu (near Huating Lu). T: 5404 7770
香港广场店：淮海路283号3楼南栋 3L-3-04C；虹桥久光店：长宁区仙 霞路99号尚嘉中心B2层
Lobby Lounge •TheThe Portman Ritz-Carlton, Shanghai Lobby Level, 1376 Nanjing Xi Lu T: 6279 8888 x 5976
Enjoy afternoon tea or late night cocktails, and small plates in this cozy rendezvous spot where attentive service is always on the menu. Hours: 8am-11pm. Afternoon tea: 2.30pm-5pm 南京西路1376号上海商城波特曼酒店
La, Shanghai, 33 Fucheng Lu (near Lujiazui Huan Lu). T: 6882 8888 x 210
浦东富城路33号, 上海浦东香格里拉 大酒店紫金楼二楼
Yi Garden Café •Lobby Level, Renaissance Shanghai Yuyuan Hotel, 159 Henan Nan Lu (near Fuyou Lu). T: 2321 8888
Contemporary café with open kitchens. Hours: 12-11pm 豫园咖啡厅：河南南路159号豫园万 丽酒店大堂(近福佑路)
•
Zpark 25F, 1018 Changning Lu (near Huichuan Lu). T: 6115 8888
Sit back, relax and choose from a range of 60 coffee varieties from around the world. 长宁路1018号上海龙之梦万丽酒 店25楼
Chinese - Cantonese
The Lobby •Lobby •8F,AiLeMei Level, The Peninsula Shanghai, Royal Méridien Shanghai, 798 32 on the Bund. T: 2327 2888
All-day dining and the celebrated Peninsula Afternoon Tea with live entertainment. 大堂茶座: 中山东一路32号上海半 岛酒大堂
The Lounge •1F, 15 Xinjinqiao Lu, Pudong T: 6036 8858
Nanjing Dong Lu (near Xizang Zhong Lu). T: 3318 9999 x 7700 Traditional Cantonese, with innovative presentations. Hours: 11.30am-2.30pm, 5.30-10pm
艾美中餐厅：南京东路789号上海世 茂皇家艾美酒店(8楼)
Canton •Grand Hyatt, 55F, Jinmao Tower, 88
虹口区西江湾路388号龙之梦购物 中心3楼55商铺；长宁区汇川路 164-166号
The Lounge is the ideal venue to meet your business partners and friends at the lobby. Enjoy an afternoon tea or relax over a cocktail or glass of champagne.
London Bakery Cafe •1F,glo 1 Wulumuqi Nan Lu (near
Bakery •1F,Madeleine Hotel Sofitel, 505 Nanjing Dong
Cantonese haute cuisine, contemporary Chinese décor and marvellous city views. Hours: 11.30am-2.30pm, 5.30-10pm
Freshly- baked bread, croissants, pastries, cakes, scones, gourmet pizza slices, fresh juices & fresh roasted coffee. Card: All Cards. Hours: 7am-10pm. www.glolondon.com, shanghai@ glolondon.com
Chocolate éclairs and other Parisian goodies. Hours: 7am-9pm
粤珍轩：浦东世纪大道88号金茂君悦 大酒店55楼
•30 cha's Sinan Lu (near Huaihai Zhong Lu).
Dongping Lu). T: 6466 6565
icake •Room 1, 788, Changde Lu. T: 5239
7521 Room.170,1F, 796, Dongfang Lu. T: 6100 9279 89, Shuicheng Lu. T: 5265 6803 89, Biyun Lu. T: 5067 7031 570-572, 1-2F, Tianyaoqiao Lu. T: 6468 5933 Exit 18, People's Square Subway Station. T: 2205 7746 Zhengda Department Store, 2nd Floor, 168, West Lujiazui Lu. T: 5047 0817 八佰秀店：常德路788号1号；96广 场店：东方路796号一层170号铺； 古北水城店：水城南路89号；碧云 山庄店：碧云路633号；星游城店： 天钥桥路570-572号1-2F；人民广 场店：人民广场18号出口；正大2楼 店：陆家嘴西路168号，正大百货2楼
Café •1F,Gourmet Shanghai Centre, 1376 Nanjing Xi Lu (near Xikang Lu). T: 6289 5733 南京西路1376号上海商城111室
Jamaica Blue •Chevalier Shop: 82 Wulumuqi Zhong
Lu (near Changle Lu) Shanghai Corporate Avenue Shop: Shop 10, Level 2, 222 Hubin Lu Ramada Shop: Shop 6, 719 Nanjing Dong Lu (near Xizang Zhong Lu). Tel: 6351 3303 Binjiang Shop: 60 Weifang Xi Lu The Exchange: Lobby 101, The Exchange, 299 Tongren Lu Lixing International Plaza Shop: Shop 101,1319 Yan’an Xi Lu. KIC
Cantonese, Shanghainese and other regional specialties.
Seriously authentic Cantonese, and the Singaporean chef throws in some great Southeast Asian specialties too!
上海恒丰路500号,上海浦西洲际酒 店5 楼
Lu. T: 6351 5888 x 4186
MIO ESPRESSO illy caffe •Showroom 2577 Longhua Lu, bld 11 Room 107, Xuhui. T: 6121 2021
Specialist in OFFICE Coffee Break, HOME and HO.RE.CA solutions with ILLY CAFFE, MIO ESPRESSO, and now also available NESPRESSO COMPATIBLE capsules. www.mio-espresso.com Online shopping available
Shiji Dadao (near Dongtai Lu). T: 5047 1234 x 8779
T: 6093 2062 Hong Kong-style canting
straight out of the 1950s.
Bistro •3F,China Renaissance Shanghai Yuyuan
Hotel, 159 Henan Nan Lu (near Fuyou Lu). T: 2321 8888 Capturing the essence of great home cooked provincial Chinese cuisine. Hours: 11am-2.30pm, 5-10pm
万丽轩: 河南南路159号豫园万丽酒店 3楼(近福佑路)
Crystal Jade •Unit 2F (12A & B), Bldg 6-7, Lane
Court •1F,Palm The Langham, Yangtze Boutique,
740 Hankou Lu. T: 6080 0743
Serving the Signature Langham afternoon tea with live classical music in the afternoons. 廷廊：汉口路740号朗廷扬子精品酒 店1楼大堂
Alley •NewPeacock Tower Lobby Level, Waldorf
Astoria Shanghai on the Bund, 88 Sichuan Zhong Lu, near Guangdong Lu. T: 6322 9988 Hours: 9am-11pm
羿庭：上海外滩华尔道夫酒店,上海市 黄浦区中山东一路2号
123 Xingye Lu (near Madang Lu). T: 6385 8752. 7F, West Gate Mall, 1038 Nanjing Xi Lu (near Jiangning Lu). T: 5228 1133. 507B, 5F, Grand Gateway, 1 Hongqiao Lu Fave of Hong Kongers looking for some good hometown cooking.
翡翠酒家: 兴业路123弄新天地6-7号 楼F-12A-B；南京西路1038号梅龙 镇广场7楼；虹桥路1号港汇广场507B
• Emerald Garden
2F, Sheraton Shanghai Hongqiao Hotel, 5 Zunyi Nan Lu (near Xianxia Lu). T: 6275 8888 x 4910 Hours: 11.30am-2.30pm, 5.30-10pm
翡翠园中餐厅：上海市遵义南路5号， 虹桥喜来登上海太平洋大饭店2楼
Lam Moon •2F,Fook River Wing, Pudong Shangri-La,
33 Fucheng Lu (near Yincheng Dong
(near Hongxu Lu). T: 3323 6666
上海市红松东路1116号
•
Man Ho 5F, Shanghai Marriott Hotel Pudong East, 15 Xinjinqiao Lu, Pudong. T:6036 8866.
This must-come restaurant offers traditional Cantonese dishes with selections of Shanghai favorites prepared by Hong Kong celebrity chef with five elegant private rooms commanding great view. 万豪轩：新金桥路15号上海金桥红枫 万豪酒店5楼
Café •2F,YiGrand Tower, Pudong Shangri-
Huaihai Lu. T: 3331 2396 B2, Shang Jia Center, 99, Xian Xia Lu, Changning District.
The steak is great but we love the antipasto and condiment bar!
Shanghai. T: 3211 9999
Yue Xuan •Tower 2, 1F, 1116 Hongsong Dong Lu
Shanghai Puxi. T: 5253 9999 x 6399
A Cantonese restaurant with a modern design. www.fccshanghai.com
Le Diamant •3L-3-04C, South Building, 3F, 283,
Nanjing Dong Lu. T: 6351 2916 Ciro's Plaza, 388 Nanjing Xi Lu. T: 3505 1958 545 Pudong Dadao. T: 6888 1773. Metro Tower: 1111 Zhaojiabang Lu. T: 6426 7854 15 & 17 Xiangcheng Lu (near Dongfang Lu). T: 5081 1182. Joy Plaza: 9 Zhenning Lu. T: 5238 2901 3196 Hongmei Lu. T: 6406 5909. 269 Wujiang Lu. T: 6136 1403. 638 Huaihai Zhong Lu. T: 5306 5231 588 Nanquan Bei Lu. T: 5190 6295
CAFÉ •488SERENA Yan'an Xi Lu, Hotel Nikko
Chinese Restaurant •5F,Jade Hotel Main Tower, InterContinental
淮海路1250号，近常熟路
Ooh we love a Whopper. www.burgerking.com
•
T: 6433 5208
Costa Coffee •Shop B, 1F, Ramada Plaza, 719
Talk likes to enjoy an afternoon reminiscing at the former news room where Shanghai Club members read their papers and smoked their pipes. Hours:12-11pm
福临门: 浦东富城路33号上海浦东香 格里拉大酒店浦江2楼
@ F.C.C. •BldgMANCHURIA 11-12, 3-4F, 889 Julu Lu (near
www.lecrememilano.com
GRILL ROOM 1F, Jumeirah Himalayas Hotel, 1108 Meihua Lu (near Fangdian Lu). T: 3858 0888
Astoria Shanghai on the Bund, 2 Zhongshan Dong Yi Lu (near Guangdong Lu). T: 6322 9988
with seven private dining rooms and a signature Peninsula Chinese Chefs’ Table. Hours: 11.30 am-2.30 pm, 6 -10.30 pm.
Hours: 10.30am-11.30pm. www.whiskcafe.com.cn. [email protected]
KING •132BURGER Yuyuan Lu (near Jiaozhou Lu).
汉堡王: 愚园路132号，近胶州路
Salon de Ville •Waldorf Astoria Club L Level, Waldorf
Specialises in sharks fin, abalone and birds nest. Hours: Mon-Fri 11.30am2.30pm, Sat-Sun 11.30am-3pm. Daily 5-10pm
Offering the finest afternoon tea and Saturday Tea Dance experiences. Hours: 11am-12am. www.fairmont. com/peacehotel
Crème Milano •434LeShaanxi Nan Lu (near Yongjia Lu).
T: 6255 2144
Changshu Lu). T: 6445 8082
上海市巨鹿路889号(11-12幢3-4层) 靠近常熟路
Chinese restaurant •5F,Mao Sofitel Shanghai Hyland, 505 Nanjing Road East. T: 6351 5888 x 4588
Chinese - Shanghai 599 •LaneChateau 599, 1 Fangdian Lu (near Jinxiu Lu). T: 5033 9113
Exclusive access to luxury private lounge with Huaiyang cuisine. 上海市浦东新区方甸路599弄1号 （近锦绣路）
Club Jin Mao •Grand Hyatt, 86F, Jin Mao Tower, 88 Shiji Dadao (near Lujiazui Huan Lu). T: 5049 1234 x 8688 Club Jin Mao of Grand Hyatt Shanghai, one of the most exclusive authentic Shanghainese restaurants. Hours: 11.30am-2.30pm, 5.30-10pm
金茂俱乐部：浦东世纪大道88号金茂 君悦大酒店86楼
Restaurant •98 Dick’s Kaixuan Lu (close to Wanhangdu Lu). T: 5272 8198
Renowned for its Shanghainese and Cantonese specialties. 南京东路505号上海海仑宾馆5楼
•LevelMingyuan 2 at Banyan Tree Shanghai
Innovation of exquisite traditional Shanghai cuisine. Discount for lunch menu (Mon-Fri) Open Daily from 11am-9pm. 凯旋路98号(近万航渡路,中山公园龙 之梦北面150米)
On The Bund, 19 Gongping Lu (near Haiping Lu) T: 2509 1188
A contemporary upscale Chinese culinary journey for epicures, serving traditional Cantonese cuisine paying homage to classic Chinese influences in a contemporary style. Ming Yuan offers a range of dining options varying for private dining room and large group tables. Hours: Lunch 11.30am–2.30pm; Dinner 5.30pm–9.30pm 酩缘：公平路19号上海外滩悦榕庄 2楼（近海平路）
Hui Tang •2F,Sheng InterContinental Shanghai Expo,
1188 Xueye Lu (near Nanmatou Lu). T: 3858 1188
We love it for its interactive show kitchens and live cooking stations. 盛会堂：浦东雪野路1188号，近南码 头路 上海世博洲际酒店2楼
Pavilion •TheSummer Portman Ritz-Carlton, Shanghai
2F, East Plaza, Shanghai Centre, 1376 Nanjing Xi Lu. T: 6279 8888 x 4770 南京西路1376号上海商城波特曼 酒店
Suntime Century •2F Grand Kempinski Hotel Shanghai. No. 1288 Lujiazui Ring Lu. T: 3867 8888*6199
Cantonese Cuisine with Shanghai Signature dishes. Great value “ All You Can Eat “ Dim Sum Menu for lunch. 10 Private rooms available. Open 11:30am-2:30pm, 6:00pm-10:00pm. 新天世纪中餐厅：浦东新区陆家 嘴环路1288号 上海凯宾斯基大酒 店2楼
Court •2F,T’ang The Langham, Yangtze Boutique,
740 Hankou Lu. T: 6080 0800 In Hong Kong, T’ang Court enjoys an envied reputation and two coveted Michelin stars.
•
Dragon Phoenix 8F, Fairmont Peace Hotel, 20 Nanjing Dong Lu (near Zhongshan Dong Yi Lu). T: 6138 6880
Presenting traditional Shanghainese and regional Chinese cuisine with breathtaking views of the Bund and Pudong skyline. Hours: 11.30am – 2pm, 5.30 – 10pm. www.fairmont.com/peacehotel 龙凤厅和平饭店：南京东路20号
1039 •1039FuYuyuan Lu (near Jiangsu Lu). T: 5237 1878
Crazy villa with nooks and crannies everywhere. 愚园路1039号，近江苏路
House •221Full Shimen Er Lu (near Xinzha Lu). T: 6209 1686
Yum... hongshao rou!
Pai’s Express Lunch •1F,Hai Andaz Xintiandi Shanghai T: 2310 1709
Weekdays, 12:00-15:00, from CNY98, head to Hai Pai for a four-course tray set lunch that includes delectable main options! 上海新天地安达仕酒店1楼
唐阁：汉口路740号2楼
Hao •39F,Wan JW Marriott Hotel, 399 Nanjing
Xi Lu (near Huangpi Bei Lu). T: 5359 4969 x 6436 Cantonese creations with stunning city views. Hours: 11.30am-2.30pm, 5.30-10.30pm
万豪轩中餐厅：南京西路399号39楼
Li Restaurant •2F,Wan Renaissance Shanghai Pudong Hotel, 100 Changliu Lu. T: 3871 4888 x 6612
Hours: 11am-2pm, 5-10pm 万丽轩: 浦东长柳路100号淳大万丽 酒店2层
Long Court •TheYiPeninsula Shanghai, 2F, 32
Zhongshan Dong Yi Lu (near Beijing Dong Lu). T: 2327 6742.
Garden •6F, Paradise Jin Mao Tower, 88 Shiji Dadao
(near Yincheng Dong Lu). T: 5047 7773 Hours: 11.30am-3pm, 5.30-11pm
天萃庭: 浦东世纪大道88号金茂裙房6层
35
CUISINE •6F,SHANG-HIGH Jumeirah Himalayas Hotel
Shanghai. 1108 Meihua Lu, Pudong. T: 3858 0768 / 0760 Regional Chinese dishes with seasonal, organic ingredients. www.jumeirah.com
迷•上海餐厅：梅花路1108号上海卓 美亚喜玛拉雅酒店6楼
COURT •TheTANG Langham Xintiandi, 5F, 99
Madang Road (near Taicang Lu). T: 2330 2428
If you crave contemporary Chinese cuisine, then Tang Court is your choice. Specialising in Shanghainese and Cantonese dishes. Tang Court creates an innovative mix of traditional favourites and modern delicacies. www.tangcourt-xintiandi.com 新天地朗廷酒店: 马当路99号五层
Jing Ge •5F,Wei Waldorf Astoria Club, 2 Zhongshan
Dong Yi Lu (near Guangdong Lu). T: 6322 9988
Fancy pants Cantonese at the Waldorf - what's not to love? Hours: Lunch 11.30am-3pm, Dinner 5.30-11pm. www.waldorfastoriashanghai.com 蔚景阁 中山东一路2号外滩华尔道 夫酒店5楼
•
Whampoa Club 5F, No.3 The Bund, Zhong Shan Dong Yi Lu (near Guang Dong Lu). T: 6321 3737
The regal Whampoa Club brings a new level of sophistication to Chinese cuisine. Classic Shanghainese and Chinese dishes are interpreted with contemporary flair in the stunning Art Deco dining room. Accompanying the sumptuous cuisine is an extensive wine list and an exclusive selection of premium teas from all regions of China. Hours: 11.30am-2.30pm, 5.30pm-10.30pm www.threeonthebund. com 中山东一路3号，外滩三号5楼，近 广东路
Xiao Nan Guo •3337 Hongmei Lu. T: 3208 9777.
17 Yincheng Xi Lu. T: 5887 7000. 1398 Nanjing Xi Lu. T: 6289 1717. 3F, New Jinjiang Tower, 161 Changle Lu. T: 6472 1982 / 6415 1188 x 80306 Deserved reputation for traditional Shanghainese food. Hours: 11am-2pm, 5-10pm 小南国：虹梅路3337号; 银城西路 17号; 南京西路1398号；长乐路 161号新锦江大酒店三楼
Yongfoo Elite •200The Yongfu Lu (near Hua'nan Lu). T: 5466 2727
Set on the grounds of the former British Consulate, a haven of fine food, exquisite antiques and peaceful gardens. 雍福会: 永福路200号
Shanghai •LaneYe181 Taicang Lu (near Madang Lu). T: 6311 2323
Modern Shanghainese with a solid dim sum spread and live jazz every weekend. Half portion is available for order. Hours: 11.30am-2.30pm, 5.30-10.30pm 夜上海: 黄陂南路338号新天地
Hengshan Lu). T: 6445 2581. Unit B7-B8, Shanghai City Centre, 100 Zunyi Lu (near Xianxia Lu). T: 6237 2885. 881 Yan’an Zhong Lu (near Tongren Lu). T: 6247 5878. 3F, Citic Square, 1168 Nanjing Xi Lu. T: 5292 5331 Great Sichuan classics served with flair in fantastic surroundings. Hours: 11am-10pm 俏江南：淮海中路93号大上海时代 广场5楼；桃江路28号一座；遵义路 100号虹桥上海城外围街B7-B8单 元,近仙霞路; 延安中路881号；南京 西路1168号中信泰富广场3楼
鸿禧茶居: 兴业路123弄新天地南 里3号楼
•376 Wukang Lu (near Tai'an Lu).
Restaurant & Tea Garden •BldgSOAHC 3, Lane 123, Xingye Lu, It’s chaos spelled backwards! Go figure.
Du Lac •383Villa Huangpi Nan Lu (near Xingye Lu). T: 6387 6387
湖庭: 黄陂南路383号(近兴业路)
Delivery Element Fresh •T: 5116 9887
Laowais love EF! Minimum order RMB 40. No delivery fee. Delivery service covers downtown, Lujiazui and Jinqiao area. http://order.elementfresh.com
Munchies •974 Wuding Lu, (near Jiaozhou Lu).
T: 6218 4616. 563 Shunchang Lu (near Jianguo Dong Lu). T: 6311 3616 Free delivery within 1km. Hours: 10am-10pm
Sherpa's •T: 6209 6209
Serving hungry people in Shanghai since 1999, Sherpa's now works with over 100 international and Chinese restaurants. www.sherpa.com.cn
French
•2FAcqua Grand Kempinski Hotel Shanghai. No. 1288 Lujiazui Ring Lu. T: 3867 8888*6192
Best of European Cuisine with Business Set Lunch menus. Beautiful Brasserie Restaurant with Aquarium and a stunning view over the Huangpu River. Open 11:30am-2:30pm, 6:00pm-10:00pm 海蓝餐厅：浦东新区陆家嘴环路 1288号 上海凯宾斯基大酒店2楼
•
Allure Lobby, Le Royal Méridien Shanghai, 789 Nanjing Dong Lu (near Xizang Zhong Lu). T: 3318 9999 x 7022 The menu of traditional French dishes comes highly recommended.
艾露：南京东路789号上海世茂皇家 艾美酒店(大堂楼)
CAMELIA 210 Shiji Dadao (near Pucheng Lu). T: 2036 1300
Room •87F,Dining 100 Shiji Dadao, Park Hyatt Shanghai. T: 6888 1234 x 4560
世纪大道100号上海柏悦酒店87楼, 近东泰路
Lu). T: 6437 9361. 5F, Plaza 66, 1266 Nanjing Xi Lu (near Shanxi Lu). T: 6288 8897. Hotline: 400 820 7706 Delivery: 6209 6209
品川, 桃江路47号, 恒隆广场5层南京 西路1266号
Spice •3F,Sichuan 500 Hengfeng Lu (near Tianmu
BistroT •376Franck Wukang Lu (near Tai'an Lu). T: 158 2167 6767/6437 6465
An authentic Parisian bistrot with vintage maps and photographs of Paris adorning the walls. Open every day for dinner 6pm-1am (last order: 11pm). www.franck.com.cn
•378Farine Wukang Lu (near Tai’an Lu)
天蜀阁四川餐厅：恒丰路500号3楼
We pay tribute to the ordinary yet extraordinary boulangeries all over France, and the artisanal tradition they represent. Our passion is evident in our respect for our ingredients, and the authentic flavours of our crusty breads, croissants and other French specialties – all baked daily, using ground stone flour imported from France. Open from 7am to 8pm every day.
Sichuan Citizen Restaurant •& Bar
Georges •4F, Jean No.3 The Bund, Zhong Shan Dong Yi
Lu) T: 5253 9999
Sichuan Restaurant offers a pleasant and memorable dining experience with innovative Sichuan cuisine and elegant environment combining Chinese and Western flavour. Hours: 11.30am – 10pm
30 Donghu Lu (near Huaihai Lu). T: 5404 1235
This Sichuanese restaurant, cocktail bar and tea house is an expansion of the popular Citizen Cafe. www.citizenshanghai.com 龙门阵茶屋川菜馆：东湖路30号
Beauty •5F,South Shanghai Times Square, 93
Huaihai Zhong Lu. T: 6391 0890. Unit 1, 28 Taojiang Lu (near
36 TalkMagazine
Tour •5F, La Jin Mao Tower Side Building, 88 Shiji
Xintiandi. T: 6385 7777
Chuan •47PinTaojiang Lu (near Wulumuqi Nan
• La Creperie
1 Taojiang Lu (near Fenyang Lu). T: 5465 9055 A great selection of galettes, crepes, traditional cakes and cider. Hours: 10.30am - late, last order 11.30pm 桃江路1号,近东平路
Dadao, Pudong. T: 5047 5859 Fine French fare in the shadow of the Jinmao Tower. Hours: 11.30am -2pm, 5.30-11pm 拉图餐厅: 浦东世纪大道88号金 茂裙楼5楼
Vibrant, chic and stylish Camelia at Four Seasons Hotel Pudong, is the city's newest dining sensation. World class French and Japanese cuisine, cool cocktails, exceptional wines and hot vibes.
Chinese - Sichuan
2:30pm, Dinner Mon-Sun 6:00pm11:00pm, Brunch Sat-Sun, 11.30am3pm. www.threeonthebund.com 中山东一路3号，外滩三���4楼， 近广东路
Lu, (near Guang Dong Lu). T: 6321 7733 Jean Georges Shanghai is the first signature restaurant outside New York by famed 3 Michelin Star Chef Jean Georges Vongerichten. The refined French cuisine is perfectly complimented by the luxurious yet understated setting. Since opening in 2004, Jean Georges has set the bar for fine dining in Shanghai with artfully crafted seasonal menus, an elaborate wine list, and impeccable service. Mon-Sun 11:30am-
January-February15
Le Petit Franck
T: 6433 1213 Le Petit Franck offers a place to escape from everyday hectic life, and relax over some traditional French snacks and carefully selected wines and crafted cocktails. Outdoor seating available. Hours: 11.30am-1pm.
& Mrs Bund •6F, Mr 18 Zhongshan Dong Yi Lu (near
Nanjing Dong Lu). T: 6323 9898 Classy, but not stuffy. Relaxed, without sacrificing the chic factor. Hours: Dinner: Mon-Sun 5.30pm10.30pm (Last order), Late Night: Thu-Sat 11pm-2am (last order) www.mmbund.com
by Jean Georges •4F,Nougatine No.3 The Bund, Zhong Shan Dong Yi Lu (near Guang Dong Lu). T: 6321 7733
Nougatine is a smart, upscale bistro that delivers Jean Georges’ signature cuisine in more relaxed surroundings. The stylish space is anchored by a dramatic carved stone bar, which offers an extensive drink selection and creative cocktails. The premium value menu features comforting bistro fare such as gourmet salads and the classic JG burger. Hours: Dinner MonSun 6pm-11pm. www.threeonthebund.com 中山东一路3号，外滩三号4楼，近 广东路
• Pelham’s
1F, Waldorf Astoria Shanghai on the Bund, 2 Zhongshan Dong Yi Lu (near Guangdong Lu). T: 6322 9988 Celebrated Chef Jean-Philippe Dupas presents modern French cuisine with a brand new menu, highlighted a mix of premium, local ingredients with contemporary flair. Operating Hours: Daily, 11:30am-2pm, 6pm-10:30pm 中山东一路2号，上海外滩华尔道 夫酒店1楼
German
•
Paulaner Brauhaus 150 Fenyang Lu (near Fuxing Lu). T: 6474 5700. Xintiandi North Block, Lane 181 Taicang Lu (near Madang Lu). T: 6320 3935. 2967 Binjiang Dadao (near Lujiazui Huan Lu). T: 6888 3935 Serves bountiful plates of authentic German food and jugs of German grog. Hours: Mon-Fri, 5pm-2am, Sat 12pm2am, Sun 11am-2am
宝莱纳：汾阳路150号；太仓路 181弄新天地广场北里19-20号；陆 家嘴西路2967号
Global Avenue •91F,100ParkCentury Hyatt, 100 Shiji Dadao. T: 3855 1428 x 4560
One of the highest restaurants in the world, and it has multiple show kitchens Too many views to choose from!
•
All Day Dining / Café 2F, Pudong City Bistro,15 Xinjinqiao Lu, Pudong. T: 6036 8855
The all-day-dining casual restaurant located features interactive show kitchens and live cooking stations for breakfast, lunch and dinner and complimented by an extensive a la carte menu. The culinary team will showcase exciting cuisines from around the world with local favorites.
Lounge •1F,Andaz Andaz Xintiandi Shanghai T: 2310 1710
Located in the heart of the hotel, Andaz Lounge is also home to Andaz’s signature afternoon tea set. Long one of the neighborhood’s most stylish affairs, it includes a plethora of treats from éclairs and scones to cakes and seasonal fruit tarts from CNY158. 上海新天地安达仕酒店1楼
CAFE & LOUNGE •1F,ARTE Jumeirah Himalayas Hotel
Shanghai. 1108 Meihua Lu, Pudong. T: 3858 0718 x 0710 International buffet for breakfast, lunch and dinner. www.jumeirah.com
T: 2322 0888
Continental delights are the order of the day at this restaurant, along with the impressive Bund view. www.rooseveltchina.com
郁全日餐厅：梅花路1108号上海卓美 亚喜玛拉雅酒店1楼
Atrium Café •Lobby, Hilton Hotel, 250 Huashan Lu.
on 36 •36F,Jade Pudong Shangri-La, 33 Fucheng
Different buffets available through the week, and a Champagne brunch every Sunday.
World-class. What more can we say about Jade on 36?
T: 6248 0000 x 1860
华山路250号，希尔顿大酒店大堂
CAFÉ MORCEAU •No.571. Fuxing Zhong Lu, near Sinan Lu. T: 6445 8703
Hours: 11am- 11pm every day open 复兴中路571号近思南路
•
The COOK 1388 Huamu Lu (near Fangdian Lu), Lobby level, Kerry Hotel Pudong, Shanghai. T: 6169 8886 The COOK is open daily from 6:30 a.m. to 10:30 p.m. and serves a daily buffet breakfast from 6:30 a.m. to 10:30 a.m.
厨：上海浦东嘉里大酒店上海浦东新 区花木路1388号
•TheCACHET Langham Xintiandi, Level 1, 99
Madang Lu, Xintiandi. T: 2330 2288
Delivers an innovative assortment of international and Asian dishes. Open for breakfast, lunch, afternoon tea and dinner, guests can indulge in the Cachet’s global epicurean delights throughout the day. www.mingcourt-xintiandi.com 新天地朗廷酒店: 马当路99号五层
CATHAY ROOM •8F,THE Fairmont Peace Hotel, 20 Nanjing
Dong Lu (near Zhongshan Dong Yi Lu). T: 6138 6881
Offers casual elegance with accomplished modern European cuisine with picturesque views of the Bund and Pudong skyline. Hours: 12– 2.30pm, 6 – 10pm. www.fairmont.com/peacehotel
Lu. T: 6882 8888 x 280
富城路33号浦东香格里拉大酒店36楼
•2F, L'Atrium Grand Mercure Shanghai Hongqiao, 369 Xian Xia Lu. T: 5153 3300 x 3708
L’Atrium is a contemporary restaurant featuring a spectacular sky-high oil painting and down-to-earth personalized services. Graceful and cozy, L’Atrium provides a fine selection of innovative gastronomy including international breakfast fairs, themed buffet, French infused a la carte services. www.grandmercurehongqiao.cn 仙霞路369号 上海虹桥雅高美爵酒店 二楼，岚亭餐厅
M on the Bund •7F, 5 on the Bund, 20 Guangdong Lu (near Zhongshan Dong Yi Lu). T: 6350 9988
The sort of restaurant you read about in Conde Nast and other glossies. Hours: 11.30am-2.30pm, 6.15-10.30pm 米氏餐厅：外滩5号7楼
Café •38F,Marriott JW Marriott Hotel, 399 Nanjing Xi Lu (near Huangpi Bei Lu). T: 5359 4969 x 6422
Spectacular city views, fresh a la carte and elaborate buffets.
Mosaic restaurant 2F, Sofitel Shanghai Hyland, 505 Nanjing Road East. T: 6351 5888 x 4281 Casual restaurant mixing modern French inspired cuisine artfully blended with Asian flair.
华懋阁和平饭店：南京东路20号
Bar and Café •222Citizen Jinxian Lu (near Shaanxi Nan
Wine Bar & Kitchen •2F,NAPA South Bund 22, 22 Zhongshan
Cosy relaxed European decor, first floor coffee house and lounge with wi-fi. Hours: Mon-Fri 11am-12.30am, Sat-Sun 10am-12.30am
Bringing wine experience and enjoyment to a new level in a historical setting. www.napawinebarandkitchen.com
Lu). T: 6258 1620
Dong Er Lu. T: 6318 0057
进贤路222号, 近陕西南路
Buffet •2F,Comely Majesty Plaza Shanghai, 719
Ocean •Lobby level at Banyan Tree Shanghai
Nanjing Dong Lu. T: 6350 0000 x 208
Buffet with city views of Nanjing Lu. Hours: 6am-10pm
南京东路719号上海南新雅大酒店2楼
•
Element Fresh 112, Shanghai Centre, 1376 Nanjing Xi Lu (near Xikang Lu). T: 6279 8682 4-5F, Kwah Centre, 1028 Huaihai Zhong Lu (near Donghu Lu). T: 5403 8865 GF, Northwest corner, Super Brand Mall, Luijiazui Xi Lu (near Lujiazui Huan Lu), Pudong. T: 5047 2060 Shop 163, GF, Grand Gateway Mall, 1 Hongqiao Lu. T: 6407 5972 331 Hongfeng Lu (near Biyun Lu). T: 3382 1700 6F, 228 Xizang Nan Lu (near Shouning Lu). T: 6334 3598 1F, Gubei Garden Plaza, 2088 Yan'an Xi Lu (near Yili Lu). T: 5116 9887 1F, Kerry Parkside Pudong 1378 Huamu Lu (near Fangdian Lu) Healthy, tasty food and great service. Hours: Sun-Thu 7am-11pm, Fri-Sat 7am-12am
新元素：南京西路1376号112室； 淮海中路1028号嘉华中心4&5楼； 浦东陆家嘴正大广场一楼；虹桥路 1号港汇广场; 红枫路331号; 西藏 南路228号永银大厦6楼；延安西路 2088号虹桥嘉顿广场一层;花木路 1378号浦东嘉里城1楼
- All Day Dining •1F,Essence Block 2, 1116 Hongsong Dong Lu, Hilton Shanghai Hongqiao. T: 3323 6571
All day dining with a global spread of Chinese, Pan-Asian and Atlantic favourites. www.shanghaihongqiao.hilton.com 全日制餐厅-元：上海红松东路 1116号，上海虹桥元一希尔顿酒店 二号楼一层
Grand Brasserie •Waldorf Astoria Shanghai on the
On The Bund,19 Gongping Lu ( near Haiping Lu). T: 2509 1188
Dining in a romantic and contemporary setting, an extensive array of selected premium products from the sea. A distinct and innovative gourmet experience to satisfy the most discerning of tastes, Ocean, fully realises the art of cooking. Savour our signature dish ‘The Seafood Platter’. Hours: Lunch 11am–5.30pm; Dinner 6pm–10.30pm 海怡：公平路19号上海外滩悦榕庄 1楼（近海平路）
City Bistro •2F, Pudong Shanghai Marriott Hotel Pudong East. 15 Xinjinqiao Lu, Pudong. T:6036 8855
All-Day-Dining restaurant features interactive show kitchens with live-cooking stations for buffets complimented by an extensive a la carte menu showcasing cuisines from around the world with local favorites. 都会尚膳：新金桥路15号上海金桥 红枫万豪酒店2楼
Pelham’s •Waldorf Astoria Club L Level, Waldorf Astoria Shanghai on the Bund, 2 Zhongshan Dong Yi Lu (near Guangdong Lu). T: 6322 9988
This New York-style fine dining restaurant is elegant without being too formal. 上海外滩华尔道夫酒店：上海黄浦区 中山东一路2号
Shook! Restaurant & •Rooftop Terrace
5/6F, The Swatch Art Peace Hotel, 23 Nanjing Dong Lu (Bund 19) T: 2329 8522 www.shookrestaurantshanghai.com
Shook!餐厅及顶层露台：南京东路 23号（外滩19号）斯沃琪和平饭店 艺术中心五楼及六楼
Bund, 2 Zhongshan Dong Yi Lu (near Guangdong Lu). T: 6322 9988
• Sir Elly’s Restaurant, Bar and Terrace
百味园，中山东一路2号，上海外滩 华尔道夫酒店
Modern European dining by Chef David Chauveau with six private dining rooms, an intimate bar, and an expansive U-shape outdoor terrace offering breathtaking views of the city.
•56F,Grill Grand Hyatt, 88 Shiji Dadao,
艾利爵士餐厅、酒吧和露台：中山东 一路32号上海半岛酒店13、14层 （近北京东路）
The Grand Brasserie offers a chic yet casual all-day dining experience. The brasserie menu juxtaposes the flavors of East and West with a fresh, contemporary flair. Operating Hours: Daily, 11:30am-2pm, 6pm-10:30pm
Pudong. T: 5049 1234 x 8907
Tempt your taste buds with succulent steaks and fresh seafood. Hours (dinner only): Sun-Thu 5.30-10pm, Fri-Sat 5.30-10.30pm
The Peninsula Shanghai, 13-14F, 32 Zhongshan Dong Yi Lu (near Beijing Dong Lu). T: 2327 6756
T8 •House 8, North Block Xintiandi,
Lane 181, Taicang Lu (near Madang Lu). T: 6355 8999
Lobby Level, 1376 Nanjing Xi Lu T: 6279 8888 x 7166 南京西路1376号上海商城波特曼酒店
Tian Di Show Kitchen •Restaurant
1F, Grand Mercure Baolong, 180 Yixian Lu. T: 3505 9666
Blending art with taste in this heavenly eatery, the new Tian Di Restaurant feature local Chinese, Asian and International Cuisine in show kitchen style that entices the senses and brings the excitement of cooking from behind the scene. Hours: 6am-10.30pm
All Day Dining •1F, Vie Sofitel Shanghai Sheshan
Oriental, 3388 Sichen Lu, Sijing Town. T: 3761 8888 x 1911
Dine in style with tranquil lagoons and fresh seafood. 上海市松江区泗泾镇泗陈公路3388弄， 上海东方佘山索菲特大酒店1楼
Indian on the Grille •505Kebabs Zhongshan Nan Lu (near
Fuxing Dong Lu). T: 6152 6567 中山南路505号
•3F, VEDAS 83 Changshu Lu (near Julu Lu). T: 6445 8100 / 6404 1551
One of the best Indian restaurants in the city. Hours: 11.30am-2pm, 6-10.30pm www.vedascuisine.com 常熟路83号3楼 (近巨鹿路)
Italian
•3F, Basilico InterContinental Shanghai Expo, 1188 Xueye Lu (near Puming Lu). T: 3858 1172. They have a marble table shaped like Italy. 'Nuff said. 巴赛利意大利餐厅：浦东雪野路 1188号，近南码头路 上海世博洲 际酒店三楼
•1F, Casalingo Shanghai Marriott Hotel Pudong East. 15 Xinjinqiao Lu, Pudong. T: 6036 8838
This signature restaurant stays true to its name("homemade" in Italian), featuring an open kitchen with pizza oven, a sumptuous antipasto counter and a gelato coffee bar. 卡萨琳戈：新金桥路15号上海金桥红 枫万豪酒店1楼
•913Casanova Julu Lu (near Changshu Lu). T: 5403 4528
巨鹿路913号, (近常熟路)
Ciao Dining Room and Ciao •Bambino
1F, The Langham, Yangtze Boutique, 740 Hankou Lu. T: 6080 0800 x 7744 A haven of authentic Italian & Mediterranean dining.
•56F,Cucina Grand Hyatt, 88 Shiji Dadao (near Dongtai Lu). T: 5049 1234 x 8908
A stylish trattoria that serves traditional Italian favorites. Hours: 11.30am-2.30pm, 5.30-10pm 意庐: 浦东世纪大道88号金茂君悦 大酒店56楼
•
Da Marco 1F, 103 Dongzhu'anbang Lu, Golden Bridge Garden. T: 6210 4495. 1F, Grand Gateway, 1 Hongqiao Lu (across from Element Fresh). T: 6447 7577 大马可：东诸安浜路103号1楼；虹 桥路1号港汇广场1楼(新元素对面)
•8F, Favola Le Royal Méridien Shanghai,
789 Nanjing Dong Lu. T: 3318 9999 Chic Italian restaurant featuring food from various regions of Italy.
法沃莱：南京东路789号世茂皇家 艾美大酒店
•27F,Giovanni’s Sheraton Shanghai Hongqiao Hotel, 5 Zunyi Nan Lu. T: 6275 8888 x 4276 Sample authentic cuisine from various regions of Italy. Hours: 12-2pm, 6-10.30pm
吉范尼斯意大利餐厅：上海市遵义 南路5号，虹桥喜来登上海太平洋大 饭店27楼
•6F, Mercato No.3 The Bund, Zhong Shan Dong Yi Lu (near Guang Dong Lu). T: 6321 9922 This coastal Italian restaurant offers vibrant cuisine, stylishly rustic décor, and breathtaking Bund views. The menu created by 3 Michelin Star Chef Jean Georges Vongerichten, features amazing wood-fired pizzas, house made pastas, and the freshest seafood, graced with the true flavor of Italy. 5.30pm-1am 中山东一路3号，外滩三号6楼，近 广东路
烧烤: 浦东世纪大道88号金茂君悦大 酒店56楼
Justifiably labelled world class. Hours: 11.30am-2.30pm, 6.30-11.30pm.
THE HOUSE OF ROOSEVELT, SKY •Restaurant
太仓路181弄新天地北里8号
e Vino Ristorante •BldgPane 33, 47 Fuxing Lu (near Sinan
Restaurant •TheTables Portman Ritz-Carlton, Shanghai
Owner/chef Antonio Sciaraffa serves authentic Italian food in a friendly, home setting.
27 Zhongshan Dong Yi Lu.
Lu), Sinan Mansions. T: 5465 2177
思南路47号,思南公馆第33墅(近思 南路大门)
•1F,SABATINI South Annex,Wheelock Square, 1717 Nanjing Xi Lu. T: 3127 8577
An authentic dining experience best ended with its delicious pear and ricotta dessert. Hours: Lunch 11.30am-2.30pm, High Tea 3-5.30pm, Dinner 6-10.30pm. [email protected]
Shanghai •RmVa7, Bene North Block, Xintiandi, Lane
181, Taicang Lu (near Madang Lu). T: 6311 2211
This is Xintiandi chic, with some of Shanghai’s very best Italian food, at highend prices. www.vabeneshanghai.com 太仓路新天地北里181弄7号
•
YU Bar 28F, 99 Jiangbin Road, Luwan District, Shanghai Marriott Hotel Luwan. T: 5318 8888
Be impressed by the inspiring landscape of Lupu Bridge crossing over the Huangpu River. Dance to the rhythm of the river while enjoying the fine wines with a spectacular view of new post-Expo Shanghai. 上海市卢湾区江滨路99号28楼（打浦 路底）上海绿地万豪酒店
Japanese
•150AMBROSIA Fenyang Lu (near Yueyang Lu). T: 6431 3935
Former home of legendary General Bai set in immaculate gardens. Japanese and Korean cuisine cooked on smoke-free grills. 仙炙轩：汾阳路150号
•
Taihei Level 2 at Banyan Tree Shanghai On The Bund, 19 Gongping Lu ( near Haiping Lu). T: 2509 1188 Serving only the finest ingredients; Taihei serves high quality Sushi and Sashimi with an innovative twist. Hours: Lunch 11.30am–2.30pm; Dinner 5.30pm–9.30pm 公平路19号上海外滩悦榕庄2楼（近 海平路）
•1F,Tairyo 139 Ruijin Yi Lu. T: 5382 8818.
15 Dongping Lu (near Hengshan Lu). T: 6445 4734. 2F, Hengshan Hotel, 543 Hengshan Lu. T: 6433 0899 / 6437 7050. 3F, South Building, Hong Kong Plaza, 283 Huaihai Zhong Lu (near Yan'an Xi Lu). T: 6390 7244. 943 Hongxu Lu. T: 6242 2190. 1288 Hongqiao Lu. T: 6278 3105 / 6278 3106
RMB 160 all you can handle. What more could you want? 瑞金一路139号1楼；东平路15号； 衡山路543号衡山宾馆2楼；淮海中 路283号香港广场南座3楼；虹许路 943号；虹桥路1288号
Korea
•
CHI-Q 2/F, No.3 Zhong Shan Dong Yi Lu. T: 6321 6622
Enjoy CHI-Q’s traditional yet innovative culinary experience marrying Chef Marja’s Korean homemade-style recipes with Jean-Georges’ modern spin and an elegant yet playful sharing style BBQ dining experience. Business Hours: Dinner Mon-Sun 6pm-10.30pm
Japanese Restaurant •3F,Benkay Hotel Nikko Shanghai, 488 Yan’an
Daduhe Lu. T: 6095 8888 x 7052
They've got all the s's covered: shabu shabu, sukikyaki, sushi and sashimi.
Japanese restaurant •BldgHikari 10, 3911 Hongmei Lu (near
Yan'an Lu). T: 6242 9186 慕光日本料理: 虹梅路3911弄10号楼
•1MF,J-MIX Jumeirah Himalayas Hotel, 1108 Meihua Lu, Pudong. T: 3858 0888 Its private teppanyaki rooms make for good grilling.
•56F,Kobachi Grand Hyatt, Jin Mao Tower, 88 Shiji Dadao. T: 5049 1234 x 8907
Sushi, sashimi and yakitori in a stylish interior. Hours: 11.30am-2.30pm, 5.30-10pm 日珍: 浦东世纪大道88号金茂君悦
TEPPANYAKI & LOUNGE •3F,MOONSHA 5 on the Bund, 20 Guangdong Lu (near Zhongshan Dong Yi Lu). T: 6323 1117
In addition to the teppanyaki tables, Moonsha provides an excellent Bund view. 中山东一路,外滩5号三楼
•2F, NADAMAN Tower 2, Pudong Shangri-La,
Shanghai, 33 Fucheng Lu. T: 6882 8888 A delightful eating experience.
富城路33号浦东香格里拉大酒店2座2楼
•
SHARI SUSHI BAR 630 Yongjia Lu (near Wulumuqi Nan Lu).T: 5466 0320 More sushi options than you can shake a stick at. 徐汇区永嘉路630号
•803SHINTORI Julu Lu (near Fumin Lu). T: 5404 5252
Uber-smooth eatery that takes some finding. Hours: Mon-Fri 5.30-11pm, SatSun 11.30am-11pm 新都里无二：巨鹿路803号
WITH AQUA •2F,SUN 6 on the Bund, Zhongshan Dong Yi Lu (near Guangdong Lu). T: 6339 2779
Immaculate interior and open kitchen, with an emphasis on delicate seafood dishes. 中山东一路(外滩)6号2楼
OYAMA •20 SUSHI Donghu Lu (near Huaihai Zhong Lu). T: 5404 7705
20 course omakase menu served by Oyama-san himself
Dong Lu. T: 6415 9691 Classic Korean cuisine
Smoki Moto •Renaissance Shanghai Caohejing
hotel. 397 Tianlin Lu (near Lianhua Lu). T: 3325 8388 Korean BBQ with a Japanese Twist
Zheng Yi Ping •Bldg.18, 51 Hongxiu Lu. T: 5428
7301. 111 Yili Nan Lu. T: 5477 0019. 225 Jinhui Nan Lu. T: 3432 2735. 292 Ziteng Lu. T: 3431 7287
璐娜：太仓路181弄新天地北里15幢 单元1
Martin •811Restaurant Hengshan Lu (near Yuqing Lu).
Mexican Kitchen •B1CalCarrefour, Thumb Plaza, 185
Fangdian Lu, Pudong. T: 5033 6637. B1-03, Multi-Media Plaza, 999 Changning Lu (near Zhongshan Park). T: 6340 1923 It's Mexican food, California-style.
Agave •ACantina Mansion, 291 Fumin Lu (near
Changle Lu). T: 6170 1310. 357 Hongfeng Lu (near Biyun Lu). T: 6886 0706
Big burritos, tacos and a salsa bar to fill you up, and Shanghai's widest selection of tequilas to wash it down. www.cantinaagave.com
•2F,Maya Shanghai Grand Plaza, Club
House, 568 Julu Lu (near Shaanxi Nan Lu). T: 6289 6889
Our pick for the best mid-range Mexican in town.
Lindo •UnitMexico 39, Lane 3338, Hongmei
Entertainment Street. T: 6465 9336 虹梅路3338弄虹梅路休闲街39号
Bali Laguna •No.1649 Nanjing Xi Lu (inside Jing’an Park). T: 6248 6970
Romantic atmosphere with authentic Indonesian cuisine to boot. 巴厘餐厅：南京西路1649号 (静安公园内)
•26FCeladon 1018 Changning Lu
(Renaissance Shanghai Zhongshan Park Hotel) T:6115 8888
Focusing on authentic regional specialties from Vietnam, India, Thailand, and Malaysia with an interactive approach. Celadon Tea Lounge offers a variety of over 36 specialty teas. 长宁路1018号上海龙之梦万丽酒 店26楼
Authentic and relaxed Korean cuisine
Enjoy food from glo hickory oak burning smoke BBQ pit while enjoy the open rooftop skyline views. Card: All Cards. Hours: Mon- Fri. 5pm-late. Sat- Sun. 11-late. www.glolondon.com, [email protected]
Malaysian San’s Kitchen •1F La Green Hotel, 1775 Jinqiao Lu.
T: 5032 1311
Mediterranean
•
Azur 26F 1018 Changning Lu. (Renaissance Shanghai Zhongshan Park Hotel) T: 6115 8888 Zhongshan Park's only casual chic Mediterranean restaurant providing a unique and exiting healthy, fresh, Mediterranean experience.
长宁路1018号上海龙之梦万丽酒 店26楼
Mediterranean Cuisine •415Haya’s Dagu Lu (near Chengdu Nan Lu). T: 6327 0897 / 6295 9511
Flavourful falafels! And don’t miss the take-home dips. Hours: 10am-10pm 大沽路415号 (近成都南路)
•1F, Leonardo’s Hilton Hotel, 250 Huashan Lu (near
衡山路811号 (近余庆路)
Tapas Spanish Bar •1928Siempre Gonghe Xin Lu. T: 2602 2222 x 6028 Hours: 3pm-12am
Swiss Suisse •1582Chalet Kangding Lu (near Wanhangdu Lu). T: 3353 3887
Features typical Swiss delicacies in a Chalet style atmosphere. Hours: Tue-Sun, 5.30-11pm 上海市静安区康定路1582
Taiwanese
•2F,Puli Lane 199, Thumb Plaza, 19
Fangdian Lu, Pudong. T: 5033 9221 Hours: 11am-11pm
上海市浦东新区芳甸路大拇指广场 199弄19号2楼
Thai Mai Thai Cuisine •1019Chiang Kangding Lu (near Yanping Lu). T: 5228 1588
Hours: 11.30am - 2pm, 5-11pm. www.chiang-mai.com.cn 清迈府泰国料理: 康定路1019号(近 延平路)
Paradise •38 Coconut Fumin Lu (near Yan’an Xi Lu). T: 6248 1998
Consistent performer with a wonderful garden for al fresco Thai dishes. 富民路38号 (近延安路)
Thai •3F,Lapis Lane 199, Thumb Plaza, 19
Fangdian Lu. T: 5033 9223. Lane 248. 14 Taikang Lu. T: 6473 3989. 285 Hunan Lu. T: 5466 3026. Shanghai Centre, Rm 109, 1376 Nanjing Xi Lu. T: 5252 0082
•
Thai Gallery No.127-1 Datian Lu (near Beijing Xi Lu). T: 6217 9797
Don’t miss the aesthetics while enjoying the authentic Thai food in a tatami seat. Hours: 11am-2.30pm, 5.30pm-12.30am 大田路127-1号 (近北京西路)
Vietnamese Golden Bull VIETNAMESE •CUISINE
Shanghai ifc mall Shop: L3-19, Shanghai ifc mall, 8 Century Avenue, Pudong. T: 6190 8170 The Reel Shop: 2A, The Reel Dept. Store, 1601 West Nanjing Lu, Jing’an District. T: 3256 8996 Grand Gateway Shop: L5-506, Grand Gateway 66, No. 1, Hongqiao Lu, Xuhui District. T: 6391 5589 BB1 SBM Shop: 8F-21, Super Brand Mall, 168 Lujiazui Xi Lu, Pudong. T: 6836 9711 BB1 iapm Shop: L5-515, iapm mall, Shanghai ICC,999, Huaihai Zhong Lu. T: 5466 6812 Elegant environment and fabulous Vietnamese dishes.
国金中心店：浦东世纪大道8号上 海ifc商场L3-19； 订座电话：6190 8170 越洋广场店：静安区南京西路 1601号芮欧百货二楼2A； 订座电话：3256 8996 港汇广场店：徐汇区虹桥路1号港 汇恒隆广场五楼506； 订座电话：6391 5589 小金牛正大店：浦东陆家嘴西路 168号正大广场8F-21； 订座电话：6836 9711 小金牛环贸店：淮海中路999号环 贸iapm商场L5-515； 订座电话：5466 6812
Lapis Thai provides various indoor and outdoor venues which can hold 200 people. Hours: 11am-late
浦东新区大拇指广场芳甸路199弄 19号3楼；卢湾区泰康路248弄 14号；徐汇区湖南路285号 ;静安区 南京西路1376号109室
Nyonya •417MyDagu Lu (near Shimen Yi Lu). T: 6327 0800.
Neat little Malaysian in the middle of Dagu Lu's strip of restaurants. Hours: 11am-10pm 娘惹情马来西亚经典风味餐厅咖啡 屋：大沽路417号，近石门一路
Spanish
•2F Albero Grand Kempinski Hotel Shanghai. No. 1288 Lujiazui Ring Lu. T: 3867 8888*6196 The Best Spanish Tapas in Pudong. Friendly and casual atmosphere. Open Monday to Friday : 11:30am2:30pm, 6:00pm-10:30pm
阿尔贝鲁西班牙餐厅：浦东新区陆 家嘴环路1288号 上海凯宾斯基大 酒店2楼
•2F,Bocado 47 Yongfu Lu (near Fuxing Xi Lu). T: 180 1727 1340
Go for the tapas, stay for the sangria.
•
El Willy Tapas & Rice South Bund 22, 22 Zhongshan Dong Lu (near Jinling Lu). T: 5404 5757
Expect Willy's trademark quirkiness in the decor and yin yang structured menu! Hours: Mon-Sat: 11.30am-2.30pm and 6-10.30pm, Saturday Brunch 11.30am-3.00pm. www.el-willy.com 中山东路22号 (近金陵路)
Las Tapas •House 33, Lane 3338 Hongmei Lu.
T: 6465 8345. 259 Hongfeng Lu (near Biyun Lu), Pudong. T: 3382
Xintiandi: 159 Madang Lu, Huangpu District,Shanghai. (Corner of Xingye Road) Mon-Sun: 1100 - 2400HR Hongmei: 28 Lane 3338 Hongmei Lu, Hongmei Pedestrian Street, Minhang District, Shanghai. Sun-Thu: 1100 - 2300HR, Fri-Sat: 1100 - 2400HR Jingqiao: A6 Green Sports & Leisure Center, 600 Lantian Lu, Pudong New Area Shanghai. Mon-Sun: 1100 - 2300HR IFC: Level 4, IFC Mall, 8 Century Avenue, Pudong New Area Shanghai. Mon-Sun: 1100 - 2200HR LA: Level 3, 312A, L'Avenue Shanghai, 99 Xianxia Lu,Changning District, Shanghai. Mon-Sun: 1100 - 2200HR Jiuguang: Level 8, S801-1A, Jiu Guang Department Store, 1618 Nanjing West Lu, Jingan District. Shanghai. Mon-Sun: 1100 - 2200HR Kerry Center: Level 4, N4-11, Shanghai Kerry Centre, 1515 Nanjing West Lu,Jingan District. Shanghai. Mon-Sun: 1100 - 2200HR Ciros: Unit 312-314, Level 3, 388 Nanjing West Lu, Ciros Plaza, Huangpu District, Shanghai. Mon-Sun: 1100 - 2200HR Level 4, L41014105, Global Harbor 3300 Zhongshan North Lu Putuo District, Shanghai. Global Harbor: Level 4, L4101-4105, Global Harbor 3300 Zhongshan North Lu Putuo District, Shanghai. Mon-Sun: 1100 - 2200HR Grand Gateway Plaza66: Level 6, 612, Grand Gateway Plaza66, 1 Hongqiao Lu, Xuhui District, Shanghai. Mon-Sun: 1100 - 2200HR Plaza 66: Level 5, 503, Plaza 66, 1266 Nanjing West Lu, Jingan District. Shanghai. Mon-Sun: 1100 - 2200HR The first choice for many discerning Thaifood-lovers in Shanghai. Delivery service now available. Hotline: 400 880 7729. Delivery: 6209 6209. www.simplythai-sh.com
东平店：上海徐汇区东平路5号C座; 新天地店：上海市黄浦区新天地马当 路159号(兴业路路口); 虹梅店：上海 市闵行区虹梅路3338弄老外街28号 (近虹梅休闲街); 金桥店：上海市浦 东新区蓝天路600号碧云休闲体育中
Park). T: 6318 0220
Romantic three-story Moroccan themed lounge on a lake hidden in People’s Park. Hours: Sun - Thurs 11am - 2am, Fri - Sat 11am - 3am. www. barbarossa.com.cn 芭芭露莎会所餐厅：南京西路231号 (人民公园内)
at park 97 •2A upstairs Gaolan Lu (inside Fuxing Park). T: 5383 2328
Hours: Sun-Thu 8pm-2am, Fri-Sat 8pm-4am. 皋兰路２号甲，复兴公园内
•BundBar18,Rouge 7F, 18 Zhongshan Dong Yi Lu. T: 6339 1199
Bund-side bar with world class terrace and great music. Not cheap, but still jampacked with classy folks on Friday and Saturday nights. Hours: 6pm - 12am. 中山东一路外滩18号7楼
Bar •2F, The The Langham, Yangtze
Boutique, 740 Hankou Lu. T: 6080 0734
An art deco inspired cocktail bar with intimate seating and an impressive list of classic cocktails, vintage wines, fine champagnes and whiskeys.
•
Blue Marlin Shanghai Green City: 689 Lantian Lu. Green City Jinqiao Pudong T: 5030 9676 Thumb Plaza: Bldg 17, 199 Fangdian Lu. Thumb Plaza Pudong. T: 6886 7876. www.bluemarlin.cn.
金桥碧云店：浦东新区金桥碧云国际 社区蓝天路689号;大拇指店：浦东新 区芳甸路199弄大拇指广场17号
Bounty Rhumerie •Bounty Jing’an. 550 Wuding
Lu (near Xikang Lu). T: 2661 9368. Bounty Xuhui, 47 Yongfu Lu. (near Fuxing Dong Lu). T: 137 6451 0616. Bounty X @ Sinan Mansion, 3F & Terrace, 47 Sinan Lu. Unit 33, near Fuxing Zhong Lu. T: 189 1719 7641 武定路550号近陕西北路,永福路 47号(近复兴西路),思南路47号33单 元3楼&天台(近复兴中路)
CROCUS Bar & restaurant •No.18.Yuyuanzhi Lu,Near Wulumuqibei Lu. T: 6232 1826
Daily Happy Hour: 2pm - 8pm, Cocktails, house red / white by the glass, draft beer, half price. Wed: Ladies Night 8pm - 12am. Free ladies night,all you can drink on Daiquiris and Margaritas. Thu: Italian Pizza Night 2pm - 8pm, All pizza on the menu - 58RMB. Fri: Fashion Cocktail Night 8pm - 12am. 100RMB gets you 5 tickets for cocktails or standard drinks. Sat: Tapas Day 2pm - 8pm, 2 free tapas for a group of more than 5 ppl. 静安区愚园支路18号（近乌鲁木 齐北路）
9 •87F,Cloud Grand Hyatt, Jin Mao Tower, 88
1100 - 2300HR, Fri-Sat: 1100 - 2400HR
Dongping Lu). T: 6466 6565
Dongping Lu). T: 6466 6565
known for inventive, modern Spanish cooking and this venture, in an historic villa within Xujiahui Park, reflects that.
Xuhui District, Shanghai. Sun-Thu:
London Gastro Grill •2F, glo 1 Wulumuqi Nan Lu (near
London Rooftop BBQ •4F, glo 1 Wulumuqi Nan Lu (near
T: 6431 6639 Martin Berasategui is
心A6; 国金店：上海市浦东新区世纪 大道8号上海国金中心D座4层; 尚嘉 店：上海市长宁区仙霞路99号上海尚 嘉中心3层312A单元; 久光店：上海 市静安区南京西路久光百货1618号 8层S801-1A; 嘉里中心店：上海市 静安区南京西路1515号静安嘉里中心 4层N4-11; 仙乐斯广场店：上海市黄 浦区南京西路388号仙乐斯广场3层 312-314; 月星环球港店：上海市普 陀区中山北路3300号月星环球港4楼 L4101-L4105; 港汇恒隆店：上海市 徐汇区虹桥路1号港汇恒隆广场6楼 612室; 恒隆广场店：上海市静安区南 京西路1266号恒隆广场5楼503室
Simply Thai •Dongping: Cunit, 5 Dongping Lu,
London
Sizzling Grills, stone baked pizzas, international favorites with our showcase grill executive chef from UK. Card: All Cards. Hours: 11am-Midnight. www.glolondon.com [email protected]
Designed to sate the cravings of those foodies who it pains to settle on a single dish, tapas brings all the flavours of Spain to your table in one sitting. Hours: 10am-2am 虹梅路3338弄，虹梅休闲街；浦东 红枫路259号，近碧云；淮海西路 570号第59幢C6
Still going strong in its great Xintiandi location. Hours: 11.30am - 2am
泛亚风情餐厅: 仙霞路369号虹桥美 爵酒店二楼
•3/FHanmadang Highton Hotel. 1,000 Hongsong
1686. Red Town, C6, Building 59, 570 Huaihai Zhong Lu T: 6415 9567
Lane 181 Taicang Lu. T: 6336 1717
With graceful and cosy dining ambiance. Hours: 6am-10.30pm
•24Itoya Ruijin Er Lu (near Huaihai Zhong
I.Z.K.Y. •Guoson Centre, Block 1, 1F, 388
•UnitLuna 1, Bldg 15, North Block, Xintiandi,
•
伊藤家：瑞金二路24号；荣华西道 19弄6号；淮海中路381号中环广场3楼
李奥纳多：华山路250号希尔顿酒 店1楼
Asiatique The Flavors of Asia 2F, 369 Xianxia Lu, Grand Mercure Hongqiao. T: 5153 3300 x 3700
Benkay offers sushi, tempura and teppanyaki.
Great sushi, a classic favourite.
Open for dinner only. Hours: 6.30-10.30pm
Southeast Asian
Xi Lu. T: 3211 9999
Lu). T: 6467 1511. Lane 19, 6 Ronghua Xidao. T: 6219 2286. 3F, Central Plaza, 381 Huaihai Zhong Lu (near Danshui Lu). T: 5382 5777
Yan'an Zhong Lu). T: 6248 0000 x 1850
Shiji Dadao, Pudong. T: 5049 1234 x 8787
Entertaining visitors in Shanghai? Take them here for a tipple. Hours: Sun-Fri 6pm-12.30am, Sat 10am-9.30pm 浦东世纪大道88号金茂君悦大酒店 87楼
Club G Plus •Room 428, Xingye Lu, Lane 123, Xintiandi Block 6. T: 5386 8088 新天地兴业路123弄428室
River •5F,Mekong Metro City, 1111 Zhaojiabang Lu. T: 6426 8256
肇家浜路1111号5楼
NIGHT
Cigar Bar •TheCO2 Longemont Shanghai. 2F, 1116 Yan’an Xi Lu. T: 6115 9988 x 8250
The CO2 Cigar Bar is where cigar connoisseurs and those who indulge occasionally gather to share their love of the finer things in life.
Le Soir •BundCirque 22, 4F, Zhong Shan Dong Er
789 Nanjing Lu •64-66F, Le Royal Méridien Shanghai,
Lu, near Xin Yong'An Lu.
Upscale hotel bar featuring spectacular 360-degree views of the city. Hours: Mon-Thurs 5pm-1am, Fri-Sat 5pm-2am, Sun 3pm-1am
中山东二路22号，4楼，近新永安路
789 Nanjing Dong Lu. T: 3318 9999
789 南京路: 南京东路789号(64-66楼)
Opening in September! [email protected] www.cirquelesoir.com
•1877Eddy’s Huaihai Zhong Lu (near Tianping Lu). T: 6282 0521
•
Popular, long-standing and mostly gay bar. Mon-Thu 8pm-2am; Fri-Sun 8pm-3am
If we’ve seen a bigger fish tank in a bar, it was in a Bond film. Mon-Thurs, Sun 6pm-1am, Fri-Sat 6pm-3am
Bar •6F, Glamour 5 on the Bund (near Guangdong
中山东一路外滩6号2楼
505 •2F, Bar Sofitel Shanghai Hyland, 505 Nanjing
外滩5号6楼
Cozy ambience with music, French wine, champagne, cocktail, tea and pastries.
福州路60号(外滩)
Aquarium Bar 2F, 6 Bund, Zhongshan Dong Yi Lu. T: 6339 2779
Road East. T: 6351 5888 x 4298
南京东路505号上海海仑宾馆2楼
231 Nanjing Xi Lu (inside People's
淮海中路1877号 (近天平路)
Lu). T: 6329 3751
of Blues & Jazz •60 House Fuzhou Lu. T: 6323 2779 Bar •4F,indigo 6 Zhongshan Dong Yi Lu (near Fuzhou Lu). T: 6321 5398 Hours: 6pm-2am
中山东一路6号4楼 (近福州路)
•
The Jazz Bar GF, Fairmont Peace Hotel, 20 Nanjing Dong Lu, T: 6138 6886
The world famous Old Jazz Band plays nightly with the best female vocalist and her repertoire of famous Shanghai tunes. Hours: 5pm-2am. www.fairmont.com/peacehotel 爵士吧和平饭店：南京东路20号
KABB •House 5, North Block, Xintiandi, Lane 181, Taicang Lu. T: 3307 0798
Often a refuge for tourists who tire of the Xintiandi circus, but it’s worthwhile for locals too. Hours: Sun-Thu 7am-12am, Fri & Sat 7am-late
Room •92F,Music Park Hyatt Shanghai, 100 Shiji
at Park 97 •2A Upstairs Gaolan Lu, Fuxing Park (near
安福路53-57号(近常熟路); 太仓路 58号(近济南路)
Live music every Monday to Saturday and Ladies' Night every Wednesday, from 8.30 - 10.30pm
Hours Sun-Thu 8pm-2am, Fri-Sat 8pm-4am
London Lounge Bar •3F,glo 1 Wulumuqi Nan Lu (near
Dadao. T: 6888 1234 x 4560
Revel in the view from this rooftop bar while sipping cocktails. Hours: Sun-Thu 5pm-1am; Fri & Sat 5pm-2am
Hours: 7pm-3am
XUAN Bar’s Winter Roast •Lunch & Dinner
Fine Wines •409Jointek Weihai Lu (near Shimen Yi Lu).
Lu). T: 5465 4755
Zhong Lu). T: 6473 7838
Kaiba •479 Wuding Lu (near Shaanxi Bei
•2F,Niche The Westin Shanghai, 88 Henan
Zhong Lu. T: 6335 1888 x 7342
A bar-cum-nightclub, perfect for evening soirees of cool cocktails and hot jazz. Happy Hour: 5.30-9.30pm 河南中路88号威斯汀大饭店2楼
Liquor Factory •InterContinental •1377Oscar’s Shanghai Expo, 1188 Fuxing Zhong Lu (near Baoqing Now a retro British pub, this villa used to house liquor factory workers. 酒坊：浦东雪野路1188号，近南 码头路上海世博洲际酒店一楼花园 及别墅区
Bar •1F,Long Waldorf Astoria Shanghai on the
Bund, 2 Zhongshan Dong Yi Lu (near Guangdong Lu). T: 6322 9988
The Shanghai Club’s extravagant 39-foot Long Bar remains after painstaking architectural restoration as part of the Waldorf Astoria Shanghai on the Bund. This legendary bar offers a good selection of cocktails as well as deluxe oysters and premium Cuban cigars. Operating Hours: Monday-Saturday 4pm-1am, Sunday 2pm-1am 廊吧，中山东一路2号，上海外滩华 尔道夫酒店1楼
•4/F,M18 18 Zhongshan Dong Yi Lu, near
Nanjing Dong Lu. T: 5302 9589
M18 CLUB: Tue to Sat from 9pm. M18 COCKTAIL BAR: Tue to Sat from 8pm. The Sexiest Boutique Nightclub in Shanghai with magnificent views of the Pudong skyline and picturesque landscape. The exclusive club is located on the fourth floor in the legendary Bund18. 上海市 中山东一路18号外滩18号四楼
宝莱纳 ：汾阳路150号；太仓路 181弄北里；浦东滨江大道富都段滨 江风光亭
Bar •237QHengshan Lu (near Gao’an Lu). T: 6433 5710 Hours: 2pm - 2am 衡山路237号 (近高安路)
•
The Ritz Bar The Portman Ritz-Carlton, Shanghai 2/F, 1376 Nanjing Xi Lu, Shanghai. T: 6279 8888 x 5778
The Ritz Bar is open every evening from 5 p.m. to 1:30 a.m. every Monday to Sunday. Mixologists create uber cool drinks and special martinis made to order or select from an impressive collection of malt whiskies.
Large club featuring international DJs playing house and hip-hop. Hours: 9pm -late. www.museshanghai.com
Beer Factory •WestShanghai gate of Shanghai Indoor
Stadium. ( Metro exit 3/5/6, 1111 Caoxi North Lu, near Lingling Lu). T: 3356 5005
Home-brewed beer and the most extensive beer collection in town. Exquisite western and teppanyaki meals at reasonable price. 徐汇区漕溪北路1111号靠零陵路口上 海体育馆（万体馆/上海大舞台）1号 大扶梯旁，地铁上海体育馆站3/5/6号 口步行一分钟
南阳路145号 (近西康路)
•6F, SUGAR 35 Shaanxi Nan Lu (near Changle
M1NT Lounge 24F, 318 Fuzhou Lu. T: 6391 2811
•
Beautiful bar for beautiful people. Hours: Daily, 11.30am - 1am
福州路318号24楼
•UnitTMSK 2, North Block, Lane 181, 11
Lu). T: 6215 8777
衡山路333号 (近吴兴路)
Lounge •3F,Moonsha 5 on the Bund, 20 Guangdong Lu (near Zhongshan Dong Yi Lu). T: 6323 1117
Relaxed lounge with an extensive martini menu, wine selection and an array of Japanese snacks. Hours: 9.30pm-1am. www.moonsha.net 中山东一路外滩5号3楼
Entertainment •YiMuse Feng Galleria, 5F, 77 Beijing Dong
Lu, near Yuanmingyuan Lu
Small bar crammed with artsy types until the wee hours. 南昌路125号 (近茂名南路)
Zeal •South Bund 22, 22 Zhongshan Er Lu (near Xin Yong'an Lu). T: 6328 8668
Turns out there is room for another Bund Bar with Lujiazui views.
Bar •25F,Zpark Zpark Bar, Renaissance Shanghai Zhongshan Park Hotel, 1018 Changning Lu. T: 6115 8888
Get your drink and your groove on at this hotel bar.
WINE
ASC Fine Wines •17-18F, BM InterContinental Business Centre, 100 Yutong Lu. T: 6056 1999 www.asc-wines.com
Over 800 wines from 200 wineries. Wine club membership, exclusive discounts, tastings and events. Hours: 10am-12am. www.aussino.net
T: 6258 1090 Hours: 10pm-late
T: 6433 2896. Hours: 2pm-4am
Lu). T: 6466 4098
Cellar •2F,Aussino 147 Weihai Lu. T: 5118 1299
•145Mela Nanyang Lu (near Xikang Lu).
98 •333Mini Hengshan Lu (near Wuxing Lu).
(Yin Yang) •125YYs Nanchang Lu (near Maoming Nan
T: 6318 0857 ASC藏酒轩：江阴路57号
茂名南路172号 (近永嘉路)
Hours: Every day from 6pm - late. [email protected]
上海市卢湾区江滨路99号28楼（打浦 路底）上海绿地万豪酒店
Wine Residence by ASC •57 The Jiangyin Lu.
Lu). T: 6415 1088
T: 6415 8180
Be impressed by the inspiring landscape of Lupu Bridge crossing over the Huangpu River. Dance to the rhythm of the river while enjoying the fine wines with a spectacular view of new post Expo Shanghai.
裕通路100号洲际商务中心17-18楼
Factory •172MMaoming Nan Lu (near Yongjia
Melting Pot •288The Taikang Lu (near Sinan Lu).
District, Shanghai Marriott Hotel Luwan. T: 5318 8888
陕西南路35号6楼 (近长乐路)
Taicang Lu, Xintiandi. T: 6326 2227
A coloured glass extravaganza of a bar bang in the middle of Xintiandi. Hours: 1.30pm-1.30am 透明思考餐厅：太仓路181弄北里 11号楼2单元; 牡丹66：南京西路 1266号恒隆广场502
•
TOPS Roof,Banyan Tree Shanghai On the Bund,19 Gongping Lu( near Haiping Lu) T:2509 1188
As the first open rooftop bar with full 180°unobstructed view in Shanghai, it offers a breath-taking panorama spanning from the historic Bund, across the Huangpu River, to the iconic Lujiazui skyline. 公平路19号上海外滩悦榕庄顶楼 （近海平路)
January-February15
Millesimes •415Aux Shaanxi Bei Lu (near Beijing Xi Lu). T: 5213 7883
www.auxmillesimes.com
Brachetto d’Acqui •2000 Jianhe Lu. T: 6262 1377.
218 Changde Lu. T: 6279 3551
剑河路2000号; 常德路218号
•
Cheese & Fizz 119 Madang Lu (near Taicang Lu). T: 6336 5823. Unit 111A, Shanghai Centre, 1376 Nanjing Xi Lu. T: 6279 8298. Unit GF28, 168 Lujiazui Xi Lu, Pudong. T: 5041 1695 French gourmet food and bottles of bubbles and table wines.
新天地店: 新天地北里马当路119号; 上海商城店：南京西路1376号上海 商城111A; 正大广场店: 浦东陆家嘴 168号GF28
EnoteCa Wine Lounge and •Boutique
53-57 Anfu Lu (near Changshu Lu). T: 5404 0050. 58 Taicang Lu (near Ji'nan Lu). T: 5306 3400
www.proshine-dental.com
SongFeng Dental 2F, No. 1500 North Sichuan Lu, Hongkou District. Free Hotline: 4000213899 7562 上海虹口区四川北路1500号2楼
骏德酒业：威海路409号 (近石门一路)
Reserve •383Napa Weihai Lu (near Shimen Yi Lu).
T: 6340 0418
Retailer specialising in wines from Napa Valley and Sonoma. Free wine tastings every Friday. www.napareservewines.com
The Shanghai international •aesthetic clinic
Suite 208, 1275 Yingchun Lu, Pudong District. T: 3868 5118 / 139 1890 7562 www.tiac.com.cn
衡山路910号 (近天平路)
Parkway Corporate Office, 7F, 108 Zhaojiabang Lu. Gleneagles Medical and Surgical Centre, 4F, 389 Nanjing Xi Lu. Shanghai Centre Medical and Dental Centres, 203-4 West Retail Plaza, 1376 Nanjing Xi Lu. Specialty and Inpatient Centre, 2/3F, 170 Danshui Lu. Hongqiao Medical Centre, 2258 Hongqiao Lu. Jinqiao Medical and Dental Centre, 51 Hongfeng Lu. Mandarine City Medical Centre, Mandarine City, Suite 30, 788 Hongxu Lu. 24-hour appointment service. T: 6445 5999 百汇（上海）医院管理有限公司： 肇嘉浜路108号7楼；南京西路389号 明天广场裙房4楼；南京西路1376号 203-204室；淡水路170号2-3楼； 虹桥路2258号；浦东金桥红枫路 51号；虹许路788号名都城30号底层
Shanghai Children’s Medical •Centre
威海路383号
1678 Dongfang Lu. T: 5873 2020
•58 Summergate Yan'an Dong Lu.
Shanghai United Family •Hospital - Dental Clinic
东方路1678号
Free door-to-door delivery from a climatecontrolled warehouse within 24 hours of order, from Monday to Friday. [email protected]
Hours: Mon & Wed 9am-7pm; Tues, ThurSat 9am-5pm; closed Sun. www.ufh.com.cn
2F, 27 Zhongshan Dong Yi Lu. T: 2322 0888
•28F,YU99Bar Jiangbin Road, Luwan
Representative office and retail store. www.jointekfinewines.com
Roosevelt Wine Cellar, THE •HOUSE OF ROOSEVELT
Perfectly gluggable, restoring German grog. Hours: Mon-Fri 5pm-2am, Sat 12pm-2am, Sun 11am-2am
•
ProShine Dental 7F, JH Plaza, 2008 Huqingping Lu. T: 5988 5898
T: 6340 0955
T: 180 0820 6929
T: 6474 5700. 19-20, North Block, Lane 181, Taicang Lu (near Madang Lu). T: 6320 3935. Riverside Promenade, Binjiang Dadao, Pudong. T: 6888 3935
玲珑酒廊：中山东一路32号上海半岛 酒店地下一层（近北京东路）
Zhong Lu (near Huangpi Nan Lu). T: 6288 6222
上海新天地安达仕酒店1楼
Paulaner Brauhaus •150 Fenyang Lu (near Fuxing Lu).
Offering signature cocktails, light snacks and live music. Ideal place for events meeting and theme parties.
Club •4F,M2 Hong Kong Plaza, 283 Huaihai
Daily, 11:30-14:30 & 17:30-21:00, CNY88 net, head to Xuan Bar for three-course home style roast lunch & dinner that includes daily soup, roasts and desserts. CNY98 net, including a cup of tea or coffee.
奥斯卡：复兴路1377号(近宝庆路)
Zhongshan Dong Yi Lu (near Beijing Dong Lu). T: 2327 6731
南阳路154号 (进西康路)
1F, Andaz Xintiandi Shanghai. T: 2310 1760
British social pub with relaxed environment (you'd be relaxed after an eight hour Sunday happy hour as well). Hours: 11am-2am, Happy Hour Mon - Sat 4-8pm, Sun 12-8pm
de Ning •TheSalon Peninsula Shanghai, B1, 32
T: 6247 6656
•
VUE Bar 32F, West Tower, Hyatt on the Bund, 199 Huangpu Lu (near Wuchang Lu). T: 6393 1234 x 6348
Lu). T: 6431 6528
•154Manhattan Nanyang Lu (near Xikang Lu).
Dongping Lu). T: 6466 6565
•162Nelly’s Maoming Nan Lu (near Fuxing
Narcissus •4 Hengshan Lu (near Wulumuqi Nan
新天地太仓路181弄北里5号
Xueye Lu (near Nanmatou Lu). T: 3858 1188
皋兰路2号甲 (复兴公园内)
Looking for the perfect place to meet friends, unwind from work, de-brief during the day? Then glo Wine Bar is the perfect destination. Whether you want to catch up over cocktails, share a well chosen bottle of wine or enjoy our International tapas & platters, you will find the perfect solution in glo Wine Bar. Card: All Cards. Hours: 4pm-late. www.glolondon.com, [email protected]
茂名南路162号 (近复兴中路)
Lu). T: 6288 9676 739 Dingxi Lu (near Yan'an Xi Lu). T: 6418 2252 Taikang Terrace, Room 202, 169 Jianguo Zhong Lu. T: 6280 5688
Sinan Lu).T: 5383 2328
House of Roosevelt has one of the largest wine cellars in Asia. www.rooseveltchina.com 中山东一路27号
•
Wine Discoveries The Cool Docks, Rm 101-111, Bldg 13, 505 Zhongshan Nan Lu. T: 6152 6680
Wine Discoveries offers a great selection of South African, German, Australian and French wines. Free delivery for one case or six bottles. www.safinewines.co.za, [email protected]. 黄浦区中山南路505号老码头，13号 楼101室
Wine-Link •House 18, Lane 228 Anfu Lu (near Wulumuqi Zhong Lu). T: 5403 6548 / 5403 0594 www.wine-link.com
安福路228弄18号(近乌鲁木齐路)
•UnitYangjiu 5A, 1375 Huaihai Zhong Lu (near Fuxing Zhong Lu). T: 5168 8971
A website that distributes imported wines, Champagne, spirits, food and wine accessories. They can deliver to your door in 24 hours. www.yangjiu.com 淮海中路1375号5A座 (近复兴路)
HEALTH Dental
1139 Xianxia Lu (near Linquan Lu). T: 2216 3900
Fitness & Yoga Global Nutra-Express •Room 606, 261 Yunnan Nan Lu.
T: 138 1848 8508 / 139 1826 5447 Hours: 10am-5pm. www.globalnutra-express.cn
KERRY SPORTS •Kerry Hotel Pudong Shanghai, 4F, 1388 Huamu Lu. T: 6169 8858
A massive 24-hour gym with amenities galore and something for the entire family.
WellNess •668MeHuai'an Lu (near Xi Suzhou Lu). Classes for kickboxing, yoga and more. www.mewellness.com
Body Fit •717OZHuai'an Lu (near Xi Suzhou Lu). T: 6288 5278 / 135 6424 0374
Thai boxing studio run by tough-guy Tomer Oz. www.ozbodyfit.com
Cidi Dental Clinic •Room 706-708, 495 Jiangning Lu. T: 5115 4575
Hengshan Lu (next to the Pacific Department Store, Xujiahui). T: 6447 0390 衡山路922号3001B
Health Services Amercian-Sino OB/GYN/ •Pediatrics Serivices
3F, Block 6, Clove Apartment Building, 800 HuaShan Lu. T: 6210 2299
13F, Complex Building, Huashan Hospital, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Lu (near Changle Lu). T: 6249 3246
•
Hours: 24 hours. www.americanobgyn. com, www.huashanobgyn.com.cn
仙霞路1139号
Shanghai Clinic •LaneBioscor 89, 5 Xingguo Lu (near Hunan
General and Cosmetic Dental Centre of Shanghai United Family Hospital and Clinics 1139 Xianxia Lu (near Linquan Lu). T: 2216 3900 Health Care Medical •andGlobal Dental Centre Room 301, Kerry Centre, 1515 Nanjing Xi Lu. T: 5298 6339
Hours: Mon-Fri: 8am-7pm; Sat-Sun: 9am5pm. www.ghcchina.com 上海全康医疗中心: 南京西路1515号 上海嘉里中心301室
乌鲁木齐路12号华山医院综合楼 13楼
Lu). T: 6431 8899
International clinic with Australian, American and Chinese doctors specialising in plastic/cosmetic surgery, medical skin treatment, natural hair regrowth and cosmetic dentistry. www.bioscor.com.cn 兴国路89弄5号 (近湖南路)
• Dental Care •3040Hygeia Yan’an Xi Lu (3721 Hongmei Lu, Hongqiao Pearl City). T: 6406 1866 / 137 6127 5978
延安西路3040号; 虹梅路3721号
Asia •3F,Orthodontics Ciro’s Plaza, 388 Nanjing Xi Lu. T: 6359 9359 T: 6473 7733
南京西路388号仙乐斯广场1楼
南京西路389号明天广场4楼
Shanghai United Family •Hospital
1139 Xianxia Lu. T: 2216 3900 (hospital)/2216 3922 or 2216 3936 (appointments)/2216 3999 (24 hour emergency hotline)
A purpose built, full service, internationally accredited hospital that offers a full 24/7 emergency room. Hours: Mon-Sat, 8.30am-5.30pm. www.ufh.com.cn
•
Huashan Pudong Hospital International Division Managed by United Family Healthcare Ground floor, Area A & B, 525 Hongfeng Lu, Pudong. Appointments: 5030 9907 www.ufh.com.cn
The first international member of IHRSA in China, Raja has more than seven clubs in Shanghai.
American-Sino Ob/Gyn •Service
陆家嘴168号正大广场7楼09室
Internationally-trained medical staff and state-of-the-art facilities. Dentistry, family medicine, general surgery, gynaecology and more. Hours: Mon-Fri 8.30am-5.30pm. www.gleneagles.com.cn
A comprehensive clinic that offers family medicine and counselling services for the whole family. Hours: Mon-Fri, 9am-5pm. www.ufh.com.cn, [email protected]
(near Wanping Nan Lu). T: 6427 4328. Caobao Lu Club: 7F, 93 Caobao Lu (near Liuzhou Lu). T: 6484 9557. Wanda Club: 3F, 189 Zhengtong Lu. T: 3511 1093
Dr. Zhou’s Dental Clinic •Room 3001B, Jianhui Mansion, 922
www.care2004.com
& Surgical Centre 4F, 389 Nanjing Xi Lu, Tomorrow Square (same building as the JW Marriott Hotel). T: 6375 5588
United Family Minhang Clinic •Shanghai Racquet Club, Ground Floor
江宁路495号706-708室
Shanghai Gleneagles •International Medical, Dental
Raja Yoga •Xujiahui Club: 3F, 88 Xingeng Lu
ASOG was founded in 2003. We provide a comprehensive array of on-site services for women and children by certified specialists from overseas and China. Our facilities located in the city center are comfortable and equipped with state-of-the-art technology. We are committed to providing quality, compassionate, and personalized healthcare with international standards. Our medical staffs are bilingual in English and Chinese.
Dental Clinic •200Care Yincheng Dong Lu (near Shiji
[email protected]
Canadian Evergreen Family Health Centre 1286 Hongqiao Lu. T: 6270 6265 www.greenmedicalcenter-sh.com 虹桥路1286号
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International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital of the China Welfare Institute 910 Hengshan Lu (near Tianping Lu). T: 6447 0399 / 6407 9476
Clubhouse. Lane 555 Jinfeng Lu, Hua Cao Town, Minhang District. T: 2201 0995
Sino United Health •Shanghai Centre (Portman) Clinic:
Suite 601, Shanghai Centre, 1376 Nanjing Xi Lu. T: 6279 8920. Jinqiao Clinic: Lane 300, 16 Hongfeng Lu (near Biyun Lu), Jinqiao, Pudong. T: 5030 7810
Specialists from around the world in the fields of orthopedics, physiotherapy, sports medicine, and neurology. www.sinounitedhealth.com 上海城门诊部：南京西路1376号上海 商城西峰601室; 金桥门诊部：浦东金 桥红枫路300弄16号(近碧云路)
WHS •Shanghai Centre: 1F, 106D, 1376
Nanjing Xi Lu (across from HSBC Bank). T: 6289 8511 Kerry Parkside, 1378 Huamu Lu, B130B (across from Watsons). T: (400) 611 0212
One-stop-shop health store chain providing professional guidance on imported health & wellness products from around the world.
EDUCATION Schools Active Kidz shanghai •Room 601, 3211 Hongmei Lu (near
Chen Jiaqiaozhi Lu). T: 6406 6757. Pudong: Ramada Plaza, 18 Xinqiao Lu (near Biyun Lu). T: 3872 6770 (Wed-Fri) Communityrun, non profit organisation that provides quality athletic programs for expatriate children. www.activekidz.org
浦西：虹梅路3211号601 室（陈家 桥支路）；浦东：新金桥路18号华美 达大酒店1楼
School •2F,Brain 126 Ronghua Dadao. T: 6295 0461
www.brainschool.com.cn 荣华东道126号2楼
The British International •School
Pudong: 600 Cambridge Forest New Town, 2729 Hunan Lu. T: 5812 7455. Puxi: 111 Jinguang Lu, Huacao Town, Minhang District. T: 5226 3211 www.bisschina.com
沪南路2979号600; 闵行区金光路 111号
999 Mingyue Lu, Jinqiao, Pudong. T: 5899 0380 www.concordiashanghai.org
浦东金桥明月路999号(近黄杨路)
Wanyuan Lu, Minhang. T: 6480 9986
www.suis.com.cn
上海协和双语学校 虹桥校区：虹泉路 999号，近金汇路；古北中学校区： 红松东路248号；浦东校区：浦东新 区雪野路48号；尚音校区：龙茗路 185号；教科实中校区：万源路55号
The WESTERN INTERNATIONAL •SCHOOL OF SHANGHAI (WISS) 555 Lianmin Lu. T: 6976 6388
A future-orientated school with a diverse and compassionate community. Its goal is for its students to enter the world as well-balanced, global citizens. www.wiss.cn 青浦区联民路555号
BEAUTY
Bamboo Leaf •Rm 403 Oneluijiazui Building, 68 Yincheng Zhong Lu, Lujiazui. T: 5010 6656
children's technology •workshop
Hongqiao: Unit 504, 3211 Hongmei Lu (above City Shop). T: 6446 6766. Pudong: Unit 46-47B Thumb Plaza, 199 Fangdian Lu. T: 5033 3053 www.ctworkshop.com.cn [email protected]
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Dulwich College Shanghai (DCS) DCS Main Campus: 266 Lan'an Lu (near Biyun Lu). DUCKS Campus: 425 Lan'an Lu (near Biyun Lu). T: 5899 9910 www.dulwich-shanghai.cn
上海德威英国国际学校:主校区：上海 浦东金桥蓝桉路266号 幼儿园：上海浦东金桥蓝桉路425号
Massages, waxing and manicures by experienced, well-trained therapists with complimentary sandwiches. They also offer a therapist's training course, if you’d like to learn how to massage your family members. www.blretreat.com 清云居: 浦东陆家嘴银城中路68 号时 代金融中心403
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BAMBOO 7 3F-C1, 37 Shuicheng Nan Lu. T: 6209 8400 Huaguang Shop: 3308 Hongmei Lu. T: 5422 1271 Biyun Shop: 1198 Biyun Lu. T: 5030 8406 Jiuzhou Shop: 3F, 3219 Hongmei Lu. T: 5175 9168 Meihua Shop: 985 Meihua Lu. T: 5059 9059 Luocheng Shop: 12 Shuicheng Lu. T: 6295 0300 Pucheng Shop: 708 Pucheng Lu. T: 5877 1788 Xintiandi Shop: 586 Madang Lu. T: 3331 7117 Yingchun Shop: 1130 Yingchun Lu. T: 6856 7122 Huangjinchengdao Shop: Room 201, 735 Huangjinchengdao Lu. T: 6208 9200 Dapu Shop: 550 Xujiahui Lu. T: 5465 9959 Dagu Shop: 508 Dagu Lu. T: 3366 2778
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Banyan Tree Spa 3F, The Westin Shanghai (Westin Residences), 88 Henan Zhong Lu (near Yan’an Dong Lu). T: 6335 1888 DETU R
P O N S MU
NDO
Mandarin Family – The •Language Centre of Chinese
Jinqiao Campus: Room 302, Lane 199, 40 Biyun Lu (near Biyun Carrefour). T: 5030 9916 www.mandarinfamily.com
金桥校区：碧云路199弄40号302室
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Shanghai American School Minhang Campus: 258 Jinfeng Lu, Zhudi Town. T: 6221 1445. Pudong Campus: 1600 Lingbai Gong Lu. www.saschina.org 闵行校区: 金丰路258号; 浦东校区: 凌白公路1600号
Shanghai Community •International School
Hongqiao ECE Campus: 2212 Hongqiao Road, Shanghai.T: 6261 4338 Hongqiao Campus: 1161 Hongqiao Lu. T: 6261 4338 Pudong Lower School: 800 Xiuyan Lu. T: 5812 9888 Pudong Upper School: 198 Hengqiao Lu. T: 5812 9888 Hangzhou Campus: 78 Dongxin Lu, Hangzhou. T: (571) 8669 0045 www.scischina.org
虹桥ECE校区：虹桥路2212号 ;虹 桥总校：虹桥路1161号 ;浦东小学 部：秀沿路800号 ;浦东初高中部：横 桥路198号;杭州校区：东新路78号
Shanghai Singapore •International School
Highly regarded spa in the Westin, for massages and spa treatments. 威斯汀酒店3楼
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Beauty Farm Shop 210, Central Plaza, 381 Huaihai Zhong Lu. T: 6391 6789. Shop 332, Plaza 66, 1266 Nanjing Xi Lu. T: 6288 4646
Professional aromatherapy by certified practitioners. Expert skincare and beauty treatment by certified practitioners. 淮海中路381号210店铺；南京西路 1266号恒隆广场332店铺
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Bronze Bodies 209A, Infinity Plaza, 138 Huaihai Zhong Lu (near Pu'an Lu). T: 6335 3091. Suite 1FB, Silver Tower, Jiu An Plaza, 258 Tongren Lu. T: 6247 7377
上海市卢湾区淮海中路138号无限度 广场209A；铜仁路258号1楼B室
T: 6242 4328 206 Xinle Lu (near Dongtai Lu). T: 5403 9982 386 Hongfeng Lu, Jinqiao, Pudong. T: 3872 6996 2F, 218 Xinle Lu. T: 5403 6133 Pudong Kerry Parkside, Retail L119, 1378 Huamu Lu. T: 2025 2308 646 Baole Lu. T: 6221 9770 Room 202, 322 Anfu Lu. T: 5406 0680 193 Jiaozhou Lu. T: 5213 5778 2F, 559 Nanchang Lu. T: 5456 1318
Contemporary Asian retreat. Hours: 10am1am. www.dragonfly.net
Keyuan Lu (near Longdong Da Dao). T: 2898 6078. 266 Ruijin Er Lu (near Taikang Lu). T: 5465 7291 Nanchang Lu (near Yandang Lu). T: 6384 2033 [email protected]
科苑路88号德国中心3号楼（近龙东 大道）；瑞金二路266号 （近泰康 路）；南昌路66号, （近雁荡路）
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Dragonfly Crossroads @ Donghu 2F, 218 Xinle Lu, Xuhui District (near Donghu Lu). T: 5403 6133 Hours: 12pm-12am
上海市徐汇区新乐路２18号2楼
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Essensuals Salons Essensuals Hangzhou Shopping Centre I. T: (571) 8678 6560 Essensuals Hangzhou Shopping Centre II. T: (571) 8510 2126 Essensuals Kunming. T: (871) 363 3950 Essensuals Ningbo. T: (574) 8389 9868 Essensuals Fujian. T: (595) 8391 9999 / 8366 6789 www.essensuals.co.uk
Find your energy, find yourself, find Peace. It’s a peaceful haven of pampering at the heart of this bustling metropolis.
蔚柳溪水疗：南京东路20号上海和 平饭店1层
3388 Sichen Lu, Sijing Town. T: 3761 8888 × 1555
T: 5403 9931
愉庭保健会所: 五原路370号(近武 康路口)
Yuan Spa •Lower Lobby, Hyatt on the Bund, 199 Huangpu Lu. T: 6393 1234 x 6527
Includes 12 spa treatment rooms, a 24 hour fitness centre, swimming pool, whirlpool, steam and sauna rooms, a beauty salon and a juice bar. http:// shanghai.bund.hyatt.com
GIn One Spa •1F J-life, Jinmao Tower, 88 Shiji
The Spa •4F, 250 Huashan Lu (in the Hilton
世纪大道88号金茂大厦J-life1楼15号
GOlden Resort Massage •678 Shaanxi Bei Lu (near Wuding
Combining traditional Asian therapies with modern techniques, The Spa offers a full range of fitness classes, body work, amenities and services. All cards. Hours: 6am-11pm
Hours: 12pm-2am.
AT KERRY SPORTS •KerrySPAHotel Pudong Shanghai, 4F,
Air France •Room 3901, Ciro's Plaza, 338 Nanjing
A multidisciplinary and holistic approach to well-being including physiotherapy, restorative massage, skincare and body treatments inspired by Wudang wushu. Hours: 10am-11pm
Cathay Pacific •Room 2101-2104, Shanghai Square
Dadao. T: 5103 6767
636 Yongjia Lu (near Hengshan Lu). T: 6445 1729. 陕西北路678号(武定路路口); 永嘉路 636号 (近衡山路)
Nail Salon •208Glamour Nanyang Lu (behind Shanghai Centre). T: 6279 0170
Friendly, professional, high quality service in a convenient location. Hours: 10am-10pm
Shanghai). T: 6248 0000 x 2600
1388 Huamu Lu. T: 6169 8856
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SPA InterContinental Shanghai Expo Level 4, InterContinental Shanghai Expo, 1188 Xueye Lu, Pudong (near Nanmatou Lu). T: 3858 1460
Highly skilled professional therapists incorporate the wisdom of natural healing to invigorate and restore harmony to your body. 洲际水疗馆,浦东雪野路1188号(近南 码头路)，上海世博洲际酒店四楼.
HAIR & NAIL SALON •PUXI:SUNNY 106,Ruijin Yi Lu (near Huaihai
黄浦路199号上海外滩茂悦大酒店 底层大厅
TRAVEL Airlines Xi Lu (near Xizang Zhong Lu). T: 6350 9268
Office Tower, 138 Huaihai Zhong Lu. T: (400) 888 6628 www.cathaypacific.com.cn
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Emirates Airlines Room 3302, Zhong Xin Buliding, 258 Tongren Lu (near Nanjing Xi Lu). T: 3222 9999 Dragonair •Room 2101-2104, Shanghai Square
Office Tower, 138 Huaihai Zhong Lu. T: 400 888 6628 / 400 881 3368 (real-time flight information) www.dragonair.com.cn
瑞金一路106号，靠近淮海路
古北校区: 荣华西道18号; 虹桥校区: 水城路11号; 浦东御翠园校区: 浦东花 木路1817号, 浦东世纪公园校区: 浦 东东绣路1433号
Oh’s Chiropractic Centre •Room 1202, Mingzhu Building,
55 Shuicheng Nan Lu (opposite Carrefour Gubei Store). T: 6209 5546 Adjustment, neuromuscular, spine, joint, exercise and relaxation. Hours: 9.30am-8pm. [email protected] 水城南路55号明珠大厦1202室
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NAIL STUDIO •123VILLY'S Wulumuqi Bei Lu (near Yuyuan Lu). T: 3255 8131
Peninsula Spa •TheThe Peninsula Shanghai, 3F, 32
With the comfiest chairs and some of the best base coat in town, Villy’s offers the whole package (which includes complimentary wi-fi and wine or tea. Hours 10am-10pm
Seven spa treatment rooms and two
乌鲁木齐北路123号 (近愚园路和北 京西路口)
Zhongshan Dong Yi Lu (near Beijing Dong Lu). T: 2327 6599
Bund Flagship Store: Lane 8, 1 Zhongshan Dong Yi Lu. T: 6445 8218. Xintiandi Store: Unit 3, Bldg 3, North Block, Lane 181 Taicang Lu. T: 6320 0045 Linen and embroidery. Hours: 10am10.30pm. www.annabel-lee.com
CROWN RELOCATIONS •Crown Worldwide Building, Lane 72975, 59 Suide Lu. T: 6250 8820
Crown Relocations, a division of the Crown Worldwide Group, serves over 10,000 customers from over 250 locations in 55 countries, providing domestic and international transportation of household goods, transit protection, storage services, home and school search, inter-cultural training, expense management, policy consulting, program administration and other relocation services. The company serves corporations, diplomats and private customers. www.crownrelo.com. [email protected] 嘉柏（中国）国际货运代理有限公 司：上海市普陀区绥德路729弄75支 弄59号嘉柏大厦
– UNIQUE ARTWORK •ANDESTRELITZIA GIFT PRODUCTS FOR ALL AGES THE LOFT, Jiashan Lu, 508, Building 1, Creative open space on 2nd floor, Xuhui District. T: 15901669272 Customized hand made paintings. Colourful cushions, bags, paper products etc… illustrated by French artist Celine Menard. Showroom and studio open to public on Monday, Thursday and Friday – 9:30am to 4:00pm. www.estrelitzia.eu on-line boutique: http://market.zocou. com/shop/17-estrelitzia
上海市徐汇区嘉善路508号1号楼商 街概念店
Suites Top Glory Shanghai •LaneFraser 600, 1 Yincheng Zhong Lu, Lujiazui. T: 6378 8888
Long stay accommodation for both singles and families. Fraser Suites offers a more flexible way to stay in Shanghai.
ifc residence •8 Century Avenue, Pudong, Shanghai. (The living room)
Breakfast: Mon-Fri 6:30am-10:3pm, Sat-Sun 6:30am-11pm. 国金汇: 上海浦东陆家嘴世纪大道8号 (汇客大厅)
Lanson Place Jinqiao •Residences
Lane 399, 18 Zaozhuang Lu, Pudong. T: 5013 3592 These one- and two-bedroom homes are close to expatriate communities, international schools and European supermarkets. www.lansonplace.com
Lanson Place Jinlin Tiandi •Residences Lane 168, 3 Xingye Lu. T: 2306 1888
T: 6466 9099
Shangri-la, 33, FuCheng Lu, Pudong, Shanghai, P.R. China Tel:28286691 No.1380 Dingxiang Lu. Tel:58433968/58433936 Super Brand Mail B2 F1A-06. Tel:50472298
Urban Retreat Wellness & Spa 8F, Shanghai Centre, 1376 Nanjing Xi Lu. T: 6289 7007
Annabel Lee – Exquisite •Chinese Silk
Lemon Zest •1 Taojiang Lu.
•Level Toni & Guy Salons 4, River Wing, Pudong
香格里拉店:浦东富城路33号,浦东 香格里拉大酒店浦江楼4楼， 电话28286691；联洋店： 浦东丁香路1380号，电话： 58433968/58433936；正大广场 店：浦东正大广场F1A-06，电 话：50472298
恒丰路568号恒汇国际大厦1601室 ( 近上海火车站 )
A home away from home. www.lansonplace.com
Lu). T: 6403 0618 or 138 1781 0433
Professional manicurists.
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A classy contemporary sanctuary – enjoy the tree-top view of the French Concession in Moroccan-style daybeds. Hours: 11am-9pm, 11am-7pm (weekends)
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WILLOW STREAM SPA 1F, Fairmont Peace Hotel, 20 Nanjing Dong Lu, T: 6138 6818
松江区泗泾镇泗陈公路3388弄，上 海东方佘山索菲特大酒店SOSPATM水 疗中心
Xingye Lu (at Xintiandi Plaza). T: 5306 1955
Dragonfly Therapeutic Retreat Villa 5, Lane 3911 Hongmei Lu.
(near Tai’an Lu). T: 6126 7800
华尔道夫水疗，中山东一路2号，上 海外滩华尔道夫酒店3楼
虹梅路3182号；虹桥路1号港汇广场 4楼466铺；陕西南路35号，1楼4号 商铺（长乐路）
Nail Salon •UnitM20 21-22F Building, Lane 123
Founded by Asia’s hair colourist master, Jun Laung, COLORISTE is a stylish and chic choice for hair colour, styling and care. www.coloriste.net
Shui Urban Spa •5F, Ferguson Lane, 376 Wukang Lu
The Waldorf Astoria Spa offers an international elixir of luxury spa experiences, delivered by a team of highly qualified and skilled therapists. Each experience is enhanced by the purest exquisite products selected from around the globe to send you on a journey of transformation and sensory enlightenment. Operating Hours: Daily 10am-10pm
Offers the ultimate experience in luxury and relaxation, allowing guests the ability to unwind and indulge their senses, while conveniently remaining within 35 minutes of downtown Shanghai.
A contemporary, urban day and wellness spa. Plus, sauna, steam rooms, gym, aerobics, plunge pools and indoor pool with outdoor sun deck. 南京东路789号艾美皇家酒店10楼
T: 5404 7861
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Senses Shop 413, Plaza 66, 1266 Nanjing Xi Lu. T: 6288 2188. Shop 202, 1138 Pudong Nan Lu, Pudong. T: 6888 2995
Lu (near Shanghai Railway Station). T: 6056 1000
VARIOUS
Bund, 2 Zhongshan Dong Yi Lu (near Guangdong Lu). T: 6322 9988 - 3620
With gymnasium, infinity edge pool, juice bar, indoor spa garden and relaxation areas. Hours: 10am-10pm
Travelzoo •Room 1601, Centro, 568 Hengfeng
Five star TCM and aromatherapy make for one heady spa trip!
Waldorf Astoria Spa •3F, Waldorf Astoria Shanghai on the
Hotel. 159 Henan Nan Lu. T: 2321 8888
assistant in China is here! Still fed up with searching hotels and booking air tickets for your business trip or family vacation? Tell them your request and let them do the rest. vwww.imtravelin.com
www.travelzoo.com/cn
Dadao. T: 6888 1234 x 4250
Spa •21F,Quan Renaissance Shanghai Yuyuan
Imtravelin.com •T: 5108 7090 Your personal travel
Edge •85F,Water’s Park Hyatt Shanghai, 100 Shiji
Global leading hair salon features highly trained stylists and colourists. Hours: 10am - 10pm
新天地兴业路123弄F座21-22
Hongqiao Campus: 999 Hongquan Lu (near Hongxin Lu). T: 3431 0090 Gubei Secondary Campus: 248 Hongsong Dong Lu. T: 5175 3030 Pudong Campus: 48 Xueye Lu (near Yuntai Lu). T: 5886 9990 Shangyin Campus, 185 Longming Lu, Minhang. T: 5417 8143 Jiao Ke Secondary Campus: 55
南京东路507号7楼
House calls available, taxi fare payable by the client. Hours: 11am-2am
No 466, 4F, Grand Gateway, 1 Hongqiao Lu. T: 6407 3172. GF, 35 Shaanxi Nan Lu (near Changle Lu). T: 6267 5171
Nanjing Dong Lu (near Xizang Zhong Lu). T: 3318 9999
COLORISTE •2F, Diage Complex, 20 Donghu Lu.
Fully equipped gymnasium and professional massage facilities. All cards. Hours: Gymnasium 6.30am-11pm, Sauna 6.30am-2am, Spa 9am-3am
SOSPA •Sofitel Shanghai Sheshan Oriental,
www.ycis-sh.com
Franck Provost •3182 Hongmei Lu. T: 6446 6928.
浦西店：江宁路778号（海防路口）； 陕西北路278号8楼；浦东店：上海市 浦东金桥碧云路1208号（红枫路）
Yew Chung International School Gubei Campus: 18 Ronghua Xi Dao T: 6219 5910 Hongqiao Campus: 11 Shuicheng Lu. T: 6242 3243 Pudong Campus, Regency Park: 1817 Huamu Lu. T: 5033 1900 Pudong Campus, Century Park: 1433 Dongxiu Lu. T: 5045 6475
38-A Donghu Lu. T: 6415 8880
Village Retreat •2F, 6TheDongping Lu (near Hengshan
Massage •370YuWuyuan Lu (near Wukang Lu).
Essensuals 杭州大厦一店；杭州大厦 二店；昆明店；宁波店;福建店。
www.bensonsalon.com
闵行校区: 极地路288号; 闵行校 区: 朱建路301号; 徐汇校区: 华泾路 1455号
• Oriental Taipan Massage and Spa
Diva Life Nails & Beauty •Tower 3, German Centre, 88
Haifang Lu). T: 6277 8778 Puxi: 278 Shaanxi Bei Lu, Golden Eagle Shopping Mall. T: 6288 2803 Pudong: 1208 Biyun Lu (near Hongfeng Lu). T: 50303878 Jiuguang: Ongoing Department Store 4F, 1618 Nanjing Xi Lu. T: 6288 7216
www.ssis.cn
虹梅路3911号5号别墅；新乐路 206号；浦东金桥红枫路386号；新 乐路218号;浦东花木路1378号；保乐 路646号；安福路322号202室;胶州路 193号；南昌路559号2楼
Benson Salon •Puxi: 778 Jiangning Lu (near
Minhang Campus: 301 Zhujian Lu. T: 6221 9288. Xuhui Campus: 1455 Huajing Lu. T: 6496 5550
VIP suites, a relaxation area and thermal facilities. Indoor Swimming Pool and 24-hour open Fitness Centre with personal training.
Lemon Zest offers factory direct prices up to 40 per cent below the brand names and a lifetime warranty against defects. Hours: 10am9pm (10pm Fri, Sat)
品厨：桃江路1号
Putuo Shanghai •LaneModena 58, 1 Tongchuan Lu, Putuo. T: 6117 7668
www.modenaresidence.com/shputuo
Travel Agencies B Plus Travel •Room 7A, Block A, Jiafa Building,
Lane 129 Datian Lu (near Beijing Xi Lu). T: 6289 9090 [email protected], www.bplustravel.com
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Country Holidays Silver Block, 5F, Unit 5A, Jiu An Plaza, 258 Tongren Lu
上海品尊名致精品酒店公寓： 普陀区铜川路58弄1号
Gallery of Art •3F,Shanghai No.3 The Bund Zhong Shan Dong Yi Road by Guang Dong Road. T: 6321 5757
SGA strives to be the most authoritative and influential private gallery displaying and dealing in contemporary Chinese art. Hours: 11am-7pm. www.shanghaigalleryofart.com www.threeonthebund.com
铜仁路258号,九安广场,银座5A
Ctrip •T: 400 820 6666 China's leading online
Simply Life •Unit 101, Xintiandi, 159 Madang Lu,
travel services provider. www.ctrip.com
(near Taicang Lu). T: 6387 5100. 9 Dongping Lu (near Taojiang Lu). T: 3406 0509
逸居生活：马当路159号新天地101单元
39
BEIJING
•No.7Pearl Jian Guo Men South Avenue, Dong Cheng District, Located on Lobby Level. T: 010 5811 8200
Café/Afternoon Tea Garden Lounge •Garden Lounge, Lobby, The St. Regis Beijing, 21 Jianguomen waidajie, Chaoyang District. T: 010 6460 6688
The Garden Lounge is a perfect venue for afternoon tea and evening drinks. The European chandeliers, Romanstyle fountain and deep sofas create an inviting and distinctive atmosphere, ideal for a business cocktail or social rendezvous. Open Daily from 8:30am - 1am.
Chaoyang District. T: 010 8414 9830
DRAGON PALACE •Kempinski Hotel Beijing, 50
Liangmaqiao Lu. T: 010 6465 3388
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Feast 2/F, Sheraton Beijing Dongcheng, 36 North Third Ring Road East T: 010 5798 8908 (Food by EAST) •2F,FEAST No.22 Jiuxianqiao Road,
•ThePREGO Westin Beijing Financial Street
9B, Financial Street, XiCheng District T: 010 6606 8866
Chaoyang District. T: 010 8414 9820
朝阳区建国门外大街21号，北京瑞吉 酒店大堂。
May 1 – June 30 Lunch and Dinner (a la carte) Traditional Japanese Cuisine in Gentle Breeze This restaurant draws a regular crowd of Japanese and non-Japanese customers alike, all attracted by the authentic ambiance and very fresh seafood. In this season, don’t miss the sea eel dishes. The sashimi and Sushi stand out, but the hot dishes and teppanyaki shouldn't be overlooked either. This Japanese restaurant will offer you an excellent dining experience.
Hai Korean Restaurant •MayYun 1 – June 30 Lunch and Dinner
Leaf •2/F,Banana Financial Center, Bldg B,
Zhongguancun Shopping Center T: 010 5986 3666
•36 Bene North Third Ring Road East, Dongcheng District. T: 010 5798 8995
Cafe & Teahouses •China World Summit Wing, 80th floor. No.1 Jianguomenwai Avenue. T: 010 6505 2299
Open daily from 11:30am - 2:30pm and 6pm - 10pm. 朝阳区建国门外大街21号, 北京瑞吉 酒店二层，天宝阁中餐厅。
PROVINCIA No.7 Jian Guo Men South Avenue, Dong Cheng District. T: 010 5811 8233
•1F,Hagaki No.22 Jiuxianqiao Road,
Sand Pebbles Lounge •74 Wudaoying Hutong. T: 010 8404 0767
Liangmaqiao Lu. T: 010 6465 3388 Jaan •Raffles Beijing Hotel, 33 East Chang
Spice Factory •Courtyard 4, Gongti Beilu
KEMPIDELI •Kempinski Hotel Beijing, 50 Liangmaqiao Lu. T: 010 6465 3388
Kerry’s Kitchen •Kerry Hotel, 1 Guanghua Lu, Choayang District. T: 010 8565 2088
Kerry’s Pantry •Kerry Hotel, 1 Guanghua Rd.
Kempinski Hotel Beijing, 50 Liangmaqiao Lu. T: 010 6465 3388
T: 010 65871222
Colibri •LG51, No. 11 Sanlitun Road, Sanlitun Village North. T: 010 6417 0808
T: 010 6500 7939
Sureño, Mediterranean •Restaurant
Building 1, No. 11 Sanlitun Road, Chaoyang District. T: 010 6410 5240 The Horizon •Kerry Hotel, 1 Guanghua Rd.
Choayang District. T: 010 8565 2188
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The Red Chamber China World Summit Wing, 4th floor. No.1 Jianguomenwai Avenue T: 010 6505 2299 LA GONDOLA •1/F,TRATTORIA Kempinski Hotel, 50 Liangmaqiao
Chez Julien •Lucky Street, Chaoyang Park West CJW Beijing •L-137, The Place, 9 Guanghua Lu.
•TheSENSES Westin Beijing Financial Street
9B, Financial Street, XiCheng District T: 010 6606 8866
•
Road. T: 010 5867 0218
•
No.1 Jianguomenwai Avenue T: 010 6505 2299
Choayang District. T: 010 8565 2788
Cepe 1 Jinchengfang Dongjie, The RitzCarlton Beijing, Financial Street. T: 010 6629 6996
Lu. T: 010 6465 3388
Siam •A10Very Xinyuan Xili Dongjie T: 010 8451 0031
Vasco's •Hilton Hotel, 8 Wangfujing East Street T: 010 5812 8888
•BarKrangfer's Restaurant & Fourchette •A7 LaSanlitun Road. T: 010 6466 1757
•
La Taverne 7 Gongti Xili. T: 010 6551 8967
Village Café •Building 1, No. 11 Sanlitun Road,
Chaoyang District. T: 010 6410 5210
•
YAOCHI 7 DongSanHuan Middle Road, Chaoyang District. T: 010 8587 6888
Lime Thai •Tower 15, Central Park, 6 Chaoyangmenwai Dajie T: 010 6597 0887
Chapter •29 Conrad North Dongsanhuan Road,
Maison Boulud Ch'ien Men 23, 23 Qianmen Dong Dajie. T: 6559 9200
North Third Ring Road East T: 010 5798 8993
•
Danieli’s 2/F, 21 Jianguomen Waidajie, Chaoyang District.
Yue •Sheraton Beijing Dongcheng, 36
朝阳区建国门外大街21号，北京瑞吉 酒店二层。
Choayang District. T: 010 8565 2398
•
Nadaman China World Summit Wing, 4th floor. No.1 Jianguomenwai Avenue T: 010 6505 2299 Noodle Bar •China World Summit Wing, 4th floor. No.1 Jianguomenwai Avenue T: 010 6505 2299 Marco •9 JinOh!Cheng Fang Street T: 010 6622 0566
•
Peter's Tex-Mex Grill 88A St. Regis, 21 Jianguomen Waidajie. T: 010 8532 2449
North Third Ring Road East T: 010 5798 8998
Restaurant •MayJin1 –Yuan June 30 Lunch and Dinner
(a la carte) Taste modern vegetarian delicacy, purify your body and spirit Jin Yuan Restaurant brings tranquility to the table, with soft music and classical Chinese décor. The fresh, healthy vegetarian food is made from ingredients sourced from around the country and recipes are designed for maximum nutritional value. Try the braised tofu with pine nuts, dressed with a light brown sauce that lends a delicate flavor. Perfect for some meatless contemplation.
T: 010 6552 6969/8599 9999 Rumors •8 Beichen Donglu, Yayuncun T: 010 8497 7288
The Beach •Block 8, West Gate of Chaoyang Park M: 135 2188 2889
HLG •Solana #5-1, No. 6 Chaoyang Park Road. T: 010 5905 6370
Sensations •Huaqingjiayuan East Gate T: 010 8286 3517
Mango Restoclub •6 Ritan North Street. T: 010 8561 3685
Lantern Club •Gongti West Road. M: 135 0134 8785
BISTRO •No.7CITYJianWALL Guo Men South Avenue, Dong Cheng District, Located on Lobby Level. T: 010 5811 8255
T: 010 6591 1191
Bar •40 Mai Beiluoguxiang. T: 010 6406 1871
Block 8 •Chaoyang Park West Rd., No. 8 T: 010 6508 8585
Cargo Club •6 Gongti Xilu. T: 010 6551 6898 Vics •Inside Workers' Stadium north gate T: 010 5293 0333
Remix •Inside Worker's Stadium North Gate T: 010 6530 2889
(a la carte) Featuring Authentic Hangzhou Cuisine
Spark •B108, •3/F,Mokihi The Place, 9 Guanghua Lu C12 Lucky Street. T: 010 5867 0244
Hangzhou cuisine, one of the Eight Culinary Traditions of China, serves up lighter fare emphasizing flavor and freshness. Featuring everything from the painstakingly sautéed shrimp with Long jing Tea to the braised pork with preserved vegetable, this classically decorated restaurant serves honest good food without the frills. Local diners consistently return when in need of an impressive venue for meeting with business partners or catching up with old friends.
•
The Summit Club May 1 – June 30 Dinner only (a la carte) Italian Fine Food in the Air
Mix-The Westin Beijing •Chaoyan 7 North Dongsanhuan Road, Chaoyang District. T: 010 5922 8880
Pepper •1 Wangzhuang Lu, Wudaokou T: 010 8237 2963
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PAULANER BRAUHAUS Kempinski Hotel Beijing, 50 Liangmaqiao Lu. T: 010 6465 3388
Monday Hunan Cuisine Tuesday Japanese Cuisine Wednesday Thailand Cuisine Thursday Continental Cuisine Friday Korean Cuisine Saturday Shandong Cuisine Sunday South American Cuisine
Lounge •MayThe1 –Mezzanine June 30 15:00-18:00
RMB168 per person + 15% service charge Sweet Happy Afternoon
A sophisticated venue for afternoon tea, the Mezzanine Lounge offers a truly elegant ambiance that will delight both you and your friends. Do not miss its divine blueberry cheese cakes, rich green-tea tiramisu and tasty cup cakes. Enjoy the sweetness while you bask in the warm afternoon sun.
Club •Blue1801 Castle Apartment, Dawang Xilu T: 010 8599 7856
Club •B1/F,Global Dongyuan Dasha, 35 Chengfu Lu. T: 010 6255 1616
Coco Banana •8 Gongti Xilu. T: 010 8599 9999 Suzie Wong •WestClub Gate of Chaoyang Park
Banana •1/F,GTScitech Hotel, 22 Jianguomen Waidajie. T: 010 6528 3636
•UnitG-Loft S1-30 Village 3rd Floor, No. 19 Sanlitun Road. T: 010 6415 3338
RMB338 per person + 15% service charge inclusive of unlimited red/white wine, draft beer, juices and soft drinks. Enjoy Global Fine Food
T: 010 6587 1501
•19 Chocolate Ritan Bei Lu. T: 010 8561 3988
This Spring, the Summit Club restaurant serves up a wide selection of pasta classics in an intimate, candlelit environment. For pasta fans, there are different choices of pasta topped with your favorite sauce. While you are indulging in the fine food, don’t miss the panoramic view of Beijing Central Business and Embassy districts, especially this blossom season.
Café •MaySkyline 1 – June 30 Dinner 18:00-22:00
•
V+ Party Floor, Bldg 3, China View, Gongti East Road. T: 010 8587 1233
T: 010 6500 3377
Pepper •1 Wangzhuang Lu, Wudaokou T: 010 8237 2963
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Press Club Bar 1/F, The St. Regis Beijing, 21 Jianguomen Waidajie, Chaoyang District. T: 010 6460 6688 Open daily from 9am - 12:30am.
朝阳区建国门外大街21号，北京瑞吉 酒店一层。
Propaganda •100m north of the east gate of Huaqing jiayuan,Wudaokou T: 010 8289 3991
Club •B1/F,Redwest side of 3.3 Shopping Mall, Sanlitun Houjie, Chaoyang District M: 136 5131 9097 Latte •Northwest corner of Worker's
Rendez-vous Bar & Lounge •Kempinski Hotel Beijing, 50
Stadium. T: 010 6551 8881/8885
Ritz-Carlton Bar (Shin Kong •Place)
T: 010 6551 2373/135 2061 4049
Liangmaqiao Lu. T: 010 6465 3388
The Ritz-Carlton, No. 83A Jian Guo Road. T: 010 5908 8888
•66 Salud Nanluoguxiang. T: 010 6402 5086 •1F,Xian No.22 Jiuxianqiao Lu, Chaoyang District. T: 010 8414 9810
Beijing •58 Elements Gongti West Road
Club •4/FLAN Twin Tower, B12 Jianguomen Waidajie. T: 010 5109 6012/13
Mix •Inside Worker's Stadium North Gate T: 010 6506 9888/6530 2889/150 1138 2219 Club Gaga •6 Gongti Xilu. T: 010 6552 8888
Market Place •B1, BHG Shin Kong Place, 87 Jianguo Lu
Flamenco Club •Workers Stadium West Gate
Michel •1/F,Boucherie Jiezuo Building, Xingfucun
Club •50 Pulse Liangmaqiao Lu.
The Drive-Thru 5-306 Sanlitun SOHO. T: 010 8590 0390
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Club X •88 Changan Jie.
Nutrition Center •No.Elite 0159, Building C, Chaowai SOHO,
•3/F,Winghouse Taiyue Suites, 16 Sanlitun Nanlu
T: 010 6553 5278
Zhonglu. T: 010 6417 0489
T: 010 5208 6092
Open daily from 6pm - 10pm, and open from 11:30am - 2pm Monday to Friday.
Centro •Kerry Hotel, 1 Guanghua Rd.
T: 010 6530 5888
Miyabi •Sheraton Beijing Dongcheng, 36
•1/F,Crêpanini Nali Patio, 81 Sanlitun Beilu
Brussels Restaurant & Bar •4 Gongti Beilu. T: 010 6591 9525
LA •No.Club 8, Gongti West Gate
Mesh •Building 1, No. 11 Sanlitun Road,
Supermarket
Chaoyang District. T: 010 6584 6215
No.1 Jianguomenwai Avenue T: 010 6505 2299
Chaoyang District. T: 010 6410 5220
T: 010 6402 7047
Atmosphere •China World Summit Wing, 80th floor.
House •MaySimple 1 – June 30 Lunch and Dinner
de la Poste •58 Café Yonghegong Dajie. Celestial Court 2/F, The St. Regis Beijing, 21 Jianguomen Waidajie, Chaoyang District. T: 010 6460 6688
Street. T: 010 5208 6040
Grill 79 •China World Summit Wing, 79th floor.
9B, Financial Street, XiCheng District T: 010 6606 8866
T: 010 6595 5135
•3/F,Apothecary Nali Patio, 81 Sanlitun North
朝阳区建国门外大街21号，北京瑞吉 酒店一层。
Open daily from 6am - 11pm and for Sunday Brunch from 11:30am - 3pm on Sundays.
•TheJEWEL Westin Beijing Financial Street
Flo •18 Brasserie Xiaoyun Lu.
Bar
•203Glen Taiyue Suites, 16 Sanlitun Nanlu
An Avenue. T: 010 6526 3388
T: 010 6500 6704
NIGHT
Seafood barbeque is the all time favorite. This season, fresh abalone, Boston lobster, king of razor clam from abysmal sea will be delicately cooked to tickle your taste buds. Elegant decor and ambiance makes the dining experience perfect for impressing business partners and friends.
Jianguomen Waidajie, Chaoyang District. T: 010 6460 6688
HONZEN •Kempinski Hotel Beijing, 50
Bleu Marine •5 Guanghua Xili.
(a la carte) Fresh Seafood Barbeque
Court •LG/F,TheTheGarden St. Regis Beijing, 21
Chaoyang District. T: 010 6417 6688
40 TalkMagazine
(a la carte) Perfectly experience Chaozhou and Hunan flavors This Baroque style restaurant serves elaborate Chaozhou fare and fragrant Hunan dishes which are sure to please everyone. Helmed by award-winning Master Chef Tan, the Restaurant boasts a breathtaking white marble decor, elegant chandeliers, and a view of beautiful greenery outdoors.
•2F,Domain No.22 Jiuxianqiao Road,
Chaozhou Restaurant •MayJade 1 – June 30 Lunch and Dinner
No. 6, Chaowai Dajie. T: 010 5900 4538 City •52 Lohao Jingshun Lu.
T: 010 8459 4647 Food Center •15 Schindler's Zaoying Beili. T: 010 6591 9370 Mart Wanda Plaza •B1,Wal Wanda Plaza, 93 Jianguo Lu Plaza, 93 Jianguo Lu. T: 010 5960 3566
World Health Store •Room 2152, 1/F , A section, North
Tower, SOHO Shangdu, 8 Dongdaqiao Rd. T: 010 5900 2209
T: 010 6465 3388
T: 010 8391-3311 x 813
T: 010 6584 3353
Club •143Dao Xizhimenwai Da Jie, West
T: 010 8261 3366 x 702
Triumph Plaza, 1/F. T: 010 8801 6848
Queen Club •6 Gongti Xilu. T: 010 6553 3555
Haze •A101, Guanghua Lu SOHO, 22
Inner Affair •6 Xiliujie, Sanlitun. T: 010 8454 0899
Guanghua Lu. T: 010 5900 6128
•79 Tango Hepingli Xijie. T: 010 6428 2288 •
Tang Micheng 8 Chaoyang Park West Gate T: 010 6500 8888
•B1,Amber Bldg B, The Place, A9 Guanghua Lu. T: 010 8269 6933
•
Passion KTV 1/F, West Hall, The Great Wall Sheraton Hotel. T: 010 6590 1104
•A8 Armaini Gongti Beilu. T: 010 5167 3333
Beijing Hotel •22 East Jiuxianqiao Lu, Chaoyang District
Paw Paw •Beijing City Hotel, First Floor, Gongti
T: 010 8426 0888
MGM •Inside Worker's Stadium West Gate,
Dajie. T: 010 8511 7777
•
Rd.Chaoyang District. T: 010 6551 5555
Beilu #4. T: 010 6500 7827
No. 88. T: 010 6552 5556/9
G3 Palace 3 Gongti Xilu. T: 010 6553 6699 Hong Club •1 Gongti Nan Lu. T: 010 6552 8338
•B1 Hollywood Huasheng Plaza, 12 Yabaolu T: 010 5120 6758
Palace Club •Builing A, Chaowai Soho, No. 6
Chaowai Street. T: 010 5840 1885
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BAR 19 TANGLA Hotel, 19 Fuxingmenwai Street, Chang’an Avenue West T: 010 5857 6688 x 6819 Hei Club •EastHeiGate of Workers’ Stadium T: 010 6553 2228
•
Fairmont Beijing •Yong'an Dongli Road, Jianguomenwai Gallery Hotel •NO.50 Workers’Stadium North
Hilton Beijing •1 Dongfang Lu, Dongsanhuan Beilu T: 010 5865 5000
Hilton Beijing Wangfujing Hotel •8 Wangfujing East Street T: 010 5812 8888
•
Hotel G Beijing A7 Gongti Xilu. T: 010 6552 3600 Hotel Nikko New Century Beijing •6 Shouti Nanlu. T: 010 6849 2001
•
11 Financial Street. T: 010 5852 5888
J&E Mansion •Honglingjin Park, Chaoyang District
Club •B1/F,Vegas Ritan International Hotel, 39
T: 010 5139 8739
•3/F,Tango 79 Hepingli Xijie. T: 010 6428 2288
Place Chaoyang District. T: 010 5908 8954
EZ •1/F,Club Wudaokou U-Center, 28 Chengfu Lu. M: 189 0114 7080
CN Club •House 79, 4 Gongti North Road T: 010 6615 2999
•1/F,WuNW corner, Wudaokou U-Center M: 189 1020 6978
Club •706,Share 7/F Zhongyu Plaza, 6A Gongti North Rd. 400 899 1300
•RmBossanova 209 Taiyue Studios, 16 Sanlitun
South Street. T: 010 6500 3351/134 6667 7852 Le-Nest •8 Gongti North Street, Gongti East Gate. T: 010 6553 2228
Lantern Bar •Gongti West Road. M: 139 1197 7989 Saint Island Club •Yuhui Nanlu, Shaoyaoju Beili T: 010 8461 2340
Marriott Beijing •83 JW Jian Guo Road, China Central Kempinski Hotel Beijing •Lufthansa Center
50 Liangmaqiao Lu. T: 010 6465 3388
Yard •6/F,Yoga 17 Gongti Beilu. T: 010 6413 0774
Pakistan Embassy College 1 Dongzhimenwai Dajie T: 010 6532 6660
International Clinic •Rm.Bioscor 1008 E-Tower, C12 Guanghua Lu
Yogi Yoga (Ritan Park) •North Gate, Ritan Park
Potter's Wheel •International School
Yoga, Easy Life •Rm.Easy 503, Bldg 2, Jianwai SOHO
Amcare Women's & •Children's Hospital
Yogi Yoga (Zhongguancun) 8/F, Zhongxin Shuma Plaza, 52 Beisihuan Xilu. T: 010 6269 2352
•
Vista Medical Center 3/F Kerry Center, 1 Guanghua Lu T: 010 8529 6618
T: 010 6503 5707
S106, 1/F, Lufthansa Center, 50 Liangmaqiao Lu. T: 010 6465 1561
9 Fangyuan Xilu, Jiangtai West Road 9-9. 400 100 0016 TCM Traditional Chinese •Medicine OHS Clinic-Oriental
Health Solution Rm.D, 29/F, Bldg B, Oriental Kenzo Building, Dongzhimen Waidajie T: 010 8447 6886 Smart Health Medical and •Dental 215, Lido Place, 6 Jiangtai Lu T: 010 6437 6898
T: 010 5863 8241
• Renaissance Beijing Chaoyang Hotel
36 Xiao Yun Road, Chaoyang District T: 010 6468 9999 Financial Street •1 JinRitz-Carlton Cheng Fang Street East,
Hotel, Beijing •29 Shangri-La Zizhuyuan Road Haidian District Beijing Dongcheng Hotel •36 Sheraton North Third Ring Road East, Dongcheng District. T: 010 5825 7944 Sofitel Wanda Beijing •Wanda Plaza, 93 Jianguo Lu
•
Flower Medical Center of •Beijing
Hengxiang Mansion 1st floor No. 15 Tuan Jie Hu Street Chaoyang District T: 010 8597 7096
Fitness & Yoga
Opposite House •TheThe Village at Sanlitun, Building 1, 11 Sanlitun Beilu. T: 010 6417 6688 The Peninsula Beijing •8 Jinyu Hutong, Wangfujing
Emperor Hotel Beijing •33 The Qihelou Street, Dongcheng District T: 010 6526 5566
Zhou Yoga •yihaiChan dasha 1701, liu dao kou, xue
yuan lu, haidian. M: 159 1081 6634 Shine Center •Room 2501, Cell#5, Building #4, UHN
Gongyuan Xilu. T: 010 5905 6067/6077 Lotus •RmYogi 301, Bldg 5 D4, 9
Chegongzhuang Dajie. T: 010 8831 2208/8831 2209 Yoga •5A Pinkstyle The Gate Tower North B, 19 Zhongguancun Ave. T: 010 8248 8119
Hot Yoga •RmOmShanti 2, 1/F, Bldg C, Huanqiu Maoyi
Therapeutic Retreat •17 Bodhi Gongti Beilu. T: 010 6413 0226 Retreat •1/F,Dragonfly Eastern Inn, 6 Baijiazhuang Lu T: 010 6593 6066
•
MuZen Retreat 60 Andingmen Dong Lu T: 010 6406 3566 Society •5F Waxing Haiyuncang International Plaza,
Meili Shijie •1/F,Somerest Grand Fortune Gardens, 46 Liangmaqiao Lu. T: 010 8440 1918
Beauty Salon •RmDaisy's 301, Bldg B, Sunshine 100 Apt, No 2 Guanghua Donglu T: 010 5100 0556/7
Julie's Salon •Workers' Stadium Door 10, Chaoyang District, Beijing. M: 136 0137 1790
Danny's Hair Salon •Season Club B36, Dongzhimen Waidajie, Chunxiu Road T: 010 8453 0399/817
ERIC Paris Salon(Lido Hotel) •Inside Lido Hotel, 112 Jichang Lu M: 135 0107 5843
•55 Frost Xingfucun Zhong Lu
T: 010 6417 9148/138 1107 4516 Paris Salon(Westin) •F5,ERIC the Westin Beijing, B9 Financial Street. T: 010 6629 7865
Bodies Tanning & •ProBronze Shop 6/F, 17 Gongti Beilu T: 010 6413 1180
Show Palace Hair Styling •Studio Rm 1027, 3.3 Fashion Plaza, 33 Sanlitun Lu. T: 010 5136 5534/5
•
K.U.L Hair Salon W216, 2\F, Bldg A, Fortune Plaza T: 010 6533 0028
Hosa Fitness Centre •6 Jianguomen Wai Dajie, SK Building
Yoga Center •RmSansthing 201, Bldg 6, Lishui Gardens
A, Rm 3201
Westin Workout •7 North Dongsanhuan Road,
Dongzhimen Waidajie. T: 010 5139 6208
Fitness •BldgOzone 2, 6/F, Zhubang 2000 Building, 99 Balizhuang Xili. T: 010 8586 5583
T: 010 6467 8221
"Blackbox" room No. 77 Baiziwan Nan Er Road. M: 135 0105 6857
Bikram Yoga Beijing •Pacific Century Place, 2A Gongti Bei Lu. T: 010 6539 3434
HEALTH
YIHE 42 Hot Yoga ( Blue •Castle)
M: 139 1029 0260
3/F, No. 2 South Building, Blue Castle, Dawang Lu. T: 010 8599 7395 YIHE 42 Hot Yoga (Gongti •Beilu)
T: 010 5985 0333
3FA, Grand Rock Plaza, Gongti Beilu T: 010 5190 9833
GlobalCare Women & •Children's Hospital
42 •1/F,OmBldgYoga 9, Lido Apartment Building
24 Xi Dawang Lu. T: 010 8776 9899
District . T: 010 6501 0799
Wai. T: 010 6533 6922
Senz Spa 109, 1/F, Bldg 1, 1 Baijiazhuang Road T: 010 5967 0458
Studio •1 XinAlona Yuan Nan Lu.
International Hospital •BldgOASIS C1, 9 Jiuxianqiao North Road
99 Massage and Spa Center •703E-Tower, Guanghualu, Chaoyang
Hummingbird Spa •Tower 26, Central Park, Chaoyangmen
•
District. T: 010 5907 8888
Dental
ZigZag Massage & Nails 52B Wuaoying Hutong T: 010 8404 0020
TATA •Gongti North Gate. T: 010 8511 3880
•
T: 010 5139 8922
Vikasa Yoga Shala •RmPrana 2409, 4/F North Tower, SOHO Shangdu, 8 Dongdaqiao Rd T: 010 5869 6438
EDUCATION Schools School •No.3e9-1International Jiang Tai Xi Lu
Beanstalk International •Kindergarten
Traders Upper East Hotel •2 Dongsihuan Beilu, Chaoyang
Chaoyangmen Wai. T: 010 6533 6922
Chaoyang Gongyuan Xilu T: 010 6538 1098
Unit 303, 3/F IFC Mall, 1-3 Xinyuan Nanlu. T: 010 8444 2388
Yanhui Yoga Pilates Studio •Beijing City International School,
•
Hummingbird Spa •Tower 26, Central Park,
Greenlake 1513 Spa •Rm.1513 Greenlake Garden, 9
Kangning Massage •Entrance1, 8 Xinyuan Nanlu
The Westin Beijing Chaoyang •7 North DongSanhuan road, Sanlitun The Westin Beijing Financial Stree 9B, Financial Street, XiCheng District T: 010 6606 8866
Bldg. 1, 11 Sanlitun Beilu T: 010 6410 5016
T: 010 6508 1241
Yoga Summit The Grand Summit Park 5, Bldg 17, Tianshui Xiyuan. T: 010 5935 9136
Andingmen Nei Da Jie. M: 135 2042 9129
Gymnasium •10 Chaoyang Yaojiayuan Lu. T: 010 8597 7888
Yanshaqiao. T: 010 5922 8888
•TheKocoon Opposite House, Basement 2,
Massage Center •1/F,Paradise Shouqi Plaza, A3 Zaoying Lu
Regent Health Club 5/F, The Regent Hotel, 88 Jinbao Jie T: 010 8522 1888
Block 7 No. 9 Yard Fang Yuan South St. T: 010 8457 8359
Place Chaoyang District T: 010 5908 8951
Beijing •83ATheJianRitz-Carlton Guo Road, China Central
BEAUTY
Nanlu, Dongsihuan Beilu T: 010 5129 6876
Lu. M: 139 1179 8376
No.6 North Road of East Fourth Ring Road, Chaoyang District T: 010 5130 7951
China World Hotel Beijing •1 Jianguomenwai Dajie
T: 010 6338 1888
Haidian District. T: 010 6259 6702
T: 010 6437 3344
by Hilton Beijing •168Doubletree Guang'anmen Waidajie
Yoga •No.6Mountain Gongzhufen Cun,Xiangshan,
Lake Club •35 East Dongzhimen Waidajie
Marriott Hotel Northeast •26ABeijing Xiaoyun Lu. T: 010 5927 8888
Crowne Plaza Park View Wuzhou •8 Beisihuan Zhonglu. T: 010 8498 2288
Dajie. T: 010 6513 2188/6522 7168
Honglingjin Park, 5 Houbalizhuang T: 010 8583 3731
Lilyspring Spa •North Door Dongshanshu, Dongfeng
Aqua Salus Urban Retreat •Taiyue Height 106, 16 South Sanlitun
HOTELS
International Airport. T: 010 6456 5588
Yoga ( Oriental Plaza) •5/F,Yogi Oriental Plaza, 218-2 Wangfujing
Yew Chung International •School of Beijing
Chang'an Avenue. T: 010 6523 0333
with Yonnie •CheYoga Nian Dian Hutong, just off
T: 010 6553 2288
Hotel Beijing Airport •No.9CITIC Xiao Tianzhu Road, Capital
•
Western Academy of Beijing 10 Laiguangying Dong Lu T: 010 5986 5588
One Spa •2\F,InBldg E, Beijing Hotel, 33 East
Richmond Park Leisure •Fitness Center
Gym Ginza Mall •C/F,Powerhouse Kenzo Office Bldg, 48
T: 010 6505 2299
1 Chajia Donglu, Langxinzhuang T: 010 8538 6977
8 Chaoyanggongyuan Nanlu T: 010 6539 8888
Center, Anzhen Bridge, North Third Ring Rd. T: 010 5825 6846/5825 6246
Swissôtel Beijing •2 Chaoyangmen Bei Dajie
World Summit Wing Beijing •No.China 1 Jianguomenwai Avenue
T: 010 8561 5506/5507
Springs Spa •B1\F,Palm Palm Springs International Club,
Kerry Sports Center •1 Guanghua Lu. T: 010 6561 8833
T: 010 8599 6666
Bikram Hot Yoga 5/F, Bldg E, Yingke Centre, 2A Gongti Beilu. T: 010 6539 3434
•
Beijing Capital Hotel •61 Renaissance Dongsanhuan Middle Road
KindyROO International •Early Childhood Development
•
7 Ritan Donglu. T: 010 8562 9998
Club •78 Cross Sanlitun Nanlu. T: 010 6586 5020
Dong Cheng District T: 010 5811 8678
Stadium. T: 010 6553 5815
Lido Office Tower 3, Lido Place, 6 Jiangtai Road. T: 010 6430 1600
Academy Maple Drive-in Theater,21 Liangmaqiao Lu. T: 010 8457 4397
Chaoyang District, Beijing T: 010 5922 8888
Marriott Hotel City Wall •No.7Beijing Jian Guo Men South Avenue,
Yoga •1/F,Universal Gongti Literary Garden, Workers
Guo Jia Chinese Medicine Clinic Rm. 23A, 23/F, Tower B, Zhonghai Zijing Haoting, 30 Dongsanhuan Beilu T: 010 8598 0423
Raffles Hotels & Resorts •33 Dong Chang'an Jie. T: 010 6526 3388
Harrow International •School Beijing
M: 139 1176 7521/133 9190 0713
42 Hot Yoga (Solana) •3/F,YIHE Bldg. 14, Solana, No. 6 Chaoyang
T: 010 8567 1234
Yoga (Shunyi) •1/F,Fine Le Leman Lake Club House
Resource Hospital •18 King's Xiaoyun Lu. T: 010 6468 1355
Park Hyatt Beijing •2 Jianguomen Wai, Yintai Center
The Family Learning House •Jianwai SOHO West Zone
287, Hegezhuang Village, Cuigezhuang County. T: 010 6444 8900
Legendale Hotel Beijing •90-92 Jinbao Street. T: 010 8511 3388 New World Hotel Beijing Hujialou, Near Hujialou Subway Station. T: 010 6597 8888
Airport Road. T: 010 6454 9000
Tower 2, 16/F, 3 Xi Dawang Lu T: 010 5900 3192/139 1176 7521
Chang'an Jie. T: 010 6559 6769
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T: 010 6583 1818/6583 5757/6581 5656
Bayley & Jackson Medical •Center
Yoga ( Blue Castle) •BlueFine Castle International Centre,
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Nice •1/F,Club Zhongfu Building, 99 Jianguo Lu.
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International Village, Xibahe Dongli #2, Chaoyang District. M: 151 1001 9193
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Club Rumors Basement, Wudaokou Hotel M: 136 3312 7700
Beijing International SOS •24-Hour Clinic
Waidajie T: 010 6515 6272/73, 6515 7891/92
Medical Services •SuiteConfidant 701, 7/F Beijing Tower, 10 Dong
Kerry Hotel Beijing 1 Guang Hua Road. T: 010 6561 8833
Financial Street. T: 010 6601 6666
LIV Club 2/F, 6 Gongti Xilu. T: 010 6708 9898
218 Xiaoguan Beili, Anwai Dajie T: 010 6496 8888
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Shenlu Jie. T: 010 6588 8887
Yogi Yoga (Chaoyang Park) •Tennis Center, Chaoyang Park
New Century International Children’s Hospital (NCICH) No.56 Nanlishi Road, Xicheng District T: 010 6802 5588
Grand Millennium Beijing 7 DongSanHuan Middle Road, Chaoyang District. T: 010 8587 6888
Charm Club •Workers Stadium, north of Fubar
•
Grand Hyatt Beijing •1 Dongchang'an Jie. T: 010 8518 1234
Imperial Courtyard 16 Huayuandongxiang. T: 010 6708 5978
SimSim 03-90 Ritan Highlife, 39 Shenlu Jie T: 010 8569 0331
Zen Place Yoga Club Dulwich College Beijing •24/F,TheJingtai •Legend Building, 24 Jianguomen Garden Campus, 89 Capital
5/F, Beijing New World Shopping Mall, Chongwenmen. T: 010 6708 5077
Suite 105, Wing 1, Kunsha Building, No.16 Xinyuanli, Chaoyang District T: 010 6462 9112
Link Star Unit 258, 2/F, Bldg E, World City, 8 Jinhui Lu. T: 010 8590 7430
T: 010 6551 2877
The New World Eaton •Medical Center
T: 010 6437 8810
Beanstalk International •Bilingual School
1/F B Building, No 40 Liangmaqiao Rd, Chaoyang District. T: 010 6466 9255 Beijing BISS International •School 17, Area 4, Anzhen Xili. T: 010 6443 3151
World Youth Academy •18 Beijing Huajiadi Beili. T: 010 6461 7787 School of Beijing •9 AnBritish Hua Street. T: 010 8047 3588
1 Haiyuncang Hutong, Dongcheng District. T: 010 5123 9397
Road. T: 010 6501 2881
T: 010 6463 1399
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•A11Aibosen Liufang Beili. T: 010 6465 2044 •BldgZenspa 1, A8 Xiaowuji Lu T: 010 8731 2530
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Regency Taipan Ambassy Court, Basement, No 55 East 3rd ring road. T: 010 6509 1388 Spa •5/F,I Tower 2, Taiyue Suites, 16
Salon(Kerry Center) •ShopERIC123,Paris Kerry Center, 1 Guanghua Toni & Guy Hairdressing( IFC •Mall)
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Tony Studio(Wangfujing) 919, 9/F, Bldg 2, Beijing APM, Wangfujing. T: 010 6528 1568 Toni&Guy Hairdressing •(Seasons Place)
4F, Seasons Place Shopping Centre, 2. Jinchengfang Street, Xicheng District. T: 010 6622 0316 Tony Studio(Jianwai SOHO) •V-0117, Bldg 9, Jianwai SOHO, 39 Dongsanhuan Zhonglu T: 010 5869 4697
California Fitness •L3/L4, South Building, The Place, 9
Sanlitun Nanlu. T: 010 6507 1517
Guanghua Lu. 400 810 0988 T: 010 6587 1288
F Spa •Chaowai SOHO, B115-121, Zone C
Vita Hair Styling & •DayDolce Spa
T: 010 5900 1868
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Oriental Taipan Massage and Spa 2/F, Block 9, Lido Place, A2 Fangyuan Xilu. T: 010 6437 6299 Essence Vale Spa •4 Yuyang Lu, Houshayu T: 010 8041 7588
Bldg. 5, Baijiazhuang. T: 010 6501 7256
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Fushi Ladies Hair Reviviscence & Maintenance Salon Rm.705, Bldg 5, Jianwai SOHO T: 010 5869 7620 Feng Chao Liang Yan Beauty •Salon
Spa by Westin •5/F,Heavenly Westin Beijing Chaoyang, 7 North
2A2, Bldg 15, Oulujingdian Building, Yayuncun. T: 010 8485 2874
Aixin Massage Keep-fit Center •Rm.202, 2/F, Bldg 1, Fulihuayuan, 40
1/F, Bldg 7, Julong Huayuan, 68 Xinzhongjie. T: 010 6551 8091/9596
East Third Ring Road. T: 010 5922 8531
Maizidianjie. T: 010 6504 6490
Oasis Resort & Spa •2/F,Yan Novotel Oasis Hotel, Yanjiao
Rejuva Institute of Age •Management
Focus Beauty Salon •B1,50 Liangmaqiao Lu, Kempinski Hotel Beijing Lufthsansa Center T: 010 6465 3388
Canadian International •School of Beijing
Economic & Technological Development Zone. T: 010 6159 2299
Learning Center •of Children's Beijing
Bldg. 5, Baijiazhuang. T: 010 6501 7256
Dongsihuan Beilu. T: 010 5130 7068
de Feng for Men only •Rm.Spa 204 Binduyuan, 15 Zaoying Beili,
See Yu •Rm.Chuk 11-102, Baihuan Jiayuan,
38 Liangmaqiao Lu. T: 010 6465 7788
3052 & 3056 Gahood Villa’s, Baixinzhuang, Houshayu T: 010 8046 7082
Vita Hair Styling & •DayDolce Spa
Nongzhanguan Beilu. T: 010 6501 2881
La Feuille •C1-4-1-0103, Upper East Side, 6
Shuangjing Qiao. T: 010 6772 6847
January-February15 TalkMagazine
SOUTH CHINA DINING Café/Afternoon Tea
•1/F,Alfresco Hilton Guangzhou Tianhe, 215
Linhe Xi Heng Lu, Tianhe District. T: 020 6683 3610
林下轩：广州天河区林和西横路 215号广州天河新天希尔顿酒店首层
Italian Café •TianAurora Lun Garden, Jianshe Si Ma Lu. T: 020 8356 0733
奥罗拉意式咖啡馆：广州建设四马路 天伦花园首层
Veranda •2/FCafé China Hotel, A Marriott Hotel, 122 Liuhua Lu. T: 020 8666 6888 x 3248 丽廊咖啡厅：广州流花路122号中国 大酒店2楼
Coffee •VokaMaan Street, 460 Tianhe Bei Lu,
Tianhe District. T: 020 8751 7080 漫咖啡：广州天河区天河北路460号 沃凯街
Atrium •70/F,The5 Zhujiang West Road, Pearl
River New City, Tianhe District. T: 020 8883 3370
中庭酒吧：广州天河区珠江新城珠江 西路5号广州四季酒店70楼
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The Cascade Café 1/F Garden Hotel, 368 Huanshi Dong Lu. T: 020 8333 8989 x 3909 观瀑廊咖啡厅：广州观市东路368号 花园酒店1楼
Espression •14,Lavazza 1/F, Onelink Walk, 230-232
Tianhe Road, Tianhe District. T: 020 3899 2863 广州天河区万菱汇1楼14铺
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Sky Café 45/F, Asian Hotel, 326 Huanshi Dong Lu. T: 020 6128 8888 x 4583 云顶阁：广州环市东路326号之一亚 洲国际大酒店45楼
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T Lounge & Bar 1/F, Hilton Guangzhou, Tianhe, 215 Linhe Xi Heng Lu, Tianhe District T: 020 6683 3610 广州天河区林和西横路215号广州天 河新天希尔顿酒店首层
Chinese/Cantonese Sheng Restaurant •33Bing Dongxiao Lu. T: 020 3428 6910
168 Tianhe Dong lu. T: 020 8751 8683 1-4/F Wefeng Hotel, 438 Jiangnan Dadao Nan. T: 020 8447 2844 炳胜：东晓路33号；天河东路 168号；江南大道南438号五凤酒 店1-4楼
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Five Zen5es 2F, The Westin Pazhou, 681 Fengpu Zhong Road, Haizhu District. T: 020 8918 1226 中国元素中餐厅：广州海珠区凤浦中 路681号广州广交会威斯汀酒店2楼
Hongmian Chinese •Restaurant
4/F, The Westin Guangzhou,6, Linhe Zhong Lu, Tianhe District. T: 020 2886 6868 红棉中餐厅：广州天河区林和中路 6号广州海航威斯汀酒店4楼
•3/F,LaiTheHeen Ritz-Carlton, Guangzhou,
Xing’an Lu, Zhujiang New Town, Tianhe District. T: 020 3813 6688 丽轩中餐厅：广州天河区珠江新城兴 安路3号广州富力丽思卡尔顿酒店3楼
Wan Market •2/F,LaiGarden Hotel, 368 Huanshi Dong Lu. T: 020 8333 8989 x 3922
荔湾亭：广州环市东路368号花园 酒店2楼
Chinois •6/F,LeSofitel Guangzhou Sunrich, 988 Guangzhou Dadao Zhong, Tianhe District. T: 020 3883 8888 x 3342
南粤宫：广州大道中988号广州圣丰 索菲特大酒店6楼
Xuan •5/F,SuiHilton Guangzhou Tianhe, 215
Linhe Xi Heng Lu, Tianhe District. T: 020 6683 3666/3668
广州天河区林和西横路215号广州天 河新天希尔顿酒店5层
Penthouse •22/F,TheGrand Hyatt Guangzhou,
12Zhujiang Xi Lu, Zhujiang New Town, Tianhe District. T: 020 8396 1234 s 3398 空中花园：天河区珠江新城珠江西路 12号富力君悦酒店22楼
Heen •71/F,Yu5Yue Zhujiang West Road, Pearl
River New City, Tianhe District. T: 020 8883 3371
愉粤轩：广州天河区珠江新城珠江西 路5号广州四季酒店71楼
Italian Mondo •72/F,Caffe 5 Zhujiang West Road, Pearl
River New City, Tianhe District. T: 020 8883 3373
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Dong lu. T: 020 8917 8888 x 6418
Yue Sheraton Guangzhou Hotel, 208 Tianhe Lu, Tianhe District. T: 020 6668 8888
Southeast Asian Basil French Vietnamese •Restaurant
No.20 Haiming Lu, Up Zone Residence Bldg. Zhujiang New Town, Tianhe District. T: 020 3831 2567 金不换法越风味餐厅：广州天河区 珠江新城海明路20号力迅上筑西区 A005铺
CoolThai •Shangri-La Hotel, 1 Huizhan Dong
Lu, Haizhu District. T: 020 8917 8888 ext 6450 香泰：广州海珠区会展东路1号香格 里拉酒店
Malaysia mania •ShopPenang 49-51, 475 Huanshi Dong Lu, Yuexiu District. T: 020 8760 8599 Hours: 11am - 10.30pm
槟城马来西亚餐厅：广州越秀区环 市东路475号之三东都大世界1楼 49-51号
5 •G/F,Soi1 Jianshe Liu Ma Lu, Yuexiu District. T: 020 8388 3821
广州越秀区建设六马路1号誉海食 街1楼
•2/FFurusato Garden Hotel, 368 Huanshi Dong Lu. T: 020 8333 8989 x 3925/3926
故乡日本料理：广州环市东路368号 花园酒店2楼
•4/F,Kaiseki Lobby No.2, Chimelong Hotel, Panyu Dadao, Panyu District. T: 020 8378 6838 x 61488
怀石料理日本餐厅：广州番禺区迎宾 路长隆酒店2楼大堂4层
Long Ye Cheng •Shop 213, Office Tower, China Hotel.
T: 020 8666 6888 x 2256.2257 33 Miaoqian Zhi Jie. T: 020 8767 5603 龙野城：广州中国大酒店商务楼 213铺；广州庙前直街33号
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Kumoi 72/F, 5 Zhujiang West Road, Pearl River New City, Tianhe District. T: 020 8883 3372 云居：广州天河区珠江新城珠江西路 5号广州四季酒店72楼
•42F,Mai The Westin Pazhou, 681 Fengpu
Zhong Road, Haizhu District. T: 020 8918 1246
舞日本料理：广州海珠区凤浦中路 681号广州广交会威斯汀酒店42楼
•3/F,Nadaman Shangri-La Hotel, Guangzhou, 1 Huizhan Dong Lu, Haizhu District. T: 8917 6498
滩万日本料理：广州海珠区会展东路 1号广州香格里拉大酒店3楼
Fusion
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2 on 988 2/F, Sofitel Guangzhou Sunrich, 988Guangzhou Dadao Zhong, Tianhe District. T: 020 3883 8888 x 3304 全日制餐厅：广州大道中988号广州 圣丰索菲特大酒店2楼
Catch •100/F, 5 Zhujiang West Road, Pearl
River New City, Tianhe District. T: 020 8883 3300
佰汇鲜：广州天河区珠江新城珠江西 路5号广州四季酒店100楼
389 Tianhe Lu, Tianhe District. T: 020 3808 8884
广州天河区天河路389号广州文华东 方酒店4楼
Xing’an Lu, Zhujiang New Town, Tianhe District. T: 020 3813 6688 广州天河区珠江新城兴安路3号广州 富力丽思卡尔顿酒店1楼
Seasonal Tastes •2/F, The Westin Guangzhou, 6 Linhe
Zhong Lu, Tianhe District. T: 020 2826 6967 1/F, The Westin Pazhou, 681 Fengpu Zhong Road, Haizhu District. T: 020 8918 1206
知味：广州天河区林和中路6号广州海 航威斯汀酒店2楼；广州海珠区凤浦中 路681号广州广交会威斯汀酒店1楼
Twist Mediterranean •Restaurant
106/F, The Canton Tower, 222 Yuejiang Zi Lu, Haizhu District. T: 020 8933 8092 璇玑自助餐厅：广州海珠区阅江西路 222号广州塔106层
January-February15
T: 020 8423 8985 广州市海珠区江南东路晓港花园 19号4楼
•16 McCawley’s Huacheng Dadao, Zhujiang New
Town, Tianhe District. T: 020 3801 7000 / 186 2011 2924
3 Xing’an Lu, Zhujiang New Town, TIanhe District. T: 020 3813 6688
广州圣丰索菲特酒店：天河区广州大 道中988号
The Ritz-Carlton Guangzhou •3, Xing’an Lu, Zhujiang New Town,
Heavenly Spa •6/F, The Westin Guangzhou, 6 Linhe
www.ritzcarlton.com
TIanhe District. T: 020 3813 6688
广州富力丽思卡尔顿酒店：天河区珠 江新城兴安路3号
II Forno Paddy Field •Shangri-La •4thNew Hotel Guangzhou, 1 Huizhan floor, Fineland Tower, 28 Tiyu
Zhong lu, Tianhe District. T: 020 2886 6868 4F, The Westin Pazhou, 681 Fengpu Zhong Road, Haizhu District. T: 020 8918 1928
T: 020 2886 6868
天梦水疗中心：广州天河区林和中路 威斯汀酒店6楼; 广州海珠区凤浦中路 681号广州广交会威斯汀酒店1楼
HOTELS
Pazhou •AreaTheC, Westin Canton Fair Complex, 681
Ponte •2/FIIHilton Guangzhou Tianhe, 215 Linhe Xi Heng Lu, Tianhe District. T: 020 6683 3636
广州天河区林和西横路215号广州天 河新天希尔顿酒店2层
•3/F,Limoni The Ritz-Carlton, Guangzhou,
Xing’an Lu, Zhujiang New Town, Tianhe District. T: 020 3813 6688
Celebrate the famously brief black truffle season at LIMONI with masterful set menus and unforgettable à la carte creations featuring the prized ingredients Dates: July to September Price: Starting from RMB 158 意轩：广州天河区珠江新城兴安路 3号广州富力丽思卡尔顿酒店3楼
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Prego 40/F, The Westin Guangzhou, 6 Lin He Zhong Road, Tianhe District. T: 020 2826 6968 帕戈意大利餐厅：广州市天河区林和 中路6号广州海航威斯汀酒店40楼
Other Western
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1920 4th floor, 1 Jianshe Liu Ma Road, Taojin, Yuexiu District. T: 020 8388 1142 183 Yan Jiang Zhong Road, Haizhu Square. T: 020 8333 6156 Shop67,69,72&76, The Canton Place, Qingfeng Jie, Zhujiang New Town. T: 020 8388 1142
The first and the finest German eatery in Guangzhou 广州越秀区建设六马路1号4楼；广 州越秀区沿江中路183号；广州天 河区珠江新城清风街48号广粤天地 67,69,72,78号铺
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9 Garden No.9 Jiansheliu Ma lu, Yue Xiu District. T: 020 8376 6197
Mediterranean healthy dinning with a nice environment. Hours: 12am – 2am 广州市越秀区建设六马路9号
Dream Garden •Ground floor Guangdong Museum of Art by the Pearl river, 38 Yanyu road, Ersha Island. T: 020 8732 0368 广州市二沙岛烟雨路38号
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G 22/F, Grand Hyatt Guangzhou, 12, ZhuJiang Xi Lu, Zhujiang New Town, Tianhe District. T: 020 8396 1234 x 3423 广州天河区珠江新城珠江西路12号富 力君悦酒店22楼
Grill •6/F,LeSofitel Guangzhou Sunrich, 988 Guangzhou Dadao Zhong, Tianhe District. T: 020 3883 8888 x 3344
香榭丽舍扒房：广州大道中988号广 州圣丰索菲特大酒店6楼
Dong Road, Tianhe District. T: 020 8398 6181
Food for the hungry, Drink for the thirsty, Home for the homeless. 广州市天河区体育东路28号方圆 大厦4楼
Lounge •1/F,Pearl The Ritz-Carlton, Guangzhou
, Xing’an Lu, Zhujiang New Town, Tianhe District. T: 020 3813 6688
Guangzhou
Chateau Star River Hotel •YingBin Lu, Panyu District.
One •AreaTheA, Zhujiang Party Pier Beer
www.chateaustarriver.com
Culture & Art Zone, Modiesha Tunnel, Yue Jiang Xi Lu, Haizhu District. T: 186 8021 3380 Biggest nightclub with great sounds, light systems and captivating programs.
广州海珠区阅江西路磨碟沙隧道珠江 琶醍啤酒文化创意艺术区A号
•
The Soul 12 Jiang She Liu Ma Road, Taojin, Yuexiu District. T: 020 8386 6939 Best Cocktails in Town
广州越秀区建设六马路12号
•
Tian Bar 99/F, 5 Zhujiang West Road, Pearl River New City, Tianhe District T: 020 8883 3399 天吧：广州天河区珠江新城珠江西路 5号广州四季酒店99楼
Rebel •42 Rebel Tiyu Dong Road, Tianhe District T: 020 8520 1579
广州天河区体育东路42号
Petal Place •ShopTheF13/B, Redtory, 685 Linjiang
Dadao, Tianhe District. T: 020 3703 9106 花半间景观概念餐厅：天河区临江大 道685号红专厂创意园区F13/B铺
Tandoor •2/F,The Asia International Hotel, 326,
Hair Corner •L225, 2/F, Taikoo Hui Shopping Mall,
天都里印度餐厅：广州市环市东路 326号亚洲国际大酒店2层。
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Magic Hair Salon •6/F, The Westin Guangzhou, 6 Linhe
Zhong Lu, Tianhe District. T: 020 2826 6769 7/F, Sofitel Guangzhou Sunrich, 988 Guangzhou Dadao Zhong. T: 020 3734 5022
NIGHT
明镜台：广州天河区林和中路6号广 州海航威斯汀酒店6楼；广州大道中 988号圣丰索菲特大酒店7楼
District. T: 020 2829 6258
Xi Lu, Pearl River New City, Tianhe District. T: 020 8396 1234
•60,A1Xianlie Dong Henglu, Tianhe 广州天河区先烈东横路60号星坊创 意工作园
One •1/FBar Hilton Guangzhou Tianhe, 215 Linhe Xi Heng Lu, Tianhe District. T: 020 6683 3619/3620
独壹酒吧，广州天河区林和西横路 215号广州天河新天希尔顿酒店首层
345 •4thLoft Floor, 19 Xiao Gang Garden, Jiang Nan Dong Road, Haizhu District.
广州文华东方酒店：天河区天河路 389号
Hotel Tianhe •228Marriott Tianhe Lu, Tianhe District. 广州正佳广场万豪酒店：天河区天 河路228号
www.tandoorchina.com
River New City, Tianhe District. T: 020 8883 3000
Hours: 10am - 10pm
389 Tianhe Lu, Tianhe District. T: 020 3808 8888
广州天河路383号太古汇商城裙楼第 二层L225商铺
Huanshi Dong Lu. T: 020 6260 8999
Vlife 16 Huacheng Dadao, Zhu Jiang New Town, Tianhe District. T: 020 3726 6363
广州天河新天希尔顿酒店：天河区林 和西横路215号
383 Tianhe Lu, Tianhe District. T: 020 3808 8338
Spa •69/F,Hua5 Zhujiang West Road, Pearl
O Spa •Grand Hyatt Guangzhou, 12 Zhujiang 广州天河区珠江新城珠江西路12号广 州富力君悦酒店内
•
So Spa 7/F, Sofitel Guangzhou Sunrich, 988 Guangzhou Dadao Zhong, Tianhe District T: 020 3883 8888 x 2303
So Spa水疗中心：广州大道中988号 广州圣丰索菲特大酒店7楼
The Ritz-Carlton Spa 4/F, The Ritz-Carlton Guangzhou,
Nanshan District. T: 0755 2162 8888
Shenzhen •9009InterContinental Shennan Road, Overseas
Crowne Plaza Guangzhou •Science City
Favorview Palace, Huijing new town, Wushan, Tianhe District. T: 020 3879 7324
BEAUTY
HILTON SHENZHEN SHEKOU NANHAI •No. 1177, Wanghai Road,
广州花都皇冠假日酒店：花都区迎宾 大道189号
800 Sha Tai Bei Road, Baiyun District. T: 020 8720 2019
托普卡皮土耳其烧烤餐厅，广州环市 东路367号1-3楼
Chimelong Hotel •Panyu Dadao, Payu District.
Canadian International •School of Guangzhou
International School •of French Guangzhou 广州法国国际学校
The Westin Guangzhou •6, Linhe Zhong Lu, Tianhe District.
www.guangzhoumarriott.com
Chinese Town. T: 0755 3399 3388 www.intercontinental.com
深圳华侨城洲际酒店：华侨城深南 大道9009号
Marriott Shenzhen •6005JWShennan Boulevard, Futian District. T: 0755 2269 8888
www.JWmarriottshenzhen.com 金茂深圳JW万豪酒店：福田区深南 大道6005号
Hotel Shenzhen •HaiKempinski De San Dao, Hou Hai Bin Road,
Nanshan District. T: 0755 8888 8888 www.kempinski.com
深圳凯宾斯基酒店：南山区后海滨 路海德三道
Polo Shenzhen •28 Marco Fuhua 1st Road, Futian CBD, Shenzhen. T: 0755 8298 9888 www.marcopolohotels.com/
深圳马哥孛罗好日子酒店：福田中心 区福华一路28号
4088 Yi Tian Road, Futian District. T: 0755 8828 4088 www.shangri-la.com
深圳福田香格里拉酒店：福田区益 田路4088号
Sheraton Dameisha Resort, Shenzhen 9 Yankui Road, Dameisha Yantian District. T: 0755 8888 6688 www.starwoodhotels.com/sheraton
深圳大梅沙京基喜来登度假酒店：盐 田区大梅沙盐葵路（大梅沙段）9号
Sheraton Hotel Shenzhen •Futian
Great China International Exchange Square, Fuhua Road, Futian District. T: 0755 8383 8888 www.sheraton.com/shenzhen
深圳福田喜来登酒店，福田区福华路 大中华国际交易广场
Langham Shenzhen •7888TheShennan Boulevard, Futian District. T: 0755 8828 9888
Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport. T: 020 3606 8866
www.shenzhen.langhamhotels.com
Ritz-Carlton Shenzhen •116The Fuhua San Road, Futian District.
www.pullmanhotels.com
Guangzhou Hotel •208Sheraton Tianhe Lu, Tianhe District.
T: 020 6668 8888
Shangri-La Hotel Guangzhou 1, Huizhan Dong Lu, Haizhu District. T: 020 8917 8888
District. T: 0755 2693 6888
广州香格里拉酒店：海珠区会展 东路1号
The Westin Shenzhen Nanshan •9028-2 Shennan Road, Nanshan
www.shangri-la.com
Guangzhou Sunrich •988Sofitel Guangzhou Dadao Zhong, Tianhe District. T: 020 3883 8888 www.sofitel.com
www.szvenicehotel.com
District. T: 0755 2698 8888
www.starwoodhotels.com/westin 深圳益田威斯汀酒店：南山区深南 大道9028-2号
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Vodka, Galliano and orange juice are used to make which classic cocktail?
Which US state is named on the label of a Jack Daniels bottle?
Who was president of Vietnam from 1945-55?
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A couple celebrating their crystal wedding anniversary have been married for how many years?
What is the collective noun for a group of Rhino?
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Harvard and MIT universities are in which Massachusetts city, named after a famous English university/city?
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What is an infant whale commonly called?
'Picaboo' was the 2011 launch name of what popular online application, whose logo is based on Ghostface Killah of the Wu-Tang Clan?
What is the North American Indian name for Bigfoot?
13
In South Korea, a chaebol is a significant family-owned/ operated what?
Who was Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu better known as?
14
What controversial process uses a 'proppant' with 'slickwater' or gel/foam including additives such as hydrochloric acid, guar gum and radioactive tracers?
Which anti-social television character does not like pickles?
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What is the Union of Myanmar traditionally (in the 'west') called?
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What nation is one of the most sparsely populated countries in the EU and has nearly 200,000 lakes?
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Which famous online brand is a green circle containing three stacked arcs?
Which trophy that has been played for since 1900 has often been called, "The ugliest salad bowl in the world"?
Theology is the study of what? In Italian, ragú originally refers to what?
Which famous archipelago comprises eight major islands including Maui, Oahu, Kauai and Molokai?
1. Harvey Wallbanger. 2. Crash. 3. Calf. 4. Sasquatch. 5. Mother Theresa. 6. Dr Gregory House. 7. The Davis Cup. 8. Tennessee. 9. Ho Chi Minh. 10. Fifteen. 11. Cambridge. 12. Snapchat. 13. A form of business conglomerate. 14. Fracking. 15. Burma. 16. Finland. 17. Spotify. 18. The concept of god and religion. 19. Meat-based sauce. 20. Hawaiian Islands
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The simplest alcohol (CH3OH), 'wood spirits', first produced by burning pine, is technically known as?
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Search for definitions: alcohol lamp
Lamp
Lamp
lamp, n. a vessel for burning oil with a wick, and so giving light: a light of any kind.—v.i. (Spens.) to shine.—ns. Lamp′ad (rare), a lamp or candlestick, a torch; Lamp′adary, in the Greek Church, one who looks after the lamps and carries a lighted taper before the patriarch; Lampaded′romy, an ancient Greek torch-race in honour of Prometheus, &c.; Lamp′adist, one who ran in a torch-race; Lampad′omancy, the art of divining by the flame of a lamp or torch; Lamp′black, the black substance formed by the smoke of a lamp: the soot or amorphous carbon obtained by burning bodies rich in that element, such as resin, petroleum, and tar, or some of the cheap oily products obtained from it; Lamp′-burn′er, that part of a lamp in which the wick is held; Lamp′-chim′ney, Lamp′-glass, a glass funnel placed round the flame of a lamp; Lamp′-fly (Browning), a firefly.—adj. Lamp′ic, pertaining to, or derived from, a lamp or flame.—ns. Lamp′ion, a kind of small lamp; Lamp′-light, the light shed by a lamp or lamps; Lamp′-light′er, a person employed to light street-lamps: that by which a lamp is lighted, as a spill or torch; Lamp′-post, the pillar supporting a street-lamp; Lamp′-shell, a terebratuloid or related brachiopod having a shell like an antique lamp.—Smell of the lamp, to show signs of great elaboration or study. [Fr. lampe—Gr. lampas, -ados—lampein, to shine.]
— Chambers 20th Century Dictionary
Alcohol intoxication
Alcohol intoxication
Alcohol intoxication is a physiological state induced by the consumption of alcohol. Intoxication is the consequence of alcohol entering the bloodstream faster than it can be metabolized by the liver. Some effects of alcohol intoxication are central to alcohol's desirability as a beverage and its history as the world's most widespread recreational drug. Common effects are euphoria and lowered social inhibitions. Other effects are unpleasant or dangerous because alcohol affects many different areas of the body at once and may cause progressive, long-term harm when consumed in excess. Common symptoms of alcohol intoxication include slurred speech, euphoria, impaired balance, loss of muscle coordination, flushed face, dehydration, vomiting, reddened eyes, reduced inhibitions, and erratic behavior. Sufficiently high levels of blood-borne alcohol will cause coma and death from the depressive effects of alcohol upon the central nervous system. "Acute alcohol poisoning" is a related medical term used to indicate a dangerously high concentration of alcohol in the blood, high enough to induce coma or respiratory depression. It is considered a medical emergency. The term is mostly used by health care providers. Toxicologists use the term “alcohol intoxication” to discriminate between alcohol and other toxins.
— Freebase
Black light
Black light
A black light, also referred to as a UV-A light, Wood's lamp, or simply ultraviolet light, is a lamp which emits long wave ultraviolet light and not much visible light. The lamp has a dark purple filter material, either on the bulb or in a separate glass filter in the lamp housing, which blocks most visible light and allows through UV, so the lamp has a dim purple glow when operating. Black light bulbs which have this filter have a lighting industry designation that includes the letters "BLB". A second type of bulb which is also called a black light produces ultraviolet but does not have the filter material, so it produces more visible light and has a blue color when operating. These are made for use in "bug zapper" insect traps and are identified by the industry designation "BL". Black light sources may be specially designed fluorescent lamps, mercury vapor lamps, light-emitting diodes, or incandescent lamps. In medicine, forensics, and some other scientific fields, such a light source is referred to as a Wood's lamp. Although many other types of lamp emit ultraviolet light with visible light, black lights are essential when UV-A light without visible light is needed, particularly in observing fluorescence, the colored glow that many substances emit when exposed to UV. Black lights are employed for decorative and artistic lighting effects, for diagnostic and therapeutic uses in medicine, for the detection of substances tagged with fluorescent dyes, rock-hunting, for the detection of counterfeit money, for the curing of plastic resins and for attracting insects. Strong sources of long-wave ultraviolet light are used in tanning beds. Although the low power UV-A emitted by black lights is not a hazard to skin or eyes and can be viewed without protection, powerful ultraviolet sources present dangers and require personal protective equipment such as goggles and gloves.
— Freebase
Light fixture
Light fixture
A light fixture, light fitting, or luminaire is an electrical device used to create artificial light by use of an electric lamp. All light fixtures have a fixture body and a light socket to hold the lamp and allow for its replacement. Fixtures may also have a switch to control the light. Fixtures require an electrical connection to a power source; permanent lighting may be directly wired, and moveable lamps have a plug. Light fixtures may also have other features, such as reflectors for directing the light, an aperture, an outer shell or housing for lamp alignment and protection, and an electrical ballast or power supply. A wide variety of special light fixtures are created for use in the automotive lighting industry, aerospace, marine and medicine. The use of the word "lamp" to describe light fixtures is common slang for an all-in-one luminary unit, usually portable "fixtures" such as a table lamp or desk lamp. In technical terminology, a lamp is the light source, what is typically called the light bulb.
— Freebase
Lamp trimmer
Lamp trimmer
Lamp trimmer was a specialist position onboard ships that involved maintaining oil lamps. In the days when light came from burning oil in lamps, a vessel at sea needed crewmen to constantly care for the lamps. This care involved trimming the wick, which drew the oil up from the storage reservoir, so that the flame would be clean and bright. Lamp trimmers also refilled the reservoirs, which held enough oil for several hours of burning, but not enough to start a major fire if the lamp were to be knocked down or damaged somehow. As vessels became larger, the number of lamp trimmers increased significantly, because the only lighting below decks came from lamps. The position of lamp trimmer was so entrenched into marine tradition that electricians were called lamp trimmers for years after oil lamps had been completely replaced. The skilled part of being a lamp trimmer was the ability to trim a wick in such a way that it would burn evenly, without hot spots, so that it would not need attention again for some time. A poorly trimmed wick creates a flame which is dim and smokey. A properly trimmed wick should come to a rounded point, or should be wedge shaped. When lit, the wick should burn cleanly all the way up to the highest flame it can make. The flame should be at least the width of the wick, and even, not ragged.
— Freebase
Compact fluorescent lamp
Compact fluorescent lamp
A compact fluorescent lamp, also called compact fluorescent light, energy-saving light, and compact fluorescent tube, is a fluorescent lamp designed to replace an incandescent lamp; some types fit into light fixtures formerly used for incandescent lamps. The lamps use a tube which is curved or folded to fit into the space of an incandescent bulb, and a compact electronic ballast in the base of the lamp. Compared to general-service incandescent lamps giving the same amount of visible light, CFLs use one-fifth to one-third the electric power, and last eight to fifteen times longer. A CFL has a higher purchase price than an incandescent lamp, but can save over five times its purchase price in electricity costs over the lamp's lifetime. Like all fluorescent lamps, CFLs contain mercury, which complicates their disposal. In many countries, governments have established recycling schemes for CFLs and glass generally. CFLs radiate a spectral power distribution that is different from that of incandescent lamps. Improved phosphor formulations have improved the perceived color of the light emitted by CFLs, such that some sources rate the best "soft white" CFLs as subjectively similar in color to standard incandescent lamps.
— Freebase
Davy lamp
Davy lamp
The Davy lamp is a safety lamp for use in flammable atmospheres, consisting of a wick lamp with the flame enclosed inside a mesh screen. It was invented in 1815 by Sir Humphry Davy. It originally burned a heavy vegetable oil. It was created for use in coal mines, to reduce the danger of explosions due to the presence of methane and other flammable gases, called firedamp or minedamp. Sir Humphry Davy had discovered that a flame enclosed inside a mesh of a certain fineness cannot ignite firedamp. The screen acts as a flame arrestor; air can pass through the mesh freely enough to support combustion, but the holes are too fine to allow a flame to propagate through them and ignite any firedamp outside the mesh. The news about Davy's lamp was made public at a Royal Society meeting in Newcastle on 3 November 1815, and the paper describing the lamp was formally presented on 9 November. For it, Davy was awarded the Society's Rumford Medal.. The first trial of a Davy lamp with a wire sieve was at Hebburn Colliery on 9 January 1816.
— Freebase
Halogen lamp
Halogen lamp
A halogen lamp, also known as a tungsten halogen lamp or quartz iodine lamp, is an incandescent lamp that has a small amount of a halogen such as iodine or bromine added. The combination of the halogen gas and the tungsten filament produces a halogen cycle chemical reaction which redeposits evaporated tungsten back onto the filament, increasing its life and maintaining the clarity of the envelope. Because of this, a halogen lamp can be operated at a higher temperature than a standard gas-filled lamp of similar power and operating life, producing light of a higher luminous efficacy and color temperature. The small size of halogen lamps permits their use in compact optical systems for projectors and illumination.
— Freebase
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Fetal alcohol syndrome is a pattern of mental and physical defects that can develop in a fetus in association with high levels of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Alcohol crosses the placental barrier and can stunt fetal growth or weight, create distinctive facial stigmata, damage neurons and brain structures, which can result in psychological or behavioral problems, and cause other physical damage. The main effect of FAS is permanent central nervous system damage, especially to the brain. Developing brain cells and structures can be malformed or have development interrupted by prenatal alcohol exposure; this can create an array of primary cognitive and functional disabilities as well as secondary disabilities. Alcohol exposure presents a risk of fetal brain damage at any point during a pregnancy, since brain development is ongoing throughout pregnancy. Fetal alcohol exposure is the leading known cause of mental retardation in the Western world. In the United States and Europe, the FAS prevalence rate is estimated to be between 0.2-2 in every 1000 live births. FAS should not be confused with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, a condition which describes a continuum of permanent birth defects caused by maternal consumption of alcohol during pregnancy, which includes FAS, as well as other disorders, and which affects about 1% of live births in the US. The lifetime medical and social costs of FAS are estimated to be as high as US$800,000 per child born with the disorder. Surveys found that in the United States, 10–15% of pregnant women report having recently drunk alcohol, and up to 30% drink alcohol at some point during pregnancy. The current recommendation of the Surgeon General of the United States,the British Department of Health and the Australian Government National Health and Medical Research Council is to drink no alcohol at all during pregnancy.
— Freebase
Alcoholism
Alcoholism
Alcoholism is a broad term for problems with alcohol, and is generally used to mean compulsive and uncontrolled consumption of alcoholic beverages, usually to the detriment of the drinker's health, personal relationships, and social standing. It is medically considered a disease, specifically an addictive illness, and in psychiatry several other terms are used, specifically "alcohol abuse" and "alcohol dependence," which have slightly different definitions. In 1979 an expert World Health Organization committee discouraged the use of "alcoholism" in medicine, preferring the category of "alcohol dependence syndrome". In the 19th and early 20th centuries, alcohol dependence in general was called dipsomania, but that term now has a much more specific meaning. People suffering from alcoholism are often called "alcoholics". Many other terms, some of them insulting or informal, have been used throughout history. The World Health Organization estimates that there are 140 million people with alcoholism worldwide. The American Medical Association supports a dual classification of alcoholism to include both physical and mental components. The biological mechanisms that cause alcoholism are not well understood. Social environment, stress, mental health, family history, age, ethnic group, and gender all influence the risk for the condition. Significant alcohol intake produces changes in the brain's structure and chemistry, though some alterations occur with minimal use of alcohol over a short term period, such as tolerance and physical dependence. These changes maintain the person with alcoholism's compulsive inability to stop drinking and result in alcohol withdrawal syndrome if the person stops. Alcohol misuse has the potential to damage almost every organ in the body, including the brain. The cumulative toxic effects of chronic alcohol abuse can cause both medical and psychiatric problems.
— Freebase
Fluorescent lamp
Fluorescent lamp
A fluorescent lamp or fluorescent tube is a very low pressure mercury-vapor gas-discharge lamp that uses fluorescence to produce visible light. The electric current excites mercury vapor which produce short-wave ultraviolet light that then causes a phosphor to fluoresce, producing visible light. A fluorescent lamp converts electrical power into useful light much more efficiently than incandescent lamps. The luminous efficacy of a compact fluorescent light bulb is about 60 lumens per watt, four times the efficacy of a typical incandescent bulb. For conventional tube fluorescent lamps the fixture is more costly because it requires a heavy ballast to regulate the current through the lamp, but the lower energy cost typically offsets the higher initial cost. In fact, it is estimated that a legitimate, qualified fluorescent light bulb can result in savings of $6.00 per year. The compact fluorescent light's ballast is contained in the base of the bulb, where the frequency of the AC current is boosted electronically to 60 kilohertz. At this frequency only a very small ballast is needed. While larger fluorescent lamps have been mostly used in commercial or institutional buildings, the compact fluorescent lamp is now available in the same popular sizes as incandescents and is used as an energy-saving alternative in homes.
— Freebase
Sealed beam
Sealed beam
A sealed beam is a type of unitized lamp with a parabolic reflector, one or more filaments, and a glass or polycarbonate lens all permanently attached together and sealed. Originally introduced for road vehicle headlamp service, sealed beams have since been applied elsewhere. Halogen sealed beam lamps have an inbuilt halogen lamp with the filaments contained in a quartz or hard glass envelope. Sealed beams are technically known as parabolic aluminumized reflector or "PAR" lamps. Round PAR lamp diameter is expressed in non-metric units of measurement equal to one eighth of an inch, so a PAR56 lamp, for example, is 56/8" in diameter. Other popular sizes are PAR30, PAR36, PAR38, PAR46, and PAR64. Rectangular PAR lamp size is expressed in millimeters, so a PAR200×142 is 200mm wide and 142mm tall. Sealed beams are available in a variety of nominal voltage ratings, most commonly 6, 12, 24, 28, 120, and 230 V. The actual operating voltage may differ from the nominal rated voltage; for example, "12 volt" sealed beam headlamps are meant for use in automobiles with typical line voltage of 13.5 to 14.2 with the engine running.
— Freebase
Kerosene lamp
Kerosene lamp
The kerosene lamp is a type of lighting device that uses kerosene as a fuel. Kerosene lamps have a wick or mantle as light source, protected by a glass chimney or globe; lamps may be used on a table, or hand-held lanterns may used for portable lighting. There are three types of kerosene lamp: flat wick, central draught, and mantle lamp. Kerosene lanterns meant for portable use a flat wick and are made in dead flame, hot blast, and cold blast variants. Pressurized kerosene lamps have a gas generator and gas mantle; these are known as Petromax, Tilley lamps, or Coleman lamps, among other manufacturers. They produce more light per unit of fuel than wick-type lamps, but are more complex and expensive in construction, and more complex to operate. A hand-pump pressurizes air, which forces liquid fuel from a reservoir into a gas generator. Vapor from the gas generator burns, heating a mantle to incandescence and also providing heat to the gas generator. The first description of a simple lamp using crude mineral oil was provided by al-Razi in 9th century Baghdad, who referred to it as the "naffatah" in his Kitab al-Asrar. In 1846 Abraham Pineo Gesner invented a substitute for whale oil for lighting, distilled from coal. Later made from petroleum, kerosene became a popular lighting fuel. Modern versions of the kerosene lamp were later constructed by the Polish inventor Ignacy Łukasiewicz in 1853 Lviv, and by Robert Edwin Dietz of the United States at about the same time; it is not known which was first.
— Freebase
Arc lamp
Arc lamp
"Arc lamp" or "arc light" is the general term for a class of lamps that produce light by an electric arc. The lamp consists of two electrodes, first made from carbon but typically made today of tungsten, which are separated by a gas. The type of lamp is often named by the gas contained in the bulb; including neon, argon, xenon, krypton, sodium, metal halide, and mercury, or by the type of electrode as in carbon-arc lamps. The common fluorescent lamp is a low-pressure mercury arc lamp.
— Freebase
Rubbing alcohol
Rubbing alcohol
Rubbing alcohol, USP / Surgical spirit, B.P. is a liquid prepared and used primarily for topical application. It is prepared from a special denatured alcohol solution and contains approximately 70 percent by volume of pure, concentrated ethanol or isopropyl alcohol. Individual manufacturers can use their own "formulation standards" in which the ethanol content usually ranges from 70-99% v/v. In Ireland and the UK, the equivalent skin preparation is surgical spirit, which is always an ethyl alcohol-isopropyl alcohol mixture. It is colorless. The melting point is -89 °C. The boiling point is 82.5 °C. The term "rubbing alcohol" has become a general non-specific term for either isopropyl alcohol or ethyl alcohol rubbing-alcohol products.
— Freebase
Blood alcohol content
Blood alcohol content
Blood alcohol content, also called blood alcohol concentration, blood ethanol concentration, or blood alcohol level is most commonly used as a metric of alcohol intoxication for legal or medical purposes. Blood alcohol content is usually expressed as a percentage of alcohol in the blood in units of mass of alcohol per volume of blood or mass of alcohol per mass of blood, depending on the country. For instance, in North America a BAC of 0.1 means that there are 0.10 g of alcohol for every dL of blood.
— Freebase
Alcohol
Alcohol
al′kō-hol, n. pure spirit, a liquid generated by the fermentation of sugar and other saccharine matter, and forming the intoxicating element of fermented liquors.—adj. Alcohol′ic, of or like alcohol.—n. Alcoholisā′tion.—v.t. Al′coholise, to convert into alcohol, or saturate with it: to rectify.—n. Al′coholism, a term employed to denote the symptoms of disease produced by alcoholic poisoning.—Absolute alcohol, alcohol entirely free from water. [Ar. al-koh'l—al, the, koh'l, fine powder of antimony used in the East to stain the eyelids.]
— Chambers 20th Century Dictionary
Binge drinking
Binge drinking
Binge drinking or heavy episodic drinking is the modern epithet for drinking alcoholic beverages with the primary intention of becoming intoxicated by heavy consumption of alcohol over a short period of time. It is a kind of purposeful drinking style that is popular in several countries worldwide, and overlaps somewhat with social drinking since it is often done in groups. The degree of intoxication, however, varies between and within various cultures that engage in this practice. A binge on alcohol can occur over hours or last up to several days. Due to the long-term effects of alcohol misuse, binge drinking is considered to be a major public health issue. Binge drinking is associated with a profound social harm, economic costs as well as increased disease burden. Binge drinking is more common in males, during adolescence and young adulthood. Most binge drinkers are not familiar with the risks associated with binge drinking. Heavy regular binge drinking is associated with adverse effects on neurologic, cardiac, gastrointestinal, hematologic, immune, musculoskeletal organ systems as well as increasing the risk of alcohol induced psychiatric disorders. A US-based review of the literature found that up to one third of adolescents binge drink, with six percent reaching the threshold of having an alcohol-related substance use disorder. Approximately one in 25 women binge drink during pregnancy, which can lead to fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Binge drinking during adolescence is associated with traffic accidents and other types of accidents, violent behavior as well as suicide. The more often a child or adolescent binge drinks and the younger they are the more likely that they will develop an alcohol use disorder including alcoholism. A large number of adolescents who binge drink also consume other psychotropic substances.
— Freebase
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, as part of the U.S. National Institutes of Health, supports and conducts biomedical and behavioral research on the causes, consequences, treatment, and prevention of alcoholism and alcohol-related problems. The NIAAA functions both as a funding agency that supports research by external research institutions and as a research institution itself, where alcohol research is carried out in‐house. It funds approximately 90 percent of all such research in the United States and promotes reductions in the per capita consumption of alcohol. NIAAA also provides leadership in the national effort to reduce the severe and sometimes fatal consequences of these problems. According to its mission statement, the agency provides leadership in the national effort to reduce alcohol-related problems by: Conducting and supporting research in a wide range of scientific areas including genetics, neuroscience, epidemiology, health risks and benefits of alcohol consumption, prevention, and treatment Coordinating and collaborating with other research institutes and federal programs on alcohol-related issues Collaborating with international, national, state, and local institutions, organizations, agencies, and programs engaged in alcohol-related work
— Freebase
Alcohol
Alcohol
a class of compounds analogous to vinic alcohol in constitution. Chemically speaking, they are hydroxides of certain organic radicals; as, the radical ethyl forms common or ethyl alcohol (C2H5.OH); methyl forms methyl alcohol (CH3.OH) or wood spirit; amyl forms amyl alcohol (C5H11.OH) or fusel oil, etc
— Webster Dictionary
Gas-discharge lamp
Gas-discharge lamp
Gas-discharge lamps are a family of artificial light sources that generate light by sending an electrical discharge through an ionized gas, a plasma. The character of the gas discharge depends on the pressure of the gas as well as the frequency of the current: see the entry on a frequency classification of plasmas. Typically, such lamps use a noble gas or a mixture of these gases. Most lamps are filled with additional materials, like mercury, sodium, and metal halides. In operation the gas is ionized, and free electrons, accelerated by the electrical field in the tube, collide with gas and metal atoms. Some electrons in the atomic orbitals of these atoms are excited by these collisions to a higher energy state. When the excited atom falls back to a lower energy state, it emits a photon of a characteristic energy, resulting in infrared, visible light, or ultraviolet radiation. Some lamps convert the ultraviolet radiation to visible light with a fluorescent coating on the inside of the lamp's glass surface. The fluorescent lamp is perhaps the best known gas-discharge lamp. Compared with incandescent lamp and even with LED lighting, gas-discharge lamps offer longer life and higher efficiency, but are more complicated to manufacture, and require auxiliary electronic equipment such as ballasts to control current flow through the gas. Some gas-discharge lamps also have a perceivable start-up time to achieve their full light output. Still, due to their greater efficiency, gas-discharge lamps are replacing incandescent lights in many lighting applications.
— Freebase
Lampadomancy
Lampadomancy
Lampadomancy is a form of divination using a single oil lamp or a torch flame. As with Lychnoscopy, the diviner reads presages from the movements of the flame. An alternate method is also practiced, consisting of reading the spots of carbon deposited on paper sheets held over the flame. In yet another method, the diviner uses the lamp as a means of "attracting spirits to the flames", in the hope of consulting them regarding future events. In this method, usually a specially designed lamp is employed, on the belief that grotesque forms will attract the spirits. Lychnomancy is a related form of divination with flames of three identical candles arranged in a triangle. Lampadomancy was a popular method of divination in ancient Egypt, where diviners would perform it at midday in a darkened room illuminated by a single lamp filled with oasis oil.
— Freebase
Alcohol abuse
Alcohol abuse
Alcohol abuse, as described in the DSM-IV, is a psychiatric diagnosis describing the recurring use of alcoholic beverages despite its negative consequences. Alcohol abuse is sometimes referred to by the less specific term alcoholism. However, many definitions of alcoholism exist, and only some are compatible with alcohol abuse. There are two types of alcoholics: those who have anti social and pleasure-seeking tendencies, and those who are anxiety-ridden- people who are able to go without drinking for long periods of time but are unable to control themselves once they start. Binge drinking is another form of alcohol abuse. Frequent binge drinking or getting severely drunk more than twice is classed as alcohol misuse. According to research done through international surveys, the heaviest drinkers happen to be the United Kingdom's adolescent generation. When differentiating between alcohol abuse and alcoholism, one should remember that alcohol abuse is when the abuser has faced critical consequences for their actions, recently. Where an alcoholic has experienced a sense of withdrawal in the same time period.
— Freebase
Ethanol
Ethanol
Ethanol, also called ethyl alcohol, pure alcohol, grain alcohol, or drinking alcohol, is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid. A psychoactive drug and one of the oldest recreational drugs known, ethanol produces a state known as alcohol intoxication when consumed. Best known as the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, it is also used in thermometers, as a solvent, and as a fuel. In common usage, it is often referred to simply as alcohol or spirits.
— Freebase
Coniferyl alcohol
Coniferyl alcohol
Coniferyl alcohol is an organic compound. This colourless crystalline solid is a phytochemical, one of the monolignols. It is synthethized via the phenylpropanoid biochemical pathway. When copolymerized with related aromatic compounds, coniferyl alcohol forms lignin or lignans. Coniferin is a glucoside of coniferyl alcohol. Coniferyl alcohol is an intermediate in biosynthesis of eugenol and of stilbenoids and coumarin. Gum benzoin contains significant amount of coniferyl alcohol and its esters. It is found in both gymnosperm and angiosperm plants. Sinapyl alcohol and paracoumaryl alcohol, the other two lignin monomers, are found in angiosperm plants and grasses. It is a queen retinue pheromone, a type of honey bee pheromone found in the mandibular glands.
— Freebase
Mirin
Mirin
Mirin is an essential condiment used in Japanese cuisine. It is a kind of rice wine similar to sake, but with a lower alcohol content and higher sugar content. The sugar content is a complex carbohydrate which is naturally formed via the fermentation process and not refined sugar. The alcohol content is lowered even further when the liquid is heated. There are three general types. The first is hon mirin, which contains alcohol. The second is shio mirin, which contains alcohol as well as 1.5% salt to avoid alcohol tax. The third is shin mirin, or mirin-fu chomiryo, which contains less than 1% alcohol yet retains the same flavour. In the Edo period, Mirin was consumed as a sweet sake. Otoso, traditionally downed on Shōgatsu, can be made by soaking a spice mixture in mirin. In the Kansai style of cooking, mirin is briefly boiled before using, to allow some of the alcohol to evaporate, while in the Kantō regional style, the mirin is used untreated. Kansai-style boiled mirin is called nikiri mirin, literally "thoroughly boiled mirin." Mirin is used to add a bright touch to grilled fish or to erase the fishy smell. A small amount is often used instead of sugar and soy sauce. It should not be used in excess however, as its flavour is quite strong. It is sometimes used as a sushi accompaniment.
— Freebase
TruTouch Technologies
TruTouch Technologies
TruTouch Technologies, Inc. engages in the development, manufacture, marketing, and sale of noninvasive intoxication measurement systems for the alcohol testing market to measure a person™s alcohol concentration in the United States. The company™s products include TruTouch Guardian for daily employee alcohol screening. Its products are used in various applications, including medical diagnostic, law enforcement, workplace and industrial safety, vehicle safety, and alcohol point-of-sale liability reduction systems. TruTouch Technologies, Inc. was founded in 2005 and is based in Albuquerque, New Mexico.
— CrunchBase
Spirit
Spirit
spir′it, n. vital force: the soul: a ghost: mental disposition: enthusiasm, animation, courage, mettle: real meaning: essence, chief quality: a very lively person: any volatile, inflammable liquid obtained by distillation, as brandy: (pl.) intellectual activity: liveliness: persons with particular qualities of mind: mental excitement: spirituous liquors.—v.t. to inspirit, encourage, cheer: to convey away secretly, to kidnap.—ns. Spir′it-blue, an aniline blue obtained from coal-tar; Spir′it-duck, the buffle-head, from its rapid diving.—adj. Spir′ited, full of spirit, life, or fire: animated.—adv. Spir′itedly.—n. Spir′itedness.—adj. Spir′itful.—n. Spir′iting, the office of a spirit or sprite; Spir′itism=Spiritualism; Spir′itist=Spiritualist; Spir′it-lamp, a lamp in which alcohol is burned, generally used for heating.—adj. Spir′itless, without spirit, cheerfulness, or courage: dejected: dead.—adv. Spir′itlessly.—ns. Spir′itlessness, the state of being spiritless: want of animation or energy; Spir′it-lev′el, in surveying, a cylindrical glass tube, slightly convex on one side, and so nearly filled with alcohol that only a small bubble of air remains inside—from the position of the bubble the amount of variation from perfect levelness is determined.—adj. Spir′itous, of the nature of spirit, pure: ardent, spirituous.—ns. Spir′itousness; Spir′it-rap′per, one to whom spirits convey intelligence by raps or knocks; Spir′it-rap′ping.—adjs. Spir′it-stir′ring, rousing the spirit; Spir′itūal, consisting of spirit: having the nature of a spirit: immaterial: relating to the mind: intellectual: pertaining to the soul: holy: divine: relating to sacred things: not lay or temporal.—n. Spiritualisā′tion.—v.t. Spir′itūalise, to make spiritual: to imbue with spirituality: to refine: to free from sensuality: to give a spiritual meaning to.—ns. Spir′itualiser; Spir′itualism, a being spiritual: the philosophical doctrine that nothing is real but soul or spirit: the doctrine that spirit has a real existence apart from matter: the name applied to a varied series of abnormal phenomena purporting to be for the most part caused by spiritual beings acting upon specially sensitive persons or mediums; Spir′itūalist, one who has a regard only to spiritual things: one who holds the doctrine of spiritualism or spiritism.—adj. Spiritūalist′ic, relating to, or connected with, spiritualism.—n. Spiritūal′ity, state of being spiritual: essence distinct from matter.—adv. Spir′itūally.—ns. Spir′itūal-mind′edness, the state of having holy affections
— Chambers 20th Century Dictionary
Amyl alcohol
Amyl alcohol
Any of eight isomeric liquid alcohols (C5H11.OH), transparent, colorless liquids. It is the hydroxide of amyl. Also called amylic alcohol. The amyl alcohol obtained from fusel oil is mostly isoamyl alcohol (3-methyl-1-butanol or 1-hydroxy-3-methylbutane), with some sec-amyl alcohol (2-methyl-1-butanol or 2-pentanol), and has a characteristic peculiar odor. Other than n-amyl alcohol (also called 1-pentanol) the other isomeric pentanols are not usually refered to as amyl alcohol. The amyl alcohol mixture in fusel oil forms a colorless liquid with a peculiar cough-exciting odor and burning taste. It is used as a source of amyl compounds, such as amyl acetate, amyl nitrite, etc.
— GCIDE
Amyl alcohol
Amyl alcohol
An amyl alcohol is any of 8 alcohols with the formula C5H11OH. A mixture of amyl alcohols can be obtained from fusel alcohol. Amyl alcohol is used as a solvent and in esterfication for example in the production of amyl acetate. Amyl alcohol as a distinct chemical compound refers to pentan-1-ol. Eight structural isomers with molecular formula C5H12O and all alcohols are known: Three of these alcohols, active amyl alcohol, methyl propyl carbinol, and methyl isopropyl carbinol, are optically active, as they contain an asymmetric carbon atom. The most important is isobutyl carbinol, this being the chief constituent of fermentation amyl alcohol, and consequently a constituent of fusel oil. It can be separated from fusel oil by shaking with strong brine solution, separating the oily layer from the brine layer and distilling it, the portion boiling between 125 and 140 °C. being collected. For further purification it may be shaken with hot limewater, the oily layer separated, dried with calcium chloride and fractionated, the fraction boiling between 128 and 132 °C only being collected. It may be synthesized from isobutanol by conversion into isovaleraldehyde, which is subsequently reduced to isobutyl carbinol by means of sodium amalgam.
— Freebase
Alcohol
Alcohol
In chemistry, an alcohol is an organic compound in which the hydroxyl functional group is bound to a carbon atom. In particular, this carbon center should be saturated, having single bonds to three other atoms. An important class of alcohols are the simple acyclic alcohols, the general formula for which is CnH2n+1OH. Of those, ethanol is the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, and in common speech the word alcohol refers specifically to ethanol. Other alcohols are usually described with a clarifying adjective, as in isopropyl alcohol or wood alcohol. The suffix -ol appears in the IUPAC chemical name of all substances where the hydroxyl group is the functional group with the highest priority; in substances where a higher priority group is present the prefix hydroxy- will appear in the IUPAC name. The suffix -ol in non-systematic names also typically indicates that the substance includes a hydroxyl functional group and, so, can be termed an alcohol. But many substances, particularly sugars contain hydroxyl functional groups without using the suffix.
— Freebase
Denatured alcohol
Denatured alcohol
Denatured alcohol or methylated spirits is ethanol that has additives to make it poisonous, extremely bad tasting, foul smelling or nauseating, to discourage recreational consumption. In some cases it is also dyed. Denatured alcohol is used as a solvent and as fuel for spirit burners and camping stoves. Because of the diversity of industrial uses for denatured alcohol, hundreds of additives and denaturing methods have been used. The main additive has traditionally been 10% methanol, giving rise to the term "methylated spirits". Other typical additives include isopropyl alcohol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, and denatonium. Denaturing alcohol does not chemically alter the ethanol molecule. Rather, the ethanol is mixed with other chemicals to form an undrinkable solution. Different additives are used to make it difficult to use distillation or other simple processes to reverse the denaturation. Methanol is commonly used both because its boiling point is close to that of ethanol and because it is toxic. In many countries, it is also required that denatured alcohol be dyed blue or purple with an aniline dye.
— Freebase
Pot still
Pot still
A pot still is a type of still used in distilling spirits such as whisky or brandy. Heat is applied directly to the pot containing the wash or wine. This is called a batch distillation. At sea level, alcohol boils at 78 °C, while water boils at 100 °C. During distillation, the vapour contains more alcohol than the liquid. When the vapours are condensed, the resulting liquid contains a higher concentration of alcohol. In the pot still, the alcohol and water vapour combine with esters and flow from the still through the condensing coil. There they condense into the first distillation liquid, the so-called "low wines". The low wines have a strength of about 25-35% alcohol by volume, and flow into a second still. It is then distilled a second time to produce the colourless spirit, collected at about 70% alcohol by volume. Colour is added through maturation in an oak aging barrel, and develops over time. The modern pot still is a descendant of the alembic, an earlier distillation device. The largest pot still in the world was in the Midleton Distillery constructed in 1825, County Cork Ireland. It had a capacity of 31,618 imperial gallons and is no longer in use.
— Freebase
A lamp that burns a volatile liquid fuel such as alcohol, ethanol or denatured alcohol.
— Wiktionary
Alcoholic
Alcoholic
of or pertaining to alcohol, or partaking of its qualities; derived from, or caused by, alcohol; containing alcohol; as, alcoholic mixtures; alcoholic gastritis; alcoholic odor
— Webster Dictionary
Cerotin
Cerotin
a white crystalline substance, C27H55.OH, obtained from Chinese wax, and regarded as an alcohol of the marsh gas series; -- called also cerotic alcohol, ceryl alcohol
— Webster Dictionary
Shellac Varnish
Solution of shellac in alcohol; methylic alcohol (wood alcohol or wood naphtha) is often used as solvent.
Dr. Muirhead recommends button lac, dissolved in absolute alcohol, and the top layers decanted. For highest insulation he dissolves the lac in ordinary alcohol, precipitates by dropping into water, collects the precipitate, dries and dissolves in absolute alcohol.
— The Standard Electrical Dictionary
Oil lamp
Oil lamp
An oil lamp is an object used to produce light continuously for a period of time using an oil-based fuel source. The use of oil lamps began thousands of years ago and is continued to this day, although not commonly anymore. Often associated with stories about genies, fictional creatures who live in oil lamps. Oil lamps are a form of lighting, and were used as an alternative to candles before the use of electric lights. Starting in 1780 the Argand lamp quickly replaced other oil lamps still in their basic ancient form. These were, in turn, replaced by the kerosene lamp in about 1850. In small towns and rural areas these continued in use well into the 20th century, until such areas were finally electrified, and light bulbs could be used for lighting. Most modern lamps have been replaced with gas-based or petroleum-based fuels to operate when emergency non-electric light is required. As such, oil lamps of today are primarily used for the particular ambience they produce, or in rituals and religious ceremonies.
— Freebase
Lampshade
Lampshade
A lampshade is a fixture that covers the lightbulb on a lamp to diffuse the light it emits. Conical, cylindrical and other forms on floor-, desk- or table top-mounted as well as suspended lamp models are the most common and are made in a wide range of materials. The term can also apply to the glass hung under many designs of ceiling lamp. Beyond its practical purpose, significant emphasis is also usually given to decorative and aesthetic features.
— Freebase
Butter lamp
Butter lamp
Butter lamps are a conspicuous feature of Tibetan Buddhist temples and monasteries throughout the Himalayas. The lamps traditionally burn clarified yak butter, but now often use vegetable oil or vanaspati ghee. Each morning Tibetans offer a lighted butter lamp, representing the illumination of wisdom, along with seven bowls containing pure water before the images on their household shrine. The butter lamp usually being placed between the fourth and fifth bowls. At funeral ceremonies or when visiting temples and going on pilgrimage to sacred sites, Tibetan Buddhists often light a large number of butter lamps together at one time. The butter lamps help to focus the mind and aid meditation. According to the Root Tantra of Chakrasamvara, "If you wish for sublime realization, offer hundreds of lights". Pilgrims also supply lamp oil to gain merit. The monks in the monastery manage the actual lamps, taking extreme care to avoid starting one of the devastating fires which have damaged many monasteries over the years. For safety, butter lamps are sometimes restricted to a separate courtyard enclosure with a stone floor.
— Freebase
Slit lamp
Slit lamp
The slit lamp is an instrument consisting of a high-intensity light source that can be focused to shine a thin sheet of light into the eye. It is used in conjunction with a biomicroscope. The lamp facilitates an examination of the anterior segment, or frontal structures and posterior segment, of the human eye, which includes the eyelid, sclera, conjunctiva, iris, natural crystalline lens, and cornea. The binocular slit-lamp examination provides a stereoscopic magnified view of the eye structures in detail, enabling anatomical diagnoses to be made for a variety of eye conditions. A second, hand-held lens is used to examine the retina.
— Freebase
Neon lamp
Neon lamp
A neon lamp is a miniature gas discharge lamp that typically contains neon gas at a low pressure in a glass capsule. Only a thin region adjacent to the electrodes glows in these lamps, which distinguishes them from the much longer and brighter neon tubes used for signage. The term "neon lamp" is generally extended to lamps with similar design that operate with different gases. Neon glow lamps were very common in the displays of electronic instruments through the 1970s; the basic design of neon lamps is now incorporated in contemporary plasma displays.
— Freebase
Plasma lamp
Plasma lamp
Plasma lamps are a type of electrodeless lamp energized by radio frequency power. They are distinct from the novelty plasma lamps that were popular in the 1980s. The electrode-less lamp was invented by Nikola Tesla after his experimentation with high-frequency currents in an evacuated glass tube for the purpose of studying high voltage phenomena. The first practical plasma lamps were the sulfur lamps manufactured by Fusion Lighting. This lamp suffered a number of practical problems and did not prosper commercially. These problems have gradually been overcome by manufacturers such as Ceravision and Luxim, and high-efficiency plasma lamps have been introduced to the general lighting market. Plasma lamps covered with phosphor are called external electrode fluorescent lamps; these so-called external electrodes are the conductors providing the radio frequency electric field.
— Freebase
Argand lamp
Argand lamp
The Argand lamp is a home lighting oil lamp producing a light output of 6 to 10 candela which was invented and patented in 1780 by Aimé Argand. Aside from the improvement in brightness, the more complete combustion of the wick and oil required much less frequent trimming of the wick. In France, they are known as "Quinquets" after Antoine-Arnoult Quinquet, a pharmacist in Paris, who used the idea originated by Argand and popularized it in France. He is sometimes credited with the addition of the glass chimney to the lamp.
— Freebase
Tizio
Tizio
Tizio is a desk lamp created by Richard Sapper for Artemide in 1972. It has been selected for the Compasso d'Oro industrial design award in 1979. An item of it is part of the collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art and of the Museum of Modern Art. The position and the direction of the bulb can be adjusted; thanks to two counterweights, moving it requires little effort. Two other features of this lamp are the lack of wires, and the halogen bulb, which was previously mainly used in the automotive industry. The Tizio is available in a variety of sizes and colours; the original, and most widely known, is the 50 in black. The mid-sized model is the 35, and there's the bedside-sized Micro. Other colours are white, and grey metallic; and, the occasional limited edition in polished aluminium, or titanium-colour. There also is a floorstanding version, the Terra, which consist of a 70-centimeter-high pedestal with the same 11 cm diameter as the lamp's base, with the 50 added on top. The Terra-stand is also available in a 10 cm diameter, matching the 35 model. Recently, an energy-saving LED-powered version of the full-sized model has been added; as has a version of the regular 50 with a horizontally rotatable head, the Plus. The LED version is equipped with a dimmer; all other versions have a three-position switch, allowing for off, full, and – approximately – half power.
— Freebase
Diya
Diya
A diya, divaa, deepa, deepam, or deepak is an oil lamp, usually made from clay, with a cotton wick dipped in ghee or vegetable oils. Clay diyas are often used temporarily as lighting for special occasions, while diyas made of brass are permanent fixtures in homes and temples. Diyas are native to India, and are often used in Hindu, Sikh, Jain and Zoroastrian religious festivals such as Diwali or the Kushti ceremony. A similar lamp called a butter lamp is used in Tibetan Buddhist offerings as well.
— Freebase
dā′vi, Davy-lamp, dā′vi-lamp, n. the safety-lamp for coal-miners of Sir Humphry Davy (1778-1829).
— Chambers 20th Century Dictionary
TransBioTec
TransBioTec
TransBiotec, a development stage company, focuses on the development, marketing, and sale of non-invasive alcohol sensing systems in the United States. It engages in the research and development of SOBR, a transdermal sensor system, which comprises a blood alcohol detection system and ignition interlock device that detect blood alcohol levels through a person’s skin and prevent drunk driving. The company intends to offer its systems to commercial transportation companies that operate tractor trailers, taxis, construction vehicles, boats, trains, aircraft, and other vehicles; local, state, and federal government agencies that operate fire trucks, police cars, and public transportation systems; original equipment manufacturers; and individuals. TransBiotec, Inc. was founded in 2004 and is headquartered in Seal Beach, California.
— CrunchBase
Methyl
Methyl
meth′il, n. (chem.) the name given to the hypothetical radical of methylic alcohol or wood spirit.—n. Meth′ylene, a highly inflammable and volatile liquid, obtained by the destructive distillation of wood.—adj. Methyl′ic, denoting alcohol obtained by the destructive distillation of wood.—Methylated spirit, a mixture of nine parts of alcohol with one of pyroxylic or wood spirit (to prevent people drinking it), used for spirit-lamps, varnishes, &c. [Gr. meta, after, with, hylē, wood.]
— Chambers 20th Century Dictionary
Overproof
Overproof
ō′vėr-proof, adj. containing more than a certain amount of alcohol, stronger than proof-spirit, the standard by which all mixtures of alcohol and water are judged—containing 57.27 per cent. by volume, and 49.50 per cent. by weight, of alcohol.
— Chambers 20th Century Dictionary
Alcohol proof
Alcohol proof
Alcohol proof is a measure of how much alcohol is contained in an alcoholic beverage. The term was originally used in the United Kingdom and was defined as 7/4 times the alcohol by volume. The UK now uses the ABV standard instead of alcohol proof. In the United States, alcoholic proof is defined as twice the percentage of ABV. The measurement of alcohol content and the statement of this content on the bottle labels of alcoholic beverages is regulated by law in the United States. The purpose of the regulation is to provide pertinent information to the consumer.
— Freebase
Vanilla extract
Vanilla extract
Vanilla extract is a solution containing the flavor compound vanillin as the primary ingredient. Pure vanilla extract is made by macerating and percolating vanilla beans in a solution of ethyl alcohol and water. In the United States, in order for a vanilla extract to be called pure, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration requires that the solution contains a minimum 35% of alcohol and 100g of vanilla beans per litre. Double and triple strength vanilla extracts are available. Vanilla extract is the most common form of vanilla used today. Mexican, Tahitian, Indonesian and Bourbon vanilla are the main varieties. Bourbon vanilla is named for the period when the island of Réunion was ruled by the Bourbon kings of France; it does not contain Bourbon whiskey. Natural vanilla flavoring is derived from real vanilla beans with little to no alcohol. The maximum amount of alcohol that is usually present is only 2%-3%. Also on the market is imitation vanilla extract, a wood by-product usually made by soaking alcohol into wood which contains vanillin. The vanillin is then chemically treated to mimic the taste of natural vanilla.
— Freebase
Monolignol
Monolignol
Monolignols are phytochemicals acting as source materials for biosynthesis of both lignans and lignin. The starting material for production of monolignols is the amino acid phenylalanine. The first reactions in the biosynthesis are shared with the phenylpropanoid pathway, and monolignols are considered to be a part of this group of compounds. There are three main monolignols: coniferyl alcohol, sinapyl alcohol and paracoumaryl alcohol. Different plants use different monolignols. For example, Norway spruce lignin is almost entirely coniferyl alcohol while paracoumaryl alcohol is found almost exclusively in grasses. Monolignols are synthetised in the cytosol as glucosides. The glucose is added to the monolignol to make them water soluble and to reduce their toxicity. The glucosides are transported through the cell membrane to the apoplast. The glucose is then removed and the monolignols are polymerised into lignin. The phenylpropenes are derived from the monolignols.
— Freebase
Trigonelline
Trigonelline
Trigonelline is an alkaloid with chemical formula C7H7NO2. It is a zwitterion formed by the methylation of the nitrogen atom of niacin. Trigonelline is a product of niacin metabolism that is excreted in urine. Trigonelline occurs in many plants. It has been isolated from fenugreek seeds, garden peas, hemp seed, oats, potatoes, Stachys species, dahlia, Strophanthus species and Dichapetalum cymosum. Holtz, Kutscher and Theilmann have recorded its presence in a number of animals. Trigonelline is also found in coffee, where it may help to prevent dental caries by preventing the bacteria Streptococcus mutans from adhering to teeth. Higher levels of trigonelline is found in robusta coffee. Trigonelline crystallizes as a monohydrate from alcohol in hygroscopic prisms. It is readily soluble in water or warm alcohol, less so in cold alcohol, and slightly so in chloroform or ether. The salts crystallize well, the monohydrochloride, in leaflets, sparingly soluble in dry alcohol. The picrate forms shining prisms soluble in water but sparingly soluble in dry alcohol or ether. The alkaloid forms several aurichlorides: the normal salt, B•HCl•AuCl3, is precipitated when excess of gold chloride is added to the hydrochloride, and after crystallization from dilute hydrochloric acid containing some gold chloride, has m.p. 198 °C. Crystallized from water or very dilute hydrochloric acid, slender needles of B4•3 HAuCl4 are obtained.
— Freebase
Delirium tremens
Delirium tremens
Delirium tremens is an acute episode of delirium that is usually caused by withdrawal from alcohol, first described in 1813. Benzodiazepines are the treatment of choice for delirium tremens. Withdrawal from sedative-hypnotics other than alcohol, such as benzodiazepines, or barbiturates, can also cause seizures, delirium tremens, and death if not properly managed. Withdrawal from other drugs that are not sedative-hypnotics such as caffeine and cocaine do not have major medical complications, and are not life-threatening. Withdrawal reactions due to physical dependence on alcohol are the most dangerous and can be fatal. They often lead to physical effects including shivering, palpitations, sweating and in some cases, convulsions and death if not treated. When caused by alcohol, it occurs only in patients with a history of alcoholism. Occurrence of a similar syndrome due to benzodiazepines does not require as long a period of consistent intake of such drugs. In the U.S., less than 50% to 60% of alcoholics will develop any significant withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of alcohol intake, and of these, only 5% of cases of acute ethanol withdrawal progress to DT. Unlike the withdrawal syndrome associated with opiate dependence, DT can be fatal. Mortality was as high as 35% before the advent of intensive care and advanced pharmacotherapy; in the modern era of medicine, death rates range from 5 to 15%.
— Freebase
Primary alcohol
Primary alcohol
A primary alcohol is an alcohol which has the hydroxyl group connected to a primary carbon atom. It can also be defined as a molecule containing a “–CH2OH” group. In contrast, a secondary alcohol has a formula “–CHROH” and a tertiary alcohol has a formula “–CR2OH”, where “R” indicates a carbon-containing group. Examples of primary alcohols include ethanol and butanol. Some sources include methanol as a primary alcohol, including the 1911 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, but this interpretation is less common in modern texts.
— Freebase
proof
proof
A measure of the alcohol content of liquor. Originally, in Britain, 100 proof was defined as 57.1% by volume (not used anymore). In the US, 100 proof means that the alcohol content is 50% of the total volume of the liquid, and thus, absolute alcohol would be 200 proof.
— Wiktionary
breathalyzer
breathalyzer
A device that measures alcohol in expired air so as to estimate the concentration of alcohol in a person's blood; used by traffic police in cases of suspected driving while under the influence of alcohol.
— Wiktionary
methylated spirit
methylated spirit
denatured ethyl alcohol used as a fuel and a solvent, and usually free of taxes on alcohol. Denaturing is achieved by the addition of methyl alcohol, frequently additional materials are added to give smell and colour to the substance.
— Wiktionary
industrial methylated spirit
industrial methylated spirit
ethyl alcohol denatured by the addition of 5% methyl alcohol, a form of methylated spirit for use in industry and the laboratory - usually free of alcohol taxes
— Wiktionary
grape wine
grape wine
Fermented juice of sound, ripe grapes (optionally with condensed grape must added before or after fermentation, and grape brandy or alcohol added after fermentation, with additional restrictions on the adding of such spirits if the wine is domestic and has a lot of alcohol); optionally with sugar or water added during or after fermentation (but only up to a specified maximum amount added, and, if the amount added is more than a specified benchmark, so that the resulting wine does not exceed specified maxima on solid, alcohol and acid content); and with a specified maximum acidity.
— Wiktionary
see Safety lamp, under Lamp
— Webster Dictionary
desk lamp
desk lamp
A type of lamp and product created and designed in various colors, materials, mechanisms, shapes, sizes and styles with a flexible part on the lamp so you can move and direct the lamp to focus the light, used for primary use on a desk, can be used in other places where appropriate.
— Editors Contribution
Aphlogistic
Aphlogistic
flameless; as, an aphlogistic lamp, in which a coil of wire is kept in a state of continued ignition by alcohol, without flame
— Webster Dictionary
Transesterification
Transesterification
In organic chemistry, transesterification is the process of exchanging the organic group R″ of an ester with the organic group R′ of an alcohol. These reactions are often catalyzed by the addition of an acid or base catalyst. The reaction can also be accomplished with the help of enzymes particularly lipases. Strong acids catalyse the reaction by donating a proton to the carbonyl group, thus making it a more potent electrophile, whereas bases catalyse the reaction by removing a proton from the alcohol, thus making it more nucleophilic. Esters with larger alkoxy groups can be made from methyl or ethyl esters in high purity by heating the mixture of ester, acid/base, and large alcohol and evaporating the small alcohol to drive equilibrium.
— Freebase
Cetyl alcohol
Cetyl alcohol
Cetyl alcohol, also known as 1-hexadecanol and palmityl alcohol, is a fatty alcohol with the formula CH3(CH2)15OH. At room temperature, cetyl alcohol takes the form of a waxy white solid or flakes. The name cetyl derives from the whale oil from which it was first isolated.
— Freebase
Non-brewed condiment
Non-brewed condiment
Non-brewed condiment is a vinegar substitute created with water, acetic acid, flavourings and caramel colour. It is used widely at fish and chip shops throughout the United Kingdom instead of malt vinegar. It is also used in salads. Traditional vinegars are made by fermenting alcohol. The fermentation process takes time, and all the colours in the vinegar occur naturally. Non-brewed condiment is acetic acid mixed with colourings and flavourings, making its manufacture a very quick process. According to Trading Standards in the UK, it can not be labelled as vinegar or even put in traditional vinegar bottles if it is being sold or put out on counters in chippies. It dates back to the temperance movement and was used as a substitute for vinegar by people whose faith/beliefs did not allow them to take alcohol, despite the fact that the making of vinegar converts alcohol into an alcohol-free liquid in many cases.
— Freebase
Must weight
Must weight
Must weight is a measure of the amount of sugar in grape juice, and hence indicates the amount of alcohol that could be produced if it is all fermented to alcohol, rather than left as residual sugar. While must weight is a commonly used term among wine makers, the physically correct term would be must density. In Germany it is measured in degrees Oechsle and is an important part of the German wine classification. In Italy, France and Canada the measurement is in degrees Brix, and in the United States it is measured as specific gravity. In Austria the Klosterneuburger Mostwaage scale is used. The scale is divided into Klosterneuburger Zuckergrade. However, the KMW measures the exact sugar content of the must. The Baumé scale is occasionally used in France and by U.S. brewers. In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, must weight is measured in degrees Normalizovaný moštoměr. In France and many other countries, the grape must density is often recalculated to show potential alcohol, the per cent alcohol content that would be the result if the must was fermented to a completely dry wine.
— Freebase
Benzyl alcohol
Benzyl alcohol
Benzyl alcohol is an organic compound with the formula C6H5CH2OH. The benzyl group is often abbreviated "Bn", thus benzyl alcohol is denoted as BnOH. Benzyl alcohol is a colorless liquid with a mild pleasant aromatic odor. It is a useful solvent due to its polarity, low toxicity, and low vapor pressure. Benzyl alcohol is partially soluble in water and completely miscible in alcohols and diethyl ether.
— Freebase
Methanol
Methanol
Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a chemical with the formula CH3OH. Methanol acquired the name "wood alcohol" because it was once produced chiefly as a byproduct of the destructive distillation of wood. Modern methanol is produced in a catalytic industrial process directly from carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen. Methanol is the simplest alcohol, and is a light, volatile, colorless, flammable liquid with a distinctive odor very similar to, but slightly sweeter than, that of ethanol. At room temperature, it is a polar liquid, and is used as an antifreeze, solvent, fuel, and as a denaturant for ethanol. It is also used for producing biodiesel via transesterification reaction. Methanol is produced naturally in the anaerobic metabolism of many varieties of bacteria, and is ubiquitous in small amounts in the environment. As a result, there is a small fraction of methanol vapor in the atmosphere. Over the course of several days, atmospheric methanol is oxidized with the help of sunlight to carbon dioxide and water. Methanol burns in oxygen including open air, forming carbon dioxide and water:
— Freebase
Réaumur scale
Réaumur scale
The Réaumur scale, also known as the "octogesimal division", is a temperature scale in which the freezing and boiling points of water are set to 0 and 80 degrees respectively. The scale is named after René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur, who first proposed something similar in 1730. Réaumur’s thermometer contained diluted alcohol and was constructed on the principle of taking the freezing point of water as 0°, and graduating the tube into degrees each of which was one-thousandth of the volume contained by the bulb and tube up to the zero mark. He suggested that the quality of alcohol employed be such that it began boiling at 80 °Ré — that is, when it had expanded in volume by 8%. He chose alcohol instead of mercury on the grounds that it expanded more visibly, but this posed problems: his original thermometers were very bulky, and the low boiling point of alcohol made them unsuitable for many applications. Instrument-makers generally chose different liquids, and then used 80 °Ré to signify the boiling point of water, causing much confusion. In 1772 Jean-André Deluc studied the several substances then used in thermometers in the light of new theories of heat and came to the conclusion that mercurial thermometers were the best for practical use; for example, if two equal amounts of water at x and y degrees were mixed, the temperature of the result was then the average of x and y degrees, and this relationship only held reliably when mercury was used. From the late 18th century mercury was used almost without exception. These thermometers, the stems of which are graduated into eighty equal parts between the freezing and boiling points of water, are not Réaumur's original thermometers in anything but name.
— Freebase
Isoamyl alcohol
Isoamyl alcohol
Isoamyl alcohol is a clear, colorless alcohol with the formula (CH3)2CHCH2CH2OH. It is one of several isomers of amyl alcohol. It is a main ingredient in the production of banana oil, an ester found in nature and also produced as a flavouring in industry. It's also the main ingredient of Kovac's reagent, used for the bacterial diagnostic indole test. It is also used as an antifoaming agent in the Chloroform:Isomyl Alcohol reagent.
— Freebase
Dipsomania
Dipsomania
Dipsomania is a historical term describing a medical condition involving an uncontrollable craving for alcohol. It was used in the 19th century to describe a variety of alcohol-related problems, most of which are most commonly conceptualized today as alcoholism, but it is occasionally still used to describe a particular condition of periodic, compulsive bouts of alcohol intake. The idea of dipsomania is important for its historical role in promoting a disease theory of chronic drunkenness. The word comes from Greek dipso- thirst and -mania mania. It is still mentioned in the WHO ICD10 as an alternative description for alcohol dependence syndrome, episodic use F10.26
— Freebase
Oxygenate
Oxygenate
Oxygenated chemical compounds contain oxygen as a part of their chemical structure. The term usually refers to oxygenated fuels. Oxygenates are usually employed as gasoline additives to reduce carbon monoxide that is created during the burning of the fuel. The oxygenate MTBE has been found to have contaminated groundwater, mostly through leaks in underground gasoline storage tanks. In 2004, California and New York banned MTBE, generally replacing it with ethanol. Several other states started switching soon afterward. The oxygenates commonly used are either alcohols or ethers: ⁕Alcohols: ⁕Methanol ⁕Ethanol ⁕Isopropyl alcohol ⁕n-butanol ⁕Gasoline grade t-butanol ⁕Ethers: ⁕Methyl tert-butyl ether ⁕Tertiary amyl methyl ether ⁕Tertiary hexyl methyl ether ⁕Ethyl tertiary butyl ether ⁕Tertiary amyl ethyl ether ⁕Diisopropyl ether In the United States, preferential regulatory and tax treatment of ethanol automotive fuels introduces complexities beyond the energy balance inherent in and the engineering merits of the fuels themselves. North American automakers have in 2006 and 2007 enthusiastically promoted a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline, marketed as E85, and their flex-fuel vehicles, e.g. GM's "Live Green, Go Yellow" campaign. The apparent motivation for this is the nature of U.S. Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards, which give an effective 54% fuel efficiency bonus to vehicles capable of running on 85% alcohol blends over vehicles not adapted to run on 85% alcohol blends,. This regulatory artificiality is quite valuable to the North American auto manufacturers in avoiding fines for failing to meet CAFE fuel economy standards imposed upon each manufacturer's car and light truck fleets. In addition to this auto manufacturer-driven impetus for 85% alcohol blends, the United States Environmental Protection Agency had authority to mandate that minimum proportions of oxygenates be added to automotive gasoline on regional and seasonal basis from 1992 until 2006 in an attempt to reduce air pollution, in particular ground-level ozone and smog. As a consequence, much gasoline sold in the United States is blended with up to 10% of an unspecified oxygenating agent. This product is known formally as oxygenated fuel and often as reformulated gasoline. Groundwater contamination scares and the State of California's ban of the substance as a gasoline additive has caused methyl tert-butyl ether to be displaced by ethanol as the most popular fuel oxygenate in the United States.
— Freebase
Drunk driving in the United States
Drunk driving in the United States
Drunken driving is the act of operating or driving a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol or drugs to the degree that mental and motor skills are impaired. It is illegal in all jurisdictions within the United States, though enforcement varies widely between and within states/territories. The specific criminal offense is usually called driving under the influence, and in some states 'driving while intoxicated', 'operating while impaired', or 'operating a vehicle under the influence'. Such laws may also apply to boating or piloting aircraft. Vehicles can include farm machinery and horse-drawn carriages. In the United States the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimates that 17,941 people died in 2006 in alcohol-related collisions, representing 40% of total traffic deaths in the US. NHTSA states 275,000 were injured in alcohol-related accidents in 2003. The Bureau of Justice Statistics estimated that in 1996 local law enforcement agencies made 1,467,300 arrests nationwide for driving under the influence of alcohol, 1 out of every 10 arrests for all crimes in the U.S., compared to 1.9 million such arrests during the peak year in 1983, accounting for 1 out of every 80 licensed drivers in the U.S.
— Freebase
Flambé
Flambé
Flambé, is a cooking procedure in which alcohol is added to a hot pan to create a burst of flames. The word means flamed in French. Flambéing is often associated with tableside presentation of certain liqueur-drenched dishes, such as Bananas Foster or Cherries Jubilee, when the alcohol is ignited and results in a flare of blue-tinged flame. However, flambéing is also a step in making coq au vin, and other dishes and sauces, using spirits, before they are brought to the table. By rapidly burning off the volatile alcohol, flambéing can infuse a dish with additional aroma and flavor, and moderates the harshness of raw, high-proof spirits. The flames result from the partial combustion of the flammable alcohol, which is quickly consumed, while some residual flavor remains.
— Freebase
Driving under the influence
Driving under the influence
Driving under the influence, driving while intoxicated, drunk driving, drink driving, operating under the influence, drinking and driving, or impaired driving is the crime of driving a motor vehicle with blood levels of alcohol in excess of a legal limit. Similar regulations cover driving or operating certain types of machinery while affected by drinking alcohol or taking other drugs, including, but not limited to prescription drugs. This is a criminal offense in most nations. Convictions do not necessarily involve actual driving of the vehicle. In most jurisdictions, a quantitative measurement such as a blood alcohol content in excess of a specific threshold level, such as 0.05% or 0.08%, defines the offense with no need to prove impairment or intoxication. In some jurisdictions, there is an aggravated category of the offense at a higher BAC level, such as 0.12%. In most countries, anyone who is convicted of injuring or killing someone while under the influence of alcohol or drugs can be heavily fined, as in France, in addition to being given a lengthy prison sentence. Many employers or occupations have their own rules and BAC limits; for example, the United States Federal Railroad Administration has a 0.04% limit for train crew. Certain large corporations have their own rules; for example, Union Pacific Railroad has their own BAC limit of 0.02% that, if violated during a random test or a for-cause test — for example, after a traffic accident — can result in termination of employment with no chance of future re-hire. Some jurisdictions have multiple levels of BAC for different categories of drivers; for example, the state of California has a general 0.08% BAC limit, a lower limit of 0.04% for commercial operators, and a limit of 0.01% for drivers who are under 21 or on probation for previous DUI offenses.
— Freebase
Acetal
Acetal
An acetal is a functional group with the following connectivity RC(OR')2, where R, R' are organic fragments. They are saturated and tetrahedral. The two R'O groups can be equivalent or not. Acetals are formed from and convertible to aldehydes. The related functional group, ketals, are correspondingly obtained from and convertible to ketones. Cellulose is a ubiquitous example of an acetal. Formation of an acetal occurs when the hydroxyl group of a hemiacetal becomes protonated and is lost as water. The carbocation ion that is produced is then rapidly attacked by a molecule of alcohol. Loss of the proton from the attached alcohol gives the acetal. Acetals are stable compared to hemiacetals but their formation is a reversible equilibrium as with esters. As a reaction to create an acetal proceeds, water must be removed from the reaction mixture, for example, with a Dean-Stark apparatus, lest it will hydrolyse the product back to the hemiacetal. The formation of acetals reduces the total number of molecules present and therefore is not favourable with regards to entropy. A way to improve this is to use an orthoester as a source of alcohol. Aldehydes and ketones undergo a process called acetal exchange with orthoesters to give acetals. Water produced along with the acetal product is used up in hydrolysing the orthoester and producing more alcohol to be used in the reaction.
— Freebase
Cetostearyl alcohol
Cetostearyl alcohol
Cetostearyl alcohol, cetearyl alcohol or cetylstearyl alcohol is a mixture of fatty alcohols, consisting predominantly of cetyl and stearyl alcohols and is classified as a fatty alcohol. It is used as an emulsion stabilizer, opacifying agent, and foam boosting surfactant, as well as an aqueous and nonaqueous viscosity-increasing agent. It imparts an emollient feel to the skin and can be used in water-in-oil emulsions, oil-in-water emulsions, and anhydrous formulations. It is commonly used in hair conditioners and other hair products.
— Freebase
methanol
methanol
The simplest alcohol of the paraffin series, CH3.OH; methyl alcohol. Called also wood alcohol. It is used as an antifreeze solvent, as a fuel, and as a denaturant for ethyl alcohol.
— GCIDE
molecular formula
molecular formula
An expression representing the composition of elements in a chemical substance, commonly consisting of a series of letters and numbers comprising the atomic symbols of each element present in a compound followed by the number of atoms of that element present in one molecule of the substance. Thus the molecular formula for common alcohol (ethyl alcohol) is C2H6O, meaning that each molecule contains two carbon atoms, six hydrogen atoms, and one oxygen atom. The molecular formula may be written to provide some indication of the actual structure of the molecule, in which case structural units may be written separately. Thus, ethyl alcohol can also be written as CH3.CH2.OH or CH3-CH2-OH, in which the period or dash between functional groups indicates a single bond between the principle atoms of each group. This formula shows that in ethyl alcohol, the carbon of a methyl group (CH3-) is attached to the carbon of a methylene group (-CH2-), which is attached to the oxygen of a hydroxyl group (-OH). A structural formula is a graphical depiction of the relative positions of atoms in a molecule, and may be very complicated.
— GCIDE
a white waxy solid, C16H33.OH; -- called also cetylic alcohol. See Cetylic alcohol, under Cetylic
— Webster Dictionary
Fusel oil
Fusel oil
a hot, acrid, oily liquid, accompanying many alcoholic liquors (as potato whisky, corn whisky, etc.), as an undesirable ingredient, and consisting of several of the higher alcohols and compound ethers, but particularly of amyl alcohol; hence, specifically applied to amyl alcohol
— Webster Dictionary
Glycol
Glycol
a thick, colorless liquid, C2H4(OH)2, of a sweetish taste, produced artificially from certain ethylene compounds. It is a diacid alcohol, intermediate between ordinary ethyl alcohol and glycerin
— Webster Dictionary
Methol
Methol
the technical name of methyl alcohol or wood spirit; also, by extension, the class name of any of the series of alcohols of the methane series of which methol proper is the type. See Methyl alcohol, under Methyl
— Webster Dictionary
Myricin
Myricin
a silky, crystalline, waxy substance, forming the less soluble part of beeswax, and regarded as a palmitate of a higher alcohol of the paraffin series; -- called also myricyl alcohol
— Webster Dictionary
Saligenin
Saligenin
a phenol alcohol obtained, by the decomposition of salicin, as a white crystalline substance; -- called also hydroxy-benzyl alcohol
— Webster Dictionary
Semiglutin
Semiglutin
a peptonelike body, insoluble in alcohol, formed by boiling collagen or gelatin for a long time in water. Hemicollin, a like body, is also formed at the same time, and differs from semiglutin by being partly soluble in alcohol
— Webster Dictionary
Lamp
Lamp
(Elec.) A device or mechanism for producing light by electricity, usually having a glass bulb or tube containing the light-emitting element. Most lamps belong to one of two categories, the Incandescent lamp (See under Incandescent) or the fluorescent lamp. However, see also arc lamp, below.
— GCIDE
Mercury-vapor lamp
Mercury-vapor lamp
A mercury-vapor lamp is a gas discharge lamp that uses an electric arc through vaporized mercury to produce light. The arc discharge is generally confined to a small fused quartz arc tube mounted within a larger borosilicate glass bulb. The outer bulb may be clear or coated with a phosphor; in either case, the outer bulb provides thermal insulation, protection from the ultraviolet radiation the light produces, and a convenient mounting for the fused quartz arc tube. Mercury vapor lamps are more energy efficient than incandescent and most fluorescent lights, with luminous efficacies of 35 to 65 lumens/watt. Their other advantages are a long bulb lifetime in the range of 24,000 hours and a high intensity, clear white light output. For these reasons, they are used for large area overhead lighting, such as in factories, warehouses, and sports arenas as well as for streetlights. Clear mercury lamps produce white light with a bluish-green tint due to mercury's combination of spectral lines. This is not flattering to human skin color, so such lamps are typically not used in retail stores. "Color corrected" mercury bulbs overcome this problem with a phosphor on the inside of the outer bulb that emits white light. They offer better color rendition than the more efficient high or low-pressure sodium vapor lamps.
— Freebase
Lamp
Lamp
A lamp is a replaceable component such as an incandescent light bulb, which is designed to produce light from electricity. These components usually have a base of ceramic, metal, glass or plastic, which makes an electrical connection in the socket of a light fixture. This connection may be made with a screw-thread base, two metal pins, two metal caps or a bayonet cap. Re-lamping is the replacement of only the removable lamp in a light fixture.
— Freebase
Metal-halide lamp
Metal-halide lamp
A metal-halide lamp is an electric light that produces light by an electric arc through a gaseous mixture of vaporized mercury and metal halides. It is a type of high-intensity discharge gas discharge lamp. Developed in the 1960s, they are similar to mercury vapor lamps, but contain additional metal halide compounds in the arc tube, which improve the efficiency and color rendition of the light. Metal-halide lamps have high luminous efficacy of around 75 - 100 lumens per watt, about twice the efficiency of mercury vapor lights and 3 to 5 times that of incandescent lights, moderately long bulb life and produce an intense white light. As one of the most efficient sources of high CRI white light, metal halides are the fastest growing segment of the lighting industry. They are used for wide area overhead lighting of commercial, industrial, and public spaces, such as parking lots, sports arenas, factories, and retail stores, as well as residential security lighting and automotive headlamps. The lamps consist of a small fused quartz or ceramic arc tube which contains the gases and the arc, enclosed inside a larger glass bulb which has a coating to filter out the ultraviolet light produced. Like other HID lamps, they operate under high pressure and require special fixtures to operate safely, as well as an electrical ballast. They also require a warm-up period of several minutes to reach full light output, so they are not typically used for residential room lighting, which is turned off and on frequently.
— Freebase
Safety lamp
Safety lamp
A safety lamp is any of several types of lamp that provides illumination in coal mines and is designed to operate in air that may contain coal dust or gases both of which are potentially flammable or explosive. Before the invention of the electric light around 1900, miners used flame lamps to provide illumination. Open flame lamps could ignite flammable gases which collected in mines, causing explosions and so safety lamps were developed to enclose the flame and prevent it from igniting the surrounding atmosphere. Flame safety lamps have been replaced in mining with sealed explosion-proof electric lights.
— Freebase
Kudlik
Kudlik
Kudlik or qulliq is a type of oil lamp used by the Inuit. The lamp consists of a crescent-shaped cup of carved soapstone, filled with oil from blubber or seal. Arctic cottongrass, common cottongrass, or moss is used as a wick. In former time, the Inuit used the kudlik for illuminating and heating their tents and igloos, for melting snow, cooking, and drying their clothes. Today it is mainly used for ceremonial purposes. A qulliq is featured on the coat of arms of Nunavut.
— Freebase
Power cord
Power cord
A power cord, line cord, or mains cable is a cable that temporarily connects an appliance to the mains electricity supply via a wall socket or extension cord. The terms are generally used for cables using a power plug to connect to a single-phase alternating current power source at the local line voltage—. The terms power cable, mains lead, flex or kettle lead are also used. A lamp cord is a light-weight, ungrounded, single-insulated two wire cord used for small loads such as a table or floor lamp. A cord set includes connectors molded to the cord at each end. Cord sets are detachable from both the power supply and the electrical equipment, and consist of a flexible cord with electrical connectors at either end, one male, and one female. One end of the cord set is attached to a molded electrical plug; the other is typically a molded electrical receptacle to prevent the possibility of having an exposed live prong or pin which would cause electric shock. The female connector attaches to the piece of equipment or appliance while the male plug connects to the electrical receptacle or outlet.
— Freebase
Torchiere
Torchiere
A torchiere, or torch lamp, is a lamp with a tall stand of wood or metal. Originally, torchieres were candelabra, usually with two or three lights. When it was first introduced in France towards the end of the 17th century the torchiere mounted one candle only, and when the number was doubled or tripled the improvement was regarded almost as a revolution in the lighting of large rooms. Today, torchiere lamps use fluorescent or halogen light bulbs. Halogen torchieres usually have a TRIAC dimmer circuit built into the stem. The same circuit will not work in a fluorescent torchiere for the same reason that it won't work in other types of fluorescent applications: namely, because the pulsing will cause the arc in the fluorescent tube to become erratic. This is overcome by adjusting the pulse-width modulation in the electronic ballast instead; and most fluorescent torchieres use this method. Halogen torchieres have been banned in some places, such as dormitories, because of the large numbers of fires they have caused. The torchiere was held responsible by the US Consumer Product Safety Commission for 100 fires and 10 deaths since 1992. Halogen bulbs operate at high temperatures and the tall height of the lamps brings them near flammable materials, such as curtains.
— Freebase
Strobe light
Strobe light
A strobe light or stroboscopic lamp, commonly called a strobe, is a device used to produce regular flashes of light. It is one of a number of devices that can be used as a stroboscope. The word originated from the Greek strobos, meaning "act of whirling." A typical commercial strobe light has a flash energy in the region of 10 to 150 joules, and discharge times as short as a few milliseconds, often resulting in a flash power of several kilowatts. Larger strobe lights can be used in “continuous” mode, producing extremely intense illumination. The light source is commonly a xenon flash lamp, or flashtube, which has a complex spectrum and a color temperature of approximately 5,600 kelvins. To obtain colored light, colored gels may be used.
— Freebase
Bude-Light
Bude-Light
A Bude-Light is a very bright oil lamp invented by Sir Goldsworthy Gurney and named after Bude, Cornwall, where he lived. The light works by introducing oxygen into the centre of an Argand burner. The unburned carbon in the oil flame burns incredibly brightly and an intense, white light is produced from the weak yellow flame of the oil lamp. They were first trialled to light the House of Commons in 1839, and stayed in used there for over 50 years. In the small seaside resort town of Bude a commemorative installation, also referred to as the Bude Light, was erected to mark the millennium and remember Sir Goldsworthy Gurney. Designed by Carole Vincent and Anthony Fanshawe, it is lit internally with fibre-optics and has a small seating area positioned around the light.
— Freebase
Lava lamp
Lava lamp
A lava lamp is a decorative novelty item, invented by British accountant Edward Craven-Walker in 1963. The lamp contains blobs of colored wax inside a glass vessel filled with clear liquid; the wax rises and falls as its density changes due to heating from an incandescent light bulb underneath the vessel. The appearance of the wax is suggestive of pāhoehoe lava, hence the name. The lamps are designed in a variety of styles and colours.
— Freebase
Sodium-vapor lamp
Sodium-vapor lamp
A sodium-vapor lamp is a gas-discharge lamp that uses sodium in an excited state to produce light. There are two varieties of such lamps: low pressure and high pressure. Low-pressure sodium lamps are the most efficient electrical light sources, but their yellow light restricts applications to outdoor lighting such as street lamps. High-pressure sodium lamps have a broader spectrum of light but poorer color rendering than other types. Because sodium-vapor lamps cause less light pollution than mercury-vapor lamps, many cities that have large astronomical observatories employ them.
— Freebase
Camphine
Camphine
Camphine was the trade name of a purified spirit of turpentine formerly used for lamps, generally prepared by distilling turpentine with quicklime. Camphine gives a very brilliant light when burned in a lamp, but, to prevent smoking, the lamp must have a very strong draught. To achieve this special lamps were constructed, so called Vesta lamps.
— Freebase
Street light
Street light
A street light, lamppost, street lamp, light standard, or lamp standard is a raised source of light on the edge of a road or walkway, which is turned on or lit at a certain time every night. Modern lamps may also have light-sensitive photocells to turn them on at dusk, off at dawn, or activate automatically in dark weather. In older lighting this function would have been performed with the aid of a solar dial. It is not uncommon for street lights to be on posts which have wires strung between them, such as on telephone poles or utility poles.
— Freebase
MySQL
MySQL
MySQL is an open source relational database management system that runs as a server providing multi-user access to a number of databases. It is named after co-founder Michael Widenius' daughter, My. The SQL phrase stands for Structured Query Language. The MySQL development project has made its source code available under the terms of the GNU General Public License, as well as under a variety of proprietary agreements. MySQL was owned and sponsored by a single for-profit firm, the Swedish company MySQL AB, now owned by Oracle Corporation. MySQL is a popular choice of database for use in web applications, and is a central component of the widely used LAMP open source web application software stack. LAMP is an acronym for "Linux, Apache, MySQL, Perl/PHP/Python." Free-software-open source projects that require a full-featured database management system often use MySQL. For commercial use, several paid editions are available, and offer additional functionality. Applications which use MySQL databases include: TYPO3, MODx, Joomla, WordPress, phpBB, MyBB, Drupal and other software. MySQL is also used in many high-profile, large-scale websites, including Wikipedia, Google, Facebook, Twitter, Flickr, and YouTube.
— Freebase
Lampworking
Lampworking
Lampworking is a type of glasswork where a torch or lamp is primarily used to melt the glass. Once in a molten state, the glass is formed by blowing and shaping with tools and hand movements. It is also known as flameworking or torchworking, as the modern practice no longer uses oil-fueled lamps. Although lack of a precise definition for lampworking makes it difficult to determine when this technique was first developed, the earliest verifiable lampworked glass is probably a collection of beads thought to date to the fifth century BC. Lampworking became widely practiced in Murano, Italy in the 14th century. In the mid 19th century lampwork technique was extended to the production of paperweights, primarily in France, where it became a popular art form, still collected today. Lampworking differs from glassblowing in that glassblowing uses a furnace and glory hole as the primary heat source, although torches are also used. Early lampworking was done in the flame of an oil lamp, with the artist blowing air into the flame through a pipe. Most artists today use torches that burn either propane or natural gas, or in some countries butane, for the fuel gas, mixed with either air or pure oxygen as the oxidizer. Many hobbyists use MAPP gas in portable canisters for fuel.
— Freebase
Xenon arc lamp
Xenon arc lamp
A xenon arc lamp is a specialized type of gas discharge lamp, an electric light that produces light by passing electricity through ionized xenon gas at high pressure. It produces a bright white light that closely mimics natural sunlight. Xenon arc lamps are used in movie projectors in theaters, in searchlights, and for specialized uses in industry and research to simulate sunlight. Xenon headlamps in automobiles actually use metal-halide lamps where xenon arc is only used during start-up.
— Freebase
Cresset
Cresset
kres′et, n. an iron basket, jar, or open lamp filled with combustible material, placed on a beacon, lighthouse, wharf, &c.: a torch generally. [O. Fr. cresset, crasset (Fr. creuset)—Old Dut. kruysel, a hanging lamp.]
— Chambers 20th Century Dictionary
Gas
Gas
gas, n. a vaporous substance not condensed into a liquid at ordinary terrestrial temperatures and pressures—esp. that obtained from coal, used in lighting houses: (coll.) frothy talk:—pl. Gas′es.—v.t. to supply with gas: (U.S.) to impose on by talking gas.—v.i. to vapour, talk boastfully.—ns. Gasalier′, Gaselier′, a hanging frame with branches for gas-jets, formed on false analogy from chandelier; Gas′-bag, a bag for holding gas: a boastful, talkative person; Gas′-brack′et, a pipe, mostly curved, projecting from the wall of a room, used for illuminating purposes; Gas′-burn′er, a piece of metal fitted to the end of a gas-pipe, with one or more small holes so arranged as to spread out the flame; Gas′-coal, any coal suitable for making illuminating gas; Gas′-condens′er, an apparatus for freeing coal-gas from tar; Gasē′ity, Gā′seousness.—adj. Gaseous (gā′se-us).—ns. Gas′-en′gine, an engine in which motion is communicated to the piston by the alternate admission and condensation of gas in a closed cylinder; Gas′-fit′ter, one who fits up the pipes and brackets for gas-lighting; Gas′-fix′ture, a bracket or chandelier for gas; Gas′-fur′nace, a furnace of which the fuel is gas; Gas′holder, a large vessel for storing gas; Gasificā′tion, the process of converting into gas.—v.t. Gas′ify, to convert into gas.—ns. Gas′-jet, a gas-burner; Gas′-lamp, a lamp lighted by gas; Gas′-main, one of the principal underground pipes conveying gas from the works to the places where it is consumed; Gas′-man, a man employed in the manufacture of gas: the man who controls the lights of the stage; Gas′-mē′ter, an instrument for measuring the quantity of gas consumed at a particular place in a given time; Gas′ogene (same as Gazogene); Gas′olene, rectified petroleum; Gasom′eter, an instrument for measuring gas: a place for holding gas.—adjs. Gasomet′ric, -al.—ns. Gas′-pipe, a pipe for conveying gas; Gas′sing, idle talking; Gas′-stove, an apparatus in which coal-gas is used for heating and cooking purposes.—adj. Gas′sy, full of gas, gaseous: (slang) given to vain and boastful talk.—ns. Gas′-tank, a reservoir for coal-gas; Gas′-tar, coal-tar.—adj. Gas′-tight, sufficiently close to prevent the escape of gas.—ns. Gas′-wa′ter, water through which coal-gas has been passed; Ga
— Chambers 20th Century Dictionary
Glow
Glow
glō, v.i. to shine with an intense heat: to feel great heat of body: to be flushed: to feel the heat of passion: to be ardent.—n. shining or white heat: unusual warmth: brightness of colour: vehemence of passion.—p.adj. Glow′ing, shining with intense light, white with heat: ardent, fervent, fiery.—adv. Glow′ingly.—ns. Glow′-lamp, an incandescent lamp, usually electric; Glow′-worm, a name given to many beetles in the sub-family Lampyrides, having phosphorescent structures on the abdomen. [A.S. glówan, to glow; Ger. glühen, Ice. glóa, to glow.]
— Chambers 20th Century Dictionary
Lampoon
Lampoon
lam-pōōn′, n. a personal satire in writing: low censure.—v.t. to assail with personal satire: to satirise:—pr.p. lampōōn′ing; pa.p. lampōōned′.—ns. Lampoon′er, one who writes a lampoon; Lampoon′ry, practice of lampooning: written personal abuse or satire. [O. Fr. lampon, orig. a drinking-song, with the refrain lampons=let us drink—lamper (or lapper, to lap), to drink.]
— Chambers 20th Century Dictionary
Read
Read
rēd, v.t. to utter aloud written or printed words: to peruse: to comprehend: to study, as to read law, science: to teach: to make out, from signs: to solve, as to read a dream: to interpret: to understand, as reading the stars: to note the indication of, as to read a barometer: impute by inference, as to read a meaning into a book.—v.i. to perform the act of reading: to practise much reading: to appear on reading: to advise: to speak: to acquire information: to utter the words of a book: (mus.) to render music at first sight: to put a certain expression upon it: to be suitable for perusal:—pa.t. and pa.p. read (red).—n. Read, a reading, perusal: (Spens.) counsel, a saying, an interpretation.—adj Read (red), versed in books: learned.—ns. Readabil′ity, Read′ableness.—adj Readable (rēd′a-bl), that may be read: worth reading: interesting: enabling to read.—adv. Read′ably.—ns. Read′er, one who reads: one whose office it is to read prayers in a church, or lectures in a university, &c.: one who reads or corrects proofs: one who reads much: a reading-book; Read′ership, the office of a reader.—adj. Read′ing, addicted to reading.—n. act of reading: perusal: study of books: public or formal recital: the way in which a passage reads: an interpretation of a passage or work: a version: noting an instrument, as the reading of a barometer.—ns. Read′ing-book, a book of exercises in reading; Read′ing-boy (print.), a reader's assistant; Read′ing-desk, a desk for holding a book or paper while it is read: a church-lectern; Read′ing-lamp, a form of lamp for use in reading; Read′ing-room, a room with papers, periodicals, &c., resorted to for reading.—Read between the lines, to detect a meaning not expressed; Read one's self in, in the Church of England, to read the Thirty-nine Articles and repeat the declaration of assent prescribed by law to a new incumbent.—Penny reading, an entertainment consisting of readings, &c., to which the admission is a penny. [A.S. rǽdan, to discern, read—rǽd, counsel; Ger. rathen, to advise.]
— Chambers 20th Century Dictionary
Safe
Safe
sāf, adj. unharmed: free from danger or injury: secure: securing from danger or injury: no longer dangerous: clear: trusty: sound: certain.—n. a chest or closet for money, &c., safe against fire, thieves, &c., generally of iron: a chest or cupboard for meats: (coll.) a safety-bicycle.—v.t. to safeguard.—v.t. Safe′-conduct′ (Spens.).—ns. Safe′-con′duct, a writing, passport, or guard granted to a person to enable him to travel with safety; Safe′-depos′it, a safe storage for valuables; Safe′guard, he who, or that which, guards or renders safe: protection: a guard, passport, or warrant to protect a traveller: a rail-guard at railway switches: (zool.) a monitor lizard.—v.t. to protect.—n. Safe′-keep′ing, preservation from injury or from escape.—adv. Safe′ly, in a safe manner.—ns. Safe′ness; Safe′-pledge, a surety for one's appearance at a day assigned; Safe′ty, freedom from danger or loss: close custody: a safeguard: Safe′ty-arch (archit.), an arch built in the body of a wall to relieve the pressure, as over a door or window; Safe′ty-belt, a belt made of some buoyant material, or capable of being inflated, for helping a person to float; Safe′ty-bī′cycle, a low-wheeled bicycle; Safe′ty-buoy, a buoy for helping a person to float: a life-preserver; Safe′ty-cage (mining), a cage by which a fall would be prevented in case of the breakage of the rope by means of safety-catches; Safe′ty-chain, a check-chain of a car-truck: a safety-link; Safe′ty-fuse, a waterproof woven tube enclosing an inflammable substance which burns at a regular rate; Safe′ty-hoist, a hoisting-gear so arranged as to prevent its load being thrown precipitately down in case of accident; Safe′ty-lamp, a lamp surrounded by wire-gauze, used for safety in mines on account of the inflammable gases; Safe′ty-lock, a lock that cannot be picked by ordinary means: in firearms, a lock with some device for preventing accidental discharge; Safe′ty-match, a match which can be ignited only on a surface specially prepared for the purpose; Safe′ty-pā′per, a paper so prepared as to resist alteration by chemical or mechanical means; Safe′ty-pin, a pin in the form of a clasp with a guard covering its point; Safe′ty-plug, a plug of soft metal in an opening in a steam-boiler, so as to melt when the temperature rises to its fusing-point, and allow of an escape of steam; Safe′ty-rein, a rein for preventing a horse from running away; Safe′ty-stop, a contrivance for preventing accidents in machinery; Safe′ty-tube, a tube used in chemical operations to prevent the bursting of vessels by gas, and for other purposes; Safe′ty-valve, a valve in the top of a steam-boiler, which lets out the steam when the pressure is too great for safety. [O. Fr. sauf—L. salvus; prob. allied to solus.]
— Chambers 20th Century Dictionary
Signal
Signal
sig′nal, n. a sign for giving notice, generally at a distance: token: the notice given: any initial impulse.—v.t. and v.i. to make signals to: to convey by signals:—pr.p. sig′nalling; pa.t. and pa.p. sig′nalled.—adj. having a sign: remarkable: notable: eminent.—ns. Sig′nal-book, a book containing a system of signals; Sig′nal-box, -cab′in, &c., a small house in which railway-signals are worked: the alarm-box of a police or fire-alarm system; Sig′nal-code, a code or system of arbitrary signals, esp. at sea, by flags or lights; Sig′nal-fire, a fire used for a signal; Sig′nal-flag, a flag used in signalling, its colour, shape, markings, and combinations indicating various significations; Sig′nal-gun, a gun fired as a signal.—v.t. Sig′nalise, to make signal or eminent: to signal.—ns. Sig′nal-lamp, a lamp by which signals are made by glasses or slides of different colours, &c.; Sig′nalling, the means of transmitting intelligence to a greater or less distance by the agency of sight or hearing.—adv. Sig′nally.—ns. Sig′nalman, one who makes signals and who interprets those made; Sig′nalment, the act of communicating by signals: description by means of marks; Sig′nal-post, a pole on which movable flags, arms, lights, are displayed as signals; Sig′nal-ser′vice, the department in the army occupied with signalling. [Fr.,—L. signalis, signum.]
— Chambers 20th Century Dictionary
Altar
Altar
The world's first premium Herbal & Botanical Mood Mixer™ blending the world's finest varietal fruits, heirloom vegetables, single estate teas, fragrant flowers, and exotic spices creating a truly remarkable and delicious beverage.Curated to be enjoyed alone without alcohol as a signature ‘Herbal Martini' or paired with fine spirits in the form of a celebrity mixologist-inspired cocktail.A one of a kind alcohol free beverage created by a team of extraordinary mixologists, tea experts and herbalists who pursue the most unique and unexpected ingredients.Each ALTAR Herbal & Botanical Mood Mixer is:100% All Natural Under 40 Calories Per Serving Made with Organic Ingredients Gluten-Free No Artificial Flavors or Food Coloring No Refined Sugar, High Fructose Corn Syrup or Cane Syrup.
— CrunchBase
American Addiction Centers
American Addiction Centers
American Addiction Centers, Inc., formerly Forterus Inc. is engaged in diverse business activities, including behavioral healthcare, intervention services, drug and alcohol rehabilitation, pain management, physical therapy, finance, as well as thoroughbred breeding and racing through its subsidiary ABTTC, Inc (ABTTC). The Company, under the name Mezey Howarth Racing Stable, buys, sells and races thoroughbred race horses, weanlings and yearlings to racing age horses. On June 25, 2008, Forterus entered into a binding Letter of Intent (LOI) for the acquisition of ABTTC, Inc. In February 2009, Forterus Healthcare, a division of the Company announced the completion of its acquisition of Solutions 4 Recovery Inc., a drug and alcohol treatment center.
— CrunchBase
Blume Distillation
Blume Distillation
Blume Distillation LLC is a biofuel technology company providing next generation alcohol fuel production equipment that converts waste or surplus materials into cost-effective alcohol fuel (bio-ethanol) to power applications such as transportation, cooking, refrigeration, and electrical generation.
— CrunchBase
Aldehyde
Aldehyde
al′dē-hīd, n. a volatile fluid with a suffocating smell, obtained by the oxidation of alcohol: a large class of compounds intermediate between alcohols and acids. [From Al. dehyd., a contr. for Alcohol dehydrogenatum.]
— Chambers 20th Century Dictionary
Cere
Cere
sēr, v.t. to cover with wax.—n. the bare waxlike patch at the base of the upper part of the beak in birds.—adj. Cerā′ceous, of or like wax.—ns. Cerā′go, a wax-like substance (bee-bread) used by bees as food; Cere′cloth, Cere′ment, a cloth dipped in melted wax in which to wrap a dead body: a winding-sheet or grave-clothes generally.—adjs. Cē′reous, waxy; Cē′ric.—ns. Cē′rin, Cē′rine, the portion of wax which dissolves in boiling alcohol: a waxy substance obtained by boiling grated cork in alcohol; Cē′rograph, a writing on wax: an encaustic painting.—adjs. Cerograph′ic, -al.—ns. Cerog′raphist; Cerog′raphy, the art of writing or engraving on wax.—adj. Ceroplas′tic, modelled or moulded in wax.—n. the art of modelling in wax.—n. Cer′osine, a wax-like substance produced on the surface of certain species of sugar-cane. [L. cera, cog. with Gr. kēros, wax; Gr. graphein, to write, plassein, to mould.]
— Chambers 20th Century Dictionary
Proof
Proof
prōōf, n. that which proves or establishes the truth of anything: test: (obs.) experience: experiment: any process to discover or establish a truth: that which convinces: demonstration: evidence which convinces the mind: state of having been proved: (pl.) in equity practice, the instruments of evidence in their documentary form: (Scots law) the taking of evidence by a judge upon an issue framed in pleading: a test, hence 'Armour of proof,' armour proved to be trustworthy: (arith.) an operation checking the accuracy of a calculation: firmness of mind: a certain strength of alcoholic spirits: (print.) an impression taken for correction, also 'proof-sheet:' an early impression of an engraving—'proof before letter'=one taken before the title is engraved on the plate: (phot.) the first print from a negative.—adj. firm in resisting: noting alcoholic liquors having the specific gravity 0.920:—pl. Proofs.—ns. Proof′-arm′our, armour proved to be able to resist ordinary weapons; Proof′-charge, an extraordinary amount of powder and shot put into a gun to test its strength; Proof′-house, a house fitted up for proving the barrels of firearms; Proof′-leaf (same as Proof-sheet).—adj. Proof′less, wanting proof or evidence.—ns. Proof′-mark, a mark stamped on a gun to show that it has stood the test; Proof′-read′er, a person who reads printed proofs to discover and correct errors; Proof′-sheet, an impression taken on a slip of paper for correction before printing finally; Proof′-spir′it, a mixture containing fixed proportions of alcohol and water—nearly half its weight and fully half its volume of alcohol; Proof′-text, a passage of Scripture held to prove a certain doctrine.—Artist's proof, a first impression from an engraved plate or block; Burden of proof (see Burden); India proof (see Indian). [O. Fr. prove (Fr. preuve)—L. probāre, to prove.]
— Chambers 20th Century Dictionary
methanol
methanol, methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, wood spirit
a light volatile flammable poisonous liquid alcohol; used as an antifreeze and solvent and fuel and as a denaturant for ethyl alcohol
— Princeton's WordNet
methyl alcohol
methanol, methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, wood spirit
a light volatile flammable poisonous liquid alcohol; used as an antifreeze and solvent and fuel and as a denaturant for ethyl alcohol
— Princeton's WordNet
lotion consisting of a poisonous solution of isopropyl alcohol or denatured ethanol alcohol for external use
— Princeton's WordNet
wood alcohol
methanol, methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, wood spirit
a light volatile flammable poisonous liquid alcohol; used as an antifreeze and solvent and fuel and as a denaturant for ethyl alcohol
— Princeton's WordNet
wood spirit
methanol, methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, wood spirit
a light volatile flammable poisonous liquid alcohol; used as an antifreeze and solvent and fuel and as a denaturant for ethyl alcohol
— Princeton's WordNet
Disulfiram
Disulfiram
A carbamate derivative used as an alcohol deterrent. It is a relatively nontoxic substance when administered alone, but markedly alters the intermediary metabolism of alcohol. When alcohol is ingested after administration of disulfiram, blood acetaldehyde concentrations are increased, followed by flushing, systemic vasodilation, respiratory difficulties, nausea, hypotension, and other symptoms (acetaldehyde syndrome). It acts by inhibiting aldehyde dehydrogenase.
— U.S. National Library of Medicine
Phospholipid Ethers
Phospholipid Ethers
Phospholipids which have an alcohol moiety in ethereal linkage with a saturated or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol. They are usually derivatives of phosphoglycerols or phosphatidates. The other two alcohol groups of the glycerol backbone are usually in ester linkage. These compounds are widely distributed in animal tissues.
— U.S. National Library of Medicine
A drunkard that drinks alcohol in non-beverage form, e.g., rubbing alcohol or canned heat.
— Wiktionary
esterified
esterified
(of an acid) combined with an alcohol or (of an alcohol) combined with an acid, to form an ester
— Wiktionary
esterify
esterify
(of an acid) to combine with an alcohol or (of an alcohol) to combine with an acid, to form an ester
— Wiktionary
firewater
firewater
High proof alcohol, usually "whiskey", especially in the context of its sale to or consumption by Native Americans. (a Native American term, a calque of the Ojibwa word ishkodewaaboo, ishkodew meaning "fire" and aaboo meaning "water/liquid"). So-called due to frequent inclusion of red pepper by traders in order to hide the taste of cheap doctored alcohol, often including low grade ingredients such as tobacco juice, molasses, etc. Sometimes used humorously in other contexts.
— Wiktionary
The phenolic alcohol o-hydroxy-benzyl alcohol obtained by the decomposition of salicin
— Wiktionary
kata thermometer
kata thermometer
A device consisting principally of an alcohol thermometer, used to measure air cooling power and, indirectly, small wind speeds in circulating air, by measuring the time taken for the temperature of the bulb of alcohol to make a specified drop (100u00B0 to 95u00B0F).
— Wiktionary
LED adjustable angle lamp
LED adjustable angle lamp
A type of lamp and product created and designed in various colors, LED light, materials, mechanisms, shapes, sizes and styles with the ability to adjust the lamp to various angles.
— Editors Contribution
coal lamp
coal lamp
A type of lamp and product created and designed in various colors, materials, shapes, sizes and styles with the base of the lamp made from coal.
— Editors Contribution
Gateway drug theory
Gateway drug theory
The gateway drug theory is the theory that the use of less deleterious drugs may lead to a future risk of using more dangerous hard drugs and/or crime. It is often attributed to the use of one of several drugs, including tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis. While some research shows that many hard drug users used cannabis or alcohol before moving on to the harder substances, other research shows that some serious drug abusers have used other drugs before using cannabis or alcohol. The former is particularly evident in individual drug-abuse histories which tend to show that "hard drug" users do progress from one drug to another.
— Freebase
Prohibition
Prohibition
Prohibition of alcohol, often referred to simply as prohibition, is the legal act of prohibiting the manufacture, transportation and sale of alcohol and alcoholic beverages. The term can also apply to the periods in the histories of the countries during which the prohibition of alcohol was enforced. Use of the term as applicable to a historical period is typically applied to countries of European culture.
— Freebase
Probation
Probation
Probation in criminal law is a period of supervision over an offender, ordered by a court in the stead of serving time in prison. In some jurisdictions, the term probation only applies to community sentences, such as suspended sentences. In others, probation also includes supervision of those conditionally released from prison on parole. An offender on probation is ordered to follow certain conditions set forth by the court, often under the supervision of a probation officer. During this testing period, an offender faces the threat of being sent back to prison, if found breaking the rules. Offenders are ordinarily required to refrain from possession of firearms, and may be ordered to remain employed, abide to a curfew, live at a directed place, obey the orders of the probation officer, or not leave the jurisdiction. The probationer might be ordered as well to refrain from contact with the victims, with potential victims of similar crimes, or with known criminals, particularly co-defendants. Additionally, the restrictions can include a ban on possession or use of alcoholic beverages, even if alcohol was not involved in the original criminal charges. Offenders on probation might be fitted with an electronic tag, which signals their whereabouts to officials. Also, offenders have been ordered to submit to repeated alcohol/drug testing or to participate in alcohol/drug or psychological treatment, or to perform community service work.
— Freebase
Tincture
Tincture
A tincture is typically an alcoholic extract of plant or animal material or solution of such or of a low volatility substance. To qualify as an alcoholic tincture, the extract should have an ethanol percentage of at least 40–60% or 80–120 proof. Sometimes even a 90% or 180 proof tincture is achieved. In herbal medicine, alcoholic tinctures are made with various concentrations of ethanol, 25% being the most common. Other concentrations include 45% and 90%. Herbal tinctures are not always made using ethanol as the solvent, though this is most commonly the case. Other solvents include vinegar, glycerol, ether and propylene glycol, not all of which can be used for internal consumption. Ethanol has the advantage of being an excellent solvent for both acidic and basic constituents. Glycerine can also be used, but when used in tincturing fashion is generally a poorer solvent. Vinegar, being acidic, is a better solvent for obtaining alkaloids but a poorer solvent for acidic components. For individuals who chose not to imbibe alcohol, non-alcoholic e,g., extracts offer an alternative for preparations meant to be taken internally. Alcohol cannot be subjected to high temperatures, so its use is considered a self-limiting 'non-critical' passive methodology. Glycerol, utilized in a non-critical fashion as it was in early Eclectic medicine studies, is typically seen as inferior to alcohol, whereas if glycerol is subjected to an innovative synchronous serialized methodology now being acknowledged in the industry, the extractive potential of glycerol use this way is quite astounding and far exceeds the weak extractive potential for a tincturing methodology. Therefore, newer glycerite products are showing great promise and even rivaling alcoholic tinctures in many ways.
— Freebase
Fuel gauge
Fuel gauge
A fuel gauge is an instrument used to indicate the level of fuel contained in a tank. Commonly used in cars, these may also be used for any tank including underground storage tanks. As used in cars, the gauge consists of two parts: ⁕The sensing unit ⁕The indicator The sensing unit usually uses a float connected to a potentiometer. typically printed ink design in a modern autmobile. As the tank empties, the float drops and slides a moving contact along the resistor, increasing its resistance. In addition, when the resistance is at a certain point, it will also turn on a "low fuel" light on some vehicles. Meanwhile, the indicator unit is measuring and displaying the amount of electrical current flowing through the sending unit. When the tank level is high and maximum current is flowing, the needle points to "F" indicating a full tank. When the tank is empty and the least current is flowing, the needle points to "E" indicating an empty tank. The system can be fail-safe;if an electrical fault opens the electrical circuit causes the indicator to show the tank as being empty rather than full. Corrosion or wear of the potentiometer will provide erroneous readings of fuel level. However this system has a potential risk associated with it. An electric current is sent through the variable resistor to which a float is connected, so that the value of resistance depends on the fuel level. In most of automotive fuel gauges such resistors are on the inward side of gauge i.e. inside fuel tank. Sending current through such a resistor has fire hazard associated with it. These resistance sensors are also showing an increased failure rate with the incremental additions of alcohol in automotive gasoline fuel. Alcohol increases the corrosion rate at the potentiometer, as it is capable of carrying current like water. Potentiometer applications for alcohol fuel use a pulse and hold methodology in that a periodic signal is sent to determine fuel level decreasing the corrosion potential. Therefore there is demand for another safer, non contact method for fuel level is desired.
— Freebase
Allyl alcohol
Allyl alcohol
Allyl alcohol is an organic compound with the structural formula CH2=CHCH2OH. Like many alcohols, it is a water soluble, colourless liquid, but it is more toxic than typical small alcohols. Allyl alcohol is used as a raw material for the production of glycerol, but is also used as a precursor to many specialized compounds. Allyl alcohol is the smallest representative of the allylic alcohols.
— Freebase
Breathalyzer
Breathalyzer
A breathalyzer or breathalyser is a device for estimating blood alcohol content from a breath sample. Breathalyzer is the brand name of a series of models made by one manufacturer of breath alcohol testing instruments, and is a registered trademark for such instruments. In Canada, a preliminary non-evidentiary screening device can be approved by Parliament as an approved screening device, and an evidentiary breath instrument can be similarly designated as an approved instrument. The U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration maintains a Conforming Products List of breath alcohol devices approved for evidentiary use, as well as for preliminary screening use.
— Freebase
Oleochemical
Oleochemical
Oleochemicals are chemicals derived from plant and animal fats. They are analogous to petrochemicals derived from petroleum. The formation of basic oleochemical substances like fatty acids, fatty acid methyl esters, fatty alcohols, fatty amines and glycerols are by various chemical and enzymatic reactions. Intermediate chemical substances produced from these basic oleochemical substances include alcohol ethoxylates, alcohol sulfates, alcohol ether sulfates, quaternary ammonium salts, monoacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, structured triacylglycerols, sugar esters, and other oleochemical products. As the price of crude oil rose in the late 1970s, manufacturers switched from petrochemicals to oleochemicals because plant-based lauric oils processed from palm kernel oil were cheaper. Since then, palm kernel oil is predominantly used in the production of laundry detergent and personal care items like toothpaste, soap bars, shower cream and shampoo.
— Freebase
Malt liquor
Malt liquor
Malt liquor is a North American term referring to a type of beer with high alcohol content. In legal statutes, the term often includes any alcoholic beverage not lower than 5% alcohol by volume made with malted barley. In common parlance, however, it is used for high-alcohol beers or beer-derived mixes made with ingredients and processes resembling those in American-style lager. However, this label is subject to the viewpoint of the brewer, and there are examples of brews containing high-quality, expensive ingredients that brewers have chosen to label as "malt liquors." In parts of Canada, the term "malt liquor" is used to refer to any malt beverages in general.
— Freebase
Umeshu
Umeshu
Umeshu is a Japanese liqueur made from steeping ume fruits in alcohol and sugar. It has a sweet, sour taste, and an alcohol content of 10–15%. The taste and aroma of umeshu can appeal to even those people who normally dislike alcohol. Famous brands of umeshu include Choya and Takara Shuzo. Varieties are available with whole ume fruits contained in the bottle, and some make their own umeshu at home. Japanese restaurants serve many different varieties of umeshu and also make cocktails. Umeshu on the Rocks, Umeshu Sour, Umeshu Tonic, Umeshu Soda and the Flaming Plum cocktail are popular. It is sometimes mixed with green tea or warm water. "Umeshu" can be served at different temperatures; chilled or with ice, room temperature, or even hot in the winter.
— Freebase
Alcohol dehydrogenase
Alcohol dehydrogenase
Alcohol dehydrogenases are a group of dehydrogenase enzymes that occur in many organisms and facilitate the interconversion between alcohols and aldehydes or ketones with the reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. In humans and many other animals, they serve to break down alcohols that otherwise are toxic, and they also participate in generation of useful aldehyde, ketone, or alcohol groups during biosynthesis of various metabolites. In yeast, plants, and many bacteria, some alcohol dehydrogenases catalyze the opposite reaction as part of fermentation to ensure a constant supply of NAD+.
— Freebase
Cold turkey
Cold turkey
"Cold turkey" describes the actions of a person who abruptly gives up a habit or addiction rather than gradually easing the process through gradual reduction or by using replacement medication. The supposed advantage is that by not actively using supplemental methods, the person avoids thinking about the habit and its temptation, and avoids further feeding the chemical addiction. The supposed disadvantages related to the abuse of drugs such as alcohol and benzodiazepines are unbearable withdrawal symptoms from the total absence, which may cause tremendous stress on the heart and blood vessels. Heroin withdrawal shares many of these same symptoms, although deaths only occur in 'rapid-detox' treatments alongside other administered medications, such as Naltrexone or Naloxone. Sudden withdrawal from drugs such as alcohol, benzodiazepines and barbiturates can be extremely dangerous, leading to potentially fatal seizures. In long-term alcoholics, going cold turkey can cause life-threatening delirium tremens and thus is not an appropriate method for breaking an alcohol addiction. In the case of dependence upon certain drugs, including opiates such as heroin, going cold turkey may be extremely unpleasant, but less dangerous. Life-threatening issues are unlikely without a pre-existing medical condition.
— Freebase
Isopropyl alcohol
Isopropyl alcohol
Isopropyl alcohol is a common name for a chemical compound with the molecular formula C3H8O or C3H7OH. It is a colorless, flammable chemical compound with a strong odor. It is the simplest example of a secondary alcohol, where the alcohol carbon is attached to two other carbons sometimes shown as (CH3)2CHOH. It is a structural isomer of propanol.
— Freebase
Disulfiram
Disulfiram
Disulfiram is a drug discovered in the 1920s and used to support the treatment of chronic alcoholism by producing an acute sensitivity to alcohol. It blocks the processing of alcohol in the body by inhibiting acetaldehyde dehydrogenase thus causing an unpleasant reaction when alcohol is consumed. Disulfiram should be used in conjunction with counseling and support. Trade names for disulfiram in different countries are Antabuse and Antabus manufactured by Odyssey Pharmaceuticals. Disulfiram is also being studied as a treatment for cocaine dependence, as it prevents the breakdown of dopamine; the excess dopamine results in increased anxiety, higher blood pressure, restlessness and other unpleasant symptoms. Several studies have reported that it has anti-protozoal activity as well. Disulfiram is the subject of research for use in cancer therapy and as a treatment in HIV cure research.
— Freebase
Dodecanol
Dodecanol
Dodecanol, also known by its IUPAC name 1-dodecanol or dodecan-1-ol, and by its trivial name dodecyl alcohol and lauryl alcohol, is a fatty alcohol. Dodecanol is a colourless, water insoluble solid of melting point 24 °C and boiling point 259 °C. It has a floral aroma. It can be obtained from palm kernel or coconut oil fatty acids and methyl esters by reduction. Dodecanol is used to make surfactants, lubricating oils, pharmaceuticals, in the formation of monolithic polymers and as a flavor enhancing food additive. In cosmetics, dodecanol is used as an emollient.
— Freebase
Soju
Soju
Soju is a distilled beverage native to Korea. Jinro and Lotte soju are the first and third top selling alcohol brands in the world. Its taste is comparable to vodka, though often slightly sweeter due to sugars added in the manufacturing process. It is usually consumed neat. Most brands of soju are made in South Korea. Though it is traditionally made from rice, most modern producers of soju use supplements or even replace rice with other starches, such as potatoes, wheat, barley, sweet potatoes, or tapioca. Soju is clear and colorless. Its alcohol content varies from about 16.7%, to about 45% alcohol by volume for traditional Andong soju, with 20% ABV being most common. It is widely consumed, in part, because of its relatively low price in Korea. A typical 375mL bottle of soju costs the consumer 1,000 to 3,000 South Korean Won in South Korea. In the USA, it tends to cost substantially more – $5 or more.
— Freebase
Alcoholic beverage
Alcoholic beverage
An alcoholic beverage is a drink and psychoactive drug containing ethyl alcohol which is commonly referred to as ethanol. Alcoholic beverages are divided into three general classes for taxation and regulation of production: beers, wines, and spirits. They are legally consumed in most countries with over 100 countries having laws regulating their production, sale, and consumption. The production and consumption of alcohol occurs in most cultures of the world, from hunter-gatherer peoples to nation-states. Alcohol is widely available, with beer being the third most popular drink overall in the world, after water and tea.
— Freebase
Retinol
Retinol
Retinol is one of the animal forms of vitamin A. It is a diterpenoid and an alcohol. It is convertible to other forms of vitamin A, and the retinyl ester derivative of the alcohol serves as the storage form of the vitamin in animals. When converted to the retinal form, vitamin A is essential for vision, and when converted to retinoic acid, is essential for skin health, teeth remineralization and bone growth. These chemical compounds are collectively known as retinoids, and possess the structural motif of all-trans retinol as a common feature in their structure. Structurally, all retinoids also possess a β-ionone ring and a polyunsaturated side chain, with either an alcohol, aldehyde, a carboxylic acid group or an ester group. The side chain is composed of four isoprenoid units, with a series of conjugated double bonds which may exist in trans- or cis-configuration. Retinol is produced in the body from the hydrolysis of retinyl esters, and from the reduction of retinal. Retinol in turn is ingested in a precursor form; animal sources contain retinyl esters, whereas plants contain pro-vitamin A carotenoids. Hydrolysis of retinyl esters results in retinol, while pro-vitamin A carotenoids can be cleaved to produce retinal by carotene dioxygenase in the intestinal mucosa. Retinal, also known as retinaldehyde, can be reversibly reduced to produce retinol or it can be irreversibly oxidized to produce retinoic acid, which then cannot function as the vitamin in the eye.
— Freebase
Triacontanol
Triacontanol
1-Triacontanol is a fatty alcohol of the general formula C30H62O, also known as melissyl alcohol or myricyl alcohol. It is found in plant cuticle waxes and in beeswax. Triacontanol is a growth stimulant for many plants, most notably roses, in which it rapidly increases the number of basal breaks.
— Freebase
Croton oil
Croton oil
Croton oil is an oil prepared from the seeds of Croton tiglium, a tree belonging to the natural order Euphorbiales and family Euphorbiaceae, and native or cultivated in India and the Malay Archipelago. Small doses taken internally cause diarrhea. Externally, the oil can cause irritation and swelling. In traditional Chinese medicine it is used as an ingredient in some liniments. Croton oil is the source of the organic compound phorbol. Today croton oil is the basis of rejuvenating chemical peels, due to the caustic exfoliating effects it has on the dermal components of the skin. Used in conjunction with phenol solutions, it results in an intense reaction which leads to initial skin sloughing and then eventual regeneration. Tumor promotion activity was traced to phorbol esters present in croton oil. Pure phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate is now used widely for laboratory study of tumor development. Since croton oil is very irritating and painful, it is used in laboratory animals to study how pain works, pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory drugs, and immunology. During World War II, the United States Navy added a small amount of croton oil to the neutral grain spirits which powered torpedoes. The oil was intended to prevent sailors from drinking the alcohol fuel. Sailors devised crude stills to separate the alcohol from the croton oil, as alcohol evaporates at a lower temperature than croton oil. Norwegian partisans, ordered by the Quisling government to turn over a catch of sardines to the German government for shipment to Saint-Nazaire arranged with the British for a large shipment of croton oil to flavor the sardines, whose fishy taste was expected to conceal the tampering.
— Freebase
Waragi
Waragi
Waragi is a generic term in Uganda for domestic distilled beverages. Waragi is also given different names, depending on region of origin, the distillation process, or both. Waragi is known as a form of homemade Gin. It is commonly called Waragi in the central area of Uganda but in the West it is sometimes called "Kasese". In northern Uganda it is more commonly called "Lira Lira". The manufacturing of Waragi does not vary too much in the different parts of Uganda - only the ingredients are slightly different. A commercial brand called Uganda Waragi is produced and marketed by East African Breweries Limited. Moonshining and consumption of waragi and other alcoholic beverages is widespread in Uganda. In the 2004 WHO Global Status Report on Alcohol, Uganda ranked as the world's leading consumer of alcohol. Based on results from 2007, Uganda’s overall alcohol consumption was an average of 17.6 liters per capita. This is unusually high compared to surrounding countries.
— Freebase
Phenethyl alcohol
Phenethyl alcohol
Phenethyl alcohol, or 2-phenylethanol, is the organic compound with the formula C6H5CH2CH2OH. It occurs widely in nature, being found in a variety of essential oils, including rose, carnation, hyacinth, Aleppo pine, orange blossom, ylang-ylang, geranium, neroli, and champaca. It is also an autoantibiotic produced by the fungus Candida albicans This colourless liquid is slightly soluble in water, but miscible with ethanol and ether. Phenethyl alcohol is an alcohol with a pleasant floral odor. It is therefore a common ingredient in flavors and perfumery, particularly when the smell of rose is desired. It is used as an additive in cigarettes. It is also used as a preservative in soaps due to its stability in basic conditions. In biology it is of interest due to its antimicrobial properties.
— Freebase
Temperance movement
Temperance movement
A temperance movement is a social movement urging personal moderation in the consumption of alcoholic beverages. Temperance movements typically criticize excessive alcohol consumption, promote complete abstinence, or use its political influence to press the government to enact alcohol laws to regulate the availability of alcohol or even its complete prohibition.
— Freebase
Dry gas
Dry gas
Dry gas is an alcohol-based additive used in automobiles to prevent any water in the fuel from freezing, or to restore combustive power to gasoline spoiled by water. The name Drygas is actually a brand name, owned by Cristy. It is a liquid that is added into the fuel tank, that absorbs the water and keeps it in solution. Some brands contain methanol and some contain isopropyl alcohol. Some states require a 10-15% ethanol solution be sold at refueling stations. Most current gasoline-powered automobiles can safely run up to a 15% ethanol solution without any modification. However, at 20% or above older vehicles may require replacing the fuel lines to prevent degradation and rupture, and the electric fuel pump may need modification to prevent ethanol "dry rot". There is no point in adding dry gas to fuel that already contains a significant percentage of ethanol, since ethanol is an alcohol.
— Freebase
Alizé
Alizé
Alizé is a line of alcoholic beverages. It is produced in several varieties which can be consumed "neat" or can be used in mixed drinks. As of 2008, the line consists of three cognac-based liqueurs, two vodka-based liqueurs, and two grades of cognac. The first beverage in the line, Alizé Gold Passion, was created in 1984 by Spice Jackson and Fame Fortune as a blend of French cognac, passion fruit juice, and other exotic fruit juices. Alizé Gold Passion, Red Passion and Wild Passion are 16% alcohol. Vodka-containing varieties Alizé Bleu and Alizé Rose are 18% alcohol. Alizé VS and VSOP cognacs are 40% alcohol.
— Freebase
Flow Cytometry
Flow Cytometry
Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.
— U.S. National Library of Medicine
Microspectrophotometry
Microspectrophotometry
Analytical technique for studying substances present at enzyme concentrations in single cells, in situ, by measuring light absorption. Light from a tungsten strip lamp or xenon arc dispersed by a grating monochromator illuminates the optical system of a microscope. The absorbance of light is measured (in nanometers) by comparing the difference between the image of the sample and a reference image.
— U.S. National Library of Medicine
Lasers, Dye
Lasers, Dye
Tunable liquid lasers with organic compounds (i.e., dye) which have a strong absorption band, used as the active medium. During emission, the dye has to be optically excited by another light source (e.g., another laser or flash lamp). The range of the emission wavelength may be anywhere from the ultraviolet to the near infrared (i.e., from 180 to 1100nm). These lasers are operated in continuous wave and pulsed modes. (UMDNS, 2005)
— U.S. National Library of Medicine
Miscible
Miscible
(Chem.) Mixable in all proportions; forming a single phase when mixed in any proportion; -- of liquids; as, water and alcohol are miscible in all proportions; water and gasoline are not miscible; benzene and ethyl alcohol are miscible, and ethyl alcohol is miscible with water, but water is not miscible with benzene..
— GCIDE
Electrical light
Electrical light
a lamp whose light is produced by passing an electric current through a light bulb, especially an incandescent lamp.
— GCIDE
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Methanol
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The last Russian monarchy, ended by the 1917 revolution, was the House of?
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The Rocky State of Your Campaign #15: Geology and Pyrotechnics - RPGnet
The Rocky State of Your Campaign #15: Geology and Pyrotechnics
The Rocky State of Your Campaign
Technically, this is a third part to �Rocks that Kill,� except more like how pyrotechnics developed with the help of geology. Or we can call this �blowing things up.� Your call.
Early man may have tried civilization first, but civilization advanced using uncivilized brutal combat and warfare. He who created the baddest weaponry won, so it seems.
It stands to reason that almost immediately after oil was found useful for creating light and heat, someone else realized it could be used to burn his annoying neighbor�s house down.
Early thermal weapons were devices or substances used in warfare as early as possibly the 8th century BC. Incendiary devices were frequently used as projectiles during warfare, particularly during sieges and naval battles; some substances were boiled or heated to inflict damage by scalding or burning. Other substances relied on their chemical properties to inflict burns or damage. These weapons or devices could be used by individuals, manipulated by war machines, or utilized as army strategy.
One of the earliest records of an fire weapon was during the Peloponnesian War; in 424 BCE, the walls of Delion were burned down, the attackers using a long tube on wheels filled with burning sulfur, charcoal, and pitch, the fire from which was blown forward using bellows. This was at the time a slow weapon, since gasoline had not been created yet.
Greek Fire
In 674 CE, the city of Byzantium was surrounded by the armies of the caliphs of Damascus. Inside the city walls lived a Syrian architect and chemist named Callinicus, who is supposedly the inventor of �Greek Fire.� The besieging fleet was destroyed by the chemical recipe, whose exact ingredients are still unknown today. Mark the Greek, a thirteenth century military writer, admitted that Greek Fire contained sulfur, saltpeter, gasoline, pine resin, and gum resin. This Greek Fire was either squirted over enemy ships using a pump, or poured into shells and fired. The Byzantine Empire also used it on the Vikings, the Pisans of Italy, and each other. The results were horrific
The Chinese perfected the flamethrower around 900 CE, creating a set of double-acting piston bellowed to produce a continuous jet of flame. By the next century they also had a �fire lance,� which was a bamboo or cast-iron tub filled with petroleum-base fuel, tied firmly to the end of a spear so it couldn�t launch itself.
Grenades
The grenade seems to be an Islamic invention, from the discovery in the 1930s of a grenade-making workshop from the thirteenth century in Hama. There was a fireplace for distilling gasoline, holes in the walls for ventilation, a large jar with a lid set into the floor (supposedly to protect the gasoline from sparks). There was a large pit outside containing shells (to make lime to mix with the gas). The Chinese were making grenades by the early twelfth century using pottery containers.
Gunpowder
By 850 AD, alchemists in China were warning peers not to experiment with saltpeter, sulfur, and carbon of charcoal, since heating it could cause lots of fire. Gunpowder rapidly replaced oil and sulfur in most of the Chinese weapons, and by the eleventh century they had explosive bombs filled with gunpowder and fired from catapults.
It was only a matter of time before the Chinese adapted their �fire lance� to a gunpowder base and use it to shoot out projectiles as the stream of flame came to an end.
The first depiction of a true gun, did not appear until the 1100s�a temple dating from 1128 BCE shows sculptures of two demons, one with a grenade and the second with a handheld cannon.
The oldest European illustration of a cannon comes in at 1327 AD.
Fireworks
The earliest documentation of fireworks dates back to 7th century China where they were first used to frighten away evil spirits with their loud sound and also to pray for happiness and prosperity. Eventually, the art and science of firework making developed into an independent profession. In ancient China, pyrotechnicians (firework-masters) were well-respected for their knowledge and skill in mounting dazzling displays of light and sound.
What are the Chances?
So, how likely is it that there is an alchemist/chemist/wizardly person out there in the GMs universe that knows how to make homegrown explosives? More fun, what�s the chance a Character will put together the right ingredients to blow everyone up?
If the Alchemist is working with a known flammable substance, the chances are about one in four (25% chance) that the chemical mixture will be volatile and/or unstable. Once 12th century discoveries have been realized, there is nothing stopping the Characters of a setting from going off and destroying as much as possible.
If the Character is working with no known flammable substances, it isn�t likely he�s going to discover an explosive before the 1800s. Call it one in five. If that.
After the mid-1800s, it is always a possibility that a chemist figures out how to make one type of explosive or another. The character will likely learn about the various fascinating explosive powders and charges that can be made fairly easily.
Available Ingredients for Sword and Sorcery Gaming
Wood, coal, oil, and natural gas all come to mind (see the column article on Fuels), but this is more about the stuff you see in the movies. Some of this has also been discussed in previous articles, but we�re repeating ourselves here.
Saltpeter: Potassium Nitrate. Readily obtainable from mixtures of salts, and decomposing urine was the main commercial source of the nitrate ion from the Late Middle Age onward. The full privy pits often contained calcium nitrate, which could be converted to potassium nitrate by the addition of potash from wood ashes. The earliest known complete purification process for potassium nitrate was described in the 1270 book by Arab chemist and engineer Hasan al-Rammah of Syria. It was also used in the Middle Ages in food preservation as a common ingredient of salted meat. The mineral form of potassium nitrate is called Niter. It usually is found on cavern walls and ceilings where solutions containing alkali potassium and nitrate seep into the openings, producing large incrustations.
Sulfur: Elemental sulfur can be found near hot springs and volcanic regions in many parts of the world, especially along the Pacific Ring of Fire. Significant deposits of elemental sulfur also exist in salt domes along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, and in evaporites in eastern Europe and western Asia. The sulfur in these deposits is believed to come from the action of anaerobic bacteria on sulfate minerals, especially gypsum.
Fossil-based sulfur deposits from salt domes are the basis for commercial production in the United States, Poland, Russia, Turkmenistan, and Ukraine. Common naturally occurring sulfur compounds include the sulfide minerals, such as pyrite (iron sulfide), cinnabar (mercury sulfide), galena (lead sulfide), sphalerite (zinc sulfide) and stibnite (antimony sulfide); and the sulfates, such as gypsum (calcium sulfate), alunite (potassium aluminium sulfate), and barite (barium sulfate). By the 3rd century, the Chinese discovered that the flammable sulfur could be extracted from pyrite.
To extract the sulfur, the deposits are piled and stacked in brick kilns built on sloping hillsides with airspaces between them. Powdered sulfur is put on top of the sulfur deposit and ignited. As the sulfur burns, the heat melts the sulfur deposits, causing the molten sulfur to flow down the sloping hillside. The molten sulfur can then be collected in wooden buckets.
Charcoal: Charcoal is the black residue consisting of impure carbon obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances. Charcoal is usually produced by slow pyrolysis, the heating of wood, sugar, bone char, or other substances in the absence of oxygen (see pyrolysis, char and biochar). Technically, the ability to create charcoal is the only technique necessary for primitive people to have gunpowder; both sulfur and saltpeter are findable.
Primary Explosive or Detonators
Quicklime: Calcium Oxide. It is a white, caustic and alkaline crystalline solid at room temperature. Calcium oxide is usually made by the thermal decomposition of materials such as limestone that. Quicklime is also thought to have been a component of Greek fire. Quicklime reacts violently with water, and can cause blindness and burns. Upon contact with water, quicklime would increase its temperature above 150 �C and ignite the fuel.
Acetone Peroxide: Acetone peroxide was discovered in 1895 by Richard Wolffensteink He was the first chemist to use inorganic acids as catalysts. A white crystalline powder with a distinctive acrid odor, it is highly susceptible to heat, friction, and shock. However the instability is greatly altered by impurities. It is normally stable when pure, but it dissolves quickly. It is one of the few explosives which remain explosive when wet or kept underwater.
Potassium Permanganate: See above
Hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD): is a high explosive organic compound, first synthesized in 1885 by Legler. While still quite sensitive to shock and friction, it was relatively stable compared to other initiating explosives of the time, such as mercury fulminate, and proved to be relatively inexpensive and easy to synthesize. As such, it was quickly taken up as a primary explosive in mining applications. It has since been superseded by even more stable compounds such as tetryl. It also reacts with most common metals, which can lead to detonation. HMTD is very stable when pure (acid-free) and does not quickly sublime like its acetone counterparts.
Lead Azide: An inorganic compound used in detonators to initiate secondary explosives. In a commercially usable form, it is a white-to-buff powder. Lead azide is highly sensitive and usually handled and stored under water in insulated rubber containers. It will explode after a fall of around 150 mm (6 in) or in the presence of a static discharge of 7 millijoules.
Lead styphnate: C6HN3O8Pb. A toxic explosive used as a component in primer and detonator mixtures for less sensitive secondary explosives. There are two forms of lead styphnate: six-sided monohydrate crystals and small rectangular crystals. Lead styphnate is particularly sensitive to fire and the discharge of static electricity. When dry, it can be readily detonated by static discharges from the human body; the longer and narrower the crystals, the more susceptible it is. Lead styphnate does not react with metals and is less sensitive to shock and friction than mercury fulminate or lead azide. It is only slightly soluble in water and methyl alcohol and may be neutralized by a sodium carbonate solution. It is stable in storage, even at elevated temperatures.
Mercury fulminate: is a primary explosive. It is highly sensitive to friction and shock. It is mainly used as a trigger for other explosives in percussion caps and blasting caps. First used as a priming composition in small copper caps after the 1830s, mercury fulminate quickly replaced flints as a means to ignite black powder charges in muzzle-loading firearms. Later, during the late 19th century and most of the 20th century, mercury fulminate or potassium chlorate became widely used in primers for rifle and pistol ammunition. Mercury fulminate has the distinct advantage over potassium chlorate, being non-corrosive, but it is known to weaken with time.
Nitrogen trichloride: NCl3. This yellow, oily, pungent-smelling liquid is most commonly encountered as a byproduct of chemical reactions between ammonia-derivatives and chlorine. In pure form, NCl3 is highly reactive. Nitrogen trichloride can form in small amounts when public water supplies are disinfected with monochloramine, and at given levels it can irritate mucous membranes. Nitrogen trichloride is a dangerous explosive, being sensitive to light, heat, and organic compounds. Pierre Louis Dulong first prepared it in 1812, and lost two fingers and an eye in two separate explosions. An explosion from NCl3 blinded Sir Humphry Davy temporarily, inducing him to hire Michael Faraday as a co-worker. Belgian researchers reported a possible link between NCl3 and rising numbers of childhood asthma cases.
Nitroglycerin: A heavy, colorless, oily, explosive liquid obtained by nitrating glycerol. It was synthesized by chemist Ascanio Sobrero in 1847, working under TJ Pelouze at the University of Turin. Sobrero initially called his discovery pyroglycerine, and warned vigorously against its use as an explosive. It was later adopted as a commercially useful explosive by Alfred Nobel. Since the 1860s, it has been used as an active ingredient in the manufacture of explosives, specifically dynamite, and as such is employed in the construction and demolition industries. Similarly, since the 1880s, it has been used by the military as an active ingredient for nitrocellulose in some solid propellants, such as Cordite and Ballistite. Nitroglycerin is also used medically and is one of the oldest and most useful drugs for treating heart disease by shortening or even preventing attacks of angina pectoris.
Silver azide: AgN3. This colorless solid is a well-known explosive.
Silver acetylide: Ag2C2. This compound can be regarded as a salt of the weak acid acetylene. Silver acetylide is a heat- and shock-sensitive high explosive with the unusual property that on ignition it does not evolve any gasd
Silver Fulminate: AgCNO. An explosive ionic compound with very little practical value due to extreme sensitivity to impact, heat, pressure, and electricity. The compound becomes progressively sensitive as it is aggregated, even in small amounts�the touch of a falling feather, the impact of a single water droplet, or a small static discharge are all capable of explosively detonating an unconfined pile of silver fulminate no larger than a dime and no heavier than a few milligrams. Aggregation of larger quantities is impossible due to the compound's tendency to self-detonate under its own weight. Silver fulminate was first prepared in 1800 by Edward Charles Howard in his research project to prepare a large variety of fulminates. Since its discovery, its only practical usage has been in producing non-damaging novelty noisemakers as children's toys and tricks. Silver fulminate can be prepared unintentionally, when an acidic solution of silver nitrate comes in contact with alcohol. This is a hazard in chemical silvering of mirrors.
Copper acetylide: or cuprous acetylide, is an inorganic chemical compound with the formula Cu2C2. It is a heat and shock sensitive high explosive, more sensitive than silver acetylide. Copper acetylide can form inside pipes made of copper or an alloy with high copper content, which may result in violent explosion. This was found to be the cause of explosions in acetylene plants, and led to abandonment of copper as a construction material in such plants. Copper catalysts used in petrochemistry can also possess a degree of risk under certain conditions.
Diazodinitrophenol (DDNP): is a yellowish brown powder. It is soluble in acetic acid, acetone, strong hydrochloric acid, and most non-polar solvents but is insoluble in water.
A solution of cold sodium hydroxide may be used to destroy it. DDNP may be desensitized by immersing it in water, as it does not react in water at normal temperature. It is less sensitive to impact but more powerful than mercury fulminate and lead azide. The sensitivity of DDNP to friction is much less than that of mercury fulminate, but it is approximately that of lead azide. DDNP is used with other materials to form priming mixtures, particularly where a high sensitivity to flame or heat is desired. DDNP is often used as an initiating explosive in propellant primer devices and is a substitute for lead styphnate in what are termed "non-toxic" (lead free) priming explosive compositions.
Tetrazole: A class of synthetic organic heterocyclic compounds, consisting of a 5-member ring of four nitrogen and one carbon atom (plus hydrogens). The simplest is tetrazole itself, CN4H2. They produce high-temperature, non-toxic reaction products, and have a high burn rate and (relative) stability, all of which are desirable properties. Tetrazole was first prepared by the reaction of anhydrous hydrazoic acid and hydrogen cyanide under pressure.
Pyrotechnic Oxidizers
What oxidizers do is provide the oxygen that contributes to the combustion of other material.
Ammonium Compounds: Ammonia has been known since ancient times, and ammonium salts here collected by the Romans.
Ammonium azide: NH4N3. Like other inorganic azides, this colorless crystalline salt is a powerful explosive, although it has a remarkably low sensitivity. NH4N3 is physiologically active: inhalation of small amounts causes headaches and palpitations. It was first obtained by Theodor Curtius in 1890, along with other azides.
Ammonium permanganate: NH4MnO4, or NH3�HMnO4. It was first prepared by Eilhard Mitscherlich in 1824. Soluble in water. It is a strong oxidizer, owing to its permanganate anion, and it is a moderately strong explosive, owing to the combination of oxidizer anion and reducing ammonium cation. Dry ammonium permanganate can detonate by heat, shock, or friction, and it may explode at temperatures above 140 �F (60 �C). Ammonium permanganate decomposes explosively to manganese dioxide, nitrogen, and water.
Ammonium Nitrate: Nitrate of ammonia, NH4NO3, is a white crystalline solid at room temperature and standard pressure. It is commonly used in agriculture as a high-nitrogen fertilizer, and is used in cold packs. It is the main component of AN/FO (Ammonium Nitrate/Fuel Oil), a very popular explosive. The oil used is most often No. 2 fuel oil, or diesel fuel, but sometimes kerosene, coal dust, or even molasses. ANNM or ammonium nitrate and nitromethane is the most powerful type of AN explosive. The Haber Process, which took ammonia from the nitrogen in the air, was created in 1909.
Ammonium dinitramide: ADN (sometimes ADM) is the ammonium salt of dinitramidic acid. It was originally invented in the Soviet Union, but remained classified until it was rediscovered in the United States in the 1980s. It makes an excellent solid rocket oxidizer with a slightly higher specific impulse than ammonium perchlorate and, more importantly, does not leave hydrogen chloride fumes. The salt is prone to detonation under high temperatures and shock more so than the perchlorate. It can be synthesized from ammonium nitrate, nitric acid, and super concentrated sulfuric acid, to which a base other than ammonia must be added before the acid dinitramide decomposes.
Ammonium perchlorate: Like most ammonium salts, it decomposes before melting. Mild heating results in chlorine, nitrogen, oxygen, and water, while strong heating may lead to explosions. Its detonation leaves no residue.
Barium Compounds: Alchemists in the early Middle Ages knew about some barium minerals. Smooth pebble-like stones of mineral barite found in Bologna, Italy were known as "Bologna stones". After exposed to light they would glow for years that attracted them to witches and alchemists. Carl Scheele identified barite as containing a new element in 1774, but could not isolate barium. Barium powder is pyrophoric: it can explode in contact with air or oxidizing gases. It is likely to explode when combined with halogenated hydrocarbon solvents. It reacts violently with water. All water or acid soluble barium compounds are extremely poisonous.
Barium nitrate: Baratol is an explosive composed of barium nitrate, TNT and binder; the high density of barium nitrate results in baratol being quite dense as well. Barium nitrate mixed with aluminium powder, a formula for flash powder, is highly explosive. It is mixed with Thermite to form Thermate-TH3, used in military thermite grenades.
Perchlorate: Salts derived from perchloric acid (HClO4). They occur both naturally and through manufacturing. They have been used as a medicine for more than 50 years to treat thyroid gland disorders. They are also used as an oxidizer in rocket fuel and explosives and can be found in airbags and fireworks. It was recently determined the soil sample collected from Mars showed traces of perchlorate.
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE): A synthetic fluoropolymer of tetrafluoroethylene most well known by the DuPont brand name Teflon. Powdered PTFE is used in pyrotechnic compositions as an oxidizer together with powdered metals such as aluminium and magnesium. Upon ignition these mixtures release large amounts of heat. They are used as infrared decoy flares and igniters for solid-fuel rocket propellants.
Potassium Chlorate: Potassium chlorate was one key ingredient in early firearms percussion caps (primers). It continues in that application, where not supplanted by potassium perchlorate. "Rackarock" consisted of potassium chlorate and nitrobenzene. It was provided in the form of permeable cartridges of the chlorate, which were placed in wire baskets and dipped in the nitrobenzene for a few seconds before use. For underwater use, it could be provided in cans instead. It was famously used in the massive submarine demolition of a navigational hazard in Long Island Sound in 1885. The charge of over a hundred tons of explosive (laid in tunnels 20 meters below sea level) destroyed approximately 600,000 tons of rock, and created a wave 30 m high.
Potassium Nitrate: See saltpeter, above.
Potassium Perchlorate: Usually obtained as a colorless, crystalline solid, it is a common oxidizer used in fireworks, ammunition percussion caps, explosive primers, and is used variously in propellants, flash compositions, stars, and sparklers. It has been used as a solid rocket propellant, although in that application it has mostly been replaced by the higher performance ammonium perchlorate. The conversion of solid glucose into hot gaseous CO2 is the basis of the explosive force of such mixtures. Even with cane sugar, KClO4 yields a low explosive, provided the necessary confinement.
Potassium Permanganate: In 1659 a German chemist, J.R. Glauber, fused a mixture of the mineral pyrolusite and potassium carbonate to obtain a material that, when dissolved in water, gave a green solution (potassium manganate) that slowly shifted to violet potassium permanganate, and then finally red. Early photographers used it as a component of flash powder. Concentrated sulfuric acid reacts with KMnO4 to give Mn2O7, which can be explosive. Potassium permanganate and sulfuric acid react to produce some ozone, which has a high oxidizing power and rapidly oxidizes the alcohol, causing it to combust. As a similar reaction produces explosive Mn2O7, this should only be attempted with great care.
Rubidium: A soft, silvery-white metallic element of the alkali metal group. Like other group 1 elements, this metal reacts violently in water. In common with potassium and caesium this reaction is usually vigorous enough to ignite the liberated hydrogen. Rubidium has also been reported to ignite spontaneously in air. Rubidium was discovered in 1861 by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff in the mineral lepidolite through the use of a spectroscope. Rubidium metal was first produced by the reaction of rubidium chloride with potassium by Bunsen.
Sodium Chlorate: Sodium chlorate comes in dust, spray, and granule formulations. There is a risk of fire and explosion in dry mixtures with other substances, like other herbicides, sulfur, phosphorus, powdered metals, strong acids. Particularly when mixed with sugar it has explosive properties.
Sodium Nitrate: Chile Saltpeter. Sodium nitrate is used as an ingredient in fertilizers, pyrotechnics, in smoke bombs, as a food preservative, and as a solid rocket propellant, as well as in glass and pottery enamels. Sodium nitrate was used extensively as a fertilizer and a raw material for the manufacture of gunpowder in the late nineteenth century. The first shipment of Chile saltpeter to Europe arrived in England in 1820 or 1825, but didn't find any buyers and was dumped at sea in order to avoid customs toll.
Strontium: An alkaline earth metal, strontium is a soft silver-white or yellowish metallic element that is highly reactive chemically. The metal turns yellow when exposed to air. It occurs naturally in the minerals celestine and strontianite. Strontium is a grey/silvery metal that is softer than calcium and even more reactive in water, with which strontium reacts on contact to produce strontium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. It should be kept under a liquid hydrocarbon such as mineral oil or kerosene to prevent oxidation; freshly exposed strontium metal rapidly turns a yellowish color with the formation of the oxide. Finely powdered strontium metal will ignite spontaneously in air at room temperature. Strontium is named after the Scottish village of Strontian, having been discovered in the ores taken from the lead mines in 1790. The element was eventually isolated by Sir Humphry Davy in 1808.
Article Info
The Rocky State of Your Campaign #15
Geology and Pyrotechnics
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i don't know
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What means throw and vomit, is a term of endearment, and a radial clamp?
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Chucking - definition of chucking by The Free Dictionary
Chucking - definition of chucking by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/chucking
tr.v. chucked, chuck·ing, chucks
1. To pat or squeeze fondly or playfully, especially under the chin.
2.
a. To throw or toss: chucked stones into the water.
b. Informal To throw out; discard: chucked my old sweater.
c. Informal To force out; eject: chucking out the troublemakers.
3. Informal To give up; quit: chucked her job.
n.
1. An affectionate pat or squeeze under the chin.
2. A throw, toss, or pitch.
[Variant of chock, possibly from French choc, knock, blow; see shock1.]
chuck 2
(chŭk)
n.
1. A cut of beef extending from the neck to the ribs and including the shoulder blade.
2.
a. A clamp that holds a tool or the material being worked in a machine such as a lathe.
b. A clamping device for holding a drill bit.
3. Informal Food.
[Dialectal chuck, lump, perhaps variant of chock .]
chuck 3
intr.v. chucked, chuck·ing, chucks
To make a clucking sound.
n.
[Middle English chukken, of imitative origin.]
chuck
1. informal to throw
2. to pat affectionately, esp under the chin
3. informal (sometimes foll by: in or up) to give up; reject: he chucked up his job; she chucked her boyfriend.
4. slang chiefly (usually foll by: up) US to vomit
5. chuck off at informal Austral and NZ to abuse or make fun of
n
6. a throw or toss
7. a playful pat under the chin
8. the chuck informal dismissal
[C16: of unknown origin]
(tʃʌk)
n
1. (Cookery) Also called: chuck steak a cut of beef extending from the neck to the shoulder blade
2. (Mechanical Engineering)
a. Also called: three jaw chuck a device that holds a workpiece in a lathe or tool in a drill, having a number of adjustable jaws geared to move in unison to centralize the workpiece or tool
b. Also called: four jaw chuck or independent jaw chuck a similar device having independently adjustable jaws for holding an unsymmetrical workpiece
[C17: variant of chock]
(intr) a less common word for cluck 2
n
2. a term of endearment
[C14 chukken to cluck, of imitative origin]
chuck
1. (Physical Geography) a large body of water
2. (Physical Geography) short for saltchuck
[C19: from Chinook Jargon, from Nootka chauk]
chuck1
3. to eject from a public place (often fol. by out).
4. to resign from: He's chucked his job.
5. to pat or tap lightly, as under the chin.
n.
6. a light pat or tap.
7. a toss; pitch.
1. the cut of beef between the neck and shoulder blade.
2. a block or log used as a chock.
3.
a. a device to center and clamp work in a lathe or other machine tool.
b. a device for holding a drill bit.
[1665–75; variant of chock . See chunk 1]
chuck3
[1350–1400; Middle English chuk, expressive word]
chuck4
[1840–50; special use of chuck 2]
chuck
I will have been chucking
you will have been chucking
he/she/it will have been chucking
we will have been chucking
you will have been chucking
they will have been chucking
Past Perfect Continuous
fare - the food and drink that are regularly served or consumed
2.
chuck - the part of a forequarter from the neck to the ribs and including the shoulder blade
cut of beef - cut of meat from beef cattle
blade - a cut of beef from the shoulder blade
shoulder - a cut of meat including the upper joint of the foreleg
3.
chuck - a holding device consisting of adjustable jaws that center a workpiece in a lathe or center a tool in a drill
collet chuck , collet - a cone-shaped chuck used for holding cylindrical pieces in a lathe
drill - a tool with a sharp point and cutting edges for making holes in hard materials (usually rotating rapidly or by repeated blows)
electric drill - a rotating power drill powered by an electric motor
holding device - a device for holding something
jaw - holding device consisting of one or both of the opposing parts of a tool that close to hold an object
lathe - machine tool for shaping metal or wood; the workpiece turns about a horizontal axis against a fixed tool
Verb
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Chuck
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Planchets, flans and blanks are synonyms for pieces of metal used to make?
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Übersetzung von Chuck nach Englisch
Mehr: Englisch Griechisch Übersetzung von chuck
Chuck in Chinesisch (v)
轻击, 轻拍; 扔, 抛; 抚弄; 食物#颈肉; 塞块, 垫块; 夹头, 夹盘#咯咯的叫声 轻击, 轻拍; 扔, 抛; 抚弄; 放弃, 辞掉; 咯咯地叫
Mehr: Englisch Chinesisch (v) Übersetzung von chuck
Chuck in Chinesisch (t)
輕擊, 輕拍; 扔, 拋; 撫弄; 食物#頸肉; 塞塊, 墊塊; 夾頭, 夾盤#咯咯的叫聲 輕擊, 輕拍; 扔, 拋; 撫弄; 放棄, 辭掉; 咯咯地叫
Mehr: Englisch Chinesisch (t) Übersetzung von chuck
Chuck in Arabisch
رمية قصيرة, تربيتة تحت الذقن إلخ, صرع, طرد, جانب من الذبيجة, طعام, ظرف في الميكانيكا سنفرق, رمى, طرد, استقال, تركه فجأة
Mehr: Englisch Arabisch Übersetzung von chuck
Chuck in Spanisch
toquecito bajo la barbilla; tiro; prensa de sujeción, mandril, prensa de sujeción de torno; paletilla (corte de carne) lanzar; dar toquecitos en la barbilla, dar palmaditas; tirar, descartar, echar
Mehr: Englisch Spanisch Übersetzung von chuck
Chuck in Russisch
зажимный патрон; хлопок, толчок; кудахтанье кудахтать, скликать домашнюю птицу; понукать лошадь; бросать, швырять; ласково похлопывать, ласково трепать; зажимать в патроне, обрабатывать в патроне
Mehr: Englisch Englisch Übersetzung von chuck
ChucK is a concurrent, strongly timed audio programming language for real-time synthesis, composition, and performance, which runs on Linux, Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, and iOS. It is designed to favor readability and flexibility for the programmer over other considerations such as raw performance. It natively supports deterministic concurrency and multiple, simultaneous, dynamic control rates. Another key feature is the ability to live code; adding, removing, and modifying code on the fly, while the program is running, without stopping or restarting. It has a highly precise timing/concurrency model, allowing for arbitrarily fine granularity. It offers composers and researchers a powerful and flexible programming tool for building and experimenting with complex audio synthesis programs, and real-time interactive control.
See more at Wikipedia.org...
Mehr: Englisch Englisch Übersetzung von chuck
1. do or perform right away: “chuck a U-ie”; “chuck a mental”; “chuck a wobbly”; 2. be rid of; 3. throw something; 4. vomit; 5. be sick; 6. stop; desist to make a U-turn turn left to be angry throw a fit, panic lose one's temper; throw a tantrum take the day off sick from work when you're perfectly healthy to be angry (of a woman) spread her legs in a sexual way
become angry; have a tantrum; make a scene 1. tell a story that doesn't sound quite true; 2. throw a tantrum (in Western Australia); 3. (of a machine, etc.) fail to function properly; break down
vomit resign from: "He's chucked in his job" desist; give up (something begun) without finishing: "There were so many problems with the job that finally she just chucked it in" butter be overbearing; interfere forcefully and unwelcomely vomit a bucket
Mehr: Englisch Spanisch Übersetzung von chuck
(n.) = portabrocas.
Ex: I have always had an awful time removing the chucks on smaller drills -- when I get them off they have to be replaced.
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* chuck key = llave de sujeción.
* drill chuck = portabrocas.
(n.) = mandril.
Ex: Also I have a magnetic strip hanging above my lathe that holds the chuck keys, Allen wrenchs, and bars for removing the chucks.
(n.) = carne de aguja.
Ex: I bought a piece of chuck and want to cook it in the crockpot -- what are your favourite recipes for that?.
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* chuck beef = carne de aguja de ternera.
* chuck steak = filete de aguja de ternera.
(v.) = arrojar, tirar, desechar.
Ex: Somehow the separation of church and state that was one of the founding principles of this country was chucked for the sake of political expediency.
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* chuck + a wobbler = ponerse (hecho/como) un energúmeno, ponerse histérico, ponerse (hecho/como) una fiera, volverse loco, ponerse (como/hecho) un diablo, llevar a Uno el diablo, llevar a Uno (todos) los diablos, ponerse (hecho/como) un demonio, llevar a Uno el demonio, llevar a Uno (todos) los demonios.
* chuck + a wobbly = ponerse (hecho/como) un energúmeno, ponerse histérico, ponerse (hecho/como) una fiera, volverse loco, ponerse (como/hecho) un diablo, llevar a Uno el diablo, llevar a Uno (todos) los diablos, ponerse (hecho/como) un demonio, llevar a Uno el demonio, llevar a Uno (todos) los demonios.
* chuck + it down with rain = llover a cántaros, llover a mares, llover a mantas.
* chuck + Nombre + out = tirar, deshacerse de.
Mehr: Englisch Russisch Übersetzung von chuck
I 1. n. 1. тех. зажимный патрон 2. attr. - тех. chuck jaw 2. v. тех. зажимать, обрабатывать в патроне II 1. n. 1. подергивание (головой) 2. = chuck-farthing 3. собир. увольнение; to give smb. the chuck - уволить кого-л.; порвать отношения с кем-л. 2. v. 1. бросать, швырять 2. ласково похлопывать, трепать (under); to chuck under the chin - потрепать по подбородку - chuck away - chuck down - chuck in - chuck off - chuck out - chuck together - chuck up chuck it! - собир. молчи!; перестань!; to chuck one's hand in - сдаться; признать себя побежденным; to chuck one's weight about - держаться надменно; to chuck one's money about /around - бросать деньги на ветер; to chuck oneself at - стараться завоевать любовь кого-л.; to chuck down one's tools - бастовать; to chuck in one's cards /hand - прекращать играть в карты; to chuck in the towel - признавать поражение; to chuck up the sponge - признавать поражение III 1. n. 1. цыпленок 2. ласк. цыпочка 3. кудахтанье 2. v. 1. кудахтать 2. скликать домашнюю птицу 3. понукать лошадь 3. interj. chuck! - цып-цып! IV n. жарг. пища, еда; hard chuck - мор. сухари
▪ tiếng cục cục (gà mái gọi con)
▪ tiếng tặc lưỡi, tiếng chặc lưỡi (người)
◊ nội động từ
▪ tặc lưỡi, chặc lưỡi (người)
◊ danh từ
▪ (kỹ thuật) mâm cặp, bàn cặp, ngàm
◊ ngoại động từ
▪ (kỹ thuật) đặt vào bàn cặp
▪ đặt vào ngàm
▪ (từ lóng) đồ ăn, thức ăn
◦ hard chuck : (hàng hải) thức ăn khô, lương khô, bánh quy
◊ danh từ
▪ sự day day, sự lắc nhẹ (cằm)
▪ sự ném, sự liệng, sự quăng
▪ (thông tục) sứ đuổi ra, sự thải ra; sự bỏ rơi
◦ to give someone the chuck : đuổi ai, thải ai; bỏ rơi ai
▪ (số nhiều) trò chơi đáo lỗ
◦ to play at chucks : chơi đáo lỗ
◊ ngoại động từ
▪ day day (cằm); vỗ nhẹ, lắc nhẹ (dưới cằm)
◦ to chuck someone under the chin : day day nhẹ cằm người nào
▪ ném, liệng, quăng, vứt
◦ chuck me that box of matches : ném cho tôi xin bao diêm kia
▫ to chuck away
◦ to chuck one's money away : phung phí tiền bạc, xài phí tiền của
▫ to chuck out
▪ tống cổ ra khỏi cửa, đuổi ra (những kẻ làm mất trật tự, quấy phá trong quán rượu, rạp hát)
▫ to chuck up
◦ to chuck up one's job : bỏ việc
◦ to chuck up the sponge : bỏ cuộc đấu, bỏ việc đang cố làm
▫ chuck it
▪ (từ lóng) thôi đi!, thế là đủ!
▫ to chuck one's hand in
▪ (xem) hand
▫ to chuck one's weight about
▪ vênh vênh, váo váo, ngạo mạn, kiêu căng
◊ (Tech)
Mehr: Englisch Italienisch Übersetzung von chuck
Chuck in Rumänisch
v.t.: 1. a arunca, a azvârli; a da cu piciorul. "When a button comes off, you don't just chuck it away." (N. Shute, On the Beach) 2. a pierde (un prilej); a da cu piciorul (la o ocazie, etc.) You have just chucked away your best opportunity to be promoted. Now you'll have to wait some other three or four years. v.t.: (sl.) a izgoni, a alunga, a da afară, a scoate afară. "If you don't fancy him, chuck him out." (J. Le Carre, Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy) "Well, he had to take me in before he could chuck me out, and I guess I owe him something for that." (D. Robinson, Kramer's War) [Synonyms: chase away, drive away I, send away 2], v.t.; (fam.) a lăsa baltă (o treabă, etc.) "I have a great mind to chuck the whole thing up." (O. Wilde, The Picture of Dorian Gray)
(a)F (throw) jeter, lancer (une pierre etc);
to chuck one's money about or around, gaspiller son argent;
(b)to chuck someone under the chin, donner une tape à quelqu'un, sous le menton;
(c)F (finish with) lâcher (un emploi); plaquer, virer (quelqu'un,);
(d)F (throw away) balancer, foutre en l'air;
(e)Br chuck it!, (stop it!) arrête!
chuck2 n
(a)F to give someone the chuck, balancer quelqu'un, vider quelqu'un,;
(b)(under the chin) petite tape.
chuck3 n
(a)Tech (for lathe, drill) mandrin m; foret m (pour tour);
chuck drill, chuck key, foret pour tour;
(b)Culin paleron m (de bœuf);
Am F chuck wagon, = charrette f qui transporte la nourriture (à des moissonneurs, des cowboys etc).
Mehr: Englisch Bulgarisch Übersetzung von chuck
[tJAk] n патронник на струг.{2} [] v слагам/закрепвам в патронник на струг.{3} [] v 1. разг. хвърлям, изхвърлям, захвърлям; мятам, запраща{4} [] n si. изгонване, натирване; уволнение; to give s.o. the {5} [] n 1. пиле, пилекце (и като галено обрьщение)', 2. къткан{6} [] n 1. плешка от говеждо месо; 2. si. храна.
Mehr: Englisch Bulgarisch Übersetzung von chuck
[tJAk] n патронник на струг. [] v слагам/закрепвам в патронник на струг. [] v 1. разг. хвърлям, изхвърлям, захвърлям; мятам, запращам: 2. разг. отказвам се от; зарязвам, изоставям, напускам; ~ it! si. спри! престани! стига! 3. погалвам, потупвам лекичко (особ. под брадичката)', chuck away 1) изхвърлям; 2) пропилявам («реме пари, вьзможности)', chuck out 1) изпъждам, изхвърлям (някого от сьбрание, заведение и пр.), 2) отхвърлям (предложение, законопроект и пр.), chuck over хвърлям, прехвърлям, подхвърлям (нещо на близко разстояние)', chuck up 1) зарязвам, изоставям (работа и пр.), 2) спирам. [] n si. изгонване, натирване; уволнение; to give s.o. the ~ 1) скъсвам с някого; 2) уволнявам някого. [] n 1. пиле, пилекце (и като галено обрьщение)', 2. къткане (на кокошки)-, 3. подвикване, подканване (на кон), [] n 1. плешка от говеждо месо; 2. si. храна.
Mehr: Englisch Persisch Übersetzung von chuck
گيرهاي كه مته را در ماشين نگه ميدارد ، مرغك ،عزي عزيزم ، جانم ،)ز.ع.انگليس(جوجهمرغتكان ، صدائي كه براي راندن حيوان بكارميرود ميرود بازي شيرياخط واگن آشپزخانه و وسائل آشپزي ترن ازدست دادن بيرون انداختن كسي ازجايي ترك كردن ،ول كردن سپرانداختن،از خيالي دست كشيدن
Mehr: Englisch Persisch Übersetzung von chuck
¢ّ¤ُ ¢ّ¤ُ¤‘î“ ِگّں ِ¢÷گ¤ گ¤“ ùî üژگ¢¬ ٹ ِ‘î—ه¤ُù›ّ›(§ًَ÷گ.ل.¥)ٹ ô÷‘› ٹ ô¥¥ن ¥نٹ يè¤ُ ٹ ¢¤گ¢ُ ùً÷ ِھ‘ُ ¤¢ گ¤ ù—ُ ùî گù¤ًto c. away=ِ¢گ¢ –¨¢¥گto c. out=ü‘›¥گ ü¨î ِ—،گ¢÷گ ِّ¤“to c. up=ِ¢¤î ٌّٹ ِ¢¤î ي¤—to c. up the spon=ِ¢ھî –¨¢ üَ‘، ¥گٹِ—،گ¢÷گ¤•¨ ¯،‘¤ھ ¥‘“ ِ¤— ¥•ھچ ٌژ‘¨ّ ّ ù÷‘،¥•ھچ ًِگّ ِ¢گ¢ –¨¢¥گ ü‘›¥گ ü¨î ِ—،گ¢÷گ ِّ¤“ ِ¢¤î ٌّٹ ِ¢¤î ي¤— ِ¢ھî –¨¢ üَ‘، ¥گٹِ—،گ¢÷گ¤•¨
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i don't know
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The Coca Cola corporation launched 'Fairlife' in 2014, a 'premiumized' version of?
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Coca-Cola: Sales Decline, Health Concerns Spur Relaunch - Bloomberg
@clairesuddath More stories by Claire Suddath
Illustration by David Parkins
Sandy Douglas drinks one Coca-Cola every day. He likes it early, before noon, sometimes accompanied by a cup of coffee. “You get an espresso, you get your caffeine and have this for lunch, and you’re ahead,” he says between sips from Coke’s old-fashioned 8-ounce glass bottle. When it’s over, he doesn’t allow himself a second. “I will probably have a Coke Zero in the afternoon at some point,” he concedes, but not another regular one because it has too many calories. “That’s approximately my daily regimen.”
Behind this week’s cover
Photo illustration by Justin Metz; Photograph by Jason Falchook
For anyone else this is unremarkable, but Douglas is president of Coca-Cola North America, which means it’s his job to sell as much of the fizzy, sugary soda as possible, and admitting that he limits himself to less than a can of Coke a day for health reasons might not seem the best way to go about it. At 52, Douglas has been with Coca-Cola for 26 years and is very much the company man. He dresses in dark suits. He looks golf-course tan. He carries himself like someone who’s always ready to lecture on the benefits of the product he’s selling. He talks in a form of Coke-speak—“the pause that refreshes,” “our job is to refresh the world”—that would have any public-relations manager giddy with delight.
Coca-Cola Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Muhtar Kent gave Douglas the North America job in January, essentially asking him to turn around a decade-long decline in American soda sales. Most days since then, Douglas has walked the hallways of the company’s Atlanta headquarters, past the polished wood walls adorned with vintage Coca-Cola ads and display cases full of knickknacks and long-expired coupons for 5¢ Cokes, thinking about the nearly impossible task ahead of him. There are 41 bottles of Coca-Cola in the conference room where he’s holding a meeting—2-liters and tallboys, plastics of all sizes, aluminum bottles, and the classic red can. They speak to a specific type of American culture where bigger is better, one that exists outside of foodie-ism and Michelle Obama’s nutrition campaign and the general explosion in health consciousness that has lately put Coke on the wrong side of just about every consumer lifestyle trend. Douglas believes Coca-Cola needs to refocus on the one thing it does best: sell bottles of Coke. This is the beginning, he says, of “what I might call the phased relaunch of Coca-Cola in the U.S.”
Given all the choices out there, people just aren’t drinking as much Coke. Douglas has watched this happen from his perch at headquarters, checking numbers reports and meeting with the company’s vast network of bottlers. And you don’t need inside access to the data to detect the trend. Just ask Joe Davis, a self-described “frontline stocking grunt” at a Walmart in Spokane, Wash. “Coke doesn’t move as much as we’ve seen it move in the past,” he says.
Across the country, Sevan Curukcu, who owns and runs a BP station in Lodi, N.J., has noticed the same thing. When Curukcu moved his family to the U.S. from Turkey in 2001, he opened the BP franchise and quickly found that all anyone ever wanted to buy was a Coke or maybe a Snapple. Today? “It’s all Red Bull or water.” In his gas station, Curukcu has relegated Coca-Cola and its carbonated competitors (Pepsi, Dr Pepper, and all the decaffeinated, low-calorie iterations thereof) to one refrigerator in the corner. The rest of the store is stocked with iced tea, juices, and lots of water and energy drinks. “See what I mean?” he asks as a 20-year-old waitress walks up to his counter and purchases two liters of water and two 20-ounce cans of Red Bull.
July 31 (Bloomberg) -- Sanjay Khosla, former president of developing markets at Kraft Foods, discusses steps taken by Coca-Cola to reverse a slide in sales by attempting to offer healthier products. He speaks on “Bloomberg Surveillance.”
Her name is Anna Antonova. A few years ago she gave up her two-liter-a-week Coca-Cola habit and dropped seven pounds. She’s never returned to soda. Coca-Cola desperately needs to get her back, and everyone like her. “But soda is so bad for me, I feel so much better without it,” Antonova says.
Americans may not have figured out the answer to the obesity epidemic, but for years they’ve pointed to Coca-Cola and other soda as one of the causes. Coke has tried fighting against this. It’s tried ignoring it. Now it accepts this as a reality. This is the problem Douglas has to confront. He has to persuade people to drink Coca-Cola again, even if they don’t guzzle it like water the way they did before.
Cultural shifts don’t happen overnight. They build slowly—a sip of coconut water here, a quinoa purchase there, and suddenly the American diet looks drastically different than it did 10 years ago. Nowhere is this more pronounced than in the $75 billion soda industry. For decades, soft-drink companies saw consumption rise. During the 1970s, the average person doubled the amount of soda they drank; by the 1980s it had overtaken tap water. In 1998, Americans were downing 56 gallons of the stuff every year—that’s 1.3 oil barrels’ worth of soda for every person in the country.
And then we weren’t as thirsty for soda anymore, and there were so many new drink options that we could easily swap it out for something else. Soft-drink sales stabilized for a few years; in 2005 they started dropping, and they haven’t stopped. Americans are now drinking about 450 cans of soda a year, according to Beverage Digest, roughly the same amount they did in 1986.
“We actually believe that if you let this go too long, another three or five years, the consumer will walk away from carbonated soft drinks,” Indra Nooyi, the CEO of PepsiCo, told investors last year, in a shockingly blunt assessment of soda’s future. This is a real problem for her, but at least PepsiCo has the Frito-Lay food business to cushion some of the blow. Coke doesn’t have that. Soda still makes up 74 percent of its business worldwide and about 68 percent in the U.S. Sales of Coca-Cola’s carbonated sodas fell 2 percent in the U.S. last year, according to Beverage Digest, the ninth straight year of decline. Diet Coke tumbled especially hard, dropping 7 percent, almost entirely the result of the growing unpopularity of aspartame amid persistent rumors that it’s a health risk. Coca-Cola made $46.8 billion last year, down from $48 billion in 2012. That’s what Douglas is worried about.
Sandy Douglas
Courtesy The Coca-Cola Company
It’s strange to think about now, but Coca-Cola actually started in response to a health trend. In 1886 an Atlanta pharmacist named John Pemberton, reacting to the local temperance movement, removed the alcohol from his medicinal French Wine Coca tonic and refashioned it as Coca-Cola. Today it’s the world’s largest beverage company. Coca-Cola has 130,600 employees and makes 500 different beverages that people around the world drink 2 billion servings of every day. A quarter of all carbonated beverages consumed globally are made by Coke; Pepsi is far behind at 11 percent. “Coca-Cola is the soda industry,” says Mike Weinstein, a former president of A&W Brands who made his fortune turning around the once-ailing Snapple and now runs his own beverage consultant firm. “Whatever Coke does, it’s seen as what the soda industry does. What happens to Coke eventually happens to everyone.”
Ask anyone in the soda industry to explain the consumption decline, and they’ll point to the 1980s. That’s when Coke and Pepsi, during the height of the soda wars, started selling the stuff in bigger and bigger sizes to get people to drink more—which meant they sold more product.
Coca-Cola is famously closed to outsiders and is so secretive about its namesake product that executives used to remove ingredient labels so that no one, not even the employees who mixed the syrup, knew what was in it. That level of secrecy may have worked for ad campaigns and product launches, but over the past decade the company has learned the hard way that when people are concerned that your products are harmful, it’s not all that helpful to stay silent. And so, in its own slow corporate way, Coca-Cola is trying to open up. It has no other choice.
“We talked a lot about volume, unit case volume. We talked a lot about per capita,” says Douglas. “And when you get paid by your bottlers for gallons of syrup, it’s logical.” The “upsizing” phenomenon was unique to the American market; in other countries the focus was still on introducing people to the drink. By 1990, U.S. fountain drink sizes had grown more than 50 percent. In 1994, the year Douglas became vice president of what was then called Coca-Cola USA, Coke introduced the 20-ounce plastic bottle, a serving size that was more than three times bigger than its original 6-ounce glass one. “A whole lot of the problems we’re addressing in North America were created while I was in a pretty big job,” he concedes. “We can stare at those honestly. We don’t have to pretend they don’t exist. That raises all the way up to the top of the company.” That’s as close as he’ll get to admitting that Coca-Cola might have made a mistake by selling its drinks in such aggressive sizes.
New York City’s Department of Health plasters subway cars with anti-soda ads urging people not to “drink yourself fat.” Note the unmarked red bottle. Click for more Coke urban myths and activist attacks.
While this was happening, rates of obesity, diabetes, and other weight-related health issues in the U.S. soared. By 1999, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a fifth of all U.S. adults were obese; today that number is 35 percent. Obesity rates among children have tripled since the 1970s. The scientific community quickly zeroed in on fast food and sodas as a major cause. In 1998 a Washington consumer advocacy nonprofit called the Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) released an industry-shattering report called “Liquid Candy” that laid bare just how many calories people were unknowingly slurping. Books such as Fast Food Nation shot to the top of the best-seller list. In 2005 the documentary Super Size Me was nominated for an Oscar.
Obesity researchers such as Kelly Brownell, dean of Duke University’s Sanford School of Public Policy, lobbied state governments to pass soda taxes. “Almost no one in the policy world listened to me at first,” says Brownell, who first raised the issue in 1994. “Then around 2009 the idea started becoming more popular.” Since then 30 states have proposed soda taxes, although thanks in part to intense lobbying efforts by the American Beverage Association—of which Douglas is a board member—none have passed. In 2012, New York’s then-Mayor Michael Bloomberg, who’s the majority owner of Bloomberg Businessweek’s parent company, Bloomberg LP, tried to cap most fountain drink sizes at 16 ounces within the city. (New York’s highest court struck the law down in June.) If these laws didn’t pass, they had everyone talking.
In its campaigns, the CSPI has gone after Coca-Cola in particular, often co-opting the company’s advertising images to get its message across. In 2012 it released an educational video featuring Coca-Cola-esque polar bears who drink too much soda, get diabetes, then have their legs cut off. And it funded this year’s Katie Couric-narrated documentary Fed Up, which opened at Sundance and spends a lot of time demonizing the red can. According to former Coke employees, there’s a feeling within the company that it’s been unfairly targeted. “I don’t know how we [Snapple] escaped it, because Snapple is essentially soda without carbonation,” says Weinstein. “We had all the same stuff in there—sugar, flavoring—but we never had the heat put on us the way Coke did.”
“I’m not trying to have an intellectual argument with a food scientist who has a point of view,” says Douglas. He also calls consumers’ growing distrust of aspartame “an Internet rumor.” That’s partially true; dozens of scientifically dubious websites claim that aspartame is a carcinogen even though the Food and Drug Administration says it’s not. But perception is reality in the drinks business, and if people don’t trust something, they won’t drink it. In its annual reports, Coca-Cola regularly cites “obesity and other health concerns” as the biggest risk to the company’s future.
For a while, Coca-Cola tried to grow by focusing its efforts on international markets such as India and Africa, where consumption of soda is still much lower than it is in the U.S. So far it’s worked—global revenue for all of Coca-Cola’s major soda brands (except Diet Coke) went up last year. And in North America, Coke started to position itself as not just a soda company but something bigger and broader, a sort of Procter & Gamble of beverages.
“We had all the same stuff in there—sugar, flavoring—but we never had the heat put on us the way Coke did”
In 2007 the company commissioned a study of every nonalcoholic drink it could find and came up with 2,650. It also found that 20 percent of the sales and 50 percent of the growth in the $120 billion beverage industry came from small, independently owned brands, a third of which hadn’t existed five years before. That year, Coke launched its Venturing & Emerging Brands (VEB) division to cultivate relationships with and ultimately purchase some smaller startups.
In the seven years since, Coca-Cola has invested in at least five smaller companies and bought three. It owns Fuze tea, Zico coconut water, and the organic Honest Tea. It prefers regional brands with at least $10 million in sales, which it then tries to expand to $1 billion. So far, none have made it. “You pick these brands, half of which don’t work—in fact only 1 in 10 succeed,” says Coca-Cola’s Deryck van Rensburg, who launched VEB. Next year the company hopes for a national rollout of Fairlife, milk in which the molecules have been disassembled and then reformed to create different variations (high-protein, lactose-free milk) that taste like the regular thing.
While the company experimented, it ran into unexpected slowdowns in markets such as China and Latin America. When revenue fell last year, investors questioned whether Kent was doing the right things to improve the business.
The health community’s criticisms have also tainted its new ventures. In 2009, the CSPI filed a lawsuit on behalf of Vitaminwater drinkers in New York and California, alleging that Coca-Cola, which had purchased Vitaminwater parent Glacéau in 2007 for $4.1 billion, had deceptively marketed the drink as healthy when it had almost as much sugar as a regular 12-ounce can of Coke. Coke denied any deception, and the suit is ongoing. In 2012, when Coke briefly looked into buying energy drink company Monster Beverage, Coke’s board debated whether to take on the regulatory risk after U.S. regulators investigated whether its high-caffeine content harmed young people. (Monster denied that it causes any damage.)
Coke ultimately declined to buy Monster, saying its owners wanted too much money, though the actual figure’s never been disclosed. Energy drinks are the one type of soda that’s actually gaining customers; they’re very popular with teenagers, who don’t care too much about nutrition but do care about what’s cool.
“I go into high schools sometimes to talk to kids about what they drink. I ask them, ‘Can you name Coke’s ad slogan? Can you name Pepsi’s?’ And they can’t,” says Weinstein, the consultant. “Then I ask them, ‘What’s Red Bull’s?’ They always say, ‘Red Bull gives you wings.’ ”
In February, Kent announced plans for a reintroduction of Coca-Cola, accompanied by a two-year, $1 billion marketing push, with the goal of driving “sparkling” (the company’s euphemism for soda) back to where it once was. “It’s going to take a while, this is not … an immediate fix, but we know it’s going to be a steady improvement,” he said during the company’s fourth-quarter earnings call in February. So far this year, “sparkling” consumption in North America remains flat.
For its relaunch to succeed, Coca-Cola first has to reposition itself so that people stop feeling guilty when they drink it, or, ideally, come to see a Coke as a treat. That’s why Douglas is so intent on pushing Coca-Cola away from the supersize drinks and back to the older, smaller sizes. A few years ago the company renegotiated its bottler contracts to charge them based on total revenue rather than sales volume. In 2009 it started experimenting with smaller package sizes, offering a 7.5-ounce minican that had fewer than 100 calories and retailed for an average of 50¢. The larger traditional can sells for 35¢ when it comes in packs, but soda is priced so low anyway that the per-ounce increase doesn’t seem to put many people off. “We’ve done a bunch of studies on this, and we’ve found that even if this stuff were free, only 11 percent of people say they’ll drink more of it,” says Ali Dibadj, a beverage analyst with Sanford C. Bernstein. The minicans have seen strong growth, even at places such as Walmart. In theory, if Coca-Cola sells enough of them, it could make a lot more money by giving people a lot less to drink.
Douglas points to the minicans and glass bottles as proof that “we don’t need gluttony to grow.” But for all their adorableness, the petite containers are never going to replace the jumbo sizes in the grocery aisle, or the 50-ounce Double-Gulps at 7-Eleven. Regular cans and 2-liter bottles still account for 75 percent of Coca-Cola’s soda sales in the U.S., and Douglas says that number won’t change drastically anytime soon. “It’s complicated,” he says. “You’ve got lots of history, lots of habits, and lots of retailers who think that all that matters is a 12-pack or a 2-liter price.”
A former Coca-Cola employee, who declined to be identified because he didn’t want to anger his old employer, says the company has a hard time getting restaurant and convenience store chains to reduce their sizes because they make so much money off them.
One way Coca-Cola can control its portions is simply to invent a new way to buy Coke. It lucked into an opportunity in 2012, when Brian Kelley, a Coke executive, left to become CEO of Keurig Green Mountain. When he got there, Kelley discovered that for five years Keurig had been quietly working on a cold brew machine, allowing people to make single servings of sodas and other drinks at home. “I thought this made good sense to talk to Coke about,” he says. Coca-Cola now has a 16 percent share in Keurig, and Van Rensburg has left VEB to oversee the joint venture. Keurig and Coca-Cola will release their cold brew machine sometime next year.
Coca-Cola can’t solve its image crisis by distracting everyone with a new machine and tiny bottles. It also has to address the consumer anxiety plaguing Diet Coke. Douglas likes to say that the company will make and sell whatever people want it to. He calls these moves “following the consumer.” Don’t want aspartame? Fine, Coca-Cola is test-marketing an all-natural stevia-based low-calorie cola called Coca-Cola Life. It’s already available in Argentina and Chile, and this fall it’s coming to the U.K. But it might have a rocky debut when it hits the U.S.; stevia doesn’t taste great in colas. When the company switched Vitaminwater to a stevia-and-sugar-based combination in June, people flooded the brand’s Facebook page with angry posts. “I know they’re full of sugar. I can read it on the label,” says Myko Bocek, a 44-year-old Vitaminwater devotee from Phoenix. “If I want to cut out sugar, I can get the diet version. Why are they doing it for me?”
Coca-Cola’s other challenge doesn’t have anything to do with nutrition. It has to do with choice. There are 4,200 beverages out there today, thousands more than existed just a few years before. In 2009, Coca-Cola introduced its touchscreen Freestyle soda fountain machine that offers more than 100 different drink choices; some, such as orange Coke, aren’t even available in cans. It’s now the standard drink machine at fast-food chains such as Five Guys and Burger King—where the largest fountain drink is 40 ounces, or more than three cans of soda. Coca-Cola says that in the five years since its debut, it has consistently raised drink sales by double digits every year. Freestyle sends consumers’ choices to Coca-Cola, which it carefully analyzes. Coca-Cola now knows that 40 percent of the drinks customers buy have an added flavor and that people over 34 drink mostly caffeine-free Coke in the afternoon. It discovered that so many people like Cherry Fanta that it released the product in bottles and cans. The Keurig machine will also send consumption data back to Coca-Cola. “We’ll know exactly—with the consumer’s permission, of course—what they’re drinking and when they drink it in their home,” says Van Rensburg. “Imagine what you can do with that.”
There’s another piece of information that Freestyle gave Coca-Cola: Even with so many options, the single most popular drink that people order is still regular, classic Coke. It’s the same drink that came out of soda fountains 100 years ago. And amazingly, it’s still the company’s best-selling product. That’s where Douglas tries to find a little optimism in an otherwise discouraging landscape. “We’re about 3 percent of the way to great here,” he says. Now all he has to do is figure out how to take the company the other 97 percent.
Douglas thinks about Coke’s relaunch all the time. Is it going all right? What should he tinker with next? No one wants to be responsible for another New Coke. “I almost need to work on the messaging around ‘relaunch,’ ” he says, almost as if to himself. “I said ‘phased relaunch.’ It’s kind of like a reintroduction.” Lately he’s been admiring General Motors’ new ad campaign for Buick, the one where people stare at the newly hip car and say, “Sure doesn’t look like a Buick!” “I don’t want to compare Coke to Buick or something, but [GM] is completely relaunching Buick right now,” he says. He wonders if Coke needs to do something like that.
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Nanaimo News Bulletin, March 03, 2015 by Black Press - issuu
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Playoff ready Nanaimo Clippers set to face off against BCHL opponents. PAGE 26
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New deadline given to fix Colliery dam I
Society votes to end Empire Days events BY CHRIS BUSH THE NEWS BULLETIN
Despite efforts between the city, Snuneymuxw First Nation and Empire Days Celebrations Society representatives, society members voted to cancel Empire Days festivities for 2015. In two votes, taken at the society’s meeting Wednesday night, members cancelled the Empire Days Parade and also rejected a proposal to take part in a joint venture celebration by the city, Snuneymuxw and the Empire Days Celebration Society that would create an interim working group under a new name for the 2015 celebrations and potentially become the foundation for new celebration society that would run future Victoria Day weekend celebrations. Bob Sears, society secretary, said the voting results were a disappointing outcome after the positive meeting earlier in the week when the society’s executive board met with Nanaimo Mayor Bill McKay, Snuneymuxw First Nation Chief John Wesley and other Snuneymuxw and city representatives for about 90 minutes. “By the end of it we were looking at a joint venture to run this year’s weekend celebrations,” Sears said. The plan essentially called for volunteers from the society to provide the organizational skills, Snuneymuxw First Nation to supply coordinating skills and volunteers, and the city to help with finding local sponsors to help cover costs. “A small majority did not want to do the joint venture part,” Sears said. “So there’s a few of us kind of on the really disappointed side and one person, who’s been a chaperone for years for the kids on the float, she was having a really rough time after the meeting was over last night because she’s been doing it for 20 years or more.” See ‘NEW’ /4
PROVINCIAL AUTHORITY cites fines, water licence cancellation as possible consequences. BY TAMARA CUNNINGHAM THE NEWS BULLETIN
CHRIS BUSH/THE NEWS BULLETIN
Airborne debris
Bryan MacDonald, city parks employee, clears a path of dirt and debris left behind from grass edging work in Maffeo Sutton Park in February. Warm weather that’s continuing into March is helping to make landscaping chores a bit more enjoyable.
Nanaimo has 24 days to hand in a plan for the Colliery dams or risk penalties from the provincial government, a letter from the Water Management Branch shows. The City of Nanaimo has a one-month extension and orders from the province to get on with decision making for the Colliery dams. The letter warns that failure to meet the new deadline could put the city in breach of the Water Act, which can include compliance and enforcement action that ranges from charges, to an order to drain the reservoir, and suspension or cancellation of the city’s water licences. “We have to stand up and pay attention now,” said Mayor Bill McKay. “We’ve awoken the bear, so to speak.” A letter from the B.C. Water Management Branch last week comes after a request by the city for an extension of the province’s Feb. 27 deadline and a political decision four days later to change the schedule to fix the concrete structure to allow for more time to investigate and prepare a revised plan. Politicians also opted to revisit the city’s safety management program, including flood warning signage. At the time, McKay said it didn’t look like a resolution for the dams would be found by the end of February and that the ball was in the province’s court. The province has now outlined its position in a five-page letter, which orders a revised plan no later than 4 p.m. March 27. See ‘COUNCIL’ /5
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Bowling fundraiser supports child cancer sufferer A fundraiser at Splitsville bowling alley will help raise money for a Legoloving, seven-yearold boy. Lucas Wetklo was
diagnosed with kidney cancer in 2011, for which he was treated at B.C. Children’s Hospital. Two year later, his parents, Mike and Karen,
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found out that their son had relapsed. Family and friends are raising money to help alleviate the financial burden of caring for a sick child. The event at Splitsville, set for Sunday (March 8), 2-6 p.m., includes a silent auction, 50/50 draw and face painting.
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Sebastien Arsenault, a member of the Royal Canadian Navy and volunteer firefighter, starts off the Nanaimo portion of the Wounded Warrior run last month. Arsenault was one of six running from Port Hardy to Victoria to raise money for Wounded Warriors Canada to treat veterans suffering from PTSD and other stress injuries.
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Board waives gymnasium rental costs Nanaimo school trustees have voted to waive gym rental fees for the Junior All Native Basketball Tournament coming to Nanaimo in late March. The Snuneymuxw First Nation is the tournament host and the gyms at John Barsby Secondary, Nanaimo District Secondary and Georgia Avenue Elementary schools have been booked for games and use as a cafeteria for participants. Rental of the two high school gyms would’ve cost $6,950 for five days and the elementary school gym rental was set at $458 for three days’ usage. “It’s something we’ve done in the past and I think it’s in good community spirit,” said Steve Rae, school board chairman. “I think it’s an important event and we all feel it’s an important event and we feel this would be something that we should continue.” Organizers also asked that $4,222 in custodial fees be waived, but Rae said the school board is examining that, with a staff report set for March’s board meeting. “We’re going to figure out how that works because we haven’t got it budgeted, so we need to figure out if that’s feasible or not,” said Rae. Paul Wyse-Seward, organizer, coach and Snuneymuxw band councillor, said the tournament will provide an economic boost for the city. “It’s just a partnership thing and it’s the community working together and they’re all high school students that are participating in this tournament from all over the province,” said Wyse-Seward. The tournament runs from March 22-27, during spring break, and the championship takes place at the Vancouver Island University gym. [email protected]
I
PuBlic foruM also discusses budget priorities. By Karl yu The News BulleTiN
Half the parents at a consultation meeting at John Barsby Secondary School supported school closures or saw them as a necessity. School closures were one of the topics discussed during Thursday’s consultation meeting, the second of three scheduled in Nanaimo school district to discuss the 10-year facilities plan. The facilities plan resulted in shuttering a number of schools and the public forum afforded parents and concerned citizens the opportunity to provide feedback on the plan and 2015-16 school budget. Half of 10 discussion groups Thursday night supported closures or saw them as a necessity. Martin Leduc, a parent from Cedar, has
KARL YU/The News BULLeTiN
Deb Marshall, principal of John Barsby Secondary, records the thoughts of her group during a public forum Thursday night. Parents, citizens and school trustees and staff discussed the 10-year facilities plan and the 2015-16 school budget.
seen schools in his area closed and while he’s not necessarily opposed to that, he doesn’t agree
with the Cedar closure/ conversion project currently on hold. “There’s difficult deci-
sions to be made and I think that closing schools in a neighbourhood is not a bad thing, but you have to give the community something to look forward to after the bloodshed,” Leduc said. “We’ve amalgamated all these schools together. We’ve reduced the cost of having numerous facilities and the benefit is you have a larger facility. The students have more access to the staff they need and maybe the equipment and by that extension, more afterschool, more community involvement within the structure itself,” said Leduc. Valentina Cardinalli, a parent with a child at Chase River Elementary, hasn’t had to deal with a closure, but Chase River was a catchment school for South Wellington Elementary’s closure. Cardinalli isn’t in favour of closures and said the South Wellington children have been fitting in nicely, but closures can cause hardships for students and parents.
“They’re integrating so well in the school, but they’re heartbroken because schools are the heart of a community and the burden of the school closures ends up falling on the parents’ shoulders because it’s a cost in time and money for them to go so far away,” said Cardinalli. Similar to the Dover Bay Secondary forum, attendees had the chance to identify top budget priorities. The top three consisted of closing/consolidating schools, reopening Cedar Secondary School and building a new Nanaimo District Secondary School, with an addendum for consolidating Woodlands Secondary. The school district is facing a $4-million deficit and the budget is expected to be passed by the end of April. Another budget meeting is scheduled for Vancouver Island Conference Centre on March 19. Please visit www. sd68.bc.ca. [email protected]
Medical marijuana CEO has sights set on global expansion By Tamara Cunningham The News BulleTiN
Tilray’s new chief executive officer wants to make medical cannabis as commonplace in Nanaimo “as maple syrup and hockey” to people outside of Canada. Greg Engel, a former pharmaceutical executive, took the reins of the Nanaimo-based medical marijuana company in January, with a vision to not only meet patient demand in this country, but also look at potential global expansion. Tilray launched its first product out of Nanaimo last year. According to Engel, it quickly saw patient demand outstrip its ability to supply product, but lacked full approval by Health Canada for all of its grow rooms. The authority had been limit-
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and B.C. on the map in terms of its global headquarters. “It’s still our flagship and will continue to be so. Our goal is to make medical cannabis in Nanaimo as commonplace as ... maple syrup and hockey, to people outside Canada,” he said, adding he’s confident the company is in the right place and position for growth. Engel comes to Tilray with a background that includes positions as former general manager of Forest Laboratories Canada and chief operating officer of Northern Therapeutics. He says the idea all along was to bring in a Canadian CEO. Former chief executive officer Brendan Kennedy remains the CEO of Tilray’s parent company, Privateer Holdings, based in the U.S. [email protected]
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But McKay said he still has his eye on a glimmer of hope from the groundwork laid for the proposed joint venture at Monday’s meeting. “I’d like to put the call out there,” McKay said. “I’ve heard that there are a number of folks out there on social media who’ve said that they would like to organize some sort of heritage celebration for Nanaimo for that weekend. You know where city hall
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Who we are: The Nanaimo News Bulletin is published every Tuesday and Thursday by Black Press. The News Bulletin, located at 777 Poplar St., is distributed to more than 32,000 households in Cedar, Chase River, Gabriola, Nanaimo, Lantzville and Nanoose. The News Bulletin is 100 per cent B.C. owned and operated.
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Getting it straight If you have a concern about the accuracy, fairness or thoroughness of an item in the News Bulletin, please call managing editor Melissa Fryer at 250-734-4621, or the B.C. Press Council at 1-888-687-2213.
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Cold weather shelter might close
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mild WiNtEr saw reduction in funding for operations.
Despite full beds and subfreezing nights, the First Unitarian Fellowship of Nanaimo Extreme Weather Shelter might be forced to cut its winter season short because of a mild winter that has eaten up cash reserves. Kevan Griffith, shelter coordinator, said the facility has been at capacity or more throughout the winter season, but he can only bill the province when weather reaches
certain conditions. “Normally in the winter we get about 90-odd nights of extreme weather,” he said. “We didn’t get that this year. We only got about a third of it.” Overall mild conditions meant the shelter relied more heavily on its funding from the city and Regional District of Nanaimo. The shelter also opened a few days earlier than normal because of the early onset of cold weather in November. The province pays $726 per night to cover operational costs on nights when it is 2 C outside and windy, or 0 C and clear, or there is extreme rain-
fall and wind, Griffith said. The shelter will require about $19,000 to continue operations until March 31, the shelter’s normal winter season closing date, but Griffith also said he could reopen the shelter should extreme weather conditions return. He said he hopes the province will come through with additional cash to keep the shelter open. “We’ve been so full and turning away people every night,” Griffith said. “It’s sad.” The shelter is also accepting donations to help maintain operations. To donate, please call 250-755-1215 or visit http://ufon.ca.
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Council pressured for decision From /1
The city has completed “numerous” studies and has sufficient information and options to make an informed decision, according to Glen Davidson, comptroller of water rights and the letter’s author, who says the proposed labyrinth spillway, surface hardening of the dams, auxiliary spillway and removal are all viable options to reduce risk posed by the lower dam’s undersized spillway. The letter also says studies and remediation options for the middle dam are possible, and that the city can’t remove emergency evacuation signage until dam safety hazards have been addressed. “We’re going to have to have a real frank discussion with our council as to what stand we are going to take, understanding that a higher authority has stated quite clearly that they have expectations of us and if not we will face consequences,” said McKay, who suggests consulting legal counsel. “You have certain members of council that may choose to take on the province.” [email protected]
Nanaimo News Bulletin 5
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Tuesday, March 3, 2015
Nanaimo News Bulletin 7
Fuller plans return to city council seat I firST-TiME councillor back just five weeks after heart attack. By Tamara Cunningham The News BulleTiN
CHRIS BUSH/THe NewS BUlleTIN
Stick ’em up
Brianna Hughes, a student from Nanaimo Christian School, watches classmate Leanna Milligan place a sticky note on a Post-it Positive campaign banner at Woodgrove Centre Wednesday. The Post-it Positive campaign, featuring pink sticky notes on which participants write supportive messages they can leave for others, was the backdrop for the mall’s Anti-Bullying Day celebrations.
Trustees consider moving school board meetings By Karl yu The News BulleTiN
Nanaimo school district staff will examine the feasibility of moving all board and committee meetings to Shaw Auditorium at Vancouver Island Conference Centre. Trustees requested a report on the subject at the February board meeting, which is expected to be completed by late April. The idea was inspired when Steve Rae, school board chairman, attended a Nanaimo city council meeting in the auditorium. “It struck me when I was
there that it’s a very professional building. It offers things that our current building doesn’t have. If we’re going to continue in that building, we’re going to have to spend money. [Shaw Auditorium] is relatively inexpensive to go there – it’s like $250 a night,” said Rae. In addition to a change of venue, a revamping of question period is something that will be considered. As it stands, meeting attendees submit questions on a sheet of paper, which are read by the meeting chairperson. A committee will be formed to examine the current format
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and report back to the board in June. “We’re going to go through a report to see how other districts do it and that’s a big part of it is question period. Do we do it during the meeting? Do people get to talk to us directly?” Rae said. “We’re going to see the pluses and minuses of doing it the way we do it and we’re going to try to change it if that’s what the [sentiment] is.” School trustees will have an opportunity to test out Shaw Auditorium as a budget meeting is scheduled there on March 19. [email protected]
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Coun. Gord Fuller is planning for his return to council just five weeks after suffering a major heart attack. “I’m going to give it about a month, that’s what we think it will take,” said Fuller, who aims to take things slow but finds it tough not to be at the council table. “This was the fifth time I tried to get on council and I finally made it and along comes a bad heart. It’s a bit frustrating but I’ll get there.” Fuller, a first-time Nanaimo city councillor and community advocate, is recovering at home after suffering a massive heart attack in late January that had him on life support. He was found slumped in his vehicle on the side of the road in cardiac arrest Jan. 25 and was immediately given CPR by a Good Samaritan. As soon as the news was made public, social media was teeming with well wishes and support from residents. A Go Fund Me account for Fuller was also set up. It’s phenomenal, says Fuller, who has taken to social media to let people know he “beat the odds” and to thank them for their support. “I do things for others not expecting any reward whatsoever and then when something happens to me, and the num-
“
The support that’s been out there, it brings me to tears, literally, that i am respected that much.
ber of people that have come forward, the thank yous, the offers of prayers ... the support that’s been out there, it brings me to tears, literally, that I am respected that much,” Fuller said. He has also met with Randy Cobb, the man who gave him CPR when he went into cardiac arrest and whom Fuller had happened to have gone to school with decades ago. Call it a miracle or a “hell of a coincidence,” Fuller says, but if Cobb hadn’t been there, recognized he was unconscious and started CPR, “I wouldn’t be talking to you right now.” Fuller said it was his first heart attack and said it signals that it’s time for him to look after himself, not just others. He has been a community advocate since 2002, and currently runs a community assistance program for the chronically homeless through the Nanaimo Youth Services Association. For more information on the fundraising initiative, please visit www.gofundme.com/le987c. [email protected]
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Nanaimo News Bulletin Tuesday, March 3, 2015
OPINION
www.nanaimobulletin.com The Nanaimo News Bulletin is published every Tuesday and Thursday by Black Press Ltd., 777 Poplar Street, Nanaimo, B.C., V9S 2H7. Phone 250-753-3707, fax 250-753-0788, classifieds 1-855-310-3535. The News Bulletin is distributed to 33,372 households from Cedar to Nanoose.
Maurice Donn Publisher Melissa Fryer Managing Editor Sean McCue Advertising Manager Darrell Summerfelt Production Supervisor
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EDITORIAL
All empires fall sooner or later It seems to be inevitable of empires that they eventually fall and are relegated to the history books as a chapter in human civilization. We stopped celebrating the Romans, the Ottomans and now the British. The Nanaimo Empire Day Celebration Society’s membership officially voted to cancel all May long weekend events this year after the City of Nanaimo significantly cut back the level of civic funding. For years, groups like the multicultural society and Snuneymuxw First Nation highlighted the oppressive nature of the term ‘empire’ and asked that the nearly 150-year-old festival be renamed to a more inclusive moniker. ‘Empire’ is a holdover from colonial times when it was acceptable to impose one nation’s way of life on another. The term was dropped by British Parliament in 1958; it’s moved on and it’s time we did, too. But moving on doesn’t mean erasing our history. Prior to the society’s vote, Nanaimo Mayor Bill McKay, city staff and members of Snuneymuxw met with the group to discuss tweaking the event to celebrate all contributions to Nanaimo’s heritage. Without the Empire Day Society, though, no one is spearheading that proposal. McKay has put the word out that he’s looking for community groups to take up the challenge to organize a community heritage festival on the May long weekend. We hope it happens. It would be a way for our community to march forward, literally. Wouldn’t it be fantastic to see a parade with entries by Snuneymuxw, Chinese and Sikh communities to expand the cultural diversity of Nanaimo’s celebrations? If that doesn’t sound like Empire Days anymore, well, that’s sort of the point. If that isn’t the way things used to be in the old days, that’s because the old days are history. The Nanaimo News Bulletin is a member of the British Columbia Press Council, a self-regulatory body governing the province’s newspaper industry. The council considers complaints from the public about the conduct of member newspapers. Directors oversee the mediation of complaints, with input from both the newspaper and the complaint holder. If talking with the editor or publisher does not resolve your complaint about coverage or story treatment, you may contact the B.C. Press Council. Your written concern, with documentation, should be sent to B.C. Press Council, PO Box 1356, Ladysmith,V9G 1A9. For information, phone 888-687-2213 or go to www.bcpresscouncil.org.
Milk marketing leaves glass half empty Coca Cola has introduced no argument that a lactose-free Fairlife, a lactose-free milk beverage will appeal to those available in two per cent, fat-free segments. That is, if they want and chocolate, with increased to drink milk. protein and reduced sugar But does the general resulting from a new filtration population need Fairlife? For process. Coke’s global chief nearly 12 millennia humans customer officer said that have used regional variations on the company was planning a fermented milk products such as massive investment in the new sour cream, cheese, kefir, kumis, “premiumized” milk, yogurt and buttermilk which he hoped without triggering FOOD would prove so lactose intolerance, so MATTERS profitable it would why would we need a Marjorie Stewart “rain money” for new, patented product the firm. Articles, from Coca Cola? blogs and comments I understand that immediately carried both milk and pop sarcastic responses consumption are to the new word for down, so perhaps increased cost. Coke hopes milk’s The battle is now reputation as a on between people wholesome food who prefer not to and the craze for buy milk from a pop company; smoothies in place of meals will people who will pay double for persuade consumers to pay the extra protein and less sugar premium prices for the ultrain a product similar to milk; filtered milk to replace faltering and people who are lactose products. intolerant. An odd advertising campaign A 2007 Brazilian study found with sexy models ‘dressed’ that lactose intolerance “affects in waves of milk is under way more than 75 per cent of the for Fairlife. The thought that population worldwide, with people would buy a product regional frequencies ranging because of pictures of pretty from nearly five per cent in women reminded me of Carol northern Europe to more than Channing’s throaty-voiced 90 per cent in some Asian and advice in the 1970s ‘Free to Be’ African countries.” So there is program: “little boys, little girls,
“
‘What started as hotdog carts in the park has grown to include a wide variety.’
remember that the pretty ladies on TV are paid to smile as they clean their ovens.” Initial news media comments in the U.K. suggest that the fate of Coke’s Dasani bottled water may befall “milka cola” in that country. When the British public discovered that not only was their Dasani actually tap water from a London suburb, but also that an early batch mineral content was defective, demand fell off so decisively that that product was pulled from that market within five weeks of its launch. As for consumption of dairy products to provide essential calcium intake, one study concludes that a high milk intake in both sexes is associated with higher mortality and fracture rates, not to mention other negative factors, a pattern not observed with high intake of fermented milk products. May I suggest eating more dark green leafy vegetables and canned fish with bones, along with weight-bearing exercise, for those worried about osteopororsis? Accompanied with pure, local water. u Marjorie Stewart is past chairwoman of the Nanaimo Foodshare Society. [email protected].
– Chamber of commerce CEO Kim Smythe on the potential for more food trucks in Nanaimo, page 21.
LETTERS
Nanaimo News Bulletin 9
Empire Days name divides community To the Editor,
Re: Society recommends cancelling annual Empire Days events, Feb. 24. The celebration of ‘empire’ is anachronistic and highly offensive. Allowing the offensive name ‘Empire Days’ to carry on without acknowledging or challenging its association to a painful colonial history generates ill will and divisiveness. The Empire Days society has the right to organize a day called Empire Days. We, however, also have the right to express our view that public funds should not be going to an event that celebrates, in its name, such a harmful aspect of our history. We want public funds to go to an event that reflects our desire for an inclu-
sive community and one that we can all feel good about. This is not an issue of ‘free speech.’ Rather this is an issue of setting a standard for community where all members are respected. The impact of colonization and empires are not things of the past. Vanishing indigenous languages, theft of land, and loss of culture are some of the legacies of our colonial past and not to be celebrated. This is an issue of social justice. While there may be various views on this question, staying silent is not an option. If we wait for unanimity, change never happens.
Chris Bowers, Terre Flower, Maria Gomes, Cheryl Ward
To the Editor,
Re: City should have backed Empire Days, Letters, Feb. 24. Just ask yourselves where we would be as a civilization without all those prior empires from which we continue to learn and grow; they all had faults but if we decide to ignore them by this form of treatment we have learned nothing. We cannot undo the harm that may have been done but we can and must continue to learn and implement the lessons that have been learned; demanding that an organization change its name is akin to trying to ignore history.
You’re the straw that stirs her drink
Austin Gilbert via e-mail
Student debt burden too much to bear Prank merits Re: Students protest debt with mock ceremony, Feb. 24 Newly appointed Minister of Advanced Education Andrew Wilkinson is quoted espousing the affordability of B.C.’s post-secondary system. Here are some facts that more honestly reflect the B.C. government’s record on education. According to B.C. Stats, about 50 per cent of students incur debt to attend university or college. The Bank of Montreal has done additional research and it found that on average, B.C. students graduate
CHRIS BUSH/THe NewS BUlleTIN
VIU students who feel ‘married’ to their student debt cut the cake at a mock ceremony last month.
with over $35,000 of debt. Tuition fees at Vancouver Island University have increased by over 300 per cent since 2001. That means that since this gov-
ernment first took office, students have been forced to endure tuition fee increases that outstrip inflation by nearly 10 times. By misleading the
public about education funding and affordability, the provincial government is negatively impacting this and future generations of British Columbians. Student debt is at an all-time high, funding continues to fall, and underemployment or unemployment is the norm for people leaving school to enter the workforce. Students are simply asking for leadership from the B.C. government, to secure a future in our province that includes opportunity for future generations.
Patrick Barbosa VIU Students’ Union
punishment To the Editor,
Re: Threat cancels morning class, Feb. 12. It has been a long time since I last attended high school, but unlike the pinhead who called in, I would have just not gone in on that particular day instead of doing this stunt that greatly inconvenienced the rest of the students’ rights to have a high school education. I hope this student gets busted and then gets expelled with some serious dose of reality instead of just the usual meaningless punishment.
Al Munro Nanaimo
Increased self-reliance is the best solution to widespread poverty To the Editor,
Re: Poverty affects thousands of city’s children, Jan. 20. Poverty as we know it is an unavoidable manifestation from the dependence on a hyper-capitalist system. If you have ever played Monopoly, the game ends with only one winner and everyone else is a loser. Attaching socialism to that hyper-capitalistic
equation leads to compromise, abandonment and a deterioration of what used to unify us. Globalism has only exacerbated this system where the global elite, multinational corporations and social special interest groups act together against the masses by creating divisions and dependence for their gain by destroying the natural cohesion of
self-reliant units, communities and nations. Big industry profits come from the surplus of manpower which naturally keeps competing worker’s wages low and siphons the excess to the top one per cent. This has led to the global shrinking of the middle class due to debt and the rising cost of living. Depending on the government to solve social woes
is a dead end as those in the government are already bought by the special interest that funded their positions. My solution is we should become agriculturally and economically self-reliant, totally self-owned and autonomous in our own regions. It is called being human again.
Holden Southward Nanaimo
To the Editor,
7180 Lantzville Rd. 250-390-9089
KIDS AND ADULTS NEEDED FOR CARRIER ROUTES Papers are delivered right to your door. No need to insert flyers either! Deliver 2x a week, after school, Tuesdays and Thursdays. Call the Circulation Department at 250-753-6837 or email [email protected]
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Brand new festival will take over the Harbour City this month
Nanaimo NICHOLAS PESCOD/THE NEWS BULLETIN
Festival Nanaimo co-organizer Margot Holmes, above, stands on a pier at the Nanaimo harbour. Holmes is hoping the month-long festival becomes an annual event.
BY NICHOLAS PESCOD THE NEWS BULLETIN
T
here will be no shortage of arts and entertainment events in the Harbour City this month. Beginning on Thursday (March 5) a brand new month-long festival known as Festival Nanaimo, will kick off its first event at the Port Theatre when musician Chase Padgett takes the stage. Festival co-organizer Margot Holmes said Festival Nanaimo combines music, arts, dance and other activities into one large scale festival. “The concept around it was that it is March and there is lots going on in the arts,” Holmes said. “People are looking for things to do in Nanaimo, so why not create a fes-
tival that includes a whole pile of events?” There will be plenty of different musical acts performing during Festival Nanaimo, including live performances by Barney Bentall, the Irish Rovers, John Mann, Jim Byrnes and Joëlle Rabu. Holmes said festival organizers wanted to make sure that Festival Nanaimo included a wide range of musical acts. “It is an opportunity to bring in different genres of music,” Holmes said. In addition to the musical performances, Festival Nanaimo will feature plenty of activities for the whole family, including a dance workshop by Crimson Coast Dance, a historical display by the Nanaimo Archives, a music camp hosted
Showtimes: Feb. 27 - Mar. 5 KINGSMAN: THE SECRET SERVICE (14A) (VIOLENCE,COARSE LANGUAGE) CLOSED CAPTION & DESCRIPTIVE VIDEO FRI,TUE 3:55, 7:00, 9:55; SAT-SUN 1:00, 3:55, 7:00, 9:55; MON,WED-THURS 7:00, 9:55 FIFTY SHADES OF GREY (18A) (NUDITY,SEXUALLY SUGGESTIVE SCENES) CLOSED CAPTION & DESCRIPTIVE VIDEO FRI,TUE 4:25, 7:20, 10:05; SAT-SUN 1:40, 4:25, 7:20, 10:05; MON,WED-THURS 7:20, 10:05 THE LAZARUS EFFECT () CLOSED CAPTIONED FRI,TUE 5:40, 7:50, 10:00; SAT-SUN 12:30, 3:30, 5:40, 7:50, 10:00; MON,WED-THURS 7:50, 10:00 HOT TUB TIME MACHINE 2 (14A) (DRUG USE,COARSE AND SEXUAL LANGUAGE) CLOSED CAPTION & DESCRIPTIVE VIDEO FRI,TUE 5:20, 7:40, 10:05; SAT-SUN 12:40, 3:00, 5:20, 7:40, 10:05; MON,WED-THURS 7:40, 10:05 FOCUS (14A) (COARSE LANGUAGE) CLOSED CAPTION & DESCRIPTIVE VIDEO, NO PASSES FRI,TUE 5:00, 7:30, 10:10; SAT-SUN 12:50, 2:35, 5:00, 7:30, 10:10; MON,WEDTHURS 7:30, 10:10 THE THEORY OF EVERYTHING (G) (SEXUAL LANGUAGE) CLOSED CAPTION & DESCRIPTIVE VIDEO FRI-SUN,TUE 4:00, 9:30; MON,WED-THURS 9:30 THE IMITATION GAME (PG) (VIOLENCE) CLOSED CAPTIONED FRI,MON-THURS 6:50; SAT-SUN 1:20, 6:50 AMERICAN SNIPER (14A) (COARSE LANGUAGE,VIOLENCE) CLOSED CAPTION & DESCRIPTIVE VIDEO FRI,SUN,TUE 4:15, 7:10, 9:20; SAT 1:10, 4:15, 7:10, 9:20; MON 7:10, 9:20; WED 9:20 STILL ALICE (PG) (COARSE AND SEXUAL LANGUAGE) CLOSED CAPTION & DESCRIPTIVE VIDEO FRI,TUE 4:10, 6:45, 10:10; SAT-SUN 1:30, 4:10, 6:45, 10:10; MON,WED-THURS 6:45, 10:10 EXHIBITION ONSCREEN: REMBRANDT () SUN 12:55 THE SECOND BEST EXOTIC MARIGOLD HOTEL (G) NO PASSES THURS 7:30, 9:20 THE LAND BEFORE TIME (G) (MAY FRIGHTEN YOUNG CHILDREN) SAT 11:00 THE DROP BOX () WED 7:30
MATINEES FRI., SAT. & SUN ONLY NANAIMO NORTH TOWN CENTRE 250-729-8000
by Headliners Production and Rehearsal studio, various drop-in events at the Nanaimo Museum and PirateFest, an event that encourages families to dress up like pirates and roam around the city looking for treasure. Holmes said that depending on the success of Festival Nanaimo, the festival will become an annual event in the Harbour City. “We’re planning to do it next year again,” Holmes said. “That’s our intent but we will see how it goes. It will really depend on the success of the first year.” For a full schedule of events and times for Festival Nanaimo, as well as ticket information and ticket purchases, please visit www.festivalnanaimo.com.
FESTIVAL NANAIMO EVENTS CHASE PADGETT performs at the Port Theatre on March 5th. ROYAL WOOD & TILLER’S FOLLY perform at the Port Theatre on March 7. JIM BYRNES, BARNEY BENTALL & JOHN MANN perform at the Port Theatre on March 13. NANAIMO BAR NONE runs at the Port Theatre on March 14. IRISH ROVERS perform at Diana Krall Plaza on March 17 . JOELLE RABU performs at the Port Theatre on March 21. SPEED CONTROL performs at the Port Theatre on March 27. PIRATEFEST FAMILY FUN DAY runs on March 28.
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AFTER THE BALL (G): 110 410 710 935 THE HOBBIT: BATTLE OF THE FIVE ARMIES (PG): 1215 325 630 940 *March 01 at 940 only* *March 02 no 630* PADDINGTON (G) 100 330 700 925 *Mar 4 no 700 *Mar 5 no Eve show* SPONGEBOB: SPONGE OUT OF WATER 2D (G): 1225 300 650 910 SPONGEBOB: SPONGE OUT OF WATER 3D (G): 130 400 635 850 *Mar 05 no Eve show* JUPITER ASCENDING 2D (PG): 340 JUPITER ASCENDING 3D (PG): 1235 655 950 MCFARLAND (G): 1245 350 645 945 THE DUFF (PG): 120 415 730 955 SPECIAL PRESENTATION: March 04 “THE VALLEY BELOW” at 700pm ROYAL OPERA PRESENTS: Feb 28 “Andrea Chenier” at 10am ADVANCE SCREENING: Mar 05: UNFINISHED BUSINESS at 800pm CHAPPIE (14A) at 730 & 1010pm BEFORE NOON MOVIES FEB 28 ALL SEATS $6.00: PADDINGTON: 1030am SPONGEBOB: OUT OF WATER 2D: 1015am | MCFARLAND: 1015am
20
Nanaimo News Bulletin Tuesday, March 3, 2015
What’sOn
MUSIC BIG SUGAR performs at the Port Theatre on
March 11 at 6:30 p.m. Tickets are $37.50. For information, visit www.porttheatre.com.
THE IRISH ROVERS perform two concerts at the Port Theatre on March 16 and 17 at 7:30 p.m. For additional information, including ticket purchases, please call the theatre’s box office at 250-7548550 or visit www. porttheatre.com.
2373 R O S S TOW N R D, N A N A I M O
ABSURD PERSON SINGULAR
THE ENABLERS perform at the Well Pub on March 21 at 9 p.m. COLIN JAMES performs at the Port Theatre on March 23 and March 26 at 7:30 p.m. Tickets for the March 23 show are $61.50. Tickets for the March 26 show are sold out. For more information, including ticket purchases, call 250-7548550. THE LION THE BEAR THE FOX performs with The Wild Romantics at the Queen’s on March 26 at 7 p.m. Tickets are $10 in advance or $15 at the door. To purchase tickets, please visit www. ticketzone.com. COBRA RAMONE performs at the Queen’s Hotel on March 27 at 9 p.m.
by Alan Ayckbourn By Permission of Samuel French
RAINWOOD STEEL performs at the Well Pub on March 28 at 9 p.m.
Opening Night – 8 pm • February 25 Evenings – 8 pm February 26-28 & March 4-7, 11-14 Matinees – 2 pm • March 1,8 Wed, Thurs & Matinees $18, Fri & Sat $20
Tickets available at 250-758-7224 or nanaimotheatregroup.com All productions subject to change.
JESS MOSKALUKE performs with Chad Brownlee and Bobby Wills at Arbutus Meadows, 1515 East Island Hwy. on April 4 at 7 p.m. For more information, please call 250951-1378. A CAPPELLA PLUS CHOIR perform their spring concert, A Choral Banquet on April FICTIO N
ROTARY CLUB
is Now Collecting
www.nanaimobulletin.com
SCOTT SHEA performs at the Vault Café, 499 Wallace St., on April 11 at 8 p.m.
METAPHYSICAL FAIR runs on March 7 at 10 a.m. at the Unity Spiritual Education Centre, 2323 East Wellington Rd. The event includes Reiki, massage, psychic readings, tarot and more. For more information, please visit www. unitynanaimo.org or call 250-591-0775.
COMEDY
THEATRE
11 at the Nanaimo Golf Club, 2800 Highland Blvd., at 7:30 p.m. Tickets are $20 and can be purchased at the Quilted Duck, Fascinating Rhythm or online at www.acappellaplus.ca.
THE COMIC STRIPPERS perform at the Port Theatre on Mar. 27 at 8 p.m. Tickets are $35 or $30 for a group of six or more. For more information, including ticket purchases, please call 250-7548550 or visit www. porttheatre.com.
EVENTS RED LIGHTS AND ROULETTE runs from Feb. 2 until May 1 at the Nanaimo Museum. The exhibit looks at the history of prostitution and gambling in Nanaimo. For more information, please call 250-7531821 or visit www. nanaimomuseum.com. RATIONING TO RAVISHING runs from May 15 until Aug. 23 at the Nanaimo Museum. The exhibit examines fashion during the 1940s and 1950s. For more information, please call 250-7531821 or visit www. nanaimomuseum.com
ABSURD PERSON SINGULAR runs from March 1-8 and again March 11-14 at the Bailey Studio, 2373 Rosstown Rd. For more information, including show times, please visit www. nanaimotheatregroup. com or call 250-7587224.
ONGOING BLUES JAM at the Queen’s on Sundays. ACOUSTIC NIGHT at the Queen’s on Tuesday. WORDSTORM OPEN MIKE night at Demeter’s Coffee Vault the last Tuesday of the month. 6:309:30 p.m. OPEN MIKE every Wednesday at the Cambie with Anatol Sessions. Free cover. 9 p.m. THE DISTRIBUTORS play Wednesdays at the Queen’s. ARGENTINE TANGO on Wednesdays at Fib-
OUR PICK
JESS MOSKALUKE performs with Chad Brownlee and Bobby Wills at Arbutus Meadows on April 4. ber Magees. Class and practice $10. Call 250-753-1659. OPEN MIKE at Serious Coffee, 60 Commercial St., every Thursday night, 6:30-9 p.m. SENIORS DANCE Thursday nights from 7:30-10 p.m. at the Bowen Park Complex for individuals 60-plus. Features live entertainment. FOLK CONNECTION Coffee House every third Friday of the month, 7-10:30 p.m. at Hope Lutheran Church Hall. Admission $5. OPEN MIKE JAM at Serious Coffee, South Parkway Plaza location, Saturdays, 5-8 p.m.
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We are in need of Quality Fiction Pocket Books and Hard Cover Books as well as History, Cooking, Hobbies and many more Donations can be dropped off at our Collection Bin in front of Scotia Bank across from London Drugs Sorry, but we cannot accept Encyclopedias, National Geographic, Magazines, Reader’s Digest Condensed Books or Computer Manuals
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BUSINESS
Inbrief
city scene
Commercial Street diner closed late last month Tina’s Diner closed last week after more than 10 years as downtown breakfast hotspot. Paul Abgall and Tina Worsley moved the restaraunt’s equipment out of premises at 187 Commercial St. on Feb. 23. A post on the restaurant’s Facebook page said it was a long series of events, including the sale of the building, owned by Robert and Angie Bernard, former owners of the Painted Turtle Guesthouse, that led to the business finally closing. Robert Bernard confirmed the building is for sale, but has so far not been sold and existing tenants, which include Generations Barbershop, Georgia Strait Alliance and Black Key Studios have leases that continue for the next two years. Discussing any future for the building would be speculation at this point, he said. “We are looking to sell,” Bernard said. “It might be selling fairly soon, but the documents haven’t been signed yet.” The Bernards have owned the building since 2009. Tina’s Diner was the latest of a series of diners, including Roxy’s Diner and Flo’s Diner, that have operated from 187 Commercial St. over several decades.
Free event boosts groups’ strengths
I
GALA OFFERS major prize to non-profits.
Charities and other not-for-profit businesses which operate as a social enterprise could be eligible to present a business pitch at an upcoming gala for a chance at $50,000 in cash and technical support to boost success. To help social enterprises, the Greater Nanaimo Chamber of Commerce is hosting a free event to help build strengths in non-profits on Tuesday (March 3), 4-5:30 p.m., at the Shaw Auditorium in the Vancouver Island Conference Centre. Experts in the field will talk about the world of social enterprise, how
it works and what the business model looks like. A social enterprise is defined as a business whose mission, conduct and revenue stream address a cultural, social and/or environmental need as its principal goal. Profits from the sale of goods and services are targeted to specific causes. Catalyst is hosting a gala event May 20 at the Port Theatre where local social enterprises will have the opportunity to pitch their proposals. For more information on the program, please visit www. secatalyst.ca. To register for the chamber event, please call 250-756-1191 or e-mail registration@ nanaimochamber. bc.ca.
Economic development can help small business Every three months and economic stathe Nanaimo Ecotistics can be hugely nomic Development valuable in your Corporation releases attraction efforts. For its Quarterly Ecoexample, real estate nomic Update, detail- costs in the region ing the most current are significantly more and accurate inforaffordable than our mation neighbouravailable ing comECONOMIC about the munities UPDATE Nanaimo of Victoria and region and VanSasha Angus business couver. For climate. any potenWhile you tial hires may think willing to that macrorelocate to economic Nanaimo, data is only cost of applicable housing to largecan be a scale busigreat sellnesses, small- and ing feature. medium-sized enterEvery new commerprises can use these cial building or resifigures to inform and dence constructed improve business brings a mountain of efforts. opportunity. KnowThe reported ing the state of new indicators include building permits and employment, real construction projects estate, construction, can give your busidevelopment, business the competitive ness license inforedge, allowing you to mation and tourism identify new business statistics. Here are opportunities first. three ways you can ◆ Business use this information licences can be used to guide your efforts. to monitor competi◆ Use construction and find partnertion, building permits ship opportunities. and real estate for If you operate a recruitment and busi- small- or mediumness opportunities. sized business, it’s Bringing new important that you skilled employees find out exactly who into the Nanaimo your competition is Region is crucial for on a fairly regular many businesses, basis as new busi-
nesses open all the time. This will help you monitor regional trends in your industry and give you the insight needed to differentiate your business in the marketplace. In addition to competition, new businesses in the community can also be viewed as potential partners to drive new customers, source materials, or share in marketing efforts. The Nanaimo and region business community contains examples of excellent business-to-business partnerships and staying informed about new opportunities is a great way to become such an example.
◆ Tourism indicators and passenger volumes show potential new customers. Whether you consider yours a ‘tourism’ business, it’s likely that your business is in some way affected by trends in the tourism industry. The quarterly report examines airport passenger volumes, B.C. Ferries traffic and general tourism statistics including occupancy and room revenue, and traffic to the regional Tourism Info Centres. To view the report, please visit www. investnanaimo.com. ◆ Sasha Angus is CEO of Nanaimo Economic Development Corporation.
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CHAMBER CHAT Greater Nanaimo Chamber of Commerce CEO
Kim Smythe
By now everyone is very familiar with a phenomenon that started in many cities about a decade ago where food is sold and served curbside from a truck or trailer with a kitchen on board. What started as hot dog carts in the park has grown to include a wide variety of foods served from mobile locations – sometimes ethnic, often featuring local or organic ingredients, usually served in paper wrap or trays, and somehow best enjoyed while you’re hanging out on a street corner. Hours of television programming are devoted to ‘street eats’ and, in most cities, thousands of people daily dine at one of these colourful and creative ‘restaurants on wheels.’ Victoria and Vancouver are great examples, but even Courtenay, Duncan and Parksville are developing a food truck culture. But not so much in Nanaimo. A couple of food trucks made appearances in recent years and struggled to survive regulatory approval, appropriate operating terms and spaces, and customers in the locations the city would permit. Unfortunately, most failed under the weight of bureaucracy. The Vancouver Island Food Truck Association, a loose-knit group of operators, are trying to break through in some smaller communities
that have been a challenge – ours included. A few enthusiastic entrepreneurs are proposing a new approach to the city through the Greater Nanaimo Chamber of Commerce. It’s well known from experience that food trucks and carts do not pose an unfair advantage over restaurant operators. Food trucks act as an attraction and a destination unto themselves. When gathered together, they present a roving ‘food festival.’ When used to provide food at community events, in festivals and in parks, they are a lively addition to the festivities replacing the tired, old approach to concession stands a city would operate, or license, a permanent structure to churn out the same old, same old dogs and fries or plastic-wrapped, pre-made sandwiches. Is Nanaimo ready? Can you see it now – on our city streets downtown, at our beaches, in our parks? Should we support and encourage our community to seek ‘friendly’ regulation and permitting policies? If you say yes, let mayor and council know or tell the chamber you’re on board with street eats in Nanaimo. Please call me or e-mail your opinion to ceo@nanaimochamber. bc.ca or 250-756-1191.
Nanaimo News Bulletin Tuesday, March 3, 2015
22
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www.nanaimobulletin.com Nanaimo News Bulletin Tue, Mar 3, 2015
Tuesday, March 3, 2015 Nanaimo News Bulletin www.nanaimobulletin.com
23 A23
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fax 250.753.0788 email [email protected] COMMUNITY ANNOUNCEMENTS COMING EVENTS CALL FOR ENTRIES 13TH ANNUAL Kitty Coleman Woodland Art & Bloom Festival. Fine Art and Quality Crafts Juried Show. Presented in a spectacular outdoor setting May 16, 17 and 18 Applications for Artisans are available at woodlandgardens.ca 250-338-6901
INFORMATION APPLY NOW: A $2,500 Penny Wise scholarship is available for a woman entering the Journalism Certificate Program at Langara College in Vancouver. Application deadline April 30, 2015. Please send applications by email: [email protected]. More information available online: www.bccommunitynews.com/ our-programs/scholarship. DID YOU KNOW? BBB is a not-for-profit organization committed to building relationships of trust in the marketplace. Look for the 2014 BBB Accredited Business Directory Eedition on your Black Press Community Newspaper website at www.blackpress.ca. You can also go to http://vi.bbb.org/directory/ and click on the 2014 BBB Accredited Business Directory DO YOU have a disability? Physical or mental. We can help you get up to $40,000 back from the Canadian Government. For details visit: disabilitygroupcanada.com or call us today toll-free 1-888875-4787.
PERSONALS MEET SINGLES right now! No paid operators, just real people like you. Browse greetings, exchange messages and connect live. Try it free. Call now: 1-800-712-9851.
LOST AND FOUND LOST wedding ring in the area of Country Club Mall. Yellow gold band with 2 small diamonds. If found please call Alice at (250)5663246. Very high sentimental value. Reward if found.
LOST CELL ph, purple; wallet I.D., cash at Hong Kong Kitchen. Reward. 1-604-916-4343. LOST MEN’S ring w/dragon fly. Sentimental! If found please call 250-756-7884. LOST: WALLET, larger size with snap on front. All ID is in it. Reward. Lost Feb. 26 on Skinner St., near 241 nightclub. Call (250)714-0288.
TRAVEL GETAWAYS LONG BEACH - Ucluelet Deluxe waterfront cabin, sleeps 6, BBQ. Spring Special. 2 nights $239 or 3 nights $299 Pets Okay. Rick 604-306-0891
TIMESHARE CANCEL YOUR Timeshare. No risk program stop mortgage & maintenance payments today. 100% money back guarantee. Free consultation. Call us now. We can help! 1-888-356-5248.
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PERSONAL SERVICES BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES HIGH CASH producing vending machines. $1.00 vend = .70 profit. All on location in your area. Selling due to illness. Call 1-866-668-6629 for details.
CAREER OPPORTUNITIES COMMUNITY Coordinator Posting. See detailed job description at www.d69fra.org MEDICAL TRANSCRIPTION is an in-demand career in Canada! Employers have work-at-home positions available. Get the online training you need from an employer-trusted program. Visit: CareerStep.ca/MT or 1-855768-3362 to start training for your work-at-home career today!
ESTHETICIAN Modern leading edge Salon looking for an Esthetician and or Nail Tech, Part-time Great business incentive for the right candidate. Please drop off resume to Borealis Hair Nail & Body bar & Nail at Unit 105, 222 West 2nd Ave. (behind TD Bank) in Qualicum Beach or email [email protected]
#HOOSEĂ–THEĂ– */"Ă–YOUĂ–LOVE
%NDLESSĂ–*/"Ă–OPPORTUNITIES XXXMPDBMXPSLCDDB
33333333333 3 3 3 3 3 BIRTHDAYS THIS WEEK 3 3 Barb McLeod 3 MAR. 3 Norma Gomerich Elynna Sam 3 Linda Lagrotteria Marcia Miller 3 McLennan MAR. 7 3 Derek 3 Jason Hermann Vicky Hemmerich MAR. 5 3 Mark Brennan Shalan Potskin 3 Crudden MAR. 8 3 Brent 3 Amarvier Parhar Johan Lindstrome Kidd 3 Lyle 3 Graham Shuttleworth Lori Doumont MAR. 9 6 3 MAR. 3 Nicole Norris Arian Hanhas 3 3 3 3 3 ANNIVERSARIES THIS WEEK 3 3 MAR. 5 - Bill & Brenda Gallacher 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 LAST WEEK’S WINNER: Eva Vandersluis 3 3 3 NO CHARGE. CALL THE BIRTHDAY LINE AT: 3 3 3 250-753-3707 3 3 BEFORE 4 P.M. THURSDAY! 3 3 (FOR NEXT WEEK’S BIRTHDAY/ANNIVERSARY) 3 33333333333
Happy Birthday
Happy Anniversary WEEKLY FREE DRAW WINNERS...
BEBAN PLAZA 756-9991
Country Club 756-0381 Dickinson Crossing 390-1595
The Nanaimo News Bulletin along with Grower Direct and Dairy Queen would like to help you celebrate and acknowledge those special birthday and anniversary events of family and friends. We will publish all names provided, if received prior to the 4 p.m. Thursday deadline. The Birthday and Anniversary dates must occur from Tuesday next week through to the following Monday. No ages will be published. 1 LUCKY PERSON each week (picked by a draw) will be awarded a complimentary 8� Dairy Queen Ice-cream cake, gift from GROWER DIRECT.
MEDICAL/DENTAL
HEALTH PRODUCTS
THE LEADING Integrative/Functional Medicine Clinic in Nanaimo BC is seeking a part-time Medical Office Assistant who also has skills in managing digital communications such as: Facebook, website, email list etc. Experience with Quickbooks and Oscar an asset, but willing to train the right individual with previous MOA experience. Salary and benefits commensurate with training and experience. Please email resume and references to: [email protected].
RESTLESS LEG Syndrome & leg cramps? Fast relief in one hour. Sleep at night. Proven for over 32 years. Online: www.allcalm.com Mon-Fri 8-4 EST, call 1-800-765-8660.
PERSONAL SERVICES MIND BODY & SPIRIT
LARGE FUND Borrowers Wanted Start saving hundreds of dollars today! We can easily approve you by phone. 1st, 2nd or 3rd mortgage money is available right now. Rates start at Prime. Equity counts. We don’t rely on credit, age or income. Call Anytime 1-800-639-2274 or 604-430-1498. Apply online www.capitaldirect.ca
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GENTLEMAN’S MASSAGE; Richard (Downtown). Call (250)668-3714.
IS LOOKING FOR A
HELP WANTED
We are looking for an outgoing personality to join our vibrant team. Experience is preferred but not necessary. Knowledge of Exan software and digital sensory radiography is an asset. Please submit your resume in person to:
ACREVIEW
NANAIMO YOUTH SERVICES ASSOCIATION NYSA is currently accepting resumes for a Casual Relief Youth Worker for The One Stop Youth Centre. Qualifications: Completion or enrollment in a Human Services, Social Services, Criminology, First Nations Child and Youth Care, Child and Youth Care, or Social Work diploma or degree program. This position requires you to be able to work in a demanding environment often dealing with crisis situations. The ability to function independently and frequently under pressure while coordinating program delivery, including managing emergency situations is an ongoing expectation. Direct delivery of program activities may require a moderate level of physical fitness ie: walking, standing, bending and lifting to effectively carry out the duties. Interested applicants can submit their resume and cover letter Attn: Steve Arnett, CEO C/O Melissa Gus In Person at 290 Bastion Street, Nanaimo BC Fax (250) 754-8661 email [email protected] No later than 4:30 PM, March 6th, 2015 The job description for this position can be viewed at our website at www.nysa.bc.ca
Reporter Victoria News
TO FILL A MATERNITY LEAVE DENTAL CLINIC 116-750 Comox Road, POSITION.
The Victoria News, has an immediate opening for a full-time experienced reporter. Reporting to the editor, the successful candidate will provide top-quality work on a range of news and feature stories covering a range of beats.
Flyer Co-ordinator OfďŹ ce Clerk
A key attribute will be an ability to work well as a self-starting member of a competitive newsroom. You will be expected to contribute to regular newsroom meetings and bring your creative talents to readers through concise, accurate and entertaining writing. The successful candidate will show keen attention to detail, work well under deadline pressures, and willing to learn in a fastpaced environment.
Courtenay, BC.
Ladysmith Press Ladysmith Chronicle Full-time permanent
We are searching for a team player who is quick and accurate at data entry. You should have experience in general ofďŹ ce duties, give excellent customer service, and have good oral and written communication skills. You must be able to multi-task while meeting deadlines and be able to learn industry speciďŹ c computer programs. Responsibilities include entering insertion orders, circulation duties, ofďŹ ce administration, reception, entering classiďŹ ed ads and other general ofďŹ ce duties. Black Press is Canada’s largest privately held, independent newspaper company with more than 150 newspapers and associated publications and 19 dailies, located in B.C., Alberta, Washington State, Ohio and Hawaii.
Please forward resumĂŠ and cover letter by March 6, 2015 to: Kerri Troy, 940 Oyster Bay Drive, PO Box 400 Ladysmith, BC V9G 1A3 Fax: 250-245-2230 e-mail: [email protected] Thank you to all who apply. Only those selected for an interview will be contacted.
www.blackpress.ca
Knowledge of Canadian Press style is important, as is the ability to take and carry out instructions in a timely fashion. Basic photography skills are required. Must have a valid driver’s license and working vehicle. Knowledge of InDesign and Photoshop CS6 would be considered an asset.
As the largest independently owned newspaper company in Canada, with more than 180 titles in print and online, Black Press has operations in British Columbia, Alberta, Washington, Hawaii, California and Ohio. Interested candidates should send resume, clippings and cover letter by March 15, 2015 to: Kevin Laird Editorial Director-Greater Victoria Black Press 818 Broughton Street Victoria, B.C. V8W 1E4 or e-mail: [email protected]
www.blackpress.ca
Your Community, Your ClassiďŹ eds. Call 1-855-310-3535
bile on 1/4 acre, N/S, N/P, all appls. Good for single person/couple. $800/mo + utils. 250-951-9643. FURNISHED 3 bdrm waterfront home in Deep Bay. Nov to June $1000/mo. Call Dawn Setter RE/MAX First 250-248-1071. JINGLEPOT AREA 2bdrm cottage on own property. Bright, clean, close to bus. Pet okay. N/S. R.R. 4appls. Nov. 1st. $1,000. (250)754-5327 LADYSMITH: 2 bdrm, 1 bath single family home. Private yard, W/D, wood & oil heat. Pet friendly. 212 Dogwood. $900. Widsten Tuesday, MarchProperty 3, 2015 Management. Call (250) 753-8200 LARGE BRIGHT Clean suite in good area of Parksville. Large living room w/wood burning f/p. Big bdrm w/2 closets, 2nd room could be a bdrm, den or whatever you like. Insuite w/d, large fenced backyard-private. New flooring & paint WillBad conGET BACK throughout. ON TRACK! sider 1 cat or 1 dog under 15 credit? Bills? deposit. Unemployed? pds, w/pet Avail Nov Need Money? WeN/S, Lend! you 1. Refs Req. No Ifparties. Close everything might own yourto own home you - you need (beach, shops, bus, etc) qualify. Pioneer Acceptance $800/mo. Call (250)951-0376, Corp. Member BBB. if interested. Thanks 1-877-987-1420 LEASE/RENT 1) 6 bdrm, 3 www.pioneerwest.com bath home. 2) Large 1 level home, other smaller buildings. IF All YOU natural own a built home ideal or realfor healthy, offices and living purestate, Alpine Credits lend poses. Quiet, near can river and youfalls. money: That Avail It’s Nov 1st.Simple. Serious calls only. Tel. 250-248-4110 Your Credit / Age / Income is notNANAIMO an issue. 1.800.587.2161. (HOSPITAL area) sxs duplex, 3 bdrm, 5 appls, 1600sq ft over 3 flrs. NS/NP. References required. $1150. Avail immed. 250-740-7040. NEW 3-BDRM with 2-bdrm suite, N. Nanaimo. Stainless appl’s, lrg kitchen, ocean view, dbl garage, close to amenities. N/P. $2350. LEMON TREE(250)732-3522. Housekeeping. NORTH bdrm, Home and NANAIMO: office. Call 3Heidi some furniture avail. 2 FP, (250)802-1984. hrwd floors. N/S, 1 block from Superstore, Metral Dr. Short term available. Refs req, $1350 mo. (250)390-0484. NORTH QUALICUM furnished 3Bdrm, 3bath executive home for short term lease $1200. 1.5 acres with oceanview. References required. 250-756-1617 PARKSVILLE, 3 bdrm + den, 2 bath, west coast 2 story home, vaulted ceilings, close to town, avail Nov. 15, $1250 mo, call 250-954-7088. PARKSVILLEEXECUTIVE homes in Craig Bay development. F/S, W/D, dishwasher, garborator, built in microwave, gas fireplace, double garage & more! Access to Beach Club amenities including pool, tennis courts, & more. Ardent Properties Inc. (250)753-0881. PARKSVILLE, OCEAN view, 2-3 bdrm, older home, 5 appls, 1.5 bath, sun room, close to beach and town, n/s, n/p, $1200 + utils, refs req, 250954-7403 or 250-216-1260. PARKSVILLE OLDER Ranch style 3 bdrm, great location, 5 min walk to ocean & beach. Pets negotiable. $1000+ utils. (250)595-5829.
24 News Bulletin A24 Nanaimo www.nanaimobulletin.com PERSONAL SERVICES
LOG TRUCK DRIVER Campbell River
CERTIFIED MILLWRIGHT Chemainus
GRAPPLE YARDER OPERATOR Campbell River
el townhouse, 3 appls, N/S, HEAVY DUTY MECHANIC small pet ok. Avail. immed.,
NANOOSE BAY: Exec, waterfront, 3 furn bedrooms, whole house privileges, n/s, n/p, utilities & cleaning incl. $650, $750 or $825 (master bdrm) month. Call 916-747-3198 cell.
Fall Special! One month free on new rentals 10’x10’ & 10’x20’ units For details phone
ROOM AVAIL. Immed. Incl: Lndry, Cable, Internet. $475. Wrking/ Student. CHRIS 250713-1549 after 4pm.
www.doglegstorage.ca
$1100. Call 250-752-4258
QUALICUM BEACH furnished Complete job details can be viewed at: 2Bdrm, 1.5bath, 6appls, seperate living room, dining room, http://www.westernforest.com/building-value/ den, laundry room, large kitchour-people-employment/careers/ en, garage, 1/2 block from beach, private backyard, gas,
satellite dish, N/S $1025 + util. Western Forest Products Inc. is a margin focused integrated Available now. (250)882-7445. company safely producing lumber from coastal forests. RENT TO own or 100% fi-
nancing. $1500/mo & up. New If you believe that you have the skills and qualifications homes custom design, great locations. Msg 250-753-1200. that we are looking for, please reply in confidence: S. Welllington 4bdrm, 2bath, 2FP , priv. setting, low utils. Human Resource Department $1550/mo. N/S (250)591-0200 or [email protected] Facsimile: 1.866.840.9611
Email: [email protected]
OFFICE/RETAIL
As only short listed candidates will$525/MO, be contacted, WFP busy st. 200 sq.ft. character Old City thanks you in advance for your interest in ourbuilding. Company. Quarter (250)754-5174. Please visit us at www.westernforest.com
COOMBS- 1 site available. Adult park, storage, deck, fenced. $375. (250)586-1372. RV PADS. Year-round occupancy, $400/month w/utils. Wooded sites near PV. Avail immed. Call 250-927-5623.
HOME/BUSINESS SERVICES SEASONAL ACCOMMODATION COOMBS 3-BDRM furnished home. 5 appls, 2.5 baths, satellite TV, internet, long-distance phone. $1100/mo. Avail Nov 15April 15. NS/NP. CLOCK & WATCH REPAIRS (250)951-2115.
CLOCK/WATCH/JEWELLERY REPAIRS
3rd generation watch maker. MT. WASHINGTON: bdrm Antique & grandfather 1 clock condo for mid week only for specialist. Call (250)618-2962. the season. $2600. (250) 7579669 after 5pm.
COMPUTER SERVICES
QUALICUM near Judge’s Row Beach. Lovely, bright ground level, furn.1 bdrm suite, 2 bath, Living kitchCOMPUTER PRO.$30 rm, service enette. 2 TV’s, central vac, lincall. Mobile Certifi ed Computer ens, BBQ, 2 Patios. Parking Tech. Virus removal. at door. WirelessSeniors internet, cable, util. incl. N/P N/S. Visa. discount. 250-802-1187. MC. Avail. Nov. 1 to April 30 $849./mo 250-752-0084. U-NEED-A-NERD Friendly on-
1000 TERMINAL- Newer 1 bedroom plus oversized den. F/S, W/D, dishwasher, 2 full bathrooms. $950 plus utilities Ardent Properties Inc. (250)753-0881. 1 BDRM suite’s in 4 Plex Virginia Ests. NP, coin op laun $600 & $650. Call 248-1371
HOME/BUSINESS SERVICES
2 BED, 1 bath, new F/S, W/D $1100 incl heat/ hydro. Ref req N/P, N/S. 250-758-0180
GARDENING
556 WAKESIAH- Renovated 2 bedroom, 1 bathroom basement suite. F/S, shared W/D, across from VIU. $965 utilities included! Ardent Properties Inc. (250)753-0881.
TREE PRUNING CHIPPING 750HEDGE/SHRUB SQ.FT. 2 bdrm suite. Avail Nov 1. F/S, W/D, hydro incld. MAINTENANCE $750/mo. 250-248-2235. 95 Call MILTON2 bedroom the qualifi ed plus den basement suite. F/S, W/D, specialist... laminate floors, close to all amenities! $1050 utilities incertified Garden cluded. Ardent Properties Inc. (250)753-0881. Designer/Arborist BOWSER, NEW 1 bdrm suite Ivan 250-758-0371
for rent, private entrance, incls heat/hydro/cable, n/s, n/p, refs req, avail immed., $600 mo, VIRDIGRIS GARDENING: 250-757-9669, after 6pm.
site professional computer, One-off or regular garden SENIOR LIVING website and ASSISTED design services. CASSIDY 2 BDRM above etc. grd, tasks: Pruning, Weeding Jason is BACK! 250-585-8160 nice in bright. NS/NP. $750. EMERALD ESTATES1 Call Guy or see or Bdrm, visit: jasonseale.com Avail Nov250-924-1124 1. (250)924-1746. homemaker & laundry services incld, meals optional. $950. (250)248-4338.
EAVESTROUGH EMERALD ESTATES
1 bdrm Semi assisted 50 + $1200/mo. Avail furnished, renovated, corner unit. Meal plan optional, housekeeping incl. Avail immed First month rent FREE! With 1 yr lease. 250-248-0966.
http://www.virdigrisgardening.com
CENTRAL NANAIMO New, bright, clean 2bdrm. 1,100+ sq.ft. Sep. entry, shr’d lndry. $850 hydro incl. N/S, N/P. Ref’s. Nov 1st. 250-755-9329
HANDYPERSONS
HOME MAINTENANCE CHEMAINUSModern bachelor suite in Chemainus. F/S, Interior & Exterior. Paint, tile, ocean views, private fence entry, window, gutters, garden, close to amenities! $700 plus & utilities. yard. NoArdent job tooProperties small. ReaInc. (250)753-0881. sonable rates. (250)616-1450.
ESTATES PATIO • EMERALD Gutter cleaning FABULOUS FALL • HOMES Wash vinyl siding SPECIAL! Get 1 Month Free NANAIMO- BRAND new 2 • with De-mossing roofs 1 bdrm, one year lease! bdrm, 5 appls. No pets. FASHIONED HANDY• $1250; Pressure washing 2 bdrm, $1650. House- OLD Available Nov 1. $1000+ utils. Nothing MAN Drywall, tile, plumbing, • keeping Windowsincluded. (250)245-5035, 250-416-9369, compares ANYWHERE! Call electrical, call to view. carpentry, painting, Now 250-951-2124. Brad 250-619-0999 fullNEAR baths, COLLEGE: Quality work. 2-bdrm [email protected] groundprices. level 250-616-9095. suite, near bus sonable SHARED ACCOMMODATION stop. $850 incl. utilities. PARKSVILLE, MATURE responsible working roommate wanted to share house, close to downtown, + util. Picture Perfect $545/mo Landscaping; Avail Immed. 250-668-3547.
GARDENING
NS/NP. (250) 618-8483.
HAULING AND SALVAGE
N.NANAIMO: 1bdrm, covered patio, private ent. Parking, all appl.& utils incl. N/S, N/P. Refs. JUNK TO 1st THE(250)756-2942 DUMP. Jobs $800. Nov.
Big or small, I haul it all! I recyspecializing in trimming, prunN. NANAIMO: newer home 2 50’s cle & donate to local charities. ingQUALICUM and garden BEACH, maintenance bdrm bsmt suite, heat & hydro lady, seeking quiet roommate Call Gray 250-713-8414 incl. (250)741-1159. separate entrance. N/S, to Kevin share ocean front, older Sean home. $600 mo, perfect for writer, artist or other. Call Carole at 250-738-1162.
BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES
SPACIOUS, CLEAN, furn. near university,shopping. W/D. Share w/ students & working males. $450. 250-754-2734 WESTWOOD. FEMALE roommate to share house. Furn room, private bath. All incl. N/S N/P, $500/month+DD Avail Nov 1st. 250-668-9643
STORAGE ARE YOU HOLIDAYING IN A WARMER CLIMATE? Secure private garage available. Must have insurance. $150/mo. (250)334-3414.
N/P. $1000. (250) 619-7097.
OLD CITY: 1 bdrm, on bus route, NS/NP, ref’s req’d, $650+ util’s. Avail. now. (250)753-3699, (250)741-7979
BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES
PARKSVILLE: 2 bdrm of lower duplex with shared W/D. $700/month incl. utils. Avail. Nov. 15 or 30. (250)468-5733. PARKSVILLE: NEAR Wembley Mall. 1 bdrm living room, separate entrance, laminate floor, bright clean unit. $550 incl. utils. (250) 816-1004. PARKSVILLE, very nice 1 bdrm. suite. No pets/smoking. W/D, F/S. $575/mo. Dec 1st. 250-746-5094 after 7pm. QUALICUM BEACH. bright, 1 bdrm, 900 sq ft, grd level suite, on acreage, 12 mins north of Village, w/d, n/s, n/p, $600/mo. Avail Nov. 1, (250)752-9776.
WATERFRONT
MASONRY & BRICKWORK
‘90 GMC. Truck, Auto, V8, good condition., blue. $4000. 250-752-5403
PETER’S MASONRY: 40yrs experience specializing in all types of stonework, brickwork, fireplaces & more. Call Peter (250)756-8569 250-468B.C. AUTO or CREDIT 2706 forGuaranteed your free estimate. Fast Approval! 100’s of cars, trucks & suv’s. Rebuild your credit & drive today. Bankrupt, bad credit, repossession, collections not a problem. Great rates, Great prices. Free delivery anywhere. www.bcautocredit.com 1.888.533.8801
MOVING & STORAGE
LANDSCAPING
TOWNHOUSES PARKSVILLE: CLASSY 2 bdrm townhouse needs clean responsible tenants. F/S, W/D. Avail. Nov. 1. $975 + utils 250248-1944.
WANTED TO RENT
YOUNG SENIOR widow with 2 small dogs would like to rent long term 1-2 bdrm cottage, in Parksville/Qualicum or area clean, quiet, secluded place, 800-1000 sq. ft. acreage, reasonable rent. (250) 738-1089.
truck (Ford Ranger) step side 6’ box, high gloss black, front slider for cab access, lockable/key,mint condition. $600. obo 250-668-3547
Bdrm suite private, sundeck, Closing date for1fantastic applications is March 13, 2015 views. Bowser. $685 + 1/4 utils. (250)757-2366
www.nanaimobulletin.com Tue, Mar 3, 2015, Nanaimo News Bulletin TRUCKS & VANS
HOME IMPROVEMENTS
SMALL
SPORT UTILITY VEHICLES
1998 FORD Windstar GL minivan. 3 door + hatchback, 6 cyl, blue, 176,000 km, CD. $2500. obo. 250-954-1521.
BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES
PAINTING A-ONE PAINTING and Wallpapering. Serving Nanaimo for 30 years. Senior Discount. Free estimates. 250-585-6499
Small Island Painting
Interior ~ Exterior FREE ESTIMATES. (250) 667-1189
MERCHANDISE FOR SALE FREE ITEMS FREE TV. 0744.
Call
(250)753-
FRIENDLY FRANK 444 INSINKERATOR, NO NO, Armor paper shredder, $99/all obo. Call (250)729-0530. 9’ PRE-LIT artificial Christmas tree in 4 sections with folding stand. $99. (250)758-4927. BELL SINGLE jogging stroller, $50. Black & Decker bread machine, $10. (250)756-1762 CARS HOME CARE BEDSIDE Table: on wheels 2006Adjustable CHEVY top Aveo, $7,000 (goes under bed). New. entry, $49. obo. TV, stereo, keyless viper alarm. Good cond. 250-729-3881 Trans. War. (250)756-5495
PATIO TABLE, umbrella, 6 2007 JEEP Compass, 10,600 chairs w/cushions, Call kms, $15,900 OB).$45. Leave message 250-752-7068 250-390-7773.
MERCHANDISE FOR SALE FRIENDLY FRANK
YAMAHA STEREO system, 95 GMCCDHeavy 4x4, receiver, player, 1/2 cassette, $3300. Leave Message 250speakers, 248-0440. $99. (250)758-9447. MARINE FUEL/FIREWOOD BOATS COASTAL MOUNTAIN FIREWOOD- Call 250-468-9660. “88 BAYLINER boat, 3 L, cutty 1-866-768-8886 (Nanoose). cabin, w/trailer, good condition.
LOOKING FOR AN AUCTION BEDROOM SUITE COUCH DELI ESTHETICS FUEL GARAGE SALE HOUSE INVESTMENTS JUNGLE GYM KILN LIVING ROOM SUITE MOVING COMPANY NAIL CARE OPEN HOUSE POULTRY QUILT ROLLING PIN SAIL BOAT TELEVISION UMBRELLA VENETIAN BLINDS WINDOW WASHER XYLOPHONE YARD WORK ZEBRA
1x6
SASKATOON BUSHES (2) SPORTS & IMPORTS $30. each obo. Gooseberry 2006$30.obo MERCEDES ML350- fulbush (250)753-3728.
To solve a Sudoku puzzle, every number 1 to 9 must appear in: • Each of the nine vertical columns • Each of the nine horizontal rows • Each of the nine 3 x 3 boxes
Last Week’s Answers
DOWN 1. Shanty 2. Hosiery 3. Slow, in music 4. Part of mph 5. Cut wood 6. Meat stew 7. Expel
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Copyright © 2008, Penny Press
8. Grabbed a bite 9. Set up 10. ____ network 11. Society entrant 12. Stairs over a fence 13. Italian staple 14. Despise 22. Pushcart 24. Fulfilled, as a promise 25. Not trademarked 28. Weather forecast 30. Degree of speed 33. Buzz 34. Black 36. Dove’s call 39. “Let us sing ____ the Lord’’ 40. A friend in ____ . . . 41. Low cart 42. Variety 43. British noble 44. Among
STA AT.
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ly loaded, silver, leather, $35,900. Mitch,right-hand 250-307SET OF Call LADY’S 4909. golf clubs and cart, exc. cond.
CROSSWORD
38. Spring 42. Sad drop 45. Tank ship 47. Customer, after the sale 48. Southern “potato’’ 49. Kibbutz dance 50. Sacred picture 53. English beverage 54. Trophy 56. Rechargeable battery 58. Physique 59. Senior 60. Watch pocket 61. Utah lily 63. Meadow-dwelling songbird 66. Parrot in “Aladdin’’ 69. Off yonder 72. Develop 73. Beginning 75. PBS science show 80. Commit perjury 76. Mental perception 81. Spectacles 77. Prime a crime 83. On the peak of 84. Circular band 85. Bro’s sibling Last Week’s Answers 86. Prior to 87. Scorched 88. Small landmass 89. ____ up (add) 90. Sclera’s site 91. Place for a jeans patch 92. You, to Shakespeare
‘05
$6000. 250-752-5403.
$55. 250-758-1092.
ACROSS 1. Fastener 5. Bicarbonate of ____ 9. “The King ____ I’’ 12. Fitness resort 15. Jekyll’s counterpart 16. Touched down 17. Female ruff 18. Check 19. Wing-shaped 20. Intelligent 21. Garbage 23. Wheel tooth 24. Door feature 25. Slender fish 26. Choir singer 27. Cutting tool 29. “Gladiator’’ spot 31. Hindmost 32. Bathroom bar 33. Cowboy 35. Restless desire 37. Golf gadget
E
1997 GMC Jimmy LS, 4dr, 2/4 whl dr, v6, auto, p/s, p/b, p/w, p/locks. Good rubber, 202km, great winter vehicle. $3895 neg. (250)248-8625
HOME/BUSINESS SERVICES
Do you have a passion for tourism RUTHERFORD: 2-BDRM and serving your suite, level entry, yard, patio, quiet has family four home. positions open on community? Tourism laundry, Nanaimo $900/mo Nov. 15. N/S, N/P. Ref’s req’d. 250-758-5584. the Tourism Leadership Committee (3 year terms). Visit TRANSPORTATION SILVER MOUNTAIN- Newer 2 bedroom, 1 bathroom basewww.tourismnanaimo.com/TLCnominations for additional SECURE COVERED Storage ment suite. F/S, W/D, private spaces available for rent in entry, close to amenities. $850 Chemainus, BC. Ideal foremail large [email protected]. plus partial utilities. Ardent information or CANOPY FOR small or small boats and RVs. Call Properties Inc. (250)753-0881. STORAGE CONTAINERS 28’x20’ $85/mo. + gst. 1- 8’x8’ $45/mo. + gst. 250-248-7100
SCRAP CAR REMOVAL SCRAP BATTERIES Wanted We buy scrap batteries from cars, trucks & heavy equipment. $2.00 - $12.00/each. Free pick-up anywhere in BC, Minimum 10. Toll Free 1.877.334.2288.
HOME/BUSINESS SERVICES
Tourism Leadership Committee (4 Positions)
250-246-1515 for more info.
Woss
250-752-0175
SUITES, UPPER 1107 SILVER MOUNTAINNewer 4 bedroom, 2 bathroom suite. F/S, W/D, dishwasher, fireplace, double garage. $1350. Ardent Properties Inc. (250)753-0881. 2000 CATHERS- Renovated 3 bedroom, 2 bathroom suite. F/S, W/D, dishwasher, hot tub. $1200+ partial utilities. Ardent Properties Inc. (250)753-0881. 3780 ROSS- Modern 3 bedroom, 1 bathroom suite. F/S, shared W/D, dishwasher, large deck. $1200 plus partial utilities. Ardent Properties Inc. (250)753-0881. 3-BDRM CENTRALLY located in Parksville, 2 bath, f/s, w/d, private patio. $1300/mo incls utils. Avail Nov 15. (250)228-0641 4975 LAGUNA- Ocean view 3 bedroom, 2 bathroom suite. F/S, W/D, dishwasher, woodstove. $1000 plus partial utilities. Ardent Properties Inc. ALL TRADESHome up(250)753-0881. dates? Hardwood, Tile, Lami95 MILTON3 bedroom, 1 nate, Kitchensuite. & Bath Reno’s. bathroom F/S, W/D, All exterior floors, Roofing,close Siding,to hardwood amenities! $1250 References utilities inDecks & Fencing. cluded. Ardent Properties Inc. available. 250-722-0131. (250)753-0881. BRECHIN: UPPER 3bdrm, BLUE Servicesocean OX views,Home safe area. Avail. Dec. 1st. $1095/mo. Shared Expert Renovation & Handyutils.Services. N/P. (250)753-6681 man Refs & Insured. BRIGHT 2 bdrm South NanaiCall 250-713-4409, visit us at: mo, on bus route. Long term, www.Blueoxhomeservices.ca refs req. $850+ 604-848-5719 BRIGHT LITTLE Bachelor/studio cottage overlooking ravine FULL SERVICE Plumbing w/creek just outside Qualicum. from Parker Dean. Fast, re$550/mo incls cable & utils. liable, 24/7 service. Take $50 N/S, N/P. 250-752-1121. off your next job if you present HAREWOOD. 2-BDRM bright, this ad. Vancouver 1spacious, 1.5 baths. area. Laundry, hydro, heat incl. NS/NP. $825. 800-573-2928. Dec. 1st. (604) 530-9401. NANAIMO LAKES Area: Loft suite, character, woodland setting. NS/NP. 15min from College. $750/mo inclusive. Call 250-753-9365. RAY’S NEAR WOODLANDS School, Clean-up & Garden Serv. 1BdrmGutter main Cleaning level suite, •largeFencing/ 4 appl, sundeck, NS/NP. Avail •nowHedge Trim/landscaping $675+utils. 250-753-8038 •PARKSVILLE Home Maintenance (FRENCH •Creek). Power washing 2 bdrm upper floor of •bsmtTree pruning home. Bsmt has same 14cutting/Yard yrs. Newly reno’d, •tenant Lawn renos appls. $875/mo hydro •new incl,Blackberry shared removal laundry, quiet Ray Vandenberg area. N/S, N/P. Kevin 250738-0310. www.rayscleanupandgarden.com PARKSVILLE250-667-7777 PRIVATE lovely 1 bdrm suite, NS/NP, utils & laundry incld, close to downtown. Suits quiet perLooking forRefs. a NEW car? son(s). $700. Avail Dec 1. 250-954-3358. bcautocentral.com QUALICUM, PANORAMIC ocean view, large upper duplex, 2 bdrm & den. New paint, 5 appl’s. & large deck. $900. + util. N/P, N/S. 250-752-0101 UNIVERSITY AREAspacious, 3 bdrm, 5 appls, private, central, decks, storage, fenced yard, heat pump. Avail Nov. 1 or 15. $1050 + part utils. N/S. Call 250-753-2728.
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a new home.
a new home.
SAWMILLS FROM only SAWMILLS FROM only $4,397 $4,397 -- Make Make money money & & save save money with own bandmill money garage with your youralso own has bandmill mall, buses, Close restaurants to shopping etc.mall, The buses, large garage restaurants also has etc. The large -- Cut Cut lumber lumber any any dimension. dimension. In In ond vehicle. parking A fenced for a and second gated vehicle. patio A keeps fenced your and pet gated patio keeps your petinfo stock ready to ship. Free ond vehicle. A fenced and gated patio keeps your pet stock ready to ship. Free info & DVD: www.NorwoodSaw & DVD: www.NorwoodSaw d dining safe. rooms, The powder living room and dining and kitchen rooms, are powder oak and room and kitchen are oak and nd dining rooms, powder room and kitchen are oak and mills.com/400OT or mills.com/400OT or call call 1-8001-800he kitchen deep andpile dining carpet. rooms Thehave kitchen windows and dining overlooking rooms have566-6899 windows overlooking The kitchen 566-6899 Ext:400OT. Ext:400OT. letin Tue, and Mar dining 3, 2015rooms have windows overlooking
master flower boasts beds. The large master closets bedroom and boasts ensuite. large closets and 3 piece ensuite. master bedroom bedroom boasts large closets and 3 3 piece piece ensuite. has Second side bedroom windows has and charming upstairs laundry side windows doubles and upstairs laundry doubles has charming charming side windows and upstairs laundry doubles REAL ESTATE REAL ESTATE MERCHANDISE FOR SALE as single bedroom. m.. -after Situated Bay, in this townhouse Bay, is this you, 2-storey townhouse is for MISCELLANEOUS FORyou, SALE -after Departure Departure Bay, this 2-storeyDeparture townhouse is for for you, HOUSES FORsought-after SALE2-storey HOUSES FOR SALE wnsizing or whether buying you’re your first downsizing home. or buying your first home. www.nanaimobulletin.com letin Nanaimo Tue, 3,News 2015 wnsizing or Mar buying your Bulletin first home.Tue, Mar 3, 2015 ing quick sale Asking is $240,000. price for quick sale is $240,000.HOT TUB ing price price for forREAL quick ESTATEsale is $240,000. REAL ESTATE MERCHANDISE REAL ESTATE FOR SALE (SOFTUB)
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Call Call 250-760-2809 to view. • Six person Call 250-760-2809 250-760-2809 to to view. view. HOUSES FOR SALE
REAL REAL ESTATE ESTATE SERVICES SERVICES
NANAIMO’S • MISCELLANEOUS Hunter Green FOR SALE HOUSES FOR SALE HOUSES FOR SALEpower • complete with BEST KEPT REAL ESTATE SERVICES REAL ESTATE SERVICES pack and folding lid. REAL ESTATE SERVICES • Excellent HOT condition. TUB SECRET (SOFTUB) • email: Six [email protected] person A unique opportunity, NANAIMO’S NANAIMO’S • Hunter Green the owner has 250-751-0961 • complete with power KEPT BEST KEPT BEST purchased pack and folding lid. • Excellent condition. a new home. SAWMILLS FROM only SECRET SECRET $4,397 - Make money & save email: [email protected]
money withopportunity, your own bandmill A unique opportunity, mall, buses, restaurants etc. The large garage also has A unique - Cut lumber any dimension. In the owner has pet the250-751-0961 owner hasFree info ond vehicle. A fenced and gated patio keeps your stock ready to ship. & purchased DVD: www.NorwoodSaw purchased d dining rooms, powder room and kitchen are oak and mills.com/400OT or call 1-800aMERCHANDISE new home. aMERCHANDISE new home. ESTATE FOR SALE FOR SALEonly he kitchen andREAL dining rooms have windows overlooking 566-6899 Ext:400OT. SAWMILLS FROM $4,397 Make money & save aster bedroom boasts large closets and 3 piece ensuite. money with your own bandmill has charming side and upstairs laundry doubles Close to windows shopping mall, buses, restaurants etc. garage also has mall, buses, restaurants The large garage also MISCELLANEOUS FORhas SALEThe large MISCELLANEOUS FOR SALE In HOUSES FOR SALEetc. - Cut lumber any dimension. .letinvehicle. parking for a second vehicle. A fenced and gated patio keeps your pet ond A fenced and gated patio keeps your pet stock ready to ship. Free info Tue, Mar 3, 2015 STEEL BUILDINGS/metal DVD: are www.NorwoodSaw HOT safe. The living and dining rooms, powder room and& kitchen and d dining rooms, powder andtownhouse kitchen are oak and buildings 60% oak 20x28, -after Departure Bay, thisroom 2-storey isTUB for you, mills.com/400OT oroff! call 1-800(SOFTUB) 30x40, 40x62, 45x90, 50x120, deep pile carpet. The kitchen and dining rooms have566-6899 windows overlooking he kitchen and dining rooms have windows overlooking REAL ESTATE REAL ESTATE MERCHANDISE FOR SALE Ext:400OT. wnsizing or buying your first home. • and Six3 piece person 60x150, sell for balflower boasts beds. The master bedroom boasts large closets andowed! 3 80x100 piece ensuite. aster bedroom large closets ensuite. ance Call 1-800-457• Hunter Green ngcharming priceSecond forside quick saleand is $240,000. charming side windows and upstairs laundry has windows upstairsHOUSES laundry doubles 2206 or visit doubles us SALE online: MISCELLANEOUS FOR with HOUSESbedroom FOR SALEtohas FOR SALEpower view. • complete www.crownsteelbuildings.ca. as single bedroom. . Call 250-760-2809 pack and folding lid. • Excellent condition. HOTis TUB SituatedBay, in sought-after Bay, thisyou, 2-storey townhouse for you, -after Departure this 2-storeyDeparture townhouse is for BUILDINGS. “Really (SOFTUB) whether you’re downsizing or buying your first home.STEEL wnsizing or buying your first home. email: [email protected] REAL ESTATE SERVICES REAL ESTATE SERVICES big sale!â€? All steel building
NANAIMO’S BEST KEPT SECRET
3x5
NANAIMO’S BEST KEPT SECRET $4,397 Make money & save REAL- ESTATE SERVICES
• Six person A unique opportunity, models and Green sizes. Plus extra Asking price for quick sale is $240,000. ing price quick sale is $240,000. • Hunter thefor owner has savings. Buy now and we will 250-751-0961 • complete with power Call 250-760-2809 to view.store until spring. Call 250-760-2809 Pioneer purchased to view. and folding lid. Steelpack 1-800-668-5422 or visit a new home. • Excellent condition. us online www.pioneersteel.ca SAWMILLS FROM only
REAL ESTATE SERVICES money with your own bandmill c. The large garage also has A unique opportunity, - Cut lumber any dimension. In gated patio keeps your pet stock to ship. the ready owner has Free info & DVD: www.NorwoodSaw om and kitchen are oak and purchased mills.com/400OT or call 1-800s have windows overlooking a newExt:400OT. home. 566-6899 e closets and 3 piece ensuite. and upstairs doubles mall, buses,laundry restaurants etc. The large garage also has ond vehicle. A fenced and gated patio keeps your pet d dining rooms, powder room and kitchen are oak and -storey townhouse is for you, REAL ESTATE MERCHANDISE FOR SALE he kitchen and dining rooms have windows overlooking home. aster bedroom boasts large closets and 3 piece ensuite. is $240,000. has charming side windows laundry doubles MISCELLANEOUS FOR SALE HOUSES FOR SALE and upstairs view. . HOT is TUB -after Departure Bay, this 2-storey townhouse for you, (SOFTUB) wnsizing or buying your first home. S REAL ESTATE SERVICES • Six person
NANAIMO’S BEST KEPT SECRET
• Hunter Green ing price for quick sale is $240,000. • complete with power Call 250-760-2809 to view. pack and folding lid. •
REAL ESTATE SERVICES A unique opportunity,
the owner has purchased a new home.
3x5 3x5
c. The large garage also has gated patio keeps your pet om and kitchen are oak and s have windows overlooking closets and 3 piece ensuite. and upstairs laundry doubles
REAL [email protected] ESTATE SERVICES email: MISCELLANEOUS WANTED
250-751-0961
Older Black Singer sewing machine working or not. CASH PAID. 250-755-6827 SAWMILLS FROM only $4,397 - Make money & save money with your own bandmill - Cut lumber any dimension. In stock ready to ship. Free info & DVD: www.NorwoodSaw mills.com/400OT callSALE 1-800MERCHANDISEorFOR 566-6899 Ext:400OT.
250-751-0961
3x5
SAWMILLS FROM only $4,397 - Make money & save money with your own bandmill - Cut lumber any dimension. In stock ready to ship. Free info & DVD: www.NorwoodSaw mills.com/400OT or call 1-800566-6899 Ext:400OT.
home warranty & more.
vator. Free hot water. N/S, N/P. Refs. $675/mo. Call Mark or Don at 250-753-8633.
Older Black Singer sewing "59).'Ă– Ă–2%.4).' Ă–3%,,).' machine working or not. CASH "59).'Ă– Ă–2%.4).' Ă–3%,,).' $BMM PAID. 250-755-6827 $BMM
"59).'Ă– Ă–2%.4).' Ă–3%,,).' $BMM
MERCHANDISE FOR SALE
REAL ESTATE
REAL ESTATE
COMMERCIAL SPACE avail. at Timberlands Mobile Home Park, 3581 Hallberg Rd. Suitable for restaurant or small grocery. Call 250-245-3647.
MISCELLANEOUS FOR SALE
3x4
3x4 3x4 $249,900!
STEEL BUILDINGS. “Really (250)754-5327 big sale!â€? All steel or building models (250)729-5200. and sizes. Plus extra savings. Buy now and we will store until spring. Pioneer "59).'Ă– Ă–2%.4).' Ă–3%,,).' Steel 1-800-668-5422 or visit $BMM us online www.pioneersteel.ca
MISCELLANEOUS WANTED Older Black Singer sewing machine working or not. CASH PAID. 250-755-6827
Nanaimo Christian School
MOBILE HOMES & PARKS
2-BDRM + DEN
N. Nanaimo, close to everything. SS appliances, granite countertops, garage, 9’ ceilings, HW floors, built-in vac, security system, new home warranty & more.
3x4
Older Black Singer sewing machine REAL working or not. CASH ESTATE PAID. 250-755-6827
"59).'Ă– Ă–2%.4).' Ă–3%,,).' REAL ESTATE $BMM
www.nanaimobulletin.com A25
MOBILE HOMES RENTALS& PARKS Classifieds
Convenient HOUSES FOR SALE & Effective
3x7 3x7 3x4
NEW TOWNHOUSE 2-BDRM + DEN
No, it’s not a briefcase, it’s the Nanaimo News Bulletin Classifieds. Call today to place your classified ad
N.250-310-3535 Nanaimo, close to everything. SS appliances, granite countertops, garage, 9’ ceilings, HW floors, built-in vac, security system, new home warranty & more.
drive APARTMENT/CONDO
DOWNTOWN NANAIMO- 1 bdrm furnished, city/ocean view, clean & quiet building. NS/NP. References. Call (250)753-1930.
sales
Pre-School – present –
3x5
At the NCS library 198 Holland Rd.
Wednesday, March 4 10am - 11am
To RSVP or for info
[email protected]
250-667-4222
COMMERCIAL/INDUSTRIAL APARTMENT/CONDO
COMMERCIAL NANAIMO: SPACE avail. DOWNTOWN 2 at Timberlands Mobile Home COMMERCIAL SPACE avail. bdrm apartment, “Harbour DOWNTOWN NANAIMO1 Park, 3581 Hallberg Rd. at Timberlands Mobile Home view� refs. 250-729-1997. bdrm N/P.furnished, city/ocean Suitable for restaurant or small Park, clean 3581 Hallberg Rd. view, & quiet building. grocery. 250-245-3647. DOWNTOWN NANAIMOSuitable Call forReferences. restaurant or small NS/NP. Call Large 1 Call bdrm apartment. N/P. grocery. 250-245-3647. (250)753-1930. DOWNTOWN NANAIMO: Refs. Call (250)729-1997. Award winning NANAIMO: Gallery Row DOWNTOWN NANAIMO: DOWNTOWN 2 Heritage Buildings.Gallery Busy street DOWNTOWN NANAIMOAward winning Row bdrm apartment, “Harbour frontage, high visibility. Retail Large 1 bdrm apartment. N/P. Heritage Buildings. Busy street view� N/P. refs. 250-729-1997. spaces avail.; Refs. Call (250)729-1997. frontage, high visibility.300sqft, Retail $880/mo. AND NANAIMO608sqft, DOWNTOWN spaces avail.; 300sqft, $1530/mo. (250)754-5174 HOSPITAL AREABach/1 or Large 1 bdrm apartment. N/P. $880/mo. AND 608sqft, 2bdrm. H/W, heat. Free Refs. CallFree (250)729-1997. $1530/mo. (250)754-5174 cable or net for 1 year for new MISCELLANEOUS FOR RENT tenants only. 250-616-1175. DOWNTOWN NANAIMOMISCELLANEOUS FOR RENT Large 1 bdrm apartment. N/P. NANAIMO DOWNTOWN 3Refs. Call (250)729-1997. bdrm,1.5 bath, on-site laundry. NS/NP. $895.AREA250-816-1242. HOSPITAL Bach/1 or 2bdrm. Free H/W, heat. Free NANAIMO: QUIET, clean and cable or net for 1 year for new comfortable bdrm. March 1. tenants only. 1 250-616-1175. Central location, intercom, elevator. FreeRENTALS hot water. N/S, NANAIMO DOWNTOWN 3N/P. Refs. $675/mo. Call Mark bdrm,1.5 bath, on-site laundry. or Don at 250-753-8633. NS/NP. $895. 250-816-1242.
3x7 1-855-310-3535
DOWNTOWN NANAIMO: 2 bdrm apartment, “Harbour view� N/P. refs. 250-729-1997.
APARTMENT/CONDO
MOBILE HOMES &FOR PARKS MISCELLANEOUS RENT APARTMENT/CONDO DOWNTOWN NANAIMO- 1 bdrm furnished, city/ocean view, clean & quiet building. NS/NP. References. Call (250)753-1930. DOWNTOWN NANAIMO: 2 bdrm apartment, “Harbour view� N/P. refs. 250-729-1997. DOWNTOWN NANAIMOLarge 1 bdrm apartment. N/P. Refs. Call (250)729-1997. DOWNTOWN NANAIMOLarge 1 bdrm apartment. N/P. Refs. Call (250)729-1997.
MOBILE HOMES & PADS
HOSPITAL AREA- Bach/1 or 2bdrm. Free H/W, heat. Free TIMBERLAND MOBILE cable orPark; net for2 1mobile year forhome new Home tenants lots for only. rent 250-616-1175. at $450/mo; 1 on Family side and 1 Seniors. NANAIMO DOWNTOWN 3Call (250)245-3647. bdrm,1.5 bath, on-site laundry. NS/NP. $895. 250-816-1242.
ROOMS FOR RENT
NANAIMO: QUIET, clean and SINGLE & DBLE units; some comfortable 1 bdrm. March 1. w/kitchenettes. ok. New Central location, Pets intercom, elemonthly rates hot starting at $700vator. Free water. N/S, $900; weekly starting $420. N/P. Refs. $675/mo. CallatMark Call 250-754-2328. or Don at 250-753-8633.
RENTALS SUITES, UPPER COMMERCIAL/INDUSTRIAL APARTMENT/CONDO BOWEN PARK: SPACE Studio- $595. COMMERCIAL avail.
Room$395. 1 Mobile bdrm- Home $650. at Timberlands DOWNTOWN 1 Close to3581 town. NANAIMOCall (250)618Park, Hallberg Rd. bdrm or (250)619-0416. furnished, city/ocean 6800 Suitable for restaurant small view, clean & quiet or building. grocery. 250-245-3647. Call NS/NP. CallReferences. TOWNHOUSES (250)753-1930. DOWNTOWN NANAIMO: Award winning Gallery NEAR VIU: Nice, cleanRow 3DOWNTOWN NANAIMO: 2 Heritage Buildings. Busy street F/S. bdrm townhouse. apartment, W/D, “Harbour frontage, high visibility. Retail Quiet N/P. area, on250-729-1997. bus route. N/S. view� refs. spaces avail.; 300sqft, $1050./mo. (250)710-1947. $880/mo. 608sqft, DOWNTOWN AND NANAIMO$1530/mo. (250)754-5174 Large 1 bdrm apartment. N/P. Refs. Call (250)729-1997. ere
MISCELLANEOUS s thFOR RENT
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NANAIMO DOWNTOWN 3bdrm,1.5 bath, on-site laundry. in mind just NS/NP. $895.but 250-816-1242.
don’t know how to
NANAIMO: QUIET, clean and NANAIMO: QUIET, clean and get there? COMMERCIAL/INDUSTRIAL DOWNTOWN NANAIMO1 comfortable 1 bdrm. March 1. comfortable 1 bdrm. March 1. bdrm furnished,intercom, city/ocean Central location, eleCentral location, intercom, eleLook through our COMMERCIAL SPACEbuilding. avail. view, clean vator. Free &hotquiet water. Home N/S, vator. Free hot water. N/S, Career & Educational at Timberlands Mobile NS/NP. References. Call N/P. Refs. $675/mo. Call MarkRd. N/P. Refs. $675/mo. Call and Mark Park, 3581 Hallberg Opportunity pages (250)753-1930. or Don atfor 250-753-8633. or Don at 250-753-8633. Suitable restaurant or small MOBILE HOMES & PADS MOBILE HOMES & PADS choose among grocery. Call 250-245-3647. DOWNTOWN NANAIMO: 2 many professi MOBILE HOMES & PADS TIMBERLAND MOBILE TIMBERLAND MOBILE COMMERCIAL/INDUSTRIAL COMMERCIAL/INDUSTRIAL bdrm apartment, “Harbour help you DOWNTOWN NANAIMO: Home Park; 2 mobile home Home Park;get 2 thmobile home viewâ€? N/P. refs. 250-729-1997. TIMBERLAND MOBILE Award Gallery lots for winning rent at $450/mo; 1Row on lots for rent at $450/mo; 1 on COMMERCIAL SPACE avail. COMMERCIAL SPACE avail. Home Park; 2 Mobile mobile home Heritage Buildings. Busy street Family side and 1 Seniors. Family side andMobile 1 Seniors. at Timberlands Home at Timberlands Home DOWNTOWN NANAIMOlots for rent at $450/mo; 1 on frontage, high apartment. visibility. Call (250)245-3647. Call Park, Hallberg Retail Rd. Park,(250)245-3647. 3581 Hallberg Rd. Large 1 3581 bdrm N/P. FamilyCallside and 1 or Seniors. spaces avail.; 300sqft, Suitable for restaurant small Suitable for restaurant or small Refs. (250)729-1997. Call (250)245-3647. $880/mo. AND 608sqft, grocery. Call 250-245-3647. grocery. Call October 13 – 250-245-3647. December 15, 2004 ROOMS FOR RENT ROOMS FOR RENT $1530/mo. (250)754-5174 DOWNTOWN NANAIMOVANCOUVER ISLAND – LOWER MAINLAND October 13 – December 15, 2004 DOWNTOWN NANAIMO: DOWNTOWN NANAIMO: Large 1ROOMS bdrm apartment. N/P. Ferry schedules& are subject to change withoutsome notice. FOR RENT SINGLE & DBLE units; some SINGLE DBLE units; Award Gallery Row Award winning Gallery Row Refs. Callwinning (250)729-1997. MISCELLANEOUS FOR RENT w/kitchenettes. Pets ok. New w/kitchenettes. Pets ok. New NANAIMO VANCOUVER ISLAND – LOWER Heritage Buildings. Busy street Heritage Buildings. Busy MAINLAND street NANAIMO (DEPARTUREatBAY)SINGLE rates &high DBLE units; some monthly starting at Retail $700monthly rates $700(DUKE POINT) frontage, visibility. frontage, high starting visibility. HOSPITAL AREABach/1 or HORSESHOE BAYat Retail $900; weekly starting at $420. $900; weekly starting $420. w/kitchenettes. Pets ok. New toare TSAWWASSEN spaces Freeavail.; 300sqft, spaces avail.; 2bdrm. H/W, heat. Free Ferry schedules subject to change without notice. Leave Departure Bay 300sqft, Call 250-754-2328. Call 250-754-2328. monthly rates AND starting at $700$880/mo. 608sqft, $880/mo. AND 608sqft, cable or net forstarting 1 year at for$420. new Oct 14, - Mar 2015 pm 12:30 pm 31,7:00 6:30 am 2014 $900; weekly $1530/mo. (250)754-5174 $1530/mo. tenants only. 250-616-1175. 9:00 pm 3:00 pm 8:30 am (250)754-5174 Leave Tsawwassen Call 250-754-2328. SUITES, UPPER 5:00 UPPER pm 10:30 amSUITES, 1 5:15am 3:15pm (DEPARTURE BAY)NANAIMO DOWNTOWN 3-NANAIMO Leave Horseshoe Bay RENT MISCELLANEOUS FOR RENT MISCELLANEOUS FOR 2 3 BOWEN SUITES, PARK: Studio-laundry. $595. BOWEN Studiobdrm,1.5 bath, on-site UPPER 7:00$595. pm 12:30 pm 6:30 am PARK: 7:45am 5:45pm HORSESHOE BAY Room- $895. $395.250-816-1242. 1 bdrm- $650. Room$395.3:001 pmbdrm-9:003$650. NS/NP. pm 8:30 am 10:15am 8:15pm 5:00 Call pm 10:30 am town. Close to PARK: town. Call (250)618Close to (250)618BOWEN Studio$595. Leave Departure Bay 3 NANAIMO: QUIET, clean and 6800 or (250)619-0416. 6800 or (250)619-0416. Room$395. 1 bdrm- $650. 12:45pm 10:45pm comfortable 1 bdrm. March 1. Close to town. Call (250)6187:00 pm 12:30 pmPoint Leave Duke Central intercom, ele- 6:30 am NANAIMO (DUKE POINT)6800 or location, (250)619-0416. TOWNHOUSES TOWNHOUSES 1 vator. Free hot water. N/S, 8:30 am 5:15amTSAWWASSEN 3:15pm9:00 pm 3:00 pm Leave Duke Point N/P. Refs. $675/mo. Call Mark 2 3 NEAR Nice, clean 3-10:30 NEAR VIU: Nice, clean 35:45pm TOWNHOUSES â—?7:45am am 8:15 pm 12:45 pm pm 5:15 am 5:00 or Don atVIU: 250-753-8633. bdrm townhouse. W/D, F/S. bdrm townhouse. W/D, F/S. â—?7:45 am 3 pm 10:45 3:15 pm 8:15pm 10:15am Quiet bus route. Quiet on 5:45bus pm route. N/S. 10:15area, am NEARarea, VIU:onNice, cleanN/S. 3Leave Horseshoe Bay 3 COMMERCIAL/INDUSTRIAL $1050./mo. (250)710-1947. $1050./mo. (250)710-1947. 12:45pm 10:45pm Leave Tsawwassen bdrm townhouse. W/D, F/S. 1 MOBILE PADS N/S. â—?5:15 am 8:15 pm 12:45 pm Quiet area, HOMES on bus&route. Daily except Sat & Sun 7:00 pm 10:45 COMMERCIAL SPACE avail. 6:30â—?am 27:45 am 12:30 pm pm pm $1050./mo. (250)710-1947. Daily except3:15 Sunday 5:45 pm am at Timberlands MobileMOBILE Home 8:3010:15 3 TIMBERLAND 9:00 pm 3:00 pm am Daily except Saturday Park, Park; 3581 2 Hallberg Rd. Home mobile home â—? Daily except Sundays. 5:00 pm Suitable for restaurant or small lots for rent at $450/mo; 1 on10:30 am NANAIMO grocery. Call Family side 250-245-3647. and 1 Seniors. (DEPARTURE BAY) Brought to you by: Call (250)245-3647. toMOBILE HORSESHOE BAY DOWNTOWN MOBILE HOMES &NANAIMO: PADS HOMES & PADS Jan 5, 2014 - Mar 12, 2015 Award winning Gallery Row ROOMS FOR RENT Heritage Buildings. Busy street TIMBERLAND MOBILE TIMBERLAND Leave HorseshoeMOBILE Bay schedule(DUKE and information frontage, high2 visibility. Retail POINT)Home Park; mobile home NANAIMO Home ForPark; 2 faremobile home SINGLE & DBLE units; some or to make a reservation: 6:30am 3:00pm 1 on spaces avail.; 300sqft, lots for rent at $450/mo; 1 on lots for rent at $450/mo; w/kitchenettes. Pets ok. New *BCF (Telus or Rogers cellular networks) TSAWWASSEN $880/mo.side AND 608sqft, Family and 1 Seniors. Family side and 1 Seniors. 8:30am 5:00pm 1-888-BC FERRY • www.bcferries.com monthly rates starting at $700$1530/mo. (250)754-5174 Call (250)245-3647. Call (250)245-3647. $900; weekly starting at $420. Leave Duke7:00pm Point 10:30am Call 250-754-2328. 1
R E Y L F NOTICE! $249,900! (250)754-5327 or (250)729-5200.
DOWNTOWN NANAIMOLarge 1 bdrm apartment. N/P. Refs. Call (250)729-1997. DOWNTOWN NANAIMOLarge 1 bdrm apartment. N/P. Refs. Call (250)729-1997.
"59).'Ă– Ă–2%.4).' Ă–3%,,).' $BMM
HOSPITAL AREA- Bach/1 or 2bdrm. Free H/W, heat. Free cable or net for 1 year for new tenants only. 250-616-1175.
NANAIMO: QUIET, clean and comfortable 1 bdrm. March 1. Central location, intercom, elevator. FreeRENTALS hot water. N/S, N/P. Refs. $675/mo. Call Mark or Don at 250-753-8633.
3x7 WaTCh 3x7 3x7 FOR OuR FLYER APARTMENT/CONDO COMMERCIAL/INDUSTRIAL DOWNTOWN NANAIMO-
1 bdrm furnished, city/ocean COMMERCIAL SPACE avail. view, clean & quiet building. at Timberlands Mobile Home NS/NP. References. Call Park, 3581 Hallberg Rd. (250)753-1930. Suitable for restaurant or small grocery. Call 250-245-3647. DOWNTOWN NANAIMO: 2 bdrm apartment, “Harbour DOWNTOWN NANAIMO: view� N/P. refs. 250-729-1997. Award winning Gallery Row Heritage Buildings. NANAIMOBusy street DOWNTOWN frontage, high apartment. visibility. Retail Large 1 bdrm N/P. spaces avail.; 300sqft, Refs. Call (250)729-1997. $880/mo. AND 608sqft, $1530/mo. (250)754-5174 DOWNTOWN NANAIMOLarge 1 bdrm apartment. N/P. Refs. Call (250)729-1997. MISCELLANEOUS FOR RENT
in Today’s Edition of the HOSPITAL AREA- Bach/1 or 2bdrm. Free H/W, heat. Free cable or net for 1 year for new tenants only. 250-616-1175. NANAIMO DOWNTOWN 3bdrm,1.5 bath, on-site laundry. NS/NP. $895. 250-816-1242.
3x7
Help your pre-schooler get ready for school Open to all 3/4 year olds and their parents.
3x5
DOWNTOWN NANAIMO: Award winning Gallery Row Heritage Buildings. Busy street Tuesday, March 3, 2015 Nanaimo News Bulletin Retail 25 www.nanaimobulletin.com www.nanaimobulletin.com A25 frontage, high visibility. A25 PANORAMIC Ocean views, 2 spaces avail.; 300sqft, bdrm & 4 bdrm income proper$880/mo. REALAND REAL250-753-0160. ESTATE FOR SALE REAL ESTATE ESTATE 608sqft, ty inMERCHANDISE Nanaimo. RENTALS RENTALS $1530/mo. (250)754-5174 RENTALS
FOR SALE BY OWNER
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STEEL BUILDINGS/metal buildings 60% off! 20x28, MERCHANDISE FOR SALE 30x40, 40x62, 45x90, 50x120, 60x150, 80x100 sell for balance owed! Call 1-800-457HOUSES SALESALE MISCELLANEOUS MISCELLANEOUS FOR SALE FOR BY OWNER FOR MOBILE FOR SALE HOMES BY OWNER & PARKS 2206 or visit FOR us SALE online: APARTMENT/CONDO APARTMENT/CONDO www.crownsteelbuildings.ca. STEEL BUILDINGS/metal STEEL PANORAMIC BUILDINGS/metal Ocean views, 2 PANORAMIC views, 21 NEW TOWNHOUSE DOWNTOWN Ocean NANAIMODOWNTOWN NANAIMObuildings HOT 60%TUB off! 20x28, buildings bdrm &2-BDRM 4 bdrm 60% income 20x28, bdrm & 4furnished, bdrm income proper-1 city/ocean +off! DENproperbdrm furnished, city/ocean (SOFTUB) STEEL BUILDINGS. “Really 30x40, 40x62, 45x90, 50x120, 30x40, ty in Nanaimo. 250-753-0160. 45x90, ty in Nanaimo. view, clean &250-753-0160. quiet building. N. 40x62, Nanaimo, close 50x120, to view, cleanReferences. & quiet building. • Six person big sale!â€?80x100 All steel building 60x150, sell for bal60x150, 80x100 sell for balNS/NP. Call everything. SS appliances, NS/NP. References. Call models and Green sizes. Plus extra ance owed! Call 1-800-457ance owed! Call 1-800-457• Hunter (250)753-1930. granite countertops, garage, (250)753-1930. HOUSES FOR SALE HOUSES FOR SALE savings. nowwith and we will 2206 orBuy visit us power online: 2206 or visit us online: • complete 9’ ceilings, HW fl oors, built-in store untilandspring. www.crownsteelbuildings.ca. www.crownsteelbuildings.ca. DOWNTOWN NANAIMO: 2 pack folding Pioneer lid. vac, security system, new DOWNTOWN NANAIMO: Steel 1-800-668-5422 or visit bdrm apartment, “Harbour2 NEW TOWNHOUSE NEW TOWNHOUSE • online Excellent condition. home warranty & more. bdrm N/P. apartment, “Harbour us www.pioneersteel.ca viewâ€? refs. 250-729-1997. 2-BDRM + DEN 2-BDRM + DEN viewâ€? N/P. refs. 250-729-1997. $249,900! STEEL BUILDINGS. “Really STEEL BUILDINGS. “Really N. Nanaimo, close to N. Nanaimo, close to email: [email protected] (250)754-5327 or big sale!â€? All steel building bigeverything. sale!â€? AllSS steel building DOWNTOWN NANAIMOappliances, everything. SS appliances, MISCELLANEOUS DOWNTOWN NANAIMOmodels and sizes. WANTED Plus extra models and sizes. Plus extra Large 1 countertops, bdrm apartment. N/P. (250)729-5200. granite countertops, garage, granite garage, Large 1 bdrm apartment. N/P. savings. Buy now www.nanaimobulletin.com and we will savings. Buy now and we will Refs. Call (250)729-1997. 250-751-0961 A25 9’ ceilings, HW fl oors, built-in 9’ ceilings, HW fl oors, built-in Refs. Call (250)729-1997. store until store until spring. Pioneer Older Black spring. Singer Pioneer sewing vac, security system, new vac, security system, new DOWNTOWN NANAIMOSteel 1-800-668-5422 visit Steel 1-800-668-5422 or visit "59).'Ă– Ă–2%.4).' Ă–3%,,).' machine working or not.orCASH homewww.pioneersteel.ca warranty & more. home warranty &NANAIMOmore. N/P. REAL ESTATE REAL ESTATE DOWNTOWN Large 1 bdrm apartment. us online www.pioneersteel.ca us online $BMM PAID. 250-755-6827 SAWMILLS FROM only LargeCall 1 bdrm apartment. N/P. $249,900! $249,900! Refs. (250)729-1997. $4,397 - Make money & save Refs. Call (250)729-1997. (250)754-5327 or (250)754-5327 or money with your own bandmill MISCELLANEOUS WANTED MISCELLANEOUS SALE BYdimension. OWNER MOBILE HOMES &WANTED PARKS HOSPITAL AREA- Bach/1 or (250)729-5200. (250)729-5200. - Cut FOR lumber any In HOSPITAL Bach/1Free or 2bdrm. FreeAREAH/W, heat. stock ready to ship. Free info www.nanaimobulletin.com A25 2bdrm.or Free heat. Free cable net forH/W, 1 year for new PANORAMIC Ocean Older & DVD: Blackwww.NorwoodSaw Singer views, sewing2 Older Black Singer sewing cable oronly. net 250-616-1175. for 1 year for new tenants bdrm & 4working bdrm income "59).'Ă– Ă–2%.4).' Ă–3%,,).' "59).'Ă– Ă–2%.4).' Ă–3%,,).' machine mills.com/400OT or or call not. proper1-800CASH machine working or not. CASH tenants$BMM only. ty inMERCHANDISE Nanaimo. 250-753-0160. FOR SALE REAL ESTATE REAL250-616-1175. ESTATE $BMM 566-6899 PAID. 250-755-6827 Ext:400OT. PAID. 250-755-6827 NANAIMO DOWNTOWN 3NANAIMObath, DOWNTOWN 3bdrm,1.5 on-site laundry. HOUSES FORFOR SALESALE NS/NP. $895. 250-816-1242. bdrm,1.5 bath, on-site laundry. MISCELLANEOUS FOR SALE BY OWNER MOBILE HOMES & PARKS RENTALS NS/NP. $895. 250-816-1242. NANAIMO: QUIET, clean and NEW TOWNHOUSE STEEL BUILDINGS/metal PANORAMIC Ocean views, 2 comfortable 1 bdrm. clean Marchand 1. NANAIMO: QUIET, DEN20x28, buildings2-BDRM 60% +off! bdrm & 4 bdrm income properAPARTMENT/CONDO Central location, intercom, comfortable 1 bdrm. Marchele1. Nanaimo, close50x120, to 30x40,N.40x62, 45x90, ty in Nanaimo. 250-753-0160. vator. Free hot intercom, water. N/S, Central location, ele60x150, 80x100 sell for baleverything. SS appliances, DOWNTOWN NANAIMO1 N/P. Refs. $675/mo. Call Mark vator. Free hot water. N/S, ance owed! Call 1-800-457granite countertops, garage, bdrm city/ocean or Don atfurnished, 250-753-8633. N/P. Refs. $675/mo. Call Mark HOUSES FOR SALE 2206 or HW visit floors, us built-in online: 9’ ceilings, view, clean & quiet building. RENTALS or Don at 250-753-8633. www.crownsteelbuildings.ca. vac, security system, new NS/NP. References. Call COMMERCIAL/INDUSTRIAL NEW TOWNHOUSE (250)753-1930. home warranty & more.
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3x7 Woodgrove Crossing -
NANAIMO: QUIET, clean and comfortable 1 bdrm. March 1. Central location, intercom, elevator. Free hot water. N/S, N/P. Refs. $675/mo. Call Mark or Don at 250-753-8633.
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(250) 390-5309
6677 Mary Ellen • Nanaimo
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sports 26
Nanaimo News Bulletin Tuesday, March 3, 2015
www.nanaimobulletin.com
VIU comes back to win championship I
Dolphins runners-up on Island
MARINERS V-BALL team beats Camosun in five-set thriller. BY GREG SAKAKI The News BulleTiN
The VIU Mariners took their game to another level when it mattered most, and won a championship. Vancouver Island University’s women’s volleyball team defeated the host Camosun Chargers in the PacWest final on Saturday night in Victoria in a five-set thriller, 15-25, 21-25, 26-24, 25-14, 15-12. “Once we finally understood what it was going to take, we all just came together and did our own jobs,” said Tylar Turnbull, team captain. “Once we figured that out and got in that mindset, everything came together one by one.” The home team came out and dominated the first set and then won the second set, too, but VIU, the veteran-laden defending champs, knew the match was far from over. “Until that heartbeat goes away, we’ve just got to keep pumping it,” said Shane Hyde, coach of the Mariners. Down two sets to none, there was pressure, but at the same time, Turnbull said, there wasn’t any pressure, because at that point, the Mariners felt like they had nothing to lose and could go out there and just play. VIU made minor adjustments to the game plan, said Hyde, including on blocking and defence, and tried to attack more often from the middle of the court. And it turned out that the
GREG SAKAKI/ThE NEwS BullETIN
Vancouver Island University Mariners volleyball players embrace moments after match point of the Pacific Western Athletic Association championship on Saturday night at Victoria’s Pacific Institute for Sport Excellence.
Mariners had another level of volleyball. Midway through the match, VIU started making kills with deadly accuracy. The defence started digging out every Chargers attack. “We just had a united mindset that we were not going to let any ball touch the ground without any sort of effort and we were all going to put each other on our back and we were going to win this game,” said Kelsey Johnson, VIU libero. It carried into the fifth set. The M’s somehow looked calm in building in 8-3 lead at the side switch, and although they gave it all back to fall behind 10-9,
Quickfacts FOR A SLIDESHOW of photos from the Pacwest championship match, please visit www. nanaimobulletin.com/sports.
they regained control. Match point was a wild rally that ended with a kill from Megan Groenendijk, player of the game. The comeback victory was a microcosm of the season for the VIU Mariners – facing adversity and overcoming. “Every time something good would happen, we’d get kicked
right back down,” Johnson said. “So watching us grow from the beginning, it’s just incredible how far we’ve come.” Turnbull, Groenendijk and Johnson were selected as tournament all-stars. The M’s women will compete at the Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association championships in Longueuil, Que. beginning March 12. The VIU Mariners men’s volleyball team ended its season with bronze medals, defeating the Columbia Bible College Bearcats earlier Saturday by scores of 25-22, 28-26, 27-25. [email protected]
Clippers face off tonight in first-round playoff series The Nanaimo Clippers had the sort of regular season that leads to high hopes for the playoffs. The city’s first-place junior A hockey club (3716-0-5) begins the postseason tonight (March 3) with Game 1 of a best-ofseven series against the Alberni Valley Bulldogs. “It’s exciting,” said Brendan Taylor, Clippers captain. “We played Alberni I think two years ago and they upset us. They’re a good team. I think we’ve just got to be ready to play and if we play our game, we have full confidence in our team.”
The Clippers dropped their last two regular-season games to the Victoria Grizzlies this past weekend, losing 4-3 in double overtime Friday at Frank Crane Arena and then falling 5-4, also in double OT, the next night down the Malahat. Sheldon Rempal scored twice for Nanaimo on Friday, with Brett Roulston scoring the other goal. In Saturday’s rematch, Jake Jackson, Brendan Shane, Cole Maier and Nicolas Carrier were Nanaimo’s goal scorers. Taylor said the games against the Grizz were
Nanaimo’s “final practice games” for the playoffs. “Getting our lines more consistent with the chemistry and stuff like that is a big thing we’re working on,” he said. He picked up an assist in each game and finishes as Nanaimo’s leading scorer in 2014-15 with 59 points in 58 games. Rempal ends up as top goal scorer with 29. GAME ON … Tonight’s game is a 7 p.m. faceoff at Frank Crane Arena. Game 2 is Wednesday, also a 7 p.m. faceoff at Frank Crane. [email protected]
GREG SAKAKI/ThE NEwS BullETIN
Nanaimo Clippers forward Anthony Rinaldi skates behind the Victoria Grizzlies net during the last home game of the regular season on Friday night at Frank Crane Arena.
The Dover Bay Dolphins played for an Island championship, and there’s still much more to play for. The senior AAAA boys’ basketball team was runner-up at the Vancouver Island championships this past weekend in Victoria, and will have to survive a challenge game to reach provincials. The Dolphins fell 98-68 to the Oak Bay Bays in Saturday night’s final at Mt. Doug Secondary. “The main thing we tried to do was work hard and we came in and did that, so we were successful in that area, but sometimes that doesn’t [lead to] a win,” said Christian Wigmore, a first-team all-star. Carson Williams, Dolphins coach, said he was proud of the way his guys played over the course of the tourney, in which they beat Belmont 64-35 and then defeated Vanier 76-64 to make the final. “They’ve been working so hard all year and to see them come together at the end and really play the kind of basketball we’ve been trying to play all year was really great to see as a coach.” Wigmore led Dover with 14 points and Benjamin Davies and Gary Gladstone scored 10 apiece. Jeff Webb was chosen a second-team all-star. The runner-up finish at Islands wasn’t enough for the Dolphins to advance because they didn’t play the third-place Cowichan Thunderbirds at the tourney. The T-birds are a big team and will be tough in the challenge game this Tuesday (March 3) at 7 p.m. at the Dover Bay Secondary School gym. Continued /27
HOSTED BY
www.nanaimobulletin.com
Tuesday, March 3, 2015
NDSS boys win Island title The Island championship was an all-Nanaimo affair, and the NDSS Islanders won it. Nanaimo District Secondary School’s senior AAA boys’ b-ball team claimed the championship Saturday night in Victoria, defeating the Wellington Wildcats 56-49 in the final.
Tyus Barfoot was chosen tournament MVP and his teammates Callum Gemma and Cole McGarvey were firstteam all-stars, as were Wildcats players Anton Kamke and Daniel Goodman. Both finalists advance to provincial championships
March 11-14 at the Langley Events Centre. The AA Island championships were held this past weekend at Qualicum Beach. The Woodlands Eagles placed fifth and the Barsby Blazers and Ladysmith 49ers tied for seventh.
SUPPORT
YOUR TEAM IT’S
PLAY0FF TIME!
The Nanaimo Clippers round one of the playoffs begin with game one on Tuesday, March 3rd and game two on Wednesday, March 4th at Frank Crane, Arena, 7:00pm versus TBD. The Nanaimo Clippers office hours are Monday to Friday, 1:00 pm-5:00 pm, open at 10:00am on game days.
Nanaimo News Bulletin 27
Retirement Communities Proudly sponsors the
HOSTED BY Retirement Communities PROVINCIAL Retirement Communities MASTERS CURLING Proudly Sponsors the
C HAMPION S H IPS PROVINCIAL MASTERS
CURLING CHAMPIONSHIPS MARCH 3-8, 2015 Communities SCHEDULERetirement OF EVENTS Tues., March 3rd Opening Ceremonies1:00 pm Draw #1 2:00 pm
Wed., March 4th Draw #1 Draw #2
Thurs., March 5th Draw #4 9:00 am Draw #5 2:00 pm
Fri., March 6th Draw #6 9:00 am Draw #7 2:00 pm
9:00 am 2:00 pm
Sat., March 7th - Tiebreakers To be announced 9:00 am & 2:00 pm Curlers are vying for the Possible Semi Finals coveted BC Jacket to
represent the 8th - Semi Finals Sun., March Province of BC If 2 or more tiebreakers at Nationals! required 9:30 am Finals 2:30 pm
Pricing for Playoff Tickets: $14 Adult $12 Senior, $5 Youth/Child Kids 5 & under FREE GREG SAKAKI/ThE NEwS BullETIN
Dover Bay Dolphins player Jordan Gladstone scores a layup during Saturday night’s senior AAAA Island basketball final against the Oak Bay Bays at Mt. Doug Secondary School in Victoria.
Challenge game will be intense
Tickets can be purchased online at www.nanaimoclippers.com by phoning the office at 250-751-0593 at the Clippers office or at the Box Office (open 2 hours prior to game start on game days). For more information call:
Follow us on Twitter
Clippers Office: #1 - 2290 Bowen Road
@nanaimobulletin
www.nanaimoclippers.com
From /26
“We’ve been playing in a lot of tough games. I think we’re used to the big games,” said Williams. “We just have to play well and execute and hope our shots are falling.” The Dolphins are a bit beat up after the grind of North Islands and Islands, but they’ll dig deep for a do-or-die game Tuesday night. “It’s going to be wild,” Wigmore predicted. “Both teams coming in there with the season on the line, Grade 12s knowing this could be their last game of the season. The energy’s going to be up and it’s going to be so much fun. I’m so excited.”
Look
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i don't know
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The term 'grandee', a high-ranking person, referred originally to noblemen of?
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What does grandee mean?
Webster Dictionary(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition:
Grandee(noun)
a man of elevated rank or station; a nobleman. In Spain, a nobleman of the first rank, who may be covered in the king's presence
Origin: [Sp. grande. See Grand.]
Freebase(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition:
Grandee
Grandee is the word used to render in English the Iberian high aristocratic title or rank of Grande, used by the Spanish nobility, Portuguese nobility and Brazilian nobility. The rank was a rough equivalent of the Peerage of England or Peerage of France, and carried — increasingly as time went on — certain personal privileges, but the Grandees had no powers as a group. It can refer to other people of a somewhat comparable, exalted position, roughly synonymous with magnate; a formal upper level of the nobility. By extension the term can refer informally to any important person of high status, particularly a wealthy, land owning, long-time resident in an area. The term is often used in the United Kingdom to refer to influential members of long-standing in the Conservative Party and Liberal Democrats.
angered, derange, en garde, enraged, grenade
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The numerical value of grandee in Chaldean Numerology is: 7
Pythagorean Numerology
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Iberian Peninsula
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Althaea officinalis, an ancient African medicinal plant and sugar sweet ingredient, is commonly known as (What popular confection)?
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Grandee
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Grandee
Grandee is a word used either to render in English the Iberic high aristocratic title Grande, used by the Spanish , Portuguese and Brazilian peerage , or by analogy to refer to other people of a somewhat comparable, exalted position, roughly synonymous with magnate , and in particular by analogy to a formal upper level of the nobility , such as peerage (especially if granted parliamentary seats ). By extension the term can refer informally to any important person of high status , particularly a wealthy , landed long-time resident in an area.
Grandees of Spain
Spanish nobles are classified either as Grandees (also called Grandes de España or Peers) or as Titled Nobles (Títulos del Reino).
The title grande ("great one") apparently was originally assumed by the most important nobles,to distinguish them from the mass of the ricoshombres (rich magnates) among the nobles Hidalgo (Spanish nobility), as great Señor of the realm. It was thus, as Selden points out, not a general term denoting a class, but "an additional individual dignity not only to all dukes, but to some marquesses and condes also." As the titles above Count, and even this one, were seldom given or passed in heredity in Castile or Aragon by those until late in the Middle Ages — in contrast to more developed forms of feudalism in France or Europe — and remained more of as a Royal officer post until the 1300's. It formerly implied certain privileges, notably that of the ancient uses of remaining covered or seated in the company of the royals. Until the time of Ferdinand and Isabella , when the power of the territorial nobles was broken, the later grandees had also certain more important rights, e.g., freedom from taxation, immunity from arrest save at the king's express command as they were the Major Justice Officers in their regions, and even — in certain cases — the right to renounce their allegiance and make war on the king. Their number and privileges were finally first established by King Charles I of Spain (i.e., the Emperor Charles V), who reserved to the crown the right to bestow the title. The grandees of Spain were further divided into three classes: (1) those who spoke to the king and received his reply with their heads covered;
(2) those who addressed him uncovered, but put on their hats to hear his answer;
(3) those who awaited the permission of the king before covering themselves.
All grandees were addressed by the king as "my cousin " (mi primo), whereas ordinary nobles were only qualified as " my kinsman " (mi pariente).
The title of "grandee," abolished under the Napoleonic King Joseph Bonaparte, was revived in 1834, when by the Estatuto real grandees were given precedence in the Spanish Chamber of Peers.
Nowadays, all Grandees are of the first class and the designation is purely titular, implying neither privilege nor power. An individual is a Grandee if he holds a Grandeeship (Grandeza de España), regardless of possession of a title of nobility. Normally, however, each Grandeza is granted along with a title, though this was not always the case.
Furthermore, a Grandeza de España is normally awarded along with every ducal title. A peer of any rank outranks a non-peer, even if that non-peer is of a higher grade. Thus, a Baron-Peer would outrank a Marquess who is not a peer.
Some of the best-known titles of Grandees of Spain are the Dukes of Alba, Medinaceli, Osuna, Infantado, Alburquerque, Nájera, Frías and Medina-Sidonia; the Marquesses of Aguilar de Campoo, Astorga, Santillana and Los Vélez; the Counts of Benavente, Lerín, Olivares, Orga(z) and Lemos.
Grandees and their consorts are entitled to the style of Most Excellent Lord/Lady or His/Her Excellency and are called "cousin" (primo) by the King.
Formerly there were two ranks of Grandees of Spain, First Class and Second Class, but currently that distinction has been abolished.
Grandees of Portugal and Brazil
Both Portuguese and Brazilian peerages also used the term grandee (Grandeza) to designate a higher rank of noblemen. Viscounts and barons should receive officially this distinction, which allowed them to use a higher rank of crown at their coats of arms – a crown of count for viscounts and a crown of viscount for barons. Counts, dukes and marquis were already considered grandees, as well as generals, bishops , archbishops and cardinals.
Among the advantages of the distinction, there were: to be allowed to keep the head covered in the presence of the king or the emperor, to be arrested only by permission of the monarch and to hang the coat of arms by the front door of one's home, on vehicles or at the grave. The status of grandee was not hereditary. The system was extinguished by the abolition of monarchy in each country.
New Model Army
In the English Civil War , senior officers from the landed gentry in the New Model Army who opposed the Levellers were informally termed the Grandees.
After the defeat of the King Charles I of England in the war, there were a series of debates and confrontations between the Levellers, whose members were known as Agitators, and the Grandees such as Sir Thomas Fairfax, Oliver Cromwell and Henry Ireton, who opposed the Agitators' more radical proposals. The disagreements were aired publicly at the Putney Debates, which started in late October 1647 and lasted for several weeks. (Wikipedia)
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i don't know
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Under standard conditions, the lightest and least dense of all metallic elements is?
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Lithium - Home
Lithium
Gallery:
Lithium
Lithium is a soft, silver-white metal with symbol Li and atomic number. It belongs to the alkali metal group of chemical elements. Under standard conditions it is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element. Like all alkali metals, lithium is highly reactive and flammable. For this reason, it is typically stored in mineral oil. When cut open, lithium exhibits a metallic luster, but contact with moist air corrodes the surface quickly to a dull silvery gray, then black tarnish. Because of its high reactivity, lithium never occurs freely in nature, and instead, only appears in compounds, which are usually ionic. Lithium occurs in a number of pegmatitic minerals, but due to its solubility as an ion is present in ocean water and is commonly obtained from brines and clays. On a commercial scale, lithium is isolated electrolytically from a mixture of lithium chloride and potassium chloride.
Lithium is used to treat and prevent episodes of mania (frenzied, abnormally excited mood) in people with bipolar disorder (manic-depressive disorder; a disease that causes episodes of depression, episodes of mania, and other abnormal moods). Lithium is in a class of medications called anti manic agents. It works by decreasing abnormal activity in the brain.
Create a free website
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Lithium
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What Italian originating pasta is most popularly consumed in 'elbow' variety in US/Canada?
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Lithium Facts - Li or Element 3
Lithium Facts - Li or Element 3
Lithium Facts - Li or Element 3
Lithium Chemical & Physical Properties
By Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.
Updated February 25, 2016.
Lithium is the first metal you encounter on the periodic table. Here are important facts about this element.
Atomic Number: 3
Electron Configuration : [He]2s1
Word Origin Greek: lithos, stone
Properties: Lithium has a melting point of 180.54°C, boiling point of 1342°C, specific gravity of 0.534 (20°C), and valence of 1. It is the lightest of the metals, with a density approximately half that of water. Under ordinary conditions, lithium is the least dense of the solid elements . It has the highest specific heat of any solid element. Metallic lithium is silvery in appearance. It reacts with water, but not as vigorously as does sodium. Lithium imparts a crimson color to flame, although the metal itself burns a bright white. Lithium is corrosive and requires special handling. Elemental lithium is extremely flammable.
Uses: Lithium is used in heat transfer applications.
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Test Your General Science Knowledge
It is used as an alloying agent, in synthesizing organic compounds, and is added to glasses and ceramics. Its high electrochemical potential makes it useful for battery anodes. Lithium chloride and lithium bromide are highly hygroscopic, so are used as drying agents. Lithium stearate is used as a high-temperature lubricant. Lithium has medical applications, as well.
Sources: Lithium does not occur free in nature. It is found in small amounts in practically all igneous rocks and in the waters of mineral springs. The minerals that contain lithium include lepidolite, petalite, amblygonite, and spodumene. Lithium metal is produced electrolytically from the fused chloride.
Element Classification: Alkali Metal
Density (g/cc): 0.534
Appearance: soft, silvery-white metal
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i don't know
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Roald Dahl's children's novel Esio Trot features which creature?
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Beasts - Roald Dahl
Roald Dahl
Magical folk
Overview
An array of amazing animals and curious creatures appear in Roald Dahl's books. We'll be adding more to this list, so keep checking back...
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Alfie
'Alfie had been with Mrs Silver for years and he lived on her balcony summer and winter. Planks had been placed around the sides of the balcony so that Alfie could walk about without toppling over the edge...' - Esio Trot
Alfie is a tortoise, and the much-loved pet of Mrs Silver . He lives on the balcony of her flat, beneath Mr Hoppy (who is secretly in love with Mrs Silver.)
Mrs Silver worries about Alfie's size, but he doesn't appear to have many concerns himself. He has his own little house on the balcony and enjoys breakfasting on lettuce, tomato and celery. He hibernates in winter, and on his return is greeted joyously by Mrs Silver.
It's Mrs Silver's desire to see Alfie grow that sets Mr Hoppy's plan into action. He provides Mrs Silver with a spell that will, apparently, help Alfie do just that. Mrs Silver is delighted, and the stage is set for Alfie's grand adventure. Let's just say it involves a trip up to Mr Hoppy's, where he gets to meet a lot more tortoises...
BBC One's 2015 adaptation of Esio Trot sees the addition of a new character that does not appear in the original story. James Corden narrates the action of the film, charting Alfie's progress from Mrs Silver's to Mr Hoppy's and all the way in between...
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Centipede
'"Well, James, have you ever in your life seen such a marvellous colossal Centipede as me?"' James and the Giant Peach
The Centipede in James and the Giant Peach is a pest. But he is very proud of being a pest. He has 42 legs and wears a lot of shoes, which he asks James to help him remove at the end of that first day inside the Peach. He's also a jolly fellow who enjoys a joke, a song - and a little bit of teasing of poor old Earthworm ...
In 1996 an animated film version of Roald Dahl's original story was released, with Richard Dreyfuss voicing the Centipede.
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Earthworm
"'I am not a slimy beast,' the Earthworm said. 'I am a useful and much loved creature. Ask any gardener you like.'" - James and the Giant Peach
The Earthworm appears in Roald Dahl's first famous book for children, James and the Giant Peach. He is one of a number of creatures James Henry Trotter meets aboard the Giant Peach.
He is a pretty morose creature - as the Ladybird tells James, "'He hates to be happy. He is only happy when he is gloomy. Now isn't that odd? But then, I suppose just being an Earthworm is enough to make a person pretty gloomy, don't you agree?'"
James is quick to point out the Earthworm's good points, though, later telling an audience of New Yorkers: "'He would be absolutely grand for digging subway tunnels and for making you a sewer.'"
The 1996 film version of James and the Giant Peach featured the voice of David Thewlis as the Earthworm.
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The Enormous Crocodile
'The Enormous Crocodile grinned, showing hundreds of sharp white teeth. "For my lunch today," he said, "I would like a nice juicy little child."' - The Enormous Crocodile
The Enormous Crocodile is a beastly creature. He lives in "the biggest, browniest muddiest river in Africa," and he is just about the beastliest crocodile there. Where the Notsobig crocodile eats only fish, The Enormous Crocodile wants to eat everyone in the jungle, from The Roly-Poly Bird to Muggle-Wump the Monkey. But his favourite food of all is a yummy-tasting child...
It's this that makes him leave the river to search out a tasty lunchtime treat, using his "secret plans and clever tricks" - even though the Notsobig One says he's the stupidest croc on the whole river. So will he be successful?
The Enormous Crocodile bears a strong resemblence to another horrid Croc: Crocky-Wock, who appears in Roald Dahl's Dirty Beasts (1983).
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Mr Fox
'On a hill above the valley there was a wood. In the wood there was a huge tree. Under the tree there was a hole. In the hole lived Mr Fox and Mrs Fox and their four Small Foxes.' - Fantastic Mr Fox
Mr Fox is clever. Far too clever for his local farmers, Boggis , Bunce and Bean . Still, even a very clever and cunning fox sometimes gets caught out - and when those devious farmers finally locate the whereabouts of Mr Fox's home, it puts him and his family in danger.
But Mr Fox is never beaten - and by trapping him and his family inside their foxhole, it looks like Boggis, Bunce and Bean might have accidentally shot themselves in the foot instead...
In 2009, director Wes Anderson's stop-motion animated adaptation of Fantastic Mr Fox featured George Clooney as "Foxy" Fox. In the film, his character was a newspaper columnist and the father of one son, Ash, as opposed to the four Small Foxes that appear in the original story. A nephew, Kristofferson, also lives with the family.
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Mrs Fox
'...Mrs Fox said to her children, 'I should like you to know that if it wasn't for your father we should all be dead by now. Your father is a fantastic fox.'" - Fantastic Mr Fox
Mrs Fox is the loyal and loving wife of Mr Fox , a husband who by her own admission is pretty fantastic. In Roald Dahl's original story she is also the mother to the four Small Foxes, although in Wes Anderson's 2009 animated film adaptation she has only one child, Ash, and also looks after her nephew, Kristofferson.
Wes Anderson also gave her the first name Felicity. In Roald's original tale she is simply Mrs Fox, but Felicity was the name of Roald's own wife. Wes's film adaptation draws on Roald's life in many other ways too, not least the locations of many of the sets which were based on areas in the Buckinghamshire countryside where Roald wrote the story.
Mrs Fox is a supportive wife, ably holding the fort while her husband is off poaching chickens and turning her hand to the creation of a superb feast.
In Wes Anderson's film adaptation, the character was voiced by Meryl Streep.
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Glow-worm
"'She isn't really a worm at all. Glow-worms are never worms. They are simply lady fireflies without wings.'" - James and the Giant Peach
This is what the Centipede tells James Henry Trotter after he points out that the Glow-worm doesn't actually look like a worm at all, in Roald Dahl's early children's story James and the Giant Peach.
She might spend a lot of her time sleeping, but the Glow-worm provides the main source of light for James and his friends aboard the Giant Peach. As James says later, "...although this smacks a bit of eccentricity, it's really rather clever."
In the 1996 partially animated film version of James and the Giant Peach, Miriam Margolyes - who had also played Aunt Sponge - voiced the Glow-worm.
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Humpy-Rumpy
'A gigantic creature was standing in the slimy oozy mud on the river-bank. It was Humpy-Rumpy, the Hippopotamus.' - The Enormous Crocodile
Humpy-Rumpy lives on the river-bank next to the "biggest, brownest muddiest river in Africa," alongside the horrible Enormous Crocodile , who he tries to persuade not to eat the nearby children. He foils The Enormous Crocodile's plan to disguise himself as a tree in order to snap up a juicy child.
The Enormous Crocodile was published in 1978, and was the first Roald Dahl story to feature illustrations by Sir Quentin Blake.
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Ladybird (or Ladybug)
"'The number of spots that a Ladybird has is simply a way of showing which branch of the family she belongs to. I, for example, as you can see for yourself am a Nine-Spotted Ladybird.'" - James and the Giant Peach
The Ladybird (or Ladybug, as she is known in North American editions of the book and in the 1996 film, where the character is voiced by actress Jane Leeves) appears in Roald Dahl's first famous children's story, James and the Giant Peach.
She is a great friend to James during his adventures aboard the Peach, and her kind personality causes James to call her his "greatest comfort since this trip began." She has nine spots upon her wings - and four hunderd children...
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Old-Green-Grasshopper
"'Young fellow,' he said, speaking in a deep, slow, scornful voice, 'I have never been a pest in my life. I am a musician.'" James and the Giant Peach
The Old-Green-Grasshopper is a wise old creature who feels that his musical skills are unappreciated inside the Giant Peach, but he takes a liking to young James Henry Trotter and keeps a fatherly eye on him throughout the story.
Roald Dahl's original story of James and the Giant Peach was first published in 1961. In 1996, an animated film adaptation of the story was released, with Simon Callow voicing the character of The Old-Green-Grasshopper.
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Muggle-Wump
Muggle-Wump the Monkey is most at home eating nuts in the African jungle he lives in - but he also falls foul of the horrible Twits...
Muggle-Wump is the name of the Monkey we first meet in The Enormous Crocodile , which was first published in 1978. He's a generous sort of monkey, offering the beastly Enormous Crocodile some of his favourite nuts, even though the Crocodile would rather eat the Monkey himself as a nice tasty snack before he hunts out some children for his lunch...
Muggle-Wump also finds himself in a sticky situation in The Twits , released in 1980 - he and his family have been imprisoned by the horrible Mr and Mrs Twit and forced to stand on their heads all day as part of Mr Twit 's GREAT UPSIDE DOWN MONKEY CIRCUS training.
But Muggle-Wump is clever. When his old friend the Roly-Poly Bird pays a visit, he realises that he has a chance not just to escape, but also to teach those nasty Twits a lesson...
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The Roly-Poly Bird
'Then one day, a truly magnificent bird flew down out of the sky and landed on the monkey cage.' - The Twits
The Roly-Poly Bird is a magnificent bird who usually lives in the African jungle. He first appears in Roald Dahl's 1978 story The Enormous Crocodile , where the horrible Enormous Crocodile threatens to eat him for lunch. He's too swift by half for the Crocodile though, and quickly flies away before later helping foil Croc's secret plans and clever tricks...
He also pays more than a flying visit to help Muggle-Wump the Monkey and his family - as well as the birds that might otherwise end up in Mrs Twit 's Bird Pie - in The Twits , published in 1980.
The Roly-Poly Bird has marvellous coloured feathers, likes to travel, and his favourite food is berries, as he tells us in The Enormous Crocodile.
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Silkworm
'On the floor over in the far corner, there was something thick and white that looked as though it might be a Silkworm. But it was sleeping soundly and nobody was paying any attention to it.' - James and the Giant Peach
The Silkworm is one of the creatures James Henry Trotter meets aboard the Giant Peach in Roald Dahl's first famous children's story, James and the Giant Peach. Although she says little, she is an invaluable member of the Peach's crew: without her quickly-spun silk, James's plan to rescue the Peach from the threatening sharks might never have worked.
Towards the end of the story, James reveals another piece of information about the Silkworm: apparently, she had the honour of sewing Queen Elizabeth II 's wedding dress.
The Silkworm did not feature in the 1996 animated film version of James and the Giant Peach - in the film, Miss Spider was the sole provider of the silk that helped rescue the Peach.
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The Small Foxes
'Mr Fox looked at the four Small Foxes and he smiled. What fine children I have, he thought.' - Fantastic Mr Fox
In Roald Dahl's orginal Fantastic Mr Fox story, Mr and Mrs Fox have four children who they live with in their foxhole. They are all eager to assist their father in his bid to get as much food as possible form those horrible farmers, Boggis , Bunce and Bean .
In Wes Anderson's 2009 film adaptation of the story, the Foxes have only one child, Ash, and a nephew who comes to stay with them called Kristofferson. Ash is voiced by Jason Schwartzman, and Eric Anderson is Kristofferson.
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Miss Spider
'"I am not loved at all. And yet I do nothing but good. All day long I catch flies and mosquitoes in my webs. I am a decent person."' - Miss Spider, in James and the Giant Peach
Poor old Miss Spider. She's such a helpful creature, and yet as she tells James in Roald Dahl's James and the Giant Peach, spiders just aren't treated right. She even has to witness her poor old father being flushed down the plug-hole by James's horrible Aunt Sponge .
She's a good friend to James, though, and - along with the Silkworm - it is her incredible thread that helps get them out of a sticky situation aboard the Peach.
In the 1996 animated film adaptation of James and the Giant Peach, Miss Spider was voiced by Susan Sarandon.
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Trunky
'Trunky was nibbling leaves from the top of a tall tree, and he didn't notice the Crocodile at first. So the Crocodile bit him on the leg.' - The Enormous Crocodile
Trunky the Elephant lives in the jungle near the river where the horrible Enormous Crocodile also lives. It is up to him and the other residents to stop the Enormous Crocodile from getting up to his child-eating secret plans and clever tricks. Luckily, Trunky has an idea to help get rid of the Crocodile forever...
The Enormous Crocodile was released in 1978. It was the first of Roald Dahl's stories to feature illustrations by Sir Quentin Blake.
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Tortoise
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What famous Australian product did Cyril Callister devise in Melbourne, in 1922, partly in response to war-related shortages of the British version?
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Esio Trot - large paperback
This item is out of stock.
Esio Trot
Description
A large, colourful paperback edition of Roald Dahl's Esio Trot.
"Tortoises are very backward creatures. Therefore they can only understand words that are written backwards. That's obvious, isn't it?"
Mr Hoppy thinks up an elaborate plan to try to win the heart of his neighbour, the tortoise-loving Miss Silver. All he needs is a little patience, a few cabbage leaves and an apartment full of tortoises.
With full colour illustrations by Quentin Blake throughout.
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For our Canadian visitors: please note, this product is not available to purchase through this website. Please follow the links below to purchase this item in your country.
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Product Information
Illustrations: Colour
Other languages
Looking for a non-English language edition? Click here to take a look at our list of Roald Dahl's worldwide publishers and find out if Esio Trot is available in your territory.
Other versions
Esio Trot, Paperback (£4.19)
Shipping
Orders to the UK will be charged a fixed shipping fee per order of £3.95. Orders to other countries are charged at the following rates (prices are per product ordered).
Orders are usually despatched within 2 working days. We aim to deliver within the UK and Europe within 5 working days of despatch, and within 10 working days of despatch for deliveries to the rest of the world.
Import duty and taxes may apply on international orders. The purchaser is responsible for meeting these costs. Please see Terms and Conditions for further information.
Esio Trot - Large colour paperback
EU: £4.45, ROW: £4.45
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i don't know
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A cogwheel icon typically represents what on many websites/apps?
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What do All of Those Icons on Mobile Apps and Websites Mean?
Google Will Start Penalizing Your Website on Mobile if You Don’t Stop Doing This | 2016
As more and more people are using mobile devices to run their lives and businesses, the people who develop applications for these devices face a challenge. Smaller screens mean less space to use words that instruct the user where to go and how to use the mobile website or app. For that reason, a whole new visual language of small symbols called “icons” is evolving. These icons are supposed to convey to the user what will happen when they tap onto or click the image.
The only problem is, sometimes Developer A and Developer B use the same image for various things, or different images for the same thing. For instance, what does and “i” in a circle mean? How is it different from a “?” in a circle? Or, for that matter, an “!”? (We included that last one, as it’s an on-going debate we have among ourselves at SmallBusiness.com.)
Here are some common icons and what will likely happen when you click or tap on them. The following icons are from the folks at Font Awesome who have open-sourced them as part of development framework called Bootstrap that was created at Twitter and became an open-source project in 2011.
Cog, Widget or Gear
We started with this one because it demonstrates some of the confusion. First off, it’s a symbol that goes by different names. In the real-world, the symbol can mean “widget,” a word that has a meaning among developers that has nothing to do with that real-world meaning. On an app or website, it typically means “settings.” Click it and you can adjust something.
Wrench
This, also, is what we mean by a confusing icon, as it can, like the cog-gear-widget, also mean “settings.” For example, Google Apps used to have a wrench icon for settings but now uses a “cog-gear-widget.”
Envelope
An envelope should mean email, right? It may. Or it may have a broader meaning, like “click on this to contact us.” Look for one on SmallBusiness.com and click it and the latter will happen.
Right Swirving Arrow
This means share. Click on it and you’ll likely see a list of ways to post the content you’re seeing onto social media sites or email it to friends or co-workers.
Another Sharing Icon
Perhaps we didn’t mention that the internet has no governing board that controls how many symbols can mean the same thing, as this one means “share” also., but wait, there’s more.
Yet, Another Sharing Symbol
We feel certain there are some nuance differences in the two previous sharing icons and this one, but on SmallBusiness.com, we’ve narrowed it down to the middle one. This one is especially confusing because it can also mean “print.” One day, this will all be worked out by the UN.
Exclamation Point
The exclamation point in a circle means, “take note and watch out.” If it’s in a triangle, it means “TAKE NOTE and WATCH OUT.” Or, if it’s part of the logo of SmallBusiness.com, it means, “here’s your answer!”
Home
This should be obvious. It means, click here to play a game of Monopoly.
Ellipsis
Sometimes (say, if you use Google+), you may even see a stack of ellipses. We’re guessing this icon is a visual pun that means “the stuff we couldn’t…fit here.” Clicking or tapping on the icon will reveal options related to what you are currently viewing. (Coincidentally, the next icon means and does about the same.)
Parallel Bars (or a stack of hotdogs)
When used as a navigational icon, either of these two “lists” mean there are lots of things the app or website couldn’t fit on a tiny screen. Typically, if you click or tap on them, some form of navigational bar will slide in from the side or top.
Pencil
This means “edit” pretty much anywhere you see it.
Triangle in a Circle
This is a play button icon. That, or a cattle ranch brand.
Circle Arrow
This means refresh. Refresh means stay on the same page, but try to make it work, this time.
A Dot with Two Curved Lines
This is an RSS icon. It’s a magical tool that far too few people use. If you want others to be more informed than you, ignore it.
Magnifying glass
This means “search.” Even if you don’t see a search box, click on it. In fact, you can test what we mean by looking for one at the top of this screen (depending on the device you are using). Tap or click on it. We promise a search box will appear.
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Setting
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Leo Tolstoy's book War and Peace concerns the 1812 invasion of Russia by?
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Tips - Guild Wars 2 Wiki (GW2W)
Tips
This page is a collection of tips submitted by players.
Contents
10 Miscellaneous
What is the Fastest Way to ...?[ edit ]
Ask 100 different players and you are likely to get 100 different answers because there are so many ways to succeed. However, there are a few highlights that most agree upon, presented in no particular order:
Level-up
Work on your personal story . Every level or two there is a new episode with appropriate rewards. A new chapter is unlocked every 10 levels beginning at level 10 and continuing through to level 80.
Complete Renown Hearts in starter areas.
Participate in dynamic events when they are announced.
Crafting
Keep your equipment upgraded to maximize your power.
Adventure with others in a party . You receive the same rewards as when you go solo, but completing tasks is faster when you work together.
Using a Tome of Knowledge will instantly grant you one level.
Using a Writ of Experience gives a small amount of experience (5% of current level).
Summoned allies may increase effective DPS and distract hostile NPCs.
Join a guild that maintains the +5% kill experience buff and other benefits .
Use as many inexpensive experience boosters as you can:
Food: Strawberry Ghost 15% for 45 minutes
Firework that grants Ram's Reward or Monkey's Gift 5%
Ascended Amulet infused with Experienced Infusion 20%
Laurel Experience Booster (masterwork) 50% for 1 laurel
Beginning at level 18, adventure in WvW . At level 30, do Dungeons and use your Trait points.
Stay in areas just below current level and remember there are similar low level starter areas for each playable race .
Mastery Level-up
To raise your Mastery level, you will need to collect Mastery Points. First levels require small amounts of Mastery Points but the more you advance the more you need.
In Central Tyria only way to acquire Mastery Points is to complete specific Achievements which have red Mastery icon after them.
Heart of Maguuma Mastery Points can simply be collected around the Heart of Maguuma maps (similary to hero points) & like in Central Tyria earn them by completing specific Achievments which in this case have green Mastery icon after them.
WvW Level-up
Get Rich
Completing daily achievements doubles your reward for different activities each day.
Get equipment from personal story and loot drops rather than buying from merchants or at trading post until reaching level 80.
Trading Post if you buy low, sell high and are patient.
Selling Gathered resources on Trading post.
Beginning at level 15, World bosses appear on a regular schedule and at level 30, do Dungeons .
At level 80, Champion farming . Lower level champion farming has been retired. Lost bandit chest train.
Doing major events such as the Tarir event in Auric Basin also gives a lot of rares and exotics in chests, which can be salvaged for ectos or sold.
Get Trinkets
Level 2 accessories (earrings) are available from Renown Heart vendors in starter areas after completing the associated tasks.
Level 15 amulet, a Jeweled Broach from one of two different merchants in Kessex Hills .
Get more / larger bags
Bag space is at a premium at low levels, but most guilds have high level players that will happily gift lower level members unneeded bags when asked courteously. However, begging for gold is considered rude by most.
Also, start buying 20-slot bags from the Trading Post at Level 80.
Level 2nd Character
If you have one high-level character then level up of another is easier.
Use previously acquired consumables
Writ of Experience (+5% of a level).
Ineffable equipment is account bound when crafted, is of Exotic rarity, and has stats boosted by 6 levels above the required level.
Though weapon swap is only unlocked at character level 15, entering PvP mode allows equipping of a second weapon set. This can be used to unofficially unlock weapon swapping at level 2.
Items, drops, and vendors[ edit ]
When at a vendor, you have the option "sell junk" in your bags (in the bottom right), it will automatically sell all useless non-salvageable items that are not in Invisible bags, which stop items from showing up on the sell interface.
Jute drops reliably from bandits and skritt . It is also easily salvageable from low level cloth gear.
The price in the lower right-hand corner of an item's tool-tip is what a vendor will pay you for it.
However, you can sell any item that is not account bound or soul bound above or below this suggested price on the trading post . Be aware that excessively low listings like these will be a detriment to one's gold, losing money in the process.
Remember the trading post has a listing fee, which means you will actually lose coin when selling it for 1 or 2
above the merchant value.
When you go to a merchant to sell, you don't have to use the merchant's window to sell. You can go to your inventory bags and right-click the items you wish to sell individually.
You do, however, need to have the merchant's "Sell" interface open or this option will not appear.
The Mystic Forge is a unique object that can take several combinations of items to produce new ones. Throwing four items of the same rarity will produce a new item of the same, or greater, rarity.
See the Mystic Forge page for a more in-depth list of recipes.
Primary article: bag
Press the
cog icon in the top right corner of your inventory, to open a mini menu with which you can press "Deposit all collectibles" to put all crafting materials into the bank (which later can be accessed from the crafting interface from a crafting station ).
Minis will not be automatically deposited and will require manual deposit via right-click menu.
Press hide/show bags to hide the names of the individual bags, to make it appear as one bag instead of separate bags.
To split a stack you drag the stack to another slot while holding down the Alt key. You will get a pop-up in which you can enter the number of items to split.
You can move your bags around to organize your inventory easily. Just drag your current bags into different slots. Items within the moved bag will remain.
Certain types of bags have useful special features .
Upgrades
To upgrade your bags, simply drag the new (bigger) bag over the smaller bag. Any items inside the previous bag will automatically transfer to the new bag.
You may add new bag slots for individual characters by purchasing a Bag Slot Expansion .
You may get a Free (almost) 20-Slot Bag
Gathering, salvaging, recipes, and crafting[ edit ]
Purchase your gathering items as soon as possible. A pick , an axe and a sickle only cost a few coppers each and allow you to loot resource nodes .
You don't need the bank to access your bank items. Any crafting station functions as a bank, too.
You can do every single crafting profession in the game. You can have two active at a time. It costs some coin to switch them out and the fee depends on how many recipes you have. You don't lose the recipes you have when you switch. To save money, it is therefore cheaper to create a total of 4 different characters, maxing two disciplines per character to avoid this fee altogether.
Try not to pass up on a harvesting spot. It takes a few seconds, it's free experience, and you never know if you'll want to take up a discipline that uses it later. You can also sell the materials at the trading post. Mid-level materials are especially valuable as fewer people visit mid-level zones.
When you start crafting, be absolutely sure to discover recipes that your materials allow after mass-producing one item. When a refinement is new to a crafting level, it generates a lot of experience, whereas in later stages this experience is minimal. At that point discoveries of levels close to your current level will progress the discipline's level a lot faster than refinement will.
You can craft bags that will make their contents invisible to vendors, will not allow their crafting materials to be deposited via the cog icon, and will not be affected by automatic sorting when you use "compact" to push your items into the first available slots. If you have trouble with accidentally selling gear that you actually want to use, get yourself one of those bags to avoid these minor frustrations. Also remember that every vendor has a buy-back option, which will contain all the items you have sold to a vendor within the zone, as long as you don't log out, change characters, or zone out.
Better salvage kits give you a chance to get the runes or sigils on DMasterwork and higher quality gear, including ERare, FExotic, and HLegendary. It is not possible to salvage GAscended materials without an ascended salvage kit. CFine and BBasic items are more abundant and can serve was quick salvage items or sold in bulk to merchants if the resulting materials are not desirable.
Refer to the trading post if you want to see which materials are worth the most and least.
Chat, emotes, and chat commands[ edit ]
Type "/?" to pull up the hint interface, just in case you forget something.
Type in "/wiki" to open the official Guild Wars 2 wiki. You can also search the wiki from the in-game chat directly. Type "/wiki (whatever you're looking for)" to browse directly to the article you might be looking for. Per example: "/wiki condition damage" will bring up the article condition damage . Also note that many Guild Wars 2 wiki articles may be case sensitive.
Type "/age" to see how much time you have invested in your current character, and into your account.
You can "/kneel" in front of certain statues and idols to receive the assorted effect .
You can synchronize your emote with others by typing the desired emote followed by a space and an asterisk ( *). Ex "/dance *". See emote for more info.
You can direct your emotes at your current target by adding a space and an at sign ( @) at the end of it. Ex. "/point @".
Remember that you can always report a bug using /bug command.
Leveling, hearts, and dynamic events[ edit ]
After you finish a
, go to the
's NPC and check their wares. Some of these NPCs might be able to sell you items you need (especially accessories ), items with more stats than others (like Modniir weapons ), items with unique skins, or even items that allow you to use mechanics your profession is not able to use.
Never simply run away once you've completed a dynamic event . Try to talk to the NPCs around you and try to follow any of the conversations NPC's may have. There may just be one or more events coming up that were accessed by completing the previous one.
If you find yourself in an area with enemies that are too difficult for you to take on alone, but you've done all the other events in that zone, you will likely have a more pleasant experience by travelling to the other races' areas. You get scaled down to match the levels in those zones and can do all of their renown hearts and events, while still earning experience and items to match your own level! Do note that event rewards are appropriate for the level of the event, unless the event is more than 30 levels below your character's actual level, in which case you will receive rewards for that level (a level 70 character in a level 25 event will receive a level 30 reward for the level 25 event).
You don't need to be nearby when an event ends in order to get credit for it. However, you do need to be in the same zone. Leaving the zone cancels your participation, even if it was a disconnect or client crash.
Stick around after a dynamic event, certain NPCs may turn into karma vendors or regular vendors, just like renown heart NPCs turn into karma vendors.
If you want to level up faster, you can try crafting. It is currently the fastest known method to gain experience. Each crafting discipline leveled from 0 to 400 will give 7 actual levels for your character, disregarding starting level. The best experience yield is thus at level 73, which means you will have hit level 80 after you progressed a discipline from 0 to 400 (or sooner, in the event of bonus experience).
Farming is subjected to diminishing returns . This means farming the same monsters or events will start to generate less and less items as time goes on. This is due an anti-farm code. See also Anti-farm code on the Guild Wars (1) wiki for more information.
For dynamic events, it is advised to use as much area of effect damage as possible. Damaging multiple enemies sufficiently will allow for more chances of loot.
Combat and abilities[ edit ]
There's an option "Melee Attack Assist" that prohibits you from walking through enemies (this makes it easier to stay in melee range). It might be better to turn it off, depending on your preference.
The very first skill on your skill bar is your default auto-attack . This means your character will use the skill on cooldown (the first weapon skills do not have a cooldown). Most skills can be designated as your auto-attack, but will still respect their individual cooldowns before activating again.
If you're being chased by a ranged enemy, you can use another enemy (a neutral one (these have yellow names) like a boar would work well) to obstruct the projectiles . This will anger the neutral monster towards the enemy attacking it, which causes a fight between the two. This lets you escape more easily.
There is a range indicator on your skills. There's a red bar below the skill if you're out of range.
When you're downed, try to select a target with low health (you can also use the Tab key to shuffle through available targets in your field of vision), as it'll give you a better chance of rallying before you are defeated . Don't spam your dodge , as you will have 1 second of invulnerability whenever you rally or are resurrected . You want to avoid incoming damage at all costs until your healing skill is off of its cooldown. If you happen to be defeated, don't immediately travel to a waypoint , either. Waypoints cost you coin, and other players can still revive you. If the area's busy it might be quicker to wait for someone to come along than to walk back from the waypoint.
However, during WvW or difficult boss fights and events, you will notice a lack of players resurrecting you. This means that they expect you to either wait the end of the battle or waypoint (reviving from defeated state is long and basically neutralizes another player, and in most cases will cause the reviver to get downed/defeated himself as both players and AI react aggressively to reviving).
Holding down the Ctrl key + clicking an enemy will call them out to your group, putting a targeting reticle over their head. If someone else calls a target, T will target that enemy so your team can focus on particular enemies first. This feature is usable even without a group.
When fighting a champion or other strong enemy, a good strategy is to hit some of the enemies nearby, bringing them to low enough health for easier rallying when you are downed. Similarly, when fighting in a group and you see someone near you who is downed, killing a monster they have hit before will also rally these downed players. This ensures both the rally and the damage that would've been lost if all players had started to rally this downed player directly.
In WvW fights, focusing on defeating downed enemies can both ensure that your downed allies will rally and that these enemies will not; provided you are not downed yourself in the process.
PvP[ edit ]
The trebuchet in the Battle of Kyhlo is strong. It deals about 9-11k area of effect damage and you can reach it from the start of the match, shooting before enemies take their first base (windmill/mansion).
You are most vulnerable while using the trebuchet. Keep an eye on your surroundings.
A lot of the map is destructible. The trebuchet can clear away much of the surrounding area and open new paths.
The Skyhammer Cannon on Skyhammer is a key target in controlling the map, due to its massive damage capabilities. The cannon is pivotal in team fights.
Skyhammer greatest danger are the ledges and platforms that shatter. Use this to your advantage by utilizing skills that
Keep an eye on the platforms. If they shatter randomly with no one around, someone is setting you up for a quick kill.
Stability is an important boon to have on this map.
You can access the Heart of the Mists from anywhere by clicking the two crossed swords icon in the top left of your UI, then clicking "Enter Heart of the Mists." in the menu that appears.
User interface and keybindings[ edit ]
When playing on a foreign client you can instantly translate any game-text into English by pressing the right-hand Ctrl key.
You can adjust your mouse turning speed with the slider in the general options (first or default tab in the options menu). Adjust your camera rotation speed to very high to remove any sluggish experience when you turn your camera.
There are no mail boxes. You can send items away with a right-click, and collect them through the mail icon in the top left of your UI.
You don't need to go to the trading post NPC unless you are picking up bought items or coin. You can sell items, browse the trading post, and buy items from anywhere by pressing the O key.
Hold Alt and click any spot on your map to place a personal waypoint. Alt-click it again to remove it.
Hold shift and click on the map to ping points for teammates or draw lines on the minimap like you did in Guild Wars.
You can turn the default double tapping of movement keys to dodge off when you want to do a jumping puzzle. You can also bind dodge to a key if you want, which can make it feel more natural when you use it, since you won't have to pick up the key you're using to move.
Holding down the Ctrl key highlights all enemies (including friendly and neutral enemies, and gather nodes) in the direction you are facing.
It is suggested to turn on autoloot in the options. This will skip the loot window when looting items, and will place all the items directly into your inventory (unless your inventory is full, which will trigger a loot window). If you don't like autoloot you can press F twice and it will pick everything up (that way you wont miss any upgrades and always know what you have picked up, without checking the icons to the right-hand side).
You can even bind a key to AoE loot on keyboard settings, with this you can loot all mobs within your AoE with just a key and without having to walk near the mobs in order to loot. Very useful in big and rushed events with several mobs, like Ulgoth per example.
You can switch the A key and D key with the Q key and E key respectively to allow for easier strafing (if you prefer). You can also use the default settings and hold down the right mouse button to strafe with A and D .
You can dye your armor in your hero panel by clicking the pipet (dropper) icon for free. The more dyes you unlock, the more dye options you will have. Dyes are activated per account.
Exploring[ edit ]
You can travel to every racial capital from Lion's Arch , by using the associated asura gate .
If you need to travel to a city , or even just outside one, and wish to spend as little as possible, you can do so by traveling through the Heart of the Mists or a World versus World map. Each of these maps has an asura gate leading to Lion's Arch , from which you can take another gate to each of the racial capitals.
Heart of the Mists is accessed by opening the PvP window (click the crossed-swords icon in the top-left menu), then clicking "Go to the Heart of the Mists."
World versus World is accessed by opening the WvW window (shortcut key B or click the tower icon in the top-left menu) and selecting Eternal Battlegrounds or one of the borderlands . Note that these maps often have a queue for entry.
Exploring a zone in full may allow you to encounter special areas you would have missed otherwise. Often these areas include jumping puzzles , achievements , and events.
Finishing any non-city zone (100% completion in that zone) rewards you with 2 pieces of equipment , crafting materials, and Transmutation Stones , scaled to meet the maximum level of the zone. Note that this equipment disregards your profession .
Miscellaneous[ edit ]
You can edit your own music into the game and have it play during different times as explained here .
Using waypoint within a city is free.
The higher your level, the more waypoints cost. Waypoints also come with a base travel fee (as high as 1
39
at level 80).
You can have two different type of nourishment effects simultaneously (the icons are different). These effects persist in defeated state.
You can reset your traits, any time you are out of combat, for free in your Hero Panel.
You can walk in Guild Wars 2. Go to options and click the tab Control Options (mouse icon). In the movement section (the first section), you can assign any unused key to "Walk" to toggle walking.
NPCs are usually affected by boons you inflict on them, such as swiftness to improve their movement speed.
Help Nav
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i don't know
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What is the general term for the form of physics concerned with sub-atomic particles, atoms, molecules, and their radiation?
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Structure of the Atom (grades 6-8)
STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM
Matter has mass and takes up space. Atoms are basic building blocks of matter, and cannot be chemically subdivided by ordinary means.
The word atom is derived from the Greek word atom which means indivisible. The Greeks concluded that matter could be broken down into particles to small to be seen. These particles were called atoms
Atoms are composed of three type of particles: protons, neutrons, and electron. Protons and neutrons are responsible for most of the atomic mass e.g in a 150 person 149 lbs, 15 oz are protons and neutrons while only 1 oz. is electrons. The mass of an electron is very small (9.108 X 10-28 grams).
Both the protons and neutrons reside in the nucleus. Protons have a postive (+) charge, neutrons have no charge --they are neutral. Electrons reside in orbitals around the nucleus. They have a negative charge (-).
It is the number of protons that determines the atomic number, e.g., H = 1. The number of protons in an element is constant (e.g., H=1, Ur=92) but neutron number may vary, so mass number (protons + neutrons) may vary.
The same element may contain varying numbers of neutrons; these forms of an element are called isotopes. The chemical properties of isotopes are the same, although the physical properties of some isotopes may be different. Some isotopes are radioactive-meaning they "radiate" energy as they decay to a more stable form, perhaps another element half-life: time required for half of the atoms of an element to decay into stable form. Another example is oxygen, with atomic number of 8 can have 8, 9, or 10 neutrons.
What are elements?
All matter is made up of elements which are fundamental substances which cannot be broken down by chemical means. There are 92 elements that occur naturally. The elements hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen are the elements that make up most living organisms. Some other elements found in living organisms are: magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium.
By the late 1800's many elements had already been discovered. The scientist Dmitri Mendeleev, a Russian chemist, proposed an arrangement of know elements based on their atomic mass. The modern arrangement of the elements is known as the Periodic Table of Elements and is arranged according to the atomic number of elements.
Here is an Interactive Table of Elements where you can learn more about each of the elements.
What makes each element unique?
Every atom would like to have an electron configuration like a noble gases. In noble gases the outer electron shell is complete. This makes the element chemically inert. Helium is an example of a noble (inert) gas. It is not present in organisms because it is not chemically reactive.
Historical Models of the atom
BOHR MODEL
Bohr model shows electrons circling the nucleus at different levels or orbitals much like planets circle the sun. Electrons move from one energy state to another but can only exist aft defineite energy levels. The energy absorbed or released when electrons change states is in the form of electromagnetic radiation.
THE WAVE MODEL AND QUANTUM THEORY
The Bohr model was only able to explain the very simplest atoms, like hydrogen. Today's modern day theory is based on mathematics and the properties of waves. The wave model forms the basis for the Quantum Theory
. This theory gives the probability of locating electrons in a particular location, unlike assuming electrons orbit the nucleus as in the Bohr model.
How are electrons organized around the nucleus?
All atoms would like to attain electron configurations like noble gases. That is, have completed outer shells. Atoms can form stable electron configurations like noble gases
by:
sharing electrons
gaining electrons.
For a stable configuration each atom must fill its outer energy level. In the case of noble gases that means eight electrons in the last shell (with the exception of He which has two electrons).
Atoms that have 1, 2 or 3 electrons in their outer levels will tend to lose them in interactions with atoms that have 5, 6 or 7 electrons in their outer levels. Atoms that have 5, 6 or 7 electrons in their outer levels will tend to gain electrons from atoms with 1, 2 or 3 electrons in their outer levels. Atoms that have 4 electrons in the outer most energy level will tend neither to totally lose nor totally gain electrons during interactions.
This Periodic Table of Elements will show you the electron configuration for any element you click on.
Visualizing Atomic Orbitals
The atomic orbitals of the hydrogen atom can be visualized as a cloud around the nucleus. The orbital represents a probability of finding the electron at a particular location. Darker regions signify a greater probability. Shown below are the 1s (lowest orbital and the 2s orbital.
1s
2s
Atomic orbitals do not always have the shape of a sphere. Higher orbitals have very unusual shapes.
2px
3px
These orbitals were prepared by Dr. Yue-Ling Wong from the University of Florida for more images click here.
Remember molecular orbitals are 3-Dimensional
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Quantum
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Which whole number is the cube root of 2197?
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Glossary of Terms - The Physics of the Universe
Glossary of Terms
Luke Mastin
Brief explanations and definitions of some of the most important concepts, laws, theories and technical terms used throughout this website. These are the same terms and definitions which are indicated by the green popup links within the main text of this website, but gathered together in one place, and listed in alphabetical order. Some (although by no means all) entries have links to pictures, glaned from various places on the Internet, which will appear in a popup window.
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Abiogenesis:
The study of how life on Earth could have arisen from inanimate matter . It should not be confused with evolution (the study of how living things change over time), biogenesis (the process of lifeforms producing other lifeforms) or spontaneous generation (the obsolete theory of complex life originating from inanimate matter on an everyday basis).
Absolute Zero:
The lowest temperature possible, equivalent to -273.15�C (or 0� on the absolute Kelvin scale), at which point atoms cease to move altogether and molecular energy is minimal. The idea that it is impossible, through any physical process, to lower the temperature of a system to zero is known as the Third Law of Thermodynamics.
Accretion Disk:
Accretion disk of a black hole
(Source: Internet Encyclopedia of Science: http://www.daviddarling.info/
encyclopedia/E/event_horizon.html )
Diffuse material orbiting around a central body such as a protostar, a young star , a neutron star or a black hole . Gravity causes the material in the disc to spiral inwards towards the central body with great speed, and the gravitational forces acting on the material cause the emission of x-rays, radio waves or other electromagnetic radiation (known as quasars ).
Alpha Particle (Alpha Decay):
Alpha particle
(Source: Medical Pages: http://www.irradiation.co.uk/types.php )
A particle of 2 protons and 2 neutrons (essentially a helium nucleus ) that is emitted by an unstable radioactive nucleus during radioactive decay . It is a relatively low-penetration particle due its comparatively low energy and high mass .
Angular Momentum:
A measure of the momentum of a body in rotational motion about its centre of mass . Technically, the angular momentum of a body is equal to the mass of the body multiplied by the cross product of the position vector of the particle with its velocity vector. The angular momentum of a system is the sum of the angular momenta of its constituent particles, and this total is conserved unless acted on by an outside force.
Anthropic Principle:
The idea that the fundamental constants of physics and chemistry are just right (or �fine-tuned�) to allow the universe and life as we know it to exist, and indeed that the universe is only as it is because we are here to observe it. Thus, we find ourselves in the kind of universe , and on the kind of planet, where conditions are ripe for our form of life .
Antimatter:
Meteorite/Book-GlossaryB.html )
An idealized object that absorbs all electromagnetic radiation that falls on it, without passing through and without reflection. The radiation emitted from a black body is mostly infrared light at room temperature, but as the temperature increases it starts to emit visible wavelengths, from red through to blue, and then ultraviolet light at very high temperatures.
Black Hole:
Simulated black hole in front of the Milky Way
(Source: Space Time Travel: http://www.spacetimetravel.org/
galerie/galerie.html - Credit: Ute Kraus)
The warped space-time remaining after the gravity of a massive body has caused it to shrink down to a point. It is a region of empty space with a point-like singularity at the centre and an event horizon at the outer edge. It is so dense that no normal matter or radiation can escape its gravitational field , so that nothing - not even light - can ever leave (hence its blackness). It is thought that most galaxies have a supermassive black hole at their heart.
C
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Classical Physics:
A general term used to describe the physics based on principles developed before the rise of general relativity and quantum mechanics , essentially physics as it had existed up to the early years of the 20th Century. It includes the mechanics of Galileo and Newton, the electrodynamics of Maxwell, the thermodynamics of Boyle and Kelvin, and usually even the special relativity of Einstein .
Complementarity:
The idea in quantum theory that items can be separately analyzed as having several contradictory, and apparently mutually exclusive, properties. For example, the wave-particle duality of light , where light can either behave as a particle or as wave, but not simultaneously as both.
Copernican Principle:
The idea that there is nothing special about our position in the universe , a generalized version of Nicolaus Copernicus� recognition that the Earth is actually just a planet circling the Sun, and not vice versa.
Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation:
Cosmic_inflation )
The idea that, in the first split-second after the Big Bang , the universe underwent a fantastically fast (exponential) expansion driven by the vacuum of empty space. The theory was developed by Alan Guth in the early 1980s to explain certain problems and inconsistencies with the basic Big Bang theory, such as those related to the large-scale structure of the features of the universe , the �horizon problem�, the �flatness problem� and the � magnetic monopole problem�.
Cosmic Rays:
High speed, energetic particles (about 90% of which are protons ) originating from space that impinge on Earth's atmosphere. Some are generated by our own Sun, some by supernovas , some by as yet unknown events in the farthest reaches of the visible universe . The term "ray" is a misnomer, as cosmic particles arrive individually, not in the form of a ray or beam of particles.
Cosmological Constant:
A term added by Albert Einstein as a modification to his original theory of general relativity , in order to balance the attractive force of gravity and achieve a static or stationary universe . It represents the possibility that there is a density and pressure associated with apparently empty space, and that the overall mass - energy of the universe is actually much greater than currently estimated. Once dismissed as just a mathematical �fix�, it has been revived in recent years with the discovery of the apparent acceleration of the expansion of the universe .
Cosmological Principle:
Meteorite/Book-GlossaryD.html )
As applied to the universe as a whole, critical mass refers to the total required mass of matter in the universe which will allow the effects of gravity to overcome its continued outward expansion. If the universe contains more than the critical mass of matter , its gravity will eventually reverse the expansion, causing the universe to collapse back to what has become known as the Big Crunch . If, however, it contains insufficient matter , it will go on expanding forever. In the same way, critical density is that overall density of the matter in the universe which will just allow continued expansion.
In other contexts, critical mass is also used to refer to the amount of fissile material needed to sustain nuclear fission .
D
(Source: Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy )
An invisible, hypothetical form of energy with repulsive gravity that permeates all of space and that may explain recent observations that the universe appears to be expanding at an accelerating rate. In some models of cosmology, dark energy accounts for 74% of the total mass - energy of the universe . Its exact nature remains a mystery, although Einstein �s hypothesized � cosmological constant � is now considered a promising candidate.
Dark Matter:
Matter that gives out no light and does not interact with the electromagnetic force , but whose presence can be inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter. It is estimated that there may be between 6 and 7 times as much dark matter as normal, bright matter in the universe , although its exact nature remains a mystery.
Decoherence:
wiki/Shrodinger%27s_cat )
The process by which bodies and quantum systems lose some of their more unusual quantum properties (e.g. superposition , or the ability to appear in different places simultaneously) as they interact with their environments. When a particle decoheres, its probability wave collapses, any quantum superpositions disappear and it settles into its observed state under classical physics .
Density:
The mass of an object divided by its volume, a measure of how much it is compacted or crowded together (e.g. air is low in density, iron is high). Boyle�s Law dictates that a substance increases in density as its pressure is increased or as its temperature is decreased.
Dimensions:
Independent directions in space-time . We are familiar with the three dimensions of space (length, width and height, or east-west, north-south and up-down) and one of time (past-future), but superstring theory , for example, requires the universe to have ten dimensions.
DNA:
DIR/VIP/Glossary/Illustration/rna.cfm )
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules consist of two long intertwined polymers of nucleotides, with backbones made of sugars and phosphate groups joined by ester bonds, structured as the familiar double helix. DNA is responsible for the long-term storage of genetic information, and specifies the sequence of the amino acids within proteins. It is organized into structures called chromosomes, and contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and some viruses. The first accurate model of the structure of DNA was formulated by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953. The genetic information from DNA is transmitted into the nucleus of cells by molecules of RNA , which controls certain chemical processes in the cell. Both DNA and RNA are considered essential building blocks of life .
E
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Electric Charge:
A property of microscopic particles, which may be either positive (e.g. protons ) or negative (e.g. electrons ). Particles with the same charge repel each other, and particles with opposite charges attract each other. The field of force that surrounds an electric charge is called an electric field , and a river of charged particles flowing through a conductor is called an electric current.
Electric Field:
The field of force that surrounds an electric charge (in the same way as a magnetic field is the field of force that surrounds a magnet). Together, the electric and magnetic fields make up the electromagnetic field which underlies light and other electromagnetic waves , and changes in either field will induce changes in the other, as shown in the equations of James Clerk Maxwell.
Electromagnetic Force (or Electromagnetism):
The force that an electromagnetic field exerts on electrically charged particles. It is one of the four fundamental forces of physics (along with the gravitational force and the strong and weak nuclear forces ), and the one responsible for most of the forces we experience in our daily lives. The electromagnetic forces acting between the electrically charged protons and electrons inside atoms and between atoms are essentially responsible for gluing together all ordinary matter .
Although hugely stronger (1042 times) than the force of gravity , it is a less dominant force on larger scales because the attractive and repulsive interactions tend to cancel each other out. Like gravity , the electromagnetic force is subject to an inverse-square law, and its strength is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the particles. The force is mediated or operated by the exchange of photons between the particles. The �electrostatic force� is one aspect of the electromagnetic force, which arises when two charged particles are static (i.e. not in motion).
Electromagnetic Radiation (or Electromagnetic Waves):
Picture_peer_review/Electron_shells )
A negatively- charged sub-atomic particle. It is an indivisible, elementary particle , and is usually to be found orbiting the nucleus of an atom . Electrons in an atom (which exist in the same quantity as the number of protons in the nucleus of the particular atom , so that the overall electric charge is zero) are constrained to occupy certain discrete orbital positions or �shells� around the nucleus . Interactions between the electrons of different atoms play an essential role in chemical bonding and phenomena such as electricity, magnetism and thermal conductivity. The discovery of electrons is credited to the British physicist J. J. Thomson in 1897.
Element:
(Source: Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table )
A substance that cannot be reduced any further by chemical means. It is a pure chemical substance composed of atoms with the same atomic number (i.e. the same number of protons in its nucleus ). There are 92 naturally occurring elements on Earth, and all chemical matter consists of these elements (although a further 25 have been discovered as products of artificial nuclear reactions). Elements with atomic numbers 83 or higher are inherently unstable, and undergo radioactive decay . The list of elements is usually shown in the form of a Periodic Table, in order of their atomic number (see box at right, or click ther source link for a more detailed interactive Periodic Table).
Elementary Particle:
Elementary_particles )
A particle with no substructure (i.e. not made up of smaller particles) and which is therefore one of the basic building blocks of the universe from which all other particles are made. Quarks , electons , neutrinos , photons , muons and gluons (along with their respective antiparticles) are all elementary particles; protons and neutrons (which are made up of quarks ) are not.
Energy:
Sometimes defined as the ability to do work or to cause change, energy is notoriously difficult to define. In accordance with the Law of Conservation of Energy , energy can never be created or destroyed but it can be changed into different forms, including kinetic, potential, thermal, gravitational , sound, light , elastic and electromagnetic . The standard scientific unit of energy is the Joule.
Entanglement:
An entangled pair of particles can be seen to have complementary properties when measured
(Source: Universe Review: http://universe-review.ca/F13-atom.htm )
The phenomenon in quantum theory whereby particles that interact with each other become permanently dependent on each other�s quantum states and properties, to the extent that they lose their individuality and in many ways behave as a single entity. At some level, entangled particles appear to �know� each other�s states and properties.
Entropy:
A measure of the disorder of a system and of its constituent molecules . More specifically, in thermodynamics it is a measure of the unavailability of a system�s energy to do work. The Second Law of Thermodynamics embodies the idea that entropy can never decrease, but rather will tend to increase over time, approaching a maximum value as it reaches thermal equilibrium. A classic example of increasing entropy is ice melting in water until both reach a common temperature.
Event Horizon:
A one-way boundary in space-time surrounding a black hole . Any matter or light that falls through the event horizon of a black hole can never leave, and any event inside the event horizon cannot affect an outside observer.
Exogenesis:
The hypothesis that life on Earth was transferred from elsewhere in the universe . A related but more limited concept is that of panspermia , the idea that "seeds" of life exist already all over the universe , and that life on Earth may have originated through these "seeds".
Exotic Particle:
A kind of theoretical particle said to exist by some theories of modern physics, whose alleged properties are extremely unusual. Examples include tachyons (particles that always travels faster than the speed of light ), WIMPs (weakly interacting massive particles which do not interact with electromagnetism or the strong nuclear force ), axions (particles with no electric charge , very small mass and very low interaction with the strong and weak forces ) and neutrinos (particles that travel close to the speed of light , lack an electric charge and are able to pass through ordinary matter almost undisturbed).
Expanding Universe:
(Source: Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang )
A universe which is constantly growing in size and in which the constituent parts ( galaxies , clusters, etc) are flying ever further away from each other. Although contrary to the static universe which had been assumed throughout most of history, an expanding universe was confirmed by Edwin Hubble �s 1929 observations of the redshifts of distant Cepheid variable stars , and is consistent with most solutions to Albert Einstein �s general relativity field equations. It also suggests that, in the distant past, the universe was much smaller and ultimately had its beginning in a Big Bang type event.
F
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Fundamental (or Elementary) Forces:
There are four basic forces of physics that are believed to underlie all phenomena in the universe . Listed in order of strength they are: the strong nuclear force , the electromagnetic force , the weak nuclear force and the gravitational force (or gravity ). It is thought likely that, in extremely high energy conditions such as occurred near the beginning of the Big Bang , the four fundamental forces of nature are actually unified in a single theoretical framework (known as the Grand Unified Theory ).
According to quantum field theory, the forces between particles are mediated by other particles, and the fundamental forces can be described by the exchange of virtual force-carrying particles: the strong nuclear force mediated by gluons; the electromagnetic force by photons ; the weak nuclear force by W and Z bosons; and gravity by hypothetical gravitons.
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galaxy_formation.html )
One of the basic building block of the universe , a galaxy is a massive system of stars , stellar remnants, gas , dust, and possibly a hypothetical substance known as dark matter , bound together by gravity . Galaxies may be anywhere from 1 to 100,000 light years across and are typically separated by millions of light years of intergalactic space. They are grouped into clusters, which in turn can form larger groups called superclusters and sheets or filaments. There are many different kinds of galaxy including spiral (like our own Milky Way galaxy), elliptical, ring, dwarf, lenticular and irregular. There are estimated to be over a hundred billion galaxies in the observable universe .
Gamma Ray:
Gamma ray
(Source: Medical Pages: http://www.irradiation.co.uk/types.php )
A form of electromagnetic radiation produced by some kinds of radioactive decay . Gamma rays have the highest frequency and energy and the shortest wavelength in the electromagnetic spectrum, and penetrate matter more easily that either alpha particles or beta particles .
Gamma Ray Burst:
A narrow beam of intense electromagnetic radiation released during a supernova event, as a rapidly rotating, high- mass star collapses to form a black hole . They are the brightest events known to occur in the universe , and can last from milliseconds to several minutes (typically a few seconds). The initial burst is usually followed by a longer-lived 'afterglow' emitted at longer wavelengths (X-ray, ultraviolet, optical, infrared and radio).
Gas:
A state of matter consisting of a collection of particles ( molecules , atoms , ions , electrons , etc) without a definite shape or volume, and that are in more or less random motion. A gas tends to have relatively low density and viscosity compared to the solid and liquid states of matter , expands and contracts greatly with changes in temperature or pressure (�compressible�), and diffuses readily, spreading and homogeneously distributing itself throughout any container.
General Theory of Relativity:
HTMLdosya1/RelativityFile.htm )
Sometimes known as the Theory of General Relativity, this was Albert Einstein �s refinement (published in 1916) of his earlier Special Theory of Relativity and Sir Isaac Newton�s much earlier Law of Universal Gravitation . The theory holds that acceleration and gravity are indistinguishable - the Principle of Equivalence - and describes gravity as a property of the geometry (more specifically a warpage) of space-time . Among other things, the theory predicts the existence of black holes , an expanding universe , time dilation , length contraction , gravitational light bending and the curvature of space-time . Although classical physics can be considered a good approximation for everyday purposes, the predictions of general relativity differ significantly from those of classical physics . They have become generally accepted in modern physics, however, and have been confirmed by all observations and experiments to date.
Geodesic:
Introduction_to_general_relativity )
The shortest path between two points in curved space. It originally meant the shortest route between two points on the Earth's surface (namely a segment of a great circle) but, since its application in general relativity , it has come to mean the generalization of the notion of a straight line as applied to all curved spaces. In non-curved three- dimensional space, the geodesic is a straight line. In general relativity , a free falling body (on which only gravitational forces are acting) follows a geodesic in curved four- dimensional space-time .
Grand Unified Theory (or Unified Field Theory):
Also known as Grand Unification or GUT, this refers to any of several unified field theories that predict that at extremely high energies (such as occurred just after the Big Bang ), the electromagnetic , weak nuclear , and strong nuclear forces are all fused into a single unified field. Thus far, physicists have only been able to merge electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force into the �electroweak force�. Beyond Grand Unification, there is also speculation that it may be possible to merge gravity with the other three gauge symmetries into a �theory of everything�.
Gravity (or Gravitational Force):
HTMLdosya1/RelativityFile.htm )
The force of attraction that exists between any two masses, whether they be stars , microscopic particles or any other bodies with mass . It is by far the weakest of the four fundamental forces (the others being the electromagnetic force , the strong nuclear force and the weak nuclear force ), and yet, because it is a consistent force operating on all bodies with mass , it is instrumental in the formation of galaxies , stars , planets and black holes . It was approximately described by Sir Isaac Newton�s Law of Universal Gravitation in 1687, and more accurately described by Albert Einstein �s General Theory of Relativity in 1916.
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Half-Life:
A measure of the speed of radioactive decay of unstable, radioactive atoms . It is the time taken for half of the nuclei in a radioactive sample to disintegrate or decay. Half-lives can vary from a split-second to billions of years depending on the substance.
Hawking Radiation:
Hawking radiation as particle pairs are created near a black hole
(Source: University of St Andrews: http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~ulf/fibre.html )
Random and featureless sub-atomic particles and thermal radiation predicted to be emitted by black holes due to quantum effects. Over long periods of time, as a black hole loses more matter through radiation than it gains through other means, it is therefore expected to dissipate, shrink and ultimately vanish.
Horizon:
The horizon is the edge of the observable universe from a particular position
(Source: U. of Oregon Lectures: http://abyss.uoregon.edu/%7Ejs/lectures/early_univ.html )
The horizon of the universe is much like the horizon on Earth: it is the furthest that can be seen from a particular position. Because light has a finite speed and the universe has a finite age, we can only see objects whose light has had time to reach us since the Big Bang , so that the observable universe can be thought of as a bubble centred on the Earth.
Hubble�s Law:
Formulated by Edwin Hubble in 1929, the law states that the redshift in light coming from distant galaxies is proportional to their distance, so that every galaxy appears to be rushing away from us (or from any other point in the universe ) with a speed that is directly proportionate to its distance from us. It is considered the first observational basis for an expanding universe (or the metric expansion of space), and the most often cited evidence in support of the Big Bang theory, and arguably one of the most important cosmological discoveries ever made.
Hydrostatic Equilibrium:
teaching/a100/longlecture14.html )
The state in which the force of gravitation working to crush a star is exactly balanced by the thermal pressure of its hot gas pushing outwards. It is the reason that stars in general do not implode or explode, and it also explains why the Earth's atmosphere does not collapse to a very thin layer on the ground.
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Inertia:
The natural tendency (as defined in Sir Isaac Newton�s First Law of Motion of 1687) of objects to resist changes in their state of motion. Therefore, a body at rest tends to stay at rest and, once set in motion, a body tends to stay moving at a constant speed in a straight line (or along a geodesic in curved space) unless acted on by an outside force. An example of an inertial force is centrifugal force, which in reality is just due to a body trying to continue in a straight line while constrained to move along a curved path.
Inertial Frame (or Inertial System):
A reference frame in which the observers are not subject to any accelerating force. An inertial frame is a frame of reference in which a body remains at rest or moves with constant linear velocity unless acted upon by outside forces (as stipulated by Sir Isaac Newton�s First Law of Motion , Force = Mass � Acceleration). Any frame of reference that moves with constant velocity relative to an inertial system is itself an inertial system.
Interference:
(Source: Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-slit_experiments )
The ability of two waves passing through each other to mingle, reinforcing each other where crests coincide and cancelling each other out where crests and troughs coincide, similar to the way ripples in water interfere with each other. This results, for example, in an interference pattern of light and dark stripes on a screen illuminated by light from two sources.
Ion:
An atom or molecule that has been stripped of one or more of its orbiting electrons , thus giving it a net positive electric charge . Technically, an atom which gains an electron (thus giving it a net negative electric charge ) is also a type of ion, known as an anion.
Isotope:
A possible form of an element , distinguishable from other isotopes of the same element by its differing mass , which is caused by a different number of neutrons in the nucleus (the number of protons , which gives the atomic number of the element , must be the same). Around 75% of isotopes are stable, while some are unstable or radioactive , and will decay over time into other elements .
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Law of Conservation of Energy:
Also known as the First Law of Thermodynamics, this is the principle that energy can never be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another (e.g. the chemical energy of gasoline can be converted into the energy of motion of a car). The total amount of energy in an isolated system (or in the universe as a whole) therefore remains constant.
Law of Universal Gravitation:
gravappl/s3.htm )
Published by Sir Isaac Newton in 1687, and sometimes also known as the Universal Law of Gravity, this was the first formulation of the idea that all bodies with mass pull on each other across space. Newton observed that the force of gravity between two objects is proportional to the product of the two masses , and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Although the theory has since been superseded by Albert Einstein 's General Theory of Relativity , it predicts the movements of the Sun, the Moon and the planets to a high degree of accuracy and it continues to be used as an excellent approximation of the effects of gravity for everyday applications ( relativity is only required when there is a need for extreme precision, or when dealing with the gravitation of very massive objects).
Length Contraction:
The phenomenon, predicted by Albert Einstein �s Special and General Theories of Relativity , whereby, from the relative context of one observer's frame of reference, space or length appears to decrease as the relative velocities increase.
Life:
A difficult and contentious phenomenon to define, life is usually considered to be a characteristic of organisms that exhibit certain biological processes (such as chemical reactions or other events that results in a transformation), and that are capable of growth through metabolism and are capable of reproduction. The ability to ingest food and excrete waste are also sometimes considered requirements of life (e.g. bacteria are usually considered to be alive, whereas simpler viruses, which do not feed or excrete, are not).
The two distinguishing features of living systems are sometimes considered to be complexity and organization (negative entropy ). Some organisms can communicate, and many can adapt to their environment through internally generated changes, although these are not universally considered prerequisites for life.
Light:
Technically, this refers to electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength that is visible to the human eye, although in the broader field of physics, it is sometimes used to refer to electromagnetic radiation of all wavelengths, whether visible or not. It exhibits � wave-particle duality � in that it can behave as both waves and particles ( photons ). Light travels at a constant speed of about 300,000 kilometres per second in a vacuum.
Light Year:
A convenient unit for measuring the large distances in the universe . It is the distance that light travels in one year which, given that light travels at 300,000 kilometres per second, works out to about 9,460,000,000 kilometres (9.46 trillion kilometres).
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Magnetic Field:
The field of force that surrounds a magnet (in the same way as an electric field is the field of force that surrounds an electric charge ). Together, the magnetic and electric fields make up the electromagnetic field which underlies light and other electromagnetic waves , and changes in either field will induce changes in the other, as indicated by James Clerk Maxwell�s Equations of Electromagnetism.
Magnetic Monopole:
A hypothetical particle that is a magnet with only one pole, and which therefore has a net magnetic charge. Although the existence of monopoles is indicated by both classical theory and quantum theory (and predicted by recent string theories and grand unified theories ), there is still no observational evidence for their physical existence.
Mass:
A measure of the amount of matter in a body. It can also be seen as a measure of a body�s inertia or resistence to change in motion, or the degree of acceleration a body acquires when subject to a force (bodies with greater mass are accelerated less by the same force and have greater inertia ). Mass is often confused with weight, which is the strength of the gravitational pull on the object (and therefore how heavy it is in a particular gravitational situation), although, in everyday situations, the weight of an object is proportional to its mass.
Mass-Energy Equivalence:
The concept that any mass has an associated energy , and that, conversly, any energy has an associated mass . In Einstein �s Special Theory of Relativity , this relationship is expressed in the famous mass-energy equivalence formula, E = mc2, where E = total energy , m = mass and c = the speed of light in a vacuum. Given that c is a very large number, it becomes apparent that mass is in fact a very concentrated form of energy .
Matter:
Anything that has both mass and volume (i.e. takes up space). Matter is what atoms and molecules are made of, and it exists in four states or phases: solid, liquid, gas and plasma (although other phases, such as Bose-Einstein condensates, also exist).
Molecule:
FPTS/fbform/fororgf.htm )
A collection of atoms glued together by electromagnetic forces . A more formal definition might be: a sufficiently stable electrically neutral group of at least two atoms , in a definite arrangement, held together by very strong chemical bonds. A molecule may consist of atoms of the same chemical element (e.g. oxygen: O2) or of different elements (e.g. water: H2O). Organic molecules are those which include carbon, and the others are called inorganic.
Momentum:
A measure of how much effort is required to stop a body, defined as the body�s mass multiplied by its velocity. Thus, a large heavy body (e.g. a train) going relatively slowly may have more momentum than a smaller body going very fast (e.g. a racing car). The Law of Conservation of Momentum rules that the total momentum of an isolated system (one in which no net external force acts on the system) does not change.
Multiverse (Parallel Universes):
(Source: Super-Kamiokande: http://www-sk.icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp/sk/gallery/index-e.html )
A sub-atomic elementary particle with no electrical charge and very small mass that travels very close to the speed of light . They are created as a result of certain types of radioactive decay or nuclear reaction, such as the decay of a free neutron (i.e. one outside of a nucleus ) into a proton and electron . Being electrically neutral and unaffected by the strong nuclear force or the electromagnetic force , neutrinos are able to pass through ordinary matter almost undisturbed and are therefore extremely difficult to detect, although when created in huge numbers they are capable of blowing a star apart in a supernova .
Neutron:
(Source: Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron )
One of the two main building blocks (along with the proton ) of the nucleus at the centre of an atom . Neutrons have essentially the same mass as a proton (very slightly larger) but no electric charge , and are made up of one �up� quark and two �down� quarks . The number of neutrons in an atom determines the isotope of an element . Outside of a nucleus , they are unstable and disintegrate within about ten minutes.
Neutron Star:
A star that has shrunk under its own gravity during a supernova event, so that most of its material has been compressed into neutrons only (the protons and electrons have been crushed together until they merge, leaving only neutrons ). Neutron stars are very hot, quite small (typically 20 to 30 kilometres in diameter), extremely dense, have a very high surface gravity and rotate very fast. A pulsar is a kind of highly-magnetized rapidly-rotating neutron star.
Newton�s Laws of Motion:
The three physical laws, published by Sir Isaac Newton in 1687, that form the basis for classical mechanics : 1) a body persists its state of rest or of uniform motion unless acted upon by an external unbalanced force; 2) force equals mass times acceleration; and 3) to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Nonlocality:
The rather spooky ability of objects in quantum theory to apparently instantaneously know about each other�s quantum state , even when separated by large distances, in apparent contravention of the principle of locality (the idea that distant objects cannot have direct influence on one another, and that an object is influenced directly only by its immediate surroundings).
Nuclear Fission:
A nuclear reaction in which the nucleus of an atom splits into smaller parts, often producing free neutrons , lighter nuclei and photons (in the form of gamma rays ). The process releases large amounts of energy , both as electromagnetic radiation and as kinetic energy of the resulting fragments.
Nuclear Fusion:
Meteorite/Book-GlossaryN.html )
The process of creating new atomic nuclei from pre-existing protons and neutrons by a process of nuclear fusion . The primordial nucleons (hydrogen and helium) themselves were formed from the quark -gluon plasma in the first few minutes after the Big Bang , as it cooled to below ten million degrees, but nucleosynthesis of the heavier elements (including all carbon, oxygen, etc) occurs primarily in the nuclear fusion process within stars and supernovas .
Nucleus:
The tight cluster of nucleons (positively- charged protons and zero- charged neutrons , or just a single proton in the case of hydrogen) at the centre of an atom , containing more than 99.9% of the atom �s mass . The nucleus of a typical atom is about 100,000 smaller than the total size of the atom (depending on the individual atom ).
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Oscillating Universe:
A cosmological model, in which the universe undergoes a potentially endless series of oscillations, each beginning with a Big Bang and ending with a Big Crunch . After the Big Bang , the universe expands for a while before the gravitational attraction of matter causes it to collapse back and undergo a �bounce�.
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encyclopedia/B/ballpans.html )
The hypothesis that "seeds" of life exist already all over the universe , and that life on Earth may have originated through these "seeds", driven by a steady influx of cells or viruses arriving from space via comets. It is a more limited form of the related hypothesis of exogenesis , which also proposes that life on Earth was transferred from elsewhere in the universe , but makes no prediction about how widespread it may be.
Pauli Exclusion Principle:
The prohibition on two identical fermions from sharing the same quantum state simultaneously. Among other implications it stops electrons (which are a kind of fermion) from piling on top of each other, thereby explaining the existence of different types of atoms and the whole variety of the universe around us.
Photoelectric Effect:
Meteorite/Book-GlossaryP.html )
The phenomenon in which, when a metallic surface is exposed to electromagnetic radiation above a certain threshold frequency (typically visible light and x-rays), the light is absorbed and electrons are emitted. The discovery of the effect is usually attributed to Heinrich Hertz in 1887, and study of it (particularly by Albert Einstein ) led to important steps in understanding the quantum nature of light and electrons and in formulating the concept of wave-particle duality .
Photon:
A particle (or quantum ) of light or other electromagnetic radiation , which has no intrinsic mass and can therefore travel at the speed of light . It is an elementary particle and the basic unit of light , and effectively carries the effects of the electromagnetic force . The modern concept of the photon as exhibiting both wave and particle properties was developed gradually by Albert Einstein and others.
Planck Constant:
The proportionality constant (h) which provides the relation between the energy (E) of a photon and the frequency (v) of its associated electromagnetic wave in the so-called Planck Relation E = hv. It is essentially used to describe the sizes of individual quanta in quantum mechanics . Its value depends on the units used for energy and frequency, but it is a very small number (with energy measured in Joules, it is of the order of 6.626 � 10-34 J�s).
Planck Energy:
The super-high energy (approximately 1.22 � 1019 GeV) at which gravity becomes comparable in strength to the other fundamental forces , and at which the quantum effects of gravity become important.
Planck Length:
The fantastically tiny length scale (approximately 1.6 � 10-35 metres) at which gravity becomes comparable in strength to the other fundamental forces . It is the scale at which classical ideas about gravity and space-time cease to be valid, and quantum effects dominate.
Planck Temperature:
The temperature of the universe at 1 Planck Time after the Big Bang , approximately equal to 1.4 � 1032�C.
Planck Time:
The time it would take a photon travelling at the speed of light to cross a distance equal to the Planck Length . This is the � quantum of time�, the smallest measurement of time that has any meaning, and is approximately equal to 10-43 seconds.
Planck Units:
�Natural units� of measurement (i.e. designed so that certain fundamental physical constants are normalized to 1), named after the German physicist Max Planck who first proposed them in 1899. They were an attempt to eliminate all arbitrariness from the system of units, and to help simplify many complex equations in modern physics. Among the most important are the Planck Energy , the Planck Length , the Planck Time and the Planck Temperature .
Plasma:
(Source: Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics) )
A partially ion ized gas of ions and electrons , in which a certain proportion of the electrons are free rather than being bound to an atom or molecule . It has properties quite unlike those of solids, liquids or gases and is sometimes considered to be a distinct fourth state of matter . An example of plasma present at the Earth's surface is lightning.
Positron:
The antiparticle or antimatter counterpart of the electron . The positron, then, is an elementary particle with a positive electric charge , and the same mass and spin as an electron . The existence of positrons was first postulated in 1928 by Paul Dirac , and definitively discovered by Carl Anderson in 1932.
Primeval (or Primordial) Soup:
The theory of the origin of life on Earth first put forward by Alexander Oparin , whereby a �soup� of organic molecules could be created in a �reducing� oxygen-less atmosphere through the action of sunlight, creating the necessary building blocks for the evolution of life .
Principle of Equivalence:
The idea that no experiment can distinguish the acceleration due to gravity from the inertial acceleration due to a change of velocity (or acceleration).
Principle of Relativity:
relativity/relativity.html )
The idea, first expressed by Galileo Galilei in 1632 and also known as the principle of invariance, that the fundamental laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames and that, purely by observing the outcome of mechanical experiments, one cannot distinguish a state of rest from a state of constant velocity. Thus, all uniform motion is relative, and there is no absolute and well-defined state of rest.
Probability Wave (or Wave Function):
A description of the probability that a particle in a particular state will be measured to have a given position and momentum. Thus, a particle (an electron , photon or any other kind of particle), when not being measured or located, takes the form of a field or wave of probable locations, some being more probable or likely than others.
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes:
Meteorite/Book-GlossaryP.html )
A highly-magnetized rapidly-rotating neutron star that sweeps regular pulses of intense electromagnetic radiation (radio waves) around space like a lighthouse. The intervals between pulses are very regular, ranging from 1.4 milliseconds to 8.5 seconds depending on the rotation period of the star . A pulsar generally has a mass similar to our own Sun, but a diameter of only around 10 kilometres.
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Quantum:
The smallest chunk into which something can be divided in physics. Quantized phenomena are restricted to discrete values rather than to a continuous set of values. Some quanta take the form of elementary particles , such as photons which are the quanta of the electromagnetic field. Quanta are measured on the tiny Planck scale of the order of around 10-35 metres.
Quantum Electrodynamics:
Sometimes shortened to QED, it is essentially the theory of how light interacts with matter . More specifically, it deals with the interactions between electrons , positrons (anti electrons ) and photons . It explains almost everything about the everyday world, from why the ground is solid to how a laser works to the chemistry of metabolism to the operation of computers.
Quantum Gravity (or Quantum Theory of Gravity):
A so-called �theory of everything� which combines the General Theory of Relativity (the theory of the very large, which describes one of the fundamental forces of nature, gravity ) with quantum theory (the theory of the very small, which describes the other three fundamental forces , electromagnetism , the weak nuclear force and the strong nuclear force ) into a unified theory. However, even the most promising candidates, like superstring theory and loop quantum gravity, still need to overcome major formal and conceptual problems, and this is still very much a work in progress.
Quantum State:
The set of characteristics describing the condition a quantum mechanical system is in. It can be described by a wave function or a complete set of quantum numbers ( energy , angular momentum , spin , etc), although, when observed, the system is forced into a specific stationary "eigenstate". If a particle within a quantum system (such as an electron within an atom ) moves from one quantum state to another, it does so instantaneously and in discontinuous steps (known as quantum leaps or jumps) without ever being in a state in between.
Quantum Theory (or Quantum Physics or Quantum Mechanics):
The physical theory of objects isolated from their surroundings. Because it is very difficult to isolate large objects, quantum theory (also known as quantum mechanics or quantum physics) is essentially a theory of the microscopic world of atoms and their constituents. Among its main principles are the dual wave-like and particle-like behaviour of matter and radiation ( wave-particle duality ), and the prediction of probabilities in situations where classical physics predicts certainties. Classical physics provides a good approximation to quantum physics for everyday purposes, typically in circumstances with large numbers of particles.
Quantum Tunnelling:
Quantum tunnelling through a barrier
(Source: U. of Oregon Lectures: http://abyss.uoregon.edu/%7Ejs/ast123/lectures/lec06.html )
The quantum mechanical effect in which particles have a finite probability of crossing an energy barrier, or transitioning through an energy state normally forbidden to them by classical physics , due to the wave-like aspect of particles. The probability wave of a particle represents the probability of finding the particle in a certain location, and there is a finite probability that the particle is located on the other side of the barrier.
Quark:
A type of elementary particle which is the major constituent of matter . Quarks are never found on their own, only in groups of three within composite particles called hadrons (such as protons and neutrons ). There are six different types (or �flavours�) of quarks - up, down, top, bottom, charm and strange - and each flavour comes in three �colours� - red, green or blue (although they have no colour in the normal sense, being much smaller than the wavelength of visible light ). Quarks are the only particles in the standard model of particle physics to experience all four fundamental forces , and they have the properties of electric charge , colour charge, spin and mass .
Quasar:
images/html/opo9635a1.html )
Short for QUAsi-StellAr Radio source, a quasar is an extremely powerful and distant active galactic nucleus (a compact region at the centre of a galaxy which has a much higher than normal luminosity). It derives most of its energy from very hot matter swirling into a central supermassive black hole , and can generate as much light as a hundred normal galaxies from a much smaller volume. It is one of the most powerful objects in the universe , and among the most distant things ever seen in space.
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Radioactivity (Radioactive Decay):
The disintegration of unstable heavy atomic nuclei into lighter, more stable, atomic nuclei , accompanied in the process by the emission of ion izing radiation ( alpha particles , beta particles or gamma rays ). This is a random process at the atomic level but, given a large number of similar atoms , the decay rate on average is predictable, and is usually measured by the half-life of the substance.
Redshift:
light/s10.htm )
The shifting of emitted electromagnetic radiation (such as visible light ) towards the less energetic red end of the electromagnetic spectrum when a light source is moving away from the observer. This occurs as the wavelengths of light stretch as an object moves away (as opposed to being squashed by an approaching object), similar to the familiar Doppler effect on sound waves. Among other things, it can be used as a measure of the speed with which galaxies throughout the universe are moving away from us.
Relativity:
The theory, formulated essentially by Einstein �s theory has two main parts: the Special Theory of Relativity (or special relativity) which deals with objects in uniform motion, and the General Theory of Relativity (or general relativity) which deals with acclerating objects and gravity .
RNA and DNA:
DIR/VIP/Glossary/Illustration/rna.cfm )
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a type of single-stranded molecule that consists of a long chain of nucleotide units, each of which consists of a nitrogenous base, a ribose sugar and a phosphate. RNA transmits the genetic information from DNA into the nucleus of cells, and controls certain chemical processes in the cell. Both DNA and RNA are considered essential building blocks of life .
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Second Law of Thermodynamics:
The idea that entropy (the microscopic disorder of a body) can never decrease, but rather will tend to increase over time. In practice, this results in an inexorable tendency towards uniformity and away from patterns and structures, and means, for example, that heat always flows from a hot body to a cold one, and that differences in temperature, pressure and density tend to even out in an isolated physical system (or in the universe as a whole).
Simultaneity:
The idea, disproved by Einstein in his Special Theory of Relativity , that events that appear to happen at the same time for one person should appear to happen at the same time for everyone in the universe .
Singularity (or Gravitational Singularity):
Special_Relativity/Spacetime )
Space-time (or spacetime or the spacetime continuum) is any mathematical model that combines space and time into a single construct. The fourth dimension of time is traditionally considered to be of a different sort than the three dimensions of space in that it can only go forwards and not back but, in Albert Einstein �s General Theory of Relativity , space and time are seen to be essentially the same thing and can therefore be treated as a single entity.
Special Theory of Relativity:
Albert Einstein �s first major theory, dating from 1905, special relativity builds on Galileo's more simplistic principle of relativity and relates what one person sees when looking at another person moving at constant speed relative to them. �Special� indicates that the theory restricts itself to observers in uniform or constant relative motion, a restriction Einstein addressed later in his General Theory of Relativity . The theory incorporates the principle that the speed of light is the same for all inertial observers , regardless of the state of motion of the source. Among other things, it reveals that the moving person appears to shrink in the direction of their motion ( length contraction )and their time slows down ( time dilation ), effects which are ever more marked as speeds approach the speed of light . The theory also leads to some famous paradoxes like the so-called Time Travel Paradox and the Twin Paradox.
Speed of Light:
The reasoning used by R�mer in 1675 to determine the speed of light
(Source: U. of Califormia Lectures: http://phyun5.ucr.edu/%7Ewudka/Physics7/Notes_www/node65.html )
In a vacuum, light travels at a speed of exactly 299,792,458 metres per second, or about 300,000 kilometres per second, a speed which remains constant irrespective of the speed of the source of the light or of the observer (one of the cornerstones of Albert Einstein �s Special Theory of Relativity ). It is the term c in Einstein �s famous equation E = mc2.
Spin:
documents/compendium/galsci/ )
A massive, luminous ball of gas or plasma , held together by its own gravity , that replenishes the heat it loses to space by means of nuclear energy generated in its core. Almost all of the elements heavier than hydrogen and helium were created by the nuclear fusion processes in stars. There are many different types of stars including binary stars, proto-stars, dwarf stars (like our nearest star which we call the Sun), supergiants, supernovas , neutron stars , pulsars , quasars , etc. There are a roughly estimated 10,000 billion billion stars (1022) in the observable universe .
Steady State Universe:
In a steady state universe, overall density remains constant
(Source: Luke Mastin (own graphic)
A cosmological model developed by Fred Hoyle , Thomas Gold and Hermann Bondi in 1948 as the main alternative to the standard Big Bang theory of the universe . Steady state theory holds that the universe is expanding but that new matter and new galaxies are continuously created in order to maintain the perfect cosmological principle (the idea that, on the large scale, the universe is essentially homogenous and isotropic in both space and time), and therefore has no beginning and no end. The theory was quite popular in the 1950s and 1960s, but fell out of favour with the discovery of distant quasars and cosmic background radiation in the 1960s.
String:
An object with a one- dimensional spatial extent, length (unlike an elementary particle which is zero- dimensional , or point-like). According to string theory , the different fundamental particles of the standard model can be considered to be just different manifestations of one basic object, a string, with different vibrational modes. The characteristic length scale of strings is thought to be on the order of the Planck Length (about 10-35 metres, still too small to be visible in current physical laboratories), the scale at which the effects of quantum gravity are believed to become significant.
Cosmic string is a similar but separate concept which refers to one- dimensional topological defects, extremely thin but immensely dense, which are hypothesized to have formed as a result of phase changes soon after the Big Bang (analogous to the imperfections that form between crystal grains in solidifying liquids or the cracks that form when water freezes into ice). According to some theories, such cosmic strings grew as the universe expanded and were instrumental in the accretion of matter and the formation of galaxy clusters and large-scale structures in the universe .
String Theory (Superstring Theory):
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A theory which postulates that the fundamental ingredients of the universe are tiny strings of matter (on the tiny scale of the Planck Length of around 10-35 metres) which vibrate in a space-time of ten dimensions . It is considered one of the most promising of the quantum gravity theories which hope to unite or unify quantum theory and the General Theory of Relativity , and apply to both large-scale structures and structures on the atomic scale.
Superstring theory (short for supersymmetric string theory) is a refinement of the more general theory of strings .
Strong Nuclear Force:
Also known as the strong interaction, this is the powerful but short-range force that holds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus of an atom despite the electromagnetic repulsion of same- charge particles, as well as holding together the constituent quarks which comprise neutrons and protons . It is one of the four fundamental forces of physics (along with the gravitational force , the electromagnetic force and weak nuclear force ), and the most powerful, being 100 times the strength of the electromagnetic force , about 1013 times as great as that of the weak force and about 1038 times that of gravity .
The force is mediated by elementary particles called gluons which shuttle back and forth between the particles being operated on and "glue" the particles together. Unlike the other forces, the strength of the strong force between quarks becomes stronger with distance, acting like an unbreakable elastic thread. However, it only operates over a very small distance (less than the size of the nucleus ), outside of which it fades away abruptly.
Supernova:
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A cataclysmic explosion caused by the collapse of an old massive star which has used up all its fuel. For a short time, such an explosion may outshine an entire galaxy of a hundred billion ordinary stars . It leaves behind a cloud of brightly coloured gas called a nebula, and sometimes a highly compressed neutron star or even a black hole .
Superposition:
The ability in quantum theory of an object, such as an atom or sub-atomic particle, to be in more than one quantum state at the same time. For example, an object could technically be in more than one place simultaneously as a consequence of the wave-like character of microscopic particles.
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The principle in quantum theory , formulated by Werner Heisenberg in 1926, which holds that the values of certain pairs of variables cannot BOTH be known exactly, so that the more precisely one variable is known, the less precisely the other can be known. For example, if the speed or momentum of a particle is known exactly, then its location must remain uncertain; if its location is known with certainty, then the particle�s speed or momentum cannot be known. Formulated another way, relating the unvertainties of energy and time, the uncertainty principle permits the existence of ultra-short-lived microscopic particles (virtual particles) in apparently empty space, which briefly blink into existence and blink out again.
Universe:
2008/01/map-of-the-univ.html )
Everything that physically exists, including the entirety of space and time, all forms of matter , energy and momentum , and the physical laws and constants that govern them. The universe (or cosmos) is usually considered to have begun about 13.7 billion years ago in a gravitational singulary commonly known as the Big Bang , and has been expanding ever since. Some have speculated that this universe is just one of many disconnected universes, which are collectively denoted as the multiverse .
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Wave-Particle Duality:
The idea that light (and indeed all matter and energy ) is both a wave and a particle, and that sometimes it behaves like a wave and sometimes it behaves like a particle. It is a central concept of quantum theory .
Weak Nuclear Force:
Also known as the weak interaction, it is one of the forces experienced by protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom , the other being the strong nuclear force . It is one of the four fundamental forces of physics (along with the gravitational force , the electromagnetic force and the strong nuclear force ). It is called the weak force because it is about 1013 times weaker than the strong nuclear force and 1011 times weaker than the electromagnetic force , and it is also very short range in its effect.
The weak interaction is mediated by the exchange of heavy elementary particles known as W and Z bosons. It is responsible for radioactive beta decay (as it converts neutrons into protons ) and for the production of neutrinos .
White Hole:
The theoretical time reversal of a black hole , which arises as a valid solution in general relativity . While a black hole acts as a vacuum, drawing in any matter that crosses its event horizon , a white hole acts as a source that ejects matter from its event horizon .
Wormhole:
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i don't know
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Which Japanese corporation produced the first compact electronic calculator, released in 1957?
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History of CASIO's Electronic Calculator Business
History of CASIO's Electronic Calculator Business
History of CASIO's Electronic Calculator Business
Casio Sells One Billionth Electronic Calculator
Long History of Contribution to the Development of the Electronics Industry and Mathematics Education
The Road to One Billion Calculators
From the relay calculator to the electronic calculator
14-A
001
Launched in 1957, Casio's 14-A calculator was a revolutionary new device using 342 electric relays that solved addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division problems up to 14 digits. In September 1965, Casio released the 001, the world's first electronic calculator with a memory function. The following year, Casio commenced exports to the United States and Europe, taking its first step as a manufacturer for the global market. Casio calculators were well received around the world, and total production reached the 100,000 mark by 1969.
Casio Mini creates demand among individual users
Casio Mini
In the latter half of the 1960s, there was a surge in the number of new manufacturers entering the calculator market. At its peak there were more than 50 manufacturers competing with each other, and the phrase "calculator wars" was coined. The competition, however, was confined to the limited market for calculators used in the office. In August 1972, Casio released the Casio Mini, which was sold for the then-revolutionary price of only 12,800 yen, in order to be affordable to the general public. The Casio Mini was a huge hit selling 1 million units in ten months.
Card-sized calculator ends competition for smaller and thinner products
SL-800
With the huge popularity of the Casio Mini, Casio's cumulative sales of calculators reached the one million-unit mark in 1972, and skyrocketed to two million that very same year. Casio's worldwide calculator sales reached 10 million in 1974. This was the turning point - from here on price competition among calculator makers reached a climax, with one company after another withdrawing from the market. Next, the market saw fierce competition to develop smaller and thinner products. In 1983, Casio developed the SL-800, which at 0.8mm was as thin as a credit card. This put an end to the "smaller and thinner" race. The total number of all calculators sold by Casio reached 100 million units in 1980.
Casio calculators continue to improve
fx-7000G
After Casio achieved the ultimate in thinness with the SL-800, changes in product trends led to a focus on functionality. In 1985, Casio developed the fx-7000G, the first scientific calculator to incorporate a graphing function. In 2004, the company developed a scientific calculator capable of displaying fractions, square roots, and other symbols as they are shown in textbooks. Casio continues to produce innovative products to this day and as of December 31, 2006, Casio had sold one billion calculators.
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Casio
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The butternut squash/pumpkin grows directly on a?
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Featured Companies
DATAMATH CALCULATOR MUSEUM
Featured companies
The Datamath Calculator Museum reflects mainly on products from the US based company Texas Instruments. To round off the exhibition you will find products manufactured by Texas Instruments and sold under different badges, too. Just the same things happens with products developed by other companies and sold by Texas Instruments. Another part of the museum gives an overview of important products in the calculator history influenced by Texas Instruments. If you have additions to the description of the companies please send an email to: [email protected] .
� Aristo
Hamburg (Germany) located company Dennert & Pape started already in the year 1872 the business with slide rules. About 100 years later they introduced under the trademark ARISTO with the model M27 their first electronic pocket calculator.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Ataba
Ataba Co. (HK) Ltd. was founded in 1991 and is one of the leading manufacturers of electronic calculators sold under the brand name "Kaiser" or other customer labels.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Best Buy
Best Buy Co.,Inc. was founded in 1966 by Richard M. Schulz in Saint Paul, Minnesota as an audio speciality store. In 1983 they started expansion under the new corporate name "Best Buy Co., Inc." hitting $1 billion revenues in 1992. Today Best Buy, often called the "big blue box" is the largest retailer for consumer electronics in the United States and Canada, accounting in 2008 for more than 20% of the market. In Canada most stores are operated under the Future Shop label.
In 2008 Best Buy started to release some well-known calculators with the Texas Instruments brand in unusual colors. e.g. the TI-30X IIS in pink and TI-84 Plus SE in blue.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Bowmar
The Bowmar Instrument Corp. was formed in Fort Wayne in 1951 by Edward and Joan White. He earlier had been head of the electron-mechanical section of the Farnsworth Television Co. At first a one-employee operation in a barn loft at Smith Field, the company grew to 30 employees by 1953, and by 1957 had expanded to occupy the site of today's operation on Bluffton Road.
In 1971, the company introduced the first hand-held calculator called the "Bowmar Brain." The technology developed at Bowmar, which included the familiar red "LED" (Light Emitting Diode) readouts, enabled American business to regain from the Japanese the lead in calculator electronics.
As it turned out, Bowmar lost the calculator in the marketplace because it was unprepared for the huge popularity of the new item. Borrowing heavily to increase production and determined not to use cheaper foreign labor, Bowmar found itself unable to compete in the calculator price wars of the mid-1970s. In addition, the Bowmar product was hurt by having to deal with its chief rival, Texas Instruments, for basic components - many of which, it later was learned, were defective or held up in delivery. Bowmar, like ITT and Magnavox of Fort Wayne, withdrew from the consumer market and has concentrated instead on government and industrial contracts.
The company White Electronic Designs Corp. was formed in 1998 through the merger of Bowmar Instrument Corporation (White Microelectronics) and Electronic Designs, Inc., inheriting a legacy of sixty years in electronics manufacturing.
Michael Hawfield, Reprinted by permission from The News-Sentinel, Fort Wayne, Indiana and Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Busicom Corp.
Busicom was the brand name used for calculators made by Nippon Calculating Machine Corporation of Japan, one of the first companies to enter the pocket calculator market. In 1967 the Nippon Calculating Machine Corp changed its name to Business Computer Corporation, better known as Busicom Corp.
That time, Busicom was manufacturing mechanical and electronic desktop calculators, selling Mitsubishi mainframe computers, developing operating systems and application software for Mitsubishi, and importing business computers from France. Busicom calculators were sold in the United States under NCR�s trade name and were also exported to Europe and other parts of Asia.
Busicom had two factories manufacturing calculators � Osaka�s Nippon Calculating Machine Corporation, manufacturing small-business machines in high volume, and Tokyo�s Electro Technical Industries Corporation, manufacturing scientific calculators and specialized office equipment such as billing machines and teller machines. In 1969, shortly after competitor Sharp introduced the QT-8D calculator using Rockwell�s large-scale integration (LSI) chips, Busicom settled on two U.S. semiconductor partners, Mostek and Intel, and two design strategies. Mostek was contracted to provide the LSI technology for the small-business calculators built in Osaka. Intel was contracted to provide the integrated circuits for the products manufactured in the Tokyo factory. Starting in April 1971, Busicom began the manufacture of calculators and other products based on the Intel chipset, known as the I4004 family. Sales reached tens of thousands.
Already in 1974 Busicom in Japan became the first major Japanese company in the calculator industry to fail.
William Aspray and Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Cal-Comp Electronics
Cal-Comp Electronics (Thailand) was established 1989 by Kinpo Electronics, Inc. for OEM-production of electronic goods. Main customers are Canon, Sharp and Texas Instruments. Cal-Comp manufactured between 1989 and about 1998 most LC-calculators in the TI-line.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Canon Inc.
Canon was founded in 1933 in Tokyo by Goro Yoshida, a passionate camera-lover, and his brother-in-law, Saburo Uchida. Their aim was to make cameras that could compete with the German models that were considered the most advanced of the day. More than 25 years later Canon developed the Synchroreader, a completely new magnetic recording-playback system and a recording medium based on a magnetic surface and head. Even before its release, it won strong recognition as a new media system permitting printed matter to be read while listening to played-back sound.
In 1962, Canon seriously considered entering the business machines market. The electrical engineers who had been working on the development of the Synchroreader were casting around for a new field, and a plan emerged to apply computer technology to the electro-mechanical calculators around at the time. The development took two years and in 1964 the prototype received a very positive reception at a business show and was eventually launched as the Canola 130. Compared with full-key products launched around the same time, the Canola 130 was easy to use and proved very popular. Unfortunately, Sharp, which exhibited at the same business show, launched a 10-key product immediately after the show. Canon took time to launch its product, and thus forfeited the honor of marketing the world's first desktop calculator. Few years later Canon Inc. developed the famous Pocketronic based on TI's Cal-Tech project and their patents.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Casio Computer Co., Ltd
Casio Computer Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan, is one of the leading consumer electronics companies in the world. Since its establishment in 1957, Casio has been active not only in the development of electronic calculators but also in electronic timepieces and musical instruments.
Casio Computer Co., Ltd. was got it start by developing all-electric compact calculator. Company founder Tadao Kashio, originally an engineer specializing in fabrication technology, founded Kashio Seisansho in April, 1946 after work experience that included plants manufacturing products for the military. Kashio Seisakujo manufactured aircraft parts and other products. Toshio, the founder's brother suggested that the company work on developing a calculator. Tadao worked together with his three younger brothers and launched the efforts aimed at producing a calculator.
Most calculators at that time were electrical devices, in which electrical power was used to drive internal gears. The four Kashio brothers, however, adapted the relay elements used for telephone switching equipment to develop the compact, all-electric calculator. The new calculator did not rely on mechanical movements such as gears. The launch of the initial Model 14-A was in June 1957, which also marked the establishment of Casio Computer Co., Ltd..
Since those beginnings, CASIO has continued to be a leader in pioneering new calculator products for the office, as well as for scientific and technical applications. The September 1965 release of the transistor-based Model 001 marked the beginning of a new era when calculators became small enough to fit on the desk top. It was also the time when the term "electronic calculator" became part of the standard vocabulary. As products became even smaller, they became a familiar sight in offices throughout the world.
However, calculators were still priced outside the reach of the individual consumer at this time, so Kazuo Kashio, who was in charge of marketing, made it a goal of the company to produce a calculator that could be afforded by the individual consumer. The result came in August 1972 with the release of the palm-size CASIO Mini, which was promoted by a television commercial that helped to catch the attention of the public. The CASIO Mini soon took the market by storm, and made the calculator part of our everyday lives. Only two years later in May 1974 with the fx-10 the first scientific calculator entered the market and with the CQ-1 end of 1976 the first calculator with integrated electronic watch appeared.
The digital technology that was made available through the development of CASIO calculators was applied to miniaturization, fueling the company's move into a new sector. In November 1975, CASIO released the Casiotron, a digital watch capable of displaying the year, month, date, hour, minute, and second. The Casiotron was even able to automatically make adjustments for months of different length. The development of the Casiotron was based on the unique CASIO concept of, "time is a continuous process of addition".
January 1980 saw the release of the Casiotone 201, an electronic musical instrument that produced sound generated by digital calculation.
Casio Computer Co., Ltd.
� Columbia Scientific
Columbia Scientific of Santa Monica, CA sold only few calculators in the early 1970's. Most of them were assembled in Korea but based on US technology.
Guy Ball and Bruce Flamm, Collector's Guide to Pocket Calculators
Commodore was founded by Jack Tramiel in October 1958 as Commodore Portable Typewriter Co Ltd, Canada. In four years Commodore went successfully from assembling and marketing mechanical typewriters and adding machines to their electromechanical counterparts.
In February 1962 Tramiel changed the company's name to Commodore Business Machines Ltd.
Impressed by early electronic calculators Commodore contracted Casio and others to manufacture calculators for the North American market. The first were introduced in 1968 and sales and profits increased rapidly. The next year they began manufacturing calculators based around chips made by Texas Instruments, and two years later they introduced the C106, the first mass-market compact electronic calculator. In 1973 they opened manufacturing plants in Palo Alto, California, in Virginia, and in Eaglescliff, UK.
� Compal Electronics
Compal Electronics was established in 1984 and designs and manufactures electronic products both in Taiwan and China. In 2002 workforce was about 9000 employees strong.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
Cal-Comp Electronics sold some of the manufactured OEM calculators under its own Compex brand.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Compucorp
Compucorp, a marketing division of Computer Design Corporation roots back to Wyle Laboratories, of El Segundo, California. A group of engineers started already mid of the 60s with the development of a programmable electronic calculator. Nevertheless it was a very capable machine the management of Wyle Laboratories decided to stop further development of the machine. A group of engineers started their own business, the Computer Design Corporation. Without any marketing knowledge or sales organization the company decided to sell calculator designs instead of manufacturing calculators. In a first step the engineers started the design of a flexible calculator architecture based on micro-programmed logic to solve different calculating applications with one base design. The first customer of the design was the US company Monroe and a complete series of high-end calculators appears under the Monroe label using the first-generation chip set. The main difference between the calculators was the microcode.
Early in the year 1971 the Compucorp division was founded to sell its own line of calculators. The first series of Compucorp calculators, the 100-series used the same chip set as the Monroe products. Some 20 different calculators were reported within the 100-series. At the same time the design of the second-generation �ACL� chip set started and led to the 200-series desktop calculators and 300-series portable calculators. The �ACL� chip set was fabricated by AMD, but later, Texas Instruments was added as a second source. Both lines of calculators generated again some 30 different calculating machines with just two base designs. The success of the chip set ended with the introduction of the high-end 400-series, more a computer system than a calculator.
Later in the year 1971 the first single chip calculator designs appeared from both MOSTEK and Texas Instruments. Starting as basic four function calculators they changed the calculator market dramatically. Within month a lot of companies like Bowmar, Corvus and even Texas Instruments introduced cheap pocket calculators with rechargeable batteries. Within two years calculators like the HP-35 and SR-50 raised the pressure on Computer Design Corporation and the shut down began. Already in the year 1975 Compucorp was history.
C�mputo Num�rica of Mexico was the first online store specialized in calculators in Latin America and has been offering tutorials for the Voyage 200 calculator on YouTube since 2008.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
Corvus Corporation, the consumer division of the famous IC manufacturer Mostek Corp .
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Craig Electronics
Craig Electronics of Compton, California was a major distributor of stereo equipment and other consumer electronics in the 1960's. Their calculators were usually US and Japanese OEM-products with the Craig stickers on it.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Dismac
Dismac Industrial S.A. was founded on January 25, 1973 by the Austrian Joseph Martin Feder on January 25, 1973, in Manaus, the capital of the state of Amazonas. The goal of the company was to win a slice of the growing Brazilian market for electronic calculators, then dominated by imported products. Within just 10 years, 60% of electronic desk calculators sold in Brazil were the Dismac brand. In 1979, Dismac became the largest Brazilian exporter of electronic calculators.
Within the Datamath Calculator Museum we feature the unique SR-50 sold in 1974.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Faber Castell
A.W. Faber-Castell, a German manufacturer of slide rules, introduced in the year 1973 the �TR1 Calculator Slide Rule�. One side of the housing featured an electronic calculator and the other side a traditional slide rule.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Franklin Quest
Franklin Quest Co., the world leader in time management training seminars and maker of the Franklin Day Planner� system, released in 1994 a special version of the PS-9500 Organizer. FranklinCovey, based in West Valley City, Utah, was formed on May 30, 1997 as a result of an acquisition by Franklin Quest of Stephen R. Covey's Covey Leadership Center.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Fred Meyer
Fred Meyer, Inc. is a chain of hypermarkets founded in 1922 in Portland, Oregon by Fred G. Meyer. In May 1999 Fred Meyer, Inc. merged with Kroger of Cincinnati, Ohio but the stores are still branded Fred Meyer.
In 2009 Fred Meyer started to release some well-known calculators with the Texas Instruments brand in unusual colors and introduced the TI-84 Plus Silver Edition and TI-30XIIS in maroon and pink.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� fred's
Tracing its history back to an original store in Coldwater, Mississippi, opened in 1947, today fred's is headquartered in Memphis, Tennessee, and operates over 700 discount general merchandise stores, including 20 franchised fred's stores, mainly across the southeastern States..
In 2014 fred's sold an almost perfect clone of the TI-30X IIS.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
Garrett Comtronics Corporation of San Diego, CA was a subsidiary of the Garrett Corporation, one of the Signal Companies.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Goulds
Goulds Pumps boasts a proud tradition of supplying quality pumping products to the global industrial markets for over 150 years. Goulds is the dominant brand worldwide with over a million installed process pumps in service.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Group Sense (International) Limited
Group Sense (International) Limited was established in Hong Kong. Group Sense designs and manufactures a wide range of information and educational products including electronic personal Chinese dictionaries, electronic multi-lingual translators, LCD hand-held games, electronic personal organizers, computer products, and educational toys. In 1998 Nam Tai Electronics, Inc. bought 20% of the company shares.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Hand Held Products
Hand Held Products was founded in1972 and manufactured memory expansion modules for both Hewlett Packard and Texas Instruments. Since then HHP grew to the leading provider of data collection systems for mobile and wireless applications. In 2000 HHP was merged with Welch Allyn, a leader and innovator in medical and dental diagnostics.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Handy Tech
Handy Tech Elektronik GmbH, Horb (Germany) was founded in 1994 by Mr. Siegfried Kipke and traces back to Schoenherr GmbH founded already in 1974. The product range includes classic Braille displays, modular Braille displays, talking blood pressure gauges, talking calculators, and the distribution of reading systems and CCTVs. In 2001 the company employs 42 people, about a third of them are blind or visually impaired.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Heathkit
Around the year 1900 Ed Heath founded the Heath Aeroplane Company and developed light planes. Starting 1926 the first kit � an airplane � was available. Ed Heath was killed 1931 during a test flight and the bankrupt Heath company was purchased by Howard Anthony. After WWII Heath company started selling surplus electronics and Anthony began to explore the idea of offering test equipment in kit form - an idea he had thought about years earlier. He subcontracted the scope's design, scribbles a few simple instructions on how to assemble it, and buys an ad in the August 1947 issue of Electronics magazine. Over the years Heath developed and sold hundreds of kit products.
In the year 1972 Heathkit introduced with the IC-2008 their first electronic calculator in kit form. Some more products followed but early far-east calculators dropped the selling prices below manufacturing costs.
For almost 30 years Heathkit could do no wrong. But by the mid 70's the weight of change was beginning to press on Heath with increasing discomfort. Technology was beginning to cycle so quickly Heath could hardly keep up. Halfway through a project, for example, Heath could find itself working on a outmoded idea. And as if that weren't enough, off-shore manufacturers were becoming seriously competitive. Then, in 1979, Zenith bought Heath. What at first glance appeared to be a great relationship quickly turned catastrophic. Zenith was interested only in Heath's computer products and began to siphon off huge quantities of cash and other resources to pursue its own agenda. Then came the layoffs and a deadly plunge in morale. In addition to the internal problems, there were major shifts going on outside. Heath's original customer base was aging, and younger folks seemed to have neither the time or inclination to assemble kits. The age of instant gratification had arrived. All of these forces--and others--conspired to submerged Heath below crush-depth.
Joerg Woerner based on an article from Chuck Penson.
� Hewlett-Packard
Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard founded the well known company Hewlett-Packard or HP already in the year 1939 and started with an audio oscillator for test and measurement purposes. In the year 1968 HP introduces the world's first desktop scientific calculator, the HP 9100A. In the same year they developed the first commercially available light-emitting diode (LED) found in the later electronic pocket calculators. Only 4 years later, spring 1972, HP makes another advance in personal computing with the HP-35, the world's first scientific handheld calculator. Today HP products are still known for their innovation and quality.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
H�rad�stechnika of Budapest, Hungary sold in the Seventies various OEM calculators under their own brand. The PTK-1050 was actually a rebadged TI-57 Programmable while the PTK-1096 resembled the TI-59 Programmable.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Ibico
Ibico AG was founded on October 29, 1969 in Zurich, Switzerland to manufacture and distribute electronic products like office machines. The company was liquidated on January 30, 2004.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Ind�strias Gerais da Amazonia S.A.
Ind�strias Gerais da Amazonia manufactured in the Manaus Free Zone different calculators like the rare SR-40 LCD under license of Texas Instruments. Due to various barriers to trade most foreign companies established in Brazil some kind of off-shore production. Already in 1957 by parliamentary initiative the "Zona France de Manaus" was created in the Municipality of Manaus, State of Amazonas: the Geographic Center of the Western Brazilian Amazon. Grounded on federal, state and municipal fiscal incentives, the project included the creation of an industrial, commercial and agricultural and cattle raising center. Today there are more than 600 industries, using competitive technology in the production of electro-electronic, computer science, professional equipment, photocopiers, telephone receivers, fax, and telecommunications used all over Brazil.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Inventec Corporation
Inventec Corporation was founded in Taiwan, on July 1, 1975 to produce simple calculators and telephone sets. In 1984 Inventec was Taiwan's largest manufacturer of calculators. In the year 1986 an overseas manufacturing base was founded in Penang, Malaysia to take advantage of competitive labour rates. Inventec Micro-Electronics Corporation (IMC), one of the Inventec Group companies, established a factory in Shanghai, China during 1995. Inventec manufactures most of Texas Instrument�s graphing calculators from the TI-73 to the TI-89 and the data collection systems CBL2 and CBR. IMC was renamed IME after Inventec group's reorganization in 1999.
In 2004, Inventec Group further expanded in China by establishing Inventec Pudong Campus in Shanghai Caohejing Export Processing Zone with a total investment exceeding US$ 420 million. The Campus will eventually house one R&DCenter, one logistics center and eight factories. The Pudong Campus serves not only the domestic market in China, but also the worldwide market.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� JCE (John Collins Enterprises)
JCE (John Collins Enterprises) located in Palo Alto, CA developed and manufactured only few portable electronic calculators around 1972. All known models (JCE Mark II, Percent, Super D) use the famous Texas Instruments Klixon� keypad and sport huge 8-digit LED displays. JCE went out of the calculator business some time in 1973 to 1974.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� J.C. Penney
J.C. Penney Company, Inc. began in 1902 when James Cash Penney opened his first retail store, called the Golden Rule Store, in the mining town of Kemmerer, Wyoming. Today the company consist of approximately 1,075 JCPenney Department stores in all 50 U.S. states, Puerto Rico, and Mexico. In the 70's JCPenney sold rebadged calculators manufactured by APF, Commodore , Corvus and some Japanese brands through their catalogues.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Jeppesen Sanderson
Jeppesen Sanderson Inc. offers a complete selection of flight information and flight planning services, aviation weather services, maintenance information, pilot training systems and pilot supplies. Some of their flight computers were based on calculators manufactured by Texas Instruments. On Aug. 15, 2000 the Boeing Company had announced that it agreed to acquire Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc., the world's leading provider of flight information services, from Tribune Company for $1.5 billion in cash.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Kinpo Electronics, Inc.
Kinpo Electronics, Inc. started business already in 1973 and established itself as a front runner in Taiwan's electronics industry. The product lines cover the 3C consumer products (Calculators, Cordless and Computers) and most of the customers are well known: Texas Instruments, Hewlett Packard, Casio, Canon and Citizen. In 2002 Kinpo had a staff of more than 10,000 employees worldwide with R&D centers in Taiwan, Shanghai and Beijing, mass production facilities in Dongguan, and manufacturing supports in Thailand. In 1996, Kinpo began to set up production facilities in Dongguan, China and, since then, has expanded its operations to Shanghai and Beijing. The Chang An factory in Dongguan is Kinpo's major manufacturing with 4,000 employees assembling products such as calculators, electronic dictionaries, global positioning systems, and digital cameras.
Kinpo established Cal-Comp Electronics (Thailand) in 1989 to take advantage of local highly skilled work force. Cal-Comp has six manufacturing plants designed and built to cater to product features. There are more than 30 SMT product lines in total. Computer aided manufacturing facilities are installed to upgrade product quality and reduce costs. Kinpo Thailand employs more than 6,000 employees working on about one hundred assembly lines.
Another member in the Kinpo Conglomerate is Taiwan based Compal Electronics, Inc. with a workforce of about 9,000 employees (2002 numbers). Compal manufactures its products at two locations: Ping-chen Factory in Taiwan and Kunshan Factory in China
Since 2015 we noticed TI calculators manufactured in their Batangas facility in the Philippines.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Koh-I-Noor Hardtmuth
Koh-i-Noor Hardtmuth - a manufacturer of pencils, pens and art supplies - was founded in 1790 by Joseph Hardtmuth of Austria and named after the famous Indian diamond Koh-I-Noor. The company was moved in 1848 to Budweis, a Bohemian town which belongs now to the Czech Republic. Koh-I-Noor Hardtmuth introduced in 1977 very interesting design variations of the TI-30, TI-1050 and TI-1265.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Kosmos
Kosmos International, Inc. located in Atlanta, Georgia introduced the first hand-held biorhythm computer and the world's first hand-held astrological computer. Their products based on calculator chips manufactured by Texas Instruments.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� LEO Electronics (HK) Ltd.
Leo Electronics Co., Ltd., a Japanese manufacturer of electronic equipment established early in the 1990's production in Shenzhen, China. At March 1st, 1996 Toshiba Corporation announced to take a majority holding in this plant and we assume that some Texas Instruments calculators were manufactured there.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Litronix
Litronix, Inc., (Cupertino, CA) was an early light-emitting diode (LED) company that became a leading supplier of displays for handheld calculators and digital watches (e.g. the Hamilton Pulsar line).
Litronix Malaysia Sdn Bhd located in Penang was established in March 1972 with 7-segment light-emitting diode (LED) displays as initial products. Within a few years, the company expanded its product base into LED related consumer products such as LED watches, calculators and LED games. By 1981, Litronix Malaysia was purchased by Siemens in 1976. Today, the plant produces optoelectronic couplers, displays and intelligent displays and custom designed optoelectronic devices. Siemens Penang now has a workforce of 1,200 employees on premises with a total area of 15,330 square meters.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Longines Symphonette
"At the time the famous Texas Instruments Datamath calculators appeared on the market, Longines Symphonette was primarily selling music - boxed set treasuries - Frank Sinatra, Mozart, etc.
However, they viewed themselves as a direct marketing company, as well, and also produced a catalog that featured a number of hard goods products including a calculator."
Jeff Kobil, former employee of Longines Symphonette
There are three different calculators sold by Longines Symphonette reported, the LTP5405 based on Bowmar technology and two "Electronic Calculator" models based on Texas Instruments technology.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
Melcor Electronics Corporation of Farmingdale, New York (USA) was one of the first US companies to enter the pocket calculator business. Like Bowmar, they were known for quality products but only made calculators for a few years.
Guy Ball and Bruce Flamm, Collector's Guide to Pocket Calculators
� Mesbla S.A.
Mesbla S.A. was a chain of Brazilian department stores that began operations in 1912 as a subsidiary of Mestre & Blatg�, based in Paris and specialized in the trading of machinery and equipment. Mesbla S.A. sold in Brazil a very colorful edition of the Texas Instruments TI-1786, years before the company had its bankruptcy declared in 1999 .
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� MBO
MBO (Muenchner Buero Organisation) was founded in 1966 by Peter Schmidt and Lorenz Niederleitner and is registered since July 1st, 1967 as MBO Schmidt & Niederleitner GmbH & Co. KG in Deisenhofen near Munich. Within just 10 years MBO advanced in Germany to the leader of the still young market of electronic calculators and watches with a turnover of 125 million German Mark. JENOPTIK AG - a German Hightech company - purchased MBO in September 1994 and distributes calculators and other office products still under the MBO label.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Meijer
Meijer�s was founded in 1934 by Dutch immigrant Hendrik Meijer as a supermarket in Greenville, MI. Meijer pioneered the American supercenter concept and runs today more than 180 stores, most of them in Michigan.
In 2009 Meijer started to release some well-known calculators with the Texas Instruments brand in unusual colors and introduced the TI-30XIIS in orange and dark blue.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Monroe Calculator Company
Frank Stephen Baldwin, 1838-1925, American inventor, began in 1870 to experiment with the design of mechanical calculators. The device was patented and marketed in 1875. The improved 1875 machine initiated the development of the second fundamental principle in rotary four-rules calculators which became known as "The Baldwin Principle." Baldwin developed many more calculators during his life. His last model was the forerunner of the Monroe machine. The Monroe Calculator was used extensively in the 1930's. The Monroe Calculator Company was formed in 1912 and was a pioneer in electric adding machines. In the 1970�s most Monroe � a subsidary of Litton Inc. - calculators were OEM-products manufactured by Canon or Compucorp (Computer Design Corporation of Los Angeles, California ). Monroe Calculators are still sold today through Monroe Systems for Business.
Joerg Woerner based on an article from Reece Franklin, Computer News of San Diego.
� Montgomery Ward
American department store which also sold calculators through a general merchandise catalog. Montgomery Ward labels were usually placed on calculators already made by other companies.
Guy Ball and Bruce Flamm, Collector's Guide to Pocket Calculators
Yes, they placed their labels on a lot of different calculators produced by either APF, Lloyd's, Novus or Texas Instruments. Within the Datamath Calculator Museum we'll focus only on the TXI-prefixed models.
Montgomery Ward to close all stores
CHICAGO � Montgomery Ward Inc., the department store chain that helped pioneer American retailing, said Thursday that it is shutting down after more than 125 years in business and will file for bankruptcy.
The chain � with 250 stores and 37,000 employees in 31 states � fell victim to competition from other big retailers.
"Sadly, today's action is unavoidable," chief executive Roger Goddu said, citing weak holiday sales as the final straw for a struggling company that emerged from Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection just last year.
The statement came hours after scores of Montgomery Ward employees began filing out of the company headquarters with boxes in hand.
Several said they had been told during a meeting that General Electric Co.'s GE Capital Unit, owner of Montgomery Ward, was pulling financial support after sluggish holiday sales. GE Capital referred all calls to Ward headquarters in Chicago.
"I'm just devastated," said Anece Rich, a 28-year employee who worked in the mail room. "They took care of us as best they could."
Begun in 1872, Ward pioneered mail-order catalogs when it came out with a single sheet of dry-good items for sale. It was the first U.S. mail-order house to sell general merchandise. Sears, Roebuck & Co. was not founded until 1886 and did not put out its first general merchandise catalog until a decade after that.
Ward � known affectionately to its customers as Monkey Ward � opened its first store in Plymouth, Ind., in 1926.
Ward has been financially unstable for years. In 1999, it emerged from bankruptcy and announced a plan to revamp many of its stores. But some analysts said it was too little too late.
"Wards has not established themselves as anything distinctive in the marketplace," said George Whalin, president of California-based Retail Management Consultants. "There's just no reason to go there � unless maybe they're the closest store to your house." Whalin said it had become increasingly difficult for Ward to survive in a market swamped with competitors like Home Depot, Best Buy and Target.
News of Ward's apparent demise comes two days after Massachusetts-based discount chain Bradlees Inc. announced it is going out of business.
"It's brutal. It's as competitive as anything out there," Whalin said.
Wards had been shooting for sales growth this year of about 9 percent. Instead, it hovered at a sluggish 2 percent.
Martha Irvine, Associated Press (December 29, 2000)
� MOS Technology
In August 1974, a group of eight engineers and marketers, including Bill Mensch and Chuck Peddle, left Motorola to work for MOS Technology Inc., Pennsylvania. MOS Technology was, at the time, the world's largest manufacturer of calculator chips, and it decided to move up to microprocessors. Commodore International, the main client of 4-function-chips for pocket calculators by MOS Technology, bought the company the other day in October 1976, although Commodore was in financial troubles itself. The later 8-bit microprocessor MOS6502 started in October 1977 a revolution with the PET2001 (Personal Electronic Transactor), the best selling "Personal Computer".
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Mostek Corp.
Mostek was founded in 1969 as a spin-off of Texas Instruments engaged in the manufacturing and marketing of Metal Oxide Semiconductors and Large Scale Integration (MOS/LSI) integrated circuits. Already in May, 1970 Mostek started the development of the MK6010, the world's first "single-chip" calculator circuit for for Nippon Calculating Machine Company, better known under the brand Busicom. The MK6010 � introduced January, 1971 - was used in Busicom's first handheld model, the Handy LE-120. Sold in 1971, it was the world's smallest handheld calculator for at least a year. Production volume of the MK6010 was 60.000 pieces. Not only did Mostek attract the attention of the electronic community, but they also attracted the attention of major consumers of MOS circuits and the company began an important relationship with Hewlett-Packard as the major supplier of integrated circuits for H-P's scientific calculators. Hewlett-Packard soon became Mostek's largest customer.
Mostek merged with United Technologies in 1979.
Mary Hall and Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Nam Tai Electronics, Inc.
Nam Tai Electronics, Inc. was founded in 1975 and was a major participant in the sale of consumer electronics products in China through the mid 1970s and early 1980s. The Company established manufacturing facilities in Hong Kong in 1978, expanded these facilities into China in 1980, and subsequently moved to Shenzhen, China in 1987 to take advantage of lower overhead costs and competitive labor rates. Since that time it has concentrated on the manufacture of electronics products for its OEM customers.
The Company manufactures a wide range of electronic calculators with a variety of features. These include calculators designed for different uses, including graphic and scientific calculators, mini card, scientific, desk top, hand held, graphical and printer calculators. In 1998 Nam Tai bought 20% of the shares of Group Sense (International) Limited . In 1999 Nam Tai received the Supplier Excellence Award from Texas Instrument for the fourth consecutive year.
Nam Tai is registered in the British Virgin Islands and maintains offices in Hong Kong and Vancouver, Canada.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� National Semiconductor
National Semiconductor was founded May 27, 1959 in Danbury, Connecticut, by eight former engineers of Sperry Rand Corporation. The company started with simple transistors for military accounts and started selling integrated circuits in the year 1962 for the Mariner Venus flight.
The semiconductor industry grew up in the 1970s as electronics technology rapidly shifted to consumer applications. National Semiconductor grew rapidly, opening manufacturing sites around the world, and became world-renowned for its technology. At the same time, the company
aggressively pursued product markets, selling calculators, watches, grocery checkout
machines, and even mainframe computers. In 1973 the first hand-held calculators and digital watch lines under the Novus name are introduced and the business grew until end of the 1970s. Today National Semiconductors is one of the leading manufacturer of integrated circuits.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Navtronic
Specialized Electronics Corporation (SEC) was a Illinois based company developing high sophisticated Flight Computers during the 1970's.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
New Specialties, Inc. was a Georgia based company developing the specialized Apothecalc Computer during 1987.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Office Depot
Office Depot is one of the world's leading suppliers of office products for small to large businesses located all over the world.
In 2007 Office Depot started to release some well-known calculators with the Texas Instruments brand in unusual colors. e.g. the TI-30X IIS in pink and TI-84 Plus SE in teal.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Office Max
Office Max was founded in 1988 and is the third-largest office supplies retailer in the USA behind Staples and Office Depot.
In 2008 Office Max sold the Texas Instruments TI-84 Plus Silver Edition in a very unusual retail color named Raspberry Sorbet.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Optrex Corporation
OPTREX Corporation was founded July, 1976 in Tokyo. They started immediately the production of Lyquid Crystal Displays (LCD) for calculator applications. Already in the year 1979 supplying in large volume of LCDs for Texas Instruments started. In the year 2000 a production facility for LCDs was established in Thailand.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Privileg
The label Privileg was placed by Quelle, the largest warehouse in Germany selling through a catalog, on calculators manufactured by other companies.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
Up to now there is only one of the hundreds Privileg calculators reported to be manufactured by Texas Instruments.
� Radio Shack
Radio Shack (a Tandy corporation company) is a large US based store chain selling electronic products and parts. Similar to the other catalog distributors they sold and still sell calculators produced by other companies.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
Some of the early calculators sold by Radio Shack were produced by Texas Instruments. Nevertheless you'll find in the Datamath Calculator Museum some interesting products without any relationship to Texas Instruments. But they are from some evidence in the history of electronic calculators.
� Rapid Data
Rapid Data Systems & Equipment Ltd. is one of the few Canadian based companies producing portable electronic calculators.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Reactor
The brand Reactor was used by a Dutch department store called HEMA, part of the Bijenkorf group.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� RFT
The RFT-Kombinat of the former GDR (German Democratic Republic) produced already in 1973 the first electronic calculators. Most of the early calculators based on designs introduced by Texas Instruments or Toshiba. Later products were OEM-products from Japan suppliers.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Rockwell
North-American Rockwell Microelectronics Corporation based in Anaheim, California, USA was contracted in 1968 by Sharp Electronics of Japan to develop the four Integrated Circuits for the QT-8D desktop calculator. By 1970 Rockwell was the largest manufacturer of MOS/LSI (Large Scale Integration) chips and acquired in 1972 Unicom, a business unit of competitor American Microsystems, Inc. (AMI) to market electronic calculators. Rockwell manufactured calculators starting in 1972 for Lloyd�s, Rapid Data and Sears Roebuck, early in 1974 under the Unicom brand and later in 1974 under the Rockwell brand. Rockwell quit the calculator manufacturing business in 1977 and focused on aviation and industrial automation business. Rockwell Semiconductor was spun-off from Rockwell in 1999 and is known today as Conexant Systems Inc., Newport Beach, California.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Sansyu
Sansyu Precision Co., Ltd. (Hieda, Japan) was founded in 1976 and specialized in precision plastic and metal processing. Main products are Injection Molding, Metal Stamping and Assembly. In 1977 they started production of the TI-1750, the first LCD calculator sold under the TI label.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Sanyo
SANYO Electric Works, Moriguchi City, Osaka was founded in 1947. Three years later SANYO Electric Co., Ltd. was established and becomes Japan's top manufacturer of bicycle generator lamps. Other products of the 50�s include plastic radios, washing machines, and electric heaters. In 1964 the Cadnica line of rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries made possible the start of the cordless era in electric products. In 1971 Sanyo used these batteries with the portable but heavy desktop calculator ICC-0081 and followed with a complete line of smaller products intended for office use.
Today SANYO products are directly managed by five internal companies, a Business Development Headquarters and many affiliated companies: Multimedia Company, Home Appliances Company, Commercial Equipment Systems Company, Semiconductor Company, and Soft Energy Company.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Schoenherr GmbH
Schoenherr GmbH, Horb (Germany) was founded in 1974 by Mr. Schoenherr. He invented in 1975 the world�s first Braille element that could display and erase Braille characters. This patented invention was the prerequisite for developing Braille displays which enabled access to the world of computers for the blind. In 1980 Mr. Schoenherr was awarded with the Louis-Braille-Prize and Schoenherr GmbH introduced with the Braillotron TI-30, the first electronic calculator using a refreshable Braille cell for output. In 1981 he was killed in an accident and two years later the company was taken over by the "Deutsche Blindenstudienanstalt", a non-profit-organization in Marburg as EHG GmbH and was the production site for Braille displays. Since 1994 the company re-firmed as EHG Handy Tech Elektronik GmbH.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Sears
Richard Sears started in 1886 selling watches to supplement his income as station agent at North Redwood, Minnesota. Sears settled already one year later the company's first Chicago location and it took another year until he published the first catalog featuring watches and jewelry. In 1893 the corporate name becomes Sears, Roebuck and Co., still a well know name. Today Sears, Roebuck and Co. is a broadline retailer with significant service businesses. In 2002, the Sears revenue was $41.4 billion added from approximately 870 full-line stores, a variety of specialty catalogs and through its Web sites, www.sears.com and www.landsend.com .
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� SEDASA
SEDASA Sistemas Eletro-Eletr�nicos da Amaz�nia S/A manufactured in the Manaus Free Zone different calculators like the rare TI-1786 under license of Texas Instruments. Due to various barriers to trade most foreign companies established in Brazil some kind of off-shore production. Already in 1957 by parliamentary initiative the "Zona France de Manaus" was created in the Municipality of Manaus, State of Amazonas: the Geographic Center of the Western Brazilian Amazon. Grounded on federal, state and municipal fiscal incentives, the project included the creation of an industrial, commercial and agricultural and cattle raising center. Today there are more than 600 industries, using competitive technology in the production of electro-electronic, computer science, professional equipment, photocopiers, telephone receivers, fax, and telecommunications used all over Brazil.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Sensory
Sensory Inc., based in Santa Clara, CA, was founded in 1994 and is a leader in speech technologies for consumer products.
June 11, 2001 Sensory signed an agreement for the rights to continue production of Texas Instruments Inc.�s MSP50C6xx speech synthesis integrated circuit (IC) product line.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Sharp
The Sharp Corporation was founded in 1912 by Tokuji Hayakawa and takes its name from one of our founder's first inventions, the Ever Sharp propelling pencil, developed in 1915. Sharp has continued this creative tradition, developing technologically innovative products to enhance our lives, add to our comfort, broaden our perspectives and boost our productivity. Sharp is recognized for its pioneering research into Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) technology. Sharp introduced the first LCD electronic calculator back in 1973. Since then, it has continued to develop revolutionary LCD products such as the ViewCam, Ultra-Lite notebook pc and touch-screen personal organizers. Perhaps the best illustration of the impact of liquid crystal display technology on product development is with the simple calculator. Sharp introduced the world's first all-transistor desktop calculator in 1964. By 1979, just 15 years later, Sharp announced the world's first super-thin (1.6mm) card sized calculator. Today, Sharp leads the way in LCD and is a worldwide developer of core technologies that will play an integral role in the development of digital technology such as optoelectronics, infrared, semiconductors and flash memory.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Shopko
Shopko (formerly ShopKo until May 2007) was founded in April 5, 1962 by James Ruben as a discount store in Ashwaubenon, WI. Shopko runs today 135 stores located in 13 states.
In 2010 Shopko started to release some well-known calculators with the Texas Instruments brand in unusual colors and introduced the TI-30XIIS in pink, dark blue and green.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Staples
Staples is the world's leading supplier of office products for small to large businesses with over 2,000 located in 11 countries.
In 2004 Staples started to release some well-known calculators with the Texas Instruments brand in unusual colors. e.g. the TI-83 Plus in lime green.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
The Sunnyvale, California based company Stokes Publishing Company, Inc. sells under the label "The Educator" calculators optimized for teaching purposes.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Tamaya
Tamaya & Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan is a well known manufacturer of Surveying Instruments and Navigation Instruments (Marine Sextant, Navigator Calculator, Binoculars, Clock, Barometer & Triangles).
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Target
Retailing company Dayton Dry Goods, Co. was founded already in 1962 and opened the first Target store in 1962. In 2006 Target was the sixth-largest retailer in the United States with 1488 stores and $59.4 billions.
In 2002 Target started to release some well-known calculators with the Texas Instruments brand in unusual colors, e.g. the TI-83 Plus in violet and blue. In 2007 we found the TI-503SV, TI-30XIIS and TI-84 Plus SE in pink.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� TEAL
Teal calculators are a bit of a puzzle. "TEAL" was a brand name of calculators made by Tokyo Electronic Application Laboratory. Entering the calculator business in the late 1960s the company produced some innovative calculators, including early LCD models. Some Teal calculators were also sold under the names of other companies.
Unfortunately, the company was greatly affected by the calculator price war of the mid 1970s and went out of business in 1978.
However, some calculators, like the Photon, have a U.S.A. address, which may be the American division of Tokyo Electronic Application Laboratory Ltd., though the date code on the integrated circuit of the Teal Photon displayed here is 1979, which is later than the date at which the Japanese company supposedly went out of business.
Calculators are also found under the Tealtronic name, which may or may not be related to TEAL.
"TEAL" is a brand name of the calculator made by Tokyo Elestronic Apprication Lab. It was established around 1968 as a electric calculator company. They have two factories in Nagano area. They sold calculator to US and European department with the brand name "TEAL". And they sold many calculators to Canon Toshiba, Hitachi as a OEM machine. By fierce calculator war, it was bankrupted 1978. It was said "the last bankrupted company in the electric calculator war". After that only 2 companies - Sharp and Casio remain as an electronic calculator company in Japan.
Shinichiro Osaki and Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Texet
Texet was, and still is, a calculator and office equipment marketing company. Based in Manchester, England, it has been owned for many years by the family run Hira Company Limited.
Nigel Tout and Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Tiger Electronics
Tiger Electronics Ltd., an American toy manufacturer, was founded in 1978 by Randy Rissman and Roger Shiffman. In February 1995 Tiger Electronics acquired Texas Instruments Inc.'s toy division and agreed to make and market electronic toys for Sega Enterprises Ltd. and Hasbro Inc.
With the Super Speak & Spell, Super Speak & Math and Deluxe Super Speak & Spell at least three Texas Instruments� products survived for some years.
Since 1998 Tiger Electronics is part of the Hasbro toy company.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Toshiba
Toshiba's early history has two strands: 1875 saw the establishment of Tanaka Seizo-sho (Tanaka Engineering Works), Japan's first manufacturer of telegraphic equipment. Its founder, Hisashige Tanaka (1799-1881), was well known from his youth for inventions that included mechanical dolls and a perpetual clock. Under the name Shibaura Seisaku-sho (Shibaura Engineering Works), his company became one of Japan's largest manufacturers of heavy electrical apparatus. In 1890, Hakunetsu-sha & Co., Ltd., was established as Japan's first plant for electric incandescent lamps. Subsequent diversification saw the company evolve as a manufacturer of consumer products. In 1899, the company was renamed Tokyo Denki (Tokyo Electric Co.).
In 1939, these two companies, leaders in their respective fields, merged to form an integrated electric equipment manufacturer, Tokyo Shibaura Denki (Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co., Ltd.). The company was soon well known as 'Toshiba', which became its official name in 1978.
Toshiba, a world leader in high technology, is today an integrated manufacturer of electrical and electronic products spanning information & communications equipment and systems (PC and other computer systems, storage devices, telecommunications equipment, social automation systems, medical electronics equipment, space related products, etc.), electronic components & materials (semiconductors, electron tubes, optoelectronic devices, liquid crystal display, batteries, printed circuits boards, etc.), power systems & industrial equipment (industrial apparatus, power generating plants, transportation equipment, elevators & escalators, etc.) and consume products (video and digital home products, home appliances, etc.).
Toshiba plays an important role in the history of Texas Instrument�s calculators. The only official reported calculator manufactured by Toshiba and sold under the TI brand is the TI-66. Anyway, if you dig deeper into some other calculators like the TI-1106, TI-1750 or TI-1790 you�ll notice more than the influence of Toshiba�s calculator chips. Toshiba TEC Corporation is the proven manufacturer of most desktop calculators introduced by Texas Instruments between 1981 and 1988. Today most calculators developed and manufactured by Texas Instruments and their OEM partners use a "brain" with the Toshiba logo.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Toshiba TEC Corporation.
Due to the Law on Elimination of Excessive Concentration of Economic Power, Tokyo Electric Appliances Co., Ltd. was established and separated from the Ohito Plant of Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co., the later " Toshiba ". About 1952 the company was renamed as Tokyo Electric Co. (TEC). In October, 1966 TEC acquired Tokyo Business Machine Co. (established 1945) and started in 1971 the production of electronic cash register. After a merger with TEC Electronics Corporation the company name changed to TEC Corporation and since 1999 to Toshiba TEC Corporation. Major overseas manufacturing subsidiaries were established 1985 in Singapore and 1995 in Malaysia. Toshiba TEC Corporation manufactured for Texas Instruments between 1981 and 1988 more or less the whole line of desktop calculators.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� True Value Hardware Stores
True Value was founded already in 1948 and developed soon as leader in the hardware industry. With its huge product selection and nowadays over 7,000 stores, True Value is a trusted resource for do-it-yourselfers in big cities and small towns alike. In 1963 True Value merged with Cotter & Company, founded in 1948, too. In the year 1976 two calculators manufactured by Texas Instruments, the TI-1200 and TI-1250 were sold under the label of the True Value Hardware Stores.
Cotter & Company grew fast, in 1979 sales topped the first time $1 billion. But Cotter & Company didn't stop there! It had grown to a retail cooperative of over 5,000 stores with a wholesale volume of more than $2.4 billion by July 1997 when it merged with ServiStar Coast to Coast Corporation to form TruServ.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Truly
Truly Electronics Manufacturing Ltd. was established in the year 1979 in Hong Kong as a contract manufacturer of calculators. In 1992 Truly started production of LC-Displays for their own products and since 1994 they cover 100% of the inhouse consumption. Today Truly has three has three major manufacture and marketing businesses:
* Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) panels and modules
* Telecommunications products including pagers and GSM telephone handsets
* Portable calculators for different demands (sold under Truly brand or OEM business, e.g. Canon)
The three manufacturing bases are all located in the Group's 2.2 million square feet industrial complex in Guangdong, Province of China.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� UNIS
UNIS - Udruzena Metalna Industrija was founded 1968 in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia, now Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. UNIS manufactured early in the 1970's typewriters for Olympia Werke in Wilhelmshaven, West Germany and we know with the SLR 80 only one calculator with the UNIS logo.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Wal-Mart
Sam Walton founded in 1962 a tiny chain of stores in Arkansas and Kansas. In the 1980s, Wal-Mart became one of the most successful retailers in America. Sales grew to $26 billion by 1989, compared to $1 billion in 1980. Employment increased tenfold. At the end of the decade there were nearly 1,400 stores. Today, Sam's gamble is a global company with more than 1.3 million associates worldwide and nearly 5,000 stores and wholesale clubs across 10 countries.
In 2003 Wal-Mart started to release some well-known calculators with the Texas Instruments brand in unusual colors. e.g. the TI-30XII series in purple and lime-green.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Western Auto
Western Auto Supply Company was started in 1909 in Kansas City, Missouri by George Pepperdine as mail order business for replacement auto parts. The first retail store was established in 1921, and grew quickly as automobiles became more and more common. By the end of the 50s Western Auto was very much like a Sears store, even equipped with Catalog Order Center. Auto Parts comprised only a small percentage of the company's sales by the mid-60's and had all but disappeared by the 70s. In 1987, Sears Roebuck purchased Western Auto and in 1998 parent company Sears sold the remnants of Western Auto to Advance Auto Parts of Roanoke, Virginia.
You can easily recognize the calculators sold by Western Auto as Texas Instruments products. Most calculators were only personalized with a wooden foil on the key plate, the others received a new nameplate.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Western Digital
Western Digital Corporation, originally called General Digital Corporation, was founded in California on April 23, 1970 by Alvin B. Phillips. Mr. Phillips had 20 years of semi-conductor experience, which included setting up IC facilities for Motorola. They rapidly became the largest independent manufacturer of calculator chips in the world, one million chips by 1975. Original officers of the company include Mr. Phillips, Mr. Larry Alves, Mr. Albert Dall, Mr. Henry Rodeen, Mr. Richard Sirrine and Mr. Joseph Baia. During the early Eighties, Western Digital shifted its focus to the newly emerging PC market.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Zayre
Zayre Corporation was founded in 1956 by Stanley and Sumner Feldberg in Hyannis, Massachusetts tracing back to the New England Trading Company in Boston founded already in 1919 by the two brothers Max and Morris Feldberg.
Zayre (Gut), which means "very good" in Yiddish, was started as a discount department store chain. In Summer 1976 Zayre distributed exclusively the three Texas Instruments calculators Concept I, Concept II and Concept III based on the TI-1200, TI-1250, resp. SR-16 II. In the same year Zayre launched T.J. Maxx, a new off-price chain selling family apparel and home fashions and in 1984 a new warehouse retail concept to the Northeast called BJ's Wholesale Club was introduced.
In 1988, Zayre sold their own nameplate to Ames Department Stores, Inc., a rival discount department store chain, and the company renamed itself to The TJX Companies, Incorporated. Ames acquired the bankrupt 392 Zayre stores, closing 74 of them. After some reorganizing in 1990 Ames announced in August 2002 to go out of business and closed the remaining shops in October 2002.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
� Zeny Corporation
Zeny Corporation was founded already 1974 in Taipei, Taiwan and manufactures telephone sets, answering machines and electronic calculators. In 2004 Zeny Corp. counted about 600 employees. In the 1990's Zeny Corp. (Shenzen) was established in China and we know Texas Instruments calculators from both plants (TI-5024/Taiwan, TI-5033 II/China).
Other major customers of Zeny are Canon and Sharp of Japan.
Joerg Woerner, Datamath Calculator Museum
If you have additions to the above article please email: [email protected] .
� Joerg Woerner, January 13, 2001. No reprints without written permission.
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i don't know
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The medieval profession called a 'bard' equates nowadays to a what?
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a to b Glossary of Feudal, Medieval and Castle Terms - Including Dane Law, Anglo Saxon terms - Hemyock Castle
Castle built without the liege lord's approval.
Advowson:
Right to present a clergyman to a vacant benefice. In 1275, the lord of the manor of Hemyock, Sir John de Hydone, had the advowson of St Mary's Church Hemyock.
Albion:
Poetic name for Britain or England.
Alms:
Charitable gift of money or goods to the poor and needy.
Almshouse:
Accommodation for the aged or needy supported by charity. Also known as the Poorhouse. In Britain, many almshouses still exist, although most are now ordinary homes. In my village, one is labelled "Cleaner and Sower" above the front door. The other is labelled "Widows' Homes." Some charitable almshouses still exist.
Amercement:
Financial penalty inflicted at the MERCY of the King or his justices for various minor offences. The offender is said to be "IN MERCY" and the monies paid to the crown to settle the matter was called amercement (See also Fines).
Anathema:
A condemnation of heretics, similar in effect to major excommunication. It inflicted the penalty of complete exclusion from Christian society.
Appurtenances:
A right belonging to a property.
Apostate:
The term used to describe one who left religious orders after making solemn profession. It was considered a serious crime in the eyes of the church, being not only a breach of faith with God but also with the founders and benefactors of their religious house.
Ard-righ (Irish):
High King in Gaelic. RIGH meaning King.
Arpent:
Measure of land roughly equal to a modern acre.
Arrow Loop:
Narrow vertical slit cut into a wall through which arrows could be fired from inside, shielding the archer. Later, some arrow-loops were modified to suit small cannon, usually by being widened at the bottom. This resulted in a key-hole shape. See also slit.
Assart:
To turn woodlands into pasture or crop land. To assart lands within a forest without licence was a grave offence.
Assize:
Meeting of feudal vassals with the King. It also referred to decrees issued by the King after such a meetings.
Asylum:
(Right of). Temporary protection of fugitives from pursuit, pending investigation or exile. This right was widely abused by fugitives and their pursuers. It was later repealed. See also Sanctuary.
The right of an Abbot or Bishop to protect a fugitive from justice or to intercede on their behalf. Once asylum was granted the fugitive could not be removed, until after 40 days. After that, fugitives had to submit to justice. Alternatively, they could pledge an oath of adjuration never to return to the realm, after which they were free to find passage to the borders of the realm by the fastest way. If found within the borders after the set time they could be hunted down as before with no right of asylum to be granted ever again.
Augustinian Canons:
Religious/Monastic rules based on Love of God and Neighbour, respect for authority, care of the sick, and self-discipline.
Avalon:
Mythical island paradise in the western seas where the body of King Arthur was taken. Claimed by some to be the area around Glastonbury in Somerset. (Until recent times, much of this region was regularly flooded.) Traditionally, Celtic peoples believed that a person's soul travelled to the west after death.
Bailiff's area of authority.
Ban:
King's power to command and prohibit under pain of punishment or death, mainly used because of a break in the King's Peace. Also a royal proclamation, either of a call to arms, or a decree of outlawry. In clerical terms, an excommunication on condemnation by the church.
Banalities:
Fees which a feudal lord imposes on his serfs for the use of his mill, oven, wine press, or similar facilities. It some times includes part of a fish catch or the proceeds from a rabbit warren.
Barber-surgeon:
Monastic who shaved faces/heads and performed light surgery.
Barbican:
Towers or outworks defending a gateway.
Bard:
Minstrel or poet who glorified the virtues of the people and chieftains.
Baron:
Vassal who held land directly from the crown and served as a member of the King's great council. It was not, of itself, a title, but rather a description of the Tenants in Chief class of nobility.
Barrow:
(Pre-historic). Earthen burial mound. Several different shapes and designs were used.
Bastion:
Defensive projection from the main wall or fortress, either a platform or a small tower. The Guard Houses at Hemyock Castle are believed to have been bastions which protected the outer end of the drawbridge.
Batter:
Sloping exterior surface at the base of all walls and towers. Built to protect the base of the wall against attack and increase its stability.
Battlement:
Narrow wall, consisting of Merlons alternating with Embrasures, built along the outer edge of the wall walk to protect the defenders against attack. See also Crenellate.
Belfry:
Type of siege engine. Tall, often armoured, wooden tower which could be moved up against the wall of a castle or town to shield attackers.
Beltane Eve:
Night of April 30, one of the two times of the year when mortal rules were believed to be suspended and supernatural occurrences were most common. Sometimes called May Day Eve. See Samhain Eve.
Benedictine Order:
Monastic order founded by St. Benedictine. Monks take vows of personal poverty, chastity and obedience to their abbot and the Benedictine Rule. See also Black Monk and White Monk.
Benefice (Latin: beneficium):
Grant of land given to a member of the aristocracy, a Bishop, or a monastery, for limited or hereditary use in exchange for services. In ecclesiastic terms, a benefice was a church office that returned revenue (ie a 'living' for a Rector or Vicar). Also known as a fee, feud, or fief coming from the Germanic feofum which comes from the Frankish "fehu" and "od" meaning livestock and movable possessions or property "chattel."
Benefit of Clergy:
Privilege enjoyed by members of the clergy, including tonsured clerks, placing them beyond the jurisdiction of secular courts. However, the penalties imposed by church courts were often harsh.
Berm:
Flat space between the base of the curtain wall and the inner edge of the moat.
Black Canon:
Common name for Augustinian Canons, derived from the colour of their robes.
Black Friar:
Common name for member of the Dominican Order, derived from the colour of their habit.
Black Monk:
Common name for member of the Benedictine Order, derived from the colour of their habit.
Bordar:
Middle ranking peasant, farming more land than a cottager but less than a villein. A typical small holder would have 10-20 acres of land, often as separate strips in different fields. He was also required to work on his lord's land or to provide a service to his lord. Also known as a Small Holder.
Borders (The):
Name given to the border lands between Scotland and England. See also the Marches. Also the border lands between the mythical Avalonian Empire and elsewhere.
Bore:
Heavy pole with iron head used by besiegers to attack the base of a wall.
Borough (also burg, burgh and burh):
Town with the right of self government granted by royal charter.
Borough-english:
Term which designates the custom of ultimogeniture (All lands inherited by the youngest son).
Bovate:
A measure of land: The area that could be cultivated by a plough drawn by one ox in one year, or rather during the annual ploughing season. Varied in different regions and different soil types. Approx. 15 acres. Similar to the Dane law term: Oxgang.
Breastwork:
Low defensive wall or earthwork, especially to protect gunners or artillery. These structures were often improvised both by besieging or attacking forces, and by defenders.
Brehon Laws (also called Feinechus):
An ancient Gaelic legal system.
Burgess:
The holder of land or house within a borough.
Bushel:
Volume. A dry measure of 8 gallons, or 4 pecks.
Buttress:
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Poet
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Name Captain Flint's quartermaster in the novel Treasure Island?
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Academic Catalogue - Bard Graduate Center
Bard Graduate Center
Online Catalogue 2016–2017
Andiron with Psyche. Made by Pierre-Phillippe Thomire after design by Charles Percier, 1809. Chased and gilt bronze, Château de Fontainebleau, inv. F 943 C
Upcoming Open Houses
11.14.2016 6:00 PM BOSTON
Please see the Bard Graduate Center website for more information and to register for open houses.
Upcoming Deadlines
Applications due for fall 2017
01.16.2017
Martin Luther King Jr. holiday
01.17.2017
Commencement applications due; Doctoral dissertations due
03.06.2017
Spring term regular classes end
04.17.2017
Advisement coffee hour with faculty
04.20.2017
3
A Letter from the Director
Bard Graduate Center opened its doors in the fall of 1993. In that first catalogue I expressed my conviction that “the aspirations and habits of civilization are revealed through the decorative arts, which are fundamental to the lives of all individuals,” and my hope that the Center would help “advance the recognition of the decorative arts as one of the primary expressions of human achievement.” Since then, Bard Graduate Center has more than fulfilled these original aspirations, uniting innovative degree programs with path-breaking museum exhibitions to create a new context for the study of a significant portion of the artistic heritage of human history. As we have added new faculty and new foci, we have also broadened our horizons and our self description. Our even more ambitious aim now is to become the leading center for the study of the cultural history of the material world. Bard Graduate Center’s first two decades were truly amazing. And all of us here—faculty, staff, and students—eagerly look forward to what the next decades will bring. We hope you will want to join us.
Susan Weber
4
A Letter from the Dean
We have much to look forward to as we begin our twenty-fourth year. The Director’s hope, expressed in the very first of these annual bulletins, that the institution would become a destination for all those wishing to understand the central role played by the decorative in human societies both most ancient and distant, as well as most recent and to hand, has surely been fulfilled. The scope of the “decorative” itself has been expanded to include not only objects of obvious and high aesthetic intentionality, but also those of everyday use, in which notions of decoration merge into those of “design” and both, at a further remove, to “material culture.”
The centrality of the object as both source and question has remained the hallmark of Bard Graduate Center. In classes, many of which meet in the galleries and storerooms of our neighboring, and partner, institutions, the object is always to hand. In the ever-expanding digital dimension of our teaching, 3-D scanning and printing allow us to engage with artifacts in ways utterly impossible in prior years. And, finally, the Focus Project, now in its eighth year, ensures that every semester a new faculty-curated, course-research-derived-exhibition starts, a second continues its curricular trajectory, and a third opens in our Gallery. This project blurs the boundary between the domains of professor and curator and so prepares our students for the bilingual world in which they will need to operate.
We are also now in our fourth full year of our new curriculum, “Cultures of Conservation,” generously funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. New courses, seminars, and faculty will bring conservators and the knowledge about materials and techniques they possess into our classrooms and intellectual space.
2016–17 also marks the third year of a five-year collaboration with the Chipstone Foundation, including temporary loans from Chipstone to our newly established Object Lab. True to the experimental nature of both institutions, these loans will help anchor student-curated exhibition projects that test the received boundaries of museum display and exhibition-related research.
Taken together, these initiatives help us deliver the material promise of our mission, to study the cultural histories of the material world.
Peter N. Miller
5
An Introductory Note
This catalogue contains updated information for the 2016-17 academic year. Inside, you’ll find our academic calendar, a current course list, faculty biographies, tuition and housing costs, and admissions information, as well as information for applying online for admission in the fall of 2017. You should still consult our website (www.bgc.bard.edu) for full course descriptions, degree requirements, and general information about Bard Graduate Center.
I hope you will find the information we provide in this catalogue of use as you begin the process of applying to our institute. Please review all of the information in these next pages carefully and know that you are very welcome to contact me directly at the Academic Programs Office at any point if you should have questions. I may be reached at [email protected]
.
I also encourage you to attend one of our open houses, at which members of our faculty and staff, as well as current students, are available to answer questions, lead tours of our building, and talk about financial aid and admission procedures. The fall 2016 dates are October 9th and 23rd, and November 7th and 13th. Our open houses begin promptly at 11 AM with the exception of the November 7th open house, which begins at 6 PM. All four will be held at 38 West 86th Street. Please call 212-501-3019 to confirm the date and make a reservation.
Choosing a graduate school is a serious matter, but the process of admission should never be an ordeal. Please feel comfortable asking me any questions you may have as you go through the process.
We host an Accepted Students Day each March. Accepted students are welcome to join us for a full day of information and classes and to meet faculty and current students.
I look forward to hearing from you.
Elena Pinto Simon
Bard Graduate Center, founded in 1993, is a postgraduate research institute based in New York City that supports teaching, research, and exhibitions devoted to studying the cultural history of the material world.
Learning from objects is at the heart of our curriculum, and our students do this through small, seminar-style courses taught by an international faculty who come from diverse academic backgrounds. It is continued outside of the classroom walls, whether in visits to collections, conservation labs, or artists’ studios to experience objects from the maker’s perspective, in our internship program, which provides our students with practical experience at institutions all over the world, and also in our international study program done at the end of each spring semester.
An affiliated broad range of research programming, from weekly seminars to symposia to digital initiatives to publications, built upon a superb library collection in the areas of decorative arts, design history, and material culture, aims to shape advanced inquiry into the study of the human material past. Three new exhibitions per year in our gallery include two that are curated by faculty as part of their teaching portfolio. These Focus Project shows give our students an invaluable opportunity to be involved with an exhibition from its intellectual conceptualization to its realization.
Whether going on to academia or a career as a museum professional or in a related field, our programs produce scholars who are able to unite the object-centered vision of the curator with the question-driven horizons of the professor.
Move-in day, new students to Bard Hall
08.22.2016
Orientation begins for all new students; Language placement exams held
08.23.2016
Orientation classes end; Language exams held
09.05.2016
Last day to withdraw from classes (with partial refund)
10.09.2016
Open Houses in Boston and Chicago (6 pm)
11.13.2016
Advisement coffee hour with faculty
11.16.2016– 11.18.2016
Fall term regular classes end
11.24.2016– 11.25.2016
Applications due for fall 2017
01.16.2017
Martin Luther King Jr. holiday
01.17.2017
Commencement applications due; Doctoral dissertations due
03.06.2017– 03.10.2017
Spring term regular classes end
04.17.2017– 04.21.2017
Advisement coffee hour with faculty
04.20.2017– 04.21.2017
10
Introduction
The first year of study in the Master of Arts program includes an intensive mandatory orientation period held in August. In both the fall and spring terms, students register for four courses (12 credits), including the two-semester Survey of the Decorative Arts, Design History, and Material Culture, and the one-semester core course Approaches to the Object. During the summer between the first and second year, students complete their three-credit internship. Also between years one and two is the Bard Travel Program. All first-year students travel abroad with faculty for two weeks to study objects in situ. Travel, hotel, and entrance fees for this trip are paid for by Bard Graduate Center. Students complete the remaining credits of coursework during the fall and spring semesters of their second year. In the fall semester of their second year, students research their Qualifying Paper, which is completed and submitted in the spring. The Qualifying Paper is supervised by a member of the faculty and read by a second faculty member. MA diplomas confer a degree in Decorative Arts, Design History, Material Culture.
All MA degree candidates complete an internship that provides practical experience in an institutional or commercial setting. Students often fulfill this requirement during the summer between the first and second years of study, after the Bard Travel Program. Our students have been placed at more than 200 cultural and commercial institutions, including the Brooklyn Museum; Christie’s; The Frick Collection; the George R. Gardiner Museum of Ceramic Art; the Hearst Museum of Anthropology; the Hispanic Society of America; Historic Hudson Valley; the Lower East Side Tenement Museum; the Metropolitan Museum of Art; Mount Vernon Hotel Museum and Garden; the Museum of the City of New York; the New Jersey Historical Society; the New-York Historical Society; Sotheby’s; the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts; The Walters Museum; the Wolfsonian – Florida International University.
In addition, there are a number of competitive internships abroad. Among these are opportunities in the UK at the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, the Victoria and Albert Museum, London, Hampton Court, and Waddesdon Manor. In France, students have completed internships at the Musée du Louvre, Paris and the Musée Carnavalet, Paris, amongst other locations.
Trips outside the classroom are important features of the Master’s curriculum. They range from examining museological procedures at exemplary institutions or manufacturing processes in contemporary industries to the two-week long Bard Travel Program described above, open to all registered students.
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Requirements for the Master of Arts Degree
For Students Starting in the Fall of 2017: Students receive the Master of Arts degree in the decorative arts, design history, and material culture after successfully completing the following requirements:
Reading Knowledge of French, German, Italian, or Spanish MA students are required to take a language exam during the August Orientation Session and to satisfy the language requirement by May of their first year of full-time study.
no credit
Research, Library, and Digital Workshops; Language Classes
no credit
Survey of the Decorative Arts, Design History, and Material Culture I and II (2 semesters)
6 credits
Approaches to the Object (1 semester)
3 credits
11 Elective Courses
Two electives must cover periods before 1800, and a third must be a non-Western course. Students may fulfill this requirement with an Independent Study.
33 credits
Requirements for the Doctoral Degree
(For those starting the program in the fall of 2014, and thereafter)
In the fall of 1998, Bard Graduate Center formally initiated its doctoral program, the first of its kind in North America, after approval by the New York State Board of Regents. Doctoral diplomas confer a doctorate in Decorative Arts, Design History, Material Culture.
The Doctor of Philosophy degree is awarded upon successful completion of these requirements:
For all students:
Reading knowledge of two languages from among French, German, Italian, and Spanish.
One of these may, upon successful petition to the faculty, be replaced by another language relevant to the dissertation area. Incoming PhD students are required to take a language exam during the first week of orientation in August.
For doctoral students who enter with an MA in decorative arts, design history, material culture from Bard Graduate Center:
Courses (4 electives)
Directed Readings (3, proposed in preparation for exams)
9 credits
27 credits
48 credits transferred for a total of 75 credits required for the doctoral degree
Full-time doctoral students who must complete 27 credits take four elective courses in the fall semester of their first year. In the spring semester, students prepare for their qualifying examinations by taking three directed reading courses. At the end of the first year, students must take and pass examinations in three fields. Exams are written and are held early in the designated exam week. The written exams are followed by an oral exam covering all three areas, held later in the same week. By October of their second year, students must have their dissertation proposal approved. Full-time students must complete the dissertation by the end of their fourth year. For an updated guide for satisfying all requirements consult the Academic Programs Office. All entering students will be issued a new Student Handbook with the latest revisions at orientation in the fall.
For doctoral students who enter with MA degrees from other institutions:
24 credits can be transferred from another MA program upon successful petition to the faculty. This is the maximum amount accepted from any outside degree.
Courses (12, including Survey I and II and Approaches)
36 credits
Directed Readings (3, proposed in preparation for exams)
9 credits
Total
51 credits
24 credits transferred from an external MA program for a total of 75 credits required for the doctoral degree
Full-time doctoral students who must complete 51 credits usually take eight courses (four each semester) in their first year, including the two-semester Survey of the Decorative Arts, Design History, and Material Culture, and Approaches to the Object. Incoming students who have previously taken an equivalent course or courses may petition the faculty committee for a waiver; those courses would then be substituted by additional electives. In their second year, students take four elective courses in the fall term, and three directed readings in preparation for the qualifying exams in the spring term. At the end of the second year, students must take and pass examinations in three fields. The three exams are written and are held early in the designated exam week in the spring semester. The written exams are followed by an oral exam covering all three areas, held later in the week. By October of the third year, students must have their dissertation proposal approved. Full-time students must complete the dissertation by the end of their fifth year. For an updated guide for satisfying all requirements, consult the Academic Programs Office. All entering students will be issued a new Student Handbook with the latest revisions at orientation in the fall.
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PhD Qualifying Examinations
The PhD qualifying examinations cover three fields of study, each examined in writing during exam week of the spring semester of years one or two, as above. In addition, there is one oral exam held later in exam week that covers all three fields and is chaired by the combined examining committee. The field examinations are intended to ensure that the student has broad knowledge of three distinct areas of study relevant to his or her proposed work. The student may select all three fields from a list of subject areas defined chronologically, geographically, by medium, by theme, or by other concepts determined by the Graduate Committee. Alternatively, the student may choose two fields from a list and a third field from an area of individual interest, subject to review and approval by the Graduate Committee.
The selected field must be a clearly defined area of scholarly inquiry, which may be related to the area in which the student’s dissertation topic is likely to be concentrated. The directed readings courses serve to define each area, including the bibliographies for the exam. The leader of the directed reading for each area, with the consultation of the Director of Doctoral Studies (DDS), is responsible for composing, administering, and evaluating the field examinations. Check with Academic Programs for the exact dates each year. Students who do not pass the written portion of an exam may take it one additional time, if approved by the committee and the DDS. A student may not proceed to the oral exam unless all the written sections have been passed. All three examinations must be successfully completed by the end of the first year of full-time doctoral study if the student is an internal candidate for the PhD, or by the end of the second year of full-time study for students with an MA from another institution.
Once qualifying examinations are passed, all doctoral students follow the same track: all dissertation proposals must be submitted by October of the year following the exams. Once the topic is approved, all students are considered full-time and have two and a half years to research, write, and complete the PhD. The total length of the doctoral program is thus four years for students entering with MAs from Bard Graduate Center, and five years for students entering with MAs from elsewhere. For information about leaves of absence, extensions, etc., please consult both the doctoral FAQ in this catalogue and the Student Handbook, which will be available at orientation. Funding for students is for four years, subject to annual review for satisfactory progress. PhD students are also required to apply for outside funding the year after passing their qualifying exams. For details, consult the student handbook and the doctoral FAQ.
We welcome student questions about any or all of these procedures as they go through the admissions process. In addition, a variety of workshops for doctoral students are held during the academic year.
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Master of Philosophy and Doctoral Dissertation
Master of Philosophy
Bard Graduate Center awards an MPhil degree to those doctoral students who have completed all course work, language requirements, and qualifying exams, and who have an approved doctoral dissertation proposal on file. The degree certifies that the student has completed all work except the dissertation. It is a degree received en route to the PhD. Students must apply for the MPhil degree in the Academic Programs Office by early March of the year they intend to receive the degree, and they must receive approval from the Director of Doctoral Studies to be cleared for the degree.
Doctoral Dissertation
The doctoral dissertation should make a significant contribution to the understanding of the decorative arts, design history, and material culture. Bard Graduate Center assists students in seeking financial support for dissertation work, including funds for travel, archival research, and fellowships. The student is responsible for keeping the members of the Dissertation Committee informed of progress and for soliciting advice and guidance as needed.
Dissertation Proposal
The process of selecting a dissertation topic and writing the dissertation is as follows:
After consulting with the Director of Doctoral Studies, the student nominates a dissertation committee consisting of three individuals, including a dissertation advisor who is a member of the full-time faculty. Normally, at least two committee members are drawn from Bard Graduate Center faculty.
The student undertakes a feasibility study in order to determine the availability and accessibility of research resources, such as objects or archives necessary to the successful completion of the dissertation within the set time limits. This may involve a preliminary research trip to relevant sites of objects or archives.
The student prepares a dissertation proposal that demonstrates that he or she is familiar with the relevant literature and existing research, shows cognizance of appropriate methodologies, and suggests how the proposed dissertation will contribute to the scholarly discourse on the chosen topic. The student should include a dissertation outline, laying out the envisaged structure, a preliminary bibliography, listing primary and secondary sources, and a proposed timeline of work to be undertaken. The proposal is submitted to the Graduate Committee for discussion. The Graduate Committee makes the final decision on approval of the dissertation proposal.
Presentation and Defense of the Dissertation
All three members of the Dissertation Committee must approve the completed doctoral dissertation. The student presents and defends the dissertation orally.
Note: Enrolled doctoral students should consult the Student Handbook for the most recent guidelines for the PhD program and defense procedures. For more specific information about the procedure for a defense, please consult with the Academic Programs Office and the Director of Doctoral Studies. All guidelines listed here are correct as of press time, but the Graduate Committee reserves the right to change a particular regulation as needed. A student should always consult with both the Director of Doctoral Studies and the Academic Programs Office before taking exams or presenting a dissertation proposal or defense. Students who began the doctoral program before fall, 2014 have another series of protocols to follow to complete their degree.
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Doctoral FAQ
Are there any required courses for doctoral students?
All doctoral students must take Approaches to the Object (in their first term) and the year-long Survey course, unless they have completed these courses as part of their MA. If an external student has had the equivalent to required classes in their MA program, they may petition the faculty for the requirement to be waived. In addition, all doctoral students take three directed readings in their final semester of classes to prepare for qualifying exams.
Have field exam topics changed?
No; the list of field exam options has not changed and is listed on our website.
When are exams held?
All doctoral exams are held during finals week at the end of the spring term.
What is the format of the exams?
Students must sit three written field exams early in the week, and one oral exam covering all three areas on Thursday or Friday of exam week.
Does the program only accept full-time students?
Part-time enrollment may be permitted on a case-by-case basis, but without eligibility for funding. Part-time status applies only while taking courses and exams; once past exam stage, all students follow the same track to completion.
What if someone starts as a full-time student and then decides to shift to part-time?
Any departure from full-time status must be done by petition and entails the loss of funding. Similarly, students who begin as part-time and switch to full-time are not subsequently eligible for funding. All awards are determined at the time of entry into the program and contingent on maintaining full-time status.
Will there be workshops for students to help decide their areas for exams and directed readings and on how to prepare a dissertation proposal?
Yes; the Director of Doctoral Studies will lead a workshop every year. Students are also always advised to consult regularly with the DDS for additional help with this and other PhD issues.
Are there opportunities for doctoral students to teach, and are all doctoral students required to do so?
Yes; there are opportunities for doctoral students to teach, both as teaching assistants and as competitively selected doctoral teaching fellows, who offer their own graduate seminar. There are further undergraduate teaching possibilities at Bard College. Doctoral students are not required to teach, nor can it be guaranteed, but it is strongly encouraged as part of professional training.
Students are required to apply for outside funding in either their second (for internal MAs) or third (for external MAs) year. How does this impact their aid packages?
We require students to apply for outside grants as part of their funding package. In most cases, students receiving outside awards will be able to keep their internal funding, but we examine each instance on a case-by-case basis.
Will there be a workshop for students on applying for grants?
Yes; the DDS and invited guests will lead an annual workshop open to all doctoral students.
Are leaves of absence possible? If a leave is approved, is funding held for the student?
Leaves are granted upon petition only in cases of documented major illness. If approved, the BGC will hold funding during an official leave of absence.
What are the time limits for the degree?
Internal students who have completed the MA will have four years to complete the doctoral degree; external students arriving with any other MA will have five years to complete the doctoral degree.
Are extensions possible?
You may petition for an extension of one year, and no more than two. Students should refer to the guidelines in the BGC student handbook, as well as consulting with the DDS. A limited amount of reduced funding may be available on a competitive basis for students who can demonstrate that they will complete the degree within one year.
When do doctoral students register for classes?
Doctoral students register before MA students each semester and are given priority in their choice of classes.
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Below is a list of courses offered at Bard Graduate Center in recent years. Please note that not all courses are offered each semester.
Filter by:
Survey of the Decorative Arts, Design History, and Material Culture I
500 Survey of the Decorative Arts, Design History, and Material Culture I
PROFESSOR:
Elizabeth Simpson
This two-semester, team-taught course, required of all entering MA students, and PhD students who have not taken a course deemed comparable, traces major historical developments in the decorative and applied arts, landscape design, and material culture from antiquity to the present. Weekly lectures familiarize students with significant forms, materials, sites, styles, designers, and craftsmen, while introducing a variety of scholarly approaches to recovering meaning from material artifacts through a study of function, technology, iconography, and patronage. Small-group discussion seminars provide opportunities for closer analysis of selected objects, readings, and themes. At the end of the two-semester sequence, students will have a working visual and historical vocabulary of significant designed/ manufactured objects and spaces from a wide range of civilizations and periods, and a better awareness of the areas they might pursue at the BGC. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Survey of the Decorative Arts, Design History, and Material Culture II
501 Survey of the Decorative Arts, Design History, and Material Culture II
PROFESSOR:
Freyja Hartzell
This two-semester, team-taught course, required of all entering MA students, and PhD students who have not taken a course deemed comparable, traces major historical developments in the decorative and applied arts, landscape design, and material culture from antiquity to the present. Weekly lectures familiarize students with significant forms, materials, sites, styles, designers, and craftsmen, while introducing a variety of scholarly approaches to recovering meaning from material artifacts through a study of function, technology, iconography, and patronage. Small-group discussion seminars provide opportunities for closer analysis of selected objects, readings, and themes. At the end of the two-semester sequence, students will have a working visual and historical vocabulary of significant designed/ manufactured objects and spaces from a wide range of civilizations and periods, and a better awareness of the areas they might pursue at the BGC. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
502 Approaches to the Object
PROFESSOR:
Aaron Glass
Deborah L. Krohn
This fall-term course is required for all entering MA students, and PhD students who have not taken a course deemed comparable. Reflecting the Bard Graduate Center’s multidisciplinary nature, this course reveals the intellectual scaffolding behind the terms “decorative arts,” “design history,” and “material culture,” equipping students to make informed and viable choices in the use of objects as scholarly evidence. It introduces incoming students with diverse backgrounds to the puzzles and possibilities of interdisciplinary, object-based scholarship across a broad chronological and geographical scope, while investigating the taxonomic categories and associated institutions that drive the construction of knowledge about things, including art, architecture, design, technology, science, print culture, and digital media. Drawing on the varied expertise of BGC faculty and guests, it also highlights a wide range of methodologies and texts drawn from art history, archaeology, history, anthropology, sociology, cultural geography, literary criticism, material culture, cultural studies, conservation, and philosophy. Presentations will be followed by breakout discussions led by the two course instructors. Course assignments will include individual written papers and presentations, as well as team projects. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
509 History of European Textiles
PROFESSOR:
Michele Majer
As a highly sought-after commodity in world trade, textiles offer the possibility for a multifaceted study: art history; social, cultural, and economic history; and technology. This survey focuses on European production from the late medieval period to the 1925 Art Déco exhibition in Paris. The potent influence of Far and Middle Eastern textiles on the output of the West after the opening of trade relations between Asia and Europe will also be discussed. Major groups of textiles examined include Italian Renaissance velvets; 17th- and 18th-century Italian and French laces and woven silks; Tudor and Stuart embroidery; 18th- and 19th-century English and French printed cottons; and printed and woven fabrics of the Arts and Crafts, art nouveau, and Art Déco movements. The use of textiles in clothing and interiors as indicators of wealth, status, and taste is considered throughout. Field trips include the Ratti Center at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Cora Ginsburg Antique Textile Gallery. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
522 Arts of the Baroque
PROFESSOR:
Jeffrey L. Collins
This foundation course studies Europe and its colonies during the 17th century, an era of internal conflicts, external expansion, and national consolidation that proved a boom time for the arts. In Catholic areas, the Church still spent lavishly, allowing artists to become the protégés of popes, kings, and princes. Elsewhere, a surging market economy helped a rising bourgeoisie establish its position through luxury consumption. Taking a purposefully broad view, the course surveys developments in painting, sculpture, architecture, garden design, urbanism, interior decoration, furniture, metalwork, and textiles, testing the thesis that baroque artists achieved a new synthesis or unity by fusing media previously practiced and experienced separately. After developing key visual and interpretive tools, the class examines artistic innovations in Rome and their repercussions from Spain to southern Germany. The focus then shifts to Louis XIV’s France, culminating in the vast palace and gardens of Versailles. The third area of study is the northern and southern Netherlands, major producers, consumers, and traders of the arts. Here, period paintings are important documents of domestic life, and students will study how to interpret them. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Ornament, Primitivism, and the Idea of Decoration
523 Ornament, Primitivism, and the Idea of Decoration
This seminar explores the interrelated roles of ornamentation and primitivism in the construction of Western notions of decoration. Concentrating on the period from the late 18th to the 20th century, students examine how theories of ornamentation were formed in relation to the concept of the “primitive.” Although the discourse of embellishment was established well before the modern era, it takes on new significance in the context of imperialism and industrialization in the 19th century. In addition to examining closely the key texts in their intellectual and cultural contexts, including works by Semper, Riegl, Jones, and Loos, students look at the ways in which non-Western and unindustrialized cultures provided a visual and ideological basis for the idea of decoration. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Archaeology, Anthroplogy, and Material Culture
SEMESTER:
Arts of China (Decorative Arts of Later Imperial China, 1000-1900)
526 Arts of China (Decorative Arts of Later Imperial China, 1000-1900)
PROFESSOR:
François Louis
This introduction to the material environment of China’s political and intellectual elite during the last four imperial dynasties (Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing) surveys the history of ceramics, metalwork, jade, silk, furniture, and lacquerwork. The discussion of representative artifacts touches on a wide range of issues, including collecting and ideas of self-cultivation, taste, and decorum; imperial and aristocratic consumption; the iconography and social function of pictorial ornament; art production within an increasingly commercial environment; and international trade and the resulting cultural exchange. Some classes are held in museums or galleries. 3 credits. Satisfies non-Western or pre-1800 requirement.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
530 English and American Ceramics
PROFESSOR:
Kenneth L. Ames
This semester the course focuses on household ceramic ware produced in Great Britain from the seventeenth century to the dawn of the twentieth. During that period, Britain grew from a provincial emulator of Continental and Asian products to a world leader in ceramic manufacturing and marketing. Because the United States has always been one of Britain’s major markets, the course also provides a window into patterns of domestic ceramic use in this country. In addition to gaining familiarity with prominent classes of wares and relevant bibliography, students will craft a virtual exhibition centered on a single British ceramic object. Visits to local institutions or auction houses as appropriate. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Mode and Manners in the Eighteenth Century, 1675–1804
539 Mode and Manners in the Eighteenth Century, 1675–1804
PROFESSOR:
Michele Majer
This seminar examines 18th-century fashionable dress within the context of the social, cultural, and political history of the period. The emphasis is on France as leader in the creation and dissemination of high style, with consideration of clothing in other European countries. Topics include dress as status and the mechanics of the clothing and textile trades; the influence of stylistic trends, such as the rococo and neo-classicism, and of personalities, such as Madame de Pompadour; the use of dress in portraiture; the importance of dance in social life; the salon and the role of women in French society; the emergence of fashion culture and the fashion press as aspects of increasing consumerism; the politicization of dress during the French Revolution; and the return of sartorial finery with the coronation of Napoléon I. Readings include Fanny Burney’s Evelina(1778). 3 credits. (satisfies pre-1800 requirement)
AREAS OF FOCUS:
542 Ancient Ceramics and Glass
PROFESSOR:
Elizabeth Simpson
Among the large number of ceramic and glass artifacts surviving from antiquity are some of the finest objects ever made, including such masterpieces as the Euphronios krater and the Portland vase. Ancient ceramics and glass objects were both functional and decorative and, in many cases, remain unsurpassed for the beauty and originality of their form, technique, and design. This seminar covers topics ranging from the earliest Neolithic wares of the ancient Near East to the blown glass and ceramic vessels of the Roman period. Subjects of interest include the technology of pottery and glass fabrication, important local styles and their development, and the various uses to which pottery and glass have been put. Highlights of the Bronze Age include the elegant Kamares ware from Minoan Crete, the invention of the potter’s wheel, and the earliest glass vessels from the eastern Mediterranean and Egypt, for which the manufacturing process can be reconstructed based on ancient cuneiform texts. Special attention is paid to the history of ancient Greek vase painting and to studies in connoisseurship that have contributed to our knowledge of potters, painters, and the development of style in the art of ancient Greece. Vases by black-figure artists such as the Amasis Painter and Exekias were followed by the “bilingual” productions of the Andokides workshop, culminating in the work of the masters of Attic red figure, including Euphronios and the Berlin Painter. The case of the Euphronios krater, formerly in New York and now in the Villa Giulia Museum in Rome, will serve as a prime example in a discussion of the cultural property debate. 3 credits. Satisfies non-Western or pre-1800 requirement
AREAS OF FOCUS:
544 The Rediscovery of Antiquity
PROFESSOR:
Elizabeth Simpson
The Western Roman Empire fell to the Goths in the 5th century, but the classical tradition prevailed, transformed by its successors to meet the requirements of each new age. Beginning with the rediscovery of ancient art and literature in the Renaissance, this course traces the search for the past in the adventures of the Grand Tour, exotic journeys of early travelers to the Near East, the 18th-century explorations at Pompeii and Herculaneum, Napoleon’s Egyptian campaign, the 19th-century excavations of the great cities of Assyria, and the Homeric epics. The reaction of the West was expressed in the neoclassical and Egyptianizing styles of the 18th and 19th centuries and ultimately in modern art and design. These movements are explored through the study of regional and national styles by examining works in various media and by utilizing publications, prints, and drawings in New York collections to introduce students to the materials that influenced the architects, artists, and designers who sought to emulate the arts of the ancient world. 3 credits. (satisfies pre-1800 requirement)
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Art Nouveau in Europe
554 Art Nouveau in Europe
Art nouveau, an attempt to reform and renew the complete design of daily life in fin-de-siècle Europe, has been perceived as pivotal in the transition from a historicist 19th-century tradition to modernist ideals of the 20th century. This course investigates major designers and architects; concepts of organicism, technology, and craft revivals; Gesamtkunstwerk and the interior; and methodological and historiographical issues of interpretation. Broader aspects of social life at the fin de siècle, including feminism, nationalism, and movements such as socialism and anarchism, provide the context for inquiry. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Politics and Design of World’s Fairs
562 Politics and Design of World’s Fairs
The world’s fair is a unique manifestation of the age of modern industrial capitalism. As fabricated environments staged to sell impressions and manipulate desire, world’s fairs (or expositions universelles and great exhibitions) encompassed grand schemes of planning and national and corporate pavilions, in addition to displays of machines, commodities, and people. This seminar examines the history, design, and theory of the world’s fair in Europe and America, from the Great Exhibition in 1851 to exhibitions in the 1950s and 1960s, including the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs in 1925. The course explores topics such as mass production and design reform, the spectacle and politics of display, imperialism, and the construction of popular taste. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
PROFESSOR:
Michele Majer
This seminar presents a cultural study of European and American women’s dress from the Belle Époque through the 1970s. Within a chronological framework that traces the evolution of the silhouette and the work of major designers, we explore the changing forces impacting fashion during this period. Along with theoretical readings that offer theoretical interpretations of fashion, issues to be examined include changing ideals of feminine beauty as manifested by the use of cosmetics and understructure; the influence of film, historicism, contemporary art, and sport culture on style; the advent and significance of fashion photography; developments in clothing manufacture and the introduction of synthetics; the rise of the American designer and the ready-to-wear industry in the mid-century; the “youthquake” phenomenon and counterculture clothing in the 1960s and 1970s, and the demise of French fashion leadership and the resurgence of haute couture in the 1980s. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Rites of Passage: Arts of Marriage and Childbirth in the Italian Renaissance
566 Rites of Passage: Arts of Marriage and Childbirth in the Italian Renaissance
PROFESSOR:
Deborah L. Krohn
During the Renaissance, life’s milestones were marked in celebration and commemoration by the creation of what we would consider works of art. In this seminar we will examine the various rites and rituals that were performed around the key moments of birth and marriage, and the works which serve as records of these ceremonies, from deschi da parto, or birth trays, to cassoni, or marriage chests, and a variety of objects exchanged as part of the dowry. We will look at works in a variety of media. We will also examine texts which narrate these events in the words of Renaissance men and women, from Alberti’s writings on the family to letters, court records and notarial documents which provide insights into the institutions which dominated social life, including the church, the town and the hospital. Many of the secondary readings are representative of current trends in social and economic history, and we will discuss the relationship of this field with material culture and decorative arts. There will be at least two museum visits. Assignments for this seminar will include short presentations, a short midterm paper and presentation, and a final research paper and presentation. 3 credits.(satisfies pre-1800 requirement)
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Art and Material Culture of the Tang Period, 618-907: Famen Temple
567 Art and Material Culture of the Tang Period, 618-907: Famen Temple
PROFESSOR:
François Louis
The Tang period coincided with the apogee of medieval culture in China. Over the past millennium, this era has conjured up images of martial grandeur, vast territorial expansion, and multicultural tolerance; of China’s richest flowering of Buddhism, but also of its severest suppression; of thriving intellectualism that gave rise to China’s most celebrated poets; and of an aristocratic material culture dominated by metropolitan fashion and international trade. This course seeks to give a picture of the period’s aesthetics, crafts industries, and luxury consumption. At the center of our investigations are artifacts excavated in 1987 from the pagoda of the Famen Temple. This preeminent archaeological find preserves hundreds of imperial donations accompanying four Buddha relics, including gold and silver, porcelains, Middle Eastern glass, and silk textiles. It sheds light on issues of international style and trade, Buddhist ritual and beliefs, as well as imperial workshops and patronage. A field trip to a museum and an auction house are included. 3 credits. Satisfies non-Western or pre-1800 requirement.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
PROFESSOR:
Kenneth L. Ames
A survey of silver produced in the United States from the seventeenth century to the early twentieth. Students examine the most significant artisans, designers, and manufacturers; the major styles; and both typical and exceptional forms of silver and electroplated hollowware and flatware produced in each era for domestic, ecclesiastical, and presentation purposes. Visits to local collections, galleries, and exhibitions are arranged. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
New York and American Material Culture
SEMESTER:
Graphic Design in Europe, 1890-1945
573 Graphic Design in Europe, 1890-1945
PROFESSOR:
Paul Stirton
Graphic design, in the sense that we now understand it, developed in the late nineteenth century out of the needs of a new mass society and the enhanced capabilities of printing technologies. This course will consider the forces that shaped European graphic design in the period, paying particular attention to such issues as advertising, propaganda, style and the larger theories of design that were discussed and disseminated through contemporary journals. While the course will address a broad spectrum of designers working within various national traditions, particular emphasis will be paid to German, British and Russian/Soviet graphics. Individual case studies, to be researched by students within the larger framework of the historical survey, will allow for detailed analysis of such topics as First World War propaganda, London Transport Advertising, Pelikan Ink Design, Soviet film posters, and typefaces and national identity. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Survey of European Ceramics, 1400-1900
584 Survey of European Ceramics, 1400-1900
PROFESSOR:
Andrew Morrall
This seminar offers a thorough examination of European ceramics from the fifteenth to the late nineteenth century. It will investigate the evolution of different ceramic techniques and materials, and study the social uses and cultural meanings their products inspired, both within the rituals of courtly life and within more modest domestic contexts. We will follow the tin-glaze tradition, which originated in medieval Persia, spread within the Islamic world to Spain and thence to the great maiolica centers of the sixteenth-century Italy. Study of the Renaissance and early modern traditions of faience or lead-glazed earthenware and stoneware will be followed by study of the history of porcelain, from its origins in China and the Far East to the heyday of its European development in the eighteenth century factories of Meissen and Sèvres. The gradual industrialization of ceramic production in the course of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries will be studied through the such paradigmatic examples as Wedgwood and Minton and in the context of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century patterns of taste and consumption.The subsequent reaction to industrial production, exemplified in the Arts and Crafts Movement in England will be traced in the revival and persistence of studio traditions that continue to the present. There will be frequent trips to museums and collections. 3 credits. Satisfies the pre-1800 requirement.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
American Furniture of the Nineteenth Century
591 American Furniture of the Nineteenth Century
PROFESSOR:
Kenneth L. Ames
A chronological survey of furniture produced for household use in the United States in a period of extraordinary growth, diversity, and change. Sessions examine examples of work by the most significant artisans, designers, and manufacturers; the major styles, from American Empire and the Aesthetic movement to American Renaissance and Arts and Crafts; technological and industrial developments and responses to them; the changing relationship of American furniture to that produced in Europe and elsewhere; regional vernaculars, variations, and alternatives; key texts; and the impact of shifting cultural values and patterns of domestic life. Visits to local collections and institutions are arranged. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
New York and American Material Culture
SEMESTER:
American Furniture of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
593 American Furniture of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
PROFESSOR:
Kenneth L. Ames
Of all the early American decorative arts/household furnishings, furniture holds the greatest mystique. It has been actively preserved, collected, bought and sold, studied, and written about for well over a century and remains the cornerstone of the Americana marketplace. This course provides a survey of domestic furniture made and used in colonial and early Federal America, with emphasis on New England and the Middle Atlantic region. It examines major forms, styles, regional centers, and makers; objects both canonical and vernacular; and the historiography of scholarship in the field. Class project this semester is creation of our own in-house concise introduction to the subject, limited to 100 culturally resonant objects. Visits to institutions and auction houses as appropriate. 3 credits. satisfies the pre-1800 requirement
AREAS OF FOCUS:
New York and American Material Culture
SEMESTER:
The Material Culture of Childhood
594 The Material Culture of Childhood
Although it is now taken for granted, the concept of childhood is a relatively recent invention. From the late 17th century, specific ideas about raising, educating, clothing, and entertaining children reveal shifting perceptions regarding the early years of life. By the 19th and 20th centuries, the middle classes embraced the idea of childhood with near cultic fervor. This seminar investigates the construction of childhood in theories of development and through the vast material culture designed for children. In addition to the writings of, among others, Locke, Rousseau, Dewey, Fröbel, and Benjamin, the broad variety of material culture, including furniture, illustration, clothing, silver, ceramics, toys, television, and film, is examined. Other themes include concepts of innocence and gender, and shifting patterns of consumption. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Western Furniture: From Antiquity to 1830
601 Western Furniture: From Antiquity to 1830
PROFESSOR:
Susan Weber
This survey course traces the evolution of furniture design and production from antiquity to the 1830s. Outstanding examples of furniture from Europe, America, and China are discussed in terms of style, materials, and construction techniques. Emphasis is placed on the work of important designers, craftsmen, and patrons. The social, political, and economic conditions that spawned changes in domestic furniture design are discussed, as well as the relation of furniture to architectural settings. Field trips to New York museums and auction houses will be part of this course. 3 credits. Satisfies pre-1800 requirement.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
PROFESSOR:
Catherine Whalen
This seminar focuses on the Colonial Revival in the United States, a complex cultural phenomenon succinctly described as “national retrospection” that began during the early republic and has persisted ever since. Chronologically, the course spans from the beginning of the nineteenth century to the US Bicentennial in 1976, with special attention to the revival’s heyday from circa 1880 to 1940. The Colonial Revival takes many forms, encompassing decorative arts, architecture, landscape design, painting, sculpture, graphic arts, literature, photography, and film. Key practices include forming collections, staging commemorations, and preserving historic sites. Situated within the oft-cited historical context of industrialization, urbanization, and immigration, the Colonial Revival intersects discourses of regionalism, romantic nationalism, nativism, progressivism, modernism, and antimodernism. Further points of consideration include the relationship to the Arts and Crafts movement and comparable revivals in the Americas and Europe. Readings emphasize historiography, primary sources, and recent scholarship. Visits to museum collections required. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
New York and American Material Culture
SEMESTER:
613 Ancient Jewelry and Metalwork
PROFESSOR:
Elizabeth Simpson
This seminar covers topics in jewelry and metalwork from the earliest remains of personal adornments in the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods to the ornate jewelry and plate made and used in Roman imperial times. The beginnings of ancient metallurgy, the technology of metals, and ancient jewelry-making techniques are examined. References in ancient texts are used to provide information about jewelry and metal objects that were noteworthy in antiquity but no longer survive. Collections of finds from the great excavated sites are discussed, including those from the Royal Cemetery of Ur; the royal tombs of Alaca Hüyük; the treasure of Priam from Troy; the royal shaft graves at Mycenae; the tomb of Tutankhamen; the sites of Gordion, Hasanlu, Marlik, and Nimrud; Greek sanctuaries and burial sites; Scythian, Celtic, and Etruscan tombs; and the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. 3 credits. (satisfies non-Western requirement or pre-1800 requirement)
AREAS OF FOCUS:
The Renaissance Discovery of the World: Collecting and Collections in the Early Modern Era
621 The Renaissance Discovery of the World: Collecting and Collections in the Early Modern Era
PROFESSOR:
Andrew Morrall
This course explores habits of collecting in Europe from about 1500 to 1650, tracing the development of the Kunstkammer and the cabinet of curiosities in the age of discovery and the opening up of new worlds to European experience. It and examines how the collecting of natural and artificial objects fortified princely power, transformed the nature of both aesthetic and scientific experience, and shaped the sensibility of intellectuals. Emphasis is placed on the great courtly collectors of central Europe, including the Wittelsbach Dukes of Bavaria, the Dukes of Saxony, and the various Habsburg rulers. Particular attention is given to the collection of Emperor Rudolf II in Prague, whose amassing of objects, both natural and manmade, coincided with his patronage of natural philosophers, alchemists, astronomers, and other seekers of knowledge. The changing relationship between art, nature, and science, embodied in early modern collections, is used to chart the shift from a medieval to a recognizably modern understanding of the processes of nature and of man’s place in the world. Knowledge of French and German is an advantage but not essential. 3 credits. (satisfies pre-1800 requirement)
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Western Luxuries and Chinese Taste
627 Western Luxuries and Chinese Taste
PROFESSOR:
François Louis
This seminar explores the intercultural dimensions of China’s material culture. Starting from the premise that cultural change is driven in part by intercultural exchange, the class looks at the reconfigurations of Chinese material culture. How were the local craft industries affected by international trade and international politics? How did China’s design traditions respond to the import of exotic luxuries, the foreign demand for export goods, and the presence of foreign craftsmen, merchants, missionaries, and diplomats? Up to the seventeenth century, China defined the “West” mainly as Central Asia, India, Persia, and the Arab world. By the seventeenth century, interactions with Europe become more prominent. After surveying developments from the Middle Ages to the Ming era this class will focus on the Qing era (seventeenth-early twentieth c.). Particular emphasis will be given to the study of the Qing court. 3 credits. Satisfies the non-Western requirement
AREAS OF FOCUS:
632 Topics in Ancient Furniture
PROFESSOR:
Elizabeth Simpson
Beginning with the earliest indications of furniture in the Neolithic period, a history of ancient furniture is reconstructed from existing evidence, including ancient texts and depictions of furniture in ancient art, with special reference to the great collections of Egyptian, ancient Near Eastern, Greek, Etruscan, and Roman furniture recovered in archaeological excavations. Furniture made from metal, stone, and wood has survived, along with the ivory and metal fittings that were once attached to wood furniture that has long since deteriorated. Ancient woodworking techniques can be identified from these remains, and the creative mentality of ancient cabinetmakers can at times be discerned. Highly esteemed in antiquity, ancient furniture was influential in more recent periods as well; the furniture that inspired Egyptianizing and neoclassical styles is studied, along with styles that flourished but disappeared before the beginning of the Middle Ages. 3 credits. satisfies pre-1800 or non-Western requirement
AREAS OF FOCUS:
PROFESSOR:
François Louis
“Ah, when a man constructs a house, embellishes it with fine furnishings, and dwells therein, he finds it difficult to avoid an attitude of proud self-satisfaction. Since each of the things here is the finest of its kind, how can I not feel outwardly at ease and inwardly in harmony, my body at peace and my mind joyful.” Bo Juyi (772–846)
The intellectual’s dwelling for study and recreation alluded to in these lines by one of China’s most celebrated poets will be but one of the various types of Chinese living spaces which this seminar intends to examine. We will look at the social norms as well as at the cosmological, philosophical, and political convictions that governed the layout, design, and especially furnishing of domestic and ritual spaces. But we also look carefully at furniture itself. Throughout the course we will be concerned with issues of gender and domesticity, luxury consumption and the negation thereof, ritual and propriety, cosmology and “nature,” ornament, and taste. Attention will also be devoted to concepts of rusticity and the interaction between interiors and landscape design. The course covers material dating from the tenth to the twentieth centuries, but the focus is on the later centuries. It will hopefully include two field trips. 3 credits.Satisfies non-Western requirement.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Markets to Manners: Cooking and Eating in Early Modern Europe
655 Markets to Manners: Cooking and Eating in Early Modern Europe
PROFESSOR:
Deborah L. Krohn
The expansion of the world in the early modern period led to many types of revolutions, among them that of the dining table, which was closely tied to that of the printing press and the garden. New markets and the advent of printed cookery books led to the proliferation of prescriptive literature aimed at a broad audience, from country homemakers to the chefs of princes. This course examines the relationship between foodstuffs, the objects created to serve and display them, and the vast literature of prescription that appeared to suggest ways to prepare and serve food. Comestible gifts and the vessels employed to transport or serve them became instrumental in the maintenance of diplomatic relations between neighbors and nations. Readings include relevant texts of Norbert Elias, Fernand Braudel, and Stephen Mennell, as well as primary texts such as the 14th-century Viandier by Taillevent; Le Menagier de Paris; Chiquart’s Du fait de cusine; and other early recipe compendia, including De honesta voluptate from 15th-century Rome. Course requirements include class reports and a research paper. 3 credits. satisfies pre-1800 requirement
AREAS OF FOCUS:
PROFESSOR:
Michele Majer
Focusing on France as the capital of style, this seminar examines the significance of fashion during a period of major political, economic, and social change. The course traces the interrelationship of clothing and culture, beginning with the establishment of the Consulate in 1799 and ending with the Paris Exposition of 1900. Topics include luxury in dress as part of Napoléon I’s imperial agenda; the dandy and the courtesan as sartorial, social, and literary types; the rise of the middle class and the concomitant proliferation of fashion periodicals and etiquette manuals; Charles Frederick Worth and the establishment of haute couture; the growth of ready-made clothing and the department store as manifestations of bourgeois consumerism; aesthetic dress and the dress reform movements in Britain and the United States; and the emergence of the New Woman in the fin de siècle. Readings include novels by Balzac and Zola. Field trip to the Cora Ginsburg gallery to look at nineteenth-century garments. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Craft and Design in the USA, 1945 to the Present
693 Craft and Design in the USA, 1945 to the Present
PROFESSOR:
Catherine Whalen
This seminar examines the shifting boundaries of craft and industrial design in the United States from World War II to the present. In the postwar era’s expanding consumer economy, craft and industrial design flourished, and the terms “craft” and “design” were materially and rhetorically interwoven within interpenetrating academic, museum, and commercial settings. But their meanings increasingly diverged during the 1960s and 1970s, as craftspeople seeking cultural authority and economic viability sought to position themselves as artists. During the 1980s, in turn, design practitioners re-engaged with craft as commodity via high design. These fluctuating professional parameters coincided with widespread amateur engagement in aesthetic production, often absent from design history. Topics addressed include the impact of technology, the interrelationship of modernism and postmodernism, and craft and design vis-à-vis popular culture, social movements, globalization, and sustainability. Individual designers, craftspeople, firms, and groups will be discussed, along with thematic case studies. Sources considered include objects, exhibition catalogues, period writings, and recent criticism. Visits to museum collections required. The final assignment for the course is to conduct an oral history interview with a maker for the Bard Graduate Center Craft Art and Design Oral History Project. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
New York and American Material Culture
SEMESTER:
The Medieval and Early Modern Mediterranean: Methods of Material Culture in the Twentieth Century
695 The Medieval and Early Modern Mediterranean: Methods of Material Culture in the Twentieth Century
PROFESSOR:
Peter N. Miller
The Mediterranean was not only the center of European civilization for a very long time, it has been at the center of the revolution in twentieth-century historiography that put material evidence and the forms of its narration at the core of the historian’s practice. From Pirenne’s Mohammed and Charlemagne (1935) at the birth of Annales history through Braudel’s Mediterranean in the Age of Phillip II (1949) to Goitein’s Mediterranean Society (1966-88) and Wickham’s Reframing the Middle Ages (2005), historians interested in things have been attracted to the Mediterranean. In this course we study this revolution in which advances in knowledge are linked to advances in method; improved answers to better, more interesting questions. In terms of content we explore the history of the sea’s civilizations from the eighth to the eighteenth centuries. Especial attention will be paid to the way in which the Mediterranean has served as a crossroads of commerce and communication, as well as a laboratory for cultural historians of the material world. 3 credits. Satisfies the pre-1800 requirement.
SEMESTER:
A Cultural History of Gardens in China and Japan
697 A Cultural History of Gardens in China and Japan
PROFESSOR:
François Louis
This seminar introduces the role of gardens in Chinese and Japanese culture. Students examine the history of individual gardens and explore the aesthetic, political, and social environment of their owners. The seminar focuses upon the connection between gardens and ideals of paradise, reclusion, authority, political representation, Confucian virtue, recreation, and self-cultivation through the arts and meditation. A garden’s design is determined by aesthetic and horticultural considerations, but equally important to an understanding of East Asian design choices are cosmological, geomantic, and religious convictions, as well as allusions to historical and legendary events and to famous personages and their literary heritage. Hence, paintings, prints, and a variety of literary works (including treatises on gardening) serve as guides. The study of extant gardens concentrates on examples in Suzhou, Beijing, and Kyoto. 3 credits. Satisfies the pre-1800 or on-Western requirement.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
The Social Lives of Things: The Anthropology of Art and Material Culture
730 The Social Lives of Things: The Anthropology of Art and Material Culture
PROFESSOR:
Aaron Glass
This course will survey anthropological theories of art and material culture with a cross-cultural purview and a concentration on indigenous societies in the colonial period. We will examine numerous disciplinary approaches—functional, symbolic/semiotic/structuralist, aesthetic, economic, historical, and political—to the study of objects, and discuss ways of bringing them into articulation, both with one another and with indigenous perspectives. After a brief historical introduction to early anthropological theories of decorative art and exchange, the class will focus on contemporary approaches framed around such key phrases as cultural biography, objectification, materiality, social agency, art worlds, cultural production, colonial economies, cultural brokerage, regimes of value, tourist art, primitive art, conservation, and repatriation. Students will apply the range of approaches to a single object or discrete set of objects throughout the semester as a way to test the theories in practice. The course should prepare students to bring a wide array of theoretical and methodological perspectives to the study of things—from tools to clothes, from souvenirs to fine arts—among diverse global cultural communities. Depending on your final research project, this course can satisfy the non-Western distribution requirement. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Archaeology, Anthroplogy, and Material Culture
SEMESTER:
Late Antique/Early Medieval Material Culture and the Making of Europe
731 Late Antique/Early Medieval Material Culture and the Making of Europe
PROFESSOR:
Ittai Weinryb
The purpose of this course is twofold. First, the course will serve as an historical and cultural introduction to the making of early medieval Europe, from the decline of the Roman Empire to the year 1000. Second, by focusing on the structural and social change experienced in Western Europe, the course will center on the development of new forms of wearable objects such as jewelry, dress, and ceremonial textiles. This change will be examined within the larger context of the development of the early medieval habitus. Here we will study the advances in architecture, monumental decoration, and furnishings as the background for the production of jewelry and garments. Finally, both the development of Christianity as the predominant religion of Europe and the development of Islam and the Byzantine Empire will improve understanding of the role of Art and culture in early medieval Europe. 3 credits. satisfies pre-1800 requirement
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Design Reform in Britain: From Pugin to Mackintosh
732 Design Reform in Britain: From Pugin to Mackintosh
PROFESSOR:
Paul Stirton
Fired by a concern that British exports were suffering in the international market, the British government launched a campaign in the 1830s to improve the quality and design of manufactured goods. This began a debate that touched all aspects of British life for the next century, embracing issues of politics, religion, morality, and health, as well as questions of design and craftsmanship. This course will examine the views of some of the leading participants in this debate: A.W.N. Pugin, Owen Jones, Henry Cole, John Ruskin, Christopher Dresser, E. W. Godwin, William Morris, and Charles Rennie Mackintosh. Themes to be addressed will include design education, the Gothic Revival, international exhibitions, the Aesthetic movement, the Arts and Crafts movement, the New Art, and the Glasgow Style. Design reform has come to dominate histories of 19th- and early 20th-century design. One of the aims of the course, however, will be to question the role of theorists in shaping popular taste and to assess the extent to which “reform values” reflect only a partial (if influential) view of British design in the period. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
The Exhibition Experience: Design and Interpretation
733 The Exhibition Experience: Design and Interpretation
PROFESSOR:
Deborah L. Krohn
The special exhibition, where objects are grouped together for a limited time for a particular purpose, has become a key component of the contemporary museum experience. But in a larger sense all exhibitions, whether temporary or permanent, tell stories, communicate meaning, and establish values by presenting objects and ideas in ways that are always mediated by design. This course will use the upcoming Bard Graduate Center/ Metropolitan Museum collaborative exhibition “Salvaging the Past: Georges Hoentschel and French Decorative Arts at the Metropolitan Museum of Art,” which will open on April 3, 2013, as a case study through which to examine the ways exhibition curators and designers construct historical and didactic narratives by juxtaposing selected objects, texts, and digital images. Since one of the challenges of the Hoentschel project has been to track the changing ways that furniture and domestic objects have been used and displayed over their history, we will give particular focus to current strategies of exhibiting furniture and furnishings in museum period rooms and historic properties. Classes will be led by exhibition curators Ulrich Leben and Deborah Krohn, with guest appearances by other BGC staff involved in the show. Classes will take place at BGC, with field trips to local collections. Assignments will include the preparation of a “mock exhibition,” including interpretive components, using Google SketchUp, on a topic to be chosen in consultation with the instructors. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
History and Theory of Museums
SEMESTER:
Readings in Design History
738 Readings in Design History
In this seminar we will examine the historiography and current literature in the field of Design History. With the establishment of the field in the 1970s, scholars broke with traditional art historical emphases on elite production and connoisseurship. As Design History expanded, it has come to encompass a wide variety of questions about production, consumption, gender, and materiality. Beginning with the foundation texts and ending with the current scholarship, we will explore the seminal texts and organizations and journals that have contributed to the practice of design history as a scholarly field. We will also discuss design history’s role in relation to studies in the decorative arts, material culture, and the current debates around design culture, design criticism, design studies and design history’s ongoing relationship with art history. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Native Arts of the Northwest Coast
740 Native Arts of the Northwest Coast
PROFESSOR:
Aaron Glass
This seminar introduces the indigenous arts of the Northwest Coast of North America from historical and contemporary perspectives. We will look at a full range of media and object types—quotidian, ceremonial and commercial—within changing socio-cultural and aesthetic contexts. We will also discuss colonialism as a factor in artistic transformation, and the use of material culture as historical evidence for shifting intercultural relations. Material will be approached from a number of perspectives: the indigenization of foreign materials, motifs, and ideas, as well as the adaptation of Native forms to commercial markets; the development of anthropology and art history, and the history of collection and exhibition; the revaluing of objects in the 20th century as “primitive art;” and the complex relationship of contemporary art with its material precursors. Our goal will be to understand indigenous objects within local histories of cultural production and use, as well as global histories of reception and recontextualization. Opportunities for close examination of objects will be provided, and students will be encouraged to develop original research in local museum collections and archives—especially the American Museum of Natural History. 3 credits. satisfies non-Western requirement
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Archaeology, Anthroplogy, and Material Culture
SEMESTER:
The Sea Inside: Art and Material Culture of the Mediterranean World 1050-125
748 The Sea Inside: Art and Material Culture of the Mediterranean World 1050-125
PROFESSOR:
Ittai Weinryb
Since the publication of Fernand Braudel´s The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II in 1949, the disciplines of history, anthropology and art history have benefited greatly from the discussion of the Mediterranean world as a localized geographical environment, a circumscribable laboratory for the study of artistic change, interaction and even cross-cultural artistic collaboration. Drawing on this geographical framework and challenging historical method, the seminar will focus on the synchronic and discursive concepts behind the notion of Mediterranean art and material culture. Focusing on the Latin West and mainly on medieval Italy the seminar will deal with the period sometime known as the Long Twelfth-Century: from the conquest of Salerno by Robert Guiscard to the coronation of Fredrick Hohenstaufen. Medieval Italy, and especially southern Italy will serve us as a lithmus paper with which we will raise questions, agree and disagree about what we would like to label as art and material culture of the Mediterranean world.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
The Monument: Designs and Meanings
763 The Monument: Designs and Meanings
PROFESSOR:
Jeffrey L. Collins
Monuments, from the Latin monere, are literally things that warn or remind by offering enduring and often imposing physical messages addressed to contemporaries and to posterity. This seminar investigates monuments and memorials as both cultural and aesthetic endeavors, considering continuities and change in form and meaning across place and time. Monuments may commemorate individuals, groups, actions, events, or even abstract ideas, and to study them requires attention to the histories of art, design, urbanism, politics, patronage, reception, conservation, and the relation of word and image. Students will investigate memorials from antiquity to the present, with a special focus on examples in New York City, many of which draw on a repertory of historical models ranging from obelisks, pyramids, and triumphal arches to commemorative columns, statuary, and gardens. Particular attention will be given to recent debates about monuments’ purpose, form, materials, location, and constituencies; particularly in the case of war memorials and martyria, official commemorations become the site of vigorous contests and disagreements. Because monuments are almost always intended to endure over time, we will examine the challenges of preserving, repairing, adapting, or repurposing them as materials decay and the surrounding contexts change. We will also investigate the boundaries between “private,” often funerary, monuments and “public” ones designed to join the urban fabric, as well as the emergence of counter- or protest monuments and other commemorative strategies designed to question or subvert a monumental language. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
The Material Culture of New York City: The Nineteenth Century
764 The Material Culture of New York City: The Nineteenth Century
PROFESSOR:
David Jaffee
This course introduces students to the study of the material culture of New York City in the nineteenth century—its built environment, cultural landscape, and decorative arts industries. Students will examine the historical and cultural context of New York as a center of post-revolutionary manufacturing, as an arena of racial and ethnic traditions and conflicts in the mid-nineteenth century, and as an emerging national capital of culture in the late nineteenth century. The course will be organized around a series of historical spaces: the artisan’s workshop and the early national port city; the nineteenth-century town house, tenement house, and apartment building; emerging factory spaces for the production of culture, such as the furniture and publishing industries; cultural spaces of consumption, such as Barnum’s American Museum, Brady’s Daguerreian Studio and the 1853 Crystal Palace; the building of Central Park and the contest over urban public space; and late nineteenth-century spaces for display, such as the department store, the art museum, and the amusement park. The course will involve visits to several museum collections. Students will be asked to complete several short papers, create a class presentation, and contribute to a final collaborative digital exhibition project. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
New York and American Material Culture
SEMESTER:
The Aesthetic Movement: Designing Modernity, 1865–1905
772 The Aesthetic Movement: Designing Modernity, 1865–1905
PROFESSOR:
Paul Stirton
This course examines manifestations of modernity in British design, from the Aesthetic movement of the 1860s to the New Art tendencies of about 1900, with reference to interior decoration, furniture design, dress, graphics, stained glass, metalwork, and ceramics. Emphasis will be placed on such figures as E. W. Godwin, James McNeill Whistler, Christopher Dresser, Oscar Wilde, and Charles Rennie Mackintosh, and their contributions to concepts of modernity in design and “artistic” taste. Theoretical and philosophical debates relating to style, design, and dress reform will be studied through the writings of various 19th-century authors. Issues to be addressed include the expression of spirituality, gender relations, and individualism through the design of objects and spaces; the role of the new art and architectural press; modernity and the city; the development of “artistic” manufactures, galleries, and retail outlets; performance and parody; the literature of design reform and household taste; artists’ and collectors’ houses; the aesthetics of orientalism, internationalism, and regionalism. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
The Material Culture of New York City: The Twentieth Century
774 The Material Culture of New York City: The Twentieth Century
PROFESSOR:
David Jaffee
In this course we will study of the material culture of New York City in the twentieth century, its built environment, cultural landscape, and decorative arts industries. Students will examine the rise of the metropolitan region, industrialization and deindustrialization, and the city as an arena of racial and ethnic traditions and conflicts. The course will be organized around a series of historical spaces: the immigrant city and the Lower East Side; cultural spaces of consumption and their relation to gender; the early twentieth-century skyscraper and commercial space; the mid-twentieth-century urban reconstruction projects of Robert Moses; and the postwar urban crisis and neo-liberal “revitalization.” The course will involve visits to several museum collections. Students will be asked to complete short papers, create a class presentation, and create a final project “video essay.” 3 credits.
SEMESTER:
In Focus: Envisioning Nineteenth-Century New York
775 In Focus: Envisioning Nineteenth-Century New York
PROFESSOR:
David Jaffee
Nineteenth-century New York City was a visual experience, a spectacle for resident and visitor alike. Students in this course will develop an experimental Focus Gallery exhibition using engravings, lithographs, daguerreotypes, stereoviews, and woodcuts among other objects to promote an understanding of how New York City entered visual and material consciousness in the nineteenth century. We will consider New York as a case study of how urban manufacturers as well as residents made sense of the city and its new spatial organization through these forms. Broadway stood at that emerging visual corpus as well as being the site of the commercial activity. Students will learn about these visual genres along with the various publishing technologies through hands-on work at various local collections so that we can acquaint ourselves with those materials, explore various visual genres, and make a selection of themes and materials for exhibition. We will consider what the theme of the exhibition should be, what materials should go into the exhibition, and how do we communicate our understanding of the visuality of nineteenth-century New York through the exhibition medium. We will also be working on an accompanying digital component. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
New York and American Material Culture
SEMESTER:
Islamic Art and Material Culture from Early Islam to the Ottoman Period
778 Islamic Art and Material Culture from Early Islam to the Ottoman Period
PROFESSOR:
Abigail Krasner Balbale
This course will explore the great diversity of cultural production across the Islamic world from the seventh to the eighteenth century. It will introduce students to Islamic traditions, culture, religious practices, and society through the investigation of Islamic art and architecture. Objects and structures will be examined through a variety of interdisciplinary methodologies and through studies of iconography, function, and patronage. The goal of the course is to understand Islamic art, architecture and material culture as the visual expression of the civilization creating it, as well as what makes and defines them as ‘Islamic’. Students will have the opportunity to give presentations on certain topics and objects. Visits to collections of Islamic art are planned. 3 credit. Satisfies non-Western or pre-1800 requirement.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
The Early Modern Book: Cookbook as Case Study
781 The Early Modern Book: Cookbook as Case Study
PROFESSOR:
Deborah L. Krohn
This course is an introduction to two related emergent fields: history of the book, and culinary history. Though historians in many fields have been looking seriously at the history of books for a couple of generations, there has been comparatively little research on cookbooks and the social and economic implications of their diffusion during the Renaissance. In conjunction with the “coming of the book” and the diffusion of print culture at the end of the fifteenth century, the knowledge of food, its preparation, and service moved from the realm of tacit, artisanal understanding to a more scientific and rational set of precepts and codes. Paralleling transformations in areas such as agriculture, botany, metallurgy and other scientific fields, cooking became subject to empirical standards that underlie both texts and images in various books published between the end of the fifteenth and the end of the seventeenth century. These are the temporal parameters of the material we will look at. The first half of the course will be devoted to readings from classic studies in book history such as Elizabeth Eisenstein’s 1979The Printing Press as an Agent of Change, Febvre and Martin’s The Coming of the Book, and the works of Adrian Johns among others. We will then proceed to survey the most important cookbooks and recipe collections as they entered print at the end of the 15th century. Finally, we will look at the impact of illustration, which was to become an essential component of recipe collections and manuals in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. There will be visits to local print and book collections, short reports, and a final research paper. Knowledge of one European language is strongly encouraged. 3 credits.satisfies pre-1800 requirement
AREAS OF FOCUS:
PROFESSOR:
Jeffrey L. Collins
Beginning in the seventeenth century, a growing stream of influential Europeans traveled south in a ritual journey now known as the Grand Tour. This Bildungsreise, often conceived as the capstone of a young man’s (and occasionally woman’s) formal education, was designed to expand the traveler’s historical, economic, political, and cultural reference points while honing or reorienting his or her aesthetic tastes. Following an often standardized itinerary including Paris, the Alps, Venice, Florence, Rome, and Naples, these travelers (as well as the tutors, artists, and assistants who accompanied them) formed a vector for intellectual and cultural exchange that helped transform European art and thought. This seminar examines the Grand Tour as both a historical and artistic phenomenon, asking why travelers went, what they saw, whom they met, what they acquired, and how their experience transformed their vision of the world. Drawing on New York collections, we will study the Tour’s visual and material culture, including not just the souvenirs purchased by rich northerners but the concomitant objects, rituals, and spaces—from elegant salons to fireworks displays and new public museums—created by their hosts. We will also examine the Grand Tour’s lasting visual and material legacy, from the spread of new styles and patterns of patronage to the cultivation of new forms of living and thinking that increasingly unified Europe. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Exhibiting Culture/s: Anthropology In and Of the Museum
795 Exhibiting Culture/s: Anthropology In and Of the Museum
PROFESSOR:
Aaron Glass
Over the past two centuries, the museum has emerged as one of the primary institutional venues for intercultural encounter mediated by objects. Practices of both collection and display have been central to the imagining and valuing of various kinds of cultural others, and to the construction and communication of knowledge about the world’s peoples. This course will examine multiple historical and theoretical points of articulation (and disarticulation) between the museum and the discipline of anthropology. Topics include: the place of the “exotic” curio in early European and colonial collections; the rise of natural history and social evolutionary paradigms for exhibiting non-Western objects; the development of professional anthropology in the museum; popular forms of ethno-spectacle (e.g. the world’s fair and cinema) and the lasting tension between education and entertainment; debates surrounding “primitivism” and avant-garde interest in non-Western art; nationalism and sovereignty in the wake of decolonization; and contemporary anthropological and ethnographic studies of museums as sites of cultural production and contest. Through critical readings, discussions, and museum visits, students will come to better understand and appreciate the dynamics of collecting, studying, and displaying the art and material culture of the world’s peoples. Opportunities to work closely with collections and institutions will be encouraged (especially the American Museum of Natural History). 3 credits. (based on research paper topic, satisfies non-Western requirement)
AREAS OF FOCUS:
History and Theory of Museums
SEMESTER:
Domestic Material Culture of Nineteenth-Century America
799 Domestic Material Culture of Nineteenth-Century America
PROFESSOR:
Kenneth L. Ames
The emphasis in this course is on investigating certain aspects of the dominant culture of the United States of the nineteenth century through selected examples of its household material culture. Our task, in part, is to identify objects of heightened cultural significance or resonance, objects that offer insights, perhaps not immediately apparent, into prominent cultural constructs or concerns of the era. Our method is one of triangulation, seeking intersections or overlay of objects with concurrent words and images. The words are period fiction and non-fiction; the images are paintings of the period. How each of these classes of cultural production illuminates the others remains to be discovered. Relevant to our inquiry are questions about what objects people then understood as iconic. Also germane are considerations of the ways our own ideological orientations, values, and aesthetic preferences may structure or distort study of the nineteenth century. Short classroom presentations and substantial written paper required. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
New York and American Material Culture
SEMESTER:
Other Europes: Design and Architecture in Central Europe, 1880-1956
801 Other Europes: Design and Architecture in Central Europe, 1880-1956
PROFESSOR:
Paul Stirton
This course offers a different view of European-wide tendencies in design and architecture by examining a remarkable body of work that has often been ignored in conventional accounts of the period. Focusing on the visual and material culture of Central Europe (in particular Hungary, Romania, Poland and Czechoslovakia), this course will explore issues of national identity, the vernacular and modernity as expressed in a range of architecture, design, dress and craft items. Encompassing both urban and rural centers, it explores how the particular political and cultural conditions of Central Europe shaped such design activities. Much of the course will be concerned with the movements of National Romanticism and Modernism, and with the relationship between regional, national and international tendencies in this politically turbulent era. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
The Arts of the Kitan-Liao Empire (907–1125)
802 The Arts of the Kitan-Liao Empire (907–1125)
PROFESSOR:
François Louis
Over the past three decades a number of sensational archaeological finds have drawn scholarly attention to the long neglected Kitan-Liao empire in northern China. The finds show that the non-Chinese Kitan elite built a sophisticated and unique court culture, which not only adapted Chinese models but itself became a model for other non-Chinese elites, most notably the Tangut Xi-Xia, farther west. The presence of the powerful Kitan empire, moreover, redefined contemporaneous understanding of what it meant to be Chinese, especially among the intellectuals of the neighboring Song dynasty in central and southern China. This seminar examines the main archaeological Liao sites in order to examine notions of cultural and political identity and cultural exchange. Themes to be explored include the forced migration of artisans and other conquered people, diplomacy and the exchange of luxury goods such as silk and silver, the commercial and ritual uses of ceramics, nostalgia for the past and the rise of antiquarian collecting, Western imports, and the importance of Buddhism for Liao material culture. 3 credits. satisfies pre-1800 or non-Western requirement
AREAS OF FOCUS:
PROFESSOR:
François Louis
This course provides an introduction to the history of ceramic production and appreciation in China. The focus is on fine stoneware and porcelain vessels dating from the ninth century to the present, but the course also familiarizes students with the important earthenware traditions— Neolithic vessels, tomb statuary, and architectural ceramics. We will be concerned throughout this class with issues of consumption, collecting, and authentication. We also address the methods and limits of interpreting ornament on ceramic vessels and discuss technological and stylistic innovation in light of economic and political changes. Some classes will be held in museums and one at the auction house. 3 credits.satisfies pre-1800 or non-Western requirement
AREAS OF FOCUS:
David Jaffee
Catherine Whalen
This seminar explores the history of consumer culture in the United States from the 18th-century consumer revolution to e-tail. Topics include the development of trademarks, packaging, branding, advertising, and marketing; shopping spaces and practices; corporations; mass consumption; gender/sexuality, race/ethnicity, economic inequality, and selfhood and citizenship in consumer society; moralizing discourse; and consumer resistance. Sources considered include goods and services, retail venues, advertisements, prescriptive literature, novels, film, television, and the Internet, as well as cultural commentary and recent scholarship. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
New York and American Material Culture
SEMESTER:
Issues in the Study of Ancient Art
827 Issues in the Study of Ancient Art
PROFESSOR:
Elizabeth Simpson
François Louis
Ancient artifacts are precious documents of the past, providing access to the lives of the people who made and used them. Their association with the great cultures of antiquity has given them a powerful authority, which has been utilized to support a wide range of ideologies. Ancient objects have been used throughout history to legitimatize autocratic rule, defend cultural supremacy, and construct national identities. The role of antiquities today is hardly less ideologically charged. Colonialism and other forms of political conquest have enhanced the importance of antiquities far beyond contemporary national borders. As a result, attitudes toward ancient art and artifacts are now often in conflict, resulting in ethical, political, and legal debates regarding ownership, trade, and study. This seminar addresses the history of the collecting of ancient art and the diverse ideologies surrounding antiquities today. Students explore the motives and mechanisms that have driven archaeological and academic exploration, private collecting, and public display of antiquities, in their respective countries of discovery and internationally. The class also addresses issues of nationalism, the formation or affirmation of national identities, and cultural heritage preservation, including the history of national archaeological programs and legislation concerning the protection of cultural property, such as the UNESCO conventions. Emphasis is on the arts of the ancient Mediterranean, Near East, Central Asia, and China, and their reception in Western Europe and the United States in the 20th and 21st centuries. The course includes field trips to auction houses, galleries, and museums. 3 credits. satisfies the non-Western or pre-1800 requirement
AREAS OF FOCUS:
PROFESSOR:
Kenneth L. Ames
An introduction to the dominant classes of silver objects made in England from roughly 1500 to 1900 and to the dominant concerns of those who have been devoted to their study. This course familiarizes students with the wonders of the English system of hallmarks, basic silver-working technology, the core bibliography of the field, and the broad patterns of four centuries of silver production in a country on course to become the most powerful in the world. Studies of representative objects from both courtly and domestic settings illuminate changing patterns of taste in styles, forms, and decorating techniques, as well as document expansion of silver ownership from the upper classes to the middle. Major names in the history of English silver play a part in the course but greater emphasis is on social and cultural developments in England and the relationship of silver objects to other classes of material culture. Comparative examination of Irish objects illustrates the impact of England on the silver of one of its nearest colonies. Some hands-on study; one area museum visit. Student in-class presentations and written paper. 3 credits. (satisfies pre-1800 requirement)
AREAS OF FOCUS:
PROFESSOR:
Michele Majer
This course traces the development of furnishing and dress textiles in Europe and the United States from the highly naturalistic and revival styles of the mid-nineteenth century through 1960s postmodernism and pop art, and students investigate the artistic, social, cultural, and economic contexts of textile production, marketing, and consumption during the period. Major reform movements, stylistic trends, and the work of leading designers are examined vis-à-vis the significance of furnishing textiles in the creation of unified interiors, both domestic and commercial. In the realm of dress fabrics, students look especially at the contribution of avant-garde artists to both high-end and mass production. Particular attention is also paid to the rapidly evolving technological advances that dramatically affected fibers and weaving, dyeing, and printing processes. Two field trips are planned. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
834 American Collectors and Collections
PROFESSOR:
Catherine Whalen
This seminar explores the history, theory, and practice of collecting in the United States from the late eighteenth century to the present. Both individual and institutional collections are discussed, with special emphasis on theoretical and methodological approaches to studying private collections. Close attention is paid to how collectors select, arrange, and sequence objects, as well as the meanings they invest in them and how, in turn, they articulate them to a variety of audiences. The course takes the formation of collections of American and European fine and decorative arts as its starting point. Student projects may focus on other types of collections, including but not limited to non-Western art, books and manuscripts, costume, memorabilia, ephemera, and natural history specimens. Topics addressed include hierarchies of value, systems of knowledge, authenticity, ethics, history and memory, identity formation, consumerism, and nationalism versus internationalism. Also considered are the roles that collectors and dealers play in creating markets and driving scholarship. In addition to collections themselves, sources examined include past and present cultural commentary on collecting in prescriptive literature, novels, poetry, film, television, and biographical and autobiographical writings. Students will conduct interviews with collectors. Visits to museum collections required. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
New York and American Material Culture
SEMESTER:
Interpretation of the Artifact in the Age of New Media
844 Interpretation of the Artifact in the Age of New Media
PROFESSOR:
David Jaffee
New media are changing the way we do research, write, and present information. This course will explore the interpretation of objects in the context of the emergence of new media. Students will critically examine such topics as the use of digital museum collections and other modes of databases; the development of virtual exhibitions and other forms of object interpretation; historical simulations and 3-D visualizations along with gaming; the emergence of handheld technologies, such as cell phones and podcasts for museum visits and walking tours; the use of GPS and other mapping technologies for studies of cultural landscapes and tourism; and studies of how people learn in a digital environment. This course will be conducted in a lab environment so students will also look at how these technologies are created and do hands-on work with various types of software. Finally, readings will include critical interpretations of these developments by such scholars as Lev Manovich, James Gee, Henry Jenkins, and others. The class will have visitors from the museum and software development worlds, and students will be expected to do hands-on work in the lab and complete a final digital project based on their own interests. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
American Craft, Design, and Folk Art in the 1920s and 1930s
845 American Craft, Design, and Folk Art in the 1920s and 1930s
PROFESSOR:
Catherine Whalen
This seminar explores the intersection of design, craft, and folk art in the United States during the interwar years, specifically focusing on converging and diverging conceptions of these categories of cultural production. Topics addressed include the interrelationship of modernism and antimodernism; mass vs. limited or one-off production; the amateur/professional divide; and canon and discipline formation, including the role of collectors, museums, educational institutions, and government agencies. Particular attention will be paid to issues of nationalism and internationalism, social movements, and popular culture. Sources considered include objects, exhibition catalogues, period writings, and recent criticism. Student visits to museum collections are required. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
New York and American Material Culture
Modern Design History
Objects of Knowledge: Renaissance Ornament and Society in Northern Europe, 1500-1650
846 Objects of Knowledge: Renaissance Ornament and Society in Northern Europe, 1500-1650
PROFESSOR:
Andrew Morrall
This course is devoted to exploring the themes and subjects of figurative ornament that animated the surfaces of the decorative and applied arts of the northern Renaissance. It will examine how crafted objects reflected, embodied or proclaimed definable social and cultural values and expressed the tastes and interests of different social groups in an age of growing secularization, of reformation in matters of religion, of humanism in education and ethical life, of overseas commercial expansion in the cities, and territorial consolidation among the European rulers. In the wake of the Protestant Reformation, in particular, the ornamental arts filled a number of gaps, economic, aesthetic and psychic, into which creative energies, cut off or diverted from the traditional outlets in religious art, freely flowed. The course will be organized into a number of themes, to include Cosmography, History, Ethics, Myth, and Nature. It will draw on some of the most the dazzling achievements of Renaissance craftsmanship in a number of different media that will include metalwork, cabinet making, carving in wood, ivory and other exotic materials, glass, ceramics, textiles, and scientific and mechanical instruments. Above all, the course seeks to draw out connections between aesthetic and social experience and claim the sphere of ornament as an important medium that communicated various kinds of knowledge about the world: the structures of power and authority, shared ethical systems, historical ties of community and kinship, as well as, more broadly, engaging with the period fascination with the natural world and of man’s place within it. 3 credits. Satisfies pre-1800 requirement.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Fashion and Theatre, ca. 1780-1920
847 Fashion and Theatre, ca. 1780-1920
PROFESSOR:
Michele Majer
This course explores the reciprocal relationship between fashion and the theatre in France, Britain and the US from the late eighteenth to the early twentieth century. Before the advent of film around 1900, the theatre played a significant role in social and cultural life; theatres proliferated during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, drawing audiences from a wide socio-economic spectrum. Plays—whether set in the present or the past—reflected contemporary social, cultural and political issues and attitudes, and there was a rich exchange between the theatre and wider literary and artistic movements. We consider theatres themselves as an important arena of display where members of the audience, particularly women, went to see and be seen, and costumes worn on the stage by leading actresses—including contemporary fashions and historic and exotic dress—often launched new styles. Although actresses’ morality was suspect during most of this period, they were important trendsetters whose visibility increased dramatically as a result of the growth of the fashion press and of publications devoted to the theatre as well as the introduction of photography. By the turn of the twentieth century, these performers were prominent figures in the emerging cult of celebrity; their images, in both on- and off-stage dress, and their lifestyles were frequently featured in magazines such as Le Théâtre, The Sketch,Vogue, and Vanity Fair and circulated in widely disseminated post cards. We also look at the contribution of well-known artists and couturiers who designed theatrical costumes and fashion itself as a topic in the theatre, particularly the “fashion plays” of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a time of heightened commercialization of both these areas. Each week, we will focus on a specific play as the starting point of our investigation. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Visual and Material Cultures of the Middle Ages: An Introduction
849 Visual and Material Cultures of the Middle Ages: An Introduction
PROFESSOR:
Ittai Weinryb
This course is a broad of examination of the material remains of medieval culture through two interpretive prisms: that of visual culture and the other of material culture. The attempt of the survey is to offer an introduction to medieval society through a close analysis of metalwork, textiles, painting, sculpture and architecture. Trade routes and pilgrims’ paths will serve as backgrounds to the focused study of the objects in question. Key concepts such as spolia, appropriation, devotion and conversion will be contextualized through the study of “things.” By using modern social and cultural theories we will better understand the middle ages and its culture. Scheduled field trips to The Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Cloisters, and the Pierpont Morgan library will offer close examination of actual objects within the context of the museum and the rare book library. 3 credits. Satisfies pre-1800 requirement
AREAS OF FOCUS:
850 Ancient House and Garden
PROFESSOR:
Elizabeth Simpson
This seminar will explore the ancient world in terms of its people and the circumstances in which they lived—by examining their civic and domestic architecture, the land they cultivated and enjoyed, and the kinds of objects they found useful and beautiful. Excavations at the Neolithic sites of Göbekli Tepe, Çayönü, Çatalhöyük, and Hacılar have revealed evidence of early architecture, interiors, furniture, metalwork, and pottery, as well as the beginnings of agriculture, advanced technology, and the “genealogical patterns” that form the basis for much of the design and pattern that would persist for millennia. Bronze Age cities and cemeteries of the Near East, Egypt, and the Aegean provide a fuller picture, with excavations at sites such as Ur, Troy, Amarna, Knossos, and Mycenae yielding a wealth of information. The first millennium BCE saw the rise of the Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian empires, the kingdom of Phrygia, and the Scythian tribes, with their cities, temples, and tombs providing detailed insight into early Iron Age life. Finally, the Greeks and then the Romans extended their territories to the east and west, through war and colonization, leaving material remains that reveal much about their art and culture. Excavations in the region of Mt. Vesuvius have uncovered complete houses, gardens with plant remains intact, furnishings, and items of adornment from the late Republic and early Roman Empire. The class will visit The Metropolitan Museum of Art to study ancient objects and a New York botanical garden, to see the kinds of plants grown and used in antiquity. 3 credits.Satisfies non-Western or pre-1800 requirement
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Archaeology, Anthroplogy, and Material Culture
SEMESTER:
The Occult and Its Artifact in the Middle Ages
851 The Occult and Its Artifact in the Middle Ages
PROFESSOR:
Ittai Weinryb
Miracle, magic, apotropia and efficacy are just a few of the terms that embedded the Middle Ages with supernatural activity. This seminar explores the place and environment of magic in medieval society. We will ask what is regarded as magic in Middle Ages, how one defines miracle, and what objects and tools one needs in order to make magic. We will also ponder the relation between magic and nature, magic and cosmos, and magic and self. Talismans, amulets, garments, manuscripts and metalwork are only a few of the objects that will be used to help us understand the relation between magic, society and culture of the Middle Ages. 3 credits. Satisfies pre-1800 requirement
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Ex Voto: Participation and Patronage in Medieval Europe
858 Ex Voto: Participation and Patronage in Medieval Europe
PROFESSOR:
Ittai Weinryb
An ex voto is a votive offering to a saint or deity. It is given as a token of gratitude for a miracle performed and in some cases it is offered as a vow. The ex voto is the most basic and fundamental form of material exchange between humans and deities. In its essence the ex voto is a material object that celebrates an immaterial event, a physical object that commemorates or expects supernatural activity. In a sense, ex voto is the basic form which the religious devotee participate in the religious ritual. This seminar is set to explore the relationship between humans and deities in medieval Europe through the basic act of material exchange. Issues relating to medieval religious patronage, participation of donors and devotees will be considered as the basis for the seminar, as well as theories from fields of religion studies, economy, and anthropology, which will serve to examine and further our understanding of the unique phenomenon of the ex voto. 3 credits. satisfies pre-1800 requirement
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Interface Design: Material Objects and Immaterial Culture (Focus Gallery Course)
859 Interface Design: Material Objects and Immaterial Culture (Focus Gallery Course)
This course will consider the materiality and design of the digital interfaces that are an increasingly important part of our daily lives. Perhaps the most important paradigmatic shift to take place in the Information Age has been the shift of cultural production from analog to digital technologies. Digitization has magnified the separation of media texts from their physical delivery media, thereby changing the material foundations of cultural production. Media texts have, in a sense, become immaterial, as they can much more easily be digitally produced and reproduced and then transmitted across any of a number of different platforms. Students will investigate how interface design impacts the materiality of these platforms and how the design of hardware and software shapes our experiences with the immaterial culture of the Information Age. The course will focus on changes to the design of personal computing over the last thirty years and the ways in which daily experiences with digital technologies are shaped by the materiality of modern interfaces. Topics to be covered include: a brief look at the material experience of non-computing interfaces such as televisions, radios, and even the book; the importance of design in the field of personal technology and the cultural phenomena surrounding gadgets such as the iPod and Kindle; the impact of computer and computer peripheral design on leisure and work spaces; and the ways in which interfaces influence and shape creativity and freedom of experience in apparent and hidden ways. The course will include assignments that will expose students to the collaborative and creative as well as intellectual aspects of digital design.
This course will also be the beginning platform for a focus gallery exhibition currently planned for Spring 2015. Student research will be aimed towards formulating and answering questions that will be central to that exhibition and will play a part in gathering information on a collection of objects that will be considered for the final exhibition checklist. We will also keep in mind possibilities for exhibition design as the course progresses, especially in light of considering gallery spaces as interfaces and the challenge of integrating digital interfaces into exhibitions, which are already complex knowledge-building structures. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Archaeology, Anthroplogy, and Material Culture
SEMESTER:
Qualifying Paper
860 Qualifying Paper
Second-year MA students who will graduate in May register for this final paper in the spring semester. 3 credits.
SEMESTER:
863 Objects of Colonial Encounter
PROFESSOR:
David Jaffee
Aaron Glass
Colonial encounter involves the meeting of diverse peoples, often on unequal terms, in a variety of sites and mediated by myriad cultural forms. This course will focus on the material culture of encounter in a series of North American colonial landscapes. Moving from East to West (from the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic, through the Woodlands and Plains, to the Southwest and Northwest Coast) and from the seventeenth through the nineteenth centuries, we will examine the material record for evidence of intercultural exchange and mutual (often ambivalent) appropriations between indigenous peoples and settlers. Case studies may touch upon transformations in the fields of clothing and fashion, architecture, picturing the landscape, weaponry, transportation, geographical survey and governance, ceremonialism, ethnography, film and photography, tourism, and popular culture. Through close study of material and visual culture, we will examine the process of intercultural contact and exchange to understand the social practices and political strategies, the discourses and silences produced by colonial encounters on ever-shifting geographical and cultural frontiers. Study of primary materials in area museums will be encouraged. Depending on your final research project, this course can satisfy the non-Western distribution requirement. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Archaeology, Anthroplogy, and Material Culture
SEMESTER:
Material Itineraries: Anthropology of Collecting Expeditions, 1890s – 1930s
865 Material Itineraries: Anthropology of Collecting Expeditions, 1890s – 1930s
The focus of this course is the content development and design of a BGC Focus Gallery exhibition tentatively entitled Collected en Route: The Vernay-Hopwood Chindwin Expedition of 1935 which will open in 2013. The expedition traversed Northern Burma for three months, amassing biological and ethnological collections for the American Museum of Natural History. The museum’s objects and associated documentation, drawn together from several scientific departments, reveal the expedition party’s encounters with the ethnic peoples, biota, and landscapes of the Upper Chindwin River area. In preparation for the exhibition, students will research a poignant selection of ethnographic objects, specimens, and photography taken en route, and the provisions party members carried as comforts from home, scientific technologies, and exchange items on their journey. Students will gain first-hand experience researching and writing exhibition text, and knowledge of the range of current literature on the anthropology of expeditions. This course is open to new students to join. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Archaeology, Anthroplogy, and Material Culture
SEMESTER:
Andrew Morrall
Deborah L. Krohn
Covering the period between 1400 and 1650, with an emphasis on comparisons between Italy, Germany, France, England, and the Low Countries, this survey course examines arts and ideas in a variety of media, including both the decorated interior and the built environment. After an introduction to the concept and meaning of the Renaissance, we will move through a series of themes that will encompass major monuments of decorative arts and design such as: Florence of the Medici; Burgundian Court Art; Mannerism in France: Fontainebleau; Tapestry comes to Florence, Ceramic Arts: Maiolica and the Pursuit of True Porcelain; The Rise of the Portrait and Burckhardt’s Individual; Inside and Outside: Villa Culture and the Cultivation of Nature; The Printing Press as an Agent of Change; Humanism, Civility and Domestic Culture; Courtly Collecting. The class will be taught seminar style and there will be a research paper and at least one oral report. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Fall 2011
867
Visual Cultures of Knowledge: History and Style of Technical Images (A Focus Gallery Course, part I)
867 Visual Cultures of Knowledge: History and Style of Technical Images (A Focus Gallery Course, part I)
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Archaeology, Anthroplogy, and Material Culture
SEMESTER:
Scenic Design in Western Theatre: From the Modern to the Postmodern (1870-present)
868 Scenic Design in Western Theatre: From the Modern to the Postmodern (1870-present)
Over the past 150 years society has seen a dramatic change in the way that we conceive of, produce, and consume culture. During this period, the development of technology and society’s relationship with that development has played an important role in the subject material of cultural works as well as in aesthetic styles and new modes of cultural production. This course will address how these changes in Western culture impacted theatrical scenic design consider how theatre artists responded to the impact and availability of new technologies and to the changing sociocultural environments within which these artists were working. After a brief interrogation into what exactly scenic designers do and the role of the designer in the theatrical process, the course will consider theoretical and aesthetic shifts throughout Europe and the United States as well as changes in modes of theatrical production. Amongst the writers and designers covered in the course will be Richard Wagner, Edward Gordon Craig, Robert Edmond Jones, Bertolt Brecht, Josef Svoboda, Robert Wilson, and the Wooster Group. The course will cover artistic movements such as symbolism, futurism, constructivism and theatrical genres ranging from Broadway theatre to multimedia performance and performance art. In addition to traditional reading, discussion, and research, students will get a chance to experiment with the composition of materials in order to express a visual metaphor based on a play of their choice, much as a scenic designer would. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Georges Hoentschel: Collector, Designer, and Architect in Belle-Époque Paris (Exhibition Tutorial)
869 Georges Hoentschel: Collector, Designer, and Architect in Belle-Époque Paris (Exhibition Tutorial)
PROFESSOR:
Deborah L. Krohn
Open only to currently participating students continuing with the preparation of the catalogue and exhibition. 3 credits or for non-credit. Please talk to Ulrich Leben or Deborah Krohn if you are planning to register for this class.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
History and Theory of Museums
SEMESTER:
Fall 2011
870
London - New York - Paris: Duveen Brothers and the Market for Decorative Arts between 1880 and 1940
870 London - New York - Paris: Duveen Brothers and the Market for Decorative Arts between 1880 and 1940
PROFESSOR:
Charlotte Vignon
This course will explore the exodus of decorative arts from Europe to the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century by providing an in-depth study of three key figures who contributed to this phenomenon: Joel, Henry, and Joseph Duveen of Duveen Brothers, the prestigious international art firm established in London and New York at the close of the nineteenth century, and in Paris in 1908. Beginning with the examination of the strategies employed by Duveen Brothers to monopolize the American art market and become the preeminent dealers of their time, the course will explore the Duveen Brothers’ dealings in Chinese porcelains, eighteenth-century French decorative arts, and medieval and Renaissance art as well as the firm’s activities in the area of interior decoration. Questions of authenticity and restoration will also be addressed. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
History and Theory of Museums
SEMESTER:
Thinking with Things in North America
871 Thinking with Things in North America
PROFESSOR:
Ivan Gaskell
Most historians are only comfortable using written sources, yet documents form only a small proportion of surviving material traces of the past. How can we use a wide range of material things to write history? Drawing on anthropology, art history, history, museum studies, and philosophy, this course seeks to develop skills needed to mobilize material things to understand the American past. Students will use the practical examination of particular objects from New York collections to explore American historical themes, such as colonialism, patriotism, and the beginnings of mechanization. Yet achieving excellence also entails considering underlying issues. These include the conflicting claims of indigenous and Western thought systems, the relationship between nature and artifice, prototypes and representations, persistence and mutability, and the tangible and intangible attributes of things. Emphasis is on both the hands-on and theoretical skills needed to produce history from material things, whether written, exhibited, or on the Web. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Archaeology, Anthroplogy, and Material Culture
SEMESTER:
Design and Interior Architecture in Germany, 1700-2000
872 Design and Interior Architecture in Germany, 1700-2000
This course will investigate Germany as a center for the decorative arts (including interior decoration and furniture) between 1700 and 2000. It aims to situate the German decorative arts as a creative force in the crosscurrents of European culture and taste. Religious divisions between the Catholic regions in southern and western Germany and the Protestant regions of the east and north caused differences in political structures, which in return impacted style and taste. The eighteenth century saw a strong influence of French aristocratic art, which found individual interpretation in the German provinces, since the French prototypes were too expensive and were merely known through drawings or printed documents. Through the migration of craftsmen from Germany to the great capitals of Europe such as London, Paris, and Petersburg, and later the United States, German craftsmanship affected production in all these countries. The sober and elegant forms of the Biedermeier Period of the nineteenth century displayed new attempts at creating a purely German style and had varying degrees of international success. The Jugend movement and the Bauhaus school established successful designers and creators who brought their vision abroad when many were forced into emigration after 1933. The 1920s saw a multitude of engaging and non-conventional design solutions, many of which have been completely forgotten. The dark years of the Third Reich were followed by a research of reconciliation and connection with international trends, which often were realized only with the modest means of a country that had lost the war. The main artistic currents and centers for the creation and the manufacture of fine furniture, art objects, and porcelain (Augsburg, Dresden, München, Dessau and Berlin) will be presented and discussed. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Exhibiting Technical Images (A Focus Gallery Course, part II)
873 Exhibiting Technical Images (A Focus Gallery Course, part II)
This seminar is the second part of the Visual Cultures of Knowledge Focus Gallery course. It is conceived as a tutorial that will be structured around questions of curating—the transformation of an idea and its objects into a coherent exhibition display. Pictures and objects found in the office of recently deceased Cambridge-based scientist Benoît Mandelbrot, a mathematics professor at Yale, a noted researcher in various fields, and a former employee of IBM, will provide much of the material we’ll work with. Internationally renowned as a popularizer of chaos theory and fractals, Mandelbrot was one of the leading figures in the field of contemporary technical images. The exhibition will draw extensively from the archival resources of computer graphics, but also drawings, mixed media, polaroids, films, and small sculptures. The objects relate to manifold topics such as early digital aesthetics, science and pop culture, programmed simulations of nature (i.e. ’data landscapes’), their postmodern reception, variation and repetition, the question of authorship, computer graphics as material objects, the cross section of analogue and digital media, images without beholder, or ‘the waste of science,’ and the aesthetics of chance in relation to early computer art. We will also have the opportunity to discuss early digital image production with one of the programmers who worked with Mandelbrot in the 1970s. The course is open for new students. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Archaeology, Anthroplogy, and Material Culture
SEMESTER:
The Material Culture of Women in Nineteenth-Century America
874 The Material Culture of Women in Nineteenth-Century America
This course explores the cultural and material history of women in the United States during the 19th century. How does the material record provide us with evidence for the perceived or actual roles of women in this period? How (and why) does the history of women as told through material culture look different from history as told through traditional documentary sources? Beginning after the American Revolution with the ideals of Republican motherhood, the course will move both thematically and chronologically through topics including changing ideas about women’s educational and vocational opportunities, the complicated reality behind the idea of “separate spheres”, and the importance of women’s consumer power. Special attention will also be paid to women’s roles as agents of social change and to the material evidence of traditionally marginalized groups of women. Readings will span the genres of women’s history, material culture, and the decorative arts and will include Joan Scott’s “Gender as a Useful Category of Historical Analysis,” works by historian Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, and a variety of exhibition catalogues and monographs. Period sources, including Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Godey’s Ladies’ Book, and The American Woman’s Homewill provide an important window into the lives and concerns of 19th-century women. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
New York and American Material Culture
SEMESTER:
Design in Film and Television: Sets, Costume, Titles, Advertising, and Films about Design
875 Design in Film and Television: Sets, Costume, Titles, Advertising, and Films about Design
PROFESSOR:
Pat Kirkham
This course aims to introduce students to design in relation to film and television, with special reference to the USA. The areas to be studied include set/production design; costume design; posters and advertising; title sequences; inter-titles, and films made by and about designers. Most of the films studied will be what are known as mainstream theatrical releases; i.e., made by the large studios with major stars, but ‘independent,’ experimental and business films, as well as films from other countries, will be referred to as relevant. The televisions programs and series studied will range from popular sitcoms to educational television. For class presentations students will be able to roam from the earliest days of cinema to the latest digital special effects. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
New York and American Material Culture
SEMESTER:
Tangible Things: Observing, Collecting, Sorting
876 Tangible Things: Observing, Collecting, Sorting
PROFESSOR:
Ivan Gaskell
The objective of this course is to use object-centered historical and interdisciplinary research to advance the conception of a future exhibition drawn from the many collections at Harvard University. Buried in storage within Harvard’s museums are relics of “international experiences” —moments of wonder, envy, conflict, and appropriation—that extend over more than three centuries. They expose the intellectual assumptions and the political and economic forces that have shaped American encounters with the world. Treating divisions among the arts, the humanities, and the sciences as permeable, the seminar will investigate how collecting and categorizing tangible things have progressively shaped social, intellectual, and cultural boundaries in American society. The seminar will be conducted in parallel with a seminar at Harvard University convened by Laurel Thatcher Ulrich. The two seminars will confer electronically, and (funding permitting) will hold two joint residential weekend workshops, one in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and one in New York City. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Archaeology, Anthroplogy, and Material Culture
SEMESTER:
Picturing Things: Photography as Material Culture
877 Picturing Things: Photography as Material Culture
PROFESSOR:
Aaron Glass
Catherine Whalen
Although photography is usually approached as a visual medium of image production and reproduction, photographs are also objects with their own unique material properties. They not only depict the material world, they also help constitute it. As a particular type of image/object, photographs have specific modes of production, circulation, and consumption, and have scholarly potential beyond critiques of “representation” alone. This course surveys the history, theory and methods of treating photography as material culture, focusing on materiality and the evidentiary potential of the photographic image as object. We’ll begin with the early history of diverse photographic technologies and foundational readings on photographic practice. Chronological and topical sections will cover such issues as Victorian portraiture, corporeality and biography; seriality, narrative and performance; the photographic archive as index, record and system; museological contexts for photography of/as fine art or ethnography; colonialism and the imaging of race and ethnicity; non-western engagement with the medium; the snapshot, tourism and amateur photography; the still and moving image in early cinema; the rise and propagation of documentary photography; the generation of iconic images; advertizing, popular culture and fashion; architectural photography; and digital imaging and the challenge of dematerialization. Along the way, we will pay close attention to the dynamics of power, genre and ethics across gender, class, racial, cultural and national lines. Through critical discussion of texts, close examination (and production) of photographic objects, in-class presentations and fieldtrips, this seminar course will help prepare students to engage with the photographic object as a resource for historical scholarship and as a cultural product in its own right. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Archaeology, Anthroplogy, and Material Culture
SEMESTER:
French Furniture – Paris, 1650-1830
878 French Furniture – Paris, 1650-1830
The course will investigate how the city of Paris became the pre-eminent European center for artistic production and a trendsetter in the field of the decorative arts from the second half of the seventeenth century to the beginning of the nineteenth century. The mainstream fashionable styles which had a direct influence on design, such as Rococo, Chinoiserie, Orientalism, Egyptian style, Anglomania, and others, will be presented in order to understand the defining ornament vocabulary of each and its impact on the fabrication of objects. The availability of new techniques and precious materials in the largest European capitals had a strong influence on decorative arts production. Examples of objects in various media, employing materials such as silver, steel, porcelain, glass, mirrors and exotic woods will be inspected. Due to the influx of very highly skilled craftsmen migrating to Paris in order to find employment, the city became a major center for fine furniture making. French furniture production during this period is unique within Europe in that many pieces can often be identified as the work of individual masters whose workshops developed a personal style. The evolution of the French lifestyle and the discovery of privacy led to the creation of many new models and types of furniture, which will be discussed in accordance with their original use and role in interiors. The well- documented royal furniture commissioned by furniture administration of the French court will be discussed as exemplars of craftsmanship and design. The seminar will focus on the stylistic evolution of French furniture. It can be taken as complementary class to the course “From Versailles to Fifth Avenue,” on the later history of collections of French furniture and decorative arts. The course will be complemented by study sessions at the Metropolitan Museum and sales rooms. 3 credits. Satisfies pre-1800 requirement.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Media and Materiality: How Technology Shapes Media and Media Shape Culture
879 Media and Materiality: How Technology Shapes Media and Media Shape Culture
The story of media is the story of mankind extending his reach through technology. The invention of the printing press has allowed us to easily fix knowledge in a format that could be exchanged, shared, and sent far away. Photography allows us to take a moment in time and space, capture it and store it. And, the digital era has seen us take information, break it into pieces of data, and then reassemble that data into new forms of knowledge. With each stage of increasing technical complexity, the relationship between materials and culture becomes more complicated, reflecting the role that technological delivery media play in shaping our experience of knowledge, information, and/or data. This course will consider the centrality of material things in the experience of culture by assessing the impact of different manifestations of media artifacts, such as books, film, records, tapes, disks, etc., on cultural development. Along with readings, discussion, and presentations, the class will include a study of the characteristics of different delivery media via object analysis and comparative media screenings. Readings will include work by Walter Benjamin, Marshall McLuhan, Bruno Latour, Lisa Gitelman, Yochai Benkler, Matthew Kirschenbaum, etc. Students in the course will tell the story of cultural change, media and materiality by working together to construct an interactive digital timeline (along the model of the Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History) that will consist of entries about different delivery media and their relative impact. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Archaeology, Anthroplogy, and Material Culture
SEMESTER:
Archaeological Approaches to Material Culture
880 Archaeological Approaches to Material Culture
Archaeology is a discipline dependent on and defined by the analysis of material culture. Frequently working without written sources, archaeologists study ancient societies through the tangible and fragmentary remains of the past. Drawing on case studies covering a broad temporal and geographical range, this course explores the methods employed by archaeologists to examine all aspects of human behavior in the past. In addition to introducing students to both visual and non-visual/compositional analyses of the form, function and production of varied classes of archaeological material (ceramics, textiles, stone tools etc.), this course considers how scholars use these methods to reconstruct past social organization, ideologies, economies, gender and ethnic identities, and so forth. Utilizing literature written over the past century, the course also traces shifts in archaeological perspectives on the relationship between people and things, from the ‘pots equal people’ notion dominant in the early/mid twentieth Century, through post-Processual debates about the role of material culture in creating and transforming social worlds, to recent discussions defying the very concept of material culture as inanimate object. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Archaeology, Anthroplogy, and Material Culture
SEMESTER:
Pleasing the Crowd: Public History and the Material Culture of the American Circus
881 Pleasing the Crowd: Public History and the Material Culture of the American Circus
This course explores the cultural and material history of popular entertainment in New York City, using the Bard Graduate Center’s fall 2012 exhibition, Circus and the City, as its point of departure. The course will look at the historiography of popular entertainment in the United States, examine issues relating to the conception and design of interpretative historical exhibitions, and offer students the opportunity to handle and analyze objects. Selected readings will include the exhibition catalogue, The Circus Age by Janet Davis, James and Lois Horton’s Slavery and Public History, America’s Instrument by James Bollman and Philip Gura, and other works that offer insights into the intersection of popular entertainment, material culture, and public history. The class will also visit several local museum exhibitions and collections and required assignments include a few short papers, an in-class presentation, and a final project. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
New York and American Material Culture
SEMESTER:
Ethnography and the Material World
882 Ethnography and the Material World
PROFESSOR:
Aaron Glass
Ethnography, as the practice of cultural description, is associated primarily with anthropology although it is a method taken up by many other disciplines. The term generally refers to two related approaches to scholarly research: the practice of fieldwork as a means to gather data; and a particular genre of “writing-up” that privileges rich (or what Clifford Geertz called “thick”) first-hand description. This course is a primer on both aspects of ethnography and offers an intensive workshop for students to engage with the methods of fieldwork (participant observation, interviews and transcription, apprenticeship, audio-visual recording) and modes of scholarly narration. We will read a few ethnographies of the material world (from object production and circulation to consumption); discuss various methods and the ethics of research; and conduct primary fieldwork exercises with communities in or near New York City. This course will provide students with the tools to conduct research on vibrant objects in living communities. Students are encouraged to work on topics relevant to their graduate research interests, qualifying papers, and dissertations. Depending on your final research project, this course can satisfy Non-Western distribution requirement. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Archaeology, Anthroplogy, and Material Culture
SEMESTER:
Damage, Decay, Conservation (Mellon Curriculum)
883 Damage, Decay, Conservation (Mellon Curriculum)
PROFESSOR:
Ivan Gaskell
Few human-made things last in their original form. Things change. Some are inherently unstable, whether physically or chemically. Some are purposefully modified. Some are damaged by human action, either accidental or intentional. This seminar focuses on issues arising from human intervention in changed artifacts from many societies and time periods. We shall investigate Western conservation practice in various contexts, including museums, the art trade, and sacred sites. How do changes to tangible things occur, and what are those changes? What forms of examination facilitate intervention? What are criteria for intervention? Whose values affect the definition of these criteria? Whose values might be in conflict with those that promote intervention? What agendas (such as nationalism, tourism promotion, reconstruction after armed conflict) affect conservation and restoration decisions? How responsive are conservation institutions to theoretical and ethical concerns? We shall pursue these puzzles through theoretical texts, case studies, and visits to conservation laboratories. 3 credits. satisfies pre-1800 requirement
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Archaeology, Anthroplogy, and Material Culture
Cultures of Conservation
Weaving through the Past and into the Present: 10,000 Years of Andean Textiles
884 Weaving through the Past and into the Present: 10,000 Years of Andean Textiles
Visitors to the Andes today are met with a rich visual landscape. This is particularly manifested in the textile arts of the region, which are renowned for their distinctive styles and elaborate decorative motifs. In an area noted for its environmental and climatic extremes, weavers utilize alpaca, llama and vicuna wool to meet basic human needs. Beyond their functional value, however, textiles have long played an important role in mediating social relations, and in asserting identities and ethnic affiliations. Adopting a broad geographic and temporal approach, this course draws on both archaeological and ethnographic evidence to examine continuity and change in Andean textile traditions. Beginning with the antecedents to textile production in basket weaving 10,000 years ago, the class works chronologically through the textile traditions of the major pre-Columbian cultures. It then moves into the ethnographic present to consider how weavers today both build on and modify pre-Hispanic traditions and styles, as well as how textile arts are affected by global markets, by tourism in the region and by the growing number of institutions and NGOs designed to revitalize ‘traditional’ weaving practices and goods. 3 credits. satisfies pre-1800 or non-Western requirement
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Archaeology, Anthroplogy, and Material Culture
SEMESTER:
885 Antiquarianism: History, Theory, Future
PROFESSOR:
Peter N. Miller
The scholarly encounter with the material world was first mediated by antiquities. The study of material antiquity in the Renaissance established a series of categories and expectations for the exploitation of material evidence. The course begins c. 1450 with an exploration of antiquarianism in Italy and continues through the heyday of antiquarianism in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Then we turn to the relationship between the study of antiquities and the beginning of cultural history around 1800. The next part of the course looks beyond the academic disciplines to look at the way in which this sort of study, in which materiality led to broader reflection on civilization, fed into art and literature in the twentieth century. Finally, we will confront the question of the future of antiquarianism. In an age of hyper-linking, fragments and digital curation, would the style of antiquarianism better match the future than the long-form narratives of the classic history-writing of the nineteenth century? Viewed from present, looking backward and forward, we will come to reflect on the nature of historical scholarship in Euro-America over the past 500 years. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Archaeology, Anthroplogy, and Material Culture
SEMESTER:
Spring 2013
886
Exploring the Frick's Collection of Decorative Arts: Perspectives of Art Historians, Curator, and Conservators (Mellon Curriculum)
886 Exploring the Frick's Collection of Decorative Arts: Perspectives of Art Historians, Curator, and Conservators (Mellon Curriculum)
PROFESSOR:
Charlotte Vignon
This course is an in-depth study of the outstanding collection of decorative art at The Frick Collection, which includes French and Italian Renaissance furniture, sixteenth-century Limoges enamels, eighteenth-century French furniture, Asian and European ceramics, watches and clocks. Held at The Frick Collection, the course will offer a unique opportunity for the students to examine closely works of art and engage in a dialogue with curator Charlotte Vignon and conservators Joe Godla and Julia Day on questions of attribution, authenticity, technique, conservation and restoration. New interpretations and scholarships will also be discussed as well as the issue of museum display. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
History and Theory of Museums
SEMESTER:
Courtly Culture in the Medieval Mediterranean
887 Courtly Culture in the Medieval Mediterranean
The lands surrounding the Mediterranean in the middle ages were divided among multiple claimants to authority, and rulers of each successive dynasty often legitimated themselves through cultural production. This course examines a number of medieval courts, and focuses on the architecture, luxury objects, poetry and ceremonial rituals produced in them. We will employ a comparative approach that considers the cultures of Mediterranean courts in the period from the eighth century to the fourteenth. We will begin by examining the Hellenistic legacy of Late Antiquity, and will study the courts of Latin Christendom, Byzantium and the Islamic world that laid claim to this heritage. Courts studied will include those of Byzantine Constantinople, Umayyad Cordoba, Crusader Jerusalem, Fatimid and Mamluk Cairo, Norman Palermo, the Italian city-states and others. We will focus particularly on exchange among these courts (including diplomatic missions and the trade of goods and slaves) and the development of an international courtly culture. 3 credits. satisfies pre-1800 requirement
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Interwoven Globe: The Worldwide Textile Trade, 1500-1800
888 Interwoven Globe: The Worldwide Textile Trade, 1500-1800
PROFESSOR:
Jeffrey L. Collins
Beginning in the sixteenth century, the golden age of European overseas navigation brought about the flowering of an abundant textile trade. Textiles and textile designs made their way around the globe, from India and Asia to Europe, between India and Asia and Southeast Asia, from Europe back to the east, and eventually to the west to the colonies of the Americas. Trade textiles blended the traditional designs, materials, and skills of the cultures that produced them, as well as some of the aesthetic preferences of their consumers. As such, they offer a chance to explore broad networks of cultural and material exchange and the specific local conditions in which such objects were made and used. This seminar, run at the Metropolitan Museum in conjunction with the exhibition of the same name, takes trade textiles as its theme, offering participants a chance for close and sustained study of the objects on view and of the historical patterns they exemplify. Meetings will take place in the exhibition galleries and the Met’s Antonio Ratti Textile Center, where students will gain experience with the close analysis of objects, using trade textiles in the collection to write both catalogue-style entries and a longer research paper modeled on an article for an academic journal such as Textile History. Guest instructors include exhibition curators Amelia Peck (American Wing) and Melinda Watt (European Sculpture and Decorative Arts), in addition to other co-curators and specialists. 3 credits. Satisfies pre-1800 requirement
AREAS OF FOCUS:
The England of William Kent
891 The England of William Kent
PROFESSOR:
Jeffrey L. Collins
William Kent (c. 1685-1748) was a dominant artistic figure of his age, active as a painter, architect, and designer of landscapes, interiors, and interior furnishings from sofas to silver. His life also spans important milestones in British history, from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 through the Act of Union of 1707, Marlborough’s defeat of Louis XIV in 1714, the installation of the Hanoverian dynasty, and the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-48). This seminar, coinciding with the BGC exhibition William Kent: Designing Georgian Britain, aims to place Kent’s work in historical and conceptual context. Using the exhibition as a touchstone, participants will explore the arts in England from 1680 to 1750, studying topics including the impact of Huguenot and Continental artists and craftsmen in the entourage of William and Mary; the urban development of London; the English Baroque; Italianate decorative painting under Antonio Verrio, James Thornhill and others; Colen Campbell, Lord Burlington, and English neo-Palladianism; the English landscape garden; William Hogarth and the St. Martin’s Lane Academy; portraiture and the conversation piece; the British Rococo; Chinoiserie and exoticism; the Grand Tour and collecting; and the Britain’s colonial and mercantile expansion overseas. Meetings will take place in the classroom and in the galleries, with participants taking the lead in presenting selected objects to the group and organizing thematic visits to the exhibition. 3 credits. Satisfies pre-1800 requirement
AREAS OF FOCUS:
The Arts of the Table in Postwar America
892 The Arts of the Table in Postwar America
This course examines the arts of the table and spaces used for dining in America from 1945 to the present. We will explore the ceramics, metalwork, glassware, textiles, furniture, table decorations, and interior spaces used for dining along with their broader cultural and social contexts. We will study the theories, practices, and designs of important postwar modern designers including Russell Wright, Eva Zeisel, Ben Seibel, Raymond Loewy, and Charles and Ray Eames. We will explore the concept of timelessness and the role of historicism and period modern in designs for the table through important producers and retailers like Tiffany & Co. and spaces for dining by decorators like Billy Baldwin and Albert Hadley. The Postmodern table and the contemporary table will be investigated through architect designers including Robert Venturi, Frank Gehry, and Robert A. M. Stern and through firms like Knoll and SwidPowell. We will also take a thematic approach and look at everyday dining, dining and transportation, and dining in public venues. This course allows students to explore their own interests through a variety of short assignments, presentations, ethnographies, analyses of primary sources and objects, and a research project. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
New York and American Material Culture
SEMESTER:
PROFESSOR:
Abigail Krasner Balbale
Al-Andalus, as Spain was known in Arabic during its period of Muslim rule from 711-1492, was one of the longest-lasting sites of encounter among medieval Jews, Christians, and Muslims. This class focuses on the cultural history of this encounter. We will examine objects including manuscripts, ivories, metalwork, ceramics, and silks, as well as architecture including synagogues, mosques, churches, and palaces. Alongside these objects and spaces, we will consider medieval written sources, including chronicles, poetry, and the texts of treaties and diplomatic documents. Oftentimes, political and religious texts deal with religious difference polemically, even as poetry and material culture betray a fascination with the artist or patron’s ostensible enemies. Our discussion considers the different perspectives written and material sources provide, and will analyze how scholars have addressed these challenges. We will also examine the people, ideas, goods, and technologies that successively transformed al-Andalus and its neighbors, and will discuss to what extent al-Andalus should be seen as exceptional in the context of Europe and of the broader Islamic world. 3 credits. Satisfies the non-Western or pre-1800 requirement.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Objects of Belief: Religion and the Arts of Northern Europe 1450-1600
894 Objects of Belief: Religion and the Arts of Northern Europe 1450-1600
PROFESSOR:
Andrew Morrall
This course examines the transformation of the visual and material culture of late medieval Christianity brought about by the upheavals in beliefs, religious practice and social organization ushered in by the Protestant Reformation. It will begin by examining the rich material culture of the late medieval church and its spiritual, social and economic underpinnings, particularly in regard to relic worship, pilgrimage, and the cult of the saints. It will trace the concomitant rise in lay spirituality in the fifteenth century, which, under the impulse of the reforming ideals of theDevotio Moderna in the Netherlands and the renewed momentum of Erasmian humanism of the early sixteenth century, gathered pointed ideological force with the Protestant Reformation’s rejection of the cult of saints. Case studies drawn from the German-speaking territories, the Netherlands, and England will address such themes as iconoclasm and the consequent new forms of public worship, concentrating on continuities as well as the ruptures with Catholic tradition as the relationships between the material and the spiritual were reconfigured; the effects of evangelical beliefs upon the habits and rituals of domestic and civic life, upon ecclesiastical and domestic spaces, personal possessions, habits of dress and adornment, as the home, as much as the Church, became an important locus of spiritual and moral instruction; and more broadly, the material dimensions of Protestant attitudes to the written word and the book, natural philosophy, ethics, history, literature, and aesthetics and the wider implications of Protestantism upon Western culture. Satisfies pre-1800 requirement
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Cultures of Conservation: From Objects to Subjects – On Sites, Rites, and Paradigms
895 Cultures of Conservation: From Objects to Subjects – On Sites, Rites, and Paradigms
What is conservation? Simplistic as it may seem, this question has many possible answers. From the contemporary perspective, conservation no longer aims simply to prolong its objects’ material lives but is seen as an engagement with materiality—that is, with the many specific factors determining how objects’ identity and meaning are entangled with the aspects of time, the environment, ruling values, politics, economy, conventions, and culture. Accordingly, this course explores diverse cultures of conservation derived from anthropological-humanistic, aesthetic, and scientific approaches. Centered around the conservation of a variety of artworks and artifacts, our discussion will examine the challenges of traditional and contemporary materials and the so called ‘new’ and technology-based media. We will explore the conservation cultures of multiple institutions and stakeholders, and examine the historical conditions that have shaped conservation discourse and theory, especially as reflected in the split between scientific and humanistic cultures and the move from objects to subjects. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Archaeology, Anthroplogy, and Material Culture
SEMESTER:
PROFESSOR:
Ittai Weinryb
Most of the material culture produced in the lands surrounding the medieval Mediterranean owes its existence to the rise and development of the medieval court. In this seminar, we will examine the cultural milieus of Islamic, Byzantine and western European courts as well as the people, rituals and objects that constituted them. In so doing, we will develop a comparative model for the understanding of the function, life and aspirations of the medieval court. Focusing on materials ranging from ivories to textiles, from regalia to water-clocks, courtly figures from astrologers to eunuchs, emotions such as love and hate, as well as pastimes including hunting, lute playing and dancing, this course will illuminate the material ideals and ideas behind the medieval court in the Islamic and Christian worlds. 3 credits. Satisfies pre-1800 requirement or, based on research paper, the non-Western requirement.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
“Cultural Conservation”: Preserving Place and Practice (Mellon Curriculum)
897 “Cultural Conservation”: Preserving Place and Practice (Mellon Curriculum)
The term “conservation” is often associated with art objects, historic buildings and sites, or ecological resources such as water. But what about “cultural conservation?” The field of folkloristics—the study of creative expression in everyday life—has both embraced and contested the concept of “cultural conservation.” Recognizing and supporting vernacular creative practices, folklorists investigate the relationships between individuals and their material and social environments in order to understand how and why cultural forms are created, adapted, maintained, or abandoned. In this course, we will consider local, state, national, and international efforts to identify and sustain community-embedded forms of creative expression and cultural practice. We will examine the goals and implications of “cultural conservation” in three contexts: the built environment (buildings, sites, religious/ritual architecture, urban landscapes), the natural environment (ecosystems, agricultural and rural landscapes), and the cultural environment (museums, rituals, festivals). Site visits will be a core element of the course and will include extended work at The Lower East Side Tenement Museum, where we will examine the Museum’s curatorial and conservation practices, as well as at public folklore/folklife projects throughout New York City, including City Lore, the Eldridge Street Synagogue, and the folk arts programs of the Brooklyn and Staten Island Arts Councils. In each case, will examine how folklorists, cultural activists, and community members are working to address issues of social inequality and cultural empowerment in their neighborhoods through interaction with their physical environments; and how different parties understand and apply such concepts as “heritage,” “tradition,” “preservation,” and “community” in the “conservation of culture.” Over the course of the semester, students will develop a final paper or project about place-based practices of preservation. They will present their research to the class as it develops, and are encouraged to incorporate ethnographic or multimedia elements (virtual exhibitions, podcasts) into their work. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Archaeology, Anthroplogy, and Material Culture
SEMESTER:
In Focus: Warburg as Curator
898 In Focus: Warburg as Curator
PROFESSOR:
Peter N. Miller
This course, initiating a sequence leading to a Focus exhibition of the same name, will provide an introduction to the thought of Aby Warburg (1866-1929), the influential founder of the Kulturwissenschaftliche Bibliothek Warburg (after 1933 the “Warburg Institute”). During the 1920s, a decade when he published nothing, he delivered a series of lectures, accompanied by illustrated panels. How these functioned will be the subject of the upcoming exhibition. In this course, emphasis will be placed on Warburg’s broader theory of culture and on existing curatorial strategies. Student contributions to the project will focus on this latter dimension. Reading knowledge of German helpful. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
History and Theory of Museums
SEMESTER:
The Culture of Prints in Modern Europe
899 The Culture of Prints in Modern Europe
PROFESSOR:
Andrew Morrall
The advent of printing techniques signaled a watershed in European visual culture. This course will follow the development of printmaking in Europe from the first simple woodcuts to its apogee as a sophisticated art form in the sixteenth century. We will study the technical and aesthetic developments of the three main types of print, woodcut, engraving and etching, as well as issues of workshop practice and organization, to discover how by the mid-century, the production of and market for prints had expanded exponentially and the medium had acquired the status of an independent art form and an established set of critical values by which to judge it. A second aspect of the course will be to consider the massive cultural impact of prints across Europe as cheap and easily transportable models of design and ornament for the decorative and applied arts. Another component will be to explore the extent to which the replicated image helped revolutionize the transfer of knowledge in early modern Europe: how via printed books, maps and scientific objects and manuals, visual representation, as much as the written word, actively facilitated the conceptualization of ideas and framed scientific discourse. The course will include trips to local print collections and libraries. 3 credits. Satisfies pre-1800 requirement.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
From Versailles to Fifth Avenue: Collecting French Period Furniture and Objets d’Art
900 From Versailles to Fifth Avenue: Collecting French Period Furniture and Objets d’Art
From the moment of their manufacture and original installation, French eighteenth century furniture and objets d’art often have lived adventurous histories, which were influenced by political events as well as different owners. After presenting the canvas from where the objects came and for whom they were originally destined in eighteenth-century Paris, the course presents the history of a selection of important objects that today are found in relevant collections or museums and the histories of how they got there. Concentrating on objects such as furniture, gilt bronze and porcelain with dominantly Parisian provenance, we will investigate the main routes of circulation and collecting. Relevant collections during the nineteenth century dominated by collectors such as Prince Anatole Demidoff, Sir Richard Wallace or the Rothschild family will be encountered. Landmark art sales will be looked at and the later trend will be investigated, which in a constant but steady move brought many art objects to museum collections in the U.S. from Fifth Avenue to Santa Monica. This course will familiarize students with a great variety of objects as well as their histories and the formation of collections. The study and analysis of auction catalogs, and the presentation of the objects within, will be part of allocated subjects for papers. Questions of possible differences between choices for private and public collections will be addressed. We shall also address questions of different ethics of conservation, enhancement or embellishment of objects in due course of their transits. The course should enable the participating student to assess a collection, its content and its place in comparison and in time. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
History and Theory of Museums
SEMESTER:
In Focus: Beyond the Object Principle: Object - Event - Performance - Process (Mellon Curriculum)
901 In Focus: Beyond the Object Principle: Object - Event - Performance - Process (Mellon Curriculum)
The emergence of new forms of artistic expression in the 1960s and 70s has introduced new perspectives not only to museum presentation and collection practice, but also to conservation. Conservation philosophies and principles have been increasingly challenged by shifting paradigms of what once was acknowledged as the unique, singular, or authentic ‘object.’ As a result, today’s museum curators and conservators must adopt a diversified approach in order to engage seriously with new forms of cultural heritage that change our conception of the object and its relation to world, transfiguring our understanding of what and how it once was. This course will employ the prisms of art, cultural and conservation theories to focus on the challenges of conserving and presenting artworks and artifacts that may be better understood as events, performances, and processes. We will reevaluate the meaning of the ‘conservation object’ by exploring its relation to conceptions of time, archive and identity. We will go so far as to ask whether the terms of material conservation of a physical, evidential object may still be sustained in the face of the fleeting, transient and heterogeneous forms of contemporary media. So rather than asking ‘what is conservation?,’ which was subject matter of the Fall semester, we will ask what conservation was, meaning, whether, and to which degree, the term retains its validity. Are we ready to break off to the new horizons of non-material preservation of, for instance, aesthetic experience? These and other questions will be discussed through examples of works created in the context/attitude of Fluxus, Intermedia, performance, event, film, video, ephemera and foodstuff. The participants will be asked to prepare oral presentations and submit a term paper or virtual presentation. The course is conceived as a preparation for the Focus Gallery Project. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
History and Theory of Museums
SEMESTER:
In Focus: Envisioning Nineteenth-Century New York II
902 In Focus: Envisioning Nineteenth-Century New York II
PROFESSOR:
David Jaffee
This exhibition design course will continue work on the Focus Gallery project “Envisioning Nineteenth-Century New York,” investigating the visual experience and spectacle of nineteenth-century New York City. Students will work on the exhibit design and texts. Broadway will anchor the gallery presentation as we research and write about several visual entrepreneurs located along the avenue, such as Mathew Brady (a producer of daguerreotypes), Edward Anthony (stereoviews), Currier & Ives (lithographs), and Harper Brothers (woodcuts in Harper’s Weekly). We will use a workshop format to develop the materials for the gallery exhibit, the digital interactives in the gallery, and the accompanying digital exhibition. Open to all students. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
New York and American Material Culture
SEMESTER:
In Focus: The Interface Experience Design Tutorial
903 In Focus: The Interface Experience Design Tutorial
The last thirty years of computing have been defined by the ascendance of the personal computer, a device that has brought the power of computation out of laboratories and corporate technology centers and into the purview of the individual user. Those decades have seen major technological advances in both hardware and software, as computers have gotten smaller, faster, more powerful, and more complex in their capabilities. In fact, so much has happened so quickly, and its effect on everyday life so widespread, dramatic, and transformative, that we often forget how fundamentally our interactions with these machines have changed over time. The Interface Experience Focus Gallery project aims to historicize the experience of personal computing by considering computers as material culture objects deeply embedded in cultural and design history. Through tactile and experiential interactions, visitors to the exhibition will be prompted to think about what devices they have used in their computing past and how the use of those machines has impacted their daily life. This course will provide students with an opportunity to participate in the conceptualization, execution, and design of the exhibition and its various interactive features. Projects include refinement of the object list, development of experience scripts for in-gallery computing interactions, prototyping of both in-gallery and web-based design features, and hands-on work with numerous computers and other devices collected for the exhibition. Students will participate in conversations with BGC exhibition staff and outside application developers working on the project. No technological proficiencies or previous courses are required, and students of all comfort levels with computers are encouraged to register. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Archaeology, Anthroplogy, and Material Culture
SEMESTER:
The Art of Eighteenth-Century Gilt Bronze
904 The Art of Eighteenth-Century Gilt Bronze
PROFESSOR:
Charlotte Vignon
An in-depth study of French eighteenth-century gilt bronze, this course will offer a unique opportunity to closely examine works of art and engage in a dialogue with Curator Charlotte Vignon. Questions of production, technique, patronage, attribution, and authenticity will be addressed. Students will study several important artists and craftsmen, including André-Charles Boulle and Pierre Gouthière—their lives, production, and workshop practices, as well as their influence on the changing style and role of gilt bronze in eighteenth-century France. The class will be held at The Frick Collection. 3 credits. Satisfies the pre-1800 requirement.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Commerce and Culture in the Modern City
905 Commerce and Culture in the Modern City
PROFESSOR:
David Jaffee
Modern cities transformed economic power into cultural capital. We will look at this process through the study of the built environment, art and commerce, the cultural industries, museums and cultural institutions, along with city views in print and photographic form. This course will focus on three cities —: London in the eighteenth century, New York in the nineteenth century, and Tokyo in the twentieth. Students will give presentations on other cities of their choice in the final weeks of the course. We will pay special attention to questions of the visuality and spectacle of the city to take advantage of the fall Focus Gallery exhibit “Visualizing 19th Century New York.” Students will prepare a final project on the city of their choice, in either paper or digital form. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
New York and American Material Culture
SEMESTER:
Vernacular New York: Architecture/Landscapes/Tradition
906 Vernacular New York: Architecture/Landscapes/Tradition
This course examines the vernacular structures and landscapes of contemporary New York as expressions of individual and shared histories, cultural values, social customs, and religious beliefs. We study the construction, adaptation, reconstruction, destruction, and preservation of built and natural environments as performances of identity, expressions of creativity, tools of communication, and modes of resistance and acceptance. From the vantage point of folklore and material culture studies, we analyze how the form and function of urban spaces and structures reflect, nurture, or disrupt the beliefs and practices of their builders and users. Case studies include a New York City tenement apartment building (we will have on-site work at the Lower East Side Tenement Museum), community-constructed displays/museums, street altars and yard shrines, city streets as routes for religious ritual and procession, and the urban waterfront. We employ both material and ethnographic analysis to discern the intangible practices and meanings embedded in these places. Students will produce a final paper or project based on a type of vernacular architecture or landscape and present their research to the class at various stages of progress. Ethnographic and multimedia components are welcome. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
New York and American Material Culture
SEMESTER:
907
Textiles of China and Japan: Highlights from the Ancient World to the Early Twentieth Century
907 Textiles of China and Japan: Highlights from the Ancient World to the Early Twentieth Century
This seminar will survey the textiles of China and Japan in a generally chronological sequence and with an episodic focus on highlights of the extremely long period it covers. (The two cultures have an extremely close relationship, especially in the medieval period, and Chinese textiles must be understood to achieve an adequate understanding of Japanese textile history.) By the end of the course, students will have a basic grounding in the woven textile structures of Chinese textiles and the dye techniques of Japanese textiles. Making use of textiles and visual materials of various sorts (ranging from Chinese tomb figures to Japanese prints, paintings, pattern books, and literary works), the class will explore various textile types and issues of their interpretation. Students will give brief reports on readings and objects and contribute to in-class discussions. The culminating project, a class presentation followed by a paper, should reflect the students’ own areas of interest, as related to East Asian textiles. (For students unable to read East Asian languages, consultation with the instructor will be necessary to assure that enough material for the project is available in Western languages.) 3 credits. Satisfies non-Western or, depending on final research project, pre-1800 requirement.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Artists, Craftsmen, and the Pursuit of Nature in Renaissance Europe
908 Artists, Craftsmen, and the Pursuit of Nature in Renaissance Europe
PROFESSOR:
Andrew Morrall
Deborah L. Krohn
This class will explore the manifold responses to the natural world by Renaissance artists and craftsmen during a period when the medieval, theologically-bound universe was giving way in the face of momentous new discoveries—of new worlds, peoples, animals and plant forms—and the traditional Ptolemaic worldview was challenged by the new heliocentric cosmos of Copernicus. The course will examine the ways artists and craftsmen documented nature’s physical qualities, charted its extent, explored its structures, and expressed its qualities and meanings in poetic and allegorical form. Themes will include the emergence of landscape and pastoral, villa culture, garden and grotto design, the aesthetics of mimesis and naturalism, the early collecting of naturalia, cartography and mapping, and the role of the artist / draughtsman in the emerging natural sciences. The course will include visits to museums and collections and will require a research paper. 3 credits. Satisfies pre-1800 requirement. This class will explore the manifold responses to the natural world by Renaissance artists and craftsmen during a period when the medieval, theologically-bound universe was giving way in the face of momentous new discoveries—of new worlds, peoples, animals and plant forms—and the traditional Ptolemaic worldview was challenged by the new heliocentric cosmos of Copernicus. The course will examine the ways artists and craftsmen documented nature’s physical qualities, charted its extent, explored its structures, and expressed its qualities and meanings in poetic and allegorical form. Themes will include the emergence of landscape and pastoral, villa culture, garden and grotto design, the aesthetics of mimesis and naturalism, the early collecting of naturalia, cartography and mapping, and the role of the artist / draughtsman in the emerging natural sciences. The course will include visits to museums and collections and will require a research paper. 3 credits. Satisfies pre-1800 requirement.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
On the Road in the USA
909 On the Road in the USA
PROFESSOR:
Kenneth L. Ames
Although our views may be a bit less sanguine today, the automobile once seemed the best of inventions in this democratic land. It promised new freedoms, new opportunities, and new experiences, all increasingly available to the many. This course explores the complicated impact of the car on Americans’ lives during the course of the twentieth century, with particular attention to vacation travel and tourism and the material culture that emerged to serve them. Starting with a brief overview of the evolution of the automobile in the U.S., the course examines the development of roads, parkways, and highways; the petroleum industry and gas stations; billboards and signage; tourist homes, cabins, and motels; diners, car hops, and fast-food vendors; trailers and mobile homes; destinations, both natural and decidedly artificial; and travel souvenirs and memorabilia. Student projects determined in consultation with the instructor. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
New York and American Material Culture
SEMESTER:
The Antiquarian Foundations of Contemporary Design Thinking
910 The Antiquarian Foundations of Contemporary Design Thinking
PROFESSOR:
Peter N. Miller
What is design thinking? Where does design thinking come from? How is design thinking human-centered, and how might we make it even more so? This seminar answers these questions with a dramatic assertion: that knowledge of the past, and specifically, past scholarship, as modeled in the work of antiquarians from the seventeenth century onwards, is essential for understanding and developing the most innovative of contemporary design thinking and practice. This seminar explores the historical practice of antiquaries as a paradigm for the contemporary design thinking that is focused on the temporal nature of human relationships with things, as well as using a design orientation a means of generating insight into antiquarian practice. Calling this component of design “antiquarian” is more valid than calling it “historical” because “history” is what happened in the past, whereas antiquarianism is about the past-in-things that remains alive in the present. If the connection between antiquarianism and design is material pasts and memories then we could describe designers as neo-antiquarians—as those who experience, and help us experience, the past through things. Design thinking, understood from this perspective, is necessarily archaeological and represents what prior generations called “the liberal arts” — the belief that knowledge from and about the past is important for living well in the future. The course will be taught as simultaneous video-linked seminars by Shanks at Stanford and Miller at the BGC. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
From Ditch to Nitch: Making the Vatican Museum
911 From Ditch to Nitch: Making the Vatican Museum
PROFESSOR:
Jeffrey L. Collins
Public museums as we know them today were invented in eighteenth-century Europe in tandem with new ideas about the cultural value, social purpose, appropriate setting, and intended audience of art and historic artifacts. But how, where, and why did these protomodern museums take shape? What practical and conceptual operations were required to create an eighteenth-century museum, and how did they intersect with wider scientific, political, economic, and aesthetic concerns? This seminar investigates these questions by focusing on eighteenth-century Rome, a crucible of modern museology, and particularly the Pio-Clementino museum of classical antiquities, nucleus and ancestor of today’s Vatican Museums. We will use this and related case studies to explore the history of collecting and display in Italy; changes in the art market and new notions of cultural patrimony; shifts in patronage and the invention of new bureaucratic and institutional structures; the growing interest in Greco-Roman antiquity and the development of “Neoclassicism”; and the role of the Grand Tour in catalyzing and diffusing new cultural ideals. The seminar will also function as a workshop for my current book project on the changing fortunes, forms, and meanings of an important nucleus of ancient statuary as it moved from a clandestine excavation near Tivoli in 1774-5 through installation at the Vatican, transfer to Paris under Napoleon, and return to Rome after the Battle of Waterloo. By reconstructing how and by whom these prized artifacts were unearthed, identified, acquired, restored, displayed, contextualized, published, reproduced, confiscated, and ultimately repatriated, the project illuminates both the history of museums and the diverse and sometimes conflicting understandings of antiquity at the dawn of the modern era. 3 credits. Satisfies the pre-1800 requirement.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
History and Theory of Museums
SEMESTER:
912
Curatorial Practice and American Art at the Metropolitan Museum: A Chipstone Foundation-Bard Graduate Center Collaboration
912 Curatorial Practice and American Art at the Metropolitan Museum: A Chipstone Foundation-Bard Graduate Center Collaboration
Two curatorial departments at the Metropolitan Museum—the American Wing, and the Arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas—are both in the early stages of planning major gallery reinstallations. BGC is partnering with the Chipstone Foundation and both curatorial departments to examine the process as it occurs. Participants will focus on works of decorative art from the Americas in both departments, their variety, their material and cultural character, their relations with other artworks in the museum’s collection, and the roles they might play in new installations. The seminar will ask fundamental questions: What is American art? What are its boundaries? Should two museum departments, each of which looks after artworks from the Americas, relate their respective collections, and, if so, how? What novel exhibition strategies of the kind encouraged by the Chipstone Foundation might be appropriate in planning new displays? Participants will discuss these and other issues with curators from both museum departments, conservators, and the staff of the Chipstone Foundation. There will be regular seminar sessions at the museum, and multiple opportunities to examine artworks firsthand. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
New York and American Material Culture
SEMESTER:
Spring 2017
913
The Arts of Design in France, 1780-1815: Interiors, Objects, and Fashion between the Revolution and the First Empire
913 The Arts of Design in France, 1780-1815: Interiors, Objects, and Fashion between the Revolution and the First Empire
PROFESSOR:
Michele Majer
The course explores the artistic developments that affected interiors, furnishings, and fashion in a dramatic period of change that ushered in modern Europe. After surveying the situation in France during the years before the storming of the Bastille, we will examine various cultural and aesthetic currents including neoclassicism, historicism, and exoticism. Rather than treating the period as a single unit, as is often the case, we will treat the decade leading up to the Revolution, the Revolution itself, the Directoire and Consulat, and the Empire as distinct periods dominated by discrete political events and power shifts. In each of these periods, we will focus on the work of leading designers and architects and their collaborative relationships with their patrons. We will also consider new types of consumers who emerged during this time of social upheaval, eager to show off their recently acquired wealth by commissioning and purchasing high-end goods in the latest styles. Recent research has spurred a growing interest in this tumultuous and highly influential twenty-five-year span, and course readings from secondary as well as primary sources will allow us to connect both the taste and methods of fabrication at the turn of the nineteenth century with the present day. As both professors are currently conducting research projects on this period, new aspects and discoveries in one of the most lively and dramatic eras for fashion, furniture, and object design will be presented for discussion. Classes will be complemented by field trips in NYC. 3 credits. Based on research project, the course can satisfy the pre-1800 requirement.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Spring 2015
914
In Focus: Frontier Shores—Ethnography, Colonialism, and Oceania from the Eighteenth to the Early Twentieth Century
914 In Focus: Frontier Shores—Ethnography, Colonialism, and Oceania from the Eighteenth to the Early Twentieth Century
The late nineteenth century saw the application of the growing discipline of Anthropology as both a powerful tool of colonial control as well as an ideological justification for it. This theme will be explored in detail in the context of Oceania—the vast region encompassing Australia, New Zealand, and the tropical Pacific islands. This course will be the first of two In Focus courses leading to the 2016 BGC exhibition, and is essential foundation for students wishing to participate in that. As a major component of the course, material culture from the region will be used as an analytical tool for the themes, cultures, and encounters discussed. Beginning with the voyages of Cook, and ending with the decline in the so-called armchair period of Anthropology in the early twentieth century, the course will examine cross-cultural contact and the contest for power between indigenous and non-indigenous people, processes of “othering,” and the manufacture of authenticity. Many of the indigenous people of Oceania were perceived in mainstream European scientific thought as inhabiting the lowest tiers of humanity, considered stagnant, incapable of change, savage, and doomed to perish. Although these notions have long since been discredited, their impact on the development of anthropology, colonial policy, and national identity will be explored in detail. This will illustrate respective historic and cultural features, the inter-relations between differing peoples, as well as the development of anthropological thought in Oceania. 3 credits. Satisfies the non-Western requirement.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Archaeology, Anthroplogy, and Material Culture
SEMESTER:
History and Material Culture: New Directions
915 History and Material Culture: New Directions
PROFESSOR:
Ivan Gaskell
This seminar participates in the preparation of the Oxford Handbook of History and Material Culture, edited by Ivan Gaskell and Sarah Anne Carter. The editors’ goal is to contribute to shaping the future practice of material culture history. Thirty-three international scholars discussed their ideas at a workshop at the BGC in May 2014. They have since drafted chapters that challenge the boundaries of material culture history. The manuscript is due for submission in April 2015. By discussing selected drafts with their authors by video link, and commenting on chapters-in-progress, the seminar will not only examine overarching puzzles of method and principle, but will contribute to the future direction of worldwide material culture history from Paleolithic to Punk. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Archaeology, Anthroplogy, and Material Culture
SEMESTER:
History, Culture, and Material Culture of Wine, 1700-2000
916 History, Culture, and Material Culture of Wine, 1700-2000
PROFESSOR:
Kenneth L. Ames
People have been making and drinking wine for thousands of years. It is not surprising, then, that wine has a material history that is equally rich and complex. Wine has long been intimately connected to agriculture, industry, and commerce. It has been and remains the mainstay of regional economies in France, Italy, California, and elsewhere, yet is also an immense multinational business and cultural phenomenon. Wine is associated with rituals and celebrations, serves as a marker of social distinctions, and is variously viewed as healthful or dangerous. It can be fabulously expensive or dirt cheap. Whatever the price, wine is alcoholic and has the potential to induce altered states. This course traces the history of wine over the last three centuries, primarily as played out in Europe and the United States. Emphasis is on wine as an iconic form of material culture at the center of a constellation of ancillary objects—bottles, corks, corkscrews, labels, wine coolers, wine glasses, decanters, etc., all with their own historical narratives. The course also explores the histories of canonical wines, the phenomenon of wine tourism, and the recent interest among philosophers in the aesthetics of wine. Some tasting involved. Requirements include short classroom presentations and a substantial course project. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
In Focus: Revisions—Art, Materiality, and Continuity in Fluxus (1960s-70s)
917 In Focus: Revisions—Art, Materiality, and Continuity in Fluxus (1960s-70s)
This course interrogates the materiality of artworks and artifacts created in the spirit of Fluxus and other avant-garde aesthetic movements of the1960s and 70s, with a special emphasis on Nam June Paik’s first Fluxfilm, Zen for Film (1962-64). Participants will engage with the planning and development of the upcoming Focus Gallery exhibition and its digital components. Among the questions asked will be how the knowledge about materiality redefines visual knowledge; how change affects what the artwork is; and how ideas of appropriation, replication and re-enactment pose alternative ways of thinking about the continuing life of artworks. We will examine the ways in which the archive (as a conceptual space and a place of consignation), document, and trace partake in the life of the artwork from an array of perspectives. We will seek to identify the conditions that affected the curatorial, presentation and conservation cultures, leading to the emergence of a multifold character of the artwork, evident in its many manifestations. While largely practically oriented, this course combines methods of art history, material culture studies, philosophy, and the theory and practice of conservation. Participation in the previous courses, particularly “Beyond the Object Principle” (Spring 2014) is welcomed, yet not obligatory. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Material Culture and Social Life in the Early Modern Home, 1500–1700
918 Material Culture and Social Life in the Early Modern Home, 1500–1700
PROFESSOR:
Andrew Morrall
This course explores the development of domestic space across a wide social spectrum from the urban burgher in the mercantile centers of northern Europe to the landed gentry and nobility of England, whose “prodigy houses” of the later sixteenth century offered an extraordinary expression of a new domestic and civil ideal of living. The course will chart changing notions of personal comfort and forms of social signification among these disparate communities, and set the various accoutrements of living, including furniture and furnishings, interior architecture, metalwork, ceramics, glass, and the other decorative features and accessories of domestic life—within the broader moral, political, ideological and economic frameworks of the societies that produced them. These frameworks will include the humanist-driven theories of the household as a place for the inculcation of the virtues and education deemed necessary for private and public life; the particular role of women in the running of the home; and, more broadly, the family as the political bedrock of the state. In the wake of the Reformation, the domestic realm took over many of the impulses behind traditional church decoration and became in effect, a new locus of moral instruction. The objects with which contemporaries chose to surround themselves were thus often charged with ethical meaning, not just symbolically through their decoration, but also dynamically, in terms of social usage. In an age of increasingly codified social behavior, when good conduct and manners were assuming importance in the expression of moral character, the artifacts of domestic living and the social rituals which developed around them, took on a new importance in the expression of personal and familial virtue. Knowledge of German, French, or Dutch is an advantage but not essential. 3 credits.Satisfies the pre-1800 requirement.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Ocean, Seaside, Beach, and Pool: Episodes in the History of Watery Recreation and Amusement
919 Ocean, Seaside, Beach, and Pool: Episodes in the History of Watery Recreation and Amusement
PROFESSOR:
Kenneth L. Ames
A seminar in cultural history exploring Westerners’ (and especially Americans’) changing attitudes toward and engagements with the sea over the last three centuries. Potential topics include the history of seascape painting; the enduring appeal of Venice; the development of seaside resorts; the ocean in Victorian literary imagination; the lure of the cottage at the shore; seaside architecture; yachts and yacht clubs; the great era of the ocean liner; the beach at Waikiki; amusement parks, boardwalks, and salt water taffy; beach parties, beach umbrellas, beach movies, beach bums; bathing suits, bathing beauties, sun tans, and sun glasses; spring break in Fort Lauderdale; surfing culture and surfing music; the contemporary cruise ship phenomenon; and popular twentieth-century writings (Jacques Cousteau, Rachel Carson, Kon-Tiki, Robert McCloskey, and others.) Short classroom presentations, 20-page research paper. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Curating from the Crypt: The Permanent Collection Exhibition
920 Curating from the Crypt: The Permanent Collection Exhibition
PROFESSOR:
Elissa Auther
This course is organized around the scholarly and curatorial work involved in the re-installation of the permanent collection galleries at the Museum of Arts and Design (MAD) in the fall of 2015. Course readings, discussions, site visits, and applied exercises will introduce students to the project from conception to realization as we shadow MAD’s chief curator and other museum staff essential to the project. The objectives of the course are multiple and include introducing students to current debates about the creative activation of permanent collections; studying the unique history and evolution of MAD’s permanent collection; considering the relationship between institutional mission and object selection; distinguishing between competing curatorial styles of display and storytelling; and evaluating the way interpretive text is integrated into exhibition design. Course meetings will take place at MAD, BGC, and other sides as needed. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
History and Theory of Museums
SEMESTER:
The Material Culture of the Caliphate
921 The Material Culture of the Caliphate
PROFESSOR:
Abigail Krasner Balbale
The caliphate emerged in the seventh century as a form of political succession to the Prophet Muhammad that aimed to lead the spiritual community that had united under his authority. Within decades, the institution was contested by rival parties with radically different understandings of its parameters. Should the caliph be the arbiter of righteous spiritual activity, or a political ruler on the model of pre-Islamic kings and emperors? Should the caliph inherit his position, or be elected by his peers based on his piety? These arguments played out differently across the growing territories under Islamic rule and have recently reemerged with the so-called Islamic State, whose minting of Islamic coins echoes earlier strategies of caliphal legitimation even as their destruction of Iraq and Syria’s cultural heritage departs radically from historical attitudes. This course examines the visual and material culture of the many groups that have claimed the caliphate, from the first caliphs until the present. We will focus on objects associated with the Prophet Muhammad and the early caliphs (many of which had long afterlives), as well as coins, manuscripts, luxury objects, inscribed textiles, palaces, and mosques made by or for later caliphs. Close examination of these objects and spaces reveals the intersection of religion, political power, and material culture, and sheds light on the emergence of a conception of “Islamic art.” A visit to the Metropolitan Museum of Art is planned. 3 credits. Satisfies the non-Western or pre-1800 requirement.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Fall 2015
922
In the Footsteps of Franz Boas: Native Arts of the North Pacific and the Legacy of the Jesup Expedition
922 In the Footsteps of Franz Boas: Native Arts of the North Pacific and the Legacy of the Jesup Expedition
PROFESSOR:
Aaron Glass
In the late nineteenth century, scholars vigorously debated the Asian origins of North America’s Indigenous people and their material culture. Riding the wave of such interest, the American Museum of Natural History sponsored one of the most ambitious endeavors in the history of anthropology—the Jesup North Pacific Expedition (1897-1902). Franz Boas, the museum’s new curator, coordinated the work of numerous scholars, field agents, and Indigenous assistants, who together collected thousands of Native objects and assembled ethnographic records in diverse media (including field notes, anthropometric measurements, drawings, maps, photographs, and wax cylinders). Boas mobilized the vast collections and field data—especially materials relating to biological diversity and the historical diffusion of cultural forms—to mount a devastating critique of Victorian social-evolutionary thought and to install the first museum exhibits built around his emerging theories of cultural relativism. This course will trace the activities, collections, and legacies of the Jesup Expedition as a framework for studying the arts of Indigenous Northwest Coast, Arctic, and Siberian people, many of whom consult the museum’s holdings in support of current cultural revitalization efforts. We will work with staff at AMNH who are currently engaged in conservation or digitization projects on Jesup objects and photographs, and students will have the opportunity to pursue primary research in the museum’s collection and archives. 3 credits. Satisfies the non-Western requirement.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Archaeology, Anthroplogy, and Material Culture
SEMESTER:
Against Nature: Domesticating Modernism in Nineteenth-Century Europe
923 Against Nature: Domesticating Modernism in Nineteenth-Century Europe
PROFESSOR:
Freyja Hartzell
We often think of “modernism” in design as a particular style or look, exemplified, perhaps, by architecture and objects of the 1920s. This course instead proposes the nineteenth century as the primary period of modernization in European design: the time when new materials, technologies and forms were adopted and adapted to define the experience of modernity. Developing its theme from Joris-Karl Huysmans’s 1884 novel Against Nature, in which an aristocratic aesthete withdraws from public life to design an artificial, interior retreat minutely calculated to affect his sensory experience, the course invites students to explore modernism in both private and public space as a nineteenth-century construction, with special emphasis on the interaction of nature and artifice in design. Like the iron-and-glass greenhouse, whose unnatural conditions superseded Nature’s laws, the modern homemaker—with access to new products, as well as new ideas about hygiene, comfort, and psychology—could design a controlled interior to rival and even replace the outer world. The selection, arrangement, and cultivation of material objects and cultural ideas developed, over the course of the century, from privilege to pastime for middle-class consumers. From the 1820s through the 1890s, the design of these modern “luxuries” was in constant debate due to conflicting theories of aesthetics and ethics; the display of novel or exotic objects at World’s Fairs; growing fascination with machines; and even nostalgia for regional vernaculars. Addressing this network of ideas, people, and things, we will investigate nineteenth-century modernism as a spectrum of new formal and ideological possibilities from which designers and dwellers had to choose. Focusing on developments in Britain, France, and Germany, we will consider the negotiation of the natural and artificial in the work of prominent figures like K. F. Schinkel, Christopher Dresser, and Victor Horta, as well as lesser-known designers and firms. Primary readings will include texts by Gottfried Semper, William Morris, and Émile Gallé, as well as accounts of interiors in period fiction. Readings will intersperse recent critical literature with historical critiques of nineteenth-century material culture, such as Walter Benjamin’s Arcades Project. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Gothic Visions: From the Visigoths to Post-Punk
924 Gothic Visions: From the Visigoths to Post-Punk
PROFESSOR:
Paul Stirton
Ittai Weinryb
As a descriptive term, “Gothic” is one of the most protean and elusive in the history of design and material culture, applied variously to architecture, decorative arts, novels, horror films, and youth subcultures, to say nothing of the historical period c. 1150 to 1500 in Europe that is sometimes called “The Gothic World.” None of these descriptors address the early Medieval peoples who inspired the term, although it was the subsequent distaste for the Visigoths and Ostrogoths that gave “Gothic” its associations with barbarism, evil, ignorance, and the supernatural. The “Gothic” has been applied to all manner of objects and images throughout two millennia, occasionally as a term of abuse, at other times a celebration and a mark of praise.
It has even been regarded as the national style in each of France, Britain and Germany. What it means to be “Gothic” has the most intrinsic link to the manner in which Europeans conceived of the world surrounding them, and how they chose to define themselves. In many instances, the “Gothic” was a term used to break away from more common cultural trends such as Romanesque, Neoclassicism, or Pop. Thus, the aim of this course is to examine the sources of Gothic artifacts, and to trace the changing meanings associated with the style from the early medieval period to the youth subcultures of the twenty-first century. 3 credits. Based on research paper topic, this course can satisfy the pre-1800 requirement.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
In Focus II: Design and Ritual in Imperial China
925 In Focus II: Design and Ritual in Imperial China
PROFESSOR:
François Louis
This seminar is designed to prepare the Fall 2016 Focus Gallery exhibition, which will be centered around what appears to be the oldest illustrated book on Chinese material culture: a long-neglected dictionary from the tenth century entitled Illustrations to the Three Rites Classics, or Sanli tu. The book discusses and illustrates over 370 ritual objects mentioned in the Confucian Classics, ranging from ceremonial dress, musical instruments, and archery equipment to court insignia and a wide range of sacrificial utensils. Tasks of this seminar include finalizing the exhibition concept and title, drawing up a checklist of items for display and researching these in depth (the exhibits will mostly date from the eleventh to the early twentieth century), the development and authoring of an online digital component for the exhibition, and the refining of the text of the print publication. The class is open to all students. Knowledge of Chinese, German, or French will come in handy but is not a prerequisite. 3 credits. Satisfies the non-Western or pre-1800 requirement.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Bauhaus, Before, and Beyond: German Design from Munich Secession to Ulm School
926 Bauhaus, Before, and Beyond: German Design from Munich Secession to Ulm School
PROFESSOR:
Freyja Hartzell
Decades before the opening of the Bauhaus School in 1919, German design asserted its remarkable power and presence, endowing everyday things with a unique agency within the social, cultural, and political landscape of modern Germany. This course surveys the development of German design, domestic architecture, and interiors from the Munich Secession of 1892 through the closing of the Ulm School of Design in 1968. It emphasizes the active role that design played during this tumultuous and transformative period in German cultural politics, focusing particularly on the critical discourse and pedagogical theory that developed around objects and environments of everyday use. While the course positions the Bauhaus as a pivotal point in the history of design, it encourages students to expand their vision of German design and its theory by looking “before” to institutions such as the Debschitz School in Munich, and “beyond” to the Ulm School. Moving from Jugendstil, to the Deutscher Werkbund, to Weimar culture, to Postwar design, we will consider how visions of regionalism, nationalism, and a collective “past” informed the development of modern design in Germany, and, finally, how the pivotal German concept of Sachlichkeit – objectivity, matter-of-factness, or “thingliness” – inflected each new incarnation of German modernism. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Issues in Modern Latin American Design
927 Issues in Modern Latin American Design
This seminar focuses on six regional centers (Buenos Aires, Sao Paulo, Caracas, Lima, Havana, and Mexico City) most important for the practice and development of design in Latin America between ca. 1920 and 1980. The course investigates the diverse ways Latin American designers contributed to the processes of modernization by creating novel design repertoires or by adapting and interpreting international trends to the realities of their specific regional and national contexts. The class introduces students to major designers and design movements while investigating key problems that define modern design in Latin America, including state sponsorship of ambitious national development plans (desarrollismo); new trends in technology transfer and manufacturing; changing gender roles, both among consumers and designers themselves; the emergence of class as a key term of political and economic debate; rapid regime change and/or revolution; and shifting/contested concepts of national identity. Historical and theoretical readings, ranging from primary texts to recent critical interpretations, will help us explore how local design avant-gardes throughout Latin America embraced modernism both as a rhetorical strategy and as a distinct and “progressive” visual and material culture. This course allows students to explore their own interests through a variety of short assignments, presentations, and a research project. Classes will be complemented by field trips in NYC. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
In Focus: The 1853 New York Crystal Palace
928 In Focus: The 1853 New York Crystal Palace
PROFESSOR:
David Jaffee
The New York Crystal Palace of 1853 (formally the Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations) was the first world fair held in the United States, housed in an impressive cast-iron structure on the site of Bryant Park. Like its namesake in London, the Crystal Palace showcased an enormous range of manufactured consumer goods and technological marvels of the age. We will explore the Crystal Palace alongside competing venues including A.T. Stewart’s Marble Palace, daguerreian “saloons,” and P.T. Barnum’s American Museum, to better understand how New York became a center of urban culture and consumption. Students in this course will develop an experimental Focus Gallery exhibition on this topic. We will work to locate and research surviving objects that were featured in the 1853 exhibition, along with contemporary souvenirs, publications, lithographs, daguerreotypes, stereoviews, and wood engravings that diffused images and/or memories of the event. We will consider what the theme of the Focus Gallery exhibition should be, what materials should be displayed, and how to craft an exhibition that best communicates our understanding of the commercial culture of nineteenth-century New York. We will also be working on accompanying digital components, such as in-gallery interactives and a digital publication. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
New York and American Material Culture
SEMESTER:
In Focus II: Entangled Frontiers
929 In Focus II: Entangled Frontiers
This course will continue the themes of the first In Focus class (Frontier Shores), exploring the nature of cross-cultural exchange, power relationships, and the construction of cross-cultural identity in Oceania from the late eighteenth to the early twentieth centuries. Specifically, Entangled Frontiers will focus on the production of research and written material for the 2016 In Focus exhibition of the same name. This includes curatorial involvement through the production of exhibit labels, the selection of visual elements (such as photographs, sketches, maps), and the creation of essays and other contextual elements for the exhibition. Students who take this course will be very involved in the design and planning of many aspects of the exhibition, taking a practically oriented approach to the material and delivering focused and relevant research on the exhibition themes. This course will also involve some contextual study of the historical practices of museums and empires, the exercise of power through anthropology, and indigenous accommodation, agency, and ways of resistance. 3 credits. Satisfies the non-Western requirement.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Archaeology, Anthroplogy, and Material Culture
SEMESTER:
Colors in China and Japan: Objects, Cultures, and Conservation
930 Colors in China and Japan: Objects, Cultures, and Conservation
This seminar explores the materiality of colors in Chinese and Japanese objects. Focusing on the colors of blue, qing (blue-green), and red, this seminar surveys the production and application of colors in various mediums, including paintings, prints, ceramics, and textiles. The key issues are: how were colors produced, circulated and used in relation to the aesthetic, cultural and religious expressions in the objects? What were the social and cultural significance of particular colors in specific historical periods? What are the challenges and techniques to preserve colors in different mediums? This course aims to develop students’ sophisticated methodology to discuss the materiality of colors through interdisciplinary approaches to art history, technical art history, and conservation science. This course will be complemented with field trips to the Metropolitan Museum of Art to engage in dialogues with conservators on paintings, textiles, and ceramics, and with scientists on colors. All the case studies are from Chinese and Japanese contexts, but students are encouraged to develop final paper topics that involve transcultural interactions between East Asia and other regions. 3 credits. Satisfies the non-Western requirement.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
News from Nowhere: Design and Utopia
931 News from Nowhere: Design and Utopia
PROFESSOR:
Freyja Hartzell
What is the fundamental purpose of design? At some level, all design—in its various capacities as theory, practice, and object—aims to change the world in which we live, and with it, our experience of living. Design is, by nature, utopian. Framing its questions around the fundamental ambivalence of “utopia”—implied first in Thomas More’s 1516 socio-political fiction, Utopia, and much later in William Morris’s post-Revolutionary novel, News from Nowhere of 1890—this course explores a variety of ways in which design not only engages with but actually defines the term’s dual Greek roots: eutopia (“the good place”) and utopia (“no place”). Each class session will unfold around a specific theme, combining material ranging roughly from 1750 to today, with topics including: “The Tiny House: Aristocratic Retreat to Alternative Lifestyle”; “Gesamtkunstwerk: The Total Environment and its Critics”; “Body Politics: Eugenics, Dress Reform, Anthropomorphism, Ergonometrics”; “News from Nowhere: Artists’ Colonies and Craft Communities”; “The Garden City: Living Green”; “Future-Past: Modernism and Nostalgia”; “Technotopia”; and “Dystopian Design.” Students are encouraged to pursue original research projects that problematize the relation of design and utopia within their own fields of interest. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
The American Civil War: Art and material Culture
932 The American Civil War: Art and material Culture
PROFESSOR:
Ivan Gaskell
This course examines the intersection between 1861 and 1865 of internecine conflict, involuntary African immigration and enslavement, and Indian genocide. Discussion will focus on the role material culture and visual representation played in the prosecution of warfare, and continue to play in its remembrance. Participants will analyze varied material, from clothing to entire landscapes, photographs, illustrated magazines, ceramics, and statuary. Classes will be devoted to photography for reportage and portraiture, the treatment of the wounded and the dead, public and domestic statuary, intimate possessions of citizens, slaves, and Natives, conflicts between colonists and Natives, and commemoration and re-enactment. The lives, possessions, and representations of women are as important as those of men. Envisaged field trips to museums and sites include the Armory of the 7th New York Regiment, Green-Wood Cemetery, and the mid-nineteenth-century African American community of Weeksville. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
New York and American Material Culture
SEMESTER:
Spring 2016
933
Women at Home: Women as Producers, Consumers, Designers, and Critics of the American Domestic Interior, 1820-1920
933 Women at Home: Women as Producers, Consumers, Designers, and Critics of the American Domestic Interior, 1820-1920
PROFESSOR:
David Jaffee
This seminar investigates the multiple roles women played in creating the American home in the “long” nineteenth century. Women were not only key figures in reconfiguring the domestic environment in this period, but they were also active participants in many of the growing trades that produced an expanding range of consumer goods for the home, such as decorative home furnishings, clothing, and prints. After the Civil War, women also sought to gain economic autonomy in their new roles as designers, creators, and critics of specifically “artistic” goods for the home. We will work with the collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art (where we will meet regularly, in addition to BGC), as well as with primary sources including periodical literature, fiction, and design manuals. Topics include the development of parlor culture, the rise of department stores, the role of tastemakers and household manuals, and the growing independence of women through creative work. Assignments will include wiki postings, class presentations, and a final paper with a digital option. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
New York and American Material Culture
SEMESTER:
Telling the Sogdian Story: A Smithsonian Digital Exhibition Project
934 Telling the Sogdian Story: A Smithsonian Digital Exhibition Project
PROFESSOR:
Abigail Krasner Balbale
The Sogdians amassed great wealth through the transcontinental trade known as the Silk Road, and sponsored a flowering of civilization in their homeland, the area around Samarkand in present-day Uzbekistan. They were also purveyors of culture to their imperial neighbors, transporting objects, craftsmen, artists, religious scholars and texts that would transform regions from Europe to Japan during the period from 550 BCE until approximately 1000CE. This project-based course, team-taught with Prof. Kimon Keramidas of NYU’s Draper Interdisciplinary Master’s Program in Humanities and Social Thought, will investigate how best to use digital media to create a fuller, multi-faceted portrait of the Sogdians. As part of an ongoing digital exhibition project at the Smithsonian Institution’s Asian museum of art—the Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery—aimed at increasing awareness of the Sogdian culture’s importance in the region, students will work to find ways to tell the story of how the Sogdians’ adaptability and mobility allowed them to influence the art and culture of people across Asia without the traditional trappings of empire wielded by the adjacent Persian, Chinese, and Byzantine empires. 3 credits. Satisfies the pre-1800 or non-Western requirement.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
In Focus II: The 1853 New York Crystal Palace
935 In Focus II: The 1853 New York Crystal Palace
PROFESSOR:
David Jaffee
This exhibition design course will continue work on the Focus Gallery project “The New York Crystal Palace,” looking at the visual experience and the spectacle of the first world’s fair held in the United States in 1853. We will investigate the experience of fair visitors and ask how the Crystal Palace related to the city’s commercial and cultural life. Students will work on the exhibit design and texts. We will use a workshop format to develop the materials for the gallery exhibit, the digital interactives in the gallery, the audio/visual program for a mobile device, and essays for the accompanying digital exhibition publication. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
New York and American Material Culture
SEMESTER:
Viceregal America: Visual and Material Cultures
936 Viceregal America: Visual and Material Cultures
PROFESSOR:
Jeffrey L. Collins
This course explores the visual and material cultures of Spain and Portugal’s territorial possessions in the New World from the arrival of Europeans in the late fifteenth century through political independence in the early nineteenth century. Emphasis will be given to the legacies of cultural contact and the adaptation of European traditions to new circumstances in the Spanish viceroyalties of New Spain, Peru, New Granada, and Río de la Plata, and in the Portuguese captaincies, viceroyalty, and, later, kingdom of Brazil. Topics include the visual and material legacies of conquest, collaboration, and resistance; the repurposing and transformation of indigenous materials and manufacturing techniques; and the movement of materials, trade goods, and artisans throughout the Spanish and Portuguese global empires. We will investigate the role of the Americas as a conceptual and mercantile link between Asia and Europe; the contribution of Africans and their descendants in colonial society and culture; the role of the arts in religious and domestic rituals; the continuing interest in European models and the diversification of regional styles throughout Ibero-America; and the usefulness of “hybridity” as an interpretive term for New World objects and cultures. The course will make use of New York museums and collections, and participants will take an active role in defining and presenting areas of special research interest. 3 credits. Satisfies the pre-1800 requirement.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Ancient and Ethnographic Costume and Textiles
937 Ancient and Ethnographic Costume and Textiles
PROFESSOR:
Elizabeth Simpson
Textiles and clothing have been items of value—and important markers of identity—since earliest times, featuring patterns that have carried through eight thousand years or more, intact and full of meaning. This seminar will explore the history of ancient costume and textiles from their first manifestations in the Near East through the rich clothing and adornment of the Roman Empire—as well as the survival of ancient types and designs in remote areas of the world that still utilize traditional technologies. These enclaves of traditional arts, crafts, and customs are fascinating in and of themselves, and also provide clues to the ways ancient peoples dressed and regarded adornment. Since textiles are organic, not many have survived from antiquity outside Egypt, where fine linen cloth is extant in quantity. Examples have been found elsewhere, however, from Anatolia to Siberia, as well as in the bogs of northern Europe, and depictions in art provide an understanding of the types and styles of clothing in use. Carbonized fragments from the Neolithic site of Çatalhöyük reveal the kinds of materials and weave structures employed for the earliest textiles, and figurines of the period are the first indication of the “genealogical patterns” that form the basis for much of the design and pattern that would persist for millennia. Loom weights and tools excavated at numerous sites indicate the widespread presence of weaving, where the wooden looms no longer exist. Students will choose from these and other topics for a research paper and presentation. The class will visit the Antonio Ratti Textile Center, Metropolitan Museum of Art, to see examples of ancient textiles; we will learn about the conservation of textiles and see a weaving demonstration at the Textile Arts Center. 3 credits. Satisfies the pre-1800 or non-Western requirement.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Archaeology, Anthroplogy, and Material Culture
SEMESTER:
"Ornament and Crime": Decoration and Its Discourses from Late Antiquity to Today
938 "Ornament and Crime": Decoration and Its Discourses from Late Antiquity to Today
PROFESSOR:
Abigail Krasner Balbale
Freyja Hartzell
In his infamous 1908 essay “Ornament and Crime,” the Austrian architect Adolf Loos warned that although “the urge to decorate one’s face and anything else within reach is the origin of the fine arts . . . the evolution of culture is synonymous with the removal of ornamentation . . . The modern person who tattoos himself is either a criminal or a degenerate.” As Loos suggests, decoration lies at the heart of artistic expression, yet it has also been demonized across centuries and geographies as sacrilegious, superficial, frivolous, deceptive, seductive, feminine, childish, naïve, foreign, primitive, invasive, subversive, irrational, uncontrollable, uncivilized, anti-intellectual, and anti-modern. Why? This team-taught course investigates global discourses on decoration from Late Antiquity to the present, including ornament’s contrasting deployment in “East” and “West,” its function as a site of cultural exchange, and its status as a marker of “self” and “other.” In the first half of the course, we will examine the ornamental vocabularies of Late Antiquity and the rise of the “arabesque,” the uses of ornament in the lands of the caliphate, and how objects and motifs from the Islamic world were adapted and redeployed in medieval and early modern Europe. The second half will consider the problem of ornament in the modern West, from eighteenth-century chinoiserie to nineteenth-century scientific and ethnographic approaches to decoration through the modernist “criminalization” of ornament, arriving finally at postmodern and contemporary interventions—and celebrations. Students will be encouraged to draw connections between ornament and cultural meaning in relation to their own experiences with and views on design. 3 credits. Depending on your final research project, this course can satisfy the pre-1800 or the non-Western distribution requirement.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
The Material Culture of Jerusalem
940 The Material Culture of Jerusalem
PROFESSOR:
Ittai Weinryb
Taking advantage of an exhibition on medieval Jerusalem opening in September 2016 at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, this seminar, co-taught with Professor Cynthia Hahn of CUNY, considers the Holy City from antiquity to the present as a potent religious and geographical center for ideologies, art production, and exchange. Readings will range from classic art historical studies (including Richard Krautheimer’s work on the Holy Sepulcher and Oleg Graber on the Dome of the Rock) to recent approaches to the city’s material culture and the battle over who controls it (Annabel Wharton, Selling Jerusalem). Jerusalem’s three main faith traditions will be considered. Topics will include the fragmentary Jewish, Christian, and Muslim pilgrimage accounts; topographic mapping; holy sites such as the Temple Mount, the Tomb of Absalom and the Church of the Holy Sepulcher; the transport of souvenirs such as the city’s “sacred” soil or miniaturized models of sacred buildings to other parts of the medieval world; and the impact of political and military campaigns on the built environment. The course will include a tour of the exhibition guided by the curators, and we will welcome two visiting lecturers. Students will attend associated Met lectures and be encouraged to work on objects in the show. 3 credits. Satisfies the pre-1800 requirement.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
In Focus: The Making of the Early Codex and the Crafts of Late Antiquity
941 In Focus: The Making of the Early Codex and the Crafts of Late Antiquity
PROFESSOR:
Georgios Boudalis
This course, preparatory for the exhibition opening in fall 2017, focuses on the technical and stylistic relations between the making of the codex—the hand written and bound book in the format we know today—and different crafts of late antiquity, with the aim of establishing the codex’s technological sources and origin. We will first look at the different techniques and processes used until the tenth century to gather written leaves into a functional book, including their connection to the production of such mundane items as socks, shoes, textiles, and basketry. We will then examine the structural and decorative features of early bookbindings. Participants will help search for and select objects and images for the exhibition; help develop interactive digital and/or tactile components for visitors; and, last but not least, produce models of codices that will be included in the exhibition in order to help visitors understand their material, technical, and functional aspects. Although manual or craft skills are welcomed, this is not obligatory as all models and samples will be made under the supervision of the instructor. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Tales of Seduction: Architecture and Design in Fiction
942 Tales of Seduction: Architecture and Design in Fiction
PROFESSOR:
Freyja Hartzell
What makes an object precious to us? How does a particular interior draw us in? Why does a certain architectural façade fascinate us? How does design weave itself into the landscape of our imagination? This course examines material objects, interiors, and buildings as actors or narrators in complex historical plots. These material “storytellers” deflect our attention from familiar narratives of their production towards the more obscure but perhaps more intriguing story of their reception and use. The course opens with Jean-François de Bastide’s The Little House (1748 ) and culminates with Simon Mawer’s The Glass Room (2009), a work of historical fiction set during the Second World War and constructed around Ludwig Mies van der Rohe’s Tugendhat House, completed in 1930. Through a variety of texts and writing assignments, students will endeavor to theorize how and why authors of both period fiction and more recent historical fiction have chosen to focus on material objects and environments in their work. Students will leave the course with an appreciation for fiction as a viable—and vibrant—component of historical research, as well as sense of how to employ it productively and responsibly in their work as historians. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Craft and the Decorative in Contemporary Art
943 Craft and the Decorative in Contemporary Art
PROFESSOR:
Elissa Auther
This course focuses on contemporary artists working since 1995 who unapologetically use materials and techniques historically dismissed as mere craft or decoration. Whereas these terms and practices were once passé in the contemporary art world, today they garner critical attention with tags like “dangerously decorative,” “queer craft,” or “not your grandma’s embroidery.” This about-face in the art world’s relation to craft and decorative traditions will be explored through case studies of individual artists, social and political issues, race and gender, and techniques specific to particular media. Course readings and discussions will be supplemented by studio visits, and the course will shadow the preparation, design, and installation of MAD’s fall permanent collection exhibition focusing on the large-scale fiber works of Françoise Grossen. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
In Focus II: Ex Voto: Agents of Faith
944 In Focus II: Ex Voto: Agents of Faith
PROFESSOR:
Ittai Weinryb
This seminar continues the themes of the first In Focus class and will involve students in the researching, writing, and production of the exhibition catalogue as well as the organization of the exhibition Agents of Faith: Votive Giving Across Cultures, opening in the Bard Graduate Center Gallery in March 2017. An “ex voto” is a votive offering to a saint or a deity, given as a token of gratitude for a miracle performed and in some cases offered as vow. As part of ritual, votive objects present a deep-rooted, structural consistency across cultures, from archaic Greece to our era, from the Himalayan slopes to the forests of Brazil. Almost anything, regardless of size, weight, form, or original function, can become a votive object. Ultimately, the category refers to a subset of the material world in which a thing is not necessarily made to be a votive, but instead becomes charged with votive meaning once dedicated to a deity or deities. The seminar builds on the assumption that a shared conceptual framework underpins votive objects, and that by merit of their consecration they have become a category representing a special stage in the life of a material. Together we will explore the relationship between humans and deities through the basic act of material exchange. The seminar will consider the participation of donors and devotees, as well as theories from fields of religion and anthropology, which will serve to examine and further our understanding of the unique phenomenon of the ex voto. 3 credits.Satisfies the pre-1800 requirement.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
Collaboration: Perspectives on the Modernist Interior
945 Collaboration: Perspectives on the Modernist Interior
PROFESSOR:
Juliet Kinchin
The course is offered in conjunction with the exhibition Interior Propositions opening this fall at MoMA, an exploration of modernist interiors. Spanning three decades from the 1920s to 1950s, and highlighting recent major acquisitions of design by Eileen Gray, Charlotte Perriand, and Lina Bo Bardi, this exhibition presents a series of interior ‘propositions’ drawn from the museum’s collection. Through evoking a series of innovative domestic spaces, exhibition displays, and retail environments, the aim of Interior Propositions is to explore the complex collaborative partnerships and processes that have shaped the modernist interior. Attention is focused on the networks—professional, commercial, institutional, and personal—through which revolutionary new tendencies in modern interiors were promoted, and their critical/popular reception. 3 credits.
AREAS OF FOCUS:
PROFESSOR:
Elizabeth Simpson
This special Mellon seminar will introduce students to the practice of archaeology, the science of archaeological conservation, and techniques of display. The course will examine the way an archaeological site is chosen and how it is dug, how the site is preserved, how artifacts are conserved after their excavation, and what the objects undergo on their way to display. The role of funding will be considered, as well as regulations imposed by source countries governing the excavation process. Case studies on the sites of Gordion and Çatalhöyük as well as the Pratt ivories from Acemhöyük in Turkey will address issues relating to methods of excavation, conservation/reconstruction, publication, and dating, as well as unexcavated objects in museums and private collections. Students will engage in individual research projects relating to major burial and city sites such as the tombs of Hetepheres, Sithathoryunet, and Tutankhamun in Egypt, the sites of Ur, Troy, Hasanlu, Nimrud, and Babylon in the Near East, the Orientalizing tombs of Etruria, and sites in Greece and elsewhere; students’ research on the history of excavation and conservation at these sites will be presented to the group. Meetings are held with field archaeologists, conservators, curators, and technicians at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and other area institutions. The looting of ancient sites will be addressed in the context of scientific excavation, and a tour of antiquities in the Metropolitan Museum will end the course. 3 credits. Satisfies the pre-1800 or the non-Western requirement.
SEMESTER:
The Inca and Their Ancestors: Andean Objects, Technologies, and Issues of Conservation
948 The Inca and Their Ancestors: Andean Objects, Technologies, and Issues of Conservation
PROFESSOR:
Alicia Boswell
Best known for the rapid rise and fall of the Inca Empire, a more detailed narrative shows that the Andes region has an extensive prehistory of complex societies of more than three thousand years. This interdisciplinary seminar is a survey designed to introduce students to different Andean societies and technological innovations through the material culture itself. We will examine these Andean objects through a variety of lenses consulting writings from anthropology, archaeology, art history, and conservation science to understand the great achievements of Andean civilizations, including the construction of Inca stone buildings, the evolution of metal working, weaving, and other material types. This course brings conservation science into dialogue with humanist fields. We will discuss what each field contributes to our understanding of the object and technology, and what questions remain. The course will be complemented by visiting the Andean objects we are studying in local museums. Field trips are scheduled to the Metropolitan Museum of Art and other local museums offering the opportunity for close study of actual objects and to engage with conservators and curators about the technology, conservation, and presentation of these objects. As part of the course students will have the opportunity to create digital conservation projects through a virtual exhibit of Andean objects. 3 credits. Satisfies the non-Western requirement.
SEMESTER:
Material and Materiality: Medieval Problems, Contemporary Answers
949 Material and Materiality: Medieval Problems, Contemporary Answers
PROFESSOR:
Ittai Weinryb
Questions pertaining to materials and materiality have become key to the study of medieval art and culture. With the understanding that interaction with the material object was achieved not only through the sense of sight but also through the other senses and by means of embodied relations between the viewer and the object, issues of the materiality and tangibility of the object have become crucial for the study of medieval art. Furthermore, developments in the field of history of science as well as the development of object-oriented theories have provided scholars with new means to contemplate the significance of material, process, and ritual in the work of the artisan and scientist. The interest in process has shifted the focus onto materials and onto the fabrication of knowledge generated by the interaction of practitioner and material object. Drawing further on these observations, the course will examine whether material and technique can serve as novel sites for experimentation and deliberation, and help explain artifacts in less traditional ways. The aim of this course is thus to examine notions regarding medieval materials as they are represented through artifacts and texts, and to consider their changing historical meaning through twenty-first century lenses. 3 credits. Based on research paper topic, this course can satisfy the pre-1800 requirement.
SEMESTER:
Cleaning Up in Early Modern Europe: Intellectual, Social, and Material History
950 Cleaning Up in Early Modern Europe: Intellectual, Social, and Material History
PROFESSOR:
Deborah L. Krohn
Notions of purity and cleanliness are deeply embedded within the arts and material cultures of early modern Europe. From the dialectic between stained and immaculate that is at the heart of Judeo-Christian beliefs, to the most practical recipes for stain removal from books of secrets, we will examine a broad variety of evidence to explore not only what clean meant, but its opposite—what was considered unclean or dirty. Primary sources may include the Bible, sumptuary laws, etiquette treatises, books of secrets, poetry and fiction, as well as manuscript illuminations, frescoes, paintings, prints, and textiles. We will move between the spiritual and the physical. How often did people bathe, and where? How did they deal with bodily smells and imperfections? How, when, and where did they wash their clothes, homes, and household linens? What materials were employed in cleaning? This research seminar will be structured around weekly readings and individual reconstructions of recipes for cleaning agents and cosmetics. Requirements: a class presentation, a reconstruction, and a final research paper of between 3,000 and 4,000 words. 3 credits. Satisfies the pre-1800 requirement.
SEMESTER:
Reorienting Fashion: Dress, Culture, and East Asia
951 Reorienting Fashion: Dress, Culture, and East Asia
This seminar seeks to impart a broad understanding of the history and ideas of East Asian fashion from the seventeenth century to present, featuring a global perspective and transcultural approaches. The course will consist of two parts. The first part examines the role of fashion in the changing social, cultural, and political systems in China and Japan. We will discuss how certain styles and silhouettes came to embody new gender identities, manifest nationalism in an age of crises, and symbolize ethnic tradition as time went by. We will pay special attention to the issues of how interactions with the West and globalization led to sartorial modernity and reinvention of the tradition in East Asia. The second part explores the multivalent construction and meanings of “East Asian dress” in global art and fashion. Issues to be discussed include Oriental clothing as inspirations for Western artistic movements and dress reforms, cross-cultural dressing, Asian elements in contemporary fashion by both Western and Asian designers, and museum exhibitions of Asian and Asia-inspired dress. This session prepares students with diverse approaches and theories for analyzing cultural exchanges through fashion. The course will schedule one visit to the storeroom at the Met to study selected examples of historical garments. Interdisciplinary methodologies and approaches are encouraged. Students are welcome to develop final projects that focus on fashion in other regions of Asia and their roles in the global imagination. 3 credits. Satisfies the non-Western requirement.
SEMESTER:
PROFESSOR:
Susan Weber
This course is a survey of the nineteenth-century design reform movement highlighting British furniture designers and theorists from the Gothic Revival to Art Nouveau. The parade of styles is examined in relation to industrialization, global influences, new marketing methods, and social changes. Major figures include A.W.N. Pugin, William Morris, and Charles Rennie Mackintosh. Museum and collections visits are part of the course. 3 credits.
SEMESTER:
Seize the Stem! Art Nouveau in Europe
953 Seize the Stem! Art Nouveau in Europe
PROFESSOR:
Freyja Hartzell
In the late 1890s, French architect Hector Guimard—now best known for his sprouting, organic designs for the Paris Metro—coined the phrase “Reject the flower, seize the stem!” In this seminar, we will explore Art Nouveau, “the new style” often epitomized by the tendril form, in its various stylistic manifestations and cultural meanings across Europe at the fin de siècle. In addition to investigating the ways in which plant and animal forms served as inspirations for this self-consciously modern approach to architectural structure, the design of objects, and surface decoration, we will examine the social contexts within which the new style(s) developed, as well as larger historiographical and methodological questions regarding Art Nouveau’s place and meaning as a reform movement within the history of design. Class sessions will address issues specific to regional expressions of the style—mainly in Belgium, France, Germany, Austria, Italy, and Spain—as well as more thematic concerns and influences, including the rise of nationalism, new interest in local ethnography and the vernacular, the burgeoning of consumer capitalism, new developments in biological and psychological science, the Gesamtkunstwerk (total-artwork) and theatricality in design, as well as backlashes against and critiques of Art Nouveau’s so-called “whiplash curve” in both period and current scholarship. We will also devote a special class to fin-de-siècle Paris as a prelude to the Bard Travel Program trip in May. 3 credits.
SEMESTER:
In Focus: Fabricating Power in Twentieth-Century Balinese Textiles
954 In Focus: Fabricating Power in Twentieth-Century Balinese Textiles
PROFESSOR:
Urmila Mohan
This is the first of two courses that culminate in a Focus Project exhibit and publication in Spring 2018. This course explores textiles produced on the predominantly Hindu island of Bali in the Indonesian archipelago as agentive objects that are worn, traded, collected and exhibited. The cloths form part of a rich South East Asian history of exchange, valued both for how they look and what they do. That is, they possess both physical and symbolic value that is transformed into power through direct contact and/or abstraction as images. Over the past century ‘Balinese textiles’ have become part of a network of relationships between Western expats, anthropologists, collectors, and tourists. The American Museum of Natural History houses textiles collected by the anthropologists Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson during their fieldwork in Bali (1936-38). By focusing on these objects, we will explore the question “What is a ‘Balinese textile’?” and discuss how cloth from this island forms material and immaterial relationships as part of a global narrative. 3 credits. Satisfies the non-Western requirement.
SEMESTER:
955 Craft and the Counterculture
PROFESSOR:
Elissa Auther
This seminar focuses on craft in the American Counterculture of the 1960s and 70s as well as its legacy in contemporary creative practice. In the heady and hallucinogenic days of the 1960s and 70s, a diverse range of artists and creative individuals based in the American West broke the barriers between art and lifestyle and embraced the new hybrid sensibilities of the countercultural movement. Craft—as an ideology, a material practice, and a lifestyle—played a major role in this revolutionary cultural and political moment. The course will also include an examination of the recent revival of interest in countercultural artistic practice of the 1960s and 70s and its connection to the contemporary DIY movement, “craftivism,” and the rise of artisanal culture. Course readings will be drawn from a range of primary and scholarly sources, and the seminar will incorporate the exhibition, Counter Couture, a survey of historic countercultural fashion design traveling to the Museum of Arts and Design in the spring. 3 credits.
SEMESTER:
Independent Study
IND Independent Study
Independent study offers students the opportunity to pursue research in areas beyond the range of the standard curriculum. Through independent study, students further their knowledge of subjects introduced in their coursework or explore topics related to their qualifying paper or doctoral dissertation. Requirements are determined by the student and faculty sponsor, with approval of the Graduate Committee. 3 credits.
SEMESTER:
Internship
INT Internship
Internships are arranged through the BGC, the student, and the sponsoring institution. A wide variety of internships are available, including positions at museums, historic houses, galleries, publishing houses, and other arts organizations. The internship should relate to the student’s research interests. Upon completion of the project, the student submits a report of the work undertaken and the host institution provides an evaluation. 3 credits.
SEMESTER:
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About Our Areas of Focus
Unique among American graduate programs, Bard Graduate Center studies the cultural history of the material world in all times and places, from distant antiquity to the developments of yesterday and tomorrow. Within this global sweep, our rich faculty resources and worldwide institutional partnerships make us particularly strong in the seven areas of focus listed in the following pages: New York and American Material Culture; Modern Design History; History and Theory of Museums; Early Modern Europe; Global Middle Ages; Archaeology, Anthropology, and Material Culture; and Cultures of Conservation, an Andrew W. Mellon-Funded initiative. Each of these areas draws on the special interests and expertise of several of our permanent faculty members, as well as postdoctoral fellows and visiting instructors from our New York cultural campus; each represents an area of study in which it is possible, though not required, to focus as part of a degree program. Rather than constituting defined or official tracks through our curriculum, these seven areas of focus offer students productive points of reference for a broad exploration of history through its tangible and material traces.
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New York and American Material Culture
Bard Graduate Center offers a rich range of programs and resources for the study of New York and American material culture from before European contact to the present. Drawing on faculty with expertise in American decorative arts, the history of art and architecture, craft and design history, museology, the history and theory of collecting, taste and aesthetics, cross-cultural encounter, anthropology, cultural landscapes, native peoples, visual culture, photography, digital humanities, and philosophy, this area offers a culturally inclusive, multi-disciplinary approach to the relationships between people and things.
Courses expose students to methodologies that include hands-on object study and connoisseurship; ethnography and oral history; folklore; and techniques of visual, material, spatial, and textual analysis. Faculty-student collaborations have included Focus Project exhibitions such as Objects of Exchange: Social and Material Transformation on the Late Nineteenth-Century Northwest Coast , American Christmas Cards, 1900-1960 , Visualizing 19th-Century New York ; and Revisions—Zen for Film . Digital projects include Visualizing New York, a collaboration between Bard Graduate Center and the New York Public Library and the Bard Graduate Center Craft, Art and Design Oral History Project , an online digital archive of oral history interviews of contemporary craftspeople, artists, and designers.
Faculty who teach in this area include:
Ivan Gaskell
American Furniture of the Nineteenth Century
591 American Furniture of the Nineteenth Century
PROFESSOR:
Kenneth L. Ames
A chronological survey of furniture produced for household use in the United States in a period of extraordinary growth, diversity, and change. Sessions examine examples of work by the most significant artisans, designers, and manufacturers; the major styles, from American Empire and the Aesthetic movement to American Renaissance and Arts and Crafts; technological and industrial developments and responses to them; the changing relationship of American furniture to that produced in Europe and elsewhere; regional vernaculars, variations, and alternatives; key texts; and the impact of shifting cultural values and patterns of domestic life. Visits to local collections and institutions are arranged. 3 credits.
SEMESTER:
PROFESSOR:
Catherine Whalen
This seminar focuses on the Colonial Revival in the United States, a complex cultural phenomenon succinctly described as “national retrospection” that began during the early republic and has persisted ever since. Chronologically, the course spans from the beginning of the nineteenth century to the US Bicentennial in 1976, with special attention to the revival’s heyday from circa 1880 to 1940. The Colonial Revival takes many forms, encompassing decorative arts, architecture, landscape design, painting, sculpture, graphic arts, literature, photography, and film. Key practices include forming collections, staging commemorations, and preserving historic sites. Situated within the oft-cited historical context of industrialization, urbanization, and immigration, the Colonial Revival intersects discourses of regionalism, romantic nationalism, nativism, progressivism, modernism, and antimodernism. Further points of consideration include the relationship to the Arts and Crafts movement and comparable revivals in the Americas and Europe. Readings emphasize historiography, primary sources, and recent scholarship. Visits to museum collections required. 3 credits.
SEMESTER:
The Material Culture of New York City: The Nineteenth Century
764 The Material Culture of New York City: The Nineteenth Century
PROFESSOR:
David Jaffee
This course introduces students to the study of the material culture of New York City in the nineteenth century—its built environment, cultural landscape, and decorative arts industries. Students will examine the historical and cultural context of New York as a center of post-revolutionary manufacturing, as an arena of racial and ethnic traditions and conflicts in the mid-nineteenth century, and as an emerging national capital of culture in the late nineteenth century. The course will be organized around a series of historical spaces: the artisan’s workshop and the early national port city; the nineteenth-century town house, tenement house, and apartment building; emerging factory spaces for the production of culture, such as the furniture and publishing industries; cultural spaces of consumption, such as Barnum’s American Museum, Brady’s Daguerreian Studio and the 1853 Crystal Palace; the building of Central Park and the contest over urban public space; and late nineteenth-century spaces for display, such as the department store, the art museum, and the amusement park. The course will involve visits to several museum collections. Students will be asked to complete several short papers, create a class presentation, and contribute to a final collaborative digital exhibition project. 3 credits.
SEMESTER:
Domestic Material Culture of Nineteenth-Century America
799 Domestic Material Culture of Nineteenth-Century America
PROFESSOR:
Kenneth L. Ames
The emphasis in this course is on investigating certain aspects of the dominant culture of the United States of the nineteenth century through selected examples of its household material culture. Our task, in part, is to identify objects of heightened cultural significance or resonance, objects that offer insights, perhaps not immediately apparent, into prominent cultural constructs or concerns of the era. Our method is one of triangulation, seeking intersections or overlay of objects with concurrent words and images. The words are period fiction and non-fiction; the images are paintings of the period. How each of these classes of cultural production illuminates the others remains to be discovered. Relevant to our inquiry are questions about what objects people then understood as iconic. Also germane are considerations of the ways our own ideological orientations, values, and aesthetic preferences may structure or distort study of the nineteenth century. Short classroom presentations and substantial written paper required. 3 credits.
SEMESTER:
David Jaffee
Catherine Whalen
This seminar explores the history of consumer culture in the United States from the 18th-century consumer revolution to e-tail. Topics include the development of trademarks, packaging, branding, advertising, and marketing; shopping spaces and practices; corporations; mass consumption; gender/sexuality, race/ethnicity, economic inequality, and selfhood and citizenship in consumer society; moralizing discourse; and consumer resistance. Sources considered include goods and services, retail venues, advertisements, prescriptive literature, novels, film, television, and the Internet, as well as cultural commentary and recent scholarship. 3 credits.
SEMESTER:
In Focus: The 1853 New York Crystal Palace
928 In Focus: The 1853 New York Crystal Palace
PROFESSOR:
David Jaffee
The New York Crystal Palace of 1853 (formally the Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations) was the first world fair held in the United States, housed in an impressive cast-iron structure on the site of Bryant Park. Like its namesake in London, the Crystal Palace showcased an enormous range of manufactured consumer goods and technological marvels of the age. We will explore the Crystal Palace alongside competing venues including A.T. Stewart’s Marble Palace, daguerreian “saloons,” and P.T. Barnum’s American Museum, to better understand how New York became a center of urban culture and consumption. Students in this course will develop an experimental Focus Gallery exhibition on this topic. We will work to locate and research surviving objects that were featured in the 1853 exhibition, along with contemporary souvenirs, publications, lithographs, daguerreotypes, stereoviews, and wood engravings that diffused images and/or memories of the event. We will consider what the theme of the Focus Gallery exhibition should be, what materials should be displayed, and how to craft an exhibition that best communicates our understanding of the commercial culture of nineteenth-century New York. We will also be working on accompanying digital components, such as in-gallery interactives and a digital publication. 3 credits.
SEMESTER:
The American Civil War: Art and material Culture
932 The American Civil War: Art and material Culture
PROFESSOR:
Ivan Gaskell
This course examines the intersection between 1861 and 1865 of internecine conflict, involuntary African immigration and enslavement, and Indian genocide. Discussion will focus on the role material culture and visual representation played in the prosecution of warfare, and continue to play in its remembrance. Participants will analyze varied material, from clothing to entire landscapes, photographs, illustrated magazines, ceramics, and statuary. Classes will be devoted to photography for reportage and portraiture, the treatment of the wounded and the dead, public and domestic statuary, intimate possessions of citizens, slaves, and Natives, conflicts between colonists and Natives, and commemoration and re-enactment. The lives, possessions, and representations of women are as important as those of men. Envisaged field trips to museums and sites include the Armory of the 7th New York Regiment, Green-Wood Cemetery, and the mid-nineteenth-century African American community of Weeksville. 3 credits.
SEMESTER:
Spring 2016
933
Women at Home: Women as Producers, Consumers, Designers, and Critics of the American Domestic Interior, 1820-1920
933 Women at Home: Women as Producers, Consumers, Designers, and Critics of the American Domestic Interior, 1820-1920
PROFESSOR:
David Jaffee
This seminar investigates the multiple roles women played in creating the American home in the “long” nineteenth century. Women were not only key figures in reconfiguring the domestic environment in this period, but they were also active participants in many of the growing trades that produced an expanding range of consumer goods for the home, such as decorative home furnishings, clothing, and prints. After the Civil War, women also sought to gain economic autonomy in their new roles as designers, creators, and critics of specifically “artistic” goods for the home. We will work with the collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art (where we will meet regularly, in addition to BGC), as well as with primary sources including periodical literature, fiction, and design manuals. Topics include the development of parlor culture, the rise of department stores, the role of tastemakers and household manuals, and the growing independence of women through creative work. Assignments will include wiki postings, class presentations, and a final paper with a digital option. 3 credits.
SEMESTER:
24
Modern Design History
The industrial revolution and the huge expansion in “the world of goods” in Europe and North America offer a starting point for the history of modern design. However, this is not simply an exercise in social and economic history. The boom in consumerism created widespread anxiety about how things were designed, prompting questions about “good” and “bad” design, the proper values that should be encouraged, and what it meant to be “modern.” As a result, many designers and critics formed opinions that, with the expanding mass media, created a public and international discourse on the role of design in society. How can wallpaper foster good moral values? Why are certain materials and processes felt to be “honest,” while others are “corrupt” or “backward”? And, how do the things that surround us affect the way we live our lives?
These and other questions underlie the teaching of modern design history, which allows students to concentrate on such disparate topics as new materials and technologies, questions of style and function, national identity, gender, and domesticity, as well as the conflicting tendencies of industrialization and handcraft. Studying design requires us to consider some of the fundamental changes in modern society over the past two centuries, and to engage with the vital questions of how and why our world looks the way it does.
Faculty who teach in this area include:
Freyja Hartzell
PROFESSOR:
Michele Majer
This seminar presents a cultural study of European and American women’s dress from the Belle Époque through the 1970s. Within a chronological framework that traces the evolution of the silhouette and the work of major designers, we explore the changing forces impacting fashion during this period. Along with theoretical readings that offer theoretical interpretations of fashion, issues to be examined include changing ideals of feminine beauty as manifested by the use of cosmetics and understructure; the influence of film, historicism, contemporary art, and sport culture on style; the advent and significance of fashion photography; developments in clothing manufacture and the introduction of synthetics; the rise of the American designer and the ready-to-wear industry in the mid-century; the “youthquake” phenomenon and counterculture clothing in the 1960s and 1970s, and the demise of French fashion leadership and the resurgence of haute couture in the 1980s. 3 credits.
SEMESTER:
Graphic Design in Europe, 1890-1945
573 Graphic Design in Europe, 1890-1945
PROFESSOR:
Paul Stirton
Graphic design, in the sense that we now understand it, developed in the late nineteenth century out of the needs of a new mass society and the enhanced capabilities of printing technologies. This course will consider the forces that shaped European graphic design in the period, paying particular attention to such issues as advertising, propaganda, style and the larger theories of design that were discussed and disseminated through contemporary journals. While the course will address a broad spectrum of designers working within various national traditions, particular emphasis will be paid to German, British and Russian/Soviet graphics. Individual case studies, to be researched by students within the larger framework of the historical survey, will allow for detailed analysis of such topics as First World War propaganda, London Transport Advertising, Pelikan Ink Design, Soviet film posters, and typefaces and national identity. 3 credits.
SEMESTER:
Craft and Design in the USA, 1945 to the Present
693 Craft and Design in the USA, 1945 to the Present
PROFESSOR:
Catherine Whalen
This seminar examines the shifting boundaries of craft and industrial design in the United States from World War II to the present. In the postwar era’s expanding consumer economy, craft and industrial design flourished, and the terms “craft” and “design” were materially and rhetorically interwoven within interpenetrating academic, museum, and commercial settings. But their meanings increasingly diverged during the 1960s and 1970s, as craftspeople seeking cultural authority and economic viability sought to position themselves as artists. During the 1980s, in turn, design practitioners re-engaged with craft as commodity via high design. These fluctuating professional parameters coincided with widespread amateur engagement in aesthetic production, often absent from design history. Topics addressed include the impact of technology, the interrelationship of modernism and postmodernism, and craft and design vis-à-vis popular culture, social movements, globalization, and sustainability. Individual designers, craftspeople, firms, and groups will be discussed, along with thematic case studies. Sources considered include objects, exhibition catalogues, period writings, and recent criticism. Visits to museum collections required. The final assignment for the course is to conduct an oral history interview with a maker for the Bard Graduate Center Craft Art and Design Oral History Project. 3 credits.
SEMESTER:
Readings in Design History
738 Readings in Design History
In this seminar we will examine the historiography and current literature in the field of Design History. With the establishment of the field in the 1970s, scholars broke with traditional art historical emphases on elite production and connoisseurship. As Design History expanded, it has come to encompass a wide variety of questions about production, consumption, gender, and materiality. Beginning with the foundation texts and ending with the current scholarship, we will explore the seminal texts and organizations and journals that have contributed to the practice of design history as a scholarly field. We will also discuss design history’s role in relation to studies in the decorative arts, material culture, and the current debates around design culture, design criticism, design studies and design history’s ongoing relationship with art history. 3 credits.
SEMESTER:
The Aesthetic Movement: Designing Modernity, 1865–1905
772 The Aesthetic Movement: Designing Modernity, 1865–1905
PROFESSOR:
Paul Stirton
This course examines manifestations of modernity in British design, from the Aesthetic movement of the 1860s to the New Art tendencies of about 1900, with reference to interior decoration, furniture design, dress, graphics, stained glass, metalwork, and ceramics. Emphasis will be placed on such figures as E. W. Godwin, James McNeill Whistler, Christopher Dresser, Oscar Wilde, and Charles Rennie Mackintosh, and their contributions to concepts of modernity in design and “artistic” taste. Theoretical and philosophical debates relating to style, design, and dress reform will be studied through the writings of various 19th-century authors. Issues to be addressed include the expression of spirituality, gender relations, and individualism through the design of objects and spaces; the role of the new art and architectural press; modernity and the city; the development of “artistic” manufactures, galleries, and retail outlets; performance and parody; the literature of design reform and household taste; artists’ and collectors’ houses; the aesthetics of orientalism, internationalism, and regionalism. 3 credits.
SEMESTER:
Fashion and Theatre, ca. 1780-1920
847 Fashion and Theatre, ca. 1780-1920
PROFESSOR:
Michele Majer
This course explores the reciprocal relationship between fashion and the theatre in France, Britain and the US from the late eighteenth to the early twentieth century. Before the advent of film around 1900, the theatre played a significant role in social and cultural life; theatres proliferated during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, drawing audiences from a wide socio-economic spectrum. Plays—whether set in the present or the past—reflected contemporary social, cultural and political issues and attitudes, and there was a rich exchange between the theatre and wider literary and artistic movements. We consider theatres themselves as an important arena of display where members of the audience, particularly women, went to see and be seen, and costumes worn on the stage by leading actresses—including contemporary fashions and historic and exotic dress—often launched new styles. Although actresses’ morality was suspect during most of this period, they were important trendsetters whose visibility increased dramatically as a result of the growth of the fashion press and of publications devoted to the theatre as well as the introduction of photography. By the turn of the twentieth century, these performers were prominent figures in the emerging cult of celebrity; their images, in both on- and off-stage dress, and their lifestyles were frequently featured in magazines such as Le Théâtre, The Sketch,Vogue, and Vanity Fair and circulated in widely disseminated post cards. We also look at the contribution of well-known artists and couturiers who designed theatrical costumes and fashion itself as a topic in the theatre, particularly the “fashion plays” of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a time of heightened commercialization of both these areas. Each week, we will focus on a specific play as the starting point of our investigation. 3 credits.
SEMESTER:
News from Nowhere: Design and Utopia
931 News from Nowhere: Design and Utopia
PROFESSOR:
Freyja Hartzell
What is the fundamental purpose of design? At some level, all design—in its various capacities as theory, practice, and object—aims to change the world in which we live, and with it, our experience of living. Design is, by nature, utopian. Framing its questions around the fundamental ambivalence of “utopia”—implied first in Thomas More’s 1516 socio-political fiction, Utopia, and much later in William Morris’s post-Revolutionary novel, News from Nowhere of 1890—this course explores a variety of ways in which design not only engages with but actually defines the term’s dual Greek roots: eutopia (“the good place”) and utopia (“no place”). Each class session will unfold around a specific theme, combining material ranging roughly from 1750 to today, with topics including: “The Tiny House: Aristocratic Retreat to Alternative Lifestyle”; “Gesamtkunstwerk: The Total Environment and its Critics”; “Body Politics: Eugenics, Dress Reform, Anthropomorphism, Ergonometrics”; “News from Nowhere: Artists’ Colonies and Craft Communities”; “The Garden City: Living Green”; “Future-Past: Modernism and Nostalgia”; “Technotopia”; and “Dystopian Design.” Students are encouraged to pursue original research projects that problematize the relation of design and utopia within their own fields of interest. 3 credits.
SEMESTER:
25
History and Theory of Museums
This area of study approaches museums not only as repositories of objects to be analyzed with a historical lens, but also as complex social, economic, and even political institutions that must be approached from broad theoretical and contextual viewpoints. As princely and aristocratic collections of fine arts and natural history entered the emerging public sphere between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries, they were asked to perform different functions for different constituencies and were accompanied by new paradigms of description, cataloguing, exhibition, and display. More recently, industrialization, colonialism, mass travel and tourism, and the emergence of new media have had profound implications for museums of all types—including those devoted to fine and decorative arts, ethnography and anthropology, and natural history and science.
Students choose from a variety of courses that might include topics in the history of collecting, the origins of museums as institutions, the conservation of objects, strategies of museum education and outreach, and the art market. Courses in this area span the temporal and geographic range of our faculty and the broad variety of objects studied at Bard Graduate Center. Rather than simply acquiring a particular skill set, our students emerge with the tools to think about the museum as a protean institution at the center of contemporary cultural policy.
Faculty who teach in this area include:
Jeffrey L. Collins
The Exhibition Experience: Design and Interpretation
733 The Exhibition Experience: Design and Interpretation
PROFESSOR:
Deborah L. Krohn
The special exhibition, where objects are grouped together for a limited time for a particular purpose, has become a key component of the contemporary museum experience. But in a larger sense all exhibitions, whether temporary or permanent, tell stories, communicate meaning, and establish values by presenting objects and ideas in ways that are always mediated by design. This course will use the upcoming Bard Graduate Center/ Metropolitan Museum collaborative exhibition “Salvaging the Past: Georges Hoentschel and French Decorative Arts at the Metropolitan Museum of Art,” which will open on April 3, 2013, as a case study through which to examine the ways exhibition curators and designers construct historical and didactic narratives by juxtaposing selected objects, texts, and digital images. Since one of the challenges of the Hoentschel project has been to track the changing ways that furniture and domestic objects have been used and displayed over their history, we will give particular focus to current strategies of exhibiting furniture and furnishings in museum period rooms and historic properties. Classes will be led by exhibition curators Ulrich Leben and Deborah Krohn, with guest appearances by other BGC staff involved in the show. Classes will take place at BGC, with field trips to local collections. Assignments will include the preparation of a “mock exhibition,” including interpretive components, using Google SketchUp, on a topic to be chosen in consultation with the instructors. 3 credits.
SEMESTER:
Exhibiting Culture/s: Anthropology In and Of the Museum
795 Exhibiting Culture/s: Anthropology In and Of the Museum
PROFESSOR:
Aaron Glass
Over the past two centuries, the museum has emerged as one of the primary institutional venues for intercultural encounter mediated by objects. Practices of both collection and display have been central to the imagining and valuing of various kinds of cultural others, and to the construction and communication of knowledge about the world’s peoples. This course will examine multiple historical and theoretical points of articulation (and disarticulation) between the museum and the discipline of anthropology. Topics include: the place of the “exotic” curio in early European and colonial collections; the rise of natural history and social evolutionary paradigms for exhibiting non-Western objects; the development of professional anthropology in the museum; popular forms of ethno-spectacle (e.g. the world’s fair and cinema) and the lasting tension between education and entertainment; debates surrounding “primitivism” and avant-garde interest in non-Western art; nationalism and sovereignty in the wake of decolonization; and contemporary anthropological and ethnographic studies of museums as sites of cultural production and contest. Through critical readings, discussions, and museum visits, students will come to better understand and appreciate the dynamics of collecting, studying, and displaying the art and material culture of the world’s peoples. Opportunities to work closely with collections and institutions will be encouraged (especially the American Museum of Natural History). 3 credits. (based on research paper topic, satisfies non-Western requirement)
SEMESTER:
Tangible Things: Observing, Collecting, Sorting
876 Tangible Things: Observing, Collecting, Sorting
PROFESSOR:
Ivan Gaskell
The objective of this course is to use object-centered historical and interdisciplinary research to advance the conception of a future exhibition drawn from the many collections at Harvard University. Buried in storage within Harvard’s museums are relics of “international experiences” —moments of wonder, envy, conflict, and appropriation—that extend over more than three centuries. They expose the intellectual assumptions and the political and economic forces that have shaped American encounters with the world. Treating divisions among the arts, the humanities, and the sciences as permeable, the seminar will investigate how collecting and categorizing tangible things have progressively shaped social, intellectual, and cultural boundaries in American society. The seminar will be conducted in parallel with a seminar at Harvard University convened by Laurel Thatcher Ulrich. The two seminars will confer electronically, and (funding permitting) will hold two joint residential weekend workshops, one in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and one in New York City. 3 credits.
SEMESTER:
From Ditch to Nitch: Making the Vatican Museum
911 From Ditch to Nitch: Making the Vatican Museum
PROFESSOR:
Jeffrey L. Collins
Public museums as we know them today were invented in eighteenth-century Europe in tandem with new ideas about the cultural value, social purpose, appropriate setting, and intended audience of art and historic artifacts. But how, where, and why did these protomodern museums take shape? What practical and conceptual operations were required to create an eighteenth-century museum, and how did they intersect with wider scientific, political, economic, and aesthetic concerns? This seminar investigates these questions by focusing on eighteenth-century Rome, a crucible of modern museology, and particularly the Pio-Clementino museum of classical antiquities, nucleus and ancestor of today’s Vatican Museums. We will use this and related case studies to explore the history of collecting and display in Italy; changes in the art market and new notions of cultural patrimony; shifts in patronage and the invention of new bureaucratic and institutional structures; the growing interest in Greco-Roman antiquity and the development of “Neoclassicism”; and the role of the Grand Tour in catalyzing and diffusing new cultural ideals. The seminar will also function as a workshop for my current book project on the changing fortunes, forms, and meanings of an important nucleus of ancient statuary as it moved from a clandestine excavation near Tivoli in 1774-5 through installation at the Vatican, transfer to Paris under Napoleon, and return to Rome after the Battle of Waterloo. By reconstructing how and by whom these prized artifacts were unearthed, identified, acquired, restored, displayed, contextualized, published, reproduced, confiscated, and ultimately repatriated, the project illuminates both the history of museums and the diverse and sometimes conflicting understandings of antiquity at the dawn of the modern era. 3 credits. Satisfies the pre-1800 requirement.
SEMESTER:
Collaboration: Perspectives on the Modernist Interior
945 Collaboration: Perspectives on the Modernist Interior
PROFESSOR:
Juliet Kinchin
The course is offered in conjunction with the exhibition Interior Propositions opening this fall at MoMA, an exploration of modernist interiors. Spanning three decades from the 1920s to 1950s, and highlighting recent major acquisitions of design by Eileen Gray, Charlotte Perriand, and Lina Bo Bardi, this exhibition presents a series of interior ‘propositions’ drawn from the museum’s collection. Through evoking a series of innovative domestic spaces, exhibition displays, and retail environments, the aim of Interior Propositions is to explore the complex collaborative partnerships and processes that have shaped the modernist interior. Attention is focused on the networks—professional, commercial, institutional, and personal—through which revolutionary new tendencies in modern interiors were promoted, and their critical/popular reception. 3 credits.
SEMESTER:
26
Early Modern Europe
Students wishing to specialize in the art and material culture of early modern Europe and the colonial Americas between ca. 1400 and 1800 will find a wide roster of thematically and methodologically diverse courses. This interdisciplinary concentration draws on the research interests of faculty from the fields of art and design history, intellectual history and historiography, anthropology, philosophy, and aesthetics. Object-based courses address aspects of craft production ranging from the elite to the ephemeral, including metalwork, textiles, woodworking, ceramics and print, while theoretically-driven topics include the history of object-based scholarship and the changing social, cultural, and ideological uses and understandings of objects in domestic and courtly cultures.
Specific concentrations include the history of the book, food history, the early history of collecting, the impacts of Europe’s overseas colonization and trade, cross-cultural exchange, and religion and the arts. Courses are often team-taught and/or tied to exhibition projects in which the students are actively employed. These include English Embroidery from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1580-1700:“Twixt Art and Nature” and Dutch New York Between East and West: The World of Margrieta van Varick. Recent and ongoing PhD topics include Renaissance armor and its nineteenth-century afterlife, the life and work of a seventeenth-century alchemist, and Tudor court ceremony and dress.
Faculty who teach in this area include:
Jeffrey L. Collins
Western Furniture: From Antiquity to 1830
601 Western Furniture: From Antiquity to 1830
PROFESSOR:
Susan Weber
This survey course traces the evolution of furniture design and production from antiquity to the 1830s. Outstanding examples of furniture from Europe, America, and China are discussed in terms of style, materials, and construction techniques. Emphasis is placed on the work of important designers, craftsmen, and patrons. The social, political, and economic conditions that spawned changes in domestic furniture design are discussed, as well as the relation of furniture to architectural settings. Field trips to New York museums and auction houses will be part of this course. 3 credits. Satisfies pre-1800 requirement.
SEMESTER:
The Renaissance Discovery of the World: Collecting and Collections in the Early Modern Era
621 The Renaissance Discovery of the World: Collecting and Collections in the Early Modern Era
PROFESSOR:
Andrew Morrall
This course explores habits of collecting in Europe from about 1500 to 1650, tracing the development of the Kunstkammer and the cabinet of curiosities in the age of discovery and the opening up of new worlds to European experience. It and examines how the collecting of natural and artificial objects fortified princely power, transformed the nature of both aesthetic and scientific experience, and shaped the sensibility of intellectuals. Emphasis is placed on the great courtly collectors of central Europe, including the Wittelsbach Dukes of Bavaria, the Dukes of Saxony, and the various Habsburg rulers. Particular attention is given to the collection of Emperor Rudolf II in Prague, whose amassing of objects, both natural and manmade, coincided with his patronage of natural philosophers, alchemists, astronomers, and other seekers of knowledge. The changing relationship between art, nature, and science, embodied in early modern collections, is used to chart the shift from a medieval to a recognizably modern understanding of the processes of nature and of man’s place in the world. Knowledge of French and German is an advantage but not essential. 3 credits. (satisfies pre-1800 requirement)
SEMESTER:
The Monument: Designs and Meanings
763 The Monument: Designs and Meanings
PROFESSOR:
Jeffrey L. Collins
Monuments, from the Latin monere, are literally things that warn or remind by offering enduring and often imposing physical messages addressed to contemporaries and to posterity. This seminar investigates monuments and memorials as both cultural and aesthetic endeavors, considering continuities and change in form and meaning across place and time. Monuments may commemorate individuals, groups, actions, events, or even abstract ideas, and to study them requires attention to the histories of art, design, urbanism, politics, patronage, reception, conservation, and the relation of word and image. Students will investigate memorials from antiquity to the present, with a special focus on examples in New York City, many of which draw on a repertory of historical models ranging from obelisks, pyramids, and triumphal arches to commemorative columns, statuary, and gardens. Particular attention will be given to recent debates about monuments’ purpose, form, materials, location, and constituencies; particularly in the case of war memorials and martyria, official commemorations become the site of vigorous contests and disagreements. Because monuments are almost always intended to endure over time, we will examine the challenges of preserving, repairing, adapting, or repurposing them as materials decay and the surrounding contexts change. We will also investigate the boundaries between “private,” often funerary, monuments and “public” ones designed to join the urban fabric, as well as the emergence of counter- or protest monuments and other commemorative strategies designed to question or subvert a monumental language. 3 credits.
SEMESTER:
The Early Modern Book: Cookbook as Case Study
781 The Early Modern Book: Cookbook as Case Study
PROFESSOR:
Deborah L. Krohn
This course is an introduction to two related emergent fields: history of the book, and culinary history. Though historians in many fields have been looking seriously at the history of books for a couple of generations, there has been comparatively little research on cookbooks and the social and economic implications of their diffusion during the Renaissance. In conjunction with the “coming of the book” and the diffusion of print culture at the end of the fifteenth century, the knowledge of food, its preparation, and service moved from the realm of tacit, artisanal understanding to a more scientific and rational set of precepts and codes. Paralleling transformations in areas such as agriculture, botany, metallurgy and other scientific fields, cooking became subject to empirical standards that underlie both texts and images in various books published between the end of the fifteenth and the end of the seventeenth century. These are the temporal parameters of the material we will look at. The first half of the course will be devoted to readings from classic studies in book history such as Elizabeth Eisenstein’s 1979The Printing Press as an Agent of Change, Febvre and Martin’s The Coming of the Book, and the works of Adrian Johns among others. We will then proceed to survey the most important cookbooks and recipe collections as they entered print at the end of the 15th century. Finally, we will look at the impact of illustration, which was to become an essential component of recipe collections and manuals in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. There will be visits to local print and book collections, short reports, and a final research paper. Knowledge of one European language is strongly encouraged. 3 credits.satisfies pre-1800 requirement
SEMESTER:
Objects of Knowledge: Renaissance Ornament and Society in Northern Europe, 1500-1650
846 Objects of Knowledge: Renaissance Ornament and Society in Northern Europe, 1500-1650
PROFESSOR:
Andrew Morrall
This course is devoted to exploring the themes and subjects of figurative ornament that animated the surfaces of the decorative and applied arts of the northern Renaissance. It will examine how crafted objects reflected, embodied or proclaimed definable social and cultural values and expressed the tastes and interests of different social groups in an age of growing secularization, of reformation in matters of religion, of humanism in education and ethical life, of overseas commercial expansion in the cities, and territorial consolidation among the European rulers. In the wake of the Protestant Reformation, in particular, the ornamental arts filled a number of gaps, economic, aesthetic and psychic, into which creative energies, cut off or diverted from the traditional outlets in religious art, freely flowed. The course will be organized into a number of themes, to include Cosmography, History, Ethics, Myth, and Nature. It will draw on some of the most the dazzling achievements of Renaissance craftsmanship in a number of different media that will include metalwork, cabinet making, carving in wood, ivory and other exotic materials, glass, ceramics, textiles, and scientific and mechanical instruments. Above all, the course seeks to draw out connections between aesthetic and social experience and claim the sphere of ornament as an important medium that communicated various kinds of knowledge about the world: the structures of power and authority, shared ethical systems, historical ties of community and kinship, as well as, more broadly, engaging with the period fascination with the natural world and of man’s place within it. 3 credits. Satisfies pre-1800 requirement.
SEMESTER:
Interwoven Globe: The Worldwide Textile Trade, 1500-1800
888 Interwoven Globe: The Worldwide Textile Trade, 1500-1800
PROFESSOR:
Jeffrey L. Collins
Beginning in the sixteenth century, the golden age of European overseas navigation brought about the flowering of an abundant textile trade. Textiles and textile designs made their way around the globe, from India and Asia to Europe, between India and Asia and Southeast Asia, from Europe back to the east, and eventually to the west to the colonies of the Americas. Trade textiles blended the traditional designs, materials, and skills of the cultures that produced them, as well as some of the aesthetic preferences of their consumers. As such, they offer a chance to explore broad networks of cultural and material exchange and the specific local conditions in which such objects were made and used. This seminar, run at the Metropolitan Museum in conjunction with the exhibition of the same name, takes trade textiles as its theme, offering participants a chance for close and sustained study of the objects on view and of the historical patterns they exemplify. Meetings will take place in the exhibition galleries and the Met’s Antonio Ratti Textile Center, where students will gain experience with the close analysis of objects, using trade textiles in the collection to write both catalogue-style entries and a longer research paper modeled on an article for an academic journal such as Textile History. Guest instructors include exhibition curators Amelia Peck (American Wing) and Melinda Watt (European Sculpture and Decorative Arts), in addition to other co-curators and specialists. 3 credits. Satisfies pre-1800 requirement
SEMESTER:
Objects of Belief: Religion and the Arts of Northern Europe 1450-1600
894 Objects of Belief: Religion and the Arts of Northern Europe 1450-1600
PROFESSOR:
Andrew Morrall
This course examines the transformation of the visual and material culture of late medieval Christianity brought about by the upheavals in beliefs, religious practice and social organization ushered in by the Protestant Reformation. It will begin by examining the rich material culture of the late medieval church and its spiritual, social and economic underpinnings, particularly in regard to relic worship, pilgrimage, and the cult of the saints. It will trace the concomitant rise in lay spirituality in the fifteenth century, which, under the impulse of the reforming ideals of theDevotio Moderna in the Netherlands and the renewed momentum of Erasmian humanism of the early sixteenth century, gathered pointed ideological force with the Protestant Reformation’s rejection of the cult of saints. Case studies drawn from the German-speaking territories, the Netherlands, and England will address such themes as iconoclasm and the consequent new forms of public worship, concentrating on continuities as well as the ruptures with Catholic tradition as the relationships between the material and the spiritual were reconfigured; the effects of evangelical beliefs upon the habits and rituals of domestic and civic life, upon ecclesiastical and domestic spaces, personal possessions, habits of dress and adornment, as the home, as much as the Church, became an important locus of spiritual and moral instruction; and more broadly, the material dimensions of Protestant attitudes to the written word and the book, natural philosophy, ethics, history, literature, and aesthetics and the wider implications of Protestantism upon Western culture. Satisfies pre-1800 requirement
SEMESTER:
The Culture of Prints in Modern Europe
899 The Culture of Prints in Modern Europe
PROFESSOR:
Andrew Morrall
The advent of printing techniques signaled a watershed in European visual culture. This course will follow the development of printmaking in Europe from the first simple woodcuts to its apogee as a sophisticated art form in the sixteenth century. We will study the technical and aesthetic developments of the three main types of print, woodcut, engraving and etching, as well as issues of workshop practice and organization, to discover how by the mid-century, the production of and market for prints had expanded exponentially and the medium had acquired the status of an independent art form and an established set of critical values by which to judge it. A second aspect of the course will be to consider the massive cultural impact of prints across Europe as cheap and easily transportable models of design and ornament for the decorative and applied arts. Another component will be to explore the extent to which the replicated image helped revolutionize the transfer of knowledge in early modern Europe: how via printed books, maps and scientific objects and manuals, visual representation, as much as the written word, actively facilitated the conceptualization of ideas and framed scientific discourse. The course will include trips to local print collections and libraries. 3 credits. Satisfies pre-1800 requirement.
SEMESTER:
Artists, Craftsmen, and the Pursuit of Nature in Renaissance Europe
908 Artists, Craftsmen, and the Pursuit of Nature in Renaissance Europe
PROFESSOR:
Andrew Morrall
Deborah L. Krohn
This class will explore the manifold responses to the natural world by Renaissance artists and craftsmen during a period when the medieval, theologically-bound universe was giving way in the face of momentous new discoveries—of new worlds, peoples, animals and plant forms—and the traditional Ptolemaic worldview was challenged by the new heliocentric cosmos of Copernicus. The course will examine the ways artists and craftsmen documented nature’s physical qualities, charted its extent, explored its structures, and expressed its qualities and meanings in poetic and allegorical form. Themes will include the emergence of landscape and pastoral, villa culture, garden and grotto design, the aesthetics of mimesis and naturalism, the early collecting of naturalia, cartography and mapping, and the role of the artist / draughtsman in the emerging natural sciences. The course will include visits to museums and collections and will require a research paper. 3 credits. Satisfies pre-1800 requirement. This class will explore the manifold responses to the natural world by Renaissance artists and craftsmen during a period when the medieval, theologically-bound universe was giving way in the face of momentous new discoveries—of new worlds, peoples, animals and plant forms—and the traditional Ptolemaic worldview was challenged by the new heliocentric cosmos of Copernicus. The course will examine the ways artists and craftsmen documented nature’s physical qualities, charted its extent, explored its structures, and expressed its qualities and meanings in poetic and allegorical form. Themes will include the emergence of landscape and pastoral, villa culture, garden and grotto design, the aesthetics of mimesis and naturalism, the early collecting of naturalia, cartography and mapping, and the role of the artist / draughtsman in the emerging natural sciences. The course will include visits to museums and collections and will require a research paper. 3 credits. Satisfies pre-1800 requirement.
SEMESTER:
The Antiquarian Foundations of Contemporary Design Thinking
910 The Antiquarian Foundations of Contemporary Design Thinking
PROFESSOR:
Peter N. Miller
What is design thinking? Where does design thinking come from? How is design thinking human-centered, and how might we make it even more so? This seminar answers these questions with a dramatic assertion: that knowledge of the past, and specifically, past scholarship, as modeled in the work of antiquarians from the seventeenth century onwards, is essential for understanding and developing the most innovative of contemporary design thinking and practice. This seminar explores the historical practice of antiquaries as a paradigm for the contemporary design thinking that is focused on the temporal nature of human relationships with things, as well as using a design orientation a means of generating insight into antiquarian practice. Calling this component of design “antiquarian” is more valid than calling it “historical” because “history” is what happened in the past, whereas antiquarianism is about the past-in-things that remains alive in the present. If the connection between antiquarianism and design is material pasts and memories then we could describe designers as neo-antiquarians—as those who experience, and help us experience, the past through things. Design thinking, understood from this perspective, is necessarily archaeological and represents what prior generations called “the liberal arts” — the belief that knowledge from and about the past is important for living well in the future. The course will be taught as simultaneous video-linked seminars by Shanks at Stanford and Miller at the BGC. 3 credits.
SEMESTER:
Material Culture and Social Life in the Early Modern Home, 1500–1700
918 Material Culture and Social Life in the Early Modern Home, 1500–1700
PROFESSOR:
Andrew Morrall
This course explores the development of domestic space across a wide social spectrum from the urban burgher in the mercantile centers of northern Europe to the landed gentry and nobility of England, whose “prodigy houses” of the later sixteenth century offered an extraordinary expression of a new domestic and civil ideal of living. The course will chart changing notions of personal comfort and forms of social signification among these disparate communities, and set the various accoutrements of living, including furniture and furnishings, interior architecture, metalwork, ceramics, glass, and the other decorative features and accessories of domestic life—within the broader moral, political, ideological and economic frameworks of the societies that produced them. These frameworks will include the humanist-driven theories of the household as a place for the inculcation of the virtues and education deemed necessary for private and public life; the particular role of women in the running of the home; and, more broadly, the family as the political bedrock of the state. In the wake of the Reformation, the domestic realm took over many of the impulses behind traditional church decoration and became in effect, a new locus of moral instruction. The objects with which contemporaries chose to surround themselves were thus often charged with ethical meaning, not just symbolically through their decoration, but also dynamically, in terms of social usage. In an age of increasingly codified social behavior, when good conduct and manners were assuming importance in the expression of moral character, the artifacts of domestic living and the social rituals which developed around them, took on a new importance in the expression of personal and familial virtue. Knowledge of German, French, or Dutch is an advantage but not essential. 3 credits.Satisfies the pre-1800 requirement.
SEMESTER:
Viceregal America: Visual and Material Cultures
936 Viceregal America: Visual and Material Cultures
PROFESSOR:
Jeffrey L. Collins
This course explores the visual and material cultures of Spain and Portugal’s territorial possessions in the New World from the arrival of Europeans in the late fifteenth century through political independence in the early nineteenth century. Emphasis will be given to the legacies of cultural contact and the adaptation of European traditions to new circumstances in the Spanish viceroyalties of New Spain, Peru, New Granada, and Río de la Plata, and in the Portuguese captaincies, viceroyalty, and, later, kingdom of Brazil. Topics include the visual and material legacies of conquest, collaboration, and resistance; the repurposing and transformation of indigenous materials and manufacturing techniques; and the movement of materials, trade goods, and artisans throughout the Spanish and Portuguese global empires. We will investigate the role of the Americas as a conceptual and mercantile link between Asia and Europe; the contribution of Africans and their descendants in colonial society and culture; the role of the arts in religious and domestic rituals; the continuing interest in European models and the diversification of regional styles throughout Ibero-America; and the usefulness of “hybridity” as an interpretive term for New World objects and cultures. The course will make use of New York museums and collections, and participants will take an active role in defining and presenting areas of special research interest. 3 credits. Satisfies the pre-1800 requirement.
SEMESTER:
26
Global Middle Ages
This concentration offers a global and comparative approach to the study of material culture in the Middle Ages, broadly defined as the formative period between the ancient and modern worlds. Emphasizing connectivity rather than disjunction, exchange rather than isolation, and accord rather than bloodshed, this area of focus suggests a complex cultural, economic, and even political context for the study of material things.
With a focus on broad geographical domains such as the Mediterranean or the Eurasian Steppe, our concentration investigates the making, circulation, and changing meanings of material objects and images in a wide variety of temporal and geographical contexts. Offerings range from tightly focused investigations of specific media, regions, and periods to thematic, issue-oriented seminars that take a cross-cultural, trans-regional, and trans-historical viewpoint.
Faculty who teach in this area include:
Abigail Krasner Balbale
Art and Material Culture of the Tang Period, 618-907: Famen Temple
567 Art and Material Culture of the Tang Period, 618-907: Famen Temple
PROFESSOR:
François Louis
The Tang period coincided with the apogee of medieval culture in China. Over the past millennium, this era has conjured up images of martial grandeur, vast territorial expansion, and multicultural tolerance; of China’s richest flowering of Buddhism, but also of its severest suppression; of thriving intellectualism that gave rise to China’s most celebrated poets; and of an aristocratic material culture dominated by metropolitan fashion and international trade. This course seeks to give a picture of the period’s aesthetics, crafts industries, and luxury consumption. At the center of our investigations are artifacts excavated in 1987 from the pagoda of the Famen Temple. This preeminent archaeological find preserves hundreds of imperial donations accompanying four Buddha relics, including gold and silver, porcelains, Middle Eastern glass, and silk textiles. It sheds light on issues of international style and trade, Buddhist ritual and beliefs, as well as imperial workshops and patronage. A field trip to a museum and an auction house are included. 3 credits. Satisfies non-Western or pre-1800 requirement.
SEMESTER:
Islamic Art and Material Culture from Early Islam to the Ottoman Period
778 Islamic Art and Material Culture from Early Islam to the Ottoman Period
PROFESSOR:
Abigail Krasner Balbale
This course will explore the great diversity of cultural production across the Islamic world from the seventh to the eighteenth century. It will introduce students to Islamic traditions, culture, religious practices, and society through the investigation of Islamic art and architecture. Objects and structures will be examined through a variety of interdisciplinary methodologies and through studies of iconography, function, and patronage. The goal of the course is to understand Islamic art, architecture and material culture as the visual expression of the civilization creating it, as well as what makes and defines them as ‘Islamic’. Students will have the opportunity to give presentations on certain topics and objects. Visits to collections of Islamic art are planned. 3 credit. Satisfies non-Western or pre-1800 requirement.
SEMESTER:
The Arts of the Kitan-Liao Empire (907–1125)
802 The Arts of the Kitan-Liao Empire (907–1125)
PROFESSOR:
François Louis
Over the past three decades a number of sensational archaeological finds have drawn scholarly attention to the long neglected Kitan-Liao empire in northern China. The finds show that the non-Chinese Kitan elite built a sophisticated and unique court culture, which not only adapted Chinese models but itself became a model for other non-Chinese elites, most notably the Tangut Xi-Xia, farther west. The presence of the powerful Kitan empire, moreover, redefined contemporaneous understanding of what it meant to be Chinese, especially among the intellectuals of the neighboring Song dynasty in central and southern China. This seminar examines the main archaeological Liao sites in order to examine notions of cultural and political identity and cultural exchange. Themes to be explored include the forced migration of artisans and other conquered people, diplomacy and the exchange of luxury goods such as silk and silver, the commercial and ritual uses of ceramics, nostalgia for the past and the rise of antiquarian collecting, Western imports, and the importance of Buddhism for Liao material culture. 3 credits. satisfies pre-1800 or non-Western requirement
SEMESTER:
The Occult and Its Artifact in the Middle Ages
851 The Occult and Its Artifact in the Middle Ages
PROFESSOR:
Ittai Weinryb
Miracle, magic, apotropia and efficacy are just a few of the terms that embedded the Middle Ages with supernatural activity. This seminar explores the place and environment of magic in medieval society. We will ask what is regarded as magic in Middle Ages, how one defines miracle, and what objects and tools one needs in order to make magic. We will also ponder the relation between magic and nature, magic and cosmos, and magic and self. Talismans, amulets, garments, manuscripts and metalwork are only a few of the objects that will be used to help us understand the relation between magic, society and culture of the Middle Ages. 3 credits. Satisfies pre-1800 requirement
SEMESTER:
Ex Voto: Participation and Patronage in Medieval Europe
858 Ex Voto: Participation and Patronage in Medieval Europe
PROFESSOR:
Ittai Weinryb
An ex voto is a votive offering to a saint or deity. It is given as a token of gratitude for a miracle performed and in some cases it is offered as a vow. The ex voto is the most basic and fundamental form of material exchange between humans and deities. In its essence the ex voto is a material object that celebrates an immaterial event, a physical object that commemorates or expects supernatural activity. In a sense, ex voto is the basic form which the religious devotee participate in the religious ritual. This seminar is set to explore the relationship between humans and deities in medieval Europe through the basic act of material exchange. Issues relating to medieval religious patronage, participation of donors and devotees will be considered as the basis for the seminar, as well as theories from fields of religion studies, economy, and anthropology, which will serve to examine and further our understanding of the unique phenomenon of the ex voto. 3 credits. satisfies pre-1800 requirement
SEMESTER:
Courtly Culture in the Medieval Mediterranean
887 Courtly Culture in the Medieval Mediterranean
The lands surrounding the Mediterranean in the middle ages were divided among multiple claimants to authority, and rulers of each successive dynasty often legitimated themselves through cultural production. This course examines a number of medieval courts, and focuses on the architecture, luxury objects, poetry and ceremonial rituals produced in them. We will employ a comparative approach that considers the cultures of Mediterranean courts in the period from the eighth century to the fourteenth. We will begin by examining the Hellenistic legacy of Late Antiquity, and will study the courts of Latin Christendom, Byzantium and the Islamic world that laid claim to this heritage. Courts studied will include those of Byzantine Constantinople, Umayyad Cordoba, Crusader Jerusalem, Fatimid and Mamluk Cairo, Norman Palermo, the Italian city-states and others. We will focus particularly on exchange among these courts (including diplomatic missions and the trade of goods and slaves) and the development of an international courtly culture. 3 credits. satisfies pre-1800 requirement
SEMESTER:
PROFESSOR:
Abigail Krasner Balbale
Al-Andalus, as Spain was known in Arabic during its period of Muslim rule from 711-1492, was one of the longest-lasting sites of encounter among medieval Jews, Christians, and Muslims. This class focuses on the cultural history of this encounter. We will examine objects including manuscripts, ivories, metalwork, ceramics, and silks, as well as architecture including synagogues, mosques, churches, and palaces. Alongside these objects and spaces, we will consider medieval written sources, including chronicles, poetry, and the texts of treaties and diplomatic documents. Oftentimes, political and religious texts deal with religious difference polemically, even as poetry and material culture betray a fascination with the artist or patron’s ostensible enemies. Our discussion considers the different perspectives written and material sources provide, and will analyze how scholars have addressed these challenges. We will also examine the people, ideas, goods, and technologies that successively transformed al-Andalus and its neighbors, and will discuss to what extent al-Andalus should be seen as exceptional in the context of Europe and of the broader Islamic world. 3 credits. Satisfies the non-Western or pre-1800 requirement.
SEMESTER:
PROFESSOR:
Ittai Weinryb
Most of the material culture produced in the lands surrounding the medieval Mediterranean owes its existence to the rise and development of the medieval court. In this seminar, we will examine the cultural milieus of Islamic, Byzantine and western European courts as well as the people, rituals and objects that constituted them. In so doing, we will develop a comparative model for the understanding of the function, life and aspirations of the medieval court. Focusing on materials ranging from ivories to textiles, from regalia to water-clocks, courtly figures from astrologers to eunuchs, emotions such as love and hate, as well as pastimes including hunting, lute playing and dancing, this course will illuminate the material ideals and ideas behind the medieval court in the Islamic and Christian worlds. 3 credits. Satisfies pre-1800 requirement or, based on research paper, the non-Western requirement.
SEMESTER:
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Archaeology, Anthropology, and Material Culture
This area includes archaeology and the arts of the ancient world from the Paleolithic onward in the Old World, New World, Central Asia and the Far East. Courses include materials-based topics such as ancient jewelry and metalwork, ceramics and glass, and furniture, as well as revivals of interest in antiquity and contemporary ethics/issues in the study of ancient art. Inquiries relate to the science of archaeology and the importance of archaeological context, ancient history and art history, archaeological conservation, ancient art in museums and private collections, and the early history of technology—topics of intrinsic interest that also provide a background for many other related subjects taught at Bard Graduate Center.
Anthropology, from its origins in comparative social thought to its role in documenting indigenous peoples under European colonial expansion, has long studied material culture in a systematic and holistic fashion. Bard Graduate Center offers introductions to the history and theory of anthropology, intensive primers on ethnographic methods for students working with present-day communities, and topical or regional approaches to global cultures. Anthropological and cross-cultural perspectives also inform courses on folklore and heritage, colonial encounters, craft and photography, and conservation. Our institutional partnership with the American Museum of Natural History supports postdoctoral fellowships in museum anthropology and provides students with research opportunities in one of the world’s premier ethnographic collections.
Faculty who teach in this area include:
Ivan Gaskell
542 Ancient Ceramics and Glass
PROFESSOR:
Elizabeth Simpson
Among the large number of ceramic and glass artifacts surviving from antiquity are some of the finest objects ever made, including such masterpieces as the Euphronios krater and the Portland vase. Ancient ceramics and glass objects were both functional and decorative and, in many cases, remain unsurpassed for the beauty and originality of their form, technique, and design. This seminar covers topics ranging from the earliest Neolithic wares of the ancient Near East to the blown glass and ceramic vessels of the Roman period. Subjects of interest include the technology of pottery and glass fabrication, important local styles and their development, and the various uses to which pottery and glass have been put. Highlights of the Bronze Age include the elegant Kamares ware from Minoan Crete, the invention of the potter’s wheel, and the earliest glass vessels from the eastern Mediterranean and Egypt, for which the manufacturing process can be reconstructed based on ancient cuneiform texts. Special attention is paid to the history of ancient Greek vase painting and to studies in connoisseurship that have contributed to our knowledge of potters, painters, and the development of style in the art of ancient Greece. Vases by black-figure artists such as the Amasis Painter and Exekias were followed by the “bilingual” productions of the Andokides workshop, culminating in the work of the masters of Attic red figure, including Euphronios and the Berlin Painter. The case of the Euphronios krater, formerly in New York and now in the Villa Giulia Museum in Rome, will serve as a prime example in a discussion of the cultural property debate. 3 credits. Satisfies non-Western or pre-1800 requirement
SEMESTER:
613 Ancient Jewelry and Metalwork
PROFESSOR:
Elizabeth Simpson
This seminar covers topics in jewelry and metalwork from the earliest remains of personal adornments in the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods to the ornate jewelry and plate made and used in Roman imperial times. The beginnings of ancient metallurgy, the technology of metals, and ancient jewelry-making techniques are examined. References in ancient texts are used to provide information about jewelry and metal objects that were noteworthy in antiquity but no longer survive. Collections of finds from the great excavated sites are discussed, including those from the Royal Cemetery of Ur; the royal tombs of Alaca Hüyük; the treasure of Priam from Troy; the royal shaft graves at Mycenae; the tomb of Tutankhamen; the sites of Gordion, Hasanlu, Marlik, and Nimrud; Greek sanctuaries and burial sites; Scythian, Celtic, and Etruscan tombs; and the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. 3 credits. (satisfies non-Western requirement or pre-1800 requirement)
SEMESTER:
The Social Lives of Things: The Anthropology of Art and Material Culture
730 The Social Lives of Things: The Anthropology of Art and Material Culture
PROFESSOR:
Aaron Glass
This course will survey anthropological theories of art and material culture with a cross-cultural purview and a concentration on indigenous societies in the colonial period. We will examine numerous disciplinary approaches—functional, symbolic/semiotic/structuralist, aesthetic, economic, historical, and political—to the study of objects, and discuss ways of bringing them into articulation, both with one another and with indigenous perspectives. After a brief historical introduction to early anthropological theories of decorative art and exchange, the class will focus on contemporary approaches framed around such key phrases as cultural biography, objectification, materiality, social agency, art worlds, cultural production, colonial economies, cultural brokerage, regimes of value, tourist art, primitive art, conservation, and repatriation. Students will apply the range of approaches to a single object or discrete set of objects throughout the semester as a way to test the theories in practice. The course should prepare students to bring a wide array of theoretical and methodological perspectives to the study of things—from tools to clothes, from souvenirs to fine arts—among diverse global cultural communities. Depending on your final research project, this course can satisfy the non-Western distribution requirement. 3 credits.
SEMESTER:
850 Ancient House and Garden
PROFESSOR:
Elizabeth Simpson
This seminar will explore the ancient world in terms of its people and the circumstances in which they lived—by examining their civic and domestic architecture, the land they cultivated and enjoyed, and the kinds of objects they found useful and beautiful. Excavations at the Neolithic sites of Göbekli Tepe, Çayönü, Çatalhöyük, and Hacılar have revealed evidence of early architecture, interiors, furniture, metalwork, and pottery, as well as the beginnings of agriculture, advanced technology, and the “genealogical patterns” that form the basis for much of the design and pattern that would persist for millennia. Bronze Age cities and cemeteries of the Near East, Egypt, and the Aegean provide a fuller picture, with excavations at sites such as Ur, Troy, Amarna, Knossos, and Mycenae yielding a wealth of information. The first millennium BCE saw the rise of the Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian empires, the kingdom of Phrygia, and the Scythian tribes, with their cities, temples, and tombs providing detailed insight into early Iron Age life. Finally, the Greeks and then the Romans extended their territories to the east and west, through war and colonization, leaving material remains that reveal much about their art and culture. Excavations in the region of Mt. Vesuvius have uncovered complete houses, gardens with plant remains intact, furnishings, and items of adornment from the late Republic and early Roman Empire. The class will visit The Metropolitan Museum of Art to study ancient objects and a New York botanical garden, to see the kinds of plants grown and used in antiquity. 3 credits.Satisfies non-Western or pre-1800 requirement
SEMESTER:
863 Objects of Colonial Encounter
PROFESSOR:
David Jaffee
Aaron Glass
Colonial encounter involves the meeting of diverse peoples, often on unequal terms, in a variety of sites and mediated by myriad cultural forms. This course will focus on the material culture of encounter in a series of North American colonial landscapes. Moving from East to West (from the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic, through the Woodlands and Plains, to the Southwest and Northwest Coast) and from the seventeenth through the nineteenth centuries, we will examine the material record for evidence of intercultural exchange and mutual (often ambivalent) appropriations between indigenous peoples and settlers. Case studies may touch upon transformations in the fields of clothing and fashion, architecture, picturing the landscape, weaponry, transportation, geographical survey and governance, ceremonialism, ethnography, film and photography, tourism, and popular culture. Through close study of material and visual culture, we will examine the process of intercultural contact and exchange to understand the social practices and political strategies, the discourses and silences produced by colonial encounters on ever-shifting geographical and cultural frontiers. Study of primary materials in area museums will be encouraged. Depending on your final research project, this course can satisfy the non-Western distribution requirement. 3 credits.
SEMESTER:
Weaving through the Past and into the Present: 10,000 Years of Andean Textiles
884 Weaving through the Past and into the Present: 10,000 Years of Andean Textiles
Visitors to the Andes today are met with a rich visual landscape. This is particularly manifested in the textile arts of the region, which are renowned for their distinctive styles and elaborate decorative motifs. In an area noted for its environmental and climatic extremes, weavers utilize alpaca, llama and vicuna wool to meet basic human needs. Beyond their functional value, however, textiles have long played an important role in mediating social relations, and in asserting identities and ethnic affiliations. Adopting a broad geographic and temporal approach, this course draws on both archaeological and ethnographic evidence to examine continuity and change in Andean textile traditions. Beginning with the antecedents to textile production in basket weaving 10,000 years ago, the class works chronologically through the textile traditions of the major pre-Columbian cultures. It then moves into the ethnographic present to consider how weavers today both build on and modify pre-Hispanic traditions and styles, as well as how textile arts are affected by global markets, by tourism in the region and by the growing number of institutions and NGOs designed to revitalize ‘traditional’ weaving practices and goods. 3 credits. satisfies pre-1800 or non-Western requirement
SEMESTER:
Ancient and Ethnographic Costume and Textiles
937 Ancient and Ethnographic Costume and Textiles
PROFESSOR:
Elizabeth Simpson
Textiles and clothing have been items of value—and important markers of identity—since earliest times, featuring patterns that have carried through eight thousand years or more, intact and full of meaning. This seminar will explore the history of ancient costume and textiles from their first manifestations in the Near East through the rich clothing and adornment of the Roman Empire—as well as the survival of ancient types and designs in remote areas of the world that still utilize traditional technologies. These enclaves of traditional arts, crafts, and customs are fascinating in and of themselves, and also provide clues to the ways ancient peoples dressed and regarded adornment. Since textiles are organic, not many have survived from antiquity outside Egypt, where fine linen cloth is extant in quantity. Examples have been found elsewhere, however, from Anatolia to Siberia, as well as in the bogs of northern Europe, and depictions in art provide an understanding of the types and styles of clothing in use. Carbonized fragments from the Neolithic site of Çatalhöyük reveal the kinds of materials and weave structures employed for the earliest textiles, and figurines of the period are the first indication of the “genealogical patterns” that form the basis for much of the design and pattern that would persist for millennia. Loom weights and tools excavated at numerous sites indicate the widespread presence of weaving, where the wooden looms no longer exist. Students will choose from these and other topics for a research paper and presentation. The class will visit the Antonio Ratti Textile Center, Metropolitan Museum of Art, to see examples of ancient textiles; we will learn about the conservation of textiles and see a weaving demonstration at the Textile Arts Center. 3 credits. Satisfies the pre-1800 or non-Western requirement.
SEMESTER:
In Focus: The Making of the Early Codex and the Crafts of Late Antiquity
941 In Focus: The Making of the Early Codex and the Crafts of Late Antiquity
PROFESSOR:
Georgios Boudalis
This course, preparatory for the exhibition opening in fall 2017, focuses on the technical and stylistic relations between the making of the codex—the hand written and bound book in the format we know today—and different crafts of late antiquity, with the aim of establishing the codex’s technological sources and origin. We will first look at the different techniques and processes used until the tenth century to gather written leaves into a functional book, including their connection to the production of such mundane items as socks, shoes, textiles, and basketry. We will then examine the structural and decorative features of early bookbindings. Participants will help search for and select objects and images for the exhibition; help develop interactive digital and/or tactile components for visitors; and, last but not least, produce models of codices that will be included in the exhibition in order to help visitors understand their material, technical, and functional aspects. Although manual or craft skills are welcomed, this is not obligatory as all models and samples will be made under the supervision of the instructor. 3 credits.
SEMESTER:
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Cultures of Conservation (An Andrew W. Mellon-Funded Initiative)
At its core, this is an attempt to connect the perspective of conservation to an interdisciplinary notion of the Human Sciences. “Conservation,” in the best sense, conjoins data derived from instrumentation and technology, long experience of hand and eye, and scholarly understanding of how and why things were done in order to bring an object back to life. In the past, this knowledge has been harvested mostly in museums and galleries and harnessed mostly to curatorial practice and exhibitions. We wish to bring our cross-disciplinary perspective on the study of objects into a conversation with conservators’ questions for the benefit of students and professors.
In this area, we build on our long experience working between museums and universities by incorporating the concepts and practices of “conservation” into our curriculum. We explore the various meanings of conservation as we define them—that is, the study of materials, techniques of making, and practices of use and re-use. For three-dimensional objects especially, the conservation process is often the only way we can learn about how something was made. We are educating the students and scholars of the future through curricular innovation and post-graduate fellowship research at Bard Graduate Center, in this creative new outreach.
Faculty who teach in this area include:
Alicia Boswell
Damage, Decay, Conservation (Mellon Curriculum)
883 Damage, Decay, Conservation (Mellon Curriculum)
PROFESSOR:
Ivan Gaskell
Few human-made things last in their original form. Things change. Some are inherently unstable, whether physically or chemically. Some are purposefully modified. Some are damaged by human action, either accidental or intentional. This seminar focuses on issues arising from human intervention in changed artifacts from many societies and time periods. We shall investigate Western conservation practice in various contexts, including museums, the art trade, and sacred sites. How do changes to tangible things occur, and what are those changes? What forms of examination facilitate intervention? What are criteria for intervention? Whose values affect the definition of these criteria? Whose values might be in conflict with those that promote intervention? What agendas (such as nationalism, tourism promotion, reconstruction after armed conflict) affect conservation and restoration decisions? How responsive are conservation institutions to theoretical and ethical concerns? We shall pursue these puzzles through theoretical texts, case studies, and visits to conservation laboratories. 3 credits. satisfies pre-1800 requirement
SEMESTER:
Fall 2016
886
Exploring the Frick's Collection of Decorative Arts: Perspectives of Art Historians, Curator, and Conservators (Mellon Curriculum)
886 Exploring the Frick's Collection of Decorative Arts: Perspectives of Art Historians, Curator, and Conservators (Mellon Curriculum)
PROFESSOR:
Charlotte Vignon
This course is an in-depth study of the outstanding collection of decorative art at The Frick Collection, which includes French and Italian Renaissance furniture, sixteenth-century Limoges enamels, eighteenth-century French furniture, Asian and European ceramics, watches and clocks. Held at The Frick Collection, the course will offer a unique opportunity for the students to examine closely works of art and engage in a dialogue with curator Charlotte Vignon and conservators Joe Godla and Julia Day on questions of attribution, authenticity, technique, conservation and restoration. New interpretations and scholarships will also be discussed as well as the issue of museum display. 3 credits.
SEMESTER:
Cultures of Conservation: From Objects to Subjects – On Sites, Rites, and Paradigms
895 Cultures of Conservation: From Objects to Subjects – On Sites, Rites, and Paradigms
What is conservation? Simplistic as it may seem, this question has many possible answers. From the contemporary perspective, conservation no longer aims simply to prolong its objects’ material lives but is seen as an engagement with materiality—that is, with the many specific factors determining how objects’ identity and meaning are entangled with the aspects of time, the environment, ruling values, politics, economy, conventions, and culture. Accordingly, this course explores diverse cultures of conservation derived from anthropological-humanistic, aesthetic, and scientific approaches. Centered around the conservation of a variety of artworks and artifacts, our discussion will examine the challenges of traditional and contemporary materials and the so called ‘new’ and technology-based media. We will explore the conservation cultures of multiple institutions and stakeholders, and examine the historical conditions that have shaped conservation discourse and theory, especially as reflected in the split between scientific and humanistic cultures and the move from objects to subjects. 3 credits.
SEMESTER:
“Cultural Conservation”: Preserving Place and Practice (Mellon Curriculum)
897 “Cultural Conservation”: Preserving Place and Practice (Mellon Curriculum)
The term “conservation” is often associated with art objects, historic buildings and sites, or ecological resources such as water. But what about “cultural conservation?” The field of folkloristics—the study of creative expression in everyday life—has both embraced and contested the concept of “cultural conservation.” Recognizing and supporting vernacular creative practices, folklorists investigate the relationships between individuals and their material and social environments in order to understand how and why cultural forms are created, adapted, maintained, or abandoned. In this course, we will consider local, state, national, and international efforts to identify and sustain community-embedded forms of creative expression and cultural practice. We will examine the goals and implications of “cultural conservation” in three contexts: the built environment (buildings, sites, religious/ritual architecture, urban landscapes), the natural environment (ecosystems, agricultural and rural landscapes), and the cultural environment (museums, rituals, festivals). Site visits will be a core element of the course and will include extended work at The Lower East Side Tenement Museum, where we will examine the Museum’s curatorial and conservation practices, as well as at public folklore/folklife projects throughout New York City, including City Lore, the Eldridge Street Synagogue, and the folk arts programs of the Brooklyn and Staten Island Arts Councils. In each case, will examine how folklorists, cultural activists, and community members are working to address issues of social inequality and cultural empowerment in their neighborhoods through interaction with their physical environments; and how different parties understand and apply such concepts as “heritage,” “tradition,” “preservation,” and “community” in the “conservation of culture.” Over the course of the semester, students will develop a final paper or project about place-based practices of preservation. They will present their research to the class as it develops, and are encouraged to incorporate ethnographic or multimedia elements (virtual exhibitions, podcasts) into their work. 3 credits.
SEMESTER:
Vernacular New York: Architecture/Landscapes/Tradition
906 Vernacular New York: Architecture/Landscapes/Tradition
This course examines the vernacular structures and landscapes of contemporary New York as expressions of individual and shared histories, cultural values, social customs, and religious beliefs. We study the construction, adaptation, reconstruction, destruction, and preservation of built and natural environments as performances of identity, expressions of creativity, tools of communication, and modes of resistance and acceptance. From the vantage point of folklore and material culture studies, we analyze how the form and function of urban spaces and structures reflect, nurture, or disrupt the beliefs and practices of their builders and users. Case studies include a New York City tenement apartment building (we will have on-site work at the Lower East Side Tenement Museum), community-constructed displays/museums, street altars and yard shrines, city streets as routes for religious ritual and procession, and the urban waterfront. We employ both material and ethnographic analysis to discern the intangible practices and meanings embedded in these places. Students will produce a final paper or project based on a type of vernacular architecture or landscape and present their research to the class at various stages of progress. Ethnographic and multimedia components are welcome. 3 credits.
SEMESTER:
Colors in China and Japan: Objects, Cultures, and Conservation
930 Colors in China and Japan: Objects, Cultures, and Conservation
This seminar explores the materiality of colors in Chinese and Japanese objects. Focusing on the colors of blue, qing (blue-green), and red, this seminar surveys the production and application of colors in various mediums, including paintings, prints, ceramics, and textiles. The key issues are: how were colors produced, circulated and used in relation to the aesthetic, cultural and religious expressions in the objects? What were the social and cultural significance of particular colors in specific historical periods? What are the challenges and techniques to preserve colors in different mediums? This course aims to develop students’ sophisticated methodology to discuss the materiality of colors through interdisciplinary approaches to art history, technical art history, and conservation science. This course will be complemented with field trips to the Metropolitan Museum of Art to engage in dialogues with conservators on paintings, textiles, and ceramics, and with scientists on colors. All the case studies are from Chinese and Japanese contexts, but students are encouraged to develop final paper topics that involve transcultural interactions between East Asia and other regions. 3 credits. Satisfies the non-Western requirement.
SEMESTER:
Iris Horowitz Professor in the History of the Decorative Arts
Peter N. Miller
Professor, Curator and Head of the Focus Gallery Project
Aaron Glass
Professor, Head of New Media Research
Pat Kirkham
Associate Professor, Director of Masters Studies, Coordinator for History and Theory of Museums
François Louis
Professor, Chair of Academic Programs
Elizabeth Simpson
Professor
Paul Stirton
Associate Professor, Editor of West 86th: A Journal of Decorative Arts, Design History, and Material Culture
Ittai Weinryb
Visiting Associate Professor; Windgate Research Curator, Museum of Arts and Design
Alicia Boswell
Andrew W. Mellon Postdoctoral Fellow, “Cultures of Conservation”
Georgios Boudalis
Bard Graduate Center/AMNH Postdoctoral Fellow in Museum Anthropology
Amelia Peck
Visiting Associate Professor; Curator of Decorative Arts, The Frick Collection
Jessica Walthew
Andrew W. Mellon Fellow, Cultures of Conservation
Our Faculty
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Our faculty are an international community of scholars whose teaching and research ranges from the arts of the ancient world to contemporary design practice.
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Iris Horowitz Professor in the History of the Decorative Arts
18th- and 19th-century Decorative Arts Topics
PhD Royal College of Art, London
MA The Cooper-Hewitt Museum/Parsons School of Design
AB Barnard College – Columbia University
As the founder and director of Bard Graduate Center, my overall interests lie in the study of objects—not only what we can learn from them about how we live now, but how they teach us about how we lived in the past. My own research has focused predominantly on British decorative arts and design of the 18th and 19th centuries. I began my exploration of this area in my dissertation on the work of E.W. Godwin, followed by exhibitions and publications devoted to other British designers such as Thomas Jeckyll, James “Athenian” Stuart, and William Kent. However, over the past few years I have broadened my research beyond British design into other areas of material culture, such as the history of the American circus and Swedish wooden toys. These projects not only reflect my diverse personal interests but the overall breadth and depth of the BGC’s academic and exhibition programs.
SELECTED RECENT PUBLICATIONS
J. Lockwood Kipling: Bombay, the Punjab, South Kensington
co-editor and contributing author (Yale University Press, forthcoming)
Swedish Wooden Toys
co-editor and contributing author (Yale University Press, 2014)
William Kent, Designing Georgian Britain
editor and contributing author (Yale University Press, 2013)
American Circus
co-editor and contributing author (Yale University Press, 2012)
Cloisonné: Chinese Enamels from the Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasties
contributing author (Yale University Press, 2011)
James “Athenian” Stuart
editor and contributing author (Yale University Press, 2006)
Georg Jensen Jewelry
contributing author (Yale University Press, 2005)
Source: Notes in the History of Art, a quarterly devoted to art history and archaeology
founder and publisher, 1980-present.
The Medieval and Early Modern Mediterranean
PhD University of Cambridge
BA Harvard University
I would describe my field as the history of historical research. What that means, as opposed to, say, historiography or philosophy of history, is that I am less interested in the forms history takes or in the subject matter, as I am in the questions historians ask. Even more precisely, I am interested in how historians turn “survivals” into evidence. This is directly related to historians understanding that certain kinds of artifacts speak to certain kinds of inquiries—and not others. My thinking has been spurred by a long-running engagement with early modern European antiquarianism and its continuing impact on how historians work. I have in the past years been working on two large projects. The first is a study of Peiresc’s relations with the merchants of Marseille, which is directly related to questions of the Mediterranean and to the historiography of commerce as an intellectual practice and was published in 2015 by Harvard University Press. The second is an essay-like traversal of the history of the idea of material culture, of using objects as historical evidence, from Peiresc up to the beginning of the twentieth century. It will be published by Cornell University Press in 2017.
Periesc’s Mediterranean World (Harvard University Press, 2015)
Cultural Histories of the Material World, ed. (University of Michigan Press, 2013)
Peiresc’s Orient: Antiquarianism as Cultural History in the Seventeenth Century (Ashgate/Variorum, 2012)
Antiquarianism and Intellectual Life in Europe and China, 1500-1800, ed., with François Louis (University of Michigan Press, 2012)
The Sea: Thalassography & Historiography, ed. (University of Michigan Press, 2012)
Peiresc’s History of Provence and the Discovery of a Medieval Mediterranean (Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 101, 2011)
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American and European Decorative Arts and Material Culture
Tradition, Taste, and Aesthetics
Travel, Tourism, and the Material World
PhD Art History, University of Pennsylvania
MA University of Pennsylvania
BA Carleton College
My current interest is in exploring shared continuities and behaviors in the material life of Europe and the United States over the last few centuries. Among these I include the enduring design authority of the Italian Renaissance and of classicism more generally; notions of what it means to live well materially; and the ways quality is expressed in different styles, cultural settings, and artifactual forms. I am also drawn to the phenomenon of tourism and its impact on the material world. What makes an artifact or a site a tourist attraction? How are attractions staged, interpreted, and marketed? What are the roles of preservation, conservation, and reconstruction? What is the nature of the tourist experience and what are its costs and benefits? In a related matter not limited to tourism, I am also intrigued by the ways the material world is marked or manipulated to reveal or conceal the past; in other words, how things may evoke or erase memory.
SELECTED RECENT PUBLICATIONS
The American Circus, co-editor (Yale University Press/BGC, 2012)
Review of Elizabeth Cromley, The Food Axis: Cooking, Eating, and the Architecture of American Houses, in theJournal of the Society of Architectural Historians 71:1 (March 2012), 121-122
“Writing on American Silver,” in Margaret K. Hofer et al., Stories in Sterling: Four Centuries of Silver in New York(New-York Historical Society, 2011), 23-32
Review of Briann G. Greenfield, Out of the Attic: Inventing Antiques in Twentieth-Century New England, in American Furniture 2010, 241-248
American Christmas Cards 1900-1960, ed. (Yale University Press/BGC, 2011)
Review of Beverly K. Brandt, The Craftsman and the Critic: Defining Usefulness and Beauty in Arts and Crafts-Era Boston, in The Journal of Modern Craft 3:1 (March 2010) 119-122
Additionally, Dr. Ames occasionally writes posts for the West 86th website.
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History, Art History and Material Culture of the Islamic World
Cross-Cultural Interaction
PhD History and Middle Eastern Studies, Harvard University
MA History, Harvard University
BA Humanities and Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, Yale University
My research focuses on the intersection of political power, religious ideology, and visual and material culture in the medieval Islamic world. I am particularly interested in how medieval Islamic rulers legitimated their power through cultural production, holy war, and diplomacy. My book in progress, tentatively entitled “Wolf King of Glorious Memory: Alliance, Accommodation and Resistance in Ibn Mardanīsh’s al-Andalus,” centers on an enigmatic twelfth-century ruler who fought the Marrakech-based Almohad dynasty through alliance with his Christian neighbors and asserted his authority with reference to the Abbasid caliphate in the East. Generally, the book explores how Muslim rulers in the Western Mediterranean adapted and transformed ideologies and material symbols of power from the broader Islamic world in order to assert their authority. My sources, including chronicles, poetry and chancery documents, as well as coins, architecture, and portable objects, reveal both the interconnectedness of the Islamic world and the intimacy between the Christians and Muslims who competed for territory in the Western Mediterranean. My research has been supported by Fulbright, NEH, ACLS, and Mellon Fellowships. Outside Bard Graduate Center, I serve as the secretary of the Historians of Islamic Art Association and am also a founding board member of the Spain North Africa Project.
[email protected]
SELECTED RECENT PUBLICATIONS
“Bridging Seas of Sand and Water: The Berber Dynasties of the Islamic Far West,” in The Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture, ed. Finbarr Barry Flood and Gülru Necipo˘glu (Wiley-Blackwell, forthcoming)
“Jihād as a Means of Political Legitimation in Thirteenth-Century Sharq al Andalus,” in The Articulation of Power in Medieval Iberia and the Maghrib, ed. Amira Bennison (Oxford: Oxford University Press/Proceedings of the British Academy, 2014), pp. 87-105
Spanning the Strait: Studies in Unity in the Western Mediterranean, ed., with Yuen-Gen Liang, Camilo Gomez-Rivas and Andrew Devereux (Brill, 2013)
“Cacophony,” Journal of Medieval Iberian Studies 5:2 (2013): 123-128
The Arts of Intimacy: Christians, Jews and Muslims in the Making of Castilian Culture, Jerrilynn D. Dodds, María Rosa Menocal and Abigail Krasner Balbale (Yale University Press, 2008, Paperback, 2009). Winner, Outler Prize of the American Society for Church History, 2010. A Times Literary Supplement Book of the Year, 2009.
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17th- and 18th-century Art and Culture
PhD Yale University
MA University of Cambridge; Yale University
BA University of Cambridge; Yale University
I am broadly interested in how the arts shape culture and how culture shapes the arts. My current research explores the links between archeology, museology, and neoclassicism in eighteenth-century Italy by following the changing forms and fortunes of a group of ancient statuary from its excavation near Tivoli through installation at the new Vatican Museum, seizure under Napoleon, and return to Rome after Waterloo. By reconstructing how and by whom these artifacts were unearthed, identified, acquired, restored, displayed, contextualized, published, reproduced, confiscated, and ultimately repatriated, I hope to shed light on the multiple meanings of antiquity at the end of the ancien regime. Other projects involve the diffusion and didactic display of plaster casts, the expressive role of costume in the theatrical pictures of Dutch artist Cornelis Troost, and the significance of Ovidian themes in the paintings of Giulio Carpioni. Teaching interests include seventeenth- and eighteenth-century France, colonial Latin America, the Grand Tour, and the commemorative monument.
[email protected]
SELECTED RECENT PUBLICATIONS
“Pedagogy in Plaster: Ercole Lelli and Benedict XIV’s Gipsoteca at Bologna’s Instituto delle Scienze e delle Arti,” in Benedict XIV and the Enlightenment: Art, Science, and Spirituality, ed. Rebecca Messbarger, Christopher M. S. Johns, and Philip Gavitt (University of Toronto Press, 2016), pp. 391-418
Five chapters on Europe from 1600 to 1830 and Spanish and Portuguese America from 1492 to independence in History of Design: Decorative Arts and Material Culture,1400-2000, ed. Pat Kirkham and Susan Weber (Yale University Press, 2013)
“Museo Pio-Clementino, Vatican City: Ideology and Aesthetics in the Age of the Grand Tour,” in The First Modern Museums of Art: The Birth of an Institution in Eighteenth- and Early Nineteenth-Century Europe, ed. Carole Paul (Getty Publications, 2012), pp 112-143
“A Nation of Statues: Museums and Identity in Eighteenth-Century Rome,” inArchitectural Space in the Eighteenth Century: Constructing Identities and Interiors, ed. Denise Baxter and Meredith Martin (Ashgate, 2010), pp 187-214
“Know Thy Time: Batoni and Pius VI,” in Intorno a Batoni: Atti del Convegno Internazionale, ed. Liliana Barroero (Fondazione Ragghianti, 2010), pp. 107-130
“A través de la ventana: Pedro Friedeberg y la arquitectura sublime / Through the Window: Pedro Friedeberg’s Sublime Architecture,” in Pedro Friedeberg (Mexico City: Trilce Ediciones, 2009)
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Professor, Curator and Head of the Focus Gallery Project
Material Culture of North America and Europe, 16th through 20th Centuries
Global Cultural Encounter
Philosophy of Museums and Material Culture: Epistemology, Ethics, Aesthetics
PhD University of Cambridge
MA University of London
BA Hons. University of Oxford
My work on material culture addresses intersections among history, art history, anthropology, and philosophy. My principal scholarly concern is to mobilize non-written traces of the past to illuminate aspects of the lives of human actors that would otherwise remain obscure. As well as writing individual historical case studies on topics ranging from seventeenth-century Dutch and Flemish paintings, to Roman baroque sculpture, Native American baskets, and Congo textiles, I work on the philosophical plane of second order questioning. While on the faculty at Cambridge University, I collaborated with the late Salim Kemal to edit a ten book series of multi-author volumes, Cambridge Studies in Philosophy and the Arts. I have organized numerous experimental exhibitions at Harvard University, where I taught and curated between 1991 and 2011. I am the author, editor, or co-editor of twelve books, and have contributed to numerous journals and edited volumes in history, art history, and philosophy.
[email protected]
SELECTED RECENT PUBLICATIONS
“Art and Beyond: Some Contemporary Challenges for Art and Anthropology Museums,” in Re-Mix, ed. Selma Holo and Mari-Tere Álvarez (University of California Press, 2016), pp. 95-99.
“The Life of Things,” in The International Handbook of Museum Studies: Museum Media, ed. Michelle Henning (John Wiley, 2015), pp. 167-190.
Tangible Things: Making History through Objects (with Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, Sara J. Schechner, Sarah Anne Carter, and photographs by Samantha S.B. van Gerbig), (Oxford University Press, 2015).
“Being True to Rubens,” in Art, Music, and Spectacle in the Age of Rubens, ed. Anna Knaap and Michael Putnam (Brepols, 2014), pp. 241-260.
“’Making a World’: The Impact of Idealism on Museum Formation in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Massachusetts,” in The Impact of Idealism: The Legacy of Post-Kantian German Thought, gen. ed. Nicholas Boyle, and Liz Disley, vol. 3: Aesthetics and Literature, ed. Christoph Jamme and Ian Cooper (Cambridge University Press, 2013), pp. 245-263.
“Historical Distance, Historical Judgment,” in Rethinking Historical Distance, ed. Mark Salber Phillips, Barbara Caine, and Julia Adeney Thomas (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), pp. 34-44.
“Museum Display, an Algonquian Bow, and the Ship of Theseus,” in Cultural Histories of the Material World, ed. Peter N. Miller (University of Michigan Press, 2013), pp. 59-73.
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Native Peoples of the Northwest Coast
Museums and Anthropology
PhD Anthropology, New York University
MA Anthropology, University of British Columbia
BFA Studio Art, Emily Carr Institute of Art and Design
BA Anthropology/Psychology, Reed College
My research focuses on various aspects of First Nations visual art and material culture, media, and performance on the Northwest Coast of North America, both historically and today. Themes recurring in my work include colonialism and indigenous modernities, cultural brokerage and translation, the politics of intercultural exchange and display, discourses of tradition and heritage management, and cultural and intellectual property. My dissertation, along with a companion film, In Search of the Hamat’sa: A Tale of Headhunting, examines the ethnographic representation and performance history of the Hamat’sa or “Cannibal Dance” of the Kwakwaka’wakw (Kwakiutl) of British Columbia. I curated, along with my students, the 2011 Bard Graduate Center Focus Gallery exhibit, “Objects of Exchange: Social and Material Transformation on the Late Nineteenth-Century Northwest Coast.” Current projects include collaborating with the U’mista Cultural Centre to restore and present Edward Curtis’s 1914 silent film, In the Land of the Head Hunters, and to create a critical, annotated, digital edition of Franz Boas’s pioneering 1897 monograph on the Kwakwaka’wakw culture.
[email protected]
SELECTED RECENT PUBLICATIONS
Return to the Land of the Head Hunters: Edward S. Curtis, the Kwakwaka’wakw, and the Making of Modern Cinema, co-edited with Brad Evans (University of Washington Press, 2014)
“Indigenous Ontologies, Digital Futures: Plural Provenances and the Kwakwaka’wakw collection in Berlin and Beyond,” in Translating Knowledge: Global Perspectives on Museum and Community, ed. Raymond Silverman (Routledge, 2014)
Objects of Exchange: Social and Material Transformation on the Late Nineteenth-Century Northwest Coast, edited exhibition catalogue (Bard Graduate Center: Decorative Art, Design History, Material Culture, Distributed by Yale University Press, 2011)
The Totem Pole: An Intercultural History, co-authored with Aldona Jonaitis (University of Washington Press, 2010)
“Frozen Poses: Hamat’sa dioramas, recursive representation, and the making of a Kwakwaka’wakw icon,” Photography, Anthropology, and History: Expanding the Frame, in eds. Christopher Morton and Elizabeth Edwards (Ashgate Press, 2009), pp 89-116
“Crests on Cotton: ‘Souvenir’ T-shirts and the materiality of remembrance among the Kwakwaka’wakw of British Columbia,” Museum Anthropology 31(1):1-18, 2008
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European Design, Architecture, and Art of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
German Design and Cultural Politics of the Modern Period
History and Theory of Materiality, Materialism, and Vitalism
PhD Yale University
MA Bard Graduate Center
BA Grinnell College
I work on European design, architecture, and art from 1750 through the present, with an emphasis on German design and domestic architecture of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. I’m especially interested in the ways in which we interact with objects both historically and in contemporary life, so I look closely at how form and materiality have influenced the way designed objects have played active roles in the creation of history and theory. I understand domestic objects as communicators or agents during a modern period when Europe – and Germany in particular – was experiencing unprecedented political, cultural, and social upheaval. My book manuscript, Designs on the Body: The Modern Art of Richard Riemerschmid, examines how Munich artist Richard Riemerschmid’s early twentieth-century designs for housewares, interiors, and clothing force a reconception of canonical modernism. My research has been supported by the Berlin Program for Advanced German and European Studies, the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), the Central European History Society, and the Wolfsonian Museum. I’m currently pursuing two new research projects: one exploring the conceptual and material aspects of transparency in design and their political implications for international modernism; and a second on the significance of wood in German cultural life – from myth to religion to political economy to domestic life – from the Teutons to today.
Book manuscript: “Designs on the Body: The Modern Art of Richard Riemerschmid.”
“Bauhaus Made Miniature: Material Politics in German Design, 1919-1939,” Journal of Modern Craft (forthcoming, 2016).
“A Renovated Renaissance: Richard Riemerschmid’s Modern Interiors for the Thieme House in Munich,” Interiors 5:1 (2014): 5-36.
“Otherworldly Worldliness: Romantic Fantasy and Biedermeier Desire in Schinkel’s Berlin,” Centropa 10:2 (May 2010): 80-105.
“A Ghost in the Machine Age: The Westerwald Stoneware Industry and German Design Reform,” The Journal of Modern Craft 2:3 (November 2009): 251-277.
“The Velvet Touch: Fashion, Furniture, and the Fabric of the Interior,” Fashion Theory 13:1 (March 2009): 51-82.
Anthologized in Mark Taylor, ed., Interior Design and Architecture: Critical and Primary Sources, vol. 2 (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2013): 138-157.
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Professor, Head of New Media Research
Material Culture of New York City
Early American Material Culture
MA Harvard University
BA History & Literature, Harvard University
I am working on a new book-length project, Envisioning Nineteenth-Century New York, 1826-1876, a study of how a new middle class culture took shape centered around the domestic interior. I focus on five key urban manufacturers who promoted the cultural ascendency of New York in the nineteenth century, including makers of lithographs, stereoviews, illustrated newspapers, popular sculpture, and parlor furniture. My students and I have been working on the 2017 Focus project “The New York 1853 Crystal Palace” that is part of that project. I have also directed NEH Summer Institutes for College and University Teachers on American Material Culture, held at Bard Graduate Center in 2011, 2013, and 2015.
[email protected]
SELECTED RECENT PUBLICATIONS
The New Nation of Goods: Artisans, Consumers, and Commodities in Early America, 1790–1860 (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010). Fred Kniffen Book Prize of the Pioneer America Society: Association for the Preservation of Artifacts and Landscapes.
Who Built America? Working People and the Nation’s Economy, Politics, Culture, and Society
visual editor, two volumes, Third Edition (Bedford Books, 2007)
“West from New England: Geographic Information and the Pacific in the Early Republic,” in Global Trade and Visual Arts in Federal New England, eds. Patricia Johnston and Caroline Frank (University Press of New England, 2014)
“North America, 1750-1900,” in History of Design, Decorative Arts and Material Culture, 1400-2000, eds. Pat Kirkham and Susan Weber (Yale University Press, 2013)
“Rogers Groups in the Home,” in John Rogers: American Stories, ed. Kimberly Orcutt (New-York Historical Society, 2010), 167-180
“Broadway on a Rainy Day,” in Common-Place: The Interactive Journal of Early American Life 10 (July 2010)
Curator, Visualizing Nineteenth-Century New York. BGC-NYPL Student Digital Exhibition. 2010-11 and BGC Focus Gallery Project Visualizing Nineteenth-Century New York, fall 2014.
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Histories of Design, Architecture and Objects
Material Culture, Film, Gender
PhD History, University of London
BA History, First Class Honors, University of Leeds
Over the last few years, I have headed a major Bard Graduate Center project, namely a global survey of decorative arts, design, and material culture from 1400 to 2000 and, together with Director Susan Weber, edited History of Design: Decorative Arts and Material Culture, 1400-2000, Yale University Press, 2013. For many years my two main areas of research were furniture and interior design, and issues of gender and class (across a wide range of design and film related topics). My more recent work has focused on design and film (separately and together) in the USA in the twentieth century. I have also worked closely with directors making films about design and designers, including Charles and Ray Eames: the architect and the painter (PBS December 2011). My most recent publications are listed below. Others include Women Designers in the USA, 1900-200: Diversity and Difference 2000, Charles and Ray Eames: Designers of the Twentieth Century, 1995, The Gendered Object 1996, and You Tarzan: Masculinity, Movies, and Men, 1993 and Me Jane: Masculinity, Movies, and Women, 19950 (both with Janet Thumim). Fellowships I have received include The Getty, The Royal College of Art, London, the British Academy and the Leverhulme Trust.
Eva Zeisel: Life, Design, Beauty, editor (Chronicle Books, 2013)
Saul Bass: A Life in Design and Film (Laurence King Publishers, 2011)
“Reassessing the Saul Bass and Alfred Hitchcock Collaboration,” in West 86th: A Journal of Decorative Arts, Design History, and Material Culture (Spring-summer 2011, vol 18, no. 01)
“At Home with California Modern,” in Living in a Modern Way: California Design 1930-1965, ed. Wendy Kaplan (MIT Press, 2011)
“New Environments for Modern Living: ‘at home’ with the Eameses,” in Penny Sparke, et.al, eds. Designing the Modern Interior: From the Victorians to Today (Berg, 2009)
“Frank Lloyd Wright’s Interior,” with Scott Perkins, in The Guggenheim: Frank Lloyd Wright and the Making of the Modern Museum (The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, 2008)
Appearance in Saul Bass: Title Champ(2008 directed by Gary Leva), Leva Film Works & Universal Studios (with Martin Scorsese and Kyle Cooper)
“The Evolution of the Eames Lounge Chair and Ottoman,” in The Eames Lounge Chair: an Icon of Modern Design, ed. David Hanks (Merrell, 2006)
“Morale and the Home Front; Fashion. Femininity, and Propaganda in World War II Britain,” in Wearing Propaganda: Textiles on the Home Front in Japan, Britain and the USA, ed. Jacqueline Atkins (Yale University Press/Bard Graduate Center, 2005).
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Associate Professor, Director of Masters Studies, Coordinator for History and Theory of Museums
Italian Renaissance Decorative Arts and Material Culture
History and Theory of Museums
Culinary History
PhD History of Art and Architecture, Harvard University
MA Art and Archaeology, Princeton University
BA cum laude, Princeton University
My research and teaching areas include early modern European cultural history, history and theory of museums, culinary history, and history of the book. I am most interested in relationships between objects of daily life, including the arts of the kitchen and table, and the dissemination of both learned and practical knowledge through books and prints. My recent research appears in Food and Knowledge in Renaissance Italy: Bartolomeo Scappi’s Paper Kitchens, (Ashgate, 2015) which focuses on the history and reception of the first illustrated cookbook in Europe, published in 1570, through print culture and book history. In 2008-9, I collaborated on the exhibition Art and Love in Renaissance Italy at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and in 2009-10, on the exhibition Dutch New York Between East and West: The World of Margrieta Van Varick at Bard Graduate Center and in 2013, on Salvaging the Past: Georges Hoentschel and French Decorative Arts from the Metropolitan Museum of Art, also at Bard Graduate Center.
SELECTED RECENT PUBLICATIONS
Food and Knowledge in Renaissance Italy: Bartolomeo Scappi’s Paper Kitchens (Ashgate, 2015).
“Written Representations of Furniture: 1500 – 1700,” in A Cultural History of Furniture, ed. Christina M. Anderson, London: Bloomsbury, forthcoming.
“Decorative Arts and Material Culture,” Oxford Bibliographies in Renaissance and Reformation (Oxford University Press, forthcoming).
“Cooking on the Margins: Using Cookbooks,” in Eating Words, Jason Scott-Warren and Andrew Zurcher, eds., (Ashgate Press, forthcoming).
“Quodlibets and Fricassées: Food in Musical Settings of Street Cries in Early Modern London,” Food Hawkers: Selling in the Streets from Antiquity to the Present, edited by Melissa Calaresu and Danielle Van den Heuvel (Ashgate Press, forthcoming)
“Beyond terminology, or, the limits of “decorative arts,”’ Journal of Art Historiography, Number 11, December 2014, https://arthistoriography.files.wordpress.com/2014/11/krohn.pdf
“Marriage as a Key to Understanding the Past” and “Celebrating Betrothal, Marriage, and the Family,” Art and Love in Renaissance Italy, ex. cat. (The Metropolitan Museum of Art and New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008)
“The Kitchen as Exemplary Space from Renaissance Treatise to Period Room,” Studies in the Decorative Arts, Vol. XIV, No. 1, Fall-Winter 2008-9, pp. 20 – 34
“Between Legend, History and Politics: The Santa Fina Chapel in San Gimignano,” in Stephen Campbell and Stephen Milner, ed., Italian Renaissance Cities: Cultural Translation and Artistic Exchange (Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp. 246 – 272
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History of Chinese Design and Visual Culture
Art and Material Culture of the Tang, Five Dynasties, Liao, and Song eras
PhD History of East Asian Art, University of Zurich
MA Art History, University of Zurich
My current research focuses on the art and material culture of the Kitan Liao dynasty (907-1125) in northern China. I am evaluating a number of extraordinary archaeological finds made during the past 50 years that allow us to see the history of this little-known dynasty in a new light. Other research projects have ranged more broadly across the history of Chinese artifacts and covered topics from early antiquity to the eighteenth century. I have published on China’s antiquarian culture, the history of ornament, tenth-century state ritual, and on gold and silver, including a book based on my dissertation, Die Goldschmiede der Tang und Song- Zeit, which examines the formation of the goldsmithing profession in China.
SELECTED RECENT PUBLICATIONS
Perspectives on the Liao, co-edited with Valerie Hansen and Daniel Kane, Journal of Sung-Yuan Studies 43 (2013)
“The Cultured and Martial Prince: Notes on Li Zanhua’s Biographical Record,” in Tenth-Century China and Beyond: Art and Visual Culture in a Multi-Centered Age, Wu Hung ed. (University of Chicago and Art Media Resources, 2012), pp. 319–349
Antiquarianism and Intellectual Life in Europe and China, 1500–1800, co-edited with Peter N. Miller (University of Michigan Press, 2012)
“Metal Objects on the Belitung Shipwreck,” and “Bronze Mirrors,” in Shipwrecked: Tang Treasures and Monsoon Winds (Sackler Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, 2010), 81–87; 208–215
“The Hejiacun Rhyton and the Chinese Wine Horn: Intoxicating Rarities and their Antiquarian Legacy,” Artibus Asiae 67, 2 (2007), pp. 201–242
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European and American Clothing and Textiles
MA Costume Studies, New York University
BA Barnard College
My research and teaching explore European and American clothing and textile history from the eighteenth through the twentieth century. In addition to an appreciation for the importance of the material object and what it can tell us, my interests encompass the context in which clothing and textiles were made, sold, worn or used, experienced, and perceived. My work draws on social, cultural, art, economic, and political history, as well as literature. In 2012, I curated a Focus Gallery exhibition at Bard Graduate Center and contributed to and edited the accompanying catalogue. The exhibition and publication, Staging Fashion, 1880-1920: Jane Hading, Lily Elsie, Billie Burke, examine the phenomenon of actresses as internationally known fashion leaders at the turn-of-the-twentieth century and highlight the printed ephemera (cabinet cards, postcards, theatre magazines, and trade cards) that were instrumental in the creation of a public persona and that contributed to and reflected the rise of celebrity culture.
Staging Fashion, 1880-1920: Jane Hading, Lily Elsie, Billie Burke
BGC Focus Gallery exhibition catalogue, editor and contributing author (2012)
“La Mode à la girafe: Fashion, Culture and Politics in Bourbon Restoration France,” Studies in the Decorative Arts Fall-Winter 2009-2010 (Vol. XVII, No. 1)
Cora Ginsburg catalogues, 2014; 2013; 2011-12; 2010-11; contributing author; Kindig, Joe K., Donna Ghelerter, Michele Majer, Philip Zimmerman, and Elizabeth Meg Schaefer (editor). Wright’s Ferry Mansion (Marquand Books, 2005)
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Professor, Chair of Academic Programs
Early Modern Northern European Fine and Applied Arts
The Reformation and the Arts
The History and Theory of Ornament
The Early History of Collecting
PhD Courtauld Institute of Art, London University
MA Courtauld Institute of Art, London University
BA Honors, University of Oxford
My area of research is the art and material culture of early modern Northern Europe. I have published on Renaissance aesthetics, the history of collecting, intersections of art and science, theories of ornament, aspects of the early modern domestic interior, and on the Reformation and the arts. My current research focuses on works of art and craft made for the Kunstkammer of sixteenth-century northern Europe, and in particular on the knowledge base and intellectual aspirations of the elite craftsmen who made them: urban, educated, inventive, intellectually curious, and fired by the values of humanism—whose interests intersected with those of their courtly patrons and whose creations gave material shape to the philosophical speculations and enquiries about the world that arose within the Kunstkammer’s milieu.
“The Place of Colour in Martin Schaffner’s Universe Table,” in Tawrin Baker
Sven Dupré, Sachiko Kusukawa, Karin Leonhard eds, Early Modern Colour Worlds, (Brill, 2016)
“Domestic Decoration and the Bible in the Early Modern Home,” in The Oxford Handbook to the Bible in England, c. 1520-1700, ed. Kevin Killeen, Helen Smith and Rachel Willie (Oxford University Press, 2015)
“Jonas Silber’s Universe Cup and its Sources,” in Jeffrey Chipps Smith ed., Visual Acuity and the Arts in Early Modern Germany (Ashgate, 2014)
“Object, Material, Myth: Ovidian Poetics and Natural Philosophy in the Sixteenth-Century Northern European Kunstkammer” in G. Ulrich Grossman and Petra Krutisch, eds., The Challenge of the Object / Die Herausforderung des Objekts: The Proceedings of the 33rd Congress of the International Committee of the History of Art (Nuremberg: Germanischen Nationalmuseums, 2013)
“Die Rezeption Dürers und seiner Kunst im Venedig des frühen sechzehnten Jahrhunderts,“ in Albrecht Dürer. Seine Kunst im Kontext Ihrer Zeit , exh. cat., Städel Museum, Frankfurt-am-Main, 23.October 2013 – 2. February 2014, 2013
“Renaissance Europe, 1400-1600“, field editor and contributing author, in Pat Kirkham, Susan Weber eds, A History of the Decorative Arts (BGC/Yale University Press, 2013)
“Inscriptional Wisdom and the Domestic Arts in Early Modern Northern Europe,” in Natalia Filatkina, Birgit Ulrike Münch, Ane Kleine eds., Konstruktion, Manifestation und Dynamik der Formelhaftigkeit in Text und Bild: Historische Perspektiven und moderne Technologien (Beiträge zu Historischen Kulturwissenschaften, Universität Trier 2012)
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Greek, Roman, Ancient Near Eastern, and Egyptian Art and Archaeology
Ancient Crafts and Technology
Rediscovery of Antiquity/Ancient Revival Styles
Museology
PhD Classical Archaeology, University of Pennsylvania
American School of Classical Studies, Athens
MA Art History, University of Oregon
BA Mathematics, University of Oregon; Smith College
I am an archaeologist, archaeological illustrator, and Professor at Bard Graduate Center, specializing in the history of ancient furniture, ceramics, glass, jewelry, and metalwork; ancient crafts and technology; and the protection of cultural property. Before coming to Bard Graduate Center in 1993, I taught at Duke University and Sarah Lawrence College and was a curator in the Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. As Director of the Gordion Furniture Project, I hold the position of Consulting Scholar at the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia. In recognition of the work of the Gordion Furniture Project, I was given a special award from the Republic of Turkey (1998) for the protection of the Turkish cultural heritage. Grants for my research include awards from the National Geographic Society, the Samuel H. Kress Foundation, the 1984 Foundation, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the National Gallery of Art, the Getty Grant Program, and the American Council of Learned Societies. My publications include The Gordion Wooden Objects I: The Furniture from Tumulus MM (2010), Gordion Wooden Furniture (1999), and The Spoils of War—World War II and Its Aftermath: The Loss, Reappearance, and Recovery of Cultural Property (1997).
[email protected]
SELECTED RECENT PUBLICATIONS
“An Early Anatolian Ivory Chair: The Pratt Ivories in the Metropolitan Museum of Art,” in Amilla: The Quest for Excellence. Studies Presented to Guenter Kopcke in Celebration of His 75th Birthday, edited by Robert B. Koehl (INSTAP Academic Press, 2013)
The Gordion Wooden Objects, Volume 1: The Furniture from Tumulus MM (Brill, 2010)
“Furniture,” in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome, edited by Michael Gagarin (Oxford University Press, 2010), 252-255
“Tall Tales: Celts, Connoisseurs, and the Fabrication of Archaeological Context,” Source 24, no. 2 (2005): 28-41
“‘A Perfect Imitation of the Ancient Work’—Ancient Jewelry and Castellani Adaptations,” in The Castellani and Italian Archaeological Jewelry, edited by S. Walker and S. Soros (Bard Graduate Center, 2004), 201-226
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Paul Stirton
Associate Professor, Editor of West 86th: A Journal of Decorative Arts, Design History, and Material Culture
19th and 20th century European Design and Architecture
PhD History of Art, University of Glasgow
MA Courtauld Institute of Art, University of London
MA History of Art, University of Edinburgh
My current research and publications are mostly concentrated in two areas: architecture and design in Britain and in Central Europe (primarily Hungary) in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. I have a particular interest in graphic design, interiors, and print culture, although my recent work has been concerned with public monuments and cultural transfer or emigration. My approach to this body of material is largely concerned with the relationship between contemporary theoretical and critical writings and the actual objects themselves. This dialectical relationship between texts and things lies behind the selected writings of the English architect-designer E.W. Godwin, which I edited with Juliet Kinchin (2005), and various articles and essays on Hungarian designers, such as Károly Kós, Lajos Kozma, and Laszlo Peri.
[email protected]
SELECTED RECENT PUBLICATIONS
“Is Mr Ruskin Living Too Long?”: Selected Writings of E.W. Godwin on Victorian Architecture, Design and Culture, with Juliet Kinchin (2005)
“Commanditaires et luttes de classe dans la Florence du XIVe siècle: Frederick Antal et Florence et ses peintres,” in Anthologie de l’histoire de l’art sociale de l’art, (Paris: INHA, 2015)
“Hungarian Visual Culture in the First World War,” Austrian Studies, No. 21 (2013)
“Double Emigres” in Transfer-Interdisciplinär!, ed. E. Gantner (Peter Lang, 2013)
“The Vienna School in Hungary,” Journal of Art Historiography, No. 8 (June 2013)
“Public Sculpture in Cluj/Kolozsvár: Identity, Space and Politics” in Heritage, Ideology and Identity in Central and Eastern Europe, ed. M. Rampley (Boydell Press, 2012)
“Frederick Antal and Laszlo Peri: Art, Scholarship and Social Purpose,” in Visual Culture in Britain (Summer, 2012)
“American Circus Posters,” in The American Circus, eds. M. Wittman & S. Weber (Yale University Press, 2012)
“The Cult of Velazquez” and “The Spanish Civil War” in The Discovery of Spain, exhibition catalogue (National Galleries of Scotland, Edinburgh, 2009)
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Medieval European Artistic and Material Culture
Anthropology of Image Making
PhD History of Art, Johns Hopkins University
MA Johns Hopkins University
BA Tel Aviv University
I am currently involved in three different projects. The first is a book manuscript on the reception of the technology of the astrolabe and its effect on material culture in the Middle Ages. The second is a book on the production and exchange of the medieval metalwork and its techniques of making within a global scale. Lastly, I am curating an exhibition dealing with votive offerings (ex votos). My awards and fellowships include the following: Adolf Katzenellenbogen Prize, Robert and Nancy Hall Fellow, the Walters Art Museum, Baltimore; Max Planck Doctoral Fellow at the Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florence; ICMA/Kress Research Award. Andrew Mellon Fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton. In the Academic year 2014-15 I was a fellow at the Art Histories and Aesthetic Practices project, and the Forum für Transregionale Studien, Berlin.
Ex Voto: Votive Giving Across Cultures , editor (University of Chicago Press, 2015)
Images at Work (a special issue of Representations vol. 133 – Winter 2016)
“ Beyond Representation: Things, Human and Nonhuman ,“ in Cultural Histories of the Material World, ed. Peter N. Miller (University of Michigan Press, 2013)
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History and Theory of Collecting
PhD American Studies, Yale University
MA Winterthur Program in Early American Culture, University of Delaware
BS Design and Environmental Analysis, Cornell University
My research interests include the history and theory of collecting, material culture studies methodology and historiography, craft and design history, digital oral history, public humanities, and vernacular photography. My forthcoming book is Material Politics: Francis P. Garvan, American Antiques, and the Alchemy of Collecting in the Interwar United States, for the series Public History in Historical Perspective from the University of Massachusetts Press. Rather than offer a conventional biography, I show how this outspoken ideologue’s political and business dealings informed his collecting practices and unpack the hefty symbolic freight that he believed American antiques carried in service of what was, by the 1930s, an ambitious project of cultural and economic nationalism. By doing so, I elucidate how objects perform a material politics; that is, enact political agendas and operate as an important form of cultural power. I am also the author of “Collecting as Historical Practice and the Conundrum of the Unmoored Object” in the forthcoming Oxford Handbook of History and Material Culture, edited by Ivan Gaskell and Sarah Anne Carter. Currently I am co-editing Paul Hollister: Collected Writings on Studio Glass, with Irene Hollister. This volume brings together important published work by this noted critic and historian of the studio glass movement, accompanied by essays on his significance to the field and an annotated bibliography. I direct the Bard Graduate Center Craft and Design Oral History Project , a digital archive of interviews with contemporary craftspeople and designers conducted by graduate students in the seminar 693. Craft and Design in the U.S.A., 1945-present. In collaboration with the Chipstone Foundation, I offer the course 912. Curatorial Practice as Experiment, which gives students the opportunity to explore innovative curation and create their own exhibition.
[email protected]
SELECTED RECENT PUBLICATIONS
“Europe and North America 1900-1945,” co-authored with Pat Kirkham and Amy F. Ogata, and “Europe and North America 1945-2000,” co-authored with Pat Kirkham, Christian A. Larsen, Sarah A. Litchtman, and Tom Tredway, in History of Design, Decorative Arts and Material Culture, 1400-2000, ed. Pat Kirkham and Susan Weber (Yale University Press, 2013)
“Interpreting Vernacular Photography, Finding ‘Me’: A Case Study,” Using Visual Evidence, ed. Richard Howells and Robert W. Matson (Open University Press/McGraw Hill, 2009)
“American Decorative Arts Studies at Yale and Winterthur: The Politics of Gender, Gentility, and Academia,” Studies in the Decorative Arts 9, no. 1 (Fall-Winter 2001-2002): 108-44
“From the Collection: The Pickman Family Vues d’Optique,” Winterthur Portfolio 33, no. 1 (1998): 75-88
“Philadelphia Cabinetmaker Isaac Jones and the Vansyckel Bedchamber Suite,” Nineteenth Century 18, no. 2 (1998): 20-24
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Visiting Associate Professor; Windgate Research Curator, Museum of Arts and Design
PhD University of Maryland
BA San Francisco State University
My research interests focus on hierarchies and boundaries in the art world, the women’s art movement of the 1970s and feminist art and theory generally, the history of fiber in art, the visual and material culture of the American counterculture, and contemporary art. My study String, Felt, Thread and the Hierarchy of Art and Craft in American Art (Minnesota 2010), argues that the remarkable advance of various forms of fiber and fabric from the “low” world of craft to the “high” world of art in the 1960s and 1970s constituted a privileged locus of debate over the definition of art. My edited volume West of Center: Art and the Counterculture Experiment, 1965-1977 (Minnesota 2012), brought together research on a wide range of visual, material, and performance-based practices of the American counterculture. I am also a curator, and this publication accompanied the eponymous-titled exhibition organized around artist collectives of the American counterculture. Recently, I curated Pretty/Dirty the traveling retrospective exhibition of the painter and photographer Marilyn Minter. This project highlights Minter’s work with the female body and what she calls “the pathology of beauty,” a concept she has been exploring in her art since 1969. In addition, I am the co-curator of the traveling survey exhibition of the artist Senga Nengudi. My work in the area of feminist art and culture also includes co-direction of a public program called Feminism & Co.: Art, Sex, Politics. For the Museum of Arts and Design I have exhibitions opening in the near future on mid-century graphic design, the sculpture of Françoise Grossen, and the craft-inspired work of Miriam Schapiro, among other projects in the works.
[email protected]
SELECTED RECENT PUBLICATIONS
“Sheila Hicks and the Consecration of Fiber as a Medium of Art,” in Revising the Art Canon in a Globalizing World: Incorporating “Others” into Modern and Contemporary Art, ed. Ruth Iskin (Routledge, forthcoming)
“Gender,” in Textile Terms: A Glossary for the series Textile Studies, eds. Anika Reineke, Anne Rohl, Mateusz Kapustka and Tristan Weddigan (University of Zurich, forthcoming)
“The Improvisational Body in the Performances of Senga Nengudi,” in Improvisational Gestures: A Survey of Sculptures and Performances by Senga Nengudi (forthcoming)
“Marilyn Minter’s Politically Incorrect Pleasures,” in Pretty/Dirty: The Painting and Photography of Marilyn Minter, ed. Elissa Auther (Gregory R. Miller & Co. in cooperation with the Museum of Contemporary Art Denver and the Contemporary Arts Museum Houston, 2015)
“’He is survived by his longtime companion,’: Feeling in the Work of Josh Faught,” in Nation Building: Craft in Contemporary Art and Culture. Ed. Nicolas Bell. (Smithsonian American Art Museum and Bloomsbury Press, 2015).
“Sonya Clark’s The Hair Craft Project: Creative Collision and Overlap Between Artworlds,”
“Radical Craft as Temporal Drag: The Work of Josh Faught” in Sloppy Craft: Post-Disciplinarity and Craft, ed. Elaine Cheasley Paterson (Bloomsbury Press, 2015). Co-authored with Elyse Speaks.
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Andrew W. Mellon Postdoctoral Fellow, “Cultures of Conservation”
PhD University of California, San Diego
MA University of California, San Diego
BA University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
Alicia Boswell is an anthropological archaeologist interested in complex societies, the Andes, cultural heritage preservation and globalization, museums and cultural heritage, community archaeology, household archaeology, ethnohistory, historic archaeology, identity, frontier communities, culture contact, critical theory, inequality, community research, and development of technology. She is particularly interested in understanding the lived experience of household and producer communities on the frontiers of expansive empires. Equally important in her research is the study and implementation of community-based heritage preservation projects in marginalized rural communities in Peru.
Her dissertation examines the relationships between Collambay, a coca-plant producing community located in a frontier zone in northern Peru, and two Andean Empires, the Chimú (900–1470) and Inca (1000–1532). In the Andes coca leaves are a highly sought after prestige resource that only grows in specific ecological niches. Collambay elites used their relationships with these imperial powers to empower themselves and support state infrastructure. This project contributes to understanding local-imperial relationships, Andean communities living in politically marginal zones, and imperial strategies of prestige resources management.
She is involved in heritage preservation initiatives through Mobilizing Opportunities for Community Heritage Empowerment (MOCHE Inc.) and in 2016 co-organized the Primera Mesa Redonda de Trujillo sponsored by the Institute of Andean Research and MOCHE Inc. At Bard Graduate Center, she will be working with the Metropolitan Museum of Art’s “Crucibles of Innovation Project,” a joint endeavor of the curatorial and conservation departments which will expand the lens of South American metallurgical studies and link the Met’s collection to a larger dialogue on metalworking technology and relationships throughout the Americas.
[email protected]
SELECTED RECENT PUBLICATIONS
Life at the Margins of the State: Comparative Landscapes from the Old and New Worlds, with Kyle Knabb (University of Colorado Press, forthcoming)
“A Distinct Landscape: Late Andean Prehistory in the Chaupiyunga of the Moche Valley, Peru,” in Life at the Margins of the State: Comparative Landscapes form the Old and New Worlds, eds. Kyle Knabb and Alicia Boswell (University of Colorado Press, forthcoming)
“Social Identity in the Frontier: A Case Study from Moquegua, Peru,” in Ethnicity from Various Angles and Lenses, eds. Christine Hundefeldt and Leon Zamosc, vol 2. (Sussex Press, 2011), pp. 45-57
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PhD, University of the Arts, London
BA, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
My research focuses on the material culture of the manuscript book in the eastern Mediterranean from the appearance of the codex in the early Christian centuries until the 17th century. I am especially concerned about the making of the codex as a three-dimensional functional object and its relation to other crafts and artefacts. As a visiting researcher at Bard Graduate Center in 2015, I had the opportunity to continue my research on the making of the codex in late antiquity and how this related to such crafts as sock and shoe making, textiles, and leatherworks. As a continuation of this research, I will be curating a Focus Project exhibition at BGC in 2018 which aims to clarify the invention of the codex and juxtapose early bindings with various artefacts from the same period. My approach to the history and conservation of books is multidisciplinary and aims to combine historical, iconographical, and technical knowledge with a marked interest on how elaborate manual skills can best be communicated through a combination of text, technical drawings, animation, etc.
I have studied conservation of art in Florence, Athens, and London, and fine arts in Thessaloniki. Since 1997 I have been working on the conservation of paper artefacts, especially paper and parchment manuscripts, and since 2000 I have been the head of book conservation at the Museum of Byzantine Culture in Thessaloniki. I have worked and conducted research in such historic libraries as, the St Catherine’s Monastery Library in Egypt and The Iviron Monastery Library in Greece, amongst others. I have taught courses on various aspects of eastern Mediterranean bookbinding structures both on a historical and technical level. Currently, I am finishing a book on the endbands found in the bookbindings in the eastern Mediterranean which aims to provide a historical and technical account of the great variety of techniques used many of which can be directly linked to fabric-making processes.
SELECTED RECENT PUBLICATIONS
Bookbindings: Theoretical Approaches and practical Solutions, ed. Nataša Golob & Jedert Vodopivec Tomažič (Brepols, forthcoming)
“Iconographic Evidence as a Source of Information for Clarifying the Structure, Appearance and Use of the Early Codex Book around the Mediterranean Basin” in Care and Conservation of Manuscripts 15, ed. M.J.Driscoll (Museum Tusculanum Press, University of Copenhagen, 2016), pp 287-303
“A Drawing is Worth a Thousand words,” Icon News, 59 (July 2015), pp 11-13
“The Conservation of an Early 16th-Century Greek Bound Manuscript: An Insight into Byzantine Bookbinding through Conservation,” in Care and Conservation of Manuscripts 13, ed. M.J. Driscoll (Museum Tusculanum Press, University of Copenhagen, 2012), pp 199-214
“Endbands in Greek-style Bindings,” The Paper Conservator, vol. 31, January 2007, pp 29-49
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MA, Courtauld Institute of Art of the University of London
MA, Cambridge University
Since joining The Museum of Modern Art in 2008 as Curator of Modern Design in the Department of Architecture and Design, I have organized exhibitions including ‘What Was Good Design? MoMA’s Message 1939-55,’ ‘Counter Space: Design and the Modern Kitchen,’ ‘Postwar Polish Posters,’ ‘New Typography,’ ‘Century of the Child: Growing by Design 1900-2000,’ ‘Designing Modern Women 1900-2000,’ ‘Brute Material, Fiber into Form,’ and ‘Making Music Modern: Design for Ear and Eye.’ Current projects include forthcoming exhibitions ‘How Should We Live? Propositions for the Modern Interior’ and a section of ‘Frank Lloyd Wright at 150: Unpacking the Archive.’ As a curator, university professor, and writer on aspects of twentieth-century design and material culture, I have a longstanding interest in the social and political contexts of modern design, gender issues, and the culture of Central and Eastern Europe. I have worked as a curator in Glasgow Museums and Art Galleries, and London’s Victoria & Albert Museum and am an Honorary Senior Research Fellow at the University of Glasgow, where I was formerly the Founding Director of the graduate program in Decorative Arts and Design History. I have also held faculty positions in the history of art and design at the Glasgow School of Art, and Bard Graduate Center in 1999 and 2002-03, where I participated in the exhibition and related publication on architect-designer E.W. Godwin.
SELECTED RECENT PUBLICATIONS
Century of the Child: Growing by Design 1900-2000 (2012)
Counter Space: Design and the Modern Kitchen (2010)
Art and Gastronomia (2011)
Essays in Bauhaus 1919-1933:Workshops for Modernity (2009)
Modern Women- Women Artists in the Museum of Modern Art (2010)
Hungarian Pottery, Politics and identity: Re-representing the Ceramic Art of Margit Kovacs 1902-77 (The Journal of Modern Craft, 2009)
In the Eye of the Storm: Lili Markus and Stories of Hungarian Craft, Design and Architecture 1930-1960 (2008)
Performance and the Reflected Self: Modern Stagings of Domestic Space, 1860-1914 (Studies in the Decorative Arts, 2008)
‘Hungary, Shaping a National Consciousness’ in The Arts and Crafts Movement in Europe and America (LACMA, 2004)
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Bard Graduate Center/AMNH Postdoctoral Fellow in Museum Anthropology
PhD University College London
BA Victoria University of Wellington
BFA National Institute of Design
My research involves a knowledge of South and Southeast Asia, a theoretical foundation in the study of material and visual culture, and an intimate knowledge of how materials work based on experience as an artist and ethnographer. My background in art, design, and anthropology has provided me with an applied knowledge of praxis and sensoriality. My doctoral dissertation dealt with cloth and clothing as materiality and sociality in a contemporary Hindu group. I discussed how techniques of embellishment and draping that were produced in one region traveled to other parts of the world to create a transnational identity. My postdoctoral project explores how cloth and clothing, collected by anthropologists Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson in Bali, Indonesia, in the 1930s, act as embodied means of transformation and power through their symbolic, aesthetic, and praxeological value. I have organized conferences and panels on the use of materials and visual imagery in relation to diverse issues such as ornament, nationalism, and subjectivation. I am a founder and editor of the Material Religions blog and am currently editing a journal special issue on religious materiality. Recent publications include “From Prayer Beads to the Mechanical Counter: The Negotiation of Chanting Practices Within a Hindu Group”, Archives de Sciences Sociales des Religions, No. 174, and “Dressing God: Clothing as Material of Religious Subjectivity in a Hindu Group” in The Social Life of Materials: Studies in Materials and Society. My teaching philosophy draws on a cross-disciplinary approach across the social sciences and arts and humanities.
Amelia Peck
Visiting Adjunct Professor
I am the Marica F. Vilcek Curator in the Department of American Decorative Arts and Manager of the Henry R. Luce Center for the study of American Art at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. I am a graduate of Brown University and received my MS in Historic Preservation from Columbia University. My areas of expertise include American textiles and interiors. I have curated numerous exhibitions at the Metropolitan, and am the author/general editor of many books and exhibition catalogues, including American Quilts and Coverlets in the Metropolitan Museum (1990, revised ed. 2007), Period Rooms in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (1996), Candace Wheeler: The Art and Enterprise of American Design, 1875-1900 (2001) and Interwoven Globe: The Worldwide Textile Trade, 1500-1800 (2013). In addition to my work at the museum, I have been a consultant to several historic house museums in the New York area, and wrote the guidebook to Lyndhurst, a property of the National Trust for Historic Preservation. I have taught at Bard Graduate Center, the Parsons Program in Decorative Arts at the Cooper Hewitt, and was the coordinator of the American decorative arts curriculum at the Sotheby’s Institute of Art in New York (2006-2012).
My projects at the Metropolitan in the past few years have included overseeing the major renovations to the American Wing’s late-seventeenth- and eighteenth-century period rooms and decorative arts galleries (2009). These renovations included incorporating an electronic labeling system into the period rooms. I also oversaw the creation of a new public access computer cataloguing system for the renovation of the Luce Center in the American Wing (2012) and was the coordinating curator for the major textile exhibition, “Interwoven Globe: The Worldwide Textile Trade, 1500-1800” (2013).
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Visiting Associate Professor; Curator of Decorative Arts, The Frick Collection
PhD University of Paris-IV, Sorbonne
MA University of Paris-IV, Sorbonne
BA University of Paris-IV, Sorbonne
My fellowships include Andrew W. Mellon Curatorial Fellow the Frick Collection; Annette Kade Fellow, the Metropolitan Museum of Art; W.M. Keck Foundation Fellow, the Huntington Art Collections and Library; Andrew W. Mellon and Pieter Christies Krugel Fellow, the Cleveland Museum of Art. I have organized several exhibitions at The Frick Collection: in 2009, “Exuberant Grotesques: Renaissance Maiolica from the Fontana Workshop,” for which I also wrote the catalogue. In 2011, I curated “Turkish Taste at the Court of Marie-Antoinette,” and I co-curated, with Anne L. Poulet, “White Gold: Highlights from the Arnhold Collection of Meissen Porcelain.” In 2012, I also co-curated, with Ian Wardropper, “Gold, Jasper, and Carnelian: Johann Christian Neuber at the Saxon Court.” In 2014, I curated “Precision and Splendor: Clocks and Watches at The Frick Collection.” In 2015, I curated two exhibitions, “Coypel’s Don Quixote Tapestries: Illustrating a Spanish Novel in Eighteenth-Century France” and “From Sèvres to Fifth Avenue: French Porcelain at The Frick Collection.” In 2016, I curated “Porcelain, No Simple Matter: Arlene Shechet and the Arnhold Collection” at The Frck Collection. In November of 2016, the exhibition “Pierre Gouthière: Virtuoso Gilder at the French Court” will open at The Frick Collection and will travel to the Musée des Arts décoratifs, Paris in the spring of 2017. I edited the 400 page catalogue for the exhibition which will be published in English and in French, and contains essays by a number of specialists, including Christian Baulez, Anne Forray-Carlier, Joseph Godla, Helen Jacobsen, Luisa Penalva, Emmanuel Sarméo, Anna Saratowicz, and Charlotte Vignon.
SELECTED RECENT PUBLICATIONS
The Frick Collection Decorative Arts Handbook. The Frick Collection/Scala, 2015
Coypel’s Don Quixote Tapestries: Illustrating a Spanish Novel in Eighteenth-Century France, catalogue for the exhibition of the same title organized at The Frick Collection, New York, February 2015-May 2015
Exuberant Grotesques: Renaissance Maiolica from the Fontana Workshop, catalogue for the exhibition of the same title organized at The Frick Collection, New York, October 2009-January 2010
“From Private Homes to Museum Galleries: Collecting Medieval Art in America from 1890 to 1940,” in the exhibition catalogue Gothic Art in the Gilded Age: Medieval and Renaissance Treasures in the Gavet Vanderbilt-Ringling Collection, John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art
“J.P. Morgan, Joseph Duveen and American collecting of Italian Maiolica,” in the exhibition catalogue of 1909 Tra Collezionismo e tutela. Connoisseur, antiquari e la ceramica medievale orvietana, Perugia, Galleria Nazionale dell’Umbria (Italy), September 2009 – January 2010
Currently working on the publication of PhD dissertation, entitled: “London-New York-Paris: Duveen Brothers and the Market for Decorative Arts between 1880 and 1940.”
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Andrew W. Mellon Fellow, Cultures of Conservation
MA The Conservation Center, Institute of Fine Arts, New York University
BA Williams College
I am an objects conservator who specializes in archaeological and ethnographic conservation. I have worked in the conservation departments of the American Museum of Natural History, the Brooklyn Museum, The Frick Collection, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, and the Penn Museum. In 2015–2016 I was an Andrew W. Mellon Fellow at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, where I researched the intersection of textiles and objects conservation practices in the Department of Arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas. My research interests include theory and practice in archaeological and ethnographic conservation, best practices in documentation, and technical research in art history and archaeology. I also serve on the American Institute for Conservation’s (AIC) Emerging Professionals in Conservation Network committee as a Professional Education and Training Officer. At Bard Graduate Center I will be working on a joint project with the American Museum of Natural History, which focuses on their Northwest Coast collection, exploring issues related to material technology and conservation, particularly of the museum’s totem pole collection.
[email protected]
SELECTED RECENT PUBLICATIONS
“When emergency preparedness (or even an emergency) is foreign territory,” Jacinta Johnson, Kari Rayner, Anisha Gupta, Jessica Walthew, Hannelore Roemich & Joelle Wickens, American Institute for Conservation 44th Annual Meeting, Montreal, Canada, May 13–17, 2016, (forthcoming);
“Same Data, Targeted Uses: Site Photogrammetry for Archaeologists and Conservators,” Eve Mayberger, Jessica Walthew, Alison Hight, David Scahill, & Anna Serotta. Workshop Innovation at the Juncture of Conservation and Archaeology. Archaeological Institute of America Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA, January 6–9, 2016.
“Case Study: The Technical Study and Treatment of an Italian Reliquary Bust,” Poster presented at ICOM-CC Sculpture, Polychromy, & Architectural Decoration Working Group Meeting, Madrid, Spain, November 19–20, 2015.
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Research Programs
Bard Graduate Center hosts an extensive roster of research programs, including seminars, lectures, symposia, lunchtime talks, works-in-progress seminars, workshops, digital salons, panel discussions, scholars’ days, doctoral forums, materials days, and installation workshops.
The Seminar Series has made Bard Graduate Center a major venue for advanced intellectual discussion in New York City and an expression of the range of methods and approaches for studying the cultural history of the material world. The seminars function in counterpoint with course offerings to present to our students the possible scope of their own research and future work.
Tuesday night lectures and Wednesday night seminars, at which students, faculty, and visitors gather, listen, and talk, sometimes lingering into the night, are at the heart of our intellectual life. Talk has been programmed into the institution’s DNA, with the creation of both formal and informal opportunities for conversation, whether in scholars’ days associated with our exhibitions, works-in-progress seminars in which faculty discuss their current research projects, digital salons highlighting student and faculty digital projects, symposia bringing together top international and US scholars, or doctoral forums in which PhD students discuss and receive feedback on their dissertation projects.
For more information on Research Programs, go here .
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Exhibition Programs
Research is given material shape through exhibitions. The Gallery presents exhibitions annually, curated by members of the faculty, staff, or visiting scholars. These exhibitions consider subjects or people largely outside the established canons of art history. Bard Graduate Center has organized monographic exhibitions that examined specific architect-designers and thematic ones addressing the role of women in the history of 20th-century design. Other exhibitions have revealed the meaning of objects as signifiers of various cultural and national identities. The Gallery is also a showcase for exhibitions organized collaboratively with museums in New York City, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the New-York Historical Society, and the American Museum of Natural History. Students in our MA and PhD programs are involved in these projects, whose overall aim is to break down some of the traditional barriers between academic and curatorial forms of inquiry and knowledge. Periodically, the Gallery is also a venue for traveling exhibitions that further our mission of exploring the material world.
The Focus Project exemplifies our commitment to developing new ways of arguing in space. This initiative connects object studies and exhibition practice directly with the intellectual pursuits of our faculty. Twice a year, members of our faculty, working with our graduate students, are able to use the format of an exhibition to make an argument they would otherwise develop in print. This is part of our effort at developing a kind of intellectual bilingualism: able to move back and forth between the worlds of the professor and the curator. Each exhibition is the tangible culmination of a seminar offered in the MA and PhD programs.
The Gallery offers many opportunities for students to gain extensive experience in different aspects of museum practice including exhibition preparation and implementation, museum publishing, exhibition media and technology, display strategies and methods of interpretation, and museum education including public outreach.
For more information on Bard Graduate Center exhibitions, see here .
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Library
The Bard Graduate Center Library has a collection of over 55,000 monographs, including rare and special collections, over 500 periodical titles, auction catalogs, trade catalogs, microforms, videos and Bard Graduate Center’s thesis, qualifying papers and dissertations collection. These holdings are all searchable in our online library catalog.
In addition to our print resources, we offer a comprehensive collection of online research databases and a periodicals searching tool, TrueSerials, which connects you directly to our databases.
The library is an open stacks, non-circulating collection spanning all six floors the Bard Graduate Center building at 38 W. 86th Street. With over 8,000 linear feet of shelf space throughout the building, the library houses a significant research collection to support advanced scholarly study of material culture.
Books are housed in the lower level monograph stacks while periodicals are on the 2nd-5th floors. They are all cataloged and shelved in the Library of Congress classification scheme. The location and call number for each item is indicated in the library catalog.
The geographic scope of the collection is primarily focused on the United States, Europe, and China, but also reflects the focus of the Degree Programs and Gallery. Key subject areas represented in our collection are:
• New York and American Material Culture
• Modern Design History
• History and Theory of Museums
• Comparative Medieval Material Culture (China, Islam, Europe)
• Archaeology, Anthropology, and Material Culture
• Other areas such as those studied in the doctoral program’s field concentrations
The library encourages all students to take advantage of the rich resources found in New York City libraries. We are fortunate to be in close proximity to the Watson Library at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Frick Art Library, the New York Historical Society and New York Public Library’s Schwarzman building. These libraries are all public institutions that you can visit without an appointment. When needed, BGC students can also visit university libraries such as Columbia, NYU and the Fashion Institute of Technology, with a METRO pass that the BGC Library staff can write for you.
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Visual Media Resources
The Visual Media Resources Department, part of the Bard Graduate Center library, maintains a teaching collection of digital images and slides and provides equipment, support, and training for students and faculty wishing to produce digital images for presentations, lectures, and classroom use.
The collection consists of nearly 33,000 fully-catalogued digital images and 50,000 slides covering topics in the decorative arts, design history, and material culture, and also includes images from in-house exhibitions, objects from the Bard Graduate Center Study Collection, and institutional photographs. The digital collection is fully integrated into the ARTstor digital library through our subscription to ARTstor’s Shared Shelf.
In addition to managing the image collection, the department provides training workshops in locating online image resources, working with digital images in Photoshop, and creating PowerPoint presentations. The department also lends cameras and digital equipment to students and maintains public scanners and computer workstations.
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Digital Media Lab
Bard Graduate Center is committed to the integration of digital media throughout its academic programs, gallery exhibitions, and publishing endeavors. The Digital Media Lab (DML) plays an integral role in this initiative by providing resources and support to individuals interested in using digital tools for their academic work, research, and professional development.
Through a well-equipped space, the DML is able to facilitate a wide variety of individual and collaborative digital projects ranging from classroom assignments to Qualifying Papers. Recent work includes website design and development, video and audio production, gallery interactive development, mapping, alternate modes of research presentation, and 3D printing. The DML provides regular workshops and training to support the mastery of digital tools in order to encourage inquiry into new modes of scholarship and to develop valuable professional skills.
The DML also supports a lecture series and maintains key partnerships with regional and national institutions invested in the digital humanities. These collaborations expose our community to an ever-expanding array of new media work while bringing Bard Graduate Center’s digital projects to a larger audience.
Journals
West 86th: A Journal of Decorative Arts, Design History, and Material Culture
West 86th reaffirms Bard Graduate Center’s commitment to expanding the conversation on the content, meaning, and significance of objects. West 86th continues to focus on the wider crossroads where scholarship in the decorative arts meets design history and material culture studies. It aims to enlarge the traditional canon to embrace the material culture of all periods and regions while maintaining the highest standards of scholarship.
Articles have included subjects that ranged from the knowledge systems of traditional Chinese craftsmen to a cultural history of glass that considered the meanings of this material from a short story by Cervantes to the Gläserne Mensch (Glass Man) first shown at the German Hygiene Museum in 1927. New translations of rare and important design texts included Le Corbusier on his ideas regarding the role of glass in modern architecture, and the Brazilian architect-designer Lina Bo Bardi—now being recognized as one of the key figures of Latin American modernism—on her interests in the folk arts and indigenous culture. We have also seen the completion of a magisterial three-part analysis of Belgian art nouveau and the colonial experience of the Congo that continues to stimulate debate on the political underbelly of elite consumption in the modern world.
Published biannually by the University of Chicago Press, West 86th is available in print and digitally through JSTOR. In addition, our website (west86th.bgc.bard. edu) not only includes a range of digital projects, debates, and related material that expand upon the articles but also serves as a free-standing forum for new scholarship. The editorial team comprises Paul Stirton, editor-in-chief, and Daniel Lee, managing editor, who rely on the assistance from other members of faculty and staff. As an additional benefit, individual subscribers can now download current issues to read on their iPad, iPhone, Kindle, Android, or computer.
Source: Notes in the History of Art
Source was founded in 1981 as a scholarly journal in art history. Its mission is to publish articles of 2500 words or less, accompanied by a maximum of three illustrations. The range of articles spans antiquity to the present and includes western and non-western art. The original premise has been borne out: there is an audience for scholarly articles in art history that are clearly written, adequately illustrated and above all, succinct. Furthermore, scholars welcome having a forum to present ideas and speculations that don’t warrant a major treatise, but might nevertheless make interesting “notes” for specialists and non-specialists alike. The journal is a quarterly. Periodically we publish a double issue consisting of invited articles on a specific theme or for a specific occasion. Source, like West 86th, is published by the University of Chicago Press on behalf of Bard Graduate Center.
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Books
Cultural Histories of the Material World
Cultural Histories of the Material World is centered on the exploration of the material turn in the study of culture. It examines the ways human beings have shaped and interpreted the material world from a broad range of scholarly perspectives and shows how attention to materiality can contribute to a more precise historical understanding of specific times, places, ways, and means.
In Space We Read Time
Karl Schlögel (2016)
Ex Voto: Votive Giving Across Cultures
Edited by Ittai Weinryb (2016)
The Anthropology of Expeditions: Travel, Visualities, Afterlives
Edited by Joshua A. Bell and Erin L. Hasinoff (2015)
Antiquarianism and Intellectual Ways of Making and Knowing: The Material Culture of Empirical Knowledge
Edited by Pamela H. Smith, Amy R.W. Meyers, and Harold J. Cook (2014)
Cultural Histories of the Material World
Edited by Peter N. Miller (2013)
The Sea: Thalassography and Historiography
Edited by Peter N. Miller (2013)
Life in Europe and China
Edited by Peter N. Miller and François Louis (2012)
Co-Publication (with the University of Chicago Press)
The Technical Image: A History of Styles in Scientific Imagery
Edited by Horst Bredekamp, Vera Dünkel, and Birgit Schneider (2015)
Focus Gallery Books
Each year, we produce two Focus Gallery publications in conjunction with our two faculty-curated Focus Gallery exhibitions. Titles have included:
Design by the Book: Chinese Ritual Objects and the Sanli tu
by François Louis (2016)
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Admissions Introduction
The application to Bard Graduate Center is online at www.bgc.slideroom.com . The application deadline for admission to both the MA and PhD programs for the 2017–18 academic year is January 6, 2017. Applicants to the MA program must have received a bachelor’s degree from an accredited institution. Because of the interdisciplinary/postdisciplinary/cross-disciplinary nature of the program, there are no restrictions as to the applicant’s prior field of study. However, applicants are expected to have had previous study, training, or work experience in the history of art, architecture, decorative arts, history, material culture studies, archaeology, or anthropology. Some preparation in art history is encouraged but not required. Prospective students in the Master of Arts program should have a reading knowledge of French, German, Italian, or Spanish.
Doctoral program applicants are required to hold an MA in either the decorative arts or a related field, such as art history, history, cultural or museum anthropology, archaeology, or cultural studies. Students entering the program with an MA from another institution are required to take additional courses as part of their program of study for candidacy for the PhD. Students who have completed the MA program at Bard Graduate Center and who wish to continue study toward the PhD must make a separate application to the doctoral program. Students applying to the doctoral program should have reading knowledge of two languages from among French, German, Italian, Spanish, or other languages by petition.
After prescreening by a faculty committee, a number of applicants are invited to schedule interviews with a Graduate Admissions Committee. All applicants must be able to communicate effectively in written and spoken English. The Graduate Admissions Committee assesses this ability, based on an interview and a sample of written scholarly work. Students are strongly encouraged to interview in person, if possible. Students with deficiencies are expected to rectify them prior to admission to the program. Some students may be able to correct them during the first academic year, but such work is not granted credit.
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Open houses in 2016 will take place on October 9, October 23, November 7, and November 13. These take place at 11 AM, except for the November 7 event which begins at 6 PM. All of them are held at 38 West 86th Street.We will also hold an open house in Boston on Monday, November 14, at 6 PM. All applicants are strongly encouraged to attend an open house. For more information, or to make a reservation, visit our website . To make an appointment to speak about the program with Dean Elena Pinto Simon, you may email her at [email protected]
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Other Student Information
Student Profile
The student body of Bard Graduate Center comprises recent college graduates; holders of advanced degrees who wish to pursue studies in the decorative arts, design history, material culture, and museum studies; and people employed in arts-related fields who wish to strengthen their academic background and enhance their professional standing. The Master of Arts program enrolls 20 to 25 students each academic year; the doctoral program typically enrolls 3. Students come here from a variety of academic backgrounds, including art history, history, cultural history, American studies, anthropology, archaeology, visual culture, and women’s studies.
GRE Examination
All applicants MUST take the GRE exam; there are no exceptions. This exam cannot be more than three years old at the time of application. Bard Graduate Center Alumni/ae may present exam scores that are up to four years old. Our GRE number is 2020. The GRE score must be in the Admissions office by January 6, 2017, when the application is due. It is the responsibility of the applicant to take this exam NO LATER than December 15, in order to guarantee that the scores will arrive on time. The applicant’s docket is not complete until the GRE arrives, and the applicant will not be considered for an interview without the exam scores.
Part-time Study
Part-time study is available to students in both the Master of Arts and doctoral programs. Part-time MA students attend the full August Orientation Session in the year they are accepted into the program. All part-time students are required to take a minimum of 6 credits each term. It is not possible to complete degree course work by taking only evening classes, nor is it possible to take just one course per term. We do not offer financial aid for part-time students.
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International Students
We welcome international applicants to Bard Graduate Center. International candidates must be proficient in English and should submit results of the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) by January 6, 2017. Our TOEFL number is 5034. International candidates should also complete the CollegeBoard International Student Financial Aid Application ( available on our website ) and submit it by January 15, 2017 in order to be considered for financial aid. In order to receive visa documentation, foreign students must submit proof that income from all sources is sufficient to cover expenses during the period of residency in the United States. To this end, international applicants must complete a Certification of Finances. Evidence of financial responsibility must be demonstrated by one of the following: affidavit from a bank, certification by parents or sponsors of their ability to provide the necessary funds, or certification by employers of anticipated income.
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MA Program
Tuition for 2016–17 is $1,335 per credit. A student enrolled full-time in the MA program normally takes 27 credits in the first year (including the August orientation session, fall term, spring term, and Internship) and 21 credits in the second year (fall and spring terms). The number of credits for part-time students varies according to their schedules; however, part-time students must enroll for a minimum of 6 credits each fall and spring term. Tuition and fees for a typical program of study for a full-time MA program student entering in the fall of 2016 are as follows.
Year 1: 2016–17
New students’ nonrefundable tuition deposit $500
July 1, 2016
Orientation and fall term tuition (12 credits) $16,020
Health insurance fee $1,396
Spring term and Internship tuition (15 credits) $20,025
Registration/library fee $250
Fall term tuition (12 credits) $16,020
Health insurance fee $1,396
Spring term tuition (9 credits) $12,015
Registration/library fee $250
Totals
5 terms, 48 credits in 2 years, $67,992
All numbers are based on 2016–2017 rates and are subject to change in subsequent years. The deposit is credited in the fall term. Health insurance fees are accurate at time of printing and subject to change.
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PhD Program
For students required to complete 27 credits
Tuition for 2016–17 is $1,335 per credit. In the second year of the program and after completion of qualifying exams, the student must register for the doctoral dissertation, for 6 credits. Tuition for dissertation registration is $4,000. Tuition and fees for a typical program of study for a full-time PhD student entering in the fall of 2016 are as follows.
Year 1: 2016–17
New students’ nonrefundable tuition deposit $500
July 1, 2016
Fall term tuition (12 credits) $16,020
Health insurance fee $1,396
Spring term tuition (9 credits) $12,015
Registration/library fee $250
Fall term tuition (6 credits) $4,000
Health insurance fee $1,396
Registration/library fee (2 semesters) $500
Year 3: 2018–19
Registration/library fee (2 semesters) $500
Year 4: 2019–20
Registration/library fee (2 semesters) $500
April 1, 2020
Graduation fee $120
For students required to complete 51 credits
Tuition for 2016–17 is $1,335 per credit. In the third year of the program and after completion of qualifying exams, the student must register for the doctoral dissertation for 6 credits. Tuition for the dissertation registration is $4,000. Tuition and fees for a typical program of study for a full-time PhD student entering in the fall of 2016 are as follows.
Year 1: 2016–17
New students’ nonrefundable tuition deposit $500
July 1, 2016
Fall term tuition (12 credits) $16,020
Health insurance fee $1,396
Spring term tuition (12 credits) $16,020
Registration/library fee $250
Fall term tuition (12 credits) $16,020
Health insurance fee $1,396
Spring term tuition (9 credits) $12, 015
Registration/library fee $250
Fall term tuition (6 credits) $4,000
Health insurance fee $1,396
Registration/library fee (2 semesters) $500
Year 4: 2019–20
Registration/library fee (2 semesters) $500
Year 5: 2020–21
Registration/library fee (2 semesters) $500
April 1, 2021
Graduation fee $120
All numbers are based on 2016–17 rates and are subject to change in subsequent years. The deposit is credited in the fall term. Health insurance fees are accurate at time of printing and subject to change. For doctoral students, it is expected that the dissertation will be completed and defended by the end of the student’s 4th/ 5th year in the program.
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Student Housing
Bard Hall, located at 410 West 58th Street, provides housing for students, faculty, and visiting scholars. Nine residential floors offer a variety of furnished studios and one- and two bedroom suites with kitchens and baths for students, as well as one-, two-, and three bedroom apartments for faculty and guest scholars. The building is equipped with 24-hour security, a double-height lounge that opens onto a landscaped outdoor space, an exercise room, conference and study rooms, and laundry facilities. Apartments are equipped for phone, cable TV, and internet connections.
Student apartments are furnished and, depending on size and design, contain a daybed/sofa, small dining table and chairs, desk, bookcase, twin or full-size bed, and chest of drawers. Residents must be enrolled for a minimum of nine credits each semester in order to remain eligible for housing. The costs of the units for a 12-month term are as follows*
Studio unit $17,462
Two-bedroom unit $17,292
*costs are accurate as of press time and are subject to change
Students are billed for housing in the fall and spring semesters of each academic year, to coincide with tuition billing. All apartments are assigned by lottery. Applications are mailed in early March and must be returned by the deadline indicated, accompanied by a $100 nonrefundable application fee. Students are required to pay a $500 damage deposit upon contract; the damage deposit will be returned upon departure and after satisfactory inspection of the apartment. The Bard Hall handbook, available from the Academic Programs Office, outlines policies and guidelines for residency. Bard Hall is a nonsmoking residence, and, for general health reasons, student residents are not allowed to keep pets. Contracts are for one year, and students are responsible for the whole year once a contract is signed.
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Financial Aid Overview
Bard Graduate Center is committed to assisting students whose personal resources would not otherwise allow them to continue their education at the graduate level. In recent years, we have demonstrated this commitment by awarding scholarships and fellowships of varying amounts to more than half of the incoming class. Financial aid is awarded on the basis of achievement and promise and on the basis of financial need, as determined annually by the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) application and the Office of Financial Aid at Bard College in Annandale-on-Hudson, New York.
Application for financial assistance is made annually. Eligibility for financial aid is determined each year by the demonstration of financial need. Financial need is assessed, by a uniform method, from financial data provided by the student on the FAFSA. The FAFSA form must be sent to the federal processor by January 15. Our FAFSA number is 002671. It is crucial for applicants to submit their FAFSA on time. Late FAFSA applicants cannot be considered for financial aid. Those applying on or before the deadline receive full consideration. Students whose admission and financial aid applications are complete by January 15 will be notified of financial aid awards by mid-March. International applicants must complete the CollegeBoard International Student Financial Aid Application ( available on our website ) and submit it by January 15, 2017. Further questions should go to the dean for academic administration and student affairs for more information about financial aid.
A student applying for financial aid must not be in default of a federal student loan or owe a refund on a federal grant. The application is available online , and applicants are encouraged to apply electronically.
Administrative Calendar
December 15, 2016 Deadline to take GRE
January 6, 2017 Deadline to receive applications at the BGC
January 15 FAFSA application due to federal processor
March 15 Notification of admission begins
March 15 Notification of financial aid awards to incoming students begins
April 1 Entering students’ $500 deposit due
July 1 First tuition and fees payment due
January 1, 2018 Second tuition and fees payment due
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Scholarships, Fellowships, and Grants
Students may qualify for financial assistance in the form of institutional scholarships (need and merit based) and/or institutional fellowships (merit based); campus employment; and federal, state, and private loans and grants. Applicants may wish to investigate other sources for financial assistance. The federal Grad Plus Loan program can be used to cover the remaining cost of education, including living expenses, not covered by any other aid. Grant monies are available from a number of national organizations and private corporations that support independent research in the arts and humanities at the graduate level.
Eligibility for institutional scholarships and fellowships is determined based on merit and financial need. We do not administer an institutional loan program. Full-time students in the Master of Arts program enrolling for classes in a third academic year are no longer eligible to receive institutional financial aid. Awards are made without regard to gender, sexual orientation, race, color, age, marital status, religion, ethnic or national origin, or handicapping conditions. International students, although not eligible for financial assistance from the U.S. government, may qualify for institutional scholarships and fellowships.
A limited number of fellowships and grants are awarded, based on merit, to incoming and returning students. Fellowships and grants may be awarded in combination with need-based scholarships, campus employment, and federal loans. Fellowships and grants are not automatically renewed. All students must reapply in order to be considered for a fellowship or grant in the second year. Second-year fellowships and grants are renewed based on academic performance in the first year of the program and FAFSA information. For more information about financial aid, consult with Dean Simon. There is no separate application for these awards; all eligible students are considered for them.
To apply to our MA or PhD programs, visit www.bgc.slideroom.com
All correspondence should be addressed to:
Admissions, Attn: PhD Program or MA Program
Dean Elena Pinto Simon
Bard Graduate Center: Decorative Arts, Design History, Material Culture
38 West 86th Street
New York, NY 10024
The following should be submitted via the online application:
1. A nonrefundable application fee of $70, which is payable online with the actual application submission.
2. A personal statement of approximately 750 words explaining why the applicant has chosen the decorative arts, design history, and material culture as a field of graduate study. The statement should be specific, especially as to career goals. This should be uploaded to the online application.
3. Three letters of recommendation from instructors or professional colleagues. These can also be sent separately via mail, if preferred. If so, the letters should be addressed to Admissions, signed across the seal, and sent directly by the authors. Copies sent by the applicant will not be accepted.
4. A sample of written scholarly work (e.g., a college research paper, published article, or extended catalogue entry). Applicants to the doctoral program must submit a copy of a Master’s Thesis or a Qualifying Paper. This writing sample should be a research paper, academic in form and tone, that exemplifies your best scholarly work. Please include illustrations if relevant. Students who do not have a term paper to submit should consult the Academic Programs Office about the kind of work that is appropriate. This is not returnable, and should also be uploaded to the application online, or, if you prefer, you may send it separately, with a clear indication of your name included.
5. A CV outlining the applicant’s education, current and previous employment, and experience, if any, in the decorative arts, design history, and material culture. This should be uploaded to the online application.
The following should be sent separately:
1. Official transcripts from all postsecondary institutions attended. Please note that copies are considered official only if they are sent directly to us from the issuing institution. Unofficial transcript copies sent by the applicant will not be accepted.
2. Graduate Record Examination (GRE) score report, sent by the Educational Testing Service at the applicant’s request. The applicant is required to take the General Test. Our score report code number is 2020. Only official copies will be accepted. For information, call 609-771-7670. All applicants must take the GRE by December 15, 2016. The GRE submitted for admission consideration must not be more than three years old. Applications without GRE scores will make the applicant ineligible for interview consideration.
3. International applicants must demonstrate proficiency in English and should take the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL). TOEFL scores should be sent by the Educational Testing Service. Other evidence of English proficiency will be accepted only with the approval of the Graduate Committee. Our TOEFL number is 5034. We must have these results by the application deadline date. After an initial review of applications and prescreening by a faculty committee, a number of candidates will be invited to interview with the Admissions Committee. Applicants are contacted during February to arrange an appointment with the committee and are strongly encouraged to interview in person.
All application materials submitted become the property of Bard Graduate Center.
Potential applicants are encouraged to attend an open house during the fall term to meet with faculty, senior staff, and students and to learn more about our programs and areas of special interest. We welcome questions about the program and about the admission process. If you have further questions, please contact Dean Elena Pinto Simon via e-mail at [email protected]
or by telephone at 212-501-3057.
Deadline for all applications: January 6, 2017.
Please note: An application is considered incomplete, and will not be acted upon, until all materials listed above have been received
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Where do I find the online application?
You can find the application at www.bgc.slideroom.com
What degrees are offered?
We offer programs leading to MA and PhD degrees in the decorative arts, design history, and material culture. Students are able to explore the cultural history of the material world in a wide range of courses and methodological approaches. We offer a general concentration for the MA degree, with the possibility of specializing in areas such as New York and American material culture; modern design history; early modern Europe; history and theory of museums; global Middle Ages; archaeology, anthropology, and material culture; and cultures of conservation. All students must take a one-year survey course, a one-semester core course that focuses on methods and approaches to the object, two courses that concentrate on work before 1800, and one non-Western course. Every student must submit a Qualifying Paper. Doctoral students follow a one- or two-year program of courses, take three qualifying exams, and write a dissertation. Doctoral applicants should also consult the Doctoral FAQ, elsewhere in this catalogue.
When is the deadline for filing an application?
The deadline is January 6, 2017 for both the MA program and the PhD program for admission in the fall of 2017. There are no midyear acceptances.
What must I submit with my application?
All applicants must submit a completed application form; a personal statement; three letters of recommendation; a C.V.; a sample of written scholarly work, complete with illustrations if necessary, that best exemplifies your academic abilities; transcripts from all previously attended institutions of higher education; GRE results; TOEFL scores where applicable; and a nonrefundable $70 fee. All applicants must complete an online application. Letters of recommendation and transcripts should be sent, via regular mail, to Dean Elena Pinto Simon, Bard Graduate Center, 38 West 86th Street, New York, NY 10024.
Is the GRE required of all applicants?
Yes, all candidates must submit their GRE results. Candidates must take the GRE by December 15, 2016, and the results must arrive by January 6, 2017. Applicants who have not submitted GRE scores cannot be scheduled for an interview. The GRE is one part of the overall qualifications that are considered by the Admissions Committee. Bard Graduate Center does not have a cut-off for scores; the GRE exam is one of the many ways that the committee reviews candidates. The GRE submitted may not be more than three years old. Our score report code number is 2020. Only official copies of the exam results will be accepted. For further information about testing, call 609-771-7670.
Is it possible for me to do my graduate degree part-time?
Yes, we acknowledge that many working professionals and others in the process of changing careers might need to work on a part-time basis. This may be done at both the MA and PhD levels. However, it is not possible to complete the degree by taking only evening classes. All entering students must take one required class, the Survey of the Decorative Arts, Design History, and Material Culture, in their first year, along with the Approaches course. The Survey course is offered in the evening; the Approaches course is not. There is also a required internship for MA students. Doctoral students who have not had Survey (because they come from another institution) must take it in their first year of matriculation, along with the Approaches course. Part-time students are not eligible for financial aid at the MA or PhD level.
What are the language requirements?
All MA students must pass an exam in one language—French, German, Italian, or Spanish. The language examination, offered during the August Orientation Session and again in the fall, tests reading and translation skills with the use of a dictionary. All doctoral students must show proficiency in two languages, typically French, German, Italian, or Spanish. The language requirement must be fulfilled by May of the first year for MA students. Doctoral students must satisfy two language requirements by the time they have finished their coursework.
May I visit Bard Graduate Center?
Yes, students in the area are welcome to arrange a visit and tour the facilities. It is also possible for you to meet with a faculty member or senior administrators. To arrange such a visit, you may email Dean Elena Pinto Simon or [email protected]
. Prospective applicants are also welcome to join us at an open house on October 9, October 23, November 7, or November 13, 2016. To make a reservation for an open house, visit our website . Because our classes are all seminars, it is not possible to sit in on a class.
I am an international student. Am I eligible for admission to Bard Graduate Center?
Yes, we welcome international applicants. All foreign students must demonstrate proficiency in English and should take the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL). The Educational Testing Service should send TOEFL scores to the BGC. Our TOEFL number is 5034. This exam must be taken by the month of December, 2016.
How does the Graduate Admissions Committee determine acceptance?
After a careful first-round review, a number of applicants are invited to an interview in person or, if necessary, by video, with the Admissions Committee. Applicants are urged to come for their interview in person if at all possible. Applicants are usually contacted during late January to arrange an appointment. Please note that an application is considered incomplete and will not be acted upon until all materials have been received. Materials submitted are not returnable. Interviews are held in February. Notifications of acceptance go out in early March, followed, about a week later, by the financial aid offer.
What should my personal statement include?
The personal statement is an important part of the total admissions document and should be about 750 words explaining why the applicant wishes to attend Bard Graduate Center and what his/her areas of special interest are. The statement should be specific, especially as to career goals.
What is an acceptable sample of written scholarly work?
The committee will consider a college research paper, published article, exhibition review, or catalogue entries. Please include illustrations if relevant. The specific topic of your writing sample is less important than its ability to represent your best scholarly and academic work. Since this is a research institution and the programs are writing intensive, this sample is a very important part of your application. All PhD applicants must submit either an MA Thesis or a Qualifying Paper/Master’s Essay.
What documents should be sent with my completed application?
The nonrefundable fee of $70 paid through our online application; the personal statement; three letters of recommendation from instructors or professional colleagues; a C.V.; and a sample of written scholarly work must be posted online to the electronic application. Official transcripts, GRE scores, and TOEFL scores, where appropriate for international applicants, may be sent separately to Dean Elena Pinto Simon, Bard Graduate Center, 38 West 86th Street, New York, NY 10024. All letters of recommendation sent by regular mail must be signed across the seal and sent directly from the authors to the above address. Copies sent by the applicant are not acceptable. All materials are needed for admissions review and must be submitted in a timely manner. The entire application must be completed by January 6, 2017.
Is there an internship program?
All MA students are required to do an internship as part of their graduate work. We have an active internship program associated with many of New York’s major cultural institutions. Our students have done internships at more than 250 institutions in the New York area and around the world. Internships are selected by working in conjunction with the Dean of Academic Administration.
Is student housing available?
Bard Hall, located at 410 West 58th Street, provides housing for students. This facility offers a variety of furnished studios, one-bedroom, and two-bedroom apartments. Apartment leases usually begin in August and run through June 30. More information about housing is available online.
What other programs and outreach does Bard Graduate Center sponsor?
We have a full range of exhibitions, symposia, conferences, and guest lectures. These events run throughout the academic year and give students a broad exposure to work and professional activities in their chosen fields. There are also events in gallery education that are open to students. In addition, the travel program offers students the opportunity to travel abroad with faculty, as part of the Survey class, and study objects in situ. They may also take a course at one of our consortium schools. We also have an exchange program with the Royal College of Art in London and Humboldt University in Berlin. In addition, a number of our internships are now abroad.
Is there campus employment, and what kinds of jobs are there for students?
Yes, most students receive a campus employment amount as part of their financial aid package, and can work up to 10 hours a week here on campus. There are jobs in every part of the institution – from the Library and VMR to the DML, Gallery, Gallery Desk, Academic Programs, Special Events, Education, the Press Office, and faculty assistants. All students receive a mailing in May about all positions, and students interview for these jobs starting when they arrive in August. The pay is $15 an hour.
May I begin my studies mid-year?
No; we only accepts students to begin their degree work in August of each academic year.
May I just “take a class”?
No; all students are enrolled in either the MA or PhD program, or are from one of our consortium schools. There are no continuing education classes at the present time.
Does Bard Graduate Center offer financial aid?
Yes; we have a generous amount of aid to offer students at both MA and PhD levels. All students who wish to be considered for aid must file a FAFSA online by January 15, 2016. International applicants must complete the CollegeBoard International Student Financial Aid Application . Aid is based on need and merit, and scholarships range from three credits to full tuition coverage. Please direct any financial aid questions to Dean Elena Pinto Simon.
Where can I find additional information about Bard Graduate Center online
Please go to our website , for more detailed information about our programs and deadlines or to download an application. Applicants with any questions should consult with Dean Simon directly at any point during the admissions process ( [email protected]
).
Need more help with your application?
Call admissions at Bard Graduate Center at 212-501-3019 or e-mail us at [email protected]
. For any specific questions, please call Dean Elena Pinto Simon at 212-501-3057 or e-mail her at [email protected]
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i don't know
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In which country is the Bay of Pigs?
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The Bay of Pigs - John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum
The Bay of Pigs
The Bay of Pigs
On April 17, 1961, 1400 Cuban exiles launched what became a botched invasion at the Bay of Pigs on the south coast of Cuba.
In 1959, Fidel Castro came to power in an armed revolt that overthrew Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista. The US government distrusted Castro and was wary of his relationship with Nikita Khrushchev, the leader of the Soviet Union.
Before his inauguration, John F. Kennedy was briefed on a plan by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) developed during the Eisenhower administration to train Cuban exiles for an invasion of their homeland. The
plan anticipated that the Cuban people and elements of the Cuban military would support the invasion. The ultimate goal was the overthrow of Castro and the establishment of a non-communist government friendly to the United States.
Training
President Eisenhower approved the program in March 1960. The CIA set up training camps in Guatemala, and by November the operation had trained a small army for an assault landing and guerilla warfare.
José Miró Cardona led the anti-Castro Cuban exiles in the United States. A former member of Castro's government, he was the head of the Cuban Revolutionary Council, an exile committee. Cardona was poised to take over the provisional presidency of Cuba if the invasion succeeded.
Despite efforts of the government to keep
the invasion plans covert, it became common knowledge among Cuban exiles in Miami. Through Cuban intelligence, Castro learned of the guerilla training camps in Guatemala as early as October 1960, and the press reported widely on events as they unfolded.
Shortly after his inauguration, in February 1961, President Kennedy authorized the invasion plan. But he was determined to disguise U.S. support. The landing point at the Bay of Pigs was part of the deception. The site was a remote swampy area on the southern coast of Cuba, where a night landing might bring a force ashore against little resistance and help to hide any U.S. involvement. Unfortunately, the landing site also left the invading force more than 80 miles from refuge in Cuba's Escambray Mountains, if anything went wrong.
The Plan
The original invasion plan called for two air strikes against Cuban air bases. A 1,400-man invasion force would disembark under cover of darkness and launch a surprise attack. Paratroopers dropped in advance of the invasion would disrupt transportation and repel Cuban forces. Simultaneously, a smaller force would land on the east coast of Cuba to create confusion.
The main force would advance across the island to Matanzas and set up a defensive position. The United Revolutionary Front would send leaders from South Florida and establish a provisional government. The success of the plan depended on the Cuban population joining the invaders.
The Invasion
The first mishap occurred on April 15, 1961, when eight bombers left Nicaragua to bomb Cuban airfields.
The CIA had used obsolete World War II B-26 bombers, and painted them to look like Cuban air force planes. The bombers missed many of their targets and left most of Castro's air force intact. As news broke of the attack, photos of the repainted U.S. planes became public and revealed American support for the invasion. President Kennedy cancelled a second air strike.
On April 17, the Cuban-exile invasion force, known as Brigade 2506, landed at beaches along the Bay of Pigs and immediately came under heavy fire. Cuban planes strafed the invaders, sank two escort ships, and destroyed half of the exile's air support. Bad weather hampered the ground force, which had to work with soggy equipment and insufficient ammunition.
The Counterattack
Over the next 24 hours, Castro ordered roughly 20,000 troops to advance toward the beach, and the Cuban air force continued to control the skies. As the situation grew increasingly grim, President Kennedy authorized an "air-umbrella" at dawn on April 19—six unmarked American fighter planes took off to help defend the brigade's B-26 aircraft flying. But the B-26s arrived an hour late, most likely confused by the change in time zones between Nicaragua and Cuba. They were shot down by the Cubans, and the invasion was crushed later that day.
Some exiles escaped to the sea, while the rest were killed or rounded up and imprisoned by Castro's forces. Almost 1,200 members of Brigade 2056 surrendered, and more than 100 were killed.
The Aftermath
The brigade prisoners remained in captivity for 20 months, as the United States negotiated a deal with Fidel Castro. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy made personal pleas for contributions from pharmaceutical companies and baby food manufacturers, and Castro eventually settled on $53 million worth of baby food and medicine in exchange for the prisoners.
On December 23, 1962, just two months after the end of the Cuban Missile Crisis, a plane containing the first group of freed prisoners landed in the United States. A week later, on Saturday, December 29, surviving brigade members gathered for a ceremony in Miami's Orange Bowl, where the brigade's flag was handed over to President Kennedy. "I can assure you," the president promised, "that this flag will be returned to this brigade in a free Havana."
The disaster at the Bay of Pigs had a lasting impact on the Kennedy administration. Determined to make up for the failed invasion, the administration initiated Operation Mongoose—a plan to sabotage and destabilize the Cuban government and economy. The plan included the possibility of assassinating Castro. More than 50 years later, relations between Castro's Cuba and the United States remain strained and tenuous.
Letter from President Kennedy to Chairman Khrushchev. April 18, 1961
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Cuba
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The Poinsettia plant has which colour/color flowers?
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BBC ON THIS DAY | 17 | 1961: Exiles invade Cuba at Bay of Pigs
About This Site | Text Only
1961: Exiles invade Cuba at Bay of Pigs
Reports from Cuba say the island has been invaded by counter-revolutionary forces trying to overthrow the country's leader, Fidel Castro.
The only news coming out of Cuba is broadcast by the government-run radio station. All other communications with the island have been cut.
THe first landing is reported to have taken place in the early hours of this morning.
Broadcasts from Cuban government radio appealing for medical help indicate that the raiders have successfully penetrated 25 miles (40km) inland.
They appear to have come ashore on an area of the coast known as the Bah�a de Cochinos, or Bay of Pigs, south-east of the capital, Havana.
There is no indication as to the size of the invasion force, but Dr Castro, in a speech on Cuban government radio, said they are supported by aircraft and warships.
"The glorious soldiers of the revolutionary army and the national militia are battling the enemy at all the points where they have landed," he said.
High alert
The Cuban military have been on high alert for an imminent invasion for some days.
In a speech yesterday, Fidel Castro told the Cuban people he intended to resist such an attack with "an iron hand".
Cuban exiles based in the United States, who are organising the attempt to overthrow the Castro regime, say thousands of Cubans have joined the rebel forces.
However, there is no independent confirmation of the level of support for the invasion from within Cuba.
The leader of the Cuban exile movement in the US, Dr Miro Cardona, said the battle had begun "to liberate our homeland from the despotic rule of Fidel Castro".
Dr Cardona played a part in Fidel Castro's revolution against the dictatorship of President Batista in 1959, and was prime minister for 45 days before Dr Castro himself took over.
US denial
In a statement in Washington, the US Secretary of State, Dean Rusk, has again denied US involvement in the invasion of Cuba.
He said the United States had not, and would not intervene in Cuba, with armed forces or otherwise.
Strong suspicions that the United States is sponsoring an offensive against the Castro government have been fuelled by the bombing of three of Cuba's military air bases two days ago.
The US denied all knowledge of the episode, saying Cuban Air Force pilots defecting to Florida were responsible.
But reporters who watched one of the planes land in Miami after carrying out the attack described features which indicated it was American-made.
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What was Norwegian Thor Heyerdahl's Kon-Tiki raft made from, which he sailed from S America to Polynesia in 1947, to demonstrate early Polynesian immigration?
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1000+ images about Kon-Tiki on Pinterest | Ocean, Voyage and Thor
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In 1947 Thor Heyerdahl built a balsa wood raft to prove the possibility of Polynesia being well within the range of prehistoric South American seafarers...and for one crazy adventure. It was named after a legendary seafaring sun-king common to both the old Inca kingdom and the islands of Polynesia, Kon-Tiki. During the course of 101 days the raft sailed approx. 8,000 km over the open Pacific Ocean and landed on the Raroia Atoll in the Tuamotu Archipelago.
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Ochroma pyramidale
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What iconic Louisiana Creole dish, named from a French Provencal word, is based on Spanish paella, typically of meat and vegetables, stock and rice?
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Thor Heyerdahl – Exequy's Blog
Bio , Science
Thor Heyerdahl (October 6, 1914 in Larvik, Norway – April 18, 2002 in Colla Micheri, Italy) was a marine biologist with a great interest in anthropology, who became famous for his Kon-Tiki Expedition in which he sailed by raft 4,300 miles from South America to the Tuamotu Islands. National Geographic best summarizes his life by these words: “He crossed three oceans in primitive rafts and boats to prove theories about where man has been and how he got there… Heyerdahl said his life was dominated by three challenges: to live in harmony with nature and improve it, to make his mark on the scientific community, and to build on his conception of the basic unity of mankind.” Heyerdahls’s voyages across the Atlantic and across the Pacific proves that pre-Columban exchange between Africa, Europe and the Americas and between the Americas and the islands of the Pacific is historically probable and that the ancient world was more aware of the global interdependence of human life than has usually been assumed. While his voyages did not conclusively prove that such exchange actually took place, alongside other evidence, such as similarities in the archeological record and in mythology, it makes it highly likely. In proving that non-European cultures had the technology to cross the world before Europeans did, Heyerdahl also challenged ethnocentric notions of cultural and racial superiority.
Fatu Hiva: Back to Nature
Fatu Hiva: Back to Nature is the name of a book, published in 1974, by Thor Heyerdahl, detailing his experiences and reflections during a one-and-a-half-year stay on the Marquesan island of Fatu Hiva in 1937-1938.
Background
On the occasion of their honeymoon, Thor Heyerdahl and his first wife Liv, determined to escape from civilization, and to “return to nature.” The couple arrived at Fatu Hiva in 1937, in the valley of Omo’a. Finding that civilization, albeit on a vastly reduced scale, was still present there, they decided to cross over the island’s mountainous interior to settle in one of the small, nearly abandoned, valleys on the eastern side of the island. There, they made their thatch-covered stilted home in the valley of Uia.
Development of Heyerdahl’s Ideas about the Origins of the Polynesians
It was in this setting, surrounded by the ruins of the formerly glorious Marquesan civilization, that Heyerdahl first developed his theories regarding the possibility of trans-oceanic contact between the pre-European Polynesians, and the peoples and cultures of South America.
During several exchanges with an elderly Marquesan man who lived in Uia with them, Heyerdahl determined that, although prior to the arrival of Europeans, cats were not to be found in Polynesia, the Marquesans were nonetheless familiar with the creatures, and indeed, certain of the carved tiki figures seemed very much to represent felines:
To our surprise, the reliefs of two human figures with hands above their heads appeared, and between them, two large quadrupeds in profile, each with an eye, a mouth, erected ears, and a tail. Two quadrupeds!…A cat?…Felines yes, but not rats (173). ‘The ccoa was an important figure in the Andean cultures. In the Mayan language, toh is the name for the puma. In Polynesia, toa is the word for “brave.” Cats are not native to Polynesia, but somehow feline icons are found in their primitive sculptures and figures. In Samoa, pusi is an English derivative that was adopted with the newly arrived cat. In Fatu-Hiva, the name for cat is poto. The fact that cats seem to display some sense of keen intellect probably caused the natives to name the new arrivals poto after the Polynesian word for smart, poto.
The observation prompted Heyerdahl to ask Tei Tetua from whence his people had come, to which he replied “the east”:
“From where?” I asked, and was curious to hear the old man’s reply. “From Te Fiti” (The East), answered the old man and nodded toward that part of the horizon where the sun rose, the direction in which there was no other land except South America. (217)
Heyerdahl went on to explore this possibility a number of years later, as is detailed in his books Kon-Tiki, Aku-Aku: The Secret of Easter Island, and Easter Island: The Mystery Solved.
The Kon-Tiki expedition
In the Kon-Tiki Expedition, Heyerdahl and a small team went to South America, where they used balsawood and other native materials to construct the Kon-Tiki raft. Kon-Tiki was inspired by old drawings of Inca rafts made by the Spanish conquistadors. After a 101-day, 4,300-mile journey across the Pacific Ocean, it smashed into the reef at Raroia in the Tuamotu Islands on August 7, 1947, showing that pre-historic peoples could have traveled from South America. The only modern technology the expedition had was a radio, food in the form of military rations, and fresh water in 56 small cans. While en route, the crew supplemented their diet by fishing. The documentary of the expedition, itself entitled Kon-Tiki, won an Academy Award in 1951.
This expedition demonstrated there were no technical reasons to prevent people from South America from having settled the Polynesian Islands. Nevertheless most anthropologists continue to believe, based on linguistic, physical and genetic evidence, that Polynesia was settled from west to east, migration having begun from the Asian mainland.
Heyerdahl’s theory of Polynesian origins
Heyerdahl claimed that in Incan legend there was a sun god named Con-Tici Viracocha who was the supreme head of the mythical white people in Peru. The original name for Virakocha was Kon-Tiki or Illa-Tiki, which means Sun-Tiki or Fire-Tiki. Kon-Tiki was high priest and sun-king of these legendary “white men” who left enormous ruins on the shores of Lake Titicaca. The legend continues with the mysterious bearded white men being attacked by a chief named Cari who came from the Coquimbo Valley. They had a battle on an island in Lake Titicaca, and the fair race was massacred. However, Kon-Tiki and his closest companions managed to escape and later arrived on the Pacific coast. The legend ends with Kon-Tiki and his companions disappearing westward out to sea.
When the Spaniards came to Peru, Heyerdahl asserted, the Incas told them that the colossal monuments that stood deserted about the landscape were erected by a race of white gods who had lived there before the Incas themselves became rulers. The Incas described these “white gods” as wise, peaceful instructors who had originally come from the north in the “morning of time” and taught the Incas’ primitive forefathers architecture as well as manners and customs. They were unlike other Native Americans in that they had “white skins and long beards” and were taller than the Incas. They also had Semitic facial features. The Incas said that the “white gods” had then left as suddenly as they had come and fled westward across the Pacific. After they had left, the Incas themselves took over power in the country.
Heyerdahl said that when the Europeans first came to the Pacific islands, they were astonished that they found some of the natives to have relatively light skins and beards. There were whole families that had pale skin, hair varying in color from reddish to blonde, and almost Semitic, hook-nosed faces. In contrast, most of the Polynesians had golden-brown skin, raven-black hair, and rather flat noses. Heyerdahl claimed that when Roggeveen first discovered Easter Island in 1722, he supposedly noticed that many of the natives were white-skinned. Heyerdahl claimed that these people could count their ancestors who were “white-skinned” right back to the time of Tiki and Hotu Matua, when they first came sailing across the sea “from a mountainous land in the east which was scorched by the sun.” There is no ethnographic evidence to back up these claims.
Heyerdahl proposed that Tiki’s Stone Age people colonized the then-uninhabited Polynesian islands as far north as Hawaii, as far south as New Zealand, as far east as Easter Island, and as far west as Samoa around 500 C.E. They supposedly sailed from Peru to the Polynesian islands on pae-paes, which were large rafts built from balsa logs complete with sails and each with a small cottage. They built enormous stone statues carved in the image of human beings on Pitcairn, the Marquesas, and Easter Island that exactly resembled those in Peru. They also built huge pyramids on Tahiti and Samoa with steps like those in Peru. But all over Polynesia, Heyerdahl found indications that Tiki’s peaceable race had not been able to hold the islands alone for long. He found evidence that suggested that seagoing war canoes as large as Viking ships and lashed together two and two had brought Stone Age Northwest American Indians to Polynesia around 1100 C.E., and they mingled with Tiki’s people.
Crew
The Kon-Tiki was crewed by six men, all Norwegian except for Bengt Danielsson, who was from Sweden.
Thor Heyerdahl was the expedition leader.
Erik Hesselberg was the navigator and artist. He painted the large Kon-Tiki figure on the raft’s sail.
Bengt Danielsson took on the role of steward, in charge of supplies and daily rations. Danielsson was a sociologist interested in human migration theory. He also served as translator, as he was the only member of the crew who spoke Spanish.
Knut Haugland was a radio expert, decorated by the British in World War II for actions that stalled Germany’s plans to develop the atomic bomb.
Torstein Raaby was also in charge of radio transmissions. He gained radio experience while hiding behind German lines during WWII, spying on the German battleship Tirpitz. His secret radio transmissions eventually helped guide in British bombers to sink the ship.
Herman Watzinger was an engineer whose area of expertise was in technical measurements. He recorded meteorological and hydrographical data while underway.
Anthropology
While this was an interesting experiment that demonstrated the seaworthiness of Heyerdahl’s raft, his theory of the Polynesians’ origins is now widely discounted by anthropologists. Physical and cultural evidence had long suggested that Polynesia was settled from west to east, migration having begun from the Asian mainland, not South America. In the late 1990s, genetic testing found that the mitochondrial DNA of the Polynesians is more similar to people from Southeast Asia than to people from South America, showing that their ancestors most likely came from Asia. The Kon-Tiki adventure is often cited as a classic of pseudoarchaeology, although its daring and inventive nature is still widely acclaimed.
However, it should be noted that Thor Heyerdahl never set out to prove that the current Polynesians were descended from South America. According to Heyerdahl, some Polynesian legends say that Polynesia was originally inhabited by two peoples, the so-called long-eared and the short-eared. In a bloody war, all the long-eared peoples were eliminated and the short-eared people assumed sole control of Polynesia. Heyerdahl asserted that these extinct people were the ones who could have settled Polynesia from the Americas, not the current, short-eared inhabitants. However one of the problems with this argument is that traditions involving long-ears and short-ears are found only at Easter Island, and are unknown in the rest of Polynesia.
Heyerdahl further argues in his book American Indians in the Pacific that the current inhabitants of Polynesia did indeed migrate from an Asian source, but via an alternate route. He proposes that Filipino natives (whom Heyerdahl asserted held cultural and physical affinities with Polynesians) traveled with the wind along the North Pacific current. These migrants then arrived in British Columbia. Heyerdahl points to the contemporary tribes of British Columbia, such as the Tlingit and Haida, as the descendants of these migrants. Again Heyerdahl notes the cultural and physical similarities between these British Columbian tribes, Polynesians, and the Old World source. Heyerdahl suggests how simple it would have been for the British Columbians to travel to Hawaii and even onward to the greater Polynesia from their New World stepping-stone by way of wind and current patterns. Heyerdahl’s claims aside, however, there is no evidence that the Tlingit, Haida or other British Columbian tribes have any special affinity with Filipinos or Polynesians. Linguistically, their morphologically complex languages appear to be far from Austronesian and Polynesian languages and their cultures don’t validate any links to the rest of the peoples of North America.
The Boats Ra and Ra II
Heyerdahl built the boats Ra and Ra II in order to demonstrate that Ancient Egyptians could have communicated with the Americas or transferred pyramid-building technology. The original Ra took on water and had to be abandoned. Heyerdahl thought the cause was that a supporting rope present in the ancient design was omitted in construction. On May 17, 1970, Heyerdahl set sail from Morocco on the papyrus boat Ra II to successfully cross the Atlantic Ocean, covering the 4,000 miles to Barbados in just 57 days. Yuri Senkevich, who was the expedition physician, later became a popular TV host in USSR and Russia.
The Tigris
His next boat, Tigris, was intended to demonstrate that trade and migration could have linked the Indus Valley Civilization in India with Mesopotamia. The Tigris was deliberately burned in Djibouti on April 3, 1978, as a protest against the wars raging on every side in the Red Sea and Horn of Africa. In Heyerdahl’s open letter to the Secretary of the United Nations he said in part:
Today we burn our proud ship… to protest against inhuman elements in the world of 1978… Now we are forced to stop at the entrance to the Red Sea. Surrounded by military airplanes and warships from the world’s most civilized and developed nations, we have been denied permission by friendly governments, for reasons of security, to land anywhere, but in the tiny, and still neutral, Republic of Djibouti. Elsewhere around us, brothers and neighbors are engaged in homicide with means made available to them by those who lead humanity on our joint road into the third millennium. To the innocent masses in all industrialized countries, we direct our appeal. We must wake up to the insane reality of our time…. We are all irresponsible, unless we demand from the responsible decision makers that modern armaments must no longer be made available to people whose former battle axes and swords our ancestors condemned. Our planet is bigger than the reed bundles that have carried us across the seas, and yet small enough to run the same risks unless those of us still alive open our eyes and minds to the desperate need of intelligent collaboration to save ourselves and our common civilization from what we are about to convert into a sinking ship.
Other work
Thor Heyerdahl also investigated the pyramidal mounds found on the Maldive Islands in the Indian Ocean. There, he found sun-oriented mounds and courtyards, as well as statues with elongated earlobes. Both of these archeological finds fit with his theory of a sea-faring civilization which originated in what is now Sri Lanka, colonized the Maldives, and influenced or founded the cultures of ancient South America and Easter Island. His discoveries are detailed in his book, The Maldive Mystery.
In 1991, he studied the pyramids of Güímar on Tenerife and discovered that they cannot be random stone heaps, but actual pyramids. He also discovered their special astronomical orientation. Heyerdahl advanced a theory according to which the Canary Islands had been bases of ancient shipping between America and the Mediterranean.
His last project was presented in the Norweigan book Jakten på Odin—På sporet av vår fortid, (“The Hunt for Odin”), in which Heyerdahl initiated excavations in Azov, near the Sea of Azov at the northeast of the Black Sea. He searched for the possible remains of a civilization to match the account of Snorri Sturluson in Ynglinga saga, where Snorri describes how a chief called Odin led a tribe, called the Æsir in a migration northwards through Saxland, to Fyn in Denmark, settling in Sweden. There, according to Snorri, he so impressed the natives with his diverse skills that they started worshipping him as a god after his death. Heyerdahl accepted Snorri’s story as literal truth. This project generated harsh criticism and accusations of pseudo-science from historians, archaeologists and linguists in Norway, who accused Heyerdahl of selective use of sources, and a basic lack of scientific methodology in his work. The central claims in this book is based on similarities of names in Norse mythology and geographic names in the Black Sea region, such as Azov and æsir, Udi and Odin, Tyr and Turkey. Philologists and historians reject these parallels as mere coincidences, and also anachronisms. For instance, the city of Azov did not have that name until over 1,000 years after Heyerdahl claims the æsir dwelt there. The controversy surrounding the The Search for Odin project was in many ways typical of the relationship between Heyerdahl and the academic community. His theories rarely won any scientific acceptance, whereas Heyerdahl himself rejected all scientific criticism and concentrated on publishing his theories in best-selling books to the larger masses.
Subsequent years
In subsequent years, Heyerdahl was involved with many other expeditions and archaeological projects. However, he remained best known for his boat-building, and for his emphasis on cultural diffusion which is the spread of cultural items, such as ideas, styles, religions, technologies, etc., between individuals, whether it is within a single culture or from one culture to another.
Heyerdahl’s expeditions were spectacular, and his heroic journeys in flimsy boats caught the public imagination. But his diffusionist theories were considered eccentric and old-fashioned by some archaeologists. His central claims that migrations linked comparable ancient civilizations have not been supported by more recent evidence. Heyerdahl undoubtedly increased public interest in ancient history and in the achievements of various cultures and peoples around the world. He also showed that long distance ocean voyages were technically possible even with ancient designs.
Thor Heyerdahl was a member of the Foundation for Exploration and Research on Cultural Origins (FERCO). Another member of FERCO, fellow researcher, and writer, Donald P. Ryan, describes Heyerdahl (in 1997):
In Scandinavia and elsewhere, Thor Heyerdahl is revered as an example of many of the highest of human qualities: courage, strength, intelligence, creativity, humility and compassion. He is the confidant of world leaders and at the same time, perfectly at home in the simplest of villages anywhere in the world. Despite his extraordinary accomplishments, he sees himself as an ordinary man and it is clear to me that even fifty years after the Kon-Tiki expedition, he remains slightly embarrassed if not perplexed by his celebrity. Resigned to this unintended role, he has accepted his public responsibilities with dignity. In his writings, Heyerdahl has emphasized the unity of all human beings and other living things on this planet and he has become an advocate of international cooperation and a spokesman for global environmental issues.
Biographer Christopher Ralling wrote,
Apart from heads of state, I doubt if there is another man on earth who would find it so easy, if he chose, to travel the world without a passport. It is not just that Thor Heyerdahl is known and admired almost everywhere, by schoolchildren and scientists alike; in some unidentifiable way he actually seems to have become a citizen of the world. (Ralling 1991, 323-324)
Thor Heyerdahl died at his home in Colla Machari, Italy, at the age of 87 on April 18, 2002; he had been diagnosed with a fatal brain tumor in early April. He died in his sleep surrounded by relatives. Amazingly, according to his relatives, Heyerdahl had made more than seventy airplane trips around the world during the last year of his life.
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Name the Sovient Union policy of governmental openness, implemented by Gorbachev from 1985?
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Perestroika and Glasnost - Cold War - HISTORY.com
Perestroika and Glasnost
A+E Networks
Introduction
When Mikhail S. Gorbachev (1931-) became general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in March 1985, he launched his nation on a dramatic new course. His dual program of “perestroika” (“restructuring”) and “glasnost” (“openness”) introduced profound changes in economic practice, internal affairs and international relations. Within five years, Gorbachev’s revolutionary program swept communist governments throughout Eastern Europe from power and brought an end to the Cold War (1945-91), the largely political and economic rivalry between the Soviets and the United States and their respective allies that emerged following World War II. Gorbachev’s actions also inadvertently set the stage for the 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union, which dissolved into 15 individual republics. He resigned from office on December 25, 1991.
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Perestroika and Glasnost
When Mikhail S. Gorbachev stepped onto the world stage in March 1985 as the new leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), it was immediately clear that he was different from his predecessors. Gorbachev, then 54, was significantly younger than the aging party members who had led the Communist superpower in previous decades–the last two of whom had seen their rule cut short by health problems. Hailing from a younger generation gave Gorbachev a new outlook on the challenges that faced his country.
Did You Know?
Since his resignation from the Soviet presidency in 1991, Mikhail Gorbachev has remained active in politics and world affairs. He has founded several political parties in Russia, penned opinion pieces for U.S. newspapers and even appeared in movies, television shows and advertisements for various products.
Gorbachev realized that he had inherited significant problems. Even as the USSR vied with the United States for global political and military leadership, its economy was struggling, and its citizens were chafing under their relatively poor standard of living and lack of freedom. Those difficulties were also keenly felt in the Communist nations of Eastern Europe that were aligned with and controlled by the Soviets.
Gorbachev took a new approach toward addressing these problems: He introduced a reform program that embodied two overarching concepts. Perestroika, his restructuring concept, started with an overhaul of the top members of the Communist Party. It also focused on economic issues, replacing the centralized government planning that had been a hallmark of the Soviet system with a greater reliance on market forces. The accompanying concept of glasnost sought to ease the strict social controls imposed by the government. Gorbachev gave greater freedom to the media and religious groups and allowed citizens to express divergent views. By 1988, Gorbachev had expanded his reforms to include democratization, moving the USSR toward an elected form of government.
Slowing the Arms Race
Gorbachev’s internal reforms were matched by new approaches to Soviet foreign policy. Determined to end his country’s nuclear rivalry with the United States, he pursued negotiations with U.S. President Ronald Reagan (1911-2004). Although Reagan held strong anti-communist views and had intensified the Cold War by initiating a buildup of U.S. forces in the early 1980s, the two leaders managed to find common ground.
Gorbachev and Reagan took part in five summits between 1985 and 1988. Their discussions resulted in the signing of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty in 1987, which brought about a major reduction in both nations’ weapons stockpiles. The productive dialogue was the result of fresh thinking on both sides, but progress on many points began with Gorbachev’s willingness to abandon long-held Soviet positions.
The Liberation of Eastern Europe
The Gorbachev initiative that had the most far-reaching effects was his decision to abandon Soviet control of the Communist nations of Eastern Europe. Since World War II , leaders of the USSR had viewed the maintenance of these states as essential to their nation’s security, and they had crushed anti-Soviet uprisings in Warsaw Pact countries (a group of eight Communist nations in Eastern Europe, including Poland and Hungary) that sought greater independence. However, just a year after taking power, Gorbachev oversaw reforms that loosened the Soviet grip on these states. Then, in a landmark December 1988 speech at the United Nations, he declared that all nations should be free to choose their own course without outside interference. To the amazement of millions, he capped this speech by announcing that the USSR would significantly reduce the number of troops and tanks that were based in the Eastern Bloc countries.
Gorbachev’s move had unintended consequences. He had hoped that his reforms would revitalize and modernize the Soviet Union. Instead, they unleashed social forces that brought about the dissolution of the USSR (which had been in existence since 1922). In 1989, Communist regimes fell in Poland, Hungary, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and Romania. By the end of that year, the Berlin Wall had been dismantled and discussions were under way that would result in the reunification of Germany in October 1990.
Gorbachev did not watch passively as these events unfolded. To the contrary, he adopted more conservative policies in 1990–the same year he received the Nobel Peace Prize. Despite his willingness to try new approaches, Gorbachev remained committed to the principles of socialism and determined to maintain the Soviet republics as one nation. In the end, however, his efforts to rein in the reform spirit he had turned loose were ineffective.
Angry hard-line Communists attempted to remove Gorbachev from power in August 1991 by staging a coup. The revolt failed due to the efforts of Boris Yeltsin (1931-2007), president of the Russian Republic, who emerged as the country’s most powerful political figure. However, before the end of the year, Yeltsin and other reformers succeeded in completely undoing the old order. The Soviet Union dissolved into 15 individual republics, and on December 25, 1991, Gorbachev resigned from the presidency of a nation that no longer existed.
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Glasnost
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The central blue 'Ashoka Chakra' icon on India's national flag represents a?
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Mikhail Gorbachev . Reagan . WGBH American Experience | PBS
Other Biographies
In 1990 Mikhail Gorbachev won the Nobel Peace Prize for helping to end the Cold War. Time Magazine named him Man of the Year and Man of the Decade. Former President Richard Nixon believed the Soviet leader should have been named Man of the Century for "risk[ing] his power…to save his reforms." But in the Soviet Union, Gorbachev could not control the reforms he had implemented, poor economic conditions worsened instead of improved, and he was eventually driven out of power.
Mikhail Gorbachev was born to peasants on March 2, 1931, in the famine-stricken Caucasus region. In 1950 he received a coveted invitation to Moscow State University, where he studied law and joined the Communist Party. He became a full member in 1952.
Gorbachev did not rise in the ranks of the Kremlin hierarchy until 1982, when premier Yuri Andropov adopted him as his protégé. On March 11, 1985, following the deaths of Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko, Gorbachev was elected General Secretary of the Communist Party. At 54, younger and healthier than his predecessors, the reform-minded Gorbachev was openly critical of Party excesses.
Gorbachev inherited from his predecessors severe domestic problems and an escalated Cold War. In 1983, to protect against the Soviet nuclear threat, Ronald Reagan had approved massive military buildup and proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), believing that only defense, not the threat of mutual annihilation, could prevent nuclear war. An expensive arms race in space threatened to tax a weak Soviet economy and overwhelm Soviet technological capabilities.
Domestically, Gorbachev began to implement reforms that he hoped would improve living standards and worker productivity. By adding a measure of democratic freedoms, he hoped to achieve glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructure). Gorbachev established ties with Western leaders, underscoring the common interests of Soviets and Europeans by discussing missile reductions.
But Reagan didn't trust the Soviet Union. In 1983 he had labeled the Soviet Union "the evil empire." Two years later, at the first arms summit in Geneva, Gorbachev put a human face on the enemy for the President. That November, Reagan said of Gorbachev, "There was warmth in his face and his style, not the coldness bordering on hatred I'd seen in most senior Soviet officials I'd met until then." He sensed then "the moral dimension in Gorbachev." Gorbachev, in turn, called Reagan a great American and a great leader.
In the three years and four summits that followed, Gorbachev and Reagan worked toward ending the Cold War, and developed a warm relationship. But there would be setbacks. When a nuclear reactor at Chernobyl exploded on April 26, 1986, the Soviet Union did not provide a full account of the accident until May 14. Gorbachev's commitment to glasnost was questioned when he failed to apologize for the disaster in his long-overdue address.
In the 1985 Geneva summit, progress on arms control had foundered over Gorbachev's insistence on scrapping SDI, and Reagan's commitment to its development. The October 1986 summit between Reagan and Gorbachev, in Reykjavik, Iceland, also ended in a stalemate. At this second summit, Reagan still refused to budge on SDI, and Gorbachev refused to make further concessions without compromise. But at the third summit, in Washington, DC, in December 1987, Gorbachev yielded to Reagan's terms. The USSR was in dire economic straits, and Gorbachev needed a respite from the arms race.
When Reagan and Gorbachev signed the INF Treaty in Washington, in 1987, the first treaty to reduce the number of nuclear weapons, the United States and Western Europe rejoiced. Later when they called each other "friend" in Moscow, many saw it as "the ratification of their mutual desire for peace." For the Soviet Union, however, the end of the Cold War triggered new problems. Gorbachev's economic reforms were failing, and the far-flung Soviet republics were using glasnost to demand independence.
By the time Gorbachev was elected president in the USSR's first multi-candidate elections in March 1989, his popularity was in sharp decline. Rather than boosting the Soviet economy, his democratic reforms had an unintended outcome: the collapse of Communism throughout Eastern Europe. Receiving the Nobel Prize did nothing to raise Gorbachev in his people's esteem, and in 1991 Gorbachev was kidnapped by hard-line Communists in an armed coup. He was restored to power with the help of his enemy Boris Yeltsin, but Gorbachev's leadership was irreparably damaged. On December 25, 1991, Mikhail Gorbachev resigned as president of the Soviet Union, but only after dissolving it.
Two years after his resignation, Gorbachev founded Green Cross International. In GCI Gorbachev created a mechanism for converting military bases to civilian use, remedying the effects of nuclear contamination (particularly on children), and destroying chemical weapons stockpiles in an environmentally responsible way.
In 1996 Gorbachev ran for reelection but received only about one percent of the vote. Just as America has not forgotten Gorbachev, neither has Russia; the two countries simply remember different things.
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The two other angles in a right-angled triangle must always add up to how many degrees? 60; 90; 120; or 180?
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Right Angled Triangles
Right Angled Triangles
A right angled triangle (also called a right triangle)
is a triangle with a right angle (90°) in it.
The little square in the corner tells us it is a right angled triangle
(I also put 90°, but you don't need to!)
(It is used in the Pythagoras Theorem and Sine, Cosine and Tangent for example).
Try it yourself (drag the points):
Two Types
There are two types of right angled triangle:
Isosceles right angled triangle
Two other equal angles always of 45°
Two equal sides
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ninety
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Which 'historical nationality' of Spain is directly north of Portugal?
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Trigonometry/Angles of a triangle sum to 180 Degrees - Wikibooks, open books for an open world
Trigonometry/Angles of a triangle sum to 180 Degrees
From Wikibooks, open books for an open world
In any triangle the angles
always sum to
The Sum of Angles[ edit ]
In any triangle the angles always sum to
180
This is a perhaps surprising fact.
Because
∘
{\displaystyle 90^{\circ }}
is a right angle, it means that the sum of the angles of any triangle is the same as two right angles. If we 'tore the corners off' and placed them together at the same point, we could arrange them so that they exactly formed a straight line. There doesn't need to be anything special about the triangle. It works for any triangle.
Angles sum to 180o
Some examples that we had before of triangles are shown below
.
50-60-70 Triangle
20-40-120 Triangle
The first example shows an equilateral triangle. All of the sides are equal. All of the angles are equal. Each angle is 60 degrees. The sum of the angles is
60
{\displaystyle 60^{\circ }+60^{\circ }+60^{\circ }}
which is
{\displaystyle 180^{\circ }}
.
The second triangle shows a right angle triangle. One of the angles is a right angle. This right angle triangle has two sides the same length. It is symmetric. It fulfils our criteria for being an isosceles triangle. This is a particularly special isosceles triangle because it is isosceles and it is a right triangle. There is one angle of 90° and each of the two remaining angles is 45°. The sum of the angles is
45
{\displaystyle 45^{\circ }+45^{\circ }+90^{\circ }}
which is
{\displaystyle 180^{\circ }}
.
The third triangle is sometimes called the 30°-60°-90° triangle, because of its angles. It is actually half an equilateral triangle. The sum of the angles is
30
{\displaystyle 30^{\circ }+60^{\circ }+90^{\circ }}
which is
.
The pattern is pretty clear.
Next we have a more arbitrary triangle. All the sides are different. The angles are 50°, 60° and 70°. The sum of the angles is
50
{\displaystyle 50^{\circ }+60^{\circ }+70^{\circ }}
which is
{\displaystyle 180^{\circ }}
.
Finally we have a triangle with an obtuse angle, that is one of the angles is larger than 90°. The angles happen to be 20°, 40° and 120°, and the sum of the angles is
20
{\displaystyle 20^{\circ }+40^{\circ }+120^{\circ }}
which is
.
The examples suggest it is true, but they don't prove it.[ edit ]
We could keep on doing this for other triangles, and keep finding the same answer, unless we make a mistake. This might convince us that our statement that the angles sum to 180 is true for all triangles, but it does not prove that it is so. To prove it we need some kind of general argument that could convince a mathematician that it is true. How do we know it is always true?
How could it go wrong? Well, if we hadn't tried with a triangle with an obtuse angle, it might be the case that the formula only works for triangles which don't have obtuse angles. Even having tried the triangle with an obtuse angle we could have not been trying hard enough to find an example that doesn't work. For all we know the formula only works if the angles are multiples of 5°.
Proof will show it works for all triangles[ edit ]
The formula does in fact work for all triangles. We can for example make a triangle with angles of 33° and 66° and the third angle will have to be 81°. Making more and more examples unfortunately doesn't get us anywhere closer to proving it is true of all triangles. We need a different approach. We'll show a proof later. The point of having a proof is to show that it is true for all triangles, not just the ones we've chosen to look at.
Exercises[ edit ]
Given any triangle with angles 123° and 60°. Evaluate the third angle. Is it possible?
It is not possible because the sum of all angles of a triangle cannot exceed 180°.
A triangle has angles 15° and 65°, what is the third angle?
A triangle has angles 100° and 79.5°, what is the third angle?
Do you think all the sides of this triangle will be about the same length?
What is the measure of each angle of an equilateral triangle?
Roadsign Exercise
The following road signs from Tanland show how steep the road ahead is. Put the road signs in order, least steep to steepest.
In these signs a sign that shows, for example, 5:8 means that the road is 5m higher when you've travelled 8m horizontally.
1:1
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What onomatopoeic term refers to a 'modern jazz' form popularized in the 1940s by Charlie Parker, John Coltrane, Miles Davis, Dizzy Gillespie and others?
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Jazz - Festival International de Jazz de Montréal
Home > Artists > Special features > Jazz
Jazz
Jazz, the bridge between blues, gospel and ragtime, first arose in the United States at the end of the 19th century, the direct result of African musical traditions meeting white European culture. As it evolved over time, the genre spawned several offshoots, including swing, jazz fusion, electro-jazz, Latin jazz and free jazz, and such supremely talented musicians as Louis Armstrong, Billie Holiday, Ella Fitzgerald , Dave Brubeck , Miles Davis and Keith Jarrett have chosen to call it their own.
The Birth of Jazz
The etymology of the word is nebulous at best. Jass or jazz? When it first showed up in a 1917 song titled Dixieland Jass Band One-Step (by the New Orleans-based Original Dixieland Jass Band), it was spelled with a double “s.” Semantic analyses hint at a number of potential origins, none of which is the subject of unanimous agreement. In its accepted slang form, the word has a sexual connotation, and some have even equated it with the French term jaser. Others point to Jazbo Brown, a travelling delta blues musician from this early period. And the debate goes on…
While experts can’t seem to agree on the origin of the term, they are generally united on the issue of its musical genesis. As a recognizable musical form, jazz first emerged toward the end of the 19th century, as three musical forerunners intimately linked with the Afro-American experience – gospel, blues and ragtime – came together some 200 years after the first slave ships arrived in America.
Hard Labour, Sublime Music
The first two genres – gospel and blues – are inextricably tied to the experience of the slaves who toiled on plantations and cotton fields. Also called the Negro spiritual, Gospel is a form of religious music steeped in the oral tradition. The blues were born in the rural American South, and eventually served as a primary influence on R&B and rock. Incorporating folk, Latin and classical influences, Ragtime, a genre made popular at the turn of the 19th century, was a syncopated and structured form of music that drew its appeal from more educated circles. Texan Scott Joplin is by far the best known ragtime musician and composer.
Jazz music thus arose at the juncture between African traditions, the American experience and a European heritage – piano and saxophone, the mainstays of jazz, are Old World instruments.
Hot Times in the Big Easy
New Orleans, the culturally heterogeneous capital of the American South, was the fertile terrain upon which jazz was allowed to flourish. Small jazz orchestras first popularized this new form of music in the cabarets, clubs and brothels of the city’s red-hot Storyville district, and before long jazz could be heard all over the Big Easy.
In contrast to classical music, jazz, with its innate swing rhythm (felt directly in the hips!), had a distinct vocation: to make people dance. Early jazz ensembles typically included piano, banjo, double bass and brass and gave a wide berth to improvisation, thus breaking from the strictures inherent in written music.
Big Bands Carry the Day
The advent of big band in the Roaring Twenties ushered in a new era in jazz. Afro-American musician, band leader and arranger Fletcher Henderson formed the first of the large jazz orchestras in 1924. He was followed by the likes of Duke Ellington, Dizzy Gillespie and Glenn Miller.
It’s Gotta Have Swing
The swing era lasted from the late 1920s until the mid-1940s. In the wake of the Great Depression, Americans conceived a love affair with this up-tempo style of music that allowed people to forget about their worldly concerns. Swing became the musical lingua franca of a generation, and the large orchestras of the day – none more celebrated than those of Duke Ellington and Count Basie – were all the sensation.
Vocal Jazz
The first vocal jazz artists appeared with the large swing orchestras of the 1930s. With the exception of Bing Crosby, Frank Sinatra and Tony Bennett , the greatest voices in jazz are female, and most if not all began their careers with big bands, overcoming the prevailing chauvinist attitudes that made it difficult for any woman – let alone a black woman – to earn her place alongside the men. But Billie Holiday, Ella itzgerald (aka “The First Lady of Song) and Sarah Vaughan did just that, and today they’re considered among the finest jazz vocalists of all time.
Meanwhile, in France
Manouche or Gypsy jazz originated in Paris in the 1930s. Guitarist Django Reinhardt is widely credited with inventing the genre. Inspired by American artists such as Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington and Eddie Lang, Reinhardt sought to forge a synthesis between American jazz and his Tzigane culture. Together with violinist Stéphane Grappelli , he would go on form the Hot Club de France, one of the period’s leading Gypsy jazz ensembles.
Jazz with a Latin Twist
The first Latin jazz orchestras were formed in New York in the 1930s, offering a blend of jazz and Afro-Cuban rhythms. Among the Latin musicians who found their way to the U.S. were Cuban trumpeter Mario Bauza, one of the fathers of Latin jazz, and fellow countryman and percussionist Machito. Performing with the Chick Webb, Don Redman and Cab Calloway orchestras, Bauza sought to fuse the syncopated rhythms of American jazz with Cuban rhythms. Machito’s orchestra, meanwhile, later became the first to combine jazz harmonies with a complete Afro-Cuban percussion section.
The Bebop Sound
As swing’s popularity began to wane in the early 1940s, at jam sessions in Harlem a generation of forward-looking young musicians stepped into the breach and laid the foundations for a “new jazz” called bop or bebop. Among them were saxophonist Charlie Parker, trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie , pianist Thelonious Monk and a very sprite Miles Davis . Spurning the large orchestras in favour of smaller ensembles, these young musicians literally invented a new musical language more complex and demanding than that of swing; and while they drew a great deal of criticism into the bargain, their influence, today, is undeniable.
Cool Jazz
The late 1940s gave rise to yet another stylistic upheaval, as the now-famous Birth of the Cool sessions – conceived by trumpeter Miles Davis with the help of arranger Gil Evans and numerous musicians, including saxophonists Lee Konitz and Gerry Mulligan, and drummer Max Roach – heralded the start of the post-bop era. With its restrained harmonic structures and relaxed, often melancholy feel, the cool jazz style of the 1950s signalled a definitive break from the up-tempo virtuosity of bop. It also placed greater emphasis on the arrangement. Other innovators emerged during this period, on the West Coast and in New York; at times incorrectly, they, too, were linked with the school of cool. Such was the case for some of the decade’s leading musicians, including Lenny Tristano, Chet Baker , Dave Brubeck , Stan Getz and Jimmy Giuffre.
Radicalization
In 1953-1954, Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers and a quintet led by drummer Max Roach created hard bop. Experts are divided on whether hard bop was a response to cool or an extension of bop. One way or the other, jazz, in this new incarnation, was the business of Afro-American musicians, who fashioned a more hard-edged sound and marked a return to the sources of bop – blues, gospel and R&B. The period’s most distinguished musicians included bassist Charles Mingus and saxophonists Sonny Rollins and John Coltrane.
Freedom Reigns
By patenting an original blend of bop and blues, Coltrane erred from modern jazz conventions in favour of freedom – certainly a watchword at the dawn of the 1960s. Among the free jazz artists turning the jazz world on its ear with radical ideas on total improvisation were saxophonist Ornette Coleman , pianist Cecil Taylor, multi-instrumentalist Eric Dolphy and trumpeter Donald Cherry. The advent of free jazz brought about more than just a stylistic change – it marked a change of paradigm.
Operation Fusion
Originally dubbed jazz-rock , fusion came into being in the late 1960s. The term refers to a heterogeneous musical style blending elements of traditional jazz with the more electric sonorities common to rock and funk. Among its best known artists are Miles Davis, Herbie Hancock , Chick Corea with Return to Forever, John McLaughlin with the Mahavishnu Orchestra, and (more recently), Pat Metheny . Closer to home, the group UZEB was at the forefront of the local jazz fusion scene in the 1980s.
Operation Fusion – 2
Out of the jazz fusion experiment of the 1970s emerged electro-jazz , a music marked by the use of new electronic instruments and sonorities. Since the end of the 1990s, the genre has given rise to high-profile collaborations between jazzmen exploring more electronic sounds and DJs drawn to the infinite freedom of jazz. French trumpeter and tireless innovator Erik Truffaz is one of the most influential figures on the international electro-jazz scene. His style blends the ethereal and velvety sound of the trumpet with urban, techno, hip hop and drum’n’bass beats.
And What of Today’s jazz?
What we observe is the peaceful coexistence of most of musical currents mentioned above. Yesterday’s rivalries have given way to a consensus of sorts. Even free jazz, so controversial in its time, introduced the world to some exceptional musicians, yet its rebellious character is now a distant memory. That jazz is now taught in schools and played in major concert venues the world over speaks to its “institutionalization.”
By the early 1980s, the quest for innovation – long the driving force behind jazz – had slowed, as a new generation of musician marked a return to the “classics.” Led by trumpeter Wynton , the Marsalis brothers are one such example: they have helped to rekindle interest in the jazz styles of the 1950s and 1960s, and the music has since evolved along more traditional lines. That hasn’t prevented many from leaving their mark by striking out in new directions, however.
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Bebop
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The variable vast plasma stream of electrons and protons from the Sun is called?
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Jazz facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Jazz
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Jazz is a uniquely American style of music that developed in the early twentieth century in urban areas of the United States . As it grew in popularity and influence, jazz served as a means of bringing young people together. It has always created and sustained artistic subcultures, which have produced new and increasingly sophisticated artistry. As a pervasive and influential musical style, jazz has at times been a great social leveler and unifier. It has melded black and white citizens in a love of fast, rhythmic music, which was first proliferated through radio and the recording industry. Jazz became the basis for most social dance music and also provided one of the first opportunities for public integration.
Jazz first emerged in the black cultures of New Orleans from the mixed influences of ragtime (songs with a syncopated rhythm), blues, and the band music played at New Orleans funerals. The term jazz or jass derives from a Creole word that means both African dance and copulation. The term jazz referring to peppy dance music first appeared in a March 1913 edition of the San Francisco Bulletin, an appearance that indicates jazz’s rapid spread as a popular musical genre as well as its connection to dancing and nightlife. Developed by such innovative musicians as Buddy Bolden (1877–1931) in New Orleans in the first decade of the twentieth century, jazz had moved west, east, and north to Chicago by 1919. Spread by such New Orleans jazz groups and performers as King Oliver (1885–1938) and his Creole Jazz Band and Jelly Roll Morton (1890–1941), jazz first became popular in the nightclub cultures of big cities. King Oliver’s band in Chicago was soon joined by a young Louis Armstrong (1901–1971), who pioneered the rapid rhythmic jazz style called hot jazz. White musicians such as Bix Beiderbecke (1903–1931), Jack Teagarden (1905–1964), and Joe Venuti (1903–1978) began to copy the jazz style of New Orleans bands, and soon jazz was an American national phenomenon, appealing to sophisticates and young audiences around the country.
Jazz evolved simultaneously in the 1920s in New Orleans, Chicago, and Kansas City , performed by both black and white ensembles and orchestras. As it developed from its Dixieland forms, jazz styles ranged from the hot jazz of Louis Armstrong to the “symphonic” jazz of Paul Whiteman’s (1890–1967) band. Hot jazz, one of the first influential developments of jazz, featured a strong soloist whose variations on the melody and driving momentum were accompanied by an expert ensemble of five or seven players. The idea of soloists playing in relation to backup ensembles also worked easily with larger bands, which began to form in the 1920s.
Fletcher Henderson (1897–1952) and Duke Ellington (1899–1974) established black jazz orchestras that began performing at prominent nightclubs in Chicago and New York . Henderson employed some of the most accomplished jazz musicians of his time, including Armstrong and saxophonist Coleman Hawkins (1904–1969). Ellington, who began as a piano player, established another orchestra, noted for its sophistication in its long-running appearance at New York’s Cotton Club. Paul Whiteman, a successful white California orchestra leader, adapted jazz for his larger dance orchestra, which became the most popular band of the 1920s. Whiteman was interested in distinguishing a high art jazz as represented by George Gershwin’s (1898–1937) Rhapsody in Blue (1924, which Whiteman had commissioned for his orchestra) from what he thought of as the cruder jazz of such white jazz ensembles as the Original Dixieland Jazz Band. The Original Dixieland Jazz Band, booked into New York in 1917, was one of the first successful jazz groups.
Live band appearances and a booming recording industry increased jazz’s audience, as did Prohibition, which paradoxically made nightlife even more fashionable. Associated with nightclubs and nightlife, jazz became attractively exotic both in the United States and in Europe . Popular jazz bands traveled widely, playing at all kinds of venues from dancehalls and nightclubs to restaurants. The rapidly growing record industry quickly became interested in jazz performers. Such artists as Louis Armstrong, Jelly Roll Morton, Paul Whiteman, Benny Goodman (1909–1986), Duke Ellington, Fletcher Henderson, and others made records that reached audiences who did not venture into city nightlife.
The Great Depression , however, took its toll on smaller and less successful jazz bands, black bands more than white bands. With the advent of swing music, many white bands could continue to prosper, but many black bands had more difficulty finding large audiences. They were less commercially successful in general, since most black orchestras did not have the mainstream connections and recording contracts of white bands. In addition, Jim Crow segregation laws kept black orchestras separate from white orchestras. For these reasons, many black jazz musicians went to Europe in the 1920s and 1930s, where they were welcomed. Coleman Hawkins and clarinetist Sidney Bechet (1897–1959) both played in Europe, where audiences were captivated by the erotic suggestiveness of jazz.
Swing, a jazz-inflected dance music, developed in the 1930s and was hugely popular during World War II (1939–1945). Swing jazz was designed for larger musical groups. It continued hot jazz’s back-and-forth between a solo player and the supporting ensemble, but it framed and balanced the solo with a more structured accompaniment, which often involved a musical battle between various sections of the band. Swing developed gradually, but Benny Goodman’s August 21, 1935, performance at the Palomar Ballroom in Los Angeles is often considered swing’s debut. Its popularity established swing as a dance music and style that cut across classes and races. Swing bands—known as Big Bands —also employed band singers, many of whom became hugely popular in their own right. Frank Sinatra (1915–1998), for example, caused riots during his appearances with the Tommy Dorsey Band, while Bing Crosby (1903–1977), Ella Fitzgerald (1917–1996), Billie Holiday (1915–1959), Doris Day, and Rosemary Clooney (1928–2002) all became stars in their own right.
Female singers, especially Fitzgerald and Sarah Vaughn (1924–1990), had a larger part in the evolution of jazz than most women did. Since its inception, innovations in jazz seemed to come mainly from those who played wind instruments—trumpet players Louis Armstrong, Dizzy Gillespie (1917–1993), and Miles Davis (1926–1991); saxophonists Charlie Parker (1920–1955) and John Coltrane (1926–1967); and clarinetist Benny Goodman. Players of other instruments, such as piano, drums, bass, and guitar, though enjoying roles as soloists, were primarily responsible for maintaining the driving rhythm of jazz pieces. Until they became prominent as jazz vocalists, women musicians seemed to have little role as jazz artists or innovators. Although they occasionally played in jazz groups, women musicians were most often pianists, such as Louis Armstrong’s wife, Lillian Hardin (1898–1971). The introduction of female vocalists whose role was increasingly like that of other featured wind instruments broadened the dimensions of jazz. Scat singing, or singing nonsense syllables, which had been used earlier by Ethel Waters (1900–1977), Edith Wilson (1896–1981), and Louis Armstrong, made the voice sound more like a jazz instrument. Melodic voice improvisation developed by such women vocalists as Adelaide Hall (1904–1993), Ivie Anderson (1905–1949), and most notably Fitzgerald made the voice an instrument and an important part of the jazz repertoire. Vocalist Billie Holiday added her own brand of blues inflected improvisation, phrasing like a wind player and injecting fun and suggestiveness into the music. In the 1940s two other vocalists, Dinah Washington (1924–1963) and Sarah Vaughn, added their own imprimatur to jazz: Washington imported a powerful clarity from gospel music, and Vaughn further developed the voice as an instrument in the context of bebop.
The popularity of swing music beginning in the 1930s also enabled bands to cross color lines. Before swing, bands mostly played to audiences of their own race, but with swing, white audiences began to follow black bands as well. In the mid-1930s, Benny Goodman integrated his jazz ensemble, working with Teddy Wilson (1912–1986), a pianist, and Lionel Hampton (1908–2002), a vibraphonist. Because jazz musicians knew, admired, and even borrowed one another’s work, jazz ensembles were among the first integrated public performance groups.
Swing also helped moor up the national mood both during both the Depression and the Second World War . Armed Services Radio broadcast swing music to soldiers. Although musicians and record companies were at a standoff over musicians’ royalties for airplay in 1942, a special V-Disc program produced records for the use of the military.
After the war, many musicians who had begun their careers in swing bands—including Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie—began exploring a more frenetic smallensemble form of jazz known as bop. With such younger artists as Miles Davis and Art Blakey (1919–1990), bop developed as a more hard-driving, difficult jazz characterized by the prominence of soloists who played rapid complex improvisations in business suits. Bop was primarily the bailiwick of black musicians, who were rescuing the form from the pleasant popularity of swing and who would, with their development of hard bop or bebop and cool jazz, turn jazz into something more intellectual, difficult, and soulful. These later forms became a connoisseur’s jazz, played again in smaller clubs and establishing jazz artists as the avant-garde of music. Such beat artists as Jack Kerouac (1922–1969) extolled bop jazz as representing an expression of soul that beat writers wished to emulate by breaking down traditional forms.
Despite its often improvisational character, jazz benefited from a number of talented composers. Instrumentalists such as Bix Beiderbecke, Louis Armstrong, Dizzy Gillespie, Charles Mingus (1922–1979), Miles Davis, Horace Silver, Thelonious Monk (1917–1982), Sun Ra (1914–1993), Wayne Shorter, and Randy Weston contributed to the growing body of jazz music, as did Duke Ellington and his collaborator Billy Strayhorn (1915–1967). Ellington and Strayhorn, both pianists, forged a productive association, writing Ellington’s theme song, “Take the ‘A’ Train” (1941), as well as other well-known favorites played by the Ellington orchestra. More recently, other composers have continued jazz’s evolution, including Jeff Wains and Wynton Marsalis.
Jazz had also long incorporated a broader base of musical styles and influences, so even as it became cool and increasingly sophisticated, it also dipped again and again into a variety of sources, renewing itself and extending its influence into more popular musical forms. As Dizzy Gillespie developed bop, he also infused his music with Afro-Cuban jazz rhythms and musicians. Chano Pozo (1915–1948), a Cuban percussionist, joined Gillespie’s band in 1947, and the addition of Pozo and a wide array of Latin percussion instruments, such as the congas, bongos, timbales, and claves, produced complex and rapidly moving pieces. Latin musicians such as trumpet player Arturo Sandoval also joined Gillespie. In the 1950s Puerto Rican percussionist Tito Puente (1923–2000) and Cuban musicians Chico O’Farrill (1921–2001) and Chucho Valdés played Latin mambo in New York, influencing both big band and jazz ensemble sounds. In the early 1960s Brazilian jazz, called bossa nova, emerged in the United States. João Gilberto and Antonio Carlos Jobim (1927–1994) brought the style to the United States, and their work was taken up by saxophonist Stan Getz (1927–1991). Miles Davis worked with Brazilian drummer Airto Moreira, and in the 1990s Roy Hargrove incorporated Afro-Cuban elements in his Crisol project. The influence of Latin rhythms and styles enlarged the appeal of jazz, making it more joyous and rhythmic, and via such forms as bossa nova, linking it to more mainstream styles.
As jazz became more esoteric, it became more sophisticated than popular. Although it continued to influence the styles of newer music, such as rock and roll, its audience shrank to those who could appreciate its difficulties, and jazz no longer played as direct a role in the evolution of popular music. It retained its links to nightclubs, but lost its aura of carefree joy. Jazz musicians of the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s became associated with the innovations and countercultural sentiments of the beats. Some, such as pianist Dave Brubeck and saxophonist Paul Desmond (1924–1977), became campus favorites, touring with their jazz quartet around Midwest college campuses in the 1950s. In its links to countercultural art and lifestyles, as well as to a more intellectual milieu, jazz also became associated with civil rights efforts, Black Nationalism, and other radical movements of the 1960s and 1970s. Although jazz musicians (like many performers) had long been linked to drugs and less-than-suburban lifestyles, as drugs became an openly rebellious facet of the hippie and youth movements of the 1970s, they became a part of the myth of jazz as well.
At the same time, jazz also became more academic and respectable as a high culture phenomenon. Music conservatories and universities began offering courses in jazz history and composition and training jazz musicians. Such renowned institutions as the Berklee College of Music in Boston, the Juilliard School in New York City, and the Eastman School of Music in Rochester, New York, as well as numerous universities in the United States and throughout the world, train jazz musicians.
Jazz of the later twentieth century continued to develop multiple styles—free jazz, soul jazz, jazz-rock fusion—that represented attempts to reclaim jazz as a specifically black musical tradition, even though jazz continued to be an integrated effort. Jazz groups again became smaller ensembles and their work became more experimental and aimed at appreciative listeners rather than at dancing. Jazz clubs developed in larger cities; the clubs attract audiences of jazz lovers but not nearly the kind of widespread adulation given to swing. In the 1990s Wynton Marsalis and his brother Branford Marsalis led a renaissance in the widespread popularity of jazz. Wynton Marsalis, a classically trained trumpet player, won Grammy Awards in both classical and jazz categories. More important perhaps was his energetic advocacy of jazz as a central genre of American music. Collaborating with documentary filmmaker Ken Burns, Wynton Marsalis contributed his own more conservative perspective to Burns’s twenty-hour documentary, Jazz (2001). Some musicians, such as Miles Davis, thought that Marsalis’s ideas of a pure jazz were too conservative, but Marsalis has certainly been responsible for the revival of jazz as an important musical form.
As it has throughout its history, jazz continues to find talented and innovative musicians who continue to reinvent and redefine jazz. Becoming increasingly international and opening slightly to greater participation by women musicians, jazz continues to influence developing musical styles, but its mixture of styles, its contributions to racial integration, and its establishment of a uniquely American form as a central influential musical tradition already form its legacy.
SEE ALSO Music, Psychology of; Popular Music; World Music
Erenberg, Lewis. 1998. Swingin’ the Dream: Big Band Jazz and the Rebirth of American Culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Giddings, Gary. 1998. Visions of Jazz: The First Century. New York: Oxford University Press.
Shack, William. 2001. Harlem in Montmartre: A Paris Jazz Story between the Great Wars. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Shipton, Alyn. 2001. A New History of Jazz. London: Continuum.
Szwed, John. 2000. Jazz 101: The Complete Guide to Learning and Loving Jazz. New York: Hyperion.
Ward, Geoffrey C., and Ken Burns. 2000. Jazz: A History of America’s Music. New York: Knopf.
Judith Roof
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Middle Ages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Middle Ages
Replica of the helmet found at Sutton Hoo , in the burial of an Anglo-Saxon leader, probably a king , about 620 in the Early Middle Ages [1]
The Middle Ages is a period of European history that lasted from the 5th until the 15th centuries. It began with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire , and was followed by the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery . The Middle Ages is the middle period of the traditional division of Western history into Classical, Medieval, and Modern periods. The period is subdivided into the Early Middle Ages , the High Middle Ages , and the Late Middle Ages .
In the Early Middle Ages, depopulation, deurbanization, and barbarian invasions, which began in Late Antiquity , continued. The barbarian invaders formed new kingdoms in the remains of the Western Roman Empire. In the 7th century North Africa and the Middle East , once part of the Eastern Roman Empire (the Byzantine Empire ), became an Islamic Empire after conquest by Muhammad 's successors . Although there were substantial changes in society and political structures, the break with Antiquity was not complete. The still sizeable Byzantine Empire survived and remained a major power. The empire's law code, the Code of Justinian , was widely admired. In the West, most kingdoms incorporated extant Roman institutions, while monasteries were founded as Christianity expanded in western Europe. The Franks , under the Carolingian dynasty , established an empire covering much of western Europe; the Carolingian Empire endured until the 9th century, when it succumbed to the pressures of invasion — the Vikings from the north; the Magyars from the east, and the Saracens from the south.
During the High Middle Ages, which began after AD 1000, the population of Europe increased greatly as technological and agricultural innovations allowed trade to flourish and crop yields to increase. Manorialism — the organization of peasants into villages that owed rent and labor services to the nobles ; and feudalism — the political structure whereby knights and lower-status nobles owed military service to their overlords, in return for the right to rent from lands and manors - were two of the ways society was organized in the High Middle Ages. The Crusades , first preached in 1095, were military attempts, by western European Christians, to regain control of the Middle Eastern Holy Land from the Muslims . Kings became the heads of centralized nation states, reducing crime and violence but making the ideal of a unified Christendom more distant. Intellectual life was marked by scholasticism , a philosophy which emphasized joining faith to reason, and by the founding of universities . The philosophy of Thomas Aquinas , the paintings of Giotto , the poetry of Dante and Chaucer , the travels of Marco Polo , and the architecture of Gothic cathedrals such as Chartres are among the outstanding achievements of this period.
The Late Middle Ages were marked by difficulties and calamities, such as famine, plague, and war, which much diminished the population of western Europe; in the four years from 1347 through 1350, the Black Death killed approximately a third of the European population. Controversy, heresy , and schism within the Church paralleled the warfare between states, the civil war, and peasant revolts occurring in the kingdoms. Cultural and technological developments transformed European society, concluding the Late Middle Ages and beginning the Early Modern period .
Contents
See also: Periodization
The Middle Ages is one of the three major periods in the most enduring scheme for analyzing European history : classical civilization, or Antiquity , the Middle Ages, and the modern period . [2]
Development of the concept
Medieval writers divided history into periods such as the " Six Ages " or the " Four Empires " and considered their time period to be the last before the end of the world. [3] In the 1330s, the humanist and poet Petrarch referred to pre-Christian times as antiqua (or "ancient") and to the Christian period as nova (or "new"). [4] Leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodization in his History of the Florentine People (1442). [5] Bruni and later historians argued that Italy had recovered since Petrarch's time, and therefore added a third period to Petrarch's two. The "Middle Ages" first appears in Latin in 1469 as media tempestas or "middle season". [6] In early usage, there were many variants, including medium aevum, or "middle age", first recorded in 1604, [7] and media scecula, or "middle ages", first recorded in 1625. Tripartite periodization became standard after the German historian Christoph Cellarius published Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period in 1683. English is the only major language that retains a plural form of the term. [8]
Start and end dates
The most commonly given start date for the Middle Ages is 476, [9] first used by Bruni. [5] [a] For Europe as a whole, 1500 is often considered to be the end of the Middle Ages, [11] but there is no universally agreed upon end date; [12] depending on the context, events such as Christopher Columbus 's first voyage to the Americas in 1492, conquest of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453, or the Protestant Reformation in 1517 are sometimes used. [13] In contrast, English historians often use the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 to mark the end of the period. [14] For Spain, dates commonly used are the death of King Ferdinand II in 1516, the death of Queen Isabella I of Castile in 1504, or the conquest of Granada in 1492. [15]
Historians in the Romance languages tend to divide the Middle Ages into two parts: an earlier "High" and later "Low" period. English-speaking historians, following their German counterparts, generally subdivide the Middle Ages into three intervals: "Early", "High" and "Late". [2] Belgian historian Henri Pirenne and Dutch historian Johan Huizinga popularized the following subdivisions in the early 20th century: the Early Middle Ages from 476 to 1000, the High Middle Ages from 1000 to 1300, and the Late Middle Ages from 1300 to 1453. In the 19th century, the entire Middle Ages were often referred to as the " Dark Ages ", [16] [b] but with the creation of these subdivisions use of this term was restricted to the Early Middle Ages, at least among historians. [3]
Timeline
Later Roman Empire
Main articles: Late Antiquity , Decline of the Roman Empire , and Byzantium under the Constantinian and Valentinian dynasties
The Roman Empire reached its greatest territorial extent during the 2nd century AD, with the following two centuries witnessing the slow decline of Roman control over its outlying territories. [17] Economic issues, including inflation, and external pressures on the frontiers combined to make the 3rd century politically unstable , with a number of emperors coming to the throne only to be rapidly replaced by new usurpers. [18] Military expenses increased steadily during the 3rd century, mainly in response to the need to defend against the renewed war with Sassanid Persia , which began in the middle of the 3rd century. [19] The army doubled in size and various reforms in composition resulted in a new emphasis on cavalry and smaller units instead of the infantry legion as the main tactical unit. [20] The need for revenue led to increased taxes and a decline in numbers of the curial landowning class, and decreasing numbers of them willing to shoulder the burdens of holding office in their native towns. [19] More bureaucrats were needed in the central administration to deal with the needs of the army, which led to complaints from civilians that there were more tax-collectors in the empire than tax-payers. [20]
A late Roman statue depicting the four Tetrarchs , now in Venice
The Emperor Diocletian (r. 284–305) split the empire into separately administered eastern and western halves in 286; however, the empire was not considered divided by its inhabitants or rulers, as legal and administrative promulgations in one division were considered valid in the other. [21] [c] In 330, after a period of civil war, Constantine the Great (r. 306–337) refounded the city of Byzantium as the newly renamed eastern capital, Constantinople . [22] Diocletian's reforms strengthened the governmental bureaucracy, reformed taxation, and strengthened the army, which bought the empire time but did not completely resolve the problems it was facing: excessive taxation, a declining birthrate, and pressures on its frontiers among others. [23] Civil war between rival emperors became common in the middle of the 4th century, diverting soldiers from the empire's frontier forces and allowing barbarians to encroach. [24] But for much of the 4th century, Roman society had reached a new, stable form that differed from the earlier classical period in a number of significant ways - a widening gulf between the rich and poor as well as a decline in the vitality of the smaller towns. [25] Another change was the conversion of the empire to Christianity , which occurred in a gradual process that lasted from the 2nd through the 5th centuries. [26] [27]
Map of the approximate political boundaries in Europe around 450
In 376, the Ostrogoths , fleeing from the Huns , received permission from the Roman emperor Valens (r. 364–378) to settle in the Roman province of Thracia . The settlement did not go smoothly, and when Roman officials mishandled the situation, the Ostrogoths began to raid and plunder. [d] Valens, attempting to put down the disorder, was killed in battle with the Ostrogoths at the Battle of Adrianople on 9 August 378. [29] Besides the barbarian threat from the north, internal divisions within the empire, especially within the Christian Church, caused troubles. [30] In 400, the Visigoths invaded the Western Roman Empire and, although briefly forced back from Italy, in 410 they were able to sack the city of Rome . [31] While the Visigoths were invading, in 406 the Alans , Vandals , and Suevi crossed into Gaul; over the next three years they spread across Gaul and in 409 crossed the Pyrenees Mountains into modern-day Spain. [32] Other groups of barbarians took part in the movements of peoples in this time period. The Franks , Alemanni , and the Burgundians eventually all ended up in northern Gaul while the Angles , Saxons , and Jutes settled in Britain. [33] In the 430s the Huns began invading the empire; their king Attila led invasions into the Balkans in 442 and 447, into Gaul in 451, and into Italy in 452. [34] The Hunnic threat remained until Attila's death in 453, when the Hunnic confederation he led fell apart. [35] All of these invasions by the varied tribes totally rearranged the political and demographic face of what had been the Western Roman Empire. [33]
By the end of the 5th century the western section of the empire was divided into smaller political units, ruled by the tribes that had invaded in the early part of the century. [36] The last emperor of the west, Romulus Augustulus , was deposed in 476, which has led that year to be traditionally cited as the end of the Western Roman Empire. [10] [e] The Eastern Roman Empire , often referred to as the "Byzantine Empire" after the fall of its western counterpart, had little ability to assert control over the lost western territories. Even though Byzantine emperors maintained a claim over the territory, and no barbarian king in the west dared to elevate himself to the position of Emperor of the West, Byzantine control of most of the West could not be sustained; the reconquest of the Italian peninsula and Mediterranean periphery by Justinian was the sole, and temporary, exception. [37]
Early Middle Ages
Main article: Migration Period
Although the political structure in western Europe had changed, the divide is not as extensive as some historians have claimed. Although the activity of the barbarians is usually described as "invasions", they were not just military expeditions but were migrations of entire peoples into the Empire. Such movements were aided by the refusal of the western Roman elites to either support the army or pay the taxes that would have allowed the military to suppress the migration. [38] The emperors of the 5th century were often controlled by military strongmen such as Stilicho (d. 408), Aspar (d. 471), Ricimer (d. 472), or Gundobad (d. 516), and when the line of western emperors ceased, many of the kings who replaced them were from the same background as those military strongmen. Intermarriage between the new kings and the Roman elites was common. [39] This led to a fusion of the Roman culture with the customs of the invading tribes, including the popular assemblies which allowed free male tribal members more say in political matters. [40] Material artifacts left by the Romans and the invaders are often similar, with tribal items often being obviously modeled on Roman objects. [41] Similarly, much of the intellectual culture of the new kingdoms was directly based on Roman intellectual traditions. [42] An important difference was the gradual loss of tax revenue by the new polities. Many of the new political entities no longer provided their armies with tax revenues, instead allocating land or rents. This meant there was less need for large tax revenues and so the taxation systems decayed. [43] Warfare was common between and within the kingdoms. Slavery declined as the supply declined, and society became more rural. [44]
Coin of Theodoric
Between the 5th and 8th centuries, new peoples and powerful individuals filled the political void left by Roman centralized government. [42] The Ostrogoths settled in Italy in the late 5th century under Theodoric (d. 526) and set up a kingdom marked by its cooperation between the Italians and the Ostrogoths, at least until the last years of Theodoric's reign. [45] The Burgundians settled in Gaul , and after an earlier kingdom was destroyed by the Huns in 436, formed a new kingdom in the 440s between today's Geneva and Lyon . This grew to be a powerful kingdom in the late 5th and early 6th centuries. [46] In northern Gaul, the Franks and Britons set up small kingdoms. The Frankish kingdom was centered in northeastern Gaul and the first king of whom much is known is Childeric (d. 481). [f] Under Childeric's son Clovis (r. 509–511), the Frankish kingdom expanded and converted to Christianity. The Britons, related to the natives of Britannia - modern-day Great Britain, settled in what is now Brittany. [48] [g] Other kingdoms were established by the Visigoths in Spain, the Suevi in northwestern Spain, and the Vandals in North Africa. [46] In the 6th century, the Lombards settled in northern Italy, replacing the Ostrogothic kingdom with a grouping of duchies that occasionally selected a king to rule over all of them. By the late 6th century this arrangement had been replaced by a permanent monarchy. [49]
With the invasions came new ethnic groups into parts of Europe, but the settlement was uneven, with some regions such as Spain having a larger settlement of new peoples than other places. Gaul's settlement was uneven, with the barbarians settling much heavier in the northeast than in the southwest. Slavonic peoples settled in central and eastern Europe and into the Balkan Peninsula. The settlement of peoples was accompanied by changes in languages. The Latin of the Western Roman Empire was gradually replaced by languages based on but distinct from Latin, which are collectively known as romance languages . These changes from Latin to the new languages took many centuries and went through a number of stages . Greek remained the language of the Byzantine Empire, but the migrations of the Slavs added Slavonic languages to Eastern Europe. [50]
Byzantine survival
Mosaic showing Justinian with the bishop who ruled Byzantine Ravenna , bodyguards and courtiers
As western Europe witnessed the formation of new kingdoms, the eastern section of the Roman Empire remained intact and experienced an economic revival that lasted into the early 7th century. There were fewer invasions of the eastern section of the Empire, with the majority occurring in the Balkans. Peace with Persia , the traditional enemy of Rome, lasted throughout most of the 5th century. The Eastern Empire was marked by closer relations between the political state and Christian church, with doctrinal matters assuming an importance in eastern politics that they did not have in western Europe. Legal developments included the codification of Roman law , with the first effort - the Theodosian Code - completed in 438. [51] Under the emperor Justinian (r. 527–565), a further compilation took place - the Corpus Juris Civilis . [52] Justinian also oversaw the construction of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople and the reconquest of North Africa from the Vandals and Italy from the Ostrogoths, [53] under Belisarius . [54] The conquest of Italy was not complete, as a deadly outbreak of plague in 542 led to the rest of Justinian's reign concentrating on defensive measures rather than further conquests. [53] At the emperor's death, the Byzantines had control of most of Italy, North Africa, and a small foothold in southern Spain. Justinian's reconquests have often been criticized for overextending his realm and setting the stage for the Muslim conquests. But many of the difficulties faced by Justinian's successors were due not just to overtaxation for Justinian's wars, but to the essentially civilian nature of the empire which made raising troops difficult. [55]
In the Eastern Empire the slow infiltration of the Balkans by the Slavs added a further complication. Although it began as a small invasion, by the late 540s Slavic tribes were in Thrace and Illyrium , and had defeated an imperial army near Adrianople in 551. In the 560s the Avars began to expand from their base on the north bank of the Danube River ; by the end of the 6th century they were the dominant power in Central Europe and routinely able to force the eastern emperors to give tribute. They remained a strong power until 796. [56] Further complications were the involvement of the emperor Maurice (r. 582–602) in Persian politics when he intervened in a succession dispute . This led to a period of peace but when Maurice was overthrown in turn, the Persians invaded and during the reign of the emperor Heraclius (r. 610–641) managed to control large chunks of the Empire, including Egypt, Syria, and Asia Minor . Heraclius was eventually able to secure a peace treaty with the Persians in 628 that restored the earlier boundaries of the Empire. [57]
Western society
Main article: Early medieval literature
Society in Western Europe changed with the new rulers. Some of the Roman elite families died out while others became more involved with Church than secular affairs. The older values of Latin scholarship and education mostly disappeared, and while literacy remained important, it became a practical skill rather than a sign of elite status. In the 4th century, Jerome dreamed that God rebuked him for spending more time reading Cicero than the Bible . By the 6th century, Gregory of Tours had a similar dream, but instead of being chastised for reading Cicero, he was chastised for learning shorthand . [58] By the late 6th century, the principal means of religious instruction in the Church ceased to be the book and was replaced with music and art. [59] Most intellectual efforts went towards imitating classical scholarship, but some original works were created, along with now-lost oral compositions. The writings of Sidonius Apollinaris , Cassiodorus , and Boethius were typical of the age. [60]
With laymen, a similar change took place, with the aristocratic culture focusing on great feasts held in halls. Clothing for the elites was richly embellished with jewels and gold. Lords and kings supported entourages of fighters who formed the backbone of the military forces of the time. Family ties within the elites were important, as were the virtues of loyalty, courage, and honour. These ties led to the prevalence of the feud in aristocratic society, examples of which included those related by Gregory of Tours that took place in Merovingian Gaul . Most feuds seem to have ended quickly with the payment of some sort of compensation usually ending the feud. [61] Women took part in aristocratic society mainly in terms of their functions as wives or mothers of men, with the role of mother of a ruler being especially prominent in Merovingian Gaul. In Anglo-Saxon society, the lack of many child rulers meant less role for women as queen mothers but this was compensated for by the increased role played by abbesses of monasteries. Only in Italy does it appear that women were considered as always under the protection and control of some male relative. [62]
Reconstruction of an early medieval peasant village in Bavaria
Peasant society is much less documented than the nobility. Most of the surviving information available to historians comes from archaeology ; few detailed written records documenting peasant life remain from before the 9th century. Most the descriptions of the lower classes come from either law codes or writers from the upper classes. [63] Landholding patterns in the West were not uniform, with some areas having greatly fragmented landholding patterns and other areas with a pattern of large, contiguous blocks of land being the norm. These differences allowed for a wide variety of peasant societies with some being dominated by aristocratic landholders and others having a great deal of autonomy. [64] Land settlement also varied greatly. Some peasants lived in large settlements that numbered as many as 700 inhabitants. Others lived in small groups of a few families and still others lived on isolated farms spread over the countryside. There were also areas where the pattern was a mix of two or more of those systems. [65] Unlike in the late Roman period, there was no sharp break between the legal status of the free peasant and the aristocrat, and it was possible for a free peasant's family to rise into the aristocracy over a number of generations through military service to a powerful lord. [66]
Roman city life and culture changed greatly in the early Middle Ages. Although Italian cities remained inhabited places, they contracted greatly in size. Rome shrank from a population of hundreds of thousands to around 30,000 by the end of the end of the 6th century. Roman temples were converted into Christian churches and the city walls remained in use. [20] In Northern Europe, cities also shrank, while the public monuments and other public buildings were raided for building materials. The establishment of new kingdoms often meant some growth for the towns chosen as capitals. [67]
Rise of Islam
Main article: Muslim conquests
The Islamic Empire and the caliphs during their greatest extent, 622–750
Religious beliefs in the Eastern Empire and Persia were in flux during the late 6th and early 7th centuries. Judaism was an active proselytising faith, and at least one Arab political leader converted to Judaism. Christianity had active missions competing with the Persian's Zoroastrianism in seeking converts, especially among residents of the Arabian Peninsula . All strands came together with emergence of Islam in Arabia during the lifetime of Muhammad . [68] After Muhammad's death in 632, Islamic forces went on to conquer much of the Eastern Empire as well as Persia, starting with Syria in 634–635 and later as far as Egypt in 640–641, Persia between 637 and 642, North Africa in the later 7th century and the Iberian Peninsula in 711. [69] By 714, Islamic forces controlled much of the peninsula, a region they called Al-Andalus . [70]
The Islamic conquests only slowed in the middle of the 8th century. The first check was the defeat of Muslim forces at the Battle of Poitiers in 732, which led to the reconquest of southern France by the Franks. But the main reason for the ebbing of Islamic conquests in Europe was the overthrow of the Umayyad dynasty and its replacement by the Abbasid dynasty . The Abbasids moved their capital to Baghdad and their interests were more concerned with the Middle East than Europe. The Abbasids lost control of sections of the Muslim lands - with Umayyad descendants taking over the Iberian Peninsula along with the Aghlabids controlling North Africa and the Tulunids ruling Egypt. [71] By the middle of the 8th century, new trading patterns were emerging in the Mediterranean, with trade between the Franks and the Arabs replacing the old Roman patterns of trade . Franks traded timber, furs, swords and slaves to the Arabs in return for silks and other fabrics, spices, and precious metals. [72]
Trade and economy
The barbarian invasions of the 4th and 5th centuries caused disruption in trade networks around the Mediterranean. African trade goods disappear from the archeological record slowly, first disappearing from the interior of Europe and by the 7th century they are usually only found in a few cities such as Rome or Naples . By the end of the 7th century, under the impact of the Muslim conquests, African products are no longer found in Western Europe, and have been mostly replaced by local products. The replacement of trade goods with local products was a trend throughout the old Roman lands that happened in the Early Middle Ages. This was especially marked in the lands that did not lie on the Mediterranean, such as northern Gaul or Britain. What non-local goods that appear in the archeological record are usually luxury goods. In the northern parts of Europe, not only were the trade networks local, but those goods that were produced were simple, with little use of pottery or other complex products. Around the Mediterranean Sea, however, pottery remained prevalent and appears to have been traded over medium range networks and not just produced locally. [73]
Church and monasticism
Main article: History of the East–West Schism
An 11th-century illustration of Gregory the Great dictating to a secretary
Christianity was a major unifying factor between Eastern and western Europe before the Arab conquests, but the conquest of North Africa sundered maritime connections between those areas. Increasingly the Byzantine Church, which became the Orthodox Church , differed in language, practices, and liturgy from the western Church, which became the Catholic Church . The eastern church used Greek instead of the western Latin. Theological and political differences emerged, and by the early and middle 8th century issues such as iconoclasm , clerical marriage , and state control of the church had widened enough that the cultural and religious differences were greater than the similarities. [74] The formal break came in 1054, when the papacy and the patriarchy of Constantinople clashed over papal supremacy and mutually excommunicated each other, which led to the division of Christianity into two churches – the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church . [75]
The ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Empire survived the barbarian invasions in the west mostly intact, but the papacy was little regarded, with few of the western bishops looking to the bishop of Rome for religious or political leadership. Many of the popes prior to 750 were in any case more concerned with Byzantine affairs and eastern theological concerns. The register, or archived copies of the letters, of Pope Gregory the Great , (pope 590–604) survives, and of those more than 850 letters, the vast majority were concerned with affairs in Italy or Constantinople. The only part of western Europe where the papacy had influence was Britain, where Gregory had sent the Gregorian mission in 597 to convert the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity. [76] Other missionary efforts were led by the Irish , who between the 5th and the 7th centuries were the most active missionaries in western Europe, with missionaries going first to England and Scotland and then later onto the continent. Irish missionaries , under such monks as Columba (d. 597) and Columbanus (d. 615), not only founded monasteries but also taught in Latin and Greek and were active authors of secular and religious works. [77]
The Early Middle Ages witnessed the rise of monasticism in the West. The shape of European monasticism was determined by traditions and ideas that originated in the deserts of Egypt and Syria . Most European monasteries were of the type that focuses on community experience of the spiritual life, called cenobitism , which was pioneered by Pachomius (d. 348) in the 4th century. Monastic ideals spread from Egypt to western Europe in the 5th and 6th centuries through hagiographical literature such as the Life of Anthony . [78] Benedict of Nursia (d. 547) wrote the Benedictine Rule for Western monasticism during the 6th century, detailing the administrative and spiritual responsibilities of a community of monks led by an abbot . [79] Monks and monasteries had a deep effect on the religious and political life of the Early Middle Ages, in various cases acting as land trusts for powerful families, centres of propaganda and royal support in newly conquered regions, and bases for mission and proselytization. [80] In addition, they were the main and sometimes only outposts of education and literacy in a region. Many of the surviving manuscripts of the Roman classics were copied in monasteries in the early Middle Ages. [81] Monks were also the authors of new works, including history, theology, and other subjects, which were written by authors such as Bede (d. 735), a native of northern England who wrote in the late 7th and early 8th century. [82]
Carolingian Europe
Main articles: Frankish Empire and Carolingian Empire
Map showing growth of Frankish power from 481–814.
The Frankish kingdom in northern Gaul split into kingdoms called Austrasia , Neustria , and Burgundy during the 6th and 7th centuries, under the Merovingians who were descended from Clovis. The 7th century was a tumultuous period of civil wars between Austrasia and Neustria. [83] Such warfare was exploited by Pippin , the Mayor of the Palace for Austrasia who became the power behind the throne. Later members of his family line inherited the office, acting as advisors and regents. One of his descendents, Charles Martel (d. 741), won the Battle of Poitiers in 732, halting the advance of Muslim armies across the Pyrenees. [84] [h] Across the English Channel in the British Isles, the island of Britain was divided into small states dominated by the kingdoms of Northumbria , Mercia , Wessex , and East Anglia , which were descended from the Anglo-Saxon invaders . Smaller kingdoms in present-day Wales and Scotland were still under the control of the original native Britons and Picts . [86] Ireland was divided into even smaller political units, usually known as tribal kingdoms, which were under the control of kings. There were perhaps as many as 150 local kings in Ireland, of varying importance. [87]
Charlemagne's palace chapel at Aachen , completed in 805 [88]
The Carolingian dynasty , as the successors to Charles Martel are known, officially took control of the kingdoms of Austrasia and Neustria in a coup of 753 led by Pippin III (r. 752–768). A contemporary chronicle claims that Pippin sought, and gained, authority for this coup from Pope Stephen II (pope 752–757). Pippin's takeover was reinforced with propaganda that portrayed the Merovingians as inept or cruel rulers and exalted the accomplishments of Charles Martel and circulated stories of the family's great piety. At the time of his death in 768, Pippin left his kingdom in the hands of his two sons, Charles (r. 768–814) and Carloman (r. 768–771). When Carloman died of natural causes, Charles blocked the succession of Carloman's minor son and installed himself as the king of the united Austrasia and Neustria. Charles, more often known as Charles the Great or Charlemagne , embarked in 774 upon a program of systematic expansion that would unify a large portion of Europe, eventually controlling modern-day France, northern Italy, and Saxony. In the wars that lasted just beyond 800, he rewarded allies with war booty and command over parcels of land. [89] In 774, Charlemagne conquered the Lombards , which freed the papacy from the fear of Lombard conquest and marked the beginnings of the Papal States . [90] [i]
The coronation of Charlemagne as emperor on Christmas Day 800 is regarded as a turning-point in medieval history, marking a return of the Western Roman Empire, since the new emperor ruled over much of the area previously controlled by the western emperors. [92] It also marks a change in Charlemagne's relationship with the Byzantine Empire, as the assumption of the imperial title by the Carolingians asserted their equivalency to the Byzantine state. [93] There were a number of differences between the newly established Carolingian Empire and both the older Western Roman Empire and the concurrent Byzantine Empire. The Frankish lands were rural in character, with only a few small cities. Most of the people were peasants settled on small farms. Little trade existed and much of that was with the British Isles and Scandinavia, in contrast to the older Roman Empire which had its trading networks centered on the Mediterranean. [92] The administration of the empire was from an itinerant court that traveled with the emperor as well as through approximately 300 imperial officials called counts , who administered the counties which the empire had been divided into. Clergy and local bishops served as officials, as well as the imperial officials called missi dominici , who served as roving inspectors and troubleshooters. [94]
Carolingian Renaissance
Main articles: Carolingian Renaissance and Carolingian art
Charlemagne's court in Aachen was the centre of the cultural revival sometimes referred to as the " Carolingian Renaissance ". The period saw an increase in literacy, developments in the arts, architecture and jurisprudence, as well as liturgical and scriptural studies. The English monk Alcuin (d. 804) was invited to Aachen and brought the education available in the monasteries of Northumbria. Charlemagne's chancery - or writing office - made use of a new script today known as Carolingian minuscule , [j] allowing a common writing style that advanced communication across much of Europe. Charlemagne sponsored changes in church liturgy , imposing the Roman form of church service on his domains, as well as the Gregorian chant form of liturgical music in the churches. An important activity for scholars during this period was the copying, correcting, and dissemination of basic works on religious and secular topics, with the aim of encourage learning. New works on religious topics and schoolbooks were also produced. [96] Grammarians of the period modified the Latin language, changing it from the Classical Latin of the Roman Empire into a more flexible form to fit the needs of the church and government. By the reign of Charlemagne, the language had become enough different from the classical that it came to be called Medieval Latin . [97]
Breakup of the Carolingian Empire
Territorial divisions of the Carolingian Empire in 843 ( Treaty of Verdun ), 855, and 870 ( Treaty of Meersen ).
While Charlemagne planned to continue the Frankish tradition of dividing his kingdom between all his heirs, he was unable to do so as only one son, Louis the Pious (r. 814–840), was still alive by 813. Charlemagne crowned Louis as his successor, just before Charlemagne's death in 814. Louis's long reign of 26 years was marked by numerous divisions of the empire among his sons and, after 829, numerous civil wars between various alliances of father and sons over the control of various parts of the empire. Eventually, Louis recognized his eldest son Lothair I (d. 855) as emperor and gave him Italy. Louis divided the rest of the empire between Lothair and Charles the Bald (d. 877), his youngest son. Lothair took East Francia , comprising both banks of the Rhine and eastwards, leaving Charles West Francia with the empire to the west of the Rhineland and the Alps. Louis the German (d. 876), the middle child, who had been rebellious to the last, was allowed to keep Bavaria under the suzerainty of his elder brother. The division was not undisputed. Pepin II of Aquitaine (d. after 864), the emperor's grandson, rebelled in a contest for Aquitaine , while Louis the German tried to annex all of East Francia. Louis died in 840, with the empire still in chaos. [98]
A three-year civil war followed his death. By the Treaty of Verdun (843), a kingdom between the Rhine and Rhone rivers was created for Lothair to go with his lands in Italy, and his imperial title was recognized. Louis the German was in control of Bavaria and the eastern lands in modern-day Germany. Charles the Bald received the western Frankish lands, comprising most of modern-day France. [98] Charlemagne's grandsons and great-grandsons divided their kingdoms between their descendants, eventually causing all internal cohesion to be lost. [99] In 987, the Carolingian dynasty was replaced the western lands with the crowning of Hugh Capet as king. [k] [l] In the eastern lands the dynasty had died out earlier, in 911, with the death of Louis the Child , [101] and the selection of the unrelated Conrad I as king. [102]
The breakup of the Carolingian Empire was accompanied by invasions, migrations, and raids of external foes. The Atlantic and northern shores were harassed by the Vikings , who also raided the British Isles and settled in both Britain and Ireland as well as the distant island of Iceland. A further settlement of Vikings was made in France in 911 under the chieftain Rollo (d. around 931), who received permission from the Frankish king Charles the Simple (r. 898–922) to settle in what became Normandy . [103] [m] The eastern parts of the Frankish kingdoms, especially Germany and Italy, were under constant Magyar assault until their great defeat at the Battle of the Lechfeld in 955. [105] The breakup of the Abbasid dynasty meant that the Islamic world fragmented into a number of smaller political states, some of which began expanding into Italy and Sicily, as well as over the Pyrenees into the southern parts of the Frankish kingdoms. [106]
New kingdoms and a revived Byzantium
See also: Byzantine-Arab Wars (780–1180) and Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars
10th-century Ottonian ivory plaque depicting Christ receiving a church from Otto I
Efforts by local kings to fight back the invaders led to the formation of new political entities. In Anglo-Saxon England , King Alfred the Great (r. 871–899) in the late 9th century came to a settlement with the Viking invaders, with Danish settlements in Northumbria, Mercia, and parts of East Anglia. [107] By the middle of the 10th century, Alfred's successors had conquered Northumbria, and restored English control over most of the southern part of the island of Great Britain . [108] In northern Britain, Kenneth mac Alpin (d. c. 860) united the Picts and the Scots into the Kingdom of Alba . [109] In the early 10th century, the Ottonian dynasty had established itself in Germany , and the Ottonians were engaged in driving back the Magyar. Their efforts culminated in the coronation in 962 of Otto I (r. 936–973) as emperor. [110] In 972, Otto secured the recognition of his title by the Byzantine Empire, and sealed the recognition with the marriage of his son Otto II to Theophanu , a daughter of an earlier Byzantine Emperor Romanos II (r. 959–963). [111] Italy was drawn into the Ottonian sphere by the late 10th century, after a period of instability, [112] with Otto III spending much of his later reign in Italy. [113] The western Frankish kingdom was more fragmented, and although a nominal king remained theoretically in charge, much of the political power had devolved to the local lords. [114]
Missionary efforts to Scandinavia during the 9th and 10th centuries helped strengthen the growth of kingdoms there. Swedish , Danish , and Norwegian kingdoms gained power and territory in the course of the 9th and 10th centuries, and some of the kings converted to Christianity, although the process was not complete by 1000. Scandinavians also expanded and colonized throughout Europe. Besides the settlements in Ireland, England, and Normandy, further settlement took place in what became Russia as well as in Iceland . Swedish traders and raiders ranged down the rivers of the Russian steppe, and even attempted to seize Constantinople in 860 and in 907 . [115] Christian Spain, initially driven into a small section of the peninsula in the north, expanded slowly south during the 9th and 10th centuries, establishing the kingdoms of Asturias and León in the process. [116]
In eastern Europe, Byzantium had revived its fortunes under the Emperor Basil I (r. 867–886) and his successors Leo VI (r. 886–912) and Constantine VII (r. 913–959), members of the Macedonian dynasty . Commerce revived and the emperors oversaw the extension of a uniform administration to all the provinces. The military was reorganized which allowed the emperors John I (r. 969–976) and Basil II (r. 976–1025) to expand the frontiers of the empire on all fronts. The imperial court was the centre of a revival of classical learning, a process known as the Macedonian Renaissance . Writers such as John Geometres composed new hymns, poems, and other works. [117] Missionary efforts by both eastern and western clergy resulted in the conversion of the Moravians , Bulgars , Bohemians , Poles , Magyars , and the Slavic inhabitants of the Kievan Rus' . These conversions contributed to the founding of political states in the lands of those peoples – the states of Moravia , Bulgaria , Bohemia , Poland , Hungary , and the Kievan Rus'. [118]
Art and architecture
A page from the Book of Kells , an illuminated manuscript created in the British Isles in the late 8th or early 9th century [119]
Few truly large stone buildings were attempted between the Constantinian basilicas of the 4th century and the 8th century, but many smaller stone buildings were built during the 6th and 7th centuries. By the beginning of the 8th century, the Carolingian Empire revived the basilica form of architecture. [120] One feature of the renewed basilica was the use of a transept , [121] or the "arms" of a cross-shaped building that are perpendicular to the long nave . [122] Other new features of religious architecture include the crossing tower [123] and a monumental entrance to the church , usually at the west end of the building. [124]
Carolingian art was produced for a small group of figures around the court, and the monasteries and churches they supported. It was dominated by efforts to regain the dignity and classicism of imperial Roman and Byzantine art , but was also influenced by the Insular art of the British Isles. Insular art integrated the energy of Irish Celtic and Anglo-Saxon Germanicstyles of ornament with Mediterranean forms such as the book and established many characteristics of art for the rest of the medieval period. Surviving religious works from the Early Middle Ages are mostly illuminated manuscripts and carved ivories , originally made for metalwork that has been destroyed for its materials. [125] [126] Objects in precious metals were the most prestigious form of art, but nearly all are lost, except for a few crosses like the Cross of Lothair , several reliquaries , and finds such as the Anglo-Saxon burial at Sutton Hoo and the hoards of Gourdon from Merovingian France , Guarrazar from Visigothic Spain and Nagyszentmiklós near Byzantine territory. There are numbers of survivals from the large brooches in fibula or penannular form that were a key piece of personal adornment for elites, including the Irish Tara Brooch . [127] Highly decorated books were mostly Gospel books and these have survived in larger numbers , including the Insular Book of Kells and Book of Lindisfarne , and the imperial Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram , which is one of the few to retain its "treasure binding" of gold encrusted with jewels. [128] Charlemagne's court seems to have been responsible for the crucial acceptance of figurative monumental sculpture in Christian art , [129] and by the end of the period near life-size figures such as the Gero Cross were common in important churches. [130]
Military and technological developments
Manuscript illustration from the 12th century showing Greek fire in use.
During the later Roman Empire, the principal military developments had to do with attempts to create an effective cavalry force as well as the continued development of highly specialized types of troops. The creation of cataphract -type soldiers was an important feature of 5th century Roman military developments. The various invading tribes had differing emphasis on types of soldiers - ranging from the primarily infantry Anglo-Saxon invaders of Britain to the Vandals and Visigoths which had a high percentage of cavalry in their armies. [131] During the early invasion period, the stirrup had not been introduced into warfare, which limited the usefulness of cavalry as shock troops, but not to the extent that has generally been proclaimed. It was still possible for cavalry to use shock tactics in battle, especially when the saddle was built up in front and back to allow greater support to the rider. [132] The greatest changes in military affairs during the invasion was the adoption of the Hunnic composite bow in place of the earlier, and weaker, Scythian composite bow. [133] Another development of the invasion period was the increasing use of longswords [134] and the decrease in the use of scale armour and the increasing use of mail amour and lamellar armour . [135]
During the early Carolingian period, a decline in the importance of infantry and light cavalry began, with a corresponding dominance of military events by the elite. The use of militia-type levies of the free population declined over the Carolingian period. [136] Although much of the Carolingian armies were mounted, a large proportion during the early period appear to have been mounted infantry , rather than true cavalry. [137] One exception was Anglo-Saxon England, where the armies were still composed of local levies, known as the fyrd , which were led by the local elites. [138] In military technology, one of the main change was the return of the crossbow , which had previously been known in Roman times, but reappeared as a military weapon during the last part of the Early Middle Ages. [139] Another great change was the introduction of the stirrup, which allowed the more effective use of cavalry as shock troops. One final technological change that had implications beyond the military was the horseshoe , which allowed horses to be used in rocky terrain. [140]
High Middle Ages
Main articles: Feudalism , Manorialism , and Women in the Middle Ages
Medieval French manuscript illustration of the three classes of medieval society: those who prayed - the clergy , those who fought - the knights , and those who workd - the peasantry . [141] The relationship between these classes was governed by feudalism and manorialism . [142] (Li Livres dou Sante, 13th century)
The High Middle Ages saw an expansion of population with rough estimates of the increase from the year 1000 until 1347 indicating that the population of Europe grew from 35 to 80 million. The exact cause or causes of the growth remain unclear; improved agricultural techniques, the decline of slaveholding, a more clement climate and the lack of invasion have all been put forward. [143] [144] As much as 90 percent of the European population remained rural peasants. Many of them were no longer settled in isolated farms but had gathered into small communities, usually known as manors or villages. [144] These peasants were often subject to noble overlords and owed them rents and other services, in a system known as manorialism . There remained a few free peasants throughout this period and beyond. [145]
Other sections of society included the nobility, clergy and townsmen. Nobles, both the titled and simple knights , were the exploiters of the manors and the peasants, although they did not own lands outright, rather they were granted rights to the income from a manor or other lands by an overlord through the system of feudalism . During the 11th and 12th centuries, these lands, or fiefs , came to be considered hereditary and in most areas they were no longer divisible between all the heirs as had been the case in the early medieval period. Instead, most fiefs and lands went to the eldest son. [146] The dominance of the nobility was built upon its control of the land, its military service as heavy cavalry , control of castles , and various immunities from taxes or other impositions. [n] Stone castles began to be constructed in the 9th and 10th centuries in response to the disorders of the time, and allowed inhabitants to take refuge from invaders. Control of castles allowed the nobles to defy kings or other overlords. [147]
The clergy was divided into two types – the secular clergy who lived in the world, and the regular clergy , or those who lived under a religious rule and were usually monks. [148] Most of the regular clergy were drawn from the ranks of the nobility, the same social class that served as the recruiting ground for the upper levels of the secular clergy. The local parish priests were often drawn from the peasant class. [149] Townsmen were in a somewhat unusual position, as they did not fit into the traditional three-fold division of society into nobles, clergy, and peasants. During the 12th and 13th centuries, the ranks of the townsmen expanded greatly as existing towns grew and new population centres were founded. [150]
In Central and Northern Italy and in Flanders , the rise of towns that were, to a degree, self-governing, stimulated economic growth and created an environment for new types of trade associations. Commercial cities on the shores of the Baltic entered into agreements known as the Hanseatic League , and Italian city-states such as Venice , Genoa , and Pisa expanded their trade throughout the Mediterranean. [151] Besides new trading opportunities, agricultural and technological improvements enabled the increase in crop yields, which in turn allowed the trade networks to expand. [152] Rising trade brought new methods of dealing with money, and gold coinage was again minted in Europe, at first in Italy and later in France and other countries. New forms of commercial contracts emerged, allowing risk to be shared among merchants. Accounting methods improved, partly through the use of double-entry bookkeeping ; letters of credit also emerged, to allow easy transmission of money through the trading networks. [153]
Political states
Main articles: England in the Middle Ages , France in the Middle Ages , Germany in the Middle Ages , Italy in the Middle Ages , Scotland in the Middle Ages , and Spain in the Middle Ages
The High Middle Ages is the formative period in the history of the Western state. Kings in France, England and Spain consolidated their power, and set up lasting governing institutions. [154] Also new kingdoms like Hungary and Poland, after their conversion to Christianity, became Central-European powers. [155] Hungary owed its settlement to the Magyars, who settled there around 900 under King Árpád (d. around 907) after their invasions during the 9th centuries. [156] The papacy , long attached to an ideology of independence from the secular kings, first asserted its claims to temporal authority over the entire Christian world. The Papal Monarchy reached its apogee in the early 13th century under the pontificate of Innocent III (pope 1198–1216). [157] Northern Crusades and the advance of Christian kingdoms and military orders into previously pagan regions in the Baltic and Finnic northeast brought the forced assimilation of numerous native peoples into European culture. [158]
During the early High Middle Ages, Germany was ruled by the Saxon dynasty , which struggled to control the powerful dukes ruling over territorial duchies tracing back to the Migration period. In 1024, the ruling dynasty changed to the Salian dynasty , who famously clashed with the papacy under Emperor Henry IV (r. 1084–1105) over church appointments. [159] His successors continued to struggle against the papacy as well as the German nobility. After the death of Emperor Henry V (r. 1111–1125) without heirs, a period of instability arose until Frederick I Barbarossa (r. 1155–1190) took the imperial throne. [160] Although Barbarossa managed to rule effectively, the basic problems remained, and his successors continued to struggle into the 13th century. [161] Barbarossa's grandson Frederick II , who was also heir to the throne of Sicily through his mother, clashed repeatedly with the papacy. His court was famous for its scholars and he himself was often accused of heresy. [162] He and his successors faced many difficulties, including the invasion of the Mongols into Europe in the mid 13th century. Mongols first shattered the Kievan Rus principalities and then invaded eastern Europe in 1241, 1259, and 1287. [163]
The Bayeux Tapestry showing William the Conqueror in the center, his half-brothers Robert, Count of Mortain on the right and Odo , the bishop of Bayeux in the Duchy of Normandy on the left.
France under the Capetian dynasty , began to slowly expand its power over the nobility, managing to expand out of the Ile de France to exert control over more of the country as the 11th and 12th centuries. [164] They faced a powerful rival in the Dukes of Normandy , who in 1066 under William the Conqueror (duke 1035–1087), conquered England (r. 1066–1087) and created a cross-channel empire that would last, in various forms, throughout the rest of the Middle Ages. [165] [166] Normans not only expanded into England, but also settled in Sicily and southern Italy, when Robert Guiscard (d. 1085) landed there in 1059 and established a duchy that later became a kingdom. [167] Under the Angevin dynasty of King Henry II (r. 1154–1189) and his son King Richard I , the kings of England ruled over England and large sections of France, [168] [o] brought to the family by Henry II's marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine , heiress to much of southern France. [170] [p] However, Richard's younger brother King John (r. 1199–1216) lost Normandy and the rest of the northern French possessions in 1204 to the French king Philip II Augustus . This led to dissension among the English nobility, while John's financial exactions to pay for his unsuccessful attempts to regain Normandy led in 1215 to Magna Carta , a charter that confirmed the rights and privileges of free men in England. Under Henry III (r. 1216–1272), John's son, further concessions were made to the nobility, and royal power was diminished. [171] The French monarchy continued to make gains against the nobility during the late 12th and 13th centuries, bringing more territories within the kingdom under their personal rule and centralizing the royal administration. [172] Under King Louis IX , royal prestige rose to new heights as Louis served as a mediator for most of Europe. [173] [q]
Crusades
Krak des Chevaliers was built during the Crusades for the Knights Hospitallers . [175]
In the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks took over much of the Middle East, taking Persia during the 1040s, Armenia in the 1060s, and capturing Jerusalem in 1070. In 1071, the Turkish army defeated the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert and captured the Byzantine Emperor Romanus IV (r. 1068–1071). This allowed the Turks to invade Asia Minor, which dealt a dangerous blow to the Byzantine Empire by seizing a large part of the empire's population and its economic heartland. Although the Byzantines managed to regroup and recover somewhat, they never regained Asia Minor and were often on the defensive afterwards. The Turks also ran into difficulties, losing control of Jerusalem to the Fatimids of Egypt and suffering from a series of internal civil wars. [176]
The Crusades were intended to seize Jerusalem from Muslim control. The first Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II (pope 1088–1099) at the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) for aid against further Muslim advances. Urban promised indulgence to anyone who took part. Tens of thousands of people from all levels of society mobilized across Europe, and captured Jerusalem in 1099 during the First Crusade . The crusaders consolidated their conquests in a number of crusader states . During the 12th century and 13th century, there were a series of conflicts between these states and the surrounding Islamic states. Further crusades were called to aid the crusaders, [177] or such as the Third Crusade , called to try to regain Jerusalem, which was captured by Saladin in 1187. [178] {{efn| Military religious orders such as the Knights Templar and the Knights Hospitaller were formed and went on to play an integral role in the crusader states. [179] In 1203, the Fourth Crusade was diverted from the Holy Land to Constantinople, and captured that city in 1204, setting up a Latin Empire of Constantinople [180] and greatly weakening the Byzantine Empire, which finally recaptured Constantinople in 1261, but the Byzantines never regained their former strength. [181] By 1291 all the crusader states had been either captured or forced from the mainland, with a titular Kingdom of Jerusalem surviving on the island of Cyprus for a number of years after 1291. [182]
Popes called for crusades to take place other than in the Holy Land, with crusades being proclaimed in Spain, southern France, and along the Baltic. [177] The Spanish crusades became fused with the Reconquista , or reconquest, of Spain from the Muslims. Although the Templars and Hospitallers took part in the Spanish crusades, Spanish military religious orders were also founded similar to the Templars and Hospitallers, with most of them becoming part of the two main orders of Calatrava and Santiago by the beginning of the 12th century. [183] Northern Europe also remained outside Christian influence until the 11th century or later; these areas also became crusading venues as part of the Northern Crusades of the 12th through the 14th centuries. These crusades also spawned a military order, the Order of the Sword Brothers . Another order, the Teutonic Knights , although originally founded in the Crusader states, focused much of its activity in the Baltic after 1225, and in 1309 moved its headquarters to Marienburg in Prussia . [184]
Intellectual life
Main articles: 12th-century Renaissance , Medieval philosophy , Medieval literature , Medieval poetry , and Medieval medicine of Western Europe
A medieval scholar making precise measurements in a 14th-century manuscript illustration
During the 11th century, developments in philosophy and theology led to increased intellectual activity. There was debate between the realists and the nominalists over the concept of " universals ". Philosophical discourse was stimulated by the rediscovery of Aristotle and his emphasis on empiricism and rationalism . Scholars such as Peter Abelard (d. 1142) and Peter Lombard (d. 1164) introduced Aristotelian logic into theology. The late 11th and early 12th century also saw the rise of cathedral schools throughout western Europe, signaling the shift of learning from monasteries to cathedrals and towns. [185] Cathedral schools were then in turn replaced in the late 11th century by the universities established in major European cities. [186] Philosophy and theology fused in scholasticism , an attempt by 12th and 13th-century scholars to reconcile Christian theology with itself, which eventually resulted in a system of thought that tried to employ a systemic approach to truth and reason. [187] This culminated in the thought of Thomas Aquinas (d. 1274), who wrote the Summa Theologica , or Summary of Theology. [188]
Besides the universities, royal and noble courts saw the development of chivalry and the ethos of courtly love . This culture was expressed in the vernacular languages rather than Latin , and comprised poems, stories, legends and popular songs spread by troubadors , or wandering minstrels. Often the stories were written down in the chansons de geste , or "songs of great deeds", such as The Song of Roland or The Song of Hildebrand . [189] Besides these products of chivalry, other writers composed histories, both secular and religious. [190] Geoffrey of Monmouth (d. around 1155) composed his Historia Regum Britanniae , which was a collection of stories and legends about Arthur . [191] Other works were more clearly history, such as Otto von Freising 's (d. 1158) Gesta Friderici Imperatoris detailing the deeds of Emperor Frederick I or William of Malmesbury 's (d. around 1143) Gesta Regum on the kings of England. [190]
Legal studies also advanced during the 12th century. Both secular law and canon law , or ecclesiastical law, were studied in the High Middle Ages. Secular law, or Roman law, was advanced greatly by the discovery of the corpus iuris civilis in the 11th century, and by 1100 Roman law was being taught at Bologna . This led to the recording and standardization of legal codes throughout western Europe. Canon law was also studied, and around 1140 a monk named Gratian ( flourished 12th century), a teacher at Bologna, wrote what became the standard text of canon law – the Decretum . [192]
Among the results of the Greek and Islamic influence on this period in European history was the replacement of Roman numerals with the decimal positional number system and the invention of algebra , which allowed more advanced mathematics. Astronomy also advanced, with the translation of Ptolomey 's Almagest from Greek into Latin in the late 12th century. Medicine was also studied, especially in southern Italy, where Islamic medicine influenced the school at Salerno . [193]
Technology and military
Main articles: Medieval science , Medieval technology , and Medieval warfare
A stained glass window from Chartres Cathedral depicting a blacksmith putting a horseshoe on a horse
In the 12th and 13th centuries, Europe saw a number of innovations in methods of production and economic growth. Major technological advances included the invention of the windmill , the first mechanical clocks, the first investigations of optics and the creation of crude lenses , the manufacture of distilled spirits and the use of the astrolabe . [194] Glassmaking advanced with the development of a process that allowed the creation of transparent glass in the early 13th century. Transparent glass made possible the science of optics by Roger Bacon (d. 1294), who is credited with the invention of eyeglasses. [195] [r]
A major agricultural innovation was the development of a 3-field rotation system for planting crops. The development of the heavy plow allowed heavier soils to be farmed more efficiently, an advance that was helped along by the spread of the horse collar , which led to the use of draught horses in place of oxen. Horses are faster than oxen and require less pasture, factors which aided the utilization of the 3-field system. [144]
The development of cathedrals and castles advanced building technology, leading to the development of large stone buildings. Ancillary structures included new town halls, houses, bridges, and tithe barns . [196] Shipbuilding also improved, with the use of the rib and plank method rather than the old Roman system of mortice and tenon . Other improvements to ships included the use of lateen sails and the stern-post rudder , both of which increased the speed at which ships could be sailed. [197]
Crossbows , which had been known in Late Antiquity, increased in use, partly because of the increase in siege warfare in the 10th and 11th centuries. [139] Military affairs saw an increase in the use of infantry with specialized roles during this period. Besides the still dominant heavy cavalry, armies often included both mounted and infantry crossbowmen, as well as sappers and engineers. [198] The increasing use of crossbows during the 12th and 13th centuries led to the use of closed-face helmets , heavy body armour, as well as horse armour . [199] Gunpowder was known in Europe by the mid-13th century with a recorded use in European warfare by the English against the Scots in 1304, although it was merely used as an explosive and not as a weapon. Cannon were being used for sieges in the 1320s, and hand held guns were known and in use by the 1360s. [200]
Architecture, art, and music
Main articles: Medieval art , Romanesque art , Gothic art , and Medieval music
In the 10th century the establishment of churches and monasteries lead to the development of stone architecture that elaborated vernacular Roman forms, which led to it being later named Romanesque . Where available, Roman brick and stone buildings were recycled for their materials. From the fairly tentative beginnings known as the First Romanesque , the style flourished and spread across Europe in a remarkably homogeneous form. Right before 1000 there was a great wave of building stone churches all over Europe. [201] Besides architecture, according to art historian C. R. Dodwell, "virtually all the churches in the West were decorated with wall-paintings", [202] of which few survive. [202] Romanesque architecture features massive stone walls, openings topped by semi-circular arches, small windows, and, particularly in France, arched stone vaults. [203] The large portal with coloured sculpture in high relief became a central feature of façades, especially in France, and the capitals of columns were often carved with narrative scenes of imaginative monsters and animals. [204] The distinctive European form of the castle was developed, and became crucial to politics and warfare. [205]
Romanesque art, especially metalwork, was at its most sophisticated in Mosan art , where distinct artistic personalities such as Nicholas of Verdun (d. 1205) become apparent, and an almost classical style is seen in works like a font at Liège , [206] contrasting with the writhing animals of the exactly contemporary Gloucester Candlestick . Large illuminated bibles and psalters were the typical forms of luxury manuscripts, and wall-painting flourished in churches, often following a scheme with a Last Judgement on the west wall, a Christ in Majesty at the east end, and narrative biblical scenes down the nave, or in the best surviving example, at Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe , on the barrel-vaulted roof. [207]
From the early 12th century, French builders developed the Gothic style, marked by the use of rib vaults , pointed arches , flying buttresses , and large stained glass windows . The Gothic style was mainly used in churches and cathedrals, and continued in use until the 16th century in much of Europe. Classic examples of Gothic architecture include Chartres Cathedral and Reims Cathedral in France as well as Salisbury Cathedral in England. [208] Stained glass became a crucial element in the design of churches, which continued to use extensive wall-paintings, now almost all lost. [209]
During this period the practice of manuscript illumination gradually passed from monasteries to lay workshops, so that according to Janetta Benton "by 1300 most monks bought their books in shops", [210] and the book of hours developed as a form of devotional book for lay-people. Metalwork continued to be the most prestigious form of art, with Limoges enamel an option for reliquaries and crosses. [211] In Italy the innovations of Cimabue , followed by the Trecento masters Giotto (d. 1337) and Duccio (d. around 1318), greatly increased the sophistication and status of panel painting and fresco . [212] In the 12th century secular art increased with the growing prosperity and many carved ivory objects such as gaming-pieces, combs, and small religious figures survive. [213]
Church life
Francis of Assisi , depicted by Bonaventura Berlinghieri in 1235, founded the Franciscan Order . [214]
Monastic reform became an important issue during the 11th century, as elites began to worry that monks were not adhering to the rules binding them to a stricy religious life. Cluny Abbey , founded in the Mâcon region of France in 909, was established as part of the Cluniac Reforms , a larger movement of monastic reform in response to this fear. [215] Cluny quickly established a reputation for austerity and rigour and sought to maintain a high quality of spiritual life by electing its own abbot without interference from laymen, thus maintaining economic and political independence from local lords and placing itself under the protection of the papacy. [216]
Monastic reform inspired change in the secular church. The ideals that it was based upon were brought to the papacy by Pope Leo IX (pope 1049–1054), and provided the ideology of the clerical independence that led to the Investiture Controversy in the late 11th century. This involved Pope Gregory VII (pope 1073–1085) and Emperor Henry IV, who initially clashed over episcopal appointments, a dispute that turned into a battle over the ideas of investiture , clerical marriage, and simony . The emperor saw the protection of the Church as one of his responsibilities as well as wanting to preserve the right to appoint his own choices as bishops within his lands, but the papacy insisted on the Church's independence from secular lords These issues themselves remained unresolved after the compromise of 1122 known as the Concordat of Worms . The conflict represents a significant stage in the creation of a papal monarchy separate from and equal to lay authorities. It also had the permanent consequence of empowering German princes at the expense of the German emperors. [215]
The High Middle Ages was a period of great religious movements. Besides the Crusades and monastic reforms, people sought to participate in new forms of religious life. New monastic orders were founded, including the Carthusians and the Cistercians . The Cistercians, especially, expanded rapidly in their early years under the guidance of Bernard of Clairvaux . These new orders were formed in response to the feeling of the laity that Benedictine monasticism no longer met the needs of the laymen. Laymen and those wishing to enter the religious life wanted to return to the simpler hermetical monasticism of early Christianity or to live an Apostolic life . [217] Besides new monastic orders, religious pilgrimages were encouraged, with old pilgrimage sites such as Rome, Jerusalem, and Compostela seeing renewed visitation and new sites such as Monte Gargano and Bari rising to prominence. [218]
In the 13th century, mendicant orders – the Franciscans and the Dominicans – who swore vows of poverty and earned their living by begging, were approved by the papacy. [219] Besides the recognized orders, other religious groups such as the Waldensians and the Humiliati attempted to return to the life of early Christianity in the middle 12th and early 13th centuries, but they were condemned as heretical by the papacy. Others joined the Cathars , another heretical movement condemned by the papacy. In 1209, a crusade was preached against the Cathars, the Albigensian Crusade , which in combination with the medieval Inquisition , finally eliminated them. [220]
Late Middle Ages
A manuscript illustration of a bishop blessing victims of the Black Death ( Omne Bonum , c. 1360–1375)
War, famine and plague
Main article: Crisis of the Late Middle Ages
The first years of the 14th century were marked by a number of famines, culminating in the Great Famine of 1315–1317 . [221] The causes of the Great Famine were not just related to the ongoing climatic change that was taking place, a slow transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age , but also had causes in overspecialization in single crops, which left the population vulnerable when bad weather caused crop failures. [222] Other troubles included an economic downturn and the aforementioned climate change – which resulted in the average annual temperature for Europe declining during the 14th century. [223] But knowledge of Asia and the trade routes to China expanded during the period, through the invasions of the Mongols and the travels of Marco Polo . [224]
These troubles were followed in 1347 by the Black Death , a disease that spread throughout Europe in the years 1348, 1349, and 1350. [225] The death toll was probably about 35 million people in total in Europe, about one-third of the population. Towns were especially hard-hit because of the crowded conditions. Large areas of land were left sparsely inhabited, and in some places fields were left unworked. Because of the sudden decline in available labourers, the price of wages rose as landlords sought to entice workers to their fields, but the lower rents were balanced out by the lower demand for food, which cut into agricultural income. Urban workers also felt that they had a right to greater earnings, and popular uprisings broke out across Europe. [226] Among the uprisings were the jacquerie in France, the Peasants' Revolt in England, and revolts in the cities of Florence in Italy and Ghent and Bruges in Flanders. The trauma of the plague led to an increased piety throughout Europe, which manifested itself in the foundation of new charities, the extreme self-mortification of the flagellants , and the scapegoating of the Jews . [227] Conditions were further unsettled by the return of the plague throughout the rest of the 14th century. It continued to strike Europe throughout the rest of the Middle Ages. [225]
State resurgence
See also: Wars of Scottish Independence
The Late Middle Ages also witnessed the rise of strong, royalty-based nation-states throughout Europe, particularly in England , France , and the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula – Aragon , Castile , and Portugal . The long conflicts of the later Middle Ages strengthened royal control over the kingdoms, even though they were extremely hard on the peasantry. Kings profited from warfare by gaining land and extended royal legislation throughout their kingdoms. [228] Paying for the wars required that the methods of taxation become more efficient and the rate of taxation often increased. [229] The requirement to obtain the consent of those taxed meant that representative bodies such as the English Parliament or the French Estates General gained some power and new authority. [230]
Joan of Arc in a 15th-century depiction
Throughout the 14th century, French kings sought to expand their influence throughout the kingdom at the expense of the territorial holdings of the nobility. [231] This ran into difficulties when they attempted to confiscate the holdings of the English kings in southern France, leading to the Hundred Years' War , [232] which lasted until 1453. [233] At first, the English under King Edward III and his son Edward, the Black Prince , won the battles of Crécy and Poitiers , captured the city of Calais and won control of much of France. [s] The stresses of this war almost caused the disintegration of the French kingdom during the early years of the war. [235] In the early 15th century, France once more teetered on the brink of dissolving, but in the late 1420s military successes led by Joan of Arc (d. 1431) led to the eventual victory of the French kings over the English with the capture of the last of the English possessions in southern France in 1453. [236] The price was high, as the population of France at the end of the Wars was likely half what it had been prior to the start of the conflict. Conversely, the Wars had a positive effect on English national identity , doing much to fuse the various local identities into a national English ideal. The conflict with the French also helped create a national culture in England that was separate from French culture, which had been the dominant cultural influence in England prior to the outbreak of the Hundred Years' War. [237] The early Hundred Years' War also saw the dominance of the English longbow , [238] and the appearance of cannon on the battlefield at Crécy in 1346. [200]
In modern-day Germany, the Empire continued, but the elective nature of the imperial crown meant that there was no strong dynasty around which a strong state could form. [239] Further east, the kingdoms of Poland , Hungary , and Bohemia grew into powerful kingdoms. [240] The Iberian Peninsula kingdoms continued to gain land from the Muslim kingdoms of the peninsula, [240] with Portugal concentrating on expanding overseas during the 15th century while the other kingdoms were riven by difficulties over the royal succession and other concerns throughout the 15th century. [241] [242] England, after losing the Hundred Years' War, went on to suffer a long civil war known as the Wars of the Roses , which lasted into the 1490s, [242] after Henry Tudor consolidated his hold on England from his victory over King Richard III at Bosworth in 1485. [243] Scandinavia went through a period of union under the Union of Kalmar in the late 14th and early 15th century, but dissolved once more after the death of Queen Margaret I of Denmark (r. in Denmark 1353–1412), who had united Norway, Denmark, and Sweden. The major power around the Baltic Sea was the city states of the Hanseatic League, a commercial confederation which traded from western Europe to Russia. [244] Scotland emerged from English domination under King Robert the Bruce (r. 1306–1329), who secured papal recognition of his kingship in 1328. [245]
Collapse of Byzantium
Main articles: Decline of the Byzantine Empire , Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty , Byzantium under the Palaiologoi , Byzantine–Ottoman Wars , and Rise of the Ottoman Empire
Although the Palaeologi emperors managed to recapture Constantinople from the western Europeans in 1261, they were never able to regain control of much of the former imperial lands. They usually controlled only a small section of the Balkan Peninsula near Constantinople, the city itself, and some coastal lands on the Black Sea and around the Aegean Sea. The former Byzantine lands in the Balkans were divided between the new kingdoms of Serbia and Bulgaria and the city-state of Venice . The power of the Byzantine emperors was threatened by a new Turkish tribe, the Ottomans , who established themselves in Anatolia in the 13th century and steadily expanded throughout the 14th century. The Ottomans expanded into Europe, reducing Bulgaria to a vassal state by 1366 and taking over Serbia after the Serbian defeat at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389. Western Europeans rallied to the plight of the Christians in the Balkans and declared a new Crusade in 1396, and a great army was sent to the Balkans which met defeat at the Battle of Nicopolis . [246] Constantinople finally was captured by the Ottomans in 1453. [247]
Controversy within the Church
Guy of Boulogne crowning Pope Gregory XI in a miniature from Froissart's Chroniques .
The troubled 14th century saw both the Avignon Papacy of 1305–1378, [248] also called the "Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy" (a reference to the Babylonian Captivity of the Jews), [249] and then the Great Schism that lasted from 1378 to 1418, when there were two, then later three, rival popes, each supported by a number of states. [250] In the early years of the 15th century, after a century of turmoil, ecclesiastical officials convened in Constance in 1414, and in 1415 the council deposed one of the rival popes, leaving only two claimants. Further depositions followed, and in November 1417 the council elected Martin V (pope 1417–1431) as pope. [251]
Besides the schism, the western church was riven by theological controversies, some of which turned into heresies. John Wyclif (d. 1384), an English theologian, was condemned as a heretic in 1415 for teaching that the laity should have access to the text of the Bible as well as holding views on the Eucharist that were contrary to church doctrine. [252] Wyclif's teachings influenced two of the major heretical movements of the later Middle Ages – Lollardry in England and Hussitism in Bohemia. [253] The Bohemians were also influenced by the teaching of Jan Hus , who was eventually burned at the stake in 1415 after being condemned as a heretic by the Council of Constance. The Hussite church, although subject to a crusade being called against it, survived past the end of the Middle Ages. [254]
The papacy refined the concept of transubstantiation further in the Late Middle Ages, stating that the clergy alone was allowed to partake of the wine in the Eucharist. This further distanced the secular laity from the clergy. The laity continued the practices of pilgrimages, veneration of relics, and the belief in power of the Devil. Mystics such as Meister Eckhart (d. 1327) or Thomas à Kempis (d. 1471) wrote works that taught the laity to focus on their inner spiritual life, something that contributed to the Protestant Reformation . Besides mysticism, belief in witches and witchcraft became widespread, and by the late 15th century the Church had begun to lend credence to populist fears of witchcraft with its condemnation of witches in 1484 and the publication of the Malleus Maleficarum , the most popular handbook for witchhunters, in 1486. [255]
Scholars, intellectuals, and exploration
A medieval manuscript showing a meeting of doctors at the University of Paris
The Later Middle Ages saw a reaction against scholasticism led by John Duns Scotus (d. 1308) [t] and William of Ockham (d. around 1348), [187] both of whom objected to the application of reason to faith. Their efforts, along with others, led to an undermining of the prevailing Platonic idea of "universals". Ockham's insistence that reason operates independently of faith allowed science to be separated from theology and philosophy. [256] Legal studies were marked by the steady advance of Roman law into areas of jurisprudence previously governed by customary law . The one exception to this trend was England, where the common law remained pre-eminent. Countries also codified their laws, with legal codes being promulgated in countries as far apart as Castile, Poland, and Lithuania . [257]
Education remained mostly focused on the training of future clergy. The basic learning of the letters and numbers remained the province of the family or a village priest, but the secondary subjects of the trivium – grammar, rhetoric, logic – were studied in either cathedral schools or in schools provided by cities. Commercial secondary schools spread also, with some towns in Italy having more than one such enterprise. Universities also spread throughout Europe in the 14th and 15th centuries. The rise of vernacular literature increased in pace, with Dante , Petrarch and Giovanni Boccaccio in 14th century Italy, Geoffrey Chaucer and William Langland in England, and François Villon and Christine de Pizan in France. Much literature remained religious in character, but although much of this continued to be written in Latin, a new demand developed for saints' lives and other devotional tracts in the vernacular languages. [257] This was fed by the growth of the devotio moderna movement, most prominently in the formation of the Brethren of the Common Life , but also in the works of German mystics such as Meister Eckhart and Johannes Tauler . [258] Theatre also developed in the guise of miracle plays put on by the Church. [257] At the end of the period, the development of the printing press around 1450 led to the establishment of publishing houses throughout Europe by 1500. [259]
Beginning in the early 15th century, the countries of the Iberian peninsula began sponsoring exploration past the boundaries of Europe. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal (d. 1460), sent expeditions that discovered the Canary Islands , the Azores , and Cape Verde during his lifetime. After his death, exploration continued, with Bartholomew Diaz (d. 1500) going around the Cape of Good Hope in 1486 and Vasco de Gama (d. 1524) sailing around Africa to India in 1498. [260] The combined Spanish monarchies of Castile and Aragon sponsored Christopher Columbus ' (d. 1506) voyage of exploration in 1492 that discovered the Americas . [261] The English crown under King Henry VII (r. 1485–1509) sponsored the voyage of John Cabot (d. 1498) in 1497, which landed on Cape Breton Island . [262]
Technological and military developments
One of the major developments in the military sphere during the Late Middle Ages was the increasing use of infantry and light cavalry. [263] The English also employed longbowmen, but other countries were unable to create similar forces that enjoyed the same military success. [264] Armour continued to advance, spurred on by the increasing power of crossbows, and plate armour was developed to help protect against the threat from crossbows as well as the hand-held guns that were developed. [265] Pole-arms reached new prominence with the development of the Flemish and Swiss infantry armed with pikes and other long spears. [266]
Late medieval art and architecture
February scene from the 15th century illuminated manuscript Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry
The Late Middle Ages in Europe as a whole correspond to the Trecento and Early Renaissance in Italy, while Northern Europe and Spain continued to use Gothic styles, increasingly elaborate in the 15th century, until almost the end of the period. International Gothic was a courtly style that reached much of Europe in the decades around 1400, producing masterpieces such as the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry . [267] All over Europe secular art continued to increase in quantity and quality, and in the 15th century the mercantile classes of Italy and Flanders became important patrons, commissioning small portraits of themselves in oils as well as a growing range of luxury items such as jewellery, ivory caskets , cassone chests and maiolica pottery. These objects also included the Hispano-Moresque ware produced by mostly Mudéjar potters in Spain. Although royalty owned huge collections of plate, little survives except for the Royal Gold Cup . [268] Italian silk manufacture developed, so that Western churches and elites no longer needed to rely on imports from Byzantium or the Islamic world. In France and Flanders tapestry weaving of sets like The Lady and the Unicorn became a major luxury industry. [269]
The large external sculptural schemes of Early Gothic churches gave way to more sculpture inside the building, as tombs became more elaborate and other features such as pulpits were sometimes lavishly carved, as in the Pulpit by Giovanni Pisano in Sant'Andrea . Painted or carved wooden relief altarpieces became common, especially as churches created many side-chapels. Early Netherlandish painting with artists such as Jan van Eyck (d. 1441) and Rogier van der Weyden (d. 1464) rivalled that of Italy, as did northern illuminated manuscripts, which in the 15th century began to be collected on a large scale by secular elites, who also commissioned secular books, especially histories. From about 1450 printed books rapidly became popular, though still expensive, and there were around 30,000 different editions of incunabula printed by 1500, [270] and by then illuminated manuscripts were only commissioned by royalty and a few others. Very small woodcuts , nearly all religious, were affordable even by peasants in parts of Northern Europe from the middle of the 15th century, with more expensive engravings supplying a wealthier market with a variety of images. [271]
Modern image
Further information: Dark Ages (historiography)
The medieval period is frequently caricatured as supposedly a "time of ignorance and superstition" which placed "the word of religious authorities over personal experience and rational activity." [272] This is a legacy from both the Renaissance and Enlightenment, when scholars contrasted their intellectual cultures with the medieval period, with a negative attitude toward the Middle Ages. Renaissance scholars saw the Classical world as a time of high culture and civilization, and saw the Middle Ages as a decline from that culture. Enlightenment scholars saw reason as superior to faith, and thus viewed the Middle Ages as a time of ignorance and superstition. [12]
Others argue that reason was generally held in high regard during the Middle Ages. Science historian Edward Grant writes, "If revolutionary rational thoughts were expressed [in the 18th century], they were only made possible because of the long medieval tradition that established the use of reason as one of the most important of human activities". [273] Also, contrary to common belief, David Lindberg writes, "the late medieval scholar rarely experienced the coercive power of the church and would have regarded himself as free (particularly in the natural sciences) to follow reason and observation wherever they led". [274]
The caricature of the period is also reflected in a number of more specific notions. One common misconception was first propagated in the 19th century [275] and is still very common is that all people in the Middle Ages believed that the Earth was flat . [275] This is untrue, as lecturers in the medieval universities commonly argued that evidence showed the Earth was a sphere. [276] Lindberg and Numbers, two scholars of the period, state that there "was scarcely a Christian scholar of the Middle Ages who did not acknowledge [Earth's] sphericity and even know its approximate circumference". [277] Other misconceptions such as "the Church prohibited autopsies and dissections during the Middle Ages", "the rise of Christianity killed off ancient science", or "the medieval Christian church suppressed the growth of natural philosophy", are all cited by Ronald Numbers as examples of widely popular myths that still pass as historical truth, although they are not supported by current historical research. [278]
Notes
^ This is the year the last western Roman Emperors were driven from Italy. [10]
^ A reference work published in 1883 equates the Dark Ages with the Middle Ages, but beginning with William Paton Ker in 1904, the term "Dark Ages" is generally restricted to the early part of the Medieval period. For example, the 1911 edition of Britannica defines the Dark Ages this way. See Dark Ages for a more complete historiography of this term.
^ This system, which eventually encompassed two senior co-emperors and two junior co-emperors, is known as the Tetrarchy . [21]
^ The commanders of the Roman military in the area appear to have taken food and other supplies that had been intended to be given to the Goths and instead sold them to the Goths. The actual revolt was triggered when one of the Roman military commanders attempted to take the Gothic leaders hostage but failed to secure all of them. [28]
^ An alternate date of 480 is sometimes given, as that was the year Romulus Augustulus' predecessor Julius Nepos died; Nepos had continued to assert that he was the western emperor while holding onto Dalmatia . [10]
^ His grave was discovered in 1653 and is remarkable for its grave goods , which included a number of weapons and a large quantity of gold. [47]
^ Brittany takes it name from this settlement by Britons. [48]
^ Muslim armies had earlier conquered the Visigothic kingdom of Spain, after defeating the last Visigothic king Ruderic (d. 711 or 712) at the Battle of Guadalete in 711, finishing the conquest by 719. [85]
^ The Papal States endured until 1870, when the Kingdom of Italy seized most of them from the popes. [91]
^ The Carolingian minuscule was developed from the unical script of Late Antiquity, which was a smaller, rounder form of writing the Latin alphabet than the classical forms. [95]
^ The Carolingian dynasty had earlier been displaced by the king Odo , previously Count of Paris , who took the throne in 888. [100] Although members of the Carolingian dynasty became king in the western lands after Odo's death, Odo's family also supplied kings - with his brother Robert I becoming king for 922–923, and then Robert's son-in-law Raoul was king from 929 to 936, before once more the Carolingians reclaimed the throne. [101]
^ Hugh Capet was a grandson of Robert I, and earlier king. [101]
^ This settlement eventually expanded and sent out conquering expeditions in both England and Sicily and southern Italy. [104]
^ Heavy cavalry had been introduced into Europe from the Persian cataphract of the 5th and 6th centuries, but the addition of the stirrup in the 7th allowed the full force of the horse and rider to be used in combat. [147]
^ This grouping of lands is often called the Angevin Empire . [169]
^ Eleanor had previously been married to King Louis VII of France , but their marriage was annulled in 1152. [170]
^ Louis was canonised in 1297 by Pope Boniface VII . [174]
^ An early depiction of eyeglasses is at Strasburg Cathedral where a stained glass image of the Emperor Henry VII shows him with spectacles. [195]
^ Calais would remain in English hands until 1558. [234]
^ The word "dunce" in the English language derives from Duns Scotus' name. [256]
Citations
References
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See also: Periodisation
The Middle Ages is one of the three major periods in the most enduring scheme for analysing European history : classical civilisation, or Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the Modern Period . [1]
Medieval writers divided history into periods such as the " Six Ages " or the " Four Empires ", and considered their time to be the last before the end of the world. [2] When referring to their own times, they spoke of them as being "modern". [3] In the 1330s, the humanist and poet Petrarch referred to pre-Christian times as antiqua (or "ancient") and to the Christian period as nova (or "new"). [4] Leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodisation in his History of the Florentine People (1442). [5] Bruni and later historians argued that Italy had recovered since Petrarch's time, and therefore added a third period to Petrarch's two. The "Middle Ages" first appears in Latin in 1469 as media tempestas or "middle season". [6] In early usage, there were many variants, including medium aevum, or "middle age", first recorded in 1604, [7] and media saecula, or "middle ages", first recorded in 1625. [8] The alternative term "medieval" (or occasionally "mediaeval") derives from medium aevum. [9] Tripartite periodisation became standard after the German historian Christoph Cellarius (1638–1707) divided history into three periods: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern. [8]
The most commonly given starting point for the Middle Ages is 476, [10] first used by Bruni. [5] [upper-alpha 1] For Europe as a whole, 1500 is often considered to be the end of the Middle Ages, [12] but there is no universally agreed upon end date. Depending on the context, events such as Christopher Columbus's first voyage to the Americas in 1492, the conquest of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453, or the Protestant Reformation in 1517 are sometimes used. [13] English historians often use the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 to mark the end of the period. [14] For Spain, dates commonly used are the death of King Ferdinand II in 1516, the death of Queen Isabella I of Castile in 1504, or the conquest of Granada in 1492. [15] Historians from Romance-speaking countries tend to divide the Middle Ages into two parts: an earlier "High" and later "Low" period. English-speaking historians, following their German counterparts, generally subdivide the Middle Ages into three intervals: "Early", "High", and "Late". [1] In the 19th century, the entire Middle Ages were often referred to as the " Dark Ages ", [16] [upper-alpha 2] but with the adoption of these subdivisions, use of this term was restricted to the Early Middle Ages, at least among historians. [2]
Later Roman Empire
A late Roman statue depicting the four Tetrarchs , now in Venice [17]
The Roman Empire reached its greatest territorial extent during the 2nd century AD; the following two centuries witnessed the slow decline of Roman control over its outlying territories. [18] Economic issues, including inflation, and external pressures on the frontiers combined to make the 3rd century politically unstable , with emperors coming to the throne only to be rapidly replaced by new usurpers. [19] Military expenses increased steadily during the 3rd century, mainly in response to the war with Sassanid Persia , which revived in the middle of the 3rd century. [20] The army doubled in size, and cavalry and smaller units replaced the legion as the main tactical unit. [21] The need for revenue led to increased taxes and a decline in numbers of the curial , or landowning, class, and decreasing numbers of them willing to shoulder the burdens of holding office in their native towns. [20] More bureaucrats were needed in the central administration to deal with the needs of the army, which led to complaints from civilians that there were more tax-collectors in the empire than tax-payers. [21]
The Emperor Diocletian (r. 284–305) split the empire into separately administered eastern and western halves in 286; the empire was not considered divided by its inhabitants or rulers, as legal and administrative promulgations in one division were considered valid in the other. [22] [upper-alpha 3] In 330, after a period of civil war, Constantine the Great (r. 306–337) refounded the city of Byzantium as the newly renamed eastern capital, Constantinople. [23] Diocletian's reforms strengthened the governmental bureaucracy, reformed taxation, and strengthened the army, which bought the empire time but did not resolve the problems it was facing: excessive taxation, a declining birthrate, and pressures on its frontiers, among others. [24] Civil war between rival emperors became common in the middle of the 4th century, diverting soldiers from the empire's frontier forces and allowing invaders to encroach. [25] For much of the 4th century, Roman society stabilised in a new form that differed from the earlier classical period , with a widening gulf between the rich and poor, and a decline in the vitality of the smaller towns. [26] Another change was the Christianisation , or conversion of the empire to Christianity, a gradual process that lasted from the 2nd to the 5th centuries. [27] [28]
Map of the approximate political boundaries in Europe around 450
In 376, the Ostrogoths, fleeing from the Huns , received permission from Emperor Valens (r. 364–378) to settle in the Roman province of Thracia in the Balkans. The settlement did not go smoothly, and when Roman officials mishandled the situation, the Ostrogoths began to raid and plunder. [upper-alpha 4] Valens, attempting to put down the disorder, was killed fighting the Ostrogoths at the Battle of Adrianople on 9 August 378. [30] As well as the threat from such tribal confederacies from the north, internal divisions within the empire, especially within the Christian Church, caused problems. [31] In 400, the Visigoths invaded the Western Roman Empire and, although briefly forced back from Italy, in 410 sacked the city of Rome . [32] In 406 the Alans, Vandals, and Suevi crossed into Gaul; over the next three years they spread across Gaul and in 409 crossed the Pyrenees Mountains into modern-day Spain. [33] The Migration Period began, where various people, initially largely Germanic peoples, moved across Europe. The Franks, Alemanni, and the Burgundians all ended up in northern Gaul while the Angles , Saxons, and Jutes settled in Britain . [34] In the 430s the Huns began invading the empire; their king Attila (r. 434–453) led invasions into the Balkans in 442 and 447, Gaul in 451, and Italy in 452. [35] The Hunnic threat remained until Attila's death in 453, when the Hunnic confederation he led fell apart. [36] These invasions by the tribes completely changed the political and demographic nature of what had been the Western Roman Empire. [34]
By the end of the 5th century the western section of the empire was divided into smaller political units, ruled by the tribes that had invaded in the early part of the century. [37] The deposition of the last emperor of the west, Romulus Augustus , in 476 has traditionally marked the end of the Western Roman Empire. [11] [upper-alpha 5] The Eastern Roman Empire, often referred to as the Byzantine Empire after the fall of its western counterpart, had little ability to assert control over the lost western territories. The Byzantine emperors maintained a claim over the territory, but none of the new kings in the west dared to elevate himself to the position of emperor of the west, Byzantine control of most of the Western Empire could not be sustained; the reconquest of the Italian peninsula and Mediterranean periphery by Justinian (r. 527–565) was the sole, and temporary, exception. [38]
Early Middle Ages
Main articles: Migration Period and Decline of the Roman Empire
The political structure of Western Europe changed with the end of the united Roman Empire. Although the movement of peoples during this period are usually described as "invasions", they were not just military expeditions but migrations of entire peoples into the empire. Such movements were aided by the refusal of the western Roman elites to support the army or pay the taxes that would have allowed the military to suppress the migration. [39] The emperors of the 5th century were often controlled by military strongmen such as Stilicho (d. 408), Aspar (d. 471), Ricimer (d. 472), or Gundobad (d. 516), who were partly or fully of non-Roman background. When the line of western emperors ceased, many of the kings who replaced them were from the same background. Intermarriage between the new kings and the Roman elites was common. [40] This led to a fusion of Roman culture with the customs of the invading tribes, including the popular assemblies that allowed free male tribal members more say in political matters than was common in the Roman state. [41] Material artefacts left by the Romans and the invaders are often similar, and tribal items were often modelled on Roman objects. [42] Much of the scholarly and written culture of the new kingdoms was also based on Roman intellectual traditions. [43] An important difference was the gradual loss of tax revenue by the new polities. Many of the new political entities no longer supported their armies through taxes, instead relying on granting them land or rents. This meant there was less need for large tax revenues and so the taxation systems decayed. [44] Warfare was common between and within the kingdoms. Slavery declined as the supply weakened, and society became more rural. [45] [upper-alpha 6]
Coin of Theodoric
Between the 5th and 8th centuries, new peoples and powerful individuals filled the political void left by Roman centralised government. [43] The Ostrogoths settled in Italy in the late 5th century under Theodoric (d. 526) and set up a kingdom marked by its co-operation between the Italians and the Ostrogoths, at least until the last years of Theodoric's reign. [47] The Burgundians settled in Gaul, and after an earlier realm was destroyed by the Huns in 436 formed a new kingdom in the 440s. Between today's Geneva and Lyon, it grew to become the powerful realm of Burgundy in the late 5th and early 6th centuries. [48] In northern Gaul, the Franks and Britons set up small polities. The Frankish Kingdom was centred in north-eastern Gaul, and the first king of whom much is known is Childeric (d. 481). [upper-alpha 7] Under Childeric's son Clovis (r. 509–511), the Frankish kingdom expanded and converted to Christianity. Britons, related to the natives of Britannia—modern-day Great Britain—settled in what is now Brittany. [50] [upper-alpha 8] Other monarchies were established by the Visigoths in Spain , the Suevi in north-western Spain, and the Vandals in North Africa . [48] In the 6th century, the Lombards settled in northern Italy, replacing the Ostrogothic kingdom with a grouping of duchies that occasionally selected a king to rule over them all. By the late 6th century this arrangement had been replaced by a permanent monarchy. [51]
The invasions brought new ethnic groups to Europe, although some regions received a larger influx of new peoples than others. In Gaul for instance, the invaders settled much more extensively in the north-east than in the south-west. Slavic peoples settled in Central and Eastern Europe and the Balkan Peninsula. The settlement of peoples was accompanied by changes in languages. The Latin of the Western Roman Empire was gradually replaced by languages based on, but distinct from, Latin, collectively known as Romance languages . These changes from Latin to the new languages took many centuries. Greek remained the language of the Byzantine Empire, but the migrations of the Slavs added Slavonic languages to Eastern Europe. [52]
Byzantine survival
Mosaic showing Justinian with the bishop of Ravenna, bodyguards, and courtiers [53]
As Western Europe witnessed the formation of new kingdoms, the Eastern Roman Empire remained intact and experienced an economic revival that lasted into the early 7th century. There were fewer invasions of the eastern section of the empire; most occurred in the Balkans. Peace with Persia , the traditional enemy of Rome, lasted throughout most of the 5th century. The Eastern Empire was marked by closer relations between the political state and Christian Church, with doctrinal matters assuming an importance in eastern politics that they did not have in Western Europe. Legal developments included the codification of Roman law; the first effort—the Theodosian Code —was completed in 438. [54] Under Emperor Justinian (r. 527–565), another compilation took place—the Corpus Juris Civilis . [55] Justinian also oversaw the construction of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople and the reconquest of North Africa from the Vandals and Italy from the Ostrogoths, [56] under Belisarius (d. 565). [57] The conquest of Italy was not complete, as a deadly outbreak of plague in 542 led to the rest of Justinian's reign concentrating on defensive measures rather than further conquests. [56] At the emperor's death, the Byzantines had control of most of Italy , North Africa, and a small foothold in southern Spain. Justinian's reconquests have been criticised by historians for overextending his realm and setting the stage for the Muslim conquests , but many of the difficulties faced by Justinian's successors were due not just to over-taxation to pay for his wars but to the essentially civilian nature of the empire, which made raising troops difficult. [58]
In the Eastern Empire the slow infiltration of the Balkans by the Slavs added a further complication. It began small, but by the late 540s Slavic tribes were in Thrace and Illyrium, and had defeated an imperial army near Adrianople in 551. In the 560s the Avars began to expand from their base on the north bank of the Danube; by the end of the 6th century they were the dominant power in Central Europe and routinely able to force the eastern emperors to pay tribute. They remained a strong power until 796. [59] An additional complication was the involvement of Emperor Maurice (r. 582–602) in Persian politics when he intervened in a succession dispute . This led to a period of peace, but when Maurice was overthrown in turn, the Persians invaded and during the reign of Emperor Heraclius (r. 610–641) controlled large chunks of the empire, including Egypt, Syria, and Asia Minor, until Heraclius' successful counterattack. In 628 the empire secured a peace treaty and recovered all of its lost territories. [60]
Western society
See also: Early medieval European dress and Medieval cuisine
In Western Europe, some of the older Roman elite families died out while others became more involved with Church than secular affairs. Values attached to Latin scholarship and education mostly disappeared, and while literacy remained important, it became a practical skill rather than a sign of elite status. In the 4th century, Jerome (d. 420) dreamed that God rebuked him for spending more time reading Cicero than the Bible. By the 6th century, Gregory of Tours (d. 594) had a similar dream, but instead of being chastised for reading Cicero, he was chastised for learning shorthand . [61] By the late 6th century, the principal means of religious instruction in the Church had become music and art rather than the book. [62] Most intellectual efforts went towards imitating classical scholarship, but some original works were created, along with now-lost oral compositions. The writings of Sidonius Apollinaris (d. 489), Cassiodorus (d. c. 585), and Boethius (d. c. 525) were typical of the age. [63]
Changes also took place among laymen, as aristocratic culture focused on great feasts held in halls rather than on literary pursuits. Clothing for the elites was richly embellished with jewels and gold. Lords and kings supported entourages of fighters who formed the backbone of the military forces. [upper-alpha 9] Family ties within the elites were important, as were the virtues of loyalty, courage, and honour. These ties led to the prevalence of the feud in aristocratic society, examples of which included those related by Gregory of Tours that took place in Merovingian Gaul . Most feuds seem to have ended quickly with the payment of some sort of compensation . [66] Women took part in aristocratic society mainly in their roles as wives and mothers of men, with the role of mother of a ruler being especially prominent in Merovingian Gaul. In Anglo-Saxon society the lack of many child rulers meant a lesser role for women as queen mothers, but this was compensated for by the increased role played by abbesses of monasteries. Only in Italy does it appear that women were considered as always under the protection and control of a male relative. [67]
Reconstruction of an early medieval peasant village in Bavaria
Peasant society is much less documented than the nobility. Most of the surviving information available to historians comes from archaeology; few detailed written records documenting peasant life remain from before the 9th century. Most the descriptions of the lower classes come from either law codes or writers from the upper classes. [68] Landholding patterns in the West were not uniform; some areas had greatly fragmented landholding patterns, but in other areas large contiguous blocks of land were the norm. These differences allowed for a wide variety of peasant societies, some dominated by aristocratic landholders and others having a great deal of autonomy. [69] Land settlement also varied greatly. Some peasants lived in large settlements that numbered as many as 700 inhabitants. Others lived in small groups of a few families and still others lived on isolated farms spread over the countryside. There were also areas where the pattern was a mix of two or more of those systems. [70] Unlike in the late Roman period, there was no sharp break between the legal status of the free peasant and the aristocrat, and it was possible for a free peasant's family to rise into the aristocracy over several generations through military service to a powerful lord. [71]
Roman city life and culture changed greatly in the early Middle Ages. Although Italian cities remained inhabited, they contracted significantly in size. Rome, for instance, shrank from a population of hundreds of thousands to around 30,000 by the end of the 6th century. Roman temples were converted into Christian churches and city walls remained in use. [21] In Northern Europe, cities also shrank, while civic monuments and other public buildings were raided for building materials. The establishment of new kingdoms often meant some growth for the towns chosen as capitals. [72] Although there had been Jewish communities in many Roman cities , the Jews suffered periods of persecution after the conversion of the empire to Christianity. Officially they were tolerated, if subject to conversion efforts, and at times were even encouraged to settle in new areas. [73]
Rise of Islam
Main article: Muslim conquests
The Islamic Empire and its expansion. Darkest colour is the extent from 622 to 632, medium colour is expansion during 632 to 661, and the lightest colour shows the expansion that took place in the period 661 to 750.
Religious beliefs in the Eastern Empire and Persia were in flux during the late 6th and early 7th centuries. Judaism was an active proselytising faith, and at least one Arab political leader converted to it. [upper-alpha 10] Christianity had active missions competing with the Persians' Zoroastrianism in seeking converts, especially among residents of the Arabian Peninsula. All these strands came together with the emergence of Islam in Arabia during the lifetime of Muhammad (d. 632). [75] After his death, Islamic forces conquered much of the Eastern Empire and Persia, starting with Syria in 634–635 and reaching Egypt in 640–641, Persia between 637 and 642, North Africa in the later 7th century, and the Iberian Peninsula in 711. [76] By 714, Islamic forces controlled much of the peninsula, a region they called Al-Andalus. [77]
The Islamic conquests reached their peak in the mid-8th century. The defeat of Muslim forces at the Battle of Poitiers in 732 led to the reconquest of southern France by the Franks, but the main reason for the halt of Islamic growth in Europe was the overthrow of the Umayyad dynasty and its replacement by the Abbasid dynasty. The Abbasids moved their capital to Baghdad and were more concerned with the Middle East than Europe, losing control of sections of the Muslim lands. Umayyad descendants took over the Iberian Peninsula, the Aghlabids controlled North Africa, and the Tulunids became rulers of Egypt. [78] By the middle of the 8th century, new trading patterns were emerging in the Mediterranean; trade between the Franks and the Arabs replaced the old Roman patterns of trade . Franks traded timber, furs, swords and slaves in return for silks and other fabrics, spices, and precious metals from the Arabs. [79]
Trade and economy
Edit
The migrations and invasions of the 4th and 5th centuries disrupted trade networks around the Mediterranean. African goods stopped being imported into Europe, first disappearing from the interior and by the 7th century found only in a few cities such as Rome or Naples. By the end of the 7th century, under the impact of the Muslim conquests, African products were no longer found in Western Europe. The replacement of goods from long-range trade with local products was a trend throughout the old Roman lands that happened in the Early Middle Ages. This was especially marked in the lands that did not lie on the Mediterranean, such as northern Gaul or Britain. Non-local goods appearing in the archaeological record are usually luxury goods. In the northern parts of Europe, not only were the trade networks local, but the goods carried were simple, with little pottery or other complex products. Around the Mediterranean, pottery remained prevalent and appears to have been traded over medium-range networks, not just produced locally. [80]
The various Germanic states in the west all had coinages that imitated existing Roman and Byzantine forms. Gold continued to be minted until the end of the 7th century, when it was replaced by silver coins. The basic Frankish silver coin was the denarius or denier , while the Anglo-Saxon version was called a penny . From these areas, the denier or penny spread throughout Europe during the centuries from 700 to 1000. Copper or bronze coins were not struck, nor were gold except in Southern Europe. No silver coins denominated in multiple units were minted. [81]
Church and monasticism
Main article: History of the East–West Schism
An 11th-century illustration of Gregory the Great dictating to a secretary
Christianity was a major unifying factor between Eastern and Western Europe before the Arab conquests, but the conquest of North Africa sundered maritime connections between those areas. Increasingly the Byzantine Church differed in language, practices, and liturgy from the western Church. The eastern church used Greek instead of the western Latin. Theological and political differences emerged, and by the early and middle 8th century issues such as iconoclasm , clerical marriage , and state control of the church had widened to the extent that the cultural and religious differences were greater than the similarities. [82] The formal break came in 1054, when the papacy and the patriarchy of Constantinople clashed over papal supremacy and excommunicated each other, which led to the division of Christianity into two churches—the western branch became the Roman Catholic Church and the eastern branch the Orthodox Church. [83]
The ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Empire survived the movements and invasions in the west mostly intact, but the papacy was little regarded, and few of the western bishops looked to the bishop of Rome for religious or political leadership. Many of the popes prior to 750 were more concerned with Byzantine affairs and eastern theological controversies. The register, or archived copies of the letters, of Pope Gregory the Great (pope 590–604) survives, and of those more than 850 letters, the vast majority were concerned with affairs in Italy or Constantinople. The only part of Western Europe where the papacy had influence was Britain, where Gregory had sent the Gregorian mission in 597 to convert the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity. [84] Irish missionaries were most active in Western Europe between the 5th and the 7th centuries, going first to England and Scotland and then on to the continent. Under such monks as Columba (d. 597) and Columbanus (d. 615), they founded monasteries, taught in Latin and Greek, and authored secular and religious works. [85]
The Early Middle Ages witnessed the rise of monasticism in the West. The shape of European monasticism was determined by traditions and ideas that originated with the Desert Fathers of Egypt and Syria. Most European monasteries were of the type that focuses on community experience of the spiritual life, called cenobitism , which was pioneered by Pachomius (d. 348) in the 4th century. Monastic ideals spread from Egypt to Western Europe in the 5th and 6th centuries through hagiographical literature such as the Life of Anthony . [86] Benedict of Nursia (d. 547) wrote the Benedictine Rule for Western monasticism during the 6th century, detailing the administrative and spiritual responsibilities of a community of monks led by an abbot . [87] Monks and monasteries had a deep effect on the religious and political life of the Early Middle Ages, in various cases acting as land trusts for powerful families, centres of propaganda and royal support in newly conquered regions, and bases for missions and proselytisation. [88] They were the main and sometimes only outposts of education and literacy in a region. Many of the surviving manuscripts of the Latin classics were copied in monasteries in the Early Middle Ages. [89] Monks were also the authors of new works, including history, theology, and other subjects, written by authors such as Bede (d. 735), a native of northern England who wrote in the late 7th and early 8th centuries. [90]
Carolingian Europe
Main articles: Francia and Carolingian Empire
Map showing growth of Frankish power from 481 to 814
The Frankish kingdom in northern Gaul split into kingdoms called Austrasia , Neustria , and Burgundy during the 6th and 7th centuries, all of them ruled by the Merovingian dynasty, who were descended from Clovis. The 7th century was a tumultuous period of wars between Austrasia and Neustria. [91] Such warfare was exploited by Pippin (d. 640), the Mayor of the Palace for Austrasia who became the power behind the Austrasian throne. Later members of his family inherited the office, acting as advisers and regents. One of his descendants, Charles Martel (d. 741), won the Battle of Poitiers in 732, halting the advance of Muslim armies across the Pyrenees. [92] [upper-alpha 11] Great Britain was divided into small states dominated by the kingdoms of Northumbria , Mercia, Wessex, and East Anglia, which were descended from the Anglo-Saxon invaders. Smaller kingdoms in present-day Wales and Scotland were still under the control of the native Britons and Picts . [94] Ireland was divided into even smaller political units, usually known as tribal kingdoms, under the control of kings. There were perhaps as many as 150 local kings in Ireland, of varying importance. [95]
The Carolingian dynasty , as the successors to Charles Martel are known, officially took control of the kingdoms of Austrasia and Neustria in a coup of 753 led by Pippin III (r. 752–768). A contemporary chronicle claims that Pippin sought, and gained, authority for this coup from Pope Stephen II (pope 752–757). Pippin's takeover was reinforced with propaganda that portrayed the Merovingians as inept or cruel rulers, exalted the accomplishments of Charles Martel, and circulated stories of the family's great piety. At the time of his death in 768, Pippin left his kingdom in the hands of his two sons, Charles (r. 768–814) and Carloman (r. 768–771). When Carloman died of natural causes, Charles blocked the succession of Carloman's young son and installed himself as the king of the united Austrasia and Neustria. Charles, more often known as Charles the Great or Charlemagne , embarked upon a programme of systematic expansion in 774 that unified a large portion of Europe, eventually controlling modern-day France, northern Italy, and Saxony . In the wars that lasted beyond 800, he rewarded allies with war booty and command over parcels of land. [96] In 774, Charlemagne conquered the Lombards, which freed the papacy from the fear of Lombard conquest and marked the beginnings of the Papal States. [97] [upper-alpha 12]
Charlemagne's palace chapel at Aachen, completed in 805 [99]
The coronation of Charlemagne as emperor on Christmas Day 800 is regarded as a turning point in medieval history, marking a return of the Western Roman Empire, since the new emperor ruled over much of the area previously controlled by the western emperors. [100] It also marks a change in Charlemagne's relationship with the Byzantine Empire, as the assumption of the imperial title by the Carolingians asserted their equivalence to the Byzantine state. [101] There were several differences between the newly established Carolingian Empire and both the older Western Roman Empire and the concurrent Byzantine Empire. The Frankish lands were rural in character, with only a few small cities. Most of the people were peasants settled on small farms. Little trade existed and much of that was with the British Isles and Scandinavia, in contrast to the older Roman Empire with its trading networks centred on the Mediterranean. [100] The empire was administered by an itinerant court that travelled with the emperor, as well as approximately 300 imperial officials called counts, who administered the counties the empire had been divided into. Clergy and local bishops served as officials, as well as the imperial officials called missi dominici , who served as roving inspectors and troubleshooters. [102]
Carolingian Renaissance
Main articles: Carolingian Renaissance , Carolingian art , and Early medieval literature
Charlemagne's court in Aachen was the centre of the cultural revival sometimes referred to as the " Carolingian Renaissance ". The period saw an increase in literacy, developments in the arts, architecture and jurisprudence, as well as liturgical and scriptural studies. The English monk Alcuin (d. 804) was invited to Aachen and brought the education available in the monasteries of Northumbria. Charlemagne's chancery —or writing office—made use of a new script today known as Carolingian minuscule , [upper-alpha 13] allowing a common writing style that advanced communication across much of Europe. Charlemagne sponsored changes in church liturgy , imposing the Roman form of church service on his domains, as well as the Gregorian chant in liturgical music for the churches. An important activity for scholars during this period was the copying, correcting, and dissemination of basic works on religious and secular topics, with the aim of encouraging learning. New works on religious topics and schoolbooks were also produced. [104] Grammarians of the period modified the Latin language, changing it from the Classical Latin of the Roman Empire into a more flexible form to fit the needs of the church and government. By the reign of Charlemagne, the language had so diverged from the classical that it was later called Medieval Latin . [105]
Breakup of the Carolingian Empire
Main articles: Holy Roman Empire and Viking Age
Territorial divisions of the Carolingian Empire in 843, 855, and 870
Charlemagne planned to continue the Frankish tradition of dividing his kingdom between all his heirs, but was unable to do so as only one son, Louis the Pious (r. 814–840), was still alive by 813. Just before Charlemagne died in 814, he crowned Louis as his successor. Louis's reign of 26 years was marked by numerous divisions of the empire among his sons and, after 829, civil wars between various alliances of father and sons over the control of various parts of the empire. Eventually, Louis recognised his eldest son Lothair I (d. 855) as emperor and gave him Italy. Louis divided the rest of the empire between Lothair and Charles the Bald (d. 877), his youngest son. Lothair took East Francia , comprising both banks of the Rhine and eastwards, leaving Charles West Francia with the empire to the west of the Rhineland and the Alps. Louis the German (d. 876), the middle child, who had been rebellious to the last, was allowed to keep Bavaria under the suzerainty of his elder brother. The division was disputed. Pepin II of Aquitaine (d. after 864), the emperor's grandson, rebelled in a contest for Aquitaine, while Louis the German tried to annex all of East Francia. Louis the Pious died in 840, with the empire still in chaos. [106]
A three-year civil war followed his death. By the Treaty of Verdun (843), a kingdom between the Rhine and Rhone rivers was created for Lothair to go with his lands in Italy, and his imperial title was recognised. Louis the German was in control of Bavaria and the eastern lands in modern-day Germany. Charles the Bald received the western Frankish lands, comprising most of modern-day France. [106] Charlemagne's grandsons and great-grandsons divided their kingdoms between their descendants, eventually causing all internal cohesion to be lost. [107] In 987 the Carolingian dynasty was replaced in the western lands, with the crowning of Hugh Capet (r. 987–996) as king. [upper-alpha 14] [upper-alpha 15] In the eastern lands the dynasty had died out earlier, in 911, with the death of Louis the Child , [109] and the selection of the unrelated Conrad I (r. 911–918) as king. [110]
The breakup of the Carolingian Empire was accompanied by invasions, migrations, and raids by external foes. The Atlantic and northern shores were harassed by the Vikings , who also raided the British Isles and settled there as well as in Iceland. In 911, the Viking chieftain Rollo (d. c. 931) received permission from the Frankish King Charles the Simple (r. 898–922) to settle in what became Normandy . [111] [upper-alpha 16] The eastern parts of the Frankish kingdoms, especially Germany and Italy, were under continual Magyar assault until the invader's defeat at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955. [113] The breakup of the Abbasid dynasty meant that the Islamic world fragmented into smaller political states, some of which began expanding into Italy and Sicily, as well as over the Pyrenees into the southern parts of the Frankish kingdoms. [114]
New kingdoms and a revived Byzantium
See also: Byzantine–Arab wars (780–1180) and Byzantine–Bulgarian wars
10th-century Ottonian ivory plaque depicting Christ receiving a church from Otto I
Efforts by local kings to fight the invaders led to the formation of new political entities. In Anglo-Saxon England , King Alfred the Great (r. 871–899) came to an agreement with the Viking invaders in the late 9th century, resulting in Danish settlements in Northumbria, Mercia, and parts of East Anglia. [115] By the middle of the 10th century, Alfred's successors had conquered Northumbria, and restored English control over most of the southern part of Great Britain. [116] In northern Britain, Kenneth MacAlpin (d. c. 860) united the Picts and the Scots into the Kingdom of Alba . [117] In the early 10th century, the Ottonian dynasty had established itself in Germany , and was engaged in driving back the Magyars. Its efforts culminated in the coronation in 962 of Otto I (r. 936–973) as Holy Roman Emperor. [118] In 972, he secured recognition of his title by the Byzantine Empire, which he sealed with the marriage of his son Otto II (r. 967–983) to Theophanu (d. 991), daughter of an earlier Byzantine Emperor Romanos II (r. 959–963). [119] By the late 10th century Italy had been drawn into the Ottonian sphere after a period of instability; [120] Otto III (r. 996–1002) spent much of his later reign in the kingdom. [121] The western Frankish kingdom was more fragmented, and although kings remained nominally in charge, much of the political power devolved to the local lords. [122]
Missionary efforts to Scandinavia during the 9th and 10th centuries helped strengthen the growth of kingdoms such as Sweden , Denmark , and Norway , which gained power and territory. Some kings converted to Christianity, although not all by 1000. Scandinavians also expanded and colonised throughout Europe. Besides the settlements in Ireland, England, and Normandy, further settlement took place in what became Russia and in Iceland . Swedish traders and raiders ranged down the rivers of the Russian steppe, and even attempted to seize Constantinople in 860 and 907 . [123] Christian Spain, initially driven into a small section of the peninsula in the north, expanded slowly south during the 9th and 10th centuries, establishing the kingdoms of Asturias and León. [124]
In Eastern Europe, Byzantium had revived its fortunes under Emperor Basil I (r. 867–886) and his successors Leo VI (r. 886–912) and Constantine VII (r. 913–959), members of the Macedonian dynasty . Commerce revived and the emperors oversaw the extension of a uniform administration to all the provinces. The military was reorganised, which allowed the emperors John I (r. 969–976) and Basil II (r. 976–1025) to expand the frontiers of the empire on all fronts. The imperial court was the centre of a revival of classical learning, a process known as the Macedonian Renaissance . Writers such as John Geometres (fl. early 10th century) composed new hymns, poems, and other works. [125] Missionary efforts by both eastern and western clergy resulted in the conversion of the Moravians , Bulgars, Bohemians , Poles, Magyars, and Slavic inhabitants of the Kievan Rus'. These conversions contributed to the founding of political states in the lands of those peoples—the states of Moravia, Bulgaria, Bohemia, Poland , Hungary, and the Kievan Rus'. [126]
Art and architecture
See also: Migration Period art , Pre-Romanesque art and architecture , and Carolingian art
A page from the Book of Kells , an illuminated manuscript created in the British Isles in the late 8th or early 9th century [127]
Few large stone buildings were constructed between the Constantinian basilicas of the 4th century and the 8th century, although many smaller ones were built during the 6th and 7th centuries. By the beginning of the 8th century, the Carolingian Empire revived the basilica form of architecture. [128] One feature of the basilica is the use of a transept , [129] or the "arms" of a cross-shaped building that are perpendicular to the long nave . [130] Other new features of religious architecture include the crossing tower and a monumental entrance to the church , usually at the west end of the building. [131]
Carolingian art was produced for a small group of figures around the court, and the monasteries and churches they supported. It was dominated by efforts to regain the dignity and classicism of imperial Roman and Byzantine art , but was also influenced by the Insular art of the British Isles. Insular art integrated the energy of Irish Celtic and Anglo-Saxon Germanic styles of ornament with Mediterranean forms such as the book, and established many characteristics of art for the rest of the medieval period. Surviving religious works from the Early Middle Ages are mostly illuminated manuscripts and carved ivories , originally made for metalwork that has since been melted down. [132] [133] Objects in precious metals were the most prestigious form of art, but almost all are lost except for a few crosses such as the Cross of Lothair , several reliquaries , and finds such as the Anglo-Saxon burial at Sutton Hoo and the hoards of Gourdon from Merovingian France, Guarrazar from Visigothic Spain and Nagyszentmiklós near Byzantine territory. There are survivals from the large brooches in fibula or penannular form that were a key piece of personal adornment for elites, including the Irish Tara Brooch . [134] Highly decorated books were mostly Gospel Books and these have survived in larger numbers , including the Insular Book of Kells , the Book of Lindisfarne , and the imperial Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram , which is one of the few to retain its " treasure binding " of gold encrusted with jewels. [135] Charlemagne's court seems to have been responsible for the acceptance of figurative monumental sculpture in Christian art , [136] and by the end of the period near life-sized figures such as the Gero Cross were common in important churches. [137]
Military and technological developments
Edit
During the later Roman Empire, the principal military developments were attempts to create an effective cavalry force as well as the continued development of highly specialised types of troops. The creation of heavily armoured cataphract -type soldiers as cavalry was an important feature of the 5th-century Roman military. The various invading tribes had differing emphasis on types of soldiers—ranging from the primarily infantry Anglo-Saxon invaders of Britain to the Vandals and Visigoths, who had a high proportion of cavalry in their armies. [138] During the early invasion period, the stirrup had not been introduced into warfare, which limited the usefulness of cavalry as shock troops because it was not possible to put the full force of the horse and rider behind blows struck by the rider. [139] The greatest change in military affairs during the invasion period was the adoption of the Hunnic composite bow in place of the earlier, and weaker, Scythian composite bow. [140] Another development was the increasing use of longswords [141] and the progressive replacement of scale armour by mail armour and lamellar armour . [142]
The importance of infantry and light cavalry began to decline during the early Carolingian period, with a growing dominance of elite heavy cavalry. The use of militia-type levies of the free population declined over the Carolingian period. [143] Although much of the Carolingian armies were mounted, a large proportion during the early period appear to have been mounted infantry , rather than true cavalry. [144] One exception was Anglo-Saxon England, where the armies were still composed of regional levies, known as the fyrd , which were led by the local elites. [145] In military technology, one of the main changes was the return of the crossbow , which had been known in Roman times and reappeared as a military weapon during the last part of the Early Middle Ages. [146] Another change was the introduction of the stirrup, which increased the effectiveness of cavalry as shock troops. A technological advance that had implications beyond the military was the horseshoe , which allowed horses to be used in rocky terrain. [147]
High Middle Ages
See also: 1100–1200 in European fashion and 1200–1300 in European fashion
Medieval French manuscript illustration of the three classes of medieval society: those who prayed—the clergy, those who fought—the knights , and those who worked—the peasantry. [148] The relationship between these classes was governed by feudalism and manorialism. [149] (Li Livres dou Sante, 13th century)
The High Middle Ages saw an expansion of population . The estimated population of Europe grew from 35 to 80 million between 1000 and 1347, although the exact causes remain unclear: improved agricultural techniques, the decline of slaveholding, a more clement climate and the lack of invasion have all been suggested. [150] [151] As much as 90 per cent of the European population remained rural peasants. Many were no longer settled in isolated farms but had gathered into small communities, usually known as manors or villages. [151] These peasants were often subject to noble overlords and owed them rents and other services, in a system known as manorialism. There remained a few free peasants throughout this period and beyond, [152] with more of them in the regions of Southern Europe than in the north. The practice of assarting , or bringing new lands into production by offering incentives to the peasants who settled them, also contributed to the expansion of population. [153]
Other sections of society included the nobility, clergy, and townsmen. Nobles, both the titled nobility and simple knights , exploited the manors and the peasants, although they did not own lands outright but were granted rights to the income from a manor or other lands by an overlord through the system of feudalism. During the 11th and 12th centuries, these lands, or fiefs, came to be considered hereditary, and in most areas they were no longer divisible between all the heirs as had been the case in the early medieval period. Instead, most fiefs and lands went to the eldest son. [154] [upper-alpha 17] The dominance of the nobility was built upon its control of the land, its military service as heavy cavalry , control of castles , and various immunities from taxes or other impositions. [upper-alpha 18] Castles, initially in wood but later in stone, began to be constructed in the 9th and 10th centuries in response to the disorder of the time, and provided protection from invaders as well as allowing lords defence from rivals. Control of castles allowed the nobles to defy kings or other overlords. [156] Nobles were stratified; kings and the highest-ranking nobility controlled large numbers of commoners and large tracts of land, as well as other nobles. Beneath them, lesser nobles had authority over smaller areas of land and fewer people. Knights were the lowest level of nobility; they controlled but did not own land, and had to serve other nobles. [157] [upper-alpha 19]
The clergy was divided into two types: the secular clergy , who lived out in the world, and the regular clergy , who lived under a religious rule and were usually monks. [159] Throughout the period monks remained a very small proportion of the population, usually less than one per cent. [160] Most of the regular clergy were drawn from the nobility, the same social class that served as the recruiting ground for the upper levels of the secular clergy. The local parish priests were often drawn from the peasant class. [161] Townsmen were in a somewhat unusual position, as they did not fit into the traditional three-fold division of society into nobles, clergy, and peasants. During the 12th and 13th centuries, the ranks of the townsmen expanded greatly as existing towns grew and new population centres were founded. [162] But throughout the Middle Ages the population of the towns probably never exceeded 10 per cent of the total population. [163]
13th-century illustration of a Jew (in pointed Jewish hat ) and a Christian debating
Jews also spread across Europe during the period. Communities were established in Germany and England in the 11th and 12th centuries, but Spanish Jews , long settled in Spain under the Muslims, came under Christian rule and increasing pressure to convert to Christianity. [73] Most Jews were confined to the cities, as they were not allowed to own land or be peasants. [164] [upper-alpha 20] Besides the Jews, there were other non-Christians on the edges of Europe—pagan Slavs in Eastern Europe and Muslims in Southern Europe. [165]
Women in the Middle Ages were officially required to be subordinate to some male, whether their father, husband, or other kinsman. Widows, who were often allowed much control over their own lives, were still restricted legally. Women's work generally consisted of household or other domestically inclined tasks. Peasant women were usually responsible for taking care of the household, child-care, as well as gardening and animal husbandry near the house. They could supplement the household income by spinning or brewing at home. At harvest-time, they were also expected to help with field-work. [166] Townswomen, like peasant women, were responsible for the household, and could also engage in trade. What trades were open to women varied by country and period. [167] Noblewomen were responsible for running a household, and could occasionally be expected to handle estates in the absence of male relatives, but they were usually restricted from participation in military or government affairs. The only role open to women in the Church was that of nuns, as they were unable to become priests. [166]
In central and northern Italy and in Flanders, the rise of towns that were to a degree self-governing stimulated economic growth and created an environment for new types of trade associations. Commercial cities on the shores of the Baltic entered into agreements known as the Hanseatic League, and the Italian Maritime republics such as Venice, Genoa, and Pisa expanded their trade throughout the Mediterranean. [upper-alpha 21] Great trading fairs were established and flourished in northern France during the period, allowing Italian and German merchants to trade with each other as well as local merchants. [169] In the late 13th century new land and sea routes to the Far East were pioneered, famously described in The Travels of Marco Polo written by one of the traders, Marco Polo (d. 1324). [170] Besides new trading opportunities, agricultural and technological improvements enabled an increase in crop yields, which in turn allowed the trade networks to expand. [171] Rising trade brought new methods of dealing with money, and gold coinage was again minted in Europe, first in Italy and later in France and other countries. New forms of commercial contracts emerged, allowing risk to be shared among merchants. Accounting methods improved, partly through the use of double-entry bookkeeping ; letters of credit also appeared, allowing easy transmission of money. [172]
Rise of state power
Main articles: England in the Middle Ages , France in the Middle Ages , Germany in the Middle Ages , Italy in the Middle Ages , Scotland in the Middle Ages , Spain in the Middle Ages , and Poland in the Middle Ages
Europe and the Mediterranean Sea in 1190
The High Middle Ages was the formative period in the history of the modern Western state. Kings in France, England, and Spain consolidated their power, and set up lasting governing institutions. [173] New kingdoms such as Hungary and Poland , after their conversion to Christianity, became Central European powers. [174] The Magyars settled Hungary around 900 under King Árpád (d. c. 907) after a series of invasions in the 9th century. [175] The papacy, long attached to an ideology of independence from secular kings, first asserted its claim to temporal authority over the entire Christian world; the Papal Monarchy reached its apogee in the early 13th century under the pontificate of Innocent III (pope 1198–1216). [176] Northern Crusades and the advance of Christian kingdoms and military orders into previously pagan regions in the Baltic and Finnic north-east brought the forced assimilation of numerous native peoples into European culture. [177]
During the early High Middle Ages, Germany was ruled by the Ottonian dynasty, which struggled to control the powerful dukes ruling over territorial duchies tracing back to the Migration period. In 1074, they were replaced by the Salian dynasty , who famously clashed with the papacy under Emperor Henry IV (r. 1084–1105) over church appointments as part of the Investiture Controversy . [178] His successors continued to struggle against the papacy as well as the German nobility. A period of instability followed the death of Emperor Henry V (r. 1111–25), who died without heirs, until Frederick I Barbarossa (r. 1155–90) took the imperial throne. [179] Although he ruled effectively, the basic problems remained, and his successors continued to struggle into the 13th century. [180] Barbarossa's grandson Frederick II (r. 1220–1250), who was also heir to the throne of Sicily through his mother, clashed repeatedly with the papacy. His court was famous for its scholars and he was often accused of heresy . [181] He and his successors faced many difficulties, including the invasion of the Mongols into Europe in the mid-13th century. Mongols first shattered the Kievan Rus' principalities and then invaded Eastern Europe in 1241, 1259, and 1287. [182]
The Bayeux Tapestry showing William the Conqueror in the centre, and his half-brothers Robert, Count of Mortain on the right and Odo , the bishop of Bayeux in the Duchy of Normandy on the left
Under the Capetian dynasty France slowly began to expand its authority over the nobility, growing out of the Île-de-France to exert control over more of the country in the 11th and 12th centuries. [183] They faced a powerful rival in the Dukes of Normandy , who in 1066 under William the Conqueror (duke 1035–1087), conquered England (r. 1066–87) and created a cross-channel empire that lasted, in various forms, throughout the rest of the Middle Ages. [184] [185] Normans also settled in Sicily and southern Italy, when Robert Guiscard (d. 1085) landed there in 1059 and established a duchy that later became the Kingdom of Sicily. [186] Under the Angevin dynasty of Henry II (r. 1154–89) and his son Richard I (r. 1189–99), the kings of England ruled over England and large areas of France, [187] [upper-alpha 22] brought to the family by Henry II's marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine (d. 1204), heiress to much of southern France. [189] [upper-alpha 23] Richard's younger brother John (r. 1199–1216) lost Normandy and the rest of the northern French possessions in 1204 to the French King Philip II Augustus (r. 1180–1223). This led to dissension among the English nobility, while John's financial exactions to pay for his unsuccessful attempts to regain Normandy led in 1215 to Magna Carta, a charter that confirmed the rights and privileges of free men in England. Under Henry III (r. 1216–72), John's son, further concessions were made to the nobility, and royal power was diminished. [190] The French monarchy continued to make gains against the nobility during the late 12th and 13th centuries, bringing more territories within the kingdom under their personal rule and centralising the royal administration. [191] Under Louis IX (r. 1226–70), royal prestige rose to new heights as Louis served as a mediator for most of Europe. [192] [upper-alpha 24]
In Iberia, the Christian states, which had been confined to the north-western part of the peninsula, began to push back against the Islamic states in the south, a period known as the Reconquista . [194] By about 1150, the Christian north had coalesced into the five major kingdoms of León, Castile, Aragon, Navarre, and Portugal . [195] Southern Iberia remained under control of Islamic states, initially under the Caliphate of Córdoba , which broke up in 1031 into a shifting number of petty states known as taifas , [194] who fought with the Christians until the Almohad Caliphate re-established centralised rule over Southern Iberia in the 1170s. [196] Christian forces advanced again in the early 1200s, culminating in the capture of Seville in 1248. [197]
Crusades
Krak des Chevaliers was built during the Crusades for the Knights Hospitallers . [198]
In the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks took over much of the Middle East, occupying Persia during the 1040s, Armenia in the 1060s, and Jerusalem in 1070. In 1071, the Turkish army defeated the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert and captured the Byzantine Emperor Romanus IV (r. 1068–71). The Turks were then free to invade Asia Minor, which dealt a dangerous blow to the Byzantine Empire by seizing a large part of its population and its economic heartland. Although the Byzantines regrouped and recovered somewhat, they never fully regained Asia Minor and were often on the defensive. The Turks also had difficulties, losing control of Jerusalem to the Fatimids of Egypt and suffering from a series of internal civil wars. [199]
The crusades were intended to seize Jerusalem from Muslim control. The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II (pope 1088–99) at the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) for aid against further Muslim advances. Urban promised indulgence to anyone who took part. Tens of thousands of people from all levels of society mobilised across Europe and captured Jerusalem in 1099. [200] One feature of the crusades was the pogroms against local Jews that often took place as the crusaders left their countries for the East. These were especially brutal during the First Crusade, [73] when the Jewish communities in Cologne, Mainz, and Worms were destroyed, and other communities in cities between the rivers Seine and Rhine suffered destruction. [201] Another outgrowth of the crusades was the foundation of a new type of monastic order, the military orders of the Templars and Hospitallers , which fused monastic life with military service. [202]
The crusaders consolidated their conquests into crusader states . During the 12th and 13th centuries, there were a series of conflicts between those states and the surrounding Islamic states. Appeals from those states to the papacy led to further crusades, [200] such as the Third Crusade , called to try to regain Jerusalem, which had been captured by Saladin (d. 1193) in 1187. [203] [upper-alpha 25] In 1203, the Fourth Crusade was diverted from the Holy Land to Constantinople, and captured the city in 1204, setting up a Latin Empire of Constantinople [205] and greatly weakening the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantines recaptured the city in 1261, but never regained their former strength. [206] By 1291 all the crusader states had been captured or forced from the mainland, although a titular Kingdom of Jerusalem survived on the island of Cyprus for several years afterwards. [207]
Popes called for crusades to take place elsewhere besides the Holy Land: in Spain, southern France, and along the Baltic. [200] The Spanish crusades became fused with the Reconquista of Spain from the Muslims. Although the Templars and Hospitallers took part in the Spanish crusades, similar Spanish military religious orders were founded, most of which had become part of the two main orders of Calatrava and Santiago by the beginning of the 12th century. [208] Northern Europe also remained outside Christian influence until the 11th century or later, and became a crusading venue as part of the Northern Crusades of the 12th to 14th centuries. These crusades also spawned a military order, the Order of the Sword Brothers . Another order, the Teutonic Knights , although originally founded in the crusader states, focused much of its activity in the Baltic after 1225, and in 1309 moved its headquarters to Marienburg in Prussia . [209]
Intellectual life
Main articles: Renaissance of the 12th century , Medieval philosophy , Medieval literature , Medieval poetry , and Medieval medicine of Western Europe
A medieval scholar making precise measurements in a 14th-century manuscript illustration
During the 11th century, developments in philosophy and theology led to increased intellectual activity. There was debate between the realists and the nominalists over the concept of " universals ". Philosophical discourse was stimulated by the rediscovery of Aristotle and his emphasis on empiricism and rationalism. Scholars such as Peter Abelard (d. 1142) and Peter Lombard (d. 1164) introduced Aristotelian logic into theology. The late 11th and early 12th centuries also saw the rise of cathedral schools throughout Western Europe, signalling the shift of learning from monasteries to cathedrals and towns. [210] Cathedral schools were in turn replaced by the universities established in major European cities. [211] Philosophy and theology fused in scholasticism , an attempt by 12th- and 13th-century scholars to reconcile authoritative texts, most notably Aristotle and the Bible. This resulted in a system of thought that tried to employ a systemic approach to truth and reason. [212] This culminated in the thought of Thomas Aquinas (d. 1274), who wrote the Summa Theologica , or Summary of Theology. [213]
Royal and noble courts saw the development of chivalry and the ethos of courtly love . This culture was expressed in the vernacular languages rather than Latin, and comprised poems, stories, legends, and popular songs spread by troubadours , or wandering minstrels. Often the stories were written down in the chansons de geste , or "songs of great deeds", such as The Song of Roland or The Song of Hildebrand . [214] Secular and religious histories were also produced. [215] Geoffrey of Monmouth (d. c. 1155) composed his Historia Regum Britanniae , a collection of stories and legends about Arthur. [216] Other works were more clearly history, such as Otto von Freising 's (d. 1158) Gesta Friderici Imperatoris detailing the deeds of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, or William of Malmesbury 's (d. c. 1143) Gesta Regum on the kings of England. [215]
Legal studies advanced during the 12th century. Both secular law and canon law , or ecclesiastical law, were studied in the High Middle Ages. Secular law, or Roman law, was advanced greatly by the discovery of the Corpus Juris Civilis in the 11th century, and by 1100 Roman law was being taught at Bologna . This led to the recording and standardisation of legal codes throughout Western Europe. Canon law was also studied, and around 1140 a monk named Gratian (fl. 12th century), a teacher at Bologna, wrote what became the standard text of canon law—the Decretum . [217]
Among the results of the Greek and Islamic influence on this period in European history was the replacement of Roman numerals with the decimal positional number system and the invention of algebra, which allowed more advanced mathematics. Astronomy advanced following the translation of Ptolemy 's Almagest from Greek into Latin in the late 12th century. Medicine was also studied, especially in southern Italy, where Islamic medicine influenced the school at Salerno . [218]
Technology and military
Main articles: Medieval technology , Medieval warfare , and Science in the Middle Ages
A stained glass window from Chartres Cathedral depicting a blacksmith putting a horseshoe on a horse
In the 12th and 13th centuries, Europe saw economic growth and innovations in methods of production. Major technological advances included the invention of the windmill , the first mechanical clocks, the first investigations of optics and the creation of crude lenses , the manufacture of distilled spirits , and the use of the astrolabe . [219] Glass-making advanced with the development of a process that allowed the creation of transparent glass in the early 13th century. Transparent glass made possible developments in the science of optics by Roger Bacon (d. 1294), who is credited with the invention of eyeglasses. [220] [upper-alpha 26]
The development of a three-field rotation system for planting crops [151] [upper-alpha 27] increased the usage of land from one half in use each year under the old two-field system to two-thirds under the new system, with a consequent increase in production. [221] The development of the heavy plough allowed heavier soils to be farmed more efficiently, aided by the spread of the horse collar , which led to the use of draught horses in place of oxen. Horses are faster than oxen and require less pasture, factors that aided the implementation of the three-field system. [151]
The construction of cathedrals and castles advanced building technology, leading to the development of large stone buildings. Ancillary structures included new town halls, houses, bridges, and tithe barns . [222] Shipbuilding improved with the use of the rib and plank method rather than the old Roman system of mortise and tenon . Other improvements to ships included the use of lateen sails and the stern-post rudder , both of which increased the speed at which ships could be sailed. [223]
Military affairs saw an increase in the use of infantry with specialised roles. Along with the still-dominant heavy cavalry , armies often included mounted and infantry crossbowmen , as well as sappers and engineers. [224] Crossbows, which had been known in Late Antiquity, increased in use partly because of the increase in siege warfare in the 10th and 11th centuries. [146] [upper-alpha 28] The increasing use of crossbows during the 12th and 13th centuries led to the use of closed-face helmets , heavy body armour, as well as horse armour . [226] Gunpowder was known in Europe by the mid-13th century with a recorded use in European warfare by the English against the Scots in 1304, although it was merely used as an explosive and not as a weapon. Cannon were being used for sieges in the 1320s, and hand-held guns were in use by the 1360s. [227]
Architecture, art, and music
Romanesque Catalan fresco , Master of Taüll , 1123, now at Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya
In the 10th century the establishment of churches and monasteries led to the development of stone architecture that elaborated vernacular Roman forms, from which the term "Romanesque" is derived. Where available, Roman brick and stone buildings were recycled for their materials. From the tentative beginnings known as the First Romanesque , the style flourished and spread across Europe in a remarkably homogeneous form. Just before 1000 there was a great wave of building stone churches all over Europe. [228] Romanesque architecture features massive stone walls, openings topped by semi-circular arches, small windows, and, particularly in France, arched stone vaults. [229] The large portal with coloured sculpture in high relief became a central feature of façades, especially in France, and the capitals of columns were often carved with narrative scenes of imaginative monsters and animals. [230] According to art historian C. R. Dodwell, "virtually all the churches in the West were decorated with wall-paintings", of which few survive. [231] Simultaneous with the development in church architecture, the distinctive European form of the castle was developed, and became crucial to politics and warfare. [232]
Romanesque art, especially metalwork, was at its most sophisticated in Mosan art , in which distinct artistic personalities including Nicholas of Verdun (d. 1205) become apparent, and an almost classical style is seen in works such as a font at Liège , [233] contrasting with the writhing animals of the exactly contemporary Gloucester Candlestick . Large illuminated bibles and psalters were the typical forms of luxury manuscripts, and wall-painting flourished in churches, often following a scheme with a Last Judgement on the west wall, a Christ in Majesty at the east end, and narrative biblical scenes down the nave, or in the best surviving example, at Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe , on the barrel-vaulted roof. [234]
Chartres Cathedral , an example of French Gothic architecture
From the early 12th century, French builders developed the Gothic style, marked by the use of rib vaults , pointed arches , flying buttresses , and large stained glass windows. It was used mainly in churches and cathedrals, and continued in use until the 16th century in much of Europe. Classic examples of Gothic architecture include Chartres Cathedral and Reims Cathedral in France as well as Salisbury Cathedral in England. [235] Stained glass became a crucial element in the design of churches, which continued to use extensive wall-paintings, now almost all lost. [236]
During this period the practice of manuscript illumination gradually passed from monasteries to lay workshops, so that according to Janetta Benton "by 1300 most monks bought their books in shops", [237] and the book of hours developed as a form of devotional book for lay-people. Metalwork continued to be the most prestigious form of art, with Limoges enamel a popular and relatively affordable option for objects such as reliquaries and crosses. [238] In Italy the innovations of Cimabue and Duccio , followed by the Trecento master Giotto (d. 1337), greatly increased the sophistication and status of panel painting and fresco. [239] Increasing prosperity during the 12th century resulted in greater production of secular art; many carved ivory objects such as gaming-pieces, combs, and small religious figures have survived. [240]
Church life
Francis of Assisi , depicted by Bonaventura Berlinghieri in 1235, founded the Franciscan Order. [241]
Monastic reform became an important issue during the 11th century, as elites began to worry that monks were not adhering to the rules binding them to a strictly religious life. Cluny Abbey , founded in the Mâcon region of France in 909, was established as part of the Cluniac Reforms , a larger movement of monastic reform in response to this fear. [242] Cluny quickly established a reputation for austerity and rigour. It sought to maintain a high quality of spiritual life by placing itself under the protection of the papacy and by electing its own abbot without interference from laymen, thus maintaining economic and political independence from local lords. [243]
Monastic reform inspired change in the secular church. The ideals that it was based upon were brought to the papacy by Pope Leo IX (pope 1049–1054), and provided the ideology of the clerical independence that led to the Investiture Controversy in the late 11th century. This involved Pope Gregory VII (pope 1073–85) and Emperor Henry IV, who initially clashed over episcopal appointments, a dispute that turned into a battle over the ideas of investiture , clerical marriage, and simony . The emperor saw the protection of the Church as one of his responsibilities as well as wanting to preserve the right to appoint his own choices as bishops within his lands, but the papacy insisted on the Church's independence from secular lords. These issues remained unresolved after the compromise of 1122 known as the Concordat of Worms . The dispute represents a significant stage in the creation of a papal monarchy separate from and equal to lay authorities. It also had the permanent consequence of empowering German princes at the expense of the German emperors. [242]
The High Middle Ages was a period of great religious movements. Besides the Crusades and monastic reforms, people sought to participate in new forms of religious life. New monastic orders were founded, including the Carthusians and the Cistercians . The latter especially expanded rapidly in their early years under the guidance of Bernard of Clairvaux (d. 1153). These new orders were formed in response to the feeling of the laity that Benedictine monasticism no longer met the needs of the laymen, who along with those wishing to enter the religious life wanted a return to the simpler hermetical monasticism of early Christianity, or to live an Apostolic life . [202] Religious pilgrimages were also encouraged. Old pilgrimage sites such as Rome, Jerusalem, and Compostela received increasing numbers of visitors, and new sites such as Monte Gargano and Bari rose to prominence. [244]
In the 13th century mendicant orders —the Franciscans and the Dominicans—who swore vows of poverty and earned their living by begging, were approved by the papacy. [245] Religious groups such as the Waldensians and the Humiliati also attempted to return to the life of early Christianity in the middle 12th and early 13th centuries, but they were condemned as heretical by the papacy. Others joined the Cathars , another heretical movement condemned by the papacy. In 1209, a crusade was preached against the Cathars, the Albigensian Crusade , which in combination with the medieval Inquisition , eliminated them. [246]
Late Middle Ages
A manuscript illustration of a bishop blessing victims of the Black Death ( Omne Bonum , c. 1360–1375)
War, famine, and plague
Main article: Crisis of the Late Middle Ages
The first years of the 14th century were marked by famines, culminating in the Great Famine of 1315–17 . [247] The causes of the Great Famine included the slow transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age , which left the population vulnerable when bad weather caused crop failures. [248] The years 1313–14 and 1317–21 were excessively rainy throughout Europe, resulting in widespread crop failures. [249] The climate change—which resulted in a declining average annual temperature for Europe during the 14th century—was accompanied by an economic downturn. [250]
Execution of some of the ringleaders of the jacquerie , from a 14th-century manuscript of the Chroniques de France ou de St Denis
These troubles were followed in 1347 by the Black Death, a disease that spread throughout Europe during the following three years. [251] [upper-alpha 29] The death toll was probably about 35 million people in Europe, about one-third of the population. Towns were especially hard-hit because of their crowded conditions. [upper-alpha 30] Large areas of land were left sparsely inhabited, and in some places fields were left unworked. Wages rose as landlords sought to entice the reduced number of available workers to their fields. Further problems were the lower rents and lower demands for food, both of which cut into agricultural income. Urban workers also felt that they had a right to greater earnings, and popular uprisings broke out across Europe. [254] Among the uprisings were the jacquerie in France, the Peasants' Revolt in England, and revolts in the cities of Florence in Italy and Ghent and Bruges in Flanders. The trauma of the plague led to an increased piety throughout Europe, which manifested itself in the foundation of new charities, the self-mortification of the flagellants , and the scapegoating of the Jews . [255] Conditions were further unsettled by the return of the plague throughout the rest of the 14th century; it continued to strike Europe periodically during the rest of the Middle Ages. [251]
Society and economy
See also: 1300–1400 in European fashion and 1400–1500 in European fashion
Society throughout Europe was disturbed by the dislocations caused by the Black Death. Lands that had been marginally productive were abandoned, as the survivors were able to acquire more fertile areas. [256] Although serfdom declined in Western Europe it became more common in Eastern Europe, as landlords imposed it on those of their tenants who had previously been free. [257] Most peasants in Western Europe managed to change the work they had previously owed to their landlords into cash rents. [258] The percentage of serfs amongst the peasantry declined from a high of 90 to closer to 50 per cent by the end of the period. [158] Landlords also became more conscious of common interests with other landholders, and joined together to extort privileges from their governments. Partly at the urging of landlords, governments attempted to legislate a return to the economic conditions that existed before the Black Death. [258] Non-clergy became increasingly literate, and urban populations began to imitate the nobility's interest in chivalry. [259]
Jewish communities were expelled from England in 1290, and from France in 1306 . Although some were allowed back into France, most were not, and many Jews emigrated eastwards, settling in Poland and Hungary. [260] The Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492 , and dispersed to Turkey, France, Italy, and Holland. [73] The rise of banking in Italy during the 13th century continued throughout the 14th century, fuelled partly by the increasing warfare of the period and the needs of the papacy to move money between kingdoms. Many of the banking firms loaned money to royalty, at great risk, as some were bankrupted when kings defaulted on their loans. [261] [upper-alpha 31]
State resurgence
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Map of Europe in 1360
The Late Middle Ages witnessed the rise of strong, royalty-based nation states throughout Europe, particularly in England, France, and the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula: Aragon, Castile, and Portugal . The long conflicts of the later Middle Ages strengthened royal control over their kingdoms, and were extremely hard on the peasantry. Kings profited from warfare which extended royal legislation throughout their kingdoms and increased the lands they directly controlled. [262] Paying for the wars required that methods of taxation become more effective and efficient, and the rate of taxation often increased. [263] The requirement to obtain the consent of those being taxed meant that representative bodies such as the English Parliament or the French Estates General gained power and authority. [264]
Joan of Arc in a 15th-century depiction
Throughout the 14th century, French kings sought to expand their influence throughout the kingdom at the expense of the territorial holdings of the nobility. [265] They ran into difficulties when attempting to confiscate the holdings of the English kings in southern France, leading to the Hundred Years' War , [266] which lasted until 1453. [267] Early in the war the English under Edward III (r. 1327–77) and his son Edward, the Black Prince (d. 1376), [upper-alpha 32] won the battles of Crécy and Poitiers , captured the city of Calais, and won control of much of France. [upper-alpha 33] The resulting stresses almost caused the disintegration of the French kingdom during the early years of the war. [270] In the early 15th century, France once more came close to dissolving, but in the late 1420s the military successes of Joan of Arc (d. 1431) led to the victory of the French kings over the English and the capture of the last of the English possessions in southern France in 1453. [271] The price was high, as the population of France at the end of the Wars was likely half what it had been at the start of the conflict. Conversely, the Wars had a positive effect on English national identity , doing much to fuse the various local identities into a national English ideal. The conflict with the French also helped create a national culture in England that was separate from French culture, which had been the dominant cultural influence in England before the outbreak of the Hundred Years' War. [272] The early Hundred Years' War also saw the dominance of the English longbow , [273] and the appearance of cannon on the battlefield at Crécy in 1346. [227]
In modern-day Germany, the Empire continued, but the elective nature of the imperial crown meant that there was no enduring dynasty around which a strong state could form. [274] Further east, the kingdoms of Poland, Hungary, and Bohemia grew powerful. [275] The Iberian Peninsula kingdoms continued to gain land from the Muslim kingdoms of the peninsula; [275] Portugal concentrated on expanding overseas during the 15th century, while the other kingdoms were riven by difficulties over the royal succession and other concerns. [276] [277] England, after losing the Hundred Years' War, went on to suffer a long civil war known as the Wars of the Roses , which lasted into the 1490s, [277] and only ended when Henry Tudor (r. 1485–1509 as Henry VII) became king and consolidated his hold on England after his victory over Richard III (r. 1483–85) at Bosworth in 1485. [278] Scandinavia went through a period of union under the Union of Kalmar in the late 14th and early 15th centuries, but dissolved once more after the death of Margaret I of Denmark (r. in Denmark 1387–1412), who had united Norway, Denmark, and Sweden. The major power around the Baltic Sea was the Hanseatic League, a commercial confederation of city states that traded from Western Europe to Russia. [279] Scotland emerged from English domination under Robert the Bruce (r. 1306–29), who secured papal recognition of his kingship in 1328. [280]
Collapse of Byzantium
Main articles: Decline of the Byzantine Empire , Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty , Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty , Byzantine–Ottoman Wars , and Rise of the Ottoman Empire
Although the Palaeologi emperors recaptured Constantinople from the Western Europeans in 1261, they were never able to regain control of much of the former imperial lands. They usually controlled only a small section of the Balkan Peninsula near Constantinople, the city itself, and some coastal lands on the Black Sea and around the Aegean Sea. The former Byzantine lands in the Balkans were divided between the new kingdoms of Serbia and Bulgaria and the city-state of Venice . The power of the Byzantine emperors was threatened by a new Turkish tribe, the Ottomans , who established themselves in Anatolia in the 13th century and steadily expanded throughout the 14th century. The Ottomans expanded into Europe, reducing Bulgaria to a vassal state by 1366 and taking over Serbia after its defeat at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389. Western Europeans rallied to the plight of the Christians in the Balkans and declared a new crusade in 1396; a great army was sent to the Balkans, where it was defeated at the Battle of Nicopolis . [281] Constantinople was finally captured by the Ottomans in 1453. [282]
Controversy within the Church
Guy of Boulogne crowning Pope Gregory XI in a miniature from Froissart's Chroniques
The troubled 14th century saw the Avignon Papacy of 1305–78, [283] also called the "Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy" (a reference to the Babylonian captivity of the Jews), [284] and then the Great Schism that lasted from 1378 to 1418, when there were two, then later three, rival popes, each supported by several states. [285] In the early years of the 15th century, after a century of turmoil, ecclesiastical officials convened in Constance in 1414, and the following year the council deposed one of the rival popes, leaving only two claimants. Further depositions followed, and in November 1417 the council elected Martin V (pope 1417–31) as pope. [286]
Besides the schism, the western church was riven by theological controversies, some of which turned into heresies. John Wycliffe (d. 1384), an English theologian, was condemned as a heretic in 1415 for teaching that the laity should have access to the text of the Bible as well as holding views on the Eucharist that were contrary to church doctrine. [287] Wycliffe's teachings influenced two of the major heretical movements of the later Middle Ages— Lollardy in England and Hussitism in Bohemia. [288] The Bohemians were also influenced by the teaching of Jan Hus , who was burned at the stake in 1415 after being condemned as a heretic by the Council of Constance. The Hussite church, although the target of a crusade, survived beyond the Middle Ages. [289] Other heresies were manufactured, such as the accusations against the Knights Templar that resulted in their suppression in 1312, and the division of their great wealth between the French King Philip IV (r. 1285–1314) and the Hospitallers. [290]
The papacy refined the concept of transubstantiation further in the Late Middle Ages, stating that the clergy alone was allowed to partake of the wine in the Eucharist. This further distanced the secular laity from the clergy. The laity continued the practices of pilgrimages, veneration of relics, and belief in the power of the Devil. Mystics such as Meister Eckhart (d. 1327) or Thomas à Kempis (d. 1471) wrote works that taught the laity to focus on their inner spiritual life, which laid the groundwork for the Protestant Reformation. Besides mysticism, belief in witches and witchcraft became widespread, and by the late 15th century the Church had begun to lend credence to populist fears of witchcraft by its condemnation of witches in 1484 and the publication in 1486 of the Malleus Maleficarum , the most popular handbook for witch-hunters. [291]
Scholars, intellectuals, and exploration
Edit
The Later Middle Ages saw a reaction against scholasticism led by John Duns Scotus (d. 1308) [upper-alpha 34] and William of Ockham (d. c. 1348), [212] both of whom objected to the application of reason to faith. Their efforts, along with others, led to an undermining of the prevailing Platonic idea of "universals". Ockham's insistence that reason operates independently of faith allowed science to be separated from theology and philosophy. [292] Legal studies were marked by the steady advance of Roman law into areas of jurisprudence previously governed by customary law. The one exception to this trend was England, where the common law remained pre-eminent. Countries also codified their laws; legal codes were promulgated in countries as far apart as Castile, Poland, and Lithuania. [293]
Education remained mostly focused on the training of future clergy. The basic learning of the letters and numbers remained the province of the family or a village priest, but the secondary subjects of the trivium —grammar, rhetoric, logic—were studied in cathedral schools or in schools provided by cities. Commercial secondary schools spread, and some Italian towns had more than one such enterprise. Universities also spread throughout Europe in the 14th and 15th centuries. The rise of vernacular literature increased, with Dante (d. 1321), Petrarch (d. 1374) and Giovanni Boccaccio (d. 1375) in 14th-century Italy, Geoffrey Chaucer (d. 1400) and William Langland (d. c. 1386) in England, and François Villon (d. 1464) and Christine de Pizan (d. c. 1430) in France. Much literature remained religious in character, and although a great deal of it continued to be written in Latin, a new demand developed for saints' lives and other devotional tracts in the vernacular languages. [293] This was fed by the growth of the Devotio Moderna movement, most prominently in the formation of the Brethren of the Common Life , but also in the works of German mystics such as Meister Eckhart and Johannes Tauler (d. 1361). [294] Theatre also developed in the guise of miracle plays put on by the Church. [293] At the end of the period, the development of the printing press in about 1450 led to the establishment of publishing houses throughout Europe by 1500. [295] Lay literacy rates rose, but were still low; one estimate gave a literacy rate of ten per cent of males and one per cent of females in 1500. [296]
Beginning in the early 15th century, the countries of the Iberian peninsula began to sponsor exploration beyond the boundaries of Europe. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal (d. 1460) sent expeditions that discovered the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Cape Verde during his lifetime. After his death, exploration continued; Bartolomeu Dias (d. 1500) went around the Cape of Good Hope in 1486 and Vasco da Gama (d. 1524) sailed around Africa to India in 1498. [297] The combined Spanish monarchies of Castile and Aragon sponsored Christopher Columbus' (d. 1506) voyage of exploration in 1492 that discovered the Americas . [298] The English crown under Henry VII sponsored the voyage of John Cabot (d. 1498) in 1497, which landed on Cape Breton Island. [299]
Technological and military developments
Edit
One of the major developments in the military sphere during the Late Middle Ages was the increasing use of infantry and light cavalry. [300] The English also employed longbowmen, but other countries were unable to create similar forces that enjoyed the same military success. [301] Armour continued to advance, spurred on by the increasing power of crossbows, and plate armour was developed to help protect against the threat from crossbows as well as the hand-held guns that were developed. [302] Pole arms reached new prominence with the development of the Flemish and Swiss infantry armed with pikes and other long spears. [303]
In agriculture, one major advance was the increasing use of sheep with long-fibred wool, which allowed a stronger thread to be spun. Also important was the replacement of the traditional distaff for spinning wool with the spinning wheel , which tripled production over hand spinning. [304] [upper-alpha 35] A less technological refinement that still greatly affected daily life was the use of buttons as closures for garments, which allowed for better fitting without having to lace clothing on the wearer. [306] Windmills were refined with the creation of the tower mill , which allowed the upper part of the windmill to be spun around to face whichever direction the wind was blowing. [307] The blast furnace appeared around 1350 in Sweden, increasing the quantity of iron produced and improving its quality. [308] The first patent law in 1447 in Venice protected the rights of inventors to their inventions. [309]
Late medieval art and architecture
February scene from the 15th-century illuminated manuscript Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry
The Late Middle Ages in Europe as a whole correspond to the Trecento and Early Renaissance cultural periods in Italy, although Northern Europe and Spain continued to use Gothic styles, increasingly elaborate in the 15th century, until almost the end of the period. International Gothic was a courtly style that reached much of Europe in the decades around 1400, producing masterpieces such as the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry . [310] All over Europe secular art continued to increase in quantity and quality, and in the 15th century the mercantile classes of Italy and Flanders became important patrons, commissioning small portraits of themselves in oils as well as a growing range of luxury items such as jewellery, ivory caskets , cassone chests, and maiolica pottery. These objects also included the Hispano-Moresque ware produced by mostly Mudéjar potters in Spain. Although royalty owned huge collections of plate, little survives except for the Royal Gold Cup . [311] Italian silk manufacture developed, so that western churches and elites no longer needed to rely on imports from Byzantium or the Islamic world. In France and Flanders tapestry weaving of sets like The Lady and the Unicorn became a major luxury industry. [312]
The large external sculptural schemes of Early Gothic churches gave way to more sculpture inside the building, as tombs became more elaborate and other features such as pulpits were sometimes lavishly carved, as in the Pulpit by Giovanni Pisano in Sant'Andrea . Painted or carved wooden relief altarpieces became common, especially as churches created many side-chapels. Early Netherlandish painting by artists such as Jan van Eyck (d. 1441) and Rogier van der Weyden (d. 1464) rivalled that of Italy, as did northern illuminated manuscripts, which in the 15th century began to be collected on a large scale by secular elites, who also commissioned secular books, especially histories. From about 1450 printed books rapidly became popular, though still expensive. There were around 30,000 different editions of incunabula , or works printed before 1500, [313] by which time illuminated manuscripts were commissioned only by royalty and a few others. Very small woodcuts , nearly all religious, were affordable even by peasants in parts of Northern Europe from the middle of the 15th century. More expensive engravings supplied a wealthier market with a variety of images. [314]
Modern perceptions
Medieval illustration of the spherical Earth in a 14th-century copy of L'Image du monde
The medieval period is frequently caricatured as a "time of ignorance and superstition" that placed "the word of religious authorities over personal experience and rational activity." [315] This is a legacy from both the Renaissance and Enlightenment, when scholars contrasted their intellectual cultures with those of the medieval period, to the detriment of the Middle Ages. Renaissance scholars saw the Middle Ages as a period of decline from the high culture and civilisation of the Classical world; Enlightenment scholars saw reason as superior to faith, and thus viewed the Middle Ages as a time of ignorance and superstition. [13]
Others argue that reason was generally held in high regard during the Middle Ages. Science historian Edward Grant writes, "If revolutionary rational thoughts were expressed [in the 18th century], they were only made possible because of the long medieval tradition that established the use of reason as one of the most important of human activities". [316] Also, contrary to common belief, David Lindberg writes, "the late medieval scholar rarely experienced the coercive power of the church and would have regarded himself as free (particularly in the natural sciences) to follow reason and observation wherever they led". [317]
The caricature of the period is also reflected in some more specific notions. One misconception, first propagated in the 19th century [318] and still very common, is that all people in the Middle Ages believed that the Earth was flat . [318] This is untrue, as lecturers in the medieval universities commonly argued that evidence showed the Earth was a sphere. [319] Lindberg and Ronald Numbers , another scholar of the period, state that there "was scarcely a Christian scholar of the Middle Ages who did not acknowledge [Earth's] sphericity and even know its approximate circumference". [320] Other misconceptions such as "the Church prohibited autopsies and dissections during the Middle Ages", "the rise of Christianity killed off ancient science", or "the medieval Christian church suppressed the growth of natural philosophy", are all cited by Numbers as examples of widely popular myths that still pass as historical truth, although they are not supported by current historical research. [321]
Notes
Edit
↑ This is the year the last western Roman Emperors were driven from Italy. [11]
↑ A reference work published in 1883 equates the Dark Ages with the Middle Ages, but beginning with William Paton Ker in 1904, the term "Dark Ages" is generally restricted to the early part of the Medieval period. For example, the 1911 edition of Encyclopædia Britannica defines the Dark Ages this way. See Dark Ages for a more complete historiography of this term.
↑ This system, which eventually encompassed two senior co-emperors and two junior co-emperors, is known as the Tetrarchy . [22]
↑ The commanders of the Roman military in the area appear to have taken food and other supplies intended to be given to the Goths and instead sold them to the Goths. The revolt was triggered when one of the Roman military commanders attempted to take the Gothic leaders hostage but failed to secure all of them. [29]
↑ An alternative date of 480 is sometimes given, as that was the year Romulus Augustulus' predecessor Julius Nepos died; Nepos had continued to assert that he was the western emperor while holding onto Dalmatia. [11]
↑ The English word "slave" derives from the Latin term for Slavs, slavicus. [46]
↑ His grave was discovered in 1653 and is remarkable for its grave goods , which included weapons and a large quantity of gold. [49]
↑ Brittany takes its name from this settlement by Britons. [50]
↑ Such entourages are named comitatus by historians, although it is not a contemporary term. It was adapted in the 19th century from a word used by the 2nd-century historian Tacitus to describe the close companions of a lord or king. [64] The comitatus comprised young men who were supposed to be utterly devoted to their lord. If their sworn lord died, they were expected to fight to the death also. [65]
↑ Dhu Nuwas , ruler of present-day Yemen, converted in 525 and his subsequent persecution of Christians led to the invasion and conquest of his kingdom by the Axumites of Ethiopia . [74]
↑ Muslim armies had earlier conquered the Visigothic kingdom of Spain, after defeating the last Visigothic King Ruderic (d. 711 or 712) at the Battle of Guadalete in 711, finishing the conquest by 719. [93]
↑ The Papal States endured until 1870, when the Kingdom of Italy seized most of them. [98]
↑ The Carolingian minuscule was developed from the uncial script of Late Antiquity, which was a smaller, rounder form of writing the Latin alphabet than the classical forms. [103]
↑ The Carolingian dynasty had earlier been displaced by King Odo (r. 888–898), previously Count of Paris , who took the throne in 888. [108] Although members of the Carolingian dynasty became kings in the western lands after Odo's death, Odo's family also supplied kings—his brother Robert I became king for 922–923, and then Robert's son-in-law Raoul was king from 929 to 936—before the Carolingians reclaimed the throne once more. [109]
↑ Hugh Capet was a grandson of Robert I, an earlier king. [109]
↑ This settlement eventually expanded and sent out conquering expeditions to England, Sicily, and southern Italy. [112]
↑ This inheritance pattern is known as primogeniture. [155]
↑ Heavy cavalry had been introduced into Europe from the Persian cataphract of the 5th and 6th centuries, but the addition of the stirrup in the 7th allowed the full force of horse and rider to be used in combat. [156]
↑ In France, Germany, and the Low Countries there was a further type of "noble", the ministerialis , who were in effect unfree knights. They descended from serfs who had served as warriors or government officials, which increased status allowed their descendants to hold fiefs as well as become knights while still being technically serfs. [158]
↑ A few Jewish peasants remained on the land under Byzantine rule in the East as well as some on Crete under Venetian rule, but they were the exception in Europe. [164]
↑ These two groups—Germans and Italians—took different approaches to their trading arrangements. Most German cities co-operated in the Hanseatic League, in contrast with the Italian city-states who engaged in internecine strife. [168]
↑ This grouping of lands is often called the Angevin Empire . [188]
↑ Eleanor had previously been married to Louis VII of France (r. 1137–80), but their marriage was annulled in 1152. [189]
↑ Louis was canonised in 1297 by Pope Boniface VIII . [193]
↑ Military religious orders such as the Knights Templar and the Knights Hospitaller were formed and went on to play an integral role in the crusader states. [204]
↑ An early depiction of eyeglasses is at Strasburg Cathedral , where a stained glass image of the Emperor Henry VII (r. 1308–1313) shows him with spectacles. [220]
↑ It had spread to Northern Europe by 1000, and had reached Poland by the 12th century. [221]
↑ Crossbows are slow to reload, which limits their use on open battlefields. In sieges the slowness is not as big a disadvantage, as the crossbowman can hide behind fortifications while reloading. [225]
↑ The historical consensus for the last 100 years has been that the Black Death was a form of bubonic plague, but some historians have begun to challenge this view in recent years. [252]
↑ One town, Lübeck in Germany, lost 90 per cent of its population to the Black Death. [253]
↑ As happened with the Bardi and Peruzzi firms in the 1340s when King Edward III of England repudiated their loans to him. [261]
↑ Edward's nickname probably came from his black armour, and was first used by John Leland in the 1530s or 1540s. [268]
↑ Calais remained in English hands until 1558. [269]
↑ The word "dunce" derives from Duns Scotus' name. [292]
↑ This wheel was still simple, as it did not yet incorporate a treadle-wheel to twist and pull the fibres. That refinement was not invented until the 15th century. [305]
Citations
Numbers, Ronald (11 May 2006). "Myths and Truths in Science and Religion: A historical perspective" . Lecture archive. The Faraday Institute for Science and Religion. http://www.st-edmunds.cam.ac.uk/faraday/CIS/Numbers/Numbers_Lecture.pdf . Retrieved 25 January 2013.
Payne, Robert (2000). The Dream and the Tomb: A History of the Crusades (First paperback ed.). New York: Cooper Square Press. ISBN 0-8154-1086-7 .
Peters, Ted (2005). "Science and Religion". In Jones, Lindsay. Encyclopedia of Religion. 12 (Second ed.). Detroit, MI: MacMillan Reference. p. 8182. ISBN 978-0-02-865980-0 .
Power, Daniel (2006). The Central Middle Ages: Europe 950–1320. The Short Oxford History of Europe. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925312-8 .
Reilly, Bernard F. (1993). The Medieval Spains. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-39741-3 .
Riley-Smith, Jonathan (1989). "Crusades". In Loyn, H. R.. The Middle Ages: A Concise Encyclopedia. London: Thames and Hudson. pp. 106–107. ISBN 0-500-27645-5 .
Rosenwein, Barbara H. (1982). Rhinoceros Bound: Cluny in the Tenth Century. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-7830-5 .
Russell, Jeffey Burton (1991). Inventing the Flat Earth-Columbus and Modern Historians. Westport, CT: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-95904-X .
Saul, Nigel (2000). A Companion to Medieval England 1066–1485. Stroud, UK: Tempus. ISBN 0-7524-2969-8 .
Schove, D. Justin (1989). "Plague". In Loyn, H. R.. The Middle Ages: A Concise Encyclopedia. London: Thames and Hudson. pp. 267–269. ISBN 0-500-27645-5 .
Singman, Jeffrey L. (1999). Daily Life in Medieval Europe. Daily Life Through History. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-30273-1 .
Stalley, Roger (1999). Early Medieval Architecture. Oxford History of Art. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-284223-7 .
Tansey, Richard G.; Gardner, Helen Louise; De la Croix, Horst (1986). Gardner's Art Through the Ages (Eighth ed.). San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 0-15-503763-3 .
Thomson, John A. F. (1998). The Western Church in the Middle Ages. London: Arnold. ISBN 0-340-60118-3 .
Vale, Malcolm (1998). "The Civilization of Courts and Cities in the North, 1200–1500". In Holmes, George. The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 297–351. ISBN 0-19-285220-5 .
Watts, John (2009). The Making of Polities: Europe, 1300–1500. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-79664-4 .
Whitton, David (1998). "The Society of Northern Europe in the High Middle Ages, 900–1200". In Holmes, George. The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 115–174. ISBN 0-19-285220-5 .
Wickham, Chris (2009). The Inheritance of Rome: Illuminating the Dark Ages 400–1000. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-311742-1 .
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i don't know
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Whose name was licensed in 2014 for cannabis products, anticipating a market of $10bn?
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1st QUIZ of the 2015
1st QUIZ of the 2015
« on: December 31, 2014, 07:26:32 PM »
Ok so here are 10 questions all about 2014
Answers please like this
4.
1.What is the year 2014 in Roman numerals?
2.Whose name was licensed in 2014 for cannabis products, anticipating a market of $10bn: Marley; Presley; Dylan; or Madonna?
3.How many countries competed in the Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games: 29; 37; 46; or 71?
4.Name the actor who died in 2014, star of The Rockford Files and The Great Escape?
5.The velocity of 67P, the first comet to be landed on by an earthly craft in Nov 2014, was approx (what?) km/hr: 135; 1,350; 13,500; or 135,000?
6.What word differentiates the 1990 FIFA World Cup Final from the 2014 'repeat' in which Germany beat Argentina 1-0?
7.In what city did a nurse become the first person outside Africa to be infected by Ebola in the 2014 outbreak?
8.What was Miley Cyrus's award-winning record-breaking 2014 video/hit song, being the thing on which she controversially swung nude?
9.Graffitied and repainted often since 1980, and obliterated in 2014 except from the ironic statement "Wall is over", the 'Freedom Wall' in Prague celebrates whose memory?
10.Which historically contested region did Russia annexe from Ukraine in February 2014?
« Last Edit: January 03, 2015, 03:14:36 PM by DECK_OF_CARDS »
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Bob Marley
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Name the actor who died in 2014, star of The Rockford Files and The Great Escape?
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contents ISSUE 61, VOLUME 5, JANUARY 2015
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BEAUTY
28. Intersection 30. Black And White 32. Parenting Tips For 2015 34. Introduction To Hospitality 110. Movies And Their Impact On Society
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18. Welcome To Another Effing New Year 20. Festive Day 22. New Year’s Reading Resolutions 24. Rant And Rabbit III 26. ٢٠١٥ ً أهال
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contents ISSUE 61, VOLUME 5, JANUARY 2015
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42. Presbyopia 44. Belly Fat IS Bad! 46. Spotlight On Recent Developments In
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48. Early Labor 50. The Salhiya Medical Pavilion
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Happy 2015! Time flies when you're having fun, they say. Well, we must be having a blast, because we've realized, with a bit of a start, that this is our fifth anniversary issue. 2015 is guaranteed to be an incredible year: We’ve got month after month of blockbuster CityPages lined up for you, each featuring a different theme. The five-year milestone has resulted in my thinking back to our original plans and how they have evolved over the years. The first issue of CityPages made its debut in the January of 2010. Our first cover personality was Manayer Salmeen, who had won the Miss Arab Sport title then. We profiled Faakhir - Pakistan's hottest pop icon as part of a larger story. We also had a very special feature on The Day Spa for Men. Since then, we have been carefully selecting our cover personalities and during this five-year journey, we are lucky to have featured some of the best talented and highly respected people from different industries. We have begun 2015 with a solid start by featuring the first Kuwaiti female fur designer - Maali AlOudah. In this issue, we have experimented with different Kuwaiti and internationally famous photographers and I am sure you will love the cover and the exclusive interview shots of Maali AlOudah that were captured by the lens of Hamad AlQaoud. We are very thankful to the management and staff of THE One for making it happen. We took our fashion photo shoot to a whole new level with the talented photographer Saleh AlSanad which was done at the newly opened authentic Egyptian restaurant - Abou ElSid. Our zest took us further outside Kuwait to the deserts of Dubai where we were lucky to execute a photo shoot with the talented international photographer Bunuel Green and international model Bianca Sutu. Make sure to read our exclusive interview with Shaima Namavar and Latifa AlQallaf in this issue and our special feature on the newly opened The Salhiya Medical Pavilion that promises to redefine your well-being. I would end my letter by sharing a stanza from my favorite poem by Robert Frost: The woods are lovely, dark and deep, But I have promises to keep, And miles to go before I sleep, And miles to go before I sleep.
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Happy New Year! welcome to our 5th Anniversary issue,
Happy New Year.
which I am proud to say is more dense than ever. Packed with
I hope all of you will be enjoying New Year’s celebrations and at
interesting articles, great interviews with wonderful people,
the same made your New Year’s resolutions. Actually January is
while featuring quite a lot of event coverage, I hope this issue
a very good month to take a little pause, have a glance at your
will have you delving back in frequently.
last year achievements and to see what is left to be done.
When I joined forces with our General Manager and Editor
At CityPages, 2014 was a busy and successful year. We went on
I never thought we’d ever reach this far, but I also learned
and on and reached achieved many goals and reached important
the biggest lesson in life (as late as it may have come), is that
milestone. Life is a continuous journey which should keep on.
persistence is key in surviving anything. Persisting in the publishing
We are hoping and expecting your continuous love for CityPages
field here in Kuwait is not as easy as one may think, and requires
will grow more as from time to time we keep bringing for you
effort, hard work and most of all love for the magazine. Nothing
new and interesting topics and segments in the magazine.
ON THE COVER: Maali Al-Oudah
thrills me more than knowing we’ve come this far, and we are
With this saying, enjoy our 5th anniversary issue and get into the
grateful to all of you our readers for supporting us along the way.
PHOTOGRAPHY Hamad Al-Qaoud @hamadalqaoud
Thank you from the bottom of my heart !
DIRECTIONS Jameel Arif @jameelarif HAIR & MAKEUP Layla Harmony @laylaharmony
Sincerely
LOCATION THE One FASHION BRAND @MaliMo_
Social networking shizzle Be our friend and we'll tell you secrets
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WELCOME TO ANOTHER EFFING
NEW YEAR! Paul Turnbridge
As I write this, the New Year Celebrations are already a fading memory and, by the time you read this, we’re already full throttle into the year 2015 and wondering how 2014 passed so quickly. Over the years I have come to realize that we all view the transition to a new year in different ways. Although it’s seen as a great time of celebration by many to celebrate and look to the future (the “half glass full” brigade), there are yet others (the “glass half empty” bunch) who do little but bemoan this passing of time. Yet the arguments to support the views of each are much the same, and I believe it’s merely the vision and disposition of individuals that determines their outlook at this time, as in all other aspects of life. A New Year can be seen as an opportunity for new beginnings; a time to make a fresh start. Do YOU view this positively, or with negativity? Using the letter ‘F’ as my inspiration and focus, let’s take alternative looks forward…
First The New Year started on January the first. But there’s a first day to every month. What’s so special about that? There’s a first time for everything! What can I do this month/this year, that I’ve never done before?
Freezing The weather is just so cold at the moment. I simply can’t get warm these days. Have you ever experienced the famous Nordic Ice Hotel? Or have you been skiing in real snow? Or even had a snowball fight? Now’s your big chance to wrap up warmly and enjoy the best of what winter has to offer!
Food I always eat too much over the holidays … I’m already too fat … why is it so difficult to lose weight? And when will McDonalds start home delivery? I’m conscious that I tend to eat too much, but I like food. I shall seek out some new recipes to treat myself to some exciting new flavours with a healthy twist.
Fitness Every year I resolve to lose weight and get fit. I join a gym with best intentions, and start off by putting in every bit of energy that I can muster, but get bored quickly and stop going after the first couple of visits. Why should I even bother? I want to lose weight and improve my fitness, but realise that I have to put my mind in the right place before making the physical effort. Joining a gym is all well and good, but if I’m really determined then I shouldn’t need that as an incentive. I’m going to put on some trainers and start my regime with daily walks ... then jogs ... and then move on to some simple exercises. Once I’ve started to set aside the time to exercise like this, it will be easier to move my regime into a gym occasionally and I will enjoy my exercise time more, by working upscale gradually. citypageskuwait.com
Friends I think the start of a New Year is such an excellent time to go through my address book and social media accounts, and delete all those “socalled” friends in whom I really no longer have any interest. I think the start of a New Year is an excellent time to renew old friendships and make special efforts to contact those with whom I’ve not spoken for far too long!
Family Well, you can choose your friends, but you can’t choose your family! I think I shall stick with my friends! Blood is thicker than water ... my family will love and support me through the coming year, and the year after, and the year after that, and.......and let’s face it, I love them too!
Fellowship I don’t go out very much...I much prefer my own company. I like to socialise as much as possible. The prospect of meeting lots of new people in the coming year, and sharing experiences together, is exciting and makes every waking minute worthwhile.
Finally I think you’re getting the picture by now ... but how do you view your life in the coming year? Did you consider that January 1st could have been just the first day of a new adventure or even the continuation of fun journey you’re already enjoying? Or was it just another day of misery in a drab existence. I believe strongly that life is what you make of it, and opportunities are ther to be grasped. But whatever your outlook, I wish each and every one of you the most fabulous year possible, and hope that you will keep CityPages close to you on your journey.
Funny old month, innit? January, I mean. Everybody’s got over stuffing themselves stupid over the winter break, Santa Claus has gone back up to the North Pole or wherever he disappears to for a little well-earned R&R, the reindeer have taken a few weeks off and all the rest of us are reading the weather forecast for entertainment. Except, of course if you live in Australia, in which case you throw another shrimp on the barbie before heading off to the beach. However, for us in the northern hemisphere – I do say this lightly because Kuwait has some terrific weather at this time of the year – most of the rest of us are looking for the odd bolt of sunlight to brighten otherwise grey and uninviting skies.
Peregrine Spode
Dentally challenged. Still single.
FESTIVE DAYS citypageskuwait.com
So, what do people actually find to celebrate and shout about? For me, it’s easy. Yes, old Perry’s birthday is this month, so any small gifts, especially with designer labels on them, can be dropped off at the office where the house-elves will keep them for me. I’d be particularly interested in receiving a present from any unattached ladies, age and appearance unimportant, with a phone number. At the turn of the year, lots of us are quite unjustifiably pressured to make Resolutions. These are, as we all know, a total waste of time. You decide you’re gonna go sugar-free because you glanced nervously in the bathroom mirror, decided you looked like a hippo and the thought of taking up jogging made you feel nauseous. Or, you’d only have one cheeseburger for lunch. Instead of four. But, just one barely kept the growling demon of impending famine away, so you compromised and didn’t buy fries. Or, for others, you resolve to spend less time on social media. So, you post on Facebook that you’re going to spend less time on social media. It takes three hours to wade through the avalanche of derisory replies you get from, it would seem, almost every
one of your three thousand two hundred friends, eight of whom you’ve actually met. So, what festivals of delight await us all in this, my birthday month. Thought I’d slip a wee reminder in, just in case people didn’t catch it the first time. Early in January, there’s one we might all just miss out on. Festival of Sleep Day is this month, the third, I think. No, you are not dreaming, but perhaps you should be. So, if your copy of CP isn’t in your hand by then, you missed out. This day is an opportunity to sleep in, snooze, doze, nap, and catch a few zees. On mature reflection, early January is the perfect date for Festival of Sleep Day. The holidays are over and how exhausting they were. No more ‘Frosty the Snowman’ in the malls. No more listening to Uncle George banging on about politics, watching the dribble running down his chin. Time to re-charge ze little grey cells. Shakespeare must have known when he came up with this, one of his better one-liners from “The Tempest”. ‘We are such stuff as dreams are made on, and our little life is rounded with a sleep’. Good old Prospero. Couldn’t be better said really, with all that new stuff at school and in the office to worry about. So, there you go. Catchup time. A wee power nap, cosied up in bed or on the couch, perhaps with a favorite stuffed animal. But, a word of caution. Sleeping at work is not recommended, especially if you are a brain surgeon or a taxi driver. The only exception is for mattress testers. After exhaustive research, I have been unable to discover the origins of the Festival of Sleep Day. I suspect this is because the originators were half-asleep when the idea occurred to them and they just forgot to write it down somewhere. Alternatively, I just made the whole thing up. For all the insomniacs, anxious types and what not, the idea of spending a day in bed doing nothing is about as attractive as being run over by a tractor. Conveniently, however, on this very same day, there’s another festival event just for you. Fruitcake Toss Day is your opportunity to finally throw away the
old fruitcake. This has nothing at all to do with mad old Auntie Muriel who’s been developing the habit of wandering around in the wee small hours in her nightgown and being brought home by the police having been caught wheelchair racing on the Fourth Ring. After the holidays are over, it's time to bring in the new, and toss out the old. Today is the day that the fruitcake goes. For those unfamiliar with fruitcake, it’s a cake, surprisingly enough, with fruit that some people make over the winter holiday season. It’s really quite yummy when fresh but gets a bit ripe when old and mouldering, hence this little ritual. There is no established method to toss out the old fruitcake. Some people gather up a few friends who also are fortunate enough to have received a fruitcake for the holidays. They might go out into a large open space; the desert is quite handy, one finds, and see who can toss it the farthest. Caution: it is not recommended to toss the cake at anyone, much as one might be tempted to settle old scores. Its ingredients run to the massive, containing as it does, sugar, flour and various species of fruit. A vertical descent on to the occipital lobe may very well injure someone, in which case either hospitalisation and/or litigation may result. It’s important to bear in mind that Fruitcake Tossing runs counter to the tradition held by many to pass the fruitcake around from one person to the next, like a hot potato. In this tradition, the person who is holding the fruitcake when the music stops, or on the Second Sunday after Epiphany, whichever occurs first, must store it away until next year. Once again, after extensive research, the origins of this all-important event are shrouded in mystery, but see above. A little later on in the month, my sources tell me the tenth, is another vitally important event that is not to be missed. It’s Houseplant Appreciation Day. This is the day when you sit down in front of your African Violet and, well, talk to it a bit. It’s in need of carbon dioxide, you see, so it gets really bucked up if you find a few hours to spend with it, exhaling vigorously. Read to it. Something improving, like a Shakespeare sonnet or the Rime of the Ancient Mariner. Its petals will glow appreciatively and you can leave it with the warm glow of one who has made a small contribution to the ecological balance of Nature. I do rather like the next one, celebrated three
days later after your houseplant has died. It is, of course, International Skeptics Day. Perhaps the earth isn't really round. Maybe, the sky isn't truly blue. Does he or she really love me? For those who don’t know, a skeptic is a person who questions or doubts facts and theories. They are a misbeliever who does not accept the "given", the status quo, the objective fact. For them, it’s not so much whether the glass is full or empty; it’s more that perhaps the glass doesn’t really exist at all. If you are inclined to doubt things that you see or hear then this is your day. An exception being whatever you see on the TV news or read on the Internet because everybody knows that if it’s on TV it must be right. Sometimes, in bleaker moments, I bemoan the fact that very rarely do I have to use a pen any more. The delicious unscrewing of the cap, the sensual feel of ink flowing like liquid velvet over the page, words unravelling in curlicue and apostrophe – Peregrine in poetic vein. Just for people like me, then, is National Handwriting Day, celebrated on the twenty-third, the birthday of John Hancock, who was, apparently, the first signatory to the Declaration of Independence. This was the day when the fledgling United States cast off forever the shackles of the hated colonial imperialist hegemony of the British. Oh, I do like that phrase. I’ve been trying to find somewhere to use it for months. Instead, I tap away like a woodpecker and the words magically form in perfect Times New Roman on the screen and our good friends at CP turn it into art for you to read. D’you know, there are too many special days in January to count. Each seems to have its own special flower and even special recipe. So, I have to remember that on January 23, I must get an aloe vera plant, not forgetting to talk to it, so very handy to treat the bruising when I drop a typewriter on my foot, while eating my Caesar salad. There must be another holiday soon. January, 2015
NEW YEAR’S READING RESOLUTIONS
Happy New Year, dear readers! As is the tradition every year, I’ve gone ahead and made some cool new resolutions. My resolutions were partly inspired by the many book club meetings I’ve attended over the past two years. For those of you who are interested, the club is called Kuwait Bibliophiles. For more details, you can drop us a line at Kuwait. [email protected]. Given my infuriating ability to dispense unsolicited advice, I thought of sharing my resolutions with all of you. This year, I’ve decided to stick to reading resolutions because eating healthy & learning a new language can wait. Grab a cup of piping hot tea or coffee and read on: Jade D'costa
Jade is an expat based in Kuwait. She enjoys reading, writing, traveling, hoarding books and people watching. She is a marketer by profession and an accomplished daydreamer.
citypageskuwait.com
Abandon More Books: I am a serial bookabandoner and I wear that title with pride. Life is too short to read tedious books. If a book fails to spark my interest in the first 50 pages, I will gladly abandon it and move on to the next one. Most readers scoff at my ability to drop books. Why waste precious time subjecting yourself to the mind-numbing drudgery of uninteresting books? Where is the fun in that? My advice to you: abandon more books! How else are you going to tackle your massive TBR (To Be Read) pile? Expand Your Literary Horizons: The best way to broaden your literary horizons is to join a book-club. You could also start one on your own. It is a piece of cake. All you need is a nice meeting place and a few willing participants who enjoy reading. Cookies will definitely help. Meeting fellow bookworms & discussing books is a great way to expose yourself to the many genres that make up the reading world. Convert the Non-Readers: ‘I don’t like to read’ is a phrase uttered by lesser mortals who have
not yet discovered the joy of reading. They don’t know the comfort of a good book on a bad day. Surprise them with a book on their birthday or a subscription to audible. Take a Break: Sometimes even the most avid readers need a break from their beloved books. Our batteries need recharging. So why not take a break you’ve been dying for. Try a new hobby, travel or stare intently into oblivion. Try a New Genre: There are so many genres to choose from: historical, fiction, sci-fi, fantasy, memoirs etc. Take your pick & delve into the wonderful world of books. Challenge Yourself: A reading challenge is a great way to keep yourself entertained and on track. It’s a fun way to diversify your reading and have some fun along the way. My favorite challenge is the Goodreads reading challenge because I enjoy checking things off a list. Last year, my goal was to read 40 books and I was successful despite certain hurdles (read: procrastination) along the way. It can be slightly maddening sometimes but it is a fun challenge nonetheless. Happy reading!
RANT AND RABBIT III Paul Turnbridge
When I put pen to paper to write my first set of rants (that were published in November last year) I hadn’t actually anticipated that I would still be ranting three months on! Yet here I am with more to get off my chest. It seems that there’s so much more to moan about than I had expected ... but I don’t want to be considered a total miseryguts so shall make this the final instalment. Definitely! For sure!!
Lighting Up Okay, so I shall start by tackling yet another of the annoyances suffered on local roads. How is it that so many drivers fail to notice when the weather is perhaps a little foggy, or when the natural light has dimmed and visibilty is impaired? During the winter months, daylight hours are slightly reduced but, with working hours unchanged, I find myself driving to and from the office in relative darkness. To compensate for this, I switch on my car’s headlights – this serves two purposes; firstly it helps me to see other obstacles on the road; secondly it helps other drivers to see me (or at least, to see my car). I think these are two pretty important reasons for lighting up, so am amazed that so many other drivers on the roads do not do the same; that there are cars being driven on busy and dangerous roads withoutthe required illumination. This morning I awoke to a blanket of fog, through which it was not easy to see other vehicles on the road, and it was still dark too. Yet I lost count of the number of cars and buses that were being driven without lights! Were drivers ignorant of the added dangers? Or could they not find the light switches in the fog? There’s even a pretty big clue from the local authority as to when you should switch on your lights, people – the streetlights will be glowing too!! To drive in the dark and in times citypageskuwait.com
of poor visibility without lights is dangerous and irresponsible ... why are some drivers still oblivious to this fact?
choosing, but I know others are not so lucky.
Tenant Protection
I guess it was going to happen eventually. Did you see the headlines? “Maid eaten alive by domestic pet” or something similar? That sounds a bit over-dramatic, of course, but it appears not to be too far from the truth ... except that under no circumstances could the offending creature be described as a domestic pet. It was a wild animal that should never have been allowed to live in the captivity of a residential home! There are seriously disturbed people here in Kuwait who think it’s fun to own wild animals as family pets. But these animals will never lose their wild nature – Lions, Tigers, Cheetahs, Pumas, Jaguars, and the like, should never be considered as docile as other domestic cats; they will always represent a danger to everyone around them. I have seen such wild cats sitting alongside their owners in cars; some of my friends have been sitting with their own pets in Vets’ waiting rooms when wild cats have been brought in for treatment, and do the owners really think they could control their animal on a leash if it decides it wants to get friendly with another owner or their pet in such a confined space? Their presence in Kuwait has long been an accident waiting to happen and, sure enough, the worst scenario has now become a reality. Allowing the captivity of wild animals to continue in private homes is a madness that should be outlawed. It is a danger to the public and to the citizens of Kuwait, and it’s totally unfair to the animals themselves. Enough said? As I conclude this third diatribe and bow out from my terminal rants, I thank you for your patience in reading my moans and for your support in feeding me with subjects about which to moan! Perhaps I shall be back with more at a later date ... but for now I need to take a break and just chill.
I have just moved to a new apartment. I must admit that I hadn’t really wanted to move, because I loved my previous home – it was a lovely villa apartment that I had occupied since it was first built around four years ago, and was in a lovely quiet family neighbourhood. The reason for the move was purely financial. I had been led to believe that rents were fixed for five years by law but, in reality have now found that to be untrue. After three years my landlord notfied me of a rent increase that amounted to more than 11%, and advised that it would increase again after a further year – the reason being that rents had increased in general and that he was therefore “losing money”. The agent though whom I had found the apartment assured me that this was not legal but, at the same time, if I made formal complaint the landlord would simply make an excuse and give me one month’s notice to vacate. And so I decided that, as the rent-rise anniversary approached, I had little option but to find a new home. I have been lucky ... I managed to acquire a great new apartment in a new apartment complex – it’s slightly smaller than my last place but is better equipped with higher quality fittings throughout; it’s also a lower rent than I had been paying, and of course this should be guaranteed for the full 5 years! But this not an isolated case, and I have heard stories of landlords similarly imposing “illegal” rent increases of up to 50%. It is horrifying to think that, even though the law is pretty clear on landlord and tenant rights, in reality the tenant in a villa apartment appears to command no rights whatsoever! I believe I was fortunate in being able to find a great new place so that I could move at a time of my
House Pets
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أه ً ال ٢٠١٥ ها قد غادرنا عام ودخلنا عام جديد ،ودعنا فيه أشخاص و أحداث وتعلمنا دروسًا جديدة تظيف لحياتنا خبرة أكثر، عام حمل بأيام الكثير من األمور الجميلة وغيرها ،حققنا أهدافًا ونستعد لتحقيق أهداف أجمل .تأكد أن كل ما غادرنا ٍ مررت به كان خيرة واهلل تعالى لن ينساك أبدًا ،وابدأ اليوم واآلن بتخطيط حياة جديدة بأهداف جديدة ،فإن عشت بال أهداف أصبحت أحد المحققين ألهداف غيرك كما ذكرت إحدى الدراسات األمريكية. ابدأ اآلن بتحديد أهدافك على جوانب حياتك المتعددة؛ الجانب المالي ،المهني أو العملي ،الترفيهي ،الصحي، االجتماعي ،التطوعي ،الشخصي وغيرها من الجوانب .و ال تتمسك بجانب وتهمل اآلخر ،بل اجعل االتزان اسلوب حياتك. ابدأ بتحديد هدف لكل جانب وضع له خطة تلتزم بها لتوصلك كل خطوة لذلك الهدف ،فمث ً ال :ان كان هدفك الصحي تقليل وزنك ،حدد الوزن الذي ترغب بالوصول له ،والمدة الزمنية المناسبة للوصول له وابدأ بالعمل لهذه الخطة ،كأن تمارس الرياضة وتحدد لها وقت ،أو الذهاب الخصائي تغذية أو االستعانة بمدرب شخصي. تذكر أن خالل ٦شهور يفقد معظم من وضع خطته باهمالها ،لذلك عليك بتشجيع نفسك دائمًا ،وتواجد في بيئة مشجعة لك ،وال تنسى أن تكافئ نفسك كلما أنجزت أمرًا. ابدأ عامك بطريقتك ،واختر الطريق الذي تريده لنفسك ،وال تنسى أنك تملك حق اختيار أهدافك.
Nour AlZaabi
Nour holds a Master in Business Administration and a Bachelor in Marketing and is a Member at The Kuwait Economic Society and British Council Entrepreneur Network in Kuwait. Stay tuned for her articles and features in the CityPages magazine.
citypageskuwait.com
January, 2015
INTERSECTION Commitment is such a big word that might ring 3 bells: nCommitting suicide nCommitting a crime nAnd committing to a relationship It is been researched and proven that “Fear of Commitment” is psychologically considered as a phobia that refers to avoidance of longterm commitments. And patients with this type of psychological disorder are called “commitmentphobic”. Why does it exist? Imagine you are a bird, free, flying, with your wide spread wings, high in the sky, above the clouds; then you get a proposition: “Quit flying and let me put you in a cage… but the good news is: I will always be with you in that cage. You NEVER have to be alone.” Sherihan A. Hassabo Sherihan A. Hassabo is a passionate writer who started expressing her opinion about controversial subjects when she was 14. When she is not directing events, she likes to investigate the interesting relationships' controversy in our Eastern society. Every month, and from real life experience; Sherihan will share a story, an idea, opinion, or a simple advice for men and women to live happily ever after. citypageskuwait.com
Think about it for a second, process it, digest it... Moving on! The problem with commitment is not that a commitmentphobic wants to keep the options open and never want to “commit” to one person only. I believe this phobia results from the notion of “unification”. Well, let me break it to you. The idea of canceling your own life (and subsequently the partner’s life too) because now it is the time to start a whole new life together, one that is revolved around nothing but being a couple; is socially proven as a “FAILURE”. It is simply not successful. Yes, a couple must share a life but that doesn’t have to be ALL what they do. The way I see it, each person should keep his own life (his own circle), have his own dreams and pursue them. Each should let the other be what they are because changing and changing and changing that person will only result in another person other than the one you fell in love with in the first place – wouldn’t it? When two circles intersect, they meet at a certain point – but the rest of both circles is still there. It is not wiped off! The two circles are
two different lives, two different personalities, two different qualities, two different set of hopes and dreams. The intersection part is the one where those two lives meet and complete one another. There is a pretty fine line between a two separate circles, a two intersecting circles, and a ONE big circle. It is not about being inseparable, and “we go everywhere and we do everything together because we are a couple”… NO! You got it all wrong. Getting into a relationship, a couple should be clear and decisive about their intersection plan. They have to realize there will be no 4th scenario, this is it. They need to think about it and select one that they both believe in. nDo you want to stay in your own circle (alone)? nDo you want to get into a relationship, keep your own circle, and share half of it with someone worthy? nDo you want to forget about your circle and step into a whole new circle and start discovering? This is what “couples” do. Think, plan, and decide together.
January, 2015
BLACK AND WHITE
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The British are quite a selfeffacing people. Which means that they tend to apologise when there’s no need and generally take the blame in awkward social situations just in case anybody might for a moment point the finger at them. Most well brought up types do it. They have the gene. They’d apologise to the mugger in the street who has just stolen their wallet at knifepoint for not having enough money in it. This desire not to offend, however, has metamorphosed into the rather more hard-boiled notion of ‘political correctness’. Political correctness, the attitude of being careful not to offend or upset any group of people in society who are believed to be in some way different or indeed disadvantaged is so quintessentially hard-wired into the British psyche that it’s almost painful. Ironically, it was the Communists who first popularised the term, and those who toed the Party line during political debates were derisively referred to as being ‘politically correct’. Communist loyalty overrode compassion and the Socialists who believed so passionately in egalitarian moral ideas could be separated from the Communists who, like Boxer, the carthorse in “Animal Farm”, stubbornly proclaimed that “Napoleon is always right” without really being able to give the matter much critical thought. I sometimes wonder whether we have all apologised ourselves into a corner. Is our desire not to offend or to challenge an opinion with which we disagree in fact contributing to a mainstream culture which has become cautious and sanitised, almost afraid of its own shadow because of "the watchful eye of the PC police", those shadowy arbiters of public consciousness and good taste? The more PC the reader might be, the more he might now be wondering if I am going to offend anybody by saying something outrageous and hurriedly thinking about turning the page. Certainly, it would be possible, but perhaps not expedient. Some cultures are much less happy than others about people who poke their sacred cows with a pointed stick and the thought of – by way of a completely hypothetical example – drawing offensive cartoons could never be contemplated. However, if we must find a scapegoat, a softer target might be, let’s say, global warming. There is a body of thought – perhaps even evidence -, which is unafraid to use heavyweight language in this context. The “propaganda which masquerades as science” – the public pronouncements of scientists who state without real certainty that global warming is a crisis simply peddles fear in fossil fuel hungry countries like the USA. Stanford climatologist Stephen Schneider had this to say: 'We have to offer up scary scenarios, make simplified, dramatic statements, and make little mention of any doubts we might have.' Doubts there are, and in abundance. As an example, Hans von Storch a professor of climatology in Germany wrote that “scientific research faces a crisis because its public figures are overselling the issues to gain attention
in a hotly contested market for newsworthy information." "The alarmists think that climate change is something extremely dangerous, extremely bad and that overselling a little bit, if it serves a good purpose, is not that bad." What this really means is that here’s one scientist who knows that rather a lot of the 'science' is nothing more than propagandistic conjecture and hype. He goes on to remark “climatologists tend to 'make only comments that are politically correct' and that their wobbly research is at the service of fear.” “The pattern is always the same: the significance of individual events is processed to suit the media and cleverly dramatised; when prognoses for the future are cited, among all the possible scenarios it is regularly the one with the highest rates of increase in greenhouse gas emissions — and thus with the most drastic climatic consequences — that is chosen. Equally plausible variations with significantly lower emission increases go unmentioned.” Whom does this serve? It is assumed that fear can motivate listeners, but we tend to forget that it mobilises them only in the short term. Each successive claim about the future of the climate and hence the fate of the planet must be ever more dramatic and awe-inspiring than the previous one. Once apocalyptic heat waves have been predicted, the climate-based extinction of animal species no longer attracts as much attention and images of solitary polar bears on ever-shrinking ice floes fails to garner the emotional momentum that it once did. Thus we all get locked in to a spiral of hyperbole. We, as a species, crave a degree of certainty about our future which scientific relativism, much as we might wish it to be otherwise, can frequently fail to adequately provide. The scary, exponentially shaped curves showing runaway global warming in our own lifetime do little to reassure us. If we overnight abandoned fossil fuels, methane generation and all the other chemical mechanisms by which the Sun’s ultraviolet rays were caused to re-radiate back to the surface of the Earth and heat it up, would this of itself make very much difference, either to ourselves or our children? Because of the vast complexity of the problem, plus the multitude of unpredictable and often competing factors like solar activity hence outside of our control, the answer is most likely to be “We don’t really know”. All we can therefore manage is best fit ‘scientific relativism’. Ah. There’s that new phrase again. Just like PC, the notion of “relativism” has pervaded our thinking. It is used to justify so much in the way we interact with the world and with each other. Philosophers would explain it as the theory that value judgments, as of truth, beauty, or morality, have no universal validity but are valid only for the persons or groups holding them, hence may be culturally or geographically variable. Some go further after all, the notion of, for example, beauty, is entirely subjective - and a consensus hard to find at, let’s say a party, as to who might be the most beautiful woman in the room. Moral
philosophers handle the tougher problems and argue about questions like “is any belief is equally as valid as any other?” And it is clear therefore that they have to define exactly what they mean by ‘valid’, also whether consensus is an appropriate yardstick for its measurement. One can’t help but point out that Western democracies have been to some extent overtaken by moral relativism. Roman Catholic and some secular intellectuals attribute the perceived decadence of Europe after the Second World War to the displacement of absolute values. The perception that each follows his or her own version of the truth, selecting from a smorgasbord of morally justifiable offerings on the table, is the norm rather than the exception. Popes have consistently bemoaned the fact that that Europeans have massively abandoned many traditional norms rooted in historical Christianity and replaced them with continuously evolving relative moral rules. The family has been legally redefined by same-sex marriage and some have argued that depopulation in Europe can be ascribed to the decline in what used to be called ‘family values’. Islamic doctrine is by contrast perhaps rather more clear-cut in that it attempts to recapture the absolute, which stand at odds with moral relativism. Just as there are degrees of criminal behavior, there are degrees of punishment, but even this relies on our perception of right and wrong. We no longer hang people for stealing a loaf of bread, but some argue that the slide away from the comforting black and white of our forefathers into a bewildering number of relativistic shades of grey has only one inevitable consequence. Whether we like it or not, we have to define in our own minds whether the grey which we perceive falls closer to white or black, right or wrong. Just as a computer processes millions of whites or blacks, ones and zeroes every second, we to have to ultimately decide. Whether or not we believe that a clerical opinion carries any weight, the following two observations from two different theological traditions make the point well. From one: ‘we have a responsibility to ourselves to challenge the relativism that tells us there is no right or wrong, when every instinct of our mind knows it is not so, and is a mere excuse to allow us to indulge in what we believe we can get away with. A world without values quickly becomes a world without value.’ And, from the other: ‘The relativism which is not willing to speak about truth but only about ‘what is true for me’ is an evasion of the serious business of living. It is the mark of a tragic loss of nerve in our contemporary culture. It is a preliminary symptom of death.” Have we really lost our nerve? Can we still be courageous in the face of obvious injustice and wrong, when everyone around us is telling a different story? I think not. The human condition is to crave the comfort of certainty above almost all else and one day, when the mist has rolled away, we will learn to see things as they are meant to be seen, in black and white. January, 2015
PARENTING TIPS FOR 2015 A new day, a new year and so many new resolutions! We change, we evolve, we try to do our best to be the best version of ourself that we can be. Now that the holidays are over, many parents are thinking of new strategies to try this year to help them as families. Parents are looking for ways to help foster better relationships with their spouses and children. At Milestones Coaching we hear about the daily scuffles of parenting, the temper tantrums, power struggles and sibling bickering. The fact that so many parents are willing to reach out to share their challenges speaks volumes. Families today are committed to build strong bonds and to foster healthy relationships among them. Parenting is not an easy job, but Milestones is committed in helping you make it more manageable. Raising children may feel like a thankless job sometimes but there is a little secret in making it happier and easier: learn new parenting skills and reach out for support! So as we move into the New Year here are a few tips that have been tried and tested in making a difference in families’ lives:
1.Control your response. When we are
encountered with a tough situation or when our children try us and act up, it is easy to lash out and respond with a harsh punishment in the moment. The truth is though, that when you are giving a consequence, it is not about how harsh it is or how much you are inconveniencing your child. It is about how consistent you are with your responses and consequences. Stay focused on what you have control over and that is: your response. Trust this process and as you get more comfortable with it, you will start to see that you are able to achieve two things by controlling your response: you can stay calm and you can remain in your child’s corner (which is where you want to be anyway). 2.Walk away. When parents reach out to our coaching services, they are usually frustrated with the constant power struggles and have reached burn out. The technique that is always recommended by our practice is to set the limits to your child and walk away. By walking away you are showing your child that you are no longer going to engage in their power struggle and will no longer reinforce negative behavior. Walking away allows you to take time to cool down and allows your Zahra Taqi Zahra is a Certified Professional Coach and the President of Milestones Coaching. She would love to hear back from you. So please feel free to drop her a line on her email: [email protected] or find her on FB: http://www.facebook. com/MilestonesCoaching or twitter: @ MilestonesCoach citypageskuwait.com
child to do the same. This increases the chance that you will have a calm conversation with your child and one that is more effective and productive. 3.One issue at a time. It is natural to be concerned about many issues when it comes to our children like school attendance, grades, temper tantrums, power struggles and more. Trying to tackle all your issues with your child at the same time is both overwhelming and tiring. Neither you nor your child will benefit from this approach. Another way would be to give permission to yourself to tackle one issue at a time, allowing you and your child to be more focused and ensuring that your efforts will be more effective in the long haul.
4.Role model the behavior you want to see. Our kids are constantly
watching us and what we do speaks louder to them than what we say. Sometimes it might seem that our kids are in a world of their own, completely oblivious to what we do. The truth of the matter is though that they are constantly watching us and learning from us. If you want them to display a certain set of behaviors, then make sure that these are the same behaviors you are practicing yourself.
5.Don't
personalize
behavior.
Picture this: you are in the middle of a situation with your child that has escalated beyond your control. At this moment you are unable to look at all sides clearly and might personalize behavior that seems directed at you. One way to help is to try to visualize yourself outside of this situation and base your response that way. Chances are that you would respond almost entirely differently and would implement consequences different than those you might have implemented otherwise and might even be willing to let some things go.
6.Good enough IS good enough. Very often we look at people around us and compare our lives, our kids, our spouses and our parenting styles to them. The problem in comparing is that many times we come short; not because we are any less than those around us but because we never know what actually happens behind those glossy pictures or closed doors. People do not share their struggles and shortcomings with us so don't believe what you see. Everyone struggles, and no one lives a perfect life. Everyone is simply doing the best they can, including you. We try hard to live better lives and create more fulfilling relationships and sometimes we succeed and sometimes we fail. Celebrate your success and your failure as your failure teaches you lessons you would not have learnt otherwise. Embrace yourself, your spouse and your children, shortcomings and all. Remember that while your doing the best you can, so is your child and your spouse. At a young age, our
children don't have all the tools and strategies to manage feelings that come along with being human. Your child – just like you- is doing her best to navigate through life. Now that you have a few new tools and tips up your sleeve, take a moment to acknowledge yourself and all the work that you do. Believe that there are many parents all over the world, doing exactly what you do, struggling just like you and loving their families with all their hearts just like you. As we start 2015 let us all embrace our roles in life with more empathy, more kindness and more compassion to those around us and also to our own families and us. Wishing you all the best this New Year!
January, 2015
INTRODUCTION TO
HOSPITALITY What is Hospitality? Hospitality comes from the Latin words Hostire = equalise and Hospes = stranger / enemy. Hospitality is “The fundamental concept” in the industry, it is essential for every person working in the industry to understand the meaning of the word and to have their own definition of the concept. Many people didn’t really know how wide the specter of the Hospitality industry is. Hospitality includes broad categories such as wellness, tourism, hotels, lodging, event planning, cruise line and many more. Once you choose hospitality as your career you have a choice of being working in different spheres. The hospitality industry's pillar is comprised of customer service and relies heavily on providing an excellent level of service. Now let me brief you with some history. The history of the hospitality industry dates all the way back to the Colonial Period in the
Aigerim Rahmet Born in Kazakhstan, lived in Prague, Czech Republic for more than 10 years, graduated with a HND in Business and BA(hons) in International Management from Teesside University, Aigerim Rahmet is an Assistant Spa Manager at Six Senses Spa. She earned an MBA in Hospitality Management from one of the top hospitality schools-Les Roches International school of Hotel Management and an MAS degree from Les Roches Gruyère University of Applied Sciences in Switzerland. Previously she has worked in tourism and hotel industry, such as Mandarin Oriental, and Relais & Chateaux group. Aigerim recently joined the CityPages team and will be a regular contributor of informative features and articles about hospitality. Follow Aigerim on Instagram at: @a_rahmet
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late 1700s. Nowadays, hospitality industry has experienced major development over the years as it has faced world wars, depression and other social changes. It started to take form from early 1950s and 60s, leading the way for growth into dynamic industry we know today. In most countries there are beautiful stories and myths about hospitality, there are also traditions of hospitality in most countries like in India, Japan, Arab countries, Greece, Scandinavia, Albania and many more. Moreover, there are many famous texts and books about hospitality and religious texts also mention hospitality like in Bible, Koran, Ulysses, Philemon and Baucis. To conclude the introduction, Hospitality is a five stage concept that starts with the 1. perception of the host 2. helping host to cross the threshold 3. restoring the host 4. ensuring security of the host 5. providing direction to the host
Wishes everyone a www.laylaharmony.com laylaharmony
January, 2015
A fresh spin on traditional knitwear
Alessandra Vicedomini is a fashion designer, former model, and daughter of Giuseppe Vicedomini; founder of VICEDOMINI - an Italian based luxury clothing brand established in Milan in 1962. She has today made her mark by reinventing knitwear with a modest twist and her eponymous line has emerged and evolved from a true understanding of and love for fashion. She is an extremely talented fashion designer whose work we value a lot! To share how much we like Alessandra Vicedomini’s designs, we wanted you to step into her world for a few minutes... citypageskuwait.com
January, 2015
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Hi and welcome to Kuwait! Let’s start by telling us a little about the history of the brand. How did a small family-owned brand manage to keep its head above water throughout the century, after the whole fashion world went international? Hi, thank you I am delighted to be here and get to know your country. My family brand has known a strong stability for three decades until the early nineties, with constant distribution through a multitude of high-end stores and a very distinctive well-known product. Talking about the international scene, the beginning of the century marked quite an important turn in fashion. I had the chance to take over my father's guidance and to turn the heritage
I gathered for 20 years into changing the brand's core product into high-end knitwear, creating a capsule collection with a more glamorous target (rather than classic like before). I believe this capacity of focusing of an innovative image enabled VICEDOMINI to step forward. Tell us about the first VICEDOMINI collection and how did it evolve over time? My father's first samples were about a few pieces of embroidered fabric tops. From that moment on the collection evolved into bigger and bigger selection of fatal look sets, including printed silk cocktail dresses, bridal and ready-to-wear jackets and separates.
Tell us a little about your growing up years: I was born and lived in Milan, the worldwide fashion capital and always bathed in this field. I was regularly spending afternoons after school at my parents' style office and showroom. While I was in school I started work as a model and collaborated with the major Italian designers for twenty years. Surrounded with such talents (including their creative teams, their PRs and all kind of suppliers) it has been very easy to develop some technical skills and a taste for elegance. What sparked your interest in fashion and how did you first become part of January, 2015
to fruition of a piece of clothing or an accessory? First I get an inspiration, like a pattern I see during my travels or a keynote, and then I decide about what is going to be the guiding mood in terms of shapes for the collection. After that I select the main 8 colors I am going to use and finally I create special shapes allocating selected color combinations to each theme. How do you choose the colors for your collection? I go to Paris Première Vision which is a professional kind of pre-view about all trends, and then I mold the proposals according to my personal taste and apply the choices to the theme I decided to use as a guideline for the collection. And is it based on the season you are designing for? Yes necessarily. VICEDOMINI?
knitting as your main form of expression?
It is the only surroundings I had, fashion was all my life, my mother was a woman of style, in everything she did not only the way she was dressing or the work she was creating. The attitude she exuded or the way she received guests at home, were simply inspiring. My first interaction for the brand was as a model so far, then I started working for Fendi and I privileged external experiences.
Because it is the most versatile material to work with: you create your own pattern and weave.
What does your role at VICEDOMINI entail? Every single task you may think about. I am a control freak and I supervise all departments. Are you self taught or did you study fashion design? Definitively self taught, I graduated as a lawyer but I couldn't leave fashion once it was time to begin my internships so I totally devoted my time to fashion since the beginning. What are your favorite materials to work with and your favorite color combinations? There is no limit to material combinations and color hues pairing. To be a bit selective, I can say that lace, cashmere, embroideries and fur are very recurrent in my collections, together with a base of stretch viscose which is a very modern fiber to snider as a base of sophistication oriented collections. It is said that you have reinvented knitwear with a modern twist, why did you choose citypageskuwait.com
You also design accessories. What inspires your creativity and designs the most? For me, an accessory is an essential part of a woman's wardrobe so it needs to be impossibly attractive. In my experience being able to turn an accessory into a recurrent basic must-have is the key of long term brand recognition. What is your design process from idea
What in your collections?
inspires
your
Everything: my family, the music I listen for, everything I see during my trips, the books I read, the magazines I read, but also people, their styles, their hints for ideas, and most of all nature and ethnic craft. How would you describe your design aesthetic? Simple and essential, elegant and timeless, and very feminine indeed. How would you describe your personal fashion style?
I believe it is no very different from the above! How would you describe VICEDOMINI in just 3 words? GLAMOROUS, MUST HAVE, KNITWEAR What differentiates VICEDOMINI from other brands in the same category? The fact that I just focus on one detail to make the collection desirable, I always focus on one essential element, whereas many collections/ designers want to cover a huge range of products to ensure wider sales. What is the mood of your latest collection for A/W 2014-15? Opulence mixed with easy wearability. What makes your collection stand out from the crowd? The fact that it is essentially eye-catching being super sophisticated and extremely elegant. What is the staple piece that all women should have in their wardrobe? For the winter, the cashmere and fur GILET, and in the summer the fit and flare stretch dress. You are a global brand, how do you accommodate the needs of women all over the world who might have different fashion sensibilities? It is very true, all cultures are different and sometimes some fitting adjustments are requested across the countries we work with, but the fact of being hand finished helps a lot in terms of versatility. Are there any specific designs that you have the brand made for Kuwait market? Yes, long embroidered silk kaftans with jeweled necklaces, longer fur vests, and bespoke couture dresses with luxurious finishing. What do you hope to achieve with VICEDOMINI in the not-too-distant future; Are there any exciting, upcoming plans that you would like to share with us? Yes. After the Milan showroom debut last year, Geneva is opening quite a big Head Quarter to maximize the brand's focus on communication. We are looking to get investors in for a five years expansion plan to bring the brand to the next level. At this very moment the interest in luxury fashion brand has reached quite an interesting peak, so it will be a key year to choose the ideal partners and make the right steps. Your message for us at CityPages magazine: I am honored you have proposed me this wonderful coverage! Thank you so much. I truly believe a lifestyle magazine like yours has a very broad readership and will highlight VICEDOMINI 's debut and future steps in Kuwait. Your influence on the audience will positively affect my first approach to the country, and I hope my fashion message will be well received through your beautiful editorial. I look forward to come back very soon and I thank everybody who has attended the Fashion Show organized by SPF.
January, 2015
PRESBYOPIA
Even if you’ve never worn glasses before, there’s no escaping presbyopia. Usually beginning around the age of 40, this age-related process causes a person to experience blurred near vision and difficulties when reading or performing any close distance work. Whereas nearsightedness, farsightedness and astigmatism are related to the shape of the eye, as well as genetic and environmental factors, presbyopia is the result of the eye’s natural aging process. With age, the natural lens inside our eye gradually thickens and loses flexibility. This is due to the changes within the proteins in the lens. The muscle fibers surrounding the lens also become harder and less elastic. The loss of elasticity and flexibility of the lens and muscle fibers make it harder for the eye to Erika Habig Erika Habig is an optometrist and contact lens specialist at International Optique. She studied at the Beuth University of Applied Sciences in Berlin, Germany and has a Bachelor of Science degree in Optometry and Dispensing Optics. For more information contact International Optique. Tel: 25714007 – 97234787, www.intoptic.com – [email protected], Instagram: @intoptique citypageskuwait.com
focus on short distances. In the early stages of presbyopia, a person may notice that holding books or mobile phones further away helps them to see clearly. However, as we get older, holding reading material at arm’s length is not sufficient enough to focus properly. Furthermore, performing any near or computer work can cause eye strain, headaches and fatigue. Presbyopia is easily corrected with the use of eyeglasses and in some cases, specialized contact lenses. Reading glasses are a simple choice for correcting presbyopia. However, these single focus glasses are only worn when reading or performing close work at a certain distance. Reading glasses cannot be used to see further than in the prescribed reading range. Better presbyopia correction, especially for patients already wearing glasses to see clearly in the distance, are bifocal and multifocal glasses. The term bifocal means two points of focus; the main part of the lens contains the distance prescription, while the segment at the lower part of the lens holds the prescription needed for reading. Multifocal glasses, however, are the most extensive form of presbyopia correction. These progressive
addition lenses offer a more gradual transition between the far and near distance prescription. They also allow the patient to see clearly at an intermediate distance, although in a narrower field. Today’s active lifestyle requires people to use computers and laptops frequently and for extended periods of time. Although multifocal glasses also allow the wearer to see clearly at an intermediate distance, it is strongly recommended to have a second pair of so-called “office/computer glasses.” These glasses offer the wearer a wider field of vision for computer and near work, but are not suitable for far distance vision and driving. Presbyopia is an ongoing process and the eye will keep aging the older a person becomes. As a result the presbyopic prescription will need to be increased over time to accommodate the continued change of the lens. Visit your eye care practitioner if you are having difficulties focusing close up. Presbyopia is easily determined during a routine eye examination. Your eye care practitioner will advise you on the most suitable glasses based on the exam results and your daily needs and requirements.
eyewear
OPEN YOUR EYES TO FREEDOM. Have the freedom to be all that you can be with ACUVUE 速 brand contact lenses.
- Sharq
January, 2015
4
In these thin-conscious times, many people worry about every extra ripple and bulge, no matter where it shows up. Doctors, however, see things differently. When it comes to your health, there's one place where fat is especially dangerous. Fat above the waist (the “apple” body shape) is much more dangerous than fat in the butt and thighs (the “pear” body shape). In most people, about 90 percent of body fat lies in a layer just beneath the skin. The remaining 10 percent — called visceral fat — lies out of reach, deep within your abdomen. It’s found in the spaces surrounding your liver, intestines and other organs. Visceral fat is a key player in a variety of health problems, including cardiovascular disease, dementia, asthma, and breast and colorectal cancer. What makes visceral fat so dangerous? Research over the past 20 years has completely changed our understanding of what fat is. We’ve always known that fat is composed of billions of cells called fat cells. We used to think that fat was just a layer of insulation to keep heat inside our bodies during cold weather. We didn’t think that fat and fat cells, really did anything more than provide insulation. However, we’ve discovered that fat cells — particularly fat cells inside the abdomen (visceral fat) – are little hormone factories. They are constantly producing substances that get into the blood and travel to other parts of the body, where they can have profound effects. For example, some of the hormones produced by fat cells affect your appetite, your metabolism, even your blood pressure. To keep visceral fat at bay: •Keep moving. Exercise can help you reduce your waist circumference, lose visceral fat and gain muscle mass. Engage in at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity activity most days. •Eat right. Choose a balanced diet that helps you achieve and maintain a healthy weight. Avoid products that encourage belly fat, including fructose-sweetened foods and beverages. •Don’t smoke. The more you smoke, the more likely you are to store fat in your abdomen rather than on your hips and thighs. •Forget the quick fix. Liposuction doesn’t reach inside the abdominal wall to your visceral fat. You may change your appearance with liposuction, but you won’t improve your health. Dr. Nazia Nausheen
Dr. Nazia Nausheen is a certified medical doctor. She also holds a Masters Degree in Business, specializing in Sales and Marketing. Readers should look forward to her regular articles on women health and other general health related issues. citypageskuwait.com
BELLY FAT IS BAD! GUT CHECK You can estimate your visceral fat by measuring your waist circumference. Ideally, waist circumference should be less than 35 inches for women and less than 40 inches for men. A tape measure is your best home option for keeping tabs on visceral fat. Measure your waistline at the level of the navel — not at the narrowest part of the torso — and always measure in the same place. (According to official guidelines, the bottom of the tape measure should be level with the top of the right hip bone, or ilium — see the illustration — at the point where the ilium intersects a line dropped vertically from the center of the armpit.) Don’t suck in your gut or pull the tape tight enough to compress the area. In women, a waist circumference of 35 inches or larger is generally considered a sign of excess visceral fat, but that may not apply if your overall body size is large. For men, a waist circumference of 40 inches or more indicates excess visceral fat. Rather than focus on a single reading or absolute cut-off, keep an eye on whether your waist is growing (are your pants getting snug at the waist?). That should give you a good idea of whether you’re gaining unhealthy visceral fat.
Spotlight On
Recent Developments In
AESTHETIC SURGERY
During the past few years, there was a dramatic increase in the number of plastic surgical procedures all over the world. This was triggered by many factors mainly the huge expansion of the telecommunication services where all movie stars and celebrities were exposed in the media before and after cosmetic procedure. An increasingly aging population and job competitiveness are a major contributing factor as people tend to resist and try to hide the effects of age on their face and over all complexions in a desperate attempt to retain their jobs and social image. Last but not least is the dramatic improvement in surgical techniques and cosmetic products that rendered these procedures safe and easy. It cannot be forgotten that the overall costs of these procedures is becoming within the reach of the population and some banks even go a farther step and given loans for plastic surgical procedures. The domain of plastic procedures is expanding by the day. Broadly speaking, it includes cosmetics minimally invasive procedures and surgical procedures. The first branch is covered by beauticians mostly and includes creams masks and cover up procedures Dr. Sherief Zamer
consultant plastic surgeon Specialized Boushahri Polyclinic
Baghdad Street, Building # 38, In front of Suleiman Al-Luhaib Mosque. Tel: 1888877 Ext: 151
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that hide fine lines and blemishes to give an ever young healthy look. These can be also a valuable adjunct to surgical procedures where creams can hide scars and minor discrepancies after different surgeries. Noninvasive procedures had the maximum boost over the past two decades. Botox and fillers became common words and lot topics practically in all feminic discussions. These procedures induced a quick fix for minor facial aberrations mainly the frown lines, crow's feet, gummy smile, and neck sagging. A botox injection can take care of these imperfections giving a younger look with no down time and that can last a minimum of six months up to one year. Filler application is one of the most commonly practiced procedures in outpatient services. it has an immediate effect to cover deep nasolabial folds, marionette lines, and jawles. They can be applied also for lip augmentation, cheek lining, jaw line accentuation, and tear touch correction. Other minimally invasive procedures include threads, to lift facial elements & injectable to give a crystal dermabrasion , chemical peeling and different laser machine become an integral part of the plastic services where these procedures can take care of skin resurfacing, getting rid of unneeded pigmentation, naevi, and fine aging lines. Plastic surgical procedures showed a dramatic improvement. Most of them can be done under local anesthesia and even the procedures done under general anesthesia do not require an extended hospital stay with a quick recovery and return to social life. Liposuction is the most commonly practiced
surgical procedure worldwide. It can remove fat from unwanted areas and lately add fat to enhance body contours. It has the advantage of being fast immediately visible and repeatable with minimal down time. Facial plastic surgical procedures include nose jobs ‘’Rhinoplasty’’ to correct humps, broad tips wide aloe, deformed nasal bones, and shortening or lengthening the nose. Eyelid surgery ‘’Blepharoplasty’’ has a marked effect in alleviating baggy or puffy eyelids and eliminates the tired effect by increasing eye opening. Face lift surgery is a rewarding procedure to give a younger athletic face without age lines and with elevated cheek bones and graceful neck and jaw lines. Body surgery has a wide domain involving breast surgery whether reduction, augmentation or elevation. Tummy tuck "Abdominoplasty" is very commonly performed especially by women after multiple child bearing. It retightens the muscles, excises redundant skin and takes away unwanted fat. With the evolution of weight losing surgeries "Bariatric Surgery" a subspecialty in plastic surgery evolution to tackle redundancy in all body areas with sculpturing and lifting of all affected body parts. Finally, it is the ultimate goal of all plastic surgeons to give their customers the ultimate result with the minimum or most hidden scars and the least down time or side effects. It is our goal to pursue all possible avenues to achieve this target.
Baghdad Street – Building 38 same as Boushahri Seema Pharmacy, Opposite Suleiman Al-Luhaib Mosque - Tel : 1888877
www.boushahricp.com
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EARLY LABOR “How will I know when my body is in labor?” This is the most common question I hear from moms during their prenatal appointments. The reality of how different and varying each woman goes into labor makes it difficult to answer that question with a simple set of checklist symptoms. In addition, the length of early labor varies significantly between women. Here’s what I can say. Early labor often includes at least some of the following: •Regular or frequent contractions (lower abdominal cramping) 5-20 minutes apart lasting anywhere from 30-60 seconds •Breaking or leaking of the bag of waters (amniotic sac) •Cramping or pain in the lower back •Loss of the “cervical plug” (often detected as pink colored mucous while using the toilet) •Nausea (decreased appetite) or an increased appetite •Loose stools
contractions, mild or strong, for several days with little to no cervical change. This is called prodromal labor. It often feels like labor begins, and then stops, and then begins again, and then stops. This can go on for days, keeping a mother and her family on high alert, believing that labor will begin at any moment. For some women, prodromal labor is simply the uterus warming up while the body slowly builds up oxytocin levels. For others, the prodromal labor might be indicative of uterus trying to reposition the baby to facilitate a smoother labor. Whatever the reason, know that labors that start and stop are normal and healthy labors. Knowing that healthy, normal, early labors can start and stop and last for several days up until a mother is dilated to 6cm should impact what you do and the decisions you make during early labor. Most care providers suggest that you come to the hospital when contractions last at least 60-90 seconds, are 3-4 minutes apart, for at least an hour. This is called the 4-1-1 rule. (Unless your water breaks. If your water breaks, call your care provider and follow their instructions).
While these symptoms are fairly standard, the length of early labor varies significantly. In fact, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recently revised their official opinion on the definition of “early labor” and “active labor”. ACOG used to teach that “early labor” included the time it took for the uterus to dilate from 0-3cm. They also believed that labor should progress approximately 1cm/hour. However, according to improved research, ACOG now acknowledges that “early labor” can last anywhere from a few hours to several days as the uterus dilates from 0-6cm. In addition, some women experience frequent
So what do you do during the hours, or perhaps days, until you reach 4-1-1? •Continue with normal everyday activities for as long as possible. •Take a walk outside or wade in the pool. •Practice some gentle yoga, including downward-facing dog pose, cat-cow pose, and child’s pose. •Take a bath or a shower to help you relax. •Do something relaxing, such as baking, watching a favorite movie, or working on a craft. •Get a pedicure or manicure…pamper yourself one last time before active labor. •Take a nap and get some sleep if you can sleep between contractions (Often having someone massage your feet while you lay on your side with many pillows can help you relax enough to doze-off in between. This is important. Labor can test a mother’s stamina). •Lean against a wall, over a table, or on your partner or doula while swaying or rocking your
Sarah Paksima
Sarah Paksima is BirthKuwait Co-Founder and President Emeritus and a Doula, Childbirth Educator.
BirthKuwait is a non-profit organization operating as part of The Voluntary Health Association.For more information, visit their website: www.birthkuwait.com or Instagram: @birthkuwait
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hips. •Sit on a birth ball (or physical therapy ball) and roll your hips around in a circle. •Continue to eat light, healthy food and drink plenty of water or herbal tea. Many hospitals send mothers home when they are still in early labor. If for some reason you check into your hospital before 6 cm, remember that it is perfectly normal and healthy for your labor to progress slowly, with occasional “breaks”. Whether you are at home or at the hospital, keep in mind that the uterus is a muscle. After many hours of hard work, it is normal for the uterus to “rest” for a bit, and then restart it’s work. As long as both the mother and the baby are doing well, there is no need to intervene to speed up labor. Just be patient, rest, move around, and stay hydrated and nourished. Although early labor can test your endurance and stamina, with the proper support and attitude, you’ll make it to the fun part of labor…meeting your baby!
January, 2015
THE SALHIYA MEDICAL
PAV I L I O N
Redefining Your Well-Being The Salhiya Medical Pavilion is a world-class multispecialty medical center located on the 2nd floor of Noor Al Salhiya Complex, opposite Salhiya Complex. It provides direct access to the world’s best healthcare and by incorporating multiple specialties into one convenient location helps in reducing the need for patients to travel abroad for care. Multidisciplinary teamwork with coordinated care is The Salhiya Medical Pavilion's distinguishing feature. It ushers in a new era in health care in Kuwait by redefining the well-being and setting global benchmarks in hospitality and through providing a culture of continuous learning, innovation and excellence in healthcare. citypageskuwait.com
January, 2015
A refuge from the noise and bustle, the comfortable and elegant world-class The Salhiya Medical Pavilion addresses all the senses to grant profound relaxation and well-being. The body, mind and spirit are fully harmonized by the atmosphere where sight, smell, hearing, touch and taste are all awoken and explored. With prominent Western and Kuwaiti physicians, highly educated medical support staff, state-of-the-art medical equipment, and latest technology, The Salhiya Medical Pavilion provides a state of equilibrium of complete physical, mental, and emotional well-being. At The Salhiya Medical Pavilion, they call and treat their customers as their guests rather than their patients. Guests can enjoy a seamless customer experience with an appointment only access, their own Personal Health Concierge, an environment that fosters tranquility, and an experience that is unparalleled in any healthcare facility world-wide. citypageskuwait.com
January, 2015
Flooded with light and energy to impart a sense of peace and well-being to all who visit, The Salhiya Medical Pavilion is designed by the prominent Lebanese architect, Talal Antar. To craft the guest experience, Ms. Mindy Terry who has more than eighteen years of experience developing, leading and guiding spas to ‘Top Ten’ status was commissioned for her expertise in developing luxury spas and wellness centes. To polish off The Salhiya Medical Pavilion’s modern and stylish image, Ms. Fatima Al Naqi taught staff how to achieve understated, yet elegant beauty through make-up and hair styling instruction. To create a healing environment, The Salhiya Medical Pavilion features an enviable collection of original works by prominent Kuwaiti artists Fareed Abdal and Muneera Al Rumaihi, Syrian artists Adnan Abdulrahman, Refa'e Ahmed, and Mahmoud Majdal, and Iraqi artist Mohammed Al Shammery. And to extend The Salhiya Medical Pavilion’s experience beyond the
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physician’s suite and into the kitchen, a light tasting menu has been solely developed by Chef Nasser AlMukhaizeem that effortlessly imparts a taste of fine dining into the healthcare environment. The Salhiya Medical Pavilion has teamed up with UKbased Patients Know Best (PKB) – the world’s first patient controlled online medical records system. With PKB patients will have the power and means to access their medical records 24/7, the discretion to share the record with physicians from around the world, track their health history, medications, vitals, and have direct online communication with their doctor and care team. At The Salhiya Medical Pavilion, they offer specialized services in Ear, Nose, Throat (E.N.T), Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN), Pediatrics, and soon to be launched Nutrition, Urology, and Bariatric surgery. In addition they have created the services of SIBA - Arabic for 'Youth'- with a focus on aesthetics, laser treatments, and skin care. SIBA utilizes the latest, most effective technologies and procedures from France, Germany, Italy and North America.
Location: Noor Al Salhiya Complex, 2nd floor, opposite Salhiya Complex. Phone 1880881 Working Hours: 9:00am – 1:00pm and 5:00pm – 9:00pm Available by appointments only, No walk-ins accepted
Dr. Sanad Al Fadala
Dr. Wendy Noble
January, 2015
Shaima Namavar, founder / owner of the British Playhouse nursery and Funhouse club and National Representative at the World Forum Foundation, is one of those individuals whose work has been influential among those concerned with the education, care, and well-being of young children. She believes sustainable societies cannot be built if children are not given the opportunity to develop a strong foundation for development, wellbeing and lifelong learning and it is in the early childhood period that children develop their basic values, attitudes, skills, behaviors and habits, which may be long lasting. Recently we caught up with Shaima Namavar to tell us all about her amazing work in raising awareness about the powerful role of early childhood education and care. Please introduce yourself to our readers: My name is Shaima Namavar, am a mother of two boys Abdulaziz 9yrs old and Mohammed 5yrs old, wife to a supportive husband Nezar Makhseed, and founder / owner of the British Playhouse nursery and Funhouse club. I am also a National Representative and global leader at the World Forum Foundation. I have earned a Bachelor’s degree in Business Administration from the American University of Sharjah. I also hold many certificates in parenting, early childhood education etc. You are a National Representative at World Forum Foundation. Could you enlighten us briefly on its history, how did it come about, and how did you get involved? The World Forum Foundation was first visualized by Bonnie and Roger Neugebauer and Carmel and Rodney Kenner at a 1998 meeting in Sydney, Australia. It was founded to promote an on-going global exchange of ideas on the delivery of quality services for young children in diverse settings. This mission is accomplished through convening gatherings of early childhood professionals around the world and by promoting the continuing exchange of ideas among participants. The first ever World Forum on Early Care and Education held in Honolulu, Hawaii, in 1999. For over 12 years the World Forum Foundation has been building the international network of National Representatives, a key leadership initiative of the World Forum, strengthening commitment to global reach and diversity. Roger Neugebauer the president of the World Forum Foundation chose me to be the National Representative from Kuwait during the World Forum conference May 2014. What are your primary responsibilities as a National Representative? citypageskuwait.com
My primary responsibilities are to attend the World Forum Foundation meetings, to spread the word to as many early childhood professionals, and to share the latest studies regarding early childhood education and development in Kuwait. Tell us about some of your achievements and challenges as a National Representative: As my achievements, I have already started spreading awareness to parents and childminders about the importance of early childhood education and development. It has been few months for me as a National Representative and I have 2 years to work on this position and to be honest the only challenge am facing is lack of data in Kuwait. You are a global leader for young children, advocate and agent to seek for quality in the early childhood development. Please shed some light on the importance of early childhood education: The first 5 years of child’s life are the most critical time of growth and learning. In fact 85% of a child’s brain develops by age 5, before a child even starts school. When children receive good care, nutritious diet & learning opportunities during their earliest years, they have better chance to grow up healthy, to do well at school and reach their highest potential. Research shows that early learning programs for babies and toddlers have positive effect that extend beyond the first years of school, well into adulthood and go on to benefit society as a whole. What are your thoughts on the appropriate and intentional use of technology and digital media in the early years? Technology and interactive media are important tools to promote and support effective learning and development with understanding the limits of technology;
give careful consideration to technology with infants and toddlers. Early education is often discussed as a long-term investment in improving the skills of the future workforce and you are also an advocate of high-quality early education. Could you discuss your work as a Child Advocate? My work involves raising awareness about the powerful role of early childhood education (ECE) and care, and specifically the importance of high quality ECE to support development to the fullest potential through social media, and by giving workshops to parents and teachers. As you survey the landscape of childhood education and development in Kuwait, do you think it is a critical issue and what are some of the key challenges we should be paying particular attention to? It is a critical issue in Kuwait and we should be paying attention to many factors the most important factor being more involvement of parents in their children’s’ lives, to have a law in Kuwait that children start school at the age of 3.5 years and not 6 years, to have more awareness about the importance of childhood education and development to have a better future through media. Children should be the property of the country and the people, and private sector should also take part in this not only the government. Given your hands-on work in improving early childhood education, what do you see as priority steps that the public and private sectors should take to address key needs in this area? The priority step that the public and private sectors should take is to have a national standard for early childhood education and care, either by improving their existing policies and regulations, or by developing a new framework.
Shaima Namavar EMPOWERING OUR YOUNGEST CITIZENS
January, 2015
You are actively using your influence to advocate for positive change, what kinds of leadership lessons have you learned with regard to moving the needle on important social issues? I think the most important thing I have learned is that people should see the motivation and passion I have for children and that I will not give up easily to achieve my goal of spreading the awareness about the early childhood education and development. I cannot just order and wait for the people to react to my words. In order for them to react, I should help, work and make them involve in my aim. This is leadership, you work and people react with you. How early childhood programs and services can support and benefit children and families around the globe? What is their economic and societal value? Early childhood education has an important role to play in laying the foundations for active and responsible citizenship. Early childhood programs have been founded to generate a return to society. Education is a way to improve the country income. THINK BIG START SMALL. You are also an owner and founder of British Playhouse Nursery. Tell us your vision and mission and what makes your nursery unique? My vision and mission for the British Playhouse Nursery is to implement the national standards and that’s what I am working on with my team. What makes it unique is that we at British Playhouse Nursery make education fun for children and affordable for parents. What would you like British Playhouse Nursery to achieve in the next five years? We are aiming to open more branches in Kuwait and as a part of our community work we are aiming to open a branch in one of the countries that really need childhood programs. Your message for our readers: Childhood is a very special period and children should have the opportunity to enjoy their early years. Children are our future leaders. Let’s all work together to make this happen. Your message for us at CityPages magazine: I would like to thank CityPages for their efforts and support and I wish you success in all your future endeavors.
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MAGENTA
www.thecolorrecipe.com
by: Wala'a Al Muhaiteeb In numerology 2015 is a year 8 (2+0+1+5= 8). The vibrations of this number are highly connected with the color magenta in color therapy. The number 8 is associated with success and abundance. Magenta is a mix of red and violet; red is a color of past pain releasing, passion, leadership and masculine action. Violet is highly creative color that connects us to the art, big ideas, soul connections, and feminine wisdom. mix those two colors together and you will get the recipe for 2015. Magenta is a great balance between these two energies and two worlds. It’s a color that is connected to creativity in business, leadership and success. Connecting with magenta is essential for our transformation for 2015. Before I get into how to connect with magenta, lets talk about the magenta personality.
If magenta is your favorite color you are a compassionate and kind person. You always seek to make the people around you feel better and help them with everything you can. You always seek balance in your life and loves balancing extremes; you might be the kind that pursues two completely different hobbies but manage to mix them very well. If you are a person who dislikes magenta you are a person who doesn’t like to stand out from the crowd, a person who would choose to conform to other peoples ideas rather than marching to your own beat. Magenta is a color of change and transformation, it helps release old negative patterns to help us move forward. to connect with magenta; fill your house with vibrant magenta flowers, or put different magenta accessories around your desk at work. Magenta is strong magnetic color, using it to manifest your dreams is the way to go
with magenta. Magenta is spontaneous and impulsive, but resourceful and organized. Make sure you use it to help you in 2015, as this will be a great year if you let it. Also meditating on magenta by taking 10 deep breaths to settle into the body, with every breath after that you are inhaling magenta through your nose and having it expand sideways through your chest. With every breath magenta is filling your body and surroundings. Once you connect with magenta, ask yourself which habits do I want to let go of for 2015 to help me move forward and let the answers come from within you, they will be such unique ideas that you will surprise yourself. Doing this meditation three times a week this month will give you the push you need to start a great 2015. If you want to go deeper with your 2015 transformation contact me at: [email protected] January, 2015
WAYS TO KEEP YOUR
NEW YEAR RESOLUTIONS RANIA JOMAA
Clinical and Community Dietitian
Another year is ending and we ask ourselves: Did we learn anything from our past experiences? How do we make the coming days more successful? It is not as hard as we think.
4.Buy a pedometer and start tracking steps, try to work up to 10.000 steps a day.
5.Connect by instagram or facebook to
networks related to nutrition which can support and encourage you and share your experience and resolutions in public with others, this will motivate you.
People around the world are more interested these days with eating healthier food and changing their lifestyle and bad habits, you may have started before and did not reach your goals. How to make this year different? How to maintain your new year’s resolutions for 2015?
6.Choose your food carefully and eat three main meals and two snacks.
1.Keep your resolutions simple and focus
weight at a certain time. Make that a shortterm goal to a big achievement.
on 2 goals at a time, for example start eating healthy food and exercising before focusing on weight loss.
2.Keep a log especially at the beginning of the day: activity and caloric intake. 3.Stay focused on your actions (eating healthier, spending more time on exercising) and don’t become obsessed only with results. citypageskuwait.com
It is also very important to make the TV room a no food zone, this will help you focus on what you are eating much more than focusing on a TV show.
7.Make realistic goals of reaching a certain 8.Plan a time-frame by using your own calendar for every week. It will include your daily food intake, calories and exercise.
without losing any weight, if you are eating healthy food with normal quantity and exercising, results will surely show.
11.Share your experience but do not listen to people’s advices and over research for information which can be included in non approved resources, always ask a dietitian about your daily caloric needs, body fat and exercise plan. 12.Turn exercise into your daily living need, at least 45 minutes per day and consume a minimum of 8 cups of water. Nutrition is a very big issue and cannot be written in one or two pages, but you have to convince yourself that eating healthy is not only for weight loss, it is an issue that can help you have a better life with a healthier body. It also prevents many chronic obesity related diseases.
9.Do not reward yourself with food and high
Finally, happy 2015! May 2014 go with all our bad habits where we only leave the good times and memories.
10.Do not give up, even if a week passed
Start today, as long as you are alive you can change and take a hold of your life.
fat meals when you are happy after losing weight.
10 NEW YEAR RESOLUTIONS
TO KEEP FOR 2015 Don't we all love the idea of starting the new year with a bunch of resolutions. Inspiring ourselves yet again to write up resolutions we may or may not follow through. I do however give brownie points to those who do write up their resolutions as these are indications of the changes they do intend on making (some day). If health is a priority for you this year, I am hoping the resolutions below will be of help to you. These 1 to 10 resolutions are simple and doable and each number itself is related to the resolution.
1.Aim to lose 1 kg per week (if overweight or obese) Rome wasn’t built in a day. It is best to gradually lose weight rather than trying to lose excessive weight very quickly. It is well documented that people who try to lose weight quickly tend to gain the lost weight back and in most cases it's more than what they had lost.
2.Eat 2 serves of fruit each day. You can have these in between meals as your snack This should be your go to pharmacy. Fruits are great low calorie, nutrient dense, fiber rich snack options. The natural sugar and nutrients are for elevating your energy levels.
3.Each day, be grateful for any 3 things in your life Sanaa Abdul Hamid Sanaa holds Masters of Clinical Dietetics from University of Queensland, Australia and is a Clinical dietitian and a Certified Yoga Teacher. Sanaa is also a blogger and very active on Instagram. Read more from Sanaa at her Blog: www.balancewithsanaa.com , Instagram: Sanaa_dietitian
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Gratitude is a great practice for psychological well-being. People who are grateful tend to have a higher sense of self-worth. It helps to block out toxic negative emotions that tends to divert us from happiness. Harvesting negative emotions within does more self-harm than good so learn to release any past unresolved emotions and start to focus on all the good things in your life.
4.Dedicate 4% of your day to your exercise. That is only 1 hour from your whole day. We have 24 hours in a day. Pick a time that best suits your lifestyle and try get in some form of physical activity. You can just start off with doing 30 minutes exercise on most days and then build up to 1 hour. You can also split up your time by doing a quick 10 – 15 minutes exercise on waking up and then doing another 15 minutes exercise later in the day. Accidental exercises also count so instead of using the elevator, take the stairs.
5.Eat 5 serves of vegetables each day. Evidence suggests that eating a serve of vegetable each day reduces the risk of coronary heart disease, stroke and weight gain. Vegetables are low in calories, great source of minerals and vitamins, dietary fibers and contain a range of phytochemicals including carotenoids. A serve of vegetable equates to 1 cup of green leafy or raw salad vegetables; 1/2 cup cooked green or orange vegetables (such as broccoli, spinach, pumpkin, carrots); 1 medium tomato, ½ cup sweet corn, ½ medium potato or other starchy vegetables.
6.Eat 6 Small meals instead of 3 big meals Eating smaller meals regularly prevents you
from overeating during meal times. You can always carry a piece of fruit with you or a handful of nuts or keep small tub of low fat yoghurt at work to eat in between meals.
7.Sleep at least 7 hours every day That means sleeping at a decent hour to get enough sleep. When you stay awake till late hours, you put yourself at risk of being overweight or obese. Studies conducted have found that people who sleep late tend to eat
more calories (200 – 400 calories) than those who sleep at a decent hour.
8.Drink a minimum of 8 glasses of water Water is calorie free and assists in digestion & toxin removal. Being well hydrated reduces the chances of you overeating or craving unhealthy food as it is not uncommon for one to confuse thirst for hunger.
9.After 9 pm practice digital detox
That is, disconnect yourself from any electronic devices. Keep your smart phones away from your bed. Looking at your electronic screens while in bed tends to negatively affect melatonin levels and delay sleep.
10.Meditate for 10 minutes each day There is 1440 minutes in a day. All you need is 10 minutes for yourself. As you get out of bed, take a few minutes to just sit there and notice your breathing. Observe how your belly rises and falls with each breath. Perhaps you can
mentally say the 3 things you are grateful for ( resolution number 3) and then get out of bed. Next, while you are at work, just before you head out for your lunch break, just sit there at your desk, close your eyes and count 10 – 1 mentally and synchronize your breath with each count. Let your mind and body relax. Breathe in positive, relaxing healing energy and breathe out negative energy. Hope you lovely readers have a great year ahead. January, 2015
DITCH THE SHRINK AND GYM IT INSTEAD TO A BETTER YOU THIS 2015!
It’s the eve of New Years and here I sit pondering on all the mischief and mayhem I personally created in 2014. Personally it’s been quite an amazing year for me. Some of the highlights were: -becoming a sponsored athlete for Evolve Supplements -getting my mother to visit Londontown in May (a place where she visited once some 30 odd years ago!) -vanquishing my stage fright yet again and participating at the prestigious Arnold Amateur Bodybuilding Competition in Madrid, Spain -having a more balanced work-life ratio -adopting my 3rd adorable dog, Theodore. Were these goals of mine set out at the start of 2014? Yes it most certainly was! Personally, I don’t think I would have been able achieve all that I set out to do if it wasn’t for my disciplined nature-an attribute or character of mine newly acquired from when I started, you guessed it, going to the gym. Yes, getting fit definitely benefits you from a physical and mental standpoint (most notably, exercises reduces one’s risk of developing a Reshmi Revi
Reshmi Revi is a NZCF Certified Personal Trainer, Fitness Enthusiast and an Evolve Supplements Sponsored Athlete who competes in bodybuilding. Follow her on Instagram: @Q8MissFit
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myriad of cardiovascular diseases and has been known to be more beneficial in treating patients with mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety while stimulating growth of new brain cells) but did you know it also benefits you emotionally and socially too?
Get your emotional rollercoaster under control Whenever you exercise, your brain secretes ‘endorphins,’ which are ‘feel-good’ chemicals. Regular exercisers tend to report feeling happy and less anxious/worried/frustrated post workout. Furthermore research has shown that individuals who exercise frequently and regularly are able to cope better with challenges life throws at them. Maintaining an exercise routine along with a healthy lifestyle teaches you to be disciplined and functioning more on rationality and not in an emotional state. These positive attributes then transfer into other aspects of one’s life such as how one socializes with the rest of society.
A positive social state starts at the gym I only start seriously taking care of myself when I was in Auckland, New Zealand. Freshly graduated from university and working a 9 to 5 role, the gym was a stone’s throw away from my office. In 8 months I committed myself to healthy living and eating, I lost about 25+ kilograms…and most of my toxic friends. I don’t smoke but most of my friends back then were smokers and just hanging around them would trigger my asthma attacks. So you can
imagine how grateful my lungs were when I started going to the gym regularly after work. It was at my gym I befriended the regulars over there and pretty soon, I too wanted to eat well, have better sleeping hours and more energy. I took these positive social norms I witnessed at my gym, remembered it by heart and still practice them today. What’s more, going to the gym not only boosted my immune system but also my self-esteem when I lost all that weight and further cemented my new-found confidence when I took up learning muay thai boxing as a form of self-defense. 2015 awaits with eager anticipation. Instead of making verbal resolutions, my suggestion would be to write them down. I would think of 3 realistic goals I would like to achieve in 2015 and write them down on a post-it note. I would then stick this post-it note at a place that was highly visible. So for example, for me it would be either sticking it on my bathroom mirror, or on my full-length mirror in my study. That way, whenever I passed by, I would see the notes and hence these goals/ resolutions/ selfaffirmations would always subconsciously be in my mind to achieve. T.S Eliot once quipped “For last year’s words belong to last year’s language. And next year’s words, await another voice.” If you haven’t achieved what you set out to do, take heart. You have 12 brand new chapters in this year to do something about it. With that said, here’s to all you amazing CityPages readers wishing you a gloriously healthy and prosperous New Year!
NEW YEAR
NEW RESOLUTIONS
The excitement while celebrating New Year takes over your life causing you to make resolutions that are not realistic and maybe even not attainable. But your determination makes you go ahead and announce those resolutions. Fast forward to 2 months later, and there you are still talking about your resolutions but not really doing anything about it, so how do you get yourself to stick to these resolutions? Maha AlRashed
Maha AlRashed is a CHEK Certified Exercise Coach and a regular contributor for CityPages magazine. citypageskuwait.com
Making a realistic resolution is easy to do. Think of ways that you would like to improve your life; a resolution shouldn’t be life changing because that is what makes it so unattainable. We are creatures of habit and with that it is really difficult to convince us to change our ways so why try to dramatically change your life? Just do it in baby steps. The usual suspects when it comes to resolutions are, weight loss and exercise more. This year try something new; try something that you may not have thought is really a resolution. In 2015, I have decided that I am changing my plans on resolutions; I’ve opted to change their name to goals; and these goals may change monthly because I know that I can’t
realistically have one set goal and commit for 12 months to reach that goal. The only goals I think that matter are the ones that have to do with your inner self and those require a lifetime commitment. I suggest that you commit to making each day the best day of the year, commit to making yourself happy, commit to making time for yourself, and finally commit to yourself being the best person you can possibly be. With that positive energy being let out into the world, you will make your environment a better place for you and the people around you. Wishing all the readers of CityPages a very Happy and Prosperous 2015!
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January, 2015
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CityPages Staff Shares Vogue Fashion Dubai Experience
I received an invitation from the Government of Dubai Tourism #MyDubai to attend a gathering of fashion bloggers from the Arabian Gulf. It was a wonderful and distinctive experience including discovering Dubai. The experience of attending Vogue Fashion Dubai Experience was really pleasing. It not only provided me the opportunity to attend this amazing event but also provided me the chance to see the world famous designers from very closely. From 30th October 2014 till 1st of November
at Dubai Mall and Armani hotel, I attended "Vogue Fashion Dubai Experience" event and fashion sessions. The Dubai Mall is the world’s most visited shopping place and entertainment destination. In 2013, it welcomed over 75 million visitors. In addition to the 1,200 retailers, the flagship asset of Emaar Malls Group is home to more than 200 F&B outlets and numerous worldclass leisure attractions. This time at 2nd Vogue Fashion Dubai Experience only, it welcomed over 1 million visitors to mark worldwide festivity of fashion. The inaugural fashion show hosted by supermodel Karolina Kurkova and Wissam Hanna which launched the second edition of Vogue Fashion Dubai Experience, organised by Emaar and Vogue Italia, was highlighted by a stellar line-up of global celebrities and a record turn-out of visitors. The in-store activities organised by over 200 fashion retailers in The Dubai Mall also contributed to the significant boost in footfall, further underlining The Dubai Mall’s credentials as the ultimate destination for luxury shopping. It was such a nice and well organized event. The fashion show was an echoing success and stunned the attendees with a creative presentation of the S/S 2015 collections of eight brilliant international designers. The selected brands were: Asudari Studio by Lamia Asudari from Saudi Arabia, Christopher Esber from Australia, J. JS Lee by Jackie JS Lee from South Korea, Madiya Al Sharqi from UAE, Miuniku by Tina Sutradhar and Nikita Sutradhar from India, No3 Design by Bushra Badri and Amira Al Khaja from the UAE, Stella Jean from Italy and Piccione Piccione by Salvatore Piccione from Italy. Like the previous edition, great consideration was focused on designers’ talent. In particular, “The Fashion Catwalk” and “The International Talents Showcase” were among the most anticipated events. The artists did justice with their talent
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and audience could not resist applauding. Vogue Fashion Dubai Experience also featured the International Talents Showcase at Armani Hotel Dubai, which served as an exclusive stage for 20 upcoming designers, selected by Vogue Italia and The Dubai Mall through a scouting contest. The showcase reported vigorous interest from buyers and retailers for the collections and several potential leads for business and marketing collaborations I am really Thankful to the Government of Dubai Tourism #MyDubai for providing me such a wonderful experience.
January, 2015
Looking Glamorous has never been so easy Be fabulous and stylish with our expert’s chosen winter outfits that will make you step out of the crowd and feel original and unique. Shine and have fun with the mix of colors, textures and brands that will make you look chic and trendy this winter. We are thrilled to introduce you in a mystic oriental space, inaugurated by us for a brand new fashion concept- Brille comme une Star de CinÊma!
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Model: Dania from CBS MODELS Agency: www.cbsmodels.com Instagram: @cbsmodelmanagement Art Director: Bianca Sutu Instagram: @Bianca_Sutu Photographer: Saleh Al Sanad Instagram: @AL_SANAD Clothes & Accessories: Mosaic Kuwait - Salhiya M1 Instagram: @mosaickuwait Makeup and Hair: @al_joyeria salon Location: Abou ElSid - Authentic Egyptian Restaurant Instagram: @abouelsid_kw
January, 2015
Absolutely in Fashion with citypageskuwait.com
Elena Persil Jacket Talulah Trousers
Location: Abou ElSid - Authentic Egyptian Restaurant Instagram: @abouelsid_kw
January, 2015
Look Classy Dress by Ze Quun Jacket from Talulah
citypageskuwait.com
Location: Abou ElSid - Authentic Egyptian Restaurant Instagram: @abouelsid_kw
Be trendy with
Trousers from Narciss Fashion Blouse from Talulah Vest from Peridot London Coat from Narciss Fashion
citypageskuwait.com
Location: Abou ElSid - Authentic Egyptian Restaurant Instagram: @abouelsid_kw January, 2015
citypageskuwait.com
Location: Abou ElSid - Authentic Egyptian Restaurant Instagram: @abouelsid_kw
Cocktail dress by Veloudakis
Location: Abou ElSid - Authentic Egyptian Restaurant Instagram: @abouelsid_kw citypageskuwait.com
Chic and comfortable with Trousers from Negarin Jacket from Peridot London
January, 2015
Location: Abou ElSid - Authentic Egyptian Restaurant Instagram: @abouelsid_kw
LAMB GYROS (PRONOUNCED HERO) INGREDIENTS:
For the Gyro Meat: •500 g minced lamb or beef – I prefer lamb •2 teaspoons salt •½ teaspoon dried red chili •2 tablespoons fresh oregano leaves or 1 tablespoon dried oregano •½ red onion, cut into 1-inch chunks •1 clove garlic, sliced •5 slices sliced beef or turkey bacon), cut into ½-inch pieces Tzatziki Sauce: •1 cup full fat Greek yoghurt •1 small cucumber grated finely or chopped into small chunks •1 clove garlic – finely crushed •Salt & pepper to taste ( I also add a few sprigs of mint finely chopped up) •Mix all together and refrigerate To Serve: •Pita bread •Tomato, coarsely chopped •Red onion, thinly sliced
METHOD: 1.Make the Gyro Meat: In a medium bowl, combine the ground lamb,
salt, dried chili and oregano with your hands, mixing until all of the seasonings have been evenly distributed. Cover and refrigerate for at least 1 hour, or overnight.
2.Preheat oven to 180°C. Place the lamb mixture in the bowl of a food processor and add onion, garlic and bacon. Process until a smooth puree is formed, 30 seconds to 1 minute, scraping down the sides of the bowl as necessary. 3.Line a baking sheet (can be a cookie sheet as well) with aluminum foil. With moistened hands, shape the lamb mixture into a rectangle about 8 inches long and 5 inches wide. Bake until the center of the loaf is fully cooked, 30 to 35 minutes. Remove from the oven and allow to rest for 15 minutes. 4.Adjust the oven rack to the highest position (1½ to 2 inches below grill element). Slice the loaf of lamb meat into very thin pieces (they should be about an inch thick; no more than ¼-inch thick). Lay the strips on a baking sheet lined with aluminum foil and grill until edges are browned and crispy, 2 to 4 minutes. Be sure to keep an eye on it, as the grill works quickly! 5.Serve the Gyros: Warm up the bread either in the microwave (30 seconds), on the stovetop or in the oven. Top each one with Tzatziki sauce, chopped tomatoes, sliced onions and gyro meat. Wrap with foil or wax paper and serve.
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GALAKTOBOUREKO Galaktoboureko is a traditional Greek dessert made with a custard in a crispy phyllo pastry shell. I love to serve it with Vanilla ice cream or just some freshly whipped cream…Heavenly delicious…and best served with black coffee… YUM!!!!
INGREDIENTS:
•6 cups full cream milk •1 cup semolina flour •3 ½ tablespoons cornstarch •1 cup white sugar •¼ teaspoon salt •6 eggs •½ cup white sugar •1 teaspoon vanilla extract or fresh vanilla bean – I use half •¾ cup butter, melted •12 sheets phyllo pastry dough •1 cup water •1 cup white sugar
METHOD: 1.Pour milk into a large saucepan, and bring to a boil over medium
heat. In a medium bowl, whisk together the semolina, cornstarch, 1 cup sugar and salt so there are no cornstarch clumps. When milk comes to a boil, gradually add the semolina mixture, stirring constantly with a wooden spoon. Cook, stirring constantly until the mixture thickens and comes to a full boil. Remove from heat, and set aside. Keep warm.
2.In a large bowl, beat eggs with an electric mixer at high speed. Add ½ cup of sugar, and whip until thick and pale, about 10 minutes. Stir in vanilla. 3.Fold the whipped eggs into the hot semolina mixture. Partially cover the pan, and set aside to cool. 4.Preheat the oven to 175°C. 5.Butter a 9x13 inch baking dish, and layer 7 sheets of phyllo into the pan, brushing each one with butter as you lay it in. Pour the custard into the pan over the phyllo, and cover with the remaining 5 sheets of phyllo, brushing each sheet with butter as you lay it down. 6.Bake for 40 to 45 minutes in the preheated oven, until the top
crust is crisp and the custard filling has set. In a small saucepan, stir together the remaining cup of sugar and water. Bring to a boil. When the Galaktoboureko comes out of the oven, spoon the hot sugar syrup over the top, particularly the edges. Cool completely before cutting and serving. Store in the refrigerator and enjoy with loved ones.
GREECE
Greek cuisine makes wide use of olive oil, yoghurt, herbs, fish, and various meats, including lamb. All Mediterranean cuisines have some similarities, and this light and fresh style of cooking is something that I thoroughly enjoy. It is also great for sharing and family style social gatherings. This month we look at the Greek version of the beloved Shawarma and we add a bit of spice to it just for fun and of course a little something for the sweet tooth‌ Enjoy‌. With Love!
January, 2015
St. Petersburg What to stay
Corinthia Hotel - St. Petersburg
ocated at the heart of the city on the Nevsky prospect – the main historic thoroughfare of St. Petersburg The luxury Corinthia Hotels brand is operated by CHI Hotels & Resorts, a leading hotel management company based in Malta.
Saint Petersburg is the second largest city in Russia, politically incorporated as a federal subject. It is located on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea. In 1914 the name of the city was changed from Saint Petersburg to Petrograd, in 1924 to Leningrad, and in 1991, back to Saint Petersburg.
What to see
Peter & Paul's Fortress The Peter and Paul Fortress, is the original citadel of St. Petersburg, Russia, founded by Peter the Great in 1703 and built to Domenico Trezzini's designs from 1706-1740. In the early 20th century, it was still used as a prison by the tsarist government.
The Yusupov Palace One of two surviving St. Petersburg residences of the monumentally wealthy Yusupov family, the Yusupov Palace on the Moika River is perhaps most famous as the scene of the assassination of Grigory Rasputin, and is one of the few aristocratic homes in the city to have retained many of its original interiors.
W. Hotel - St. Petersburg
Conceptualized by award-winning architects Antonio Citterio Patricia Viel and Partners, W. Hotel, St. Petersburg is located in the center of the historical "Venice of the North" next to St. Isaac's Cathedral, a stone throw from the lavish Winter Palace with the famed Hermitage Museum and a short stroll from the spectacular Neva River.
Russian Museum of Ethnography The Russian Museum of Ethnography is a museum in St. Petersburg that houses a collection of about 500,000 items relating to the ethnography, or cultural anthropology, of peoples of the former Russian Empire and the Soviet Union.
The Summer Palace & Park of Catherine's the Great, Pushkin The Catherine Palace is a Rococo palace located in the town of Tsarskoye Selo (Pushkin), 25 km southeast of St. Petersburg, Russia. It was the summer residence of the Russian tsars.
Astoria Hotel
Hotel Astoria is a five-star hotel in Saint Petersburg, Russia that first opened in December 1912. It has 213 bedrooms, including 52 suites and is located on Saint Isaac's Square, next to Saint Isaac's Cathedral
How to go:
The Czars Winter Palace
St. Petersburg's most famous building, the Winter Palace not only physically dominates Palace Square and the south embankment of the Neva River, but also plays a central political, symbolic, and cultural role in the three-century history of the city. citypageskuwait.com
Turkish Airlines Turkish Airlines offers daily flights with the best flight experience and ticket rates for St. Petersburg. Visit their website to get the best offers at: www.turkishairlines.com/ or check with your travel agent.
Bon voyage!
January, 2015
اتصلت مريم علي سعود ما مداها تقوله إن حصة أنخطبت وأنه ،،، سعود :مبروك اهلل يوفقها خوش بنت مع السالمة ( طلع مبتلش فيها وما صدق ينحاش ) مريم غشت من الضحك بس ما حبت تقول لحصة خلتها عايشه دور محطمة القلوب.
شهر العسل تايالند ..مدينه كرابي الساحلية سافروا من الكويت إلي بانكوك ثم إلي مدينه كارابي الساحلية التي تشتهر بالمسلمين عن طريق الطيران الداخلي لمدة ساعة وكانت االقامه في فندق Rayavade Resort in Krabi Thailand
صار الخميس المنتظر في بيت حصة
دخل عبد الكريم مع والدته سوالف وضحك إلي أن وصلت العروس حصة محطمة القلوب حصيص تذكر أنها نفس السيالنية أم حنة برأسها اللي فتحت له الباب هذاك اليوم ..ال ال ما يبيها بعد كم يوم تتصل والدته والتعذر أنه ولدها يبي يكمل دراسته واهلل يوفق حصة بالرجل الصالح انصدمت األم ،حصة أغمي عليها شلون الحين أفلست من سعود وعبدالكريم ؟؟ شالحل مالها اإل ترد علي سعود وتقولة أنها تحبه عشان جذي ما قدرت تتزوج غيره ورفضت ولد عمتها عشانه. بس لألسف لما اتصلت لقت رقمه مفصول من الخدمة نهائيا ..الرجل ما صدق ينحاش.
يحتوي علي 4مطاعم متنوعة النكهات ومحاطة بالحدائق االستوائية
الفندق خمس نجوم له شاطئ خاص جميل جدا ويتميز بالخصوصية
أفضل األوقات لزيارة كارابي مابين شهر أكتوبر الي نهاية شهر أبريل.
وضعها صعب وحالتها تكسر الخاطر كان
حلمها بسيط تتزوج ويكون لها أسرتها الصغيرة بس.. اتصلت عليها مريم بنت جيرانهم تعزمها علي قهوة عندها بالبيت عشان تغيير نفسيتها ألنها صج محتاجة تطلع من اللي فيه. توها طالعه من بيتهم وإذا بسليمان رفيج أخوها إبراهيم سليمان :مرحبا حصة عرفتيني أنا سليمان رفيج إبراهيم أخوك هذي بطاقة عرس ... حصة :زين زين درينا أخذت البطاقة ..ورقعت الباب ومشت. بعد الصدمات والحالة التي يرثي لها حصة مالها خلق احد خالص حاولت أنها تكمل الحياة والظاهر مالها نصيب أنها تتزوج وتمضي األيام. وفي يوم دخل إبراهيم أخوها : حصة رفيجي سليمان بيخطبج ها ..تبينه وإال أقوله ال تأخذها تتوهق فيها ..هاهاهاهاي حصة :إي ..موافقة وقوله مابي عرس وشهر العسل في سيالن بما أني سيالنيتكم اليديده ..وراحت دارها تبكي علي حظها الردى اللي أخوها إبراهيم يتمسخر عليها ويذكرها أنها عانس . من باجر العصر وإال صج أم سليمان عندهم بالبيت تخطب حصة لولدها سليمان . كان سليمان صديق إبراهيم منذ الصغر وطلع من زماااان معجب وعاشق حصة من طرف واحد بس كان ينتظر الوقت المناسب ويدعي ربه الليل والنهار أنها تكون من نصيبه. وكان الفرح من نصيبهم (..حــصـة و سـلـيـمـان )
بعد 25دقيقة عن Phi Phi ISLANDبالقارب مع تنظيم رحالت بحرية.
يضم أجنحة من طابقين وفيالت مع حمام سباحة خاص وخدمة ممتازة مع ترتيبات لشهر العسل
تابعوني باالنستجرام لمزيد من القصص والرحالت Travelwithmuzmuz
TRAVEL WITH ما يميز كرابي توفر الذبح اإلسالمي والمساجد الن معظم سكانها من المسلمين
by: MOUZAH ALSHAREEDAH citypageskuwait.com
أبله حصة و رحلة البحث عن معرس
TRAVEL WITH
أبلة حصة ،،،خوش بنت بس مطفوقه علي الزواج كل ما تنخطب وحده من صديقاتها وخاصة المدرسات اللي معاها بالقسم تصيبها جلطة ... بذاك اليوم مستأذنة من الدوام بالطريق رايحه لعيادة التجميل تنفخ هالبراطم وتحورف بعمرها عل وعسي تتزوج !! و اإل فجأة تدعم السيارة اللي جدامها واذا بذلك الشاب اللطيف الجنتل ينزل من السيارة يتطمن عليها أو علي سيارته اهلل أعلم.؟؟ الرجل :اختي عسي ماصار فيج شئ ؟ تري الدعمه بسيطة وان شا هلل ماكو إال العافية. حصة بقلبها تقول ليتك داعمني من زمان شهالزين هذا القدر اللي يقولون عنه بس لقيت فارس األحالم. حصة :أه يارقبتي مادري أحس بفقد الوعي. الرجل خاف :ما فيج إال العافية ال تحاتين تري الحادث بسيط خليني اكلم اهلك أطمنهم عليج. في هالوقت حصة وينها وين الحادث اهيه ماصدقت علي اهلل تصيده واالخ يبي يمشي ...كال وألف كال حصة :أحس الدنيا أدور فيني الظاهر من قوه الحادث يمكن اصير عمياء( ..بكي وصياح) الرجل خاف وانتظر إلي أن حضروا أهلها وأخذ رقمها عشان يتطمن عليها وهذا هو المطلوب ...الـتـواصــل
January, 2015
دشت حصة البيت تسوي شقلبه واتكوكس وسري يمين ويسار وتغني يابووه يابووه تراهم يابوه .. بدت تسولف عن اللي صار علي خواتها فسألوها عن السياره كان رد حصة :السيارة يا حلوها ويازينها ..شي شي اه يا قلبي بدأت االتصاالت بين حصه والحبيب الموعود (سعود) عند كل اتصال ليتطمن عليها تعرض له مهامها الوظيفية وشلون اهيه سنعه وتعرف تطبخ وتنظف وراعيه بيت وقنوعة يعني باختصار الزوجة المثالية بعد أيام واشهر قالها سعود انه بخطبها ،دشت حصة علي أمها تبلغها الخبر و اإل تشوفها ماسكه التلفون وتسكتها بلغه االشاره من بعيد أول ماصكت التلفون االم : قلولولولولولولوش حصة يا حصيص ما بغي تنخطـبـيـن . استغراب شديد من المشهد توها مصكره السماعه من سعود امداه يكلم اهله ويكلمون امها هل كيف؟؟ األم ( :عبدالكريم) ولد عمتج هدي توه راد من امريكا معاه هالشهاده اللي هذا ماكبرها ويزورونا الخميس يخطبونج. حصة :شنهو أنا حصة اتزوج (عبرالكريم) هالخبل وينه من زمان توه يتكلم ،،،ياهلل ياهلل خل يأخذ له وحده علي مستواه خالص رحت عليه . األم تـبقـقــت عيونها من الغضب :انتي القيه احد يأخذج طايحه بجبدي محد طق بابك من سنين ما بقي خطابة معرفتنا الحين يايه تتشرطين..؟؟ واذا بحصة تنفرد بالقصة :هاهاهاي ده كان زمان وجبر ،،،أنا بيخطبني سعود عرفتيه يمه. االم :وصمه ،،اليكون المقرود الللي دعمتي سيارته ،،مالت عليج وماكملت الحديث واال...
رجاء لو توقف حصة بوسط الصالة بكل شموخ: ً سمحتي أنا أحبه واهوه يحبني واتفقنا خالص. وإذا بالنعل تسابق الزمان والمكان لتستقر في ظهر حصه وتسدحها علي االرض.
بعد انتهاء حصة من خلطه الحنة اللي حاطتها علي راسها وتفكر شلون اطفش ولد عمتها اللي ماتدري من وين طلع لها ؟؟ يرن جرس البيت ومن اللقافه تفتح الباب واذا بشاب مفتول العضالت يـهـبـل ..يـهـبـل . يقولها روحي نادي بابا سرعة قولي في ولد مال أختي عبد الكريم سرعة. هذا (عبد الكريم) علي باله سيالنيه يا ربي شهالحظ أنزين أنا اشدراني انه صار جذي يهبل خابرته أثرم وخبل طلع حده وضع . ما في غير مـريــوم ..رفيجتي تنقذني من هالورطه اتصلت عليها وقالت لها السالفة كلها. استغربت مريم :الحين مو هذا سعود اللي لجيتي رأسنا فيه تحبينه و بتضحين بالعالم و ما تبين ولد عمتك ..من تبين الحين ؟؟ حصة :يا ربي ما توقعت سعود يتحطم فيني هالكثر أخاف أقوله إني بتزوج غيرك يصير فيه شي تدرين يموت فيني مريوم عفيه كلميه وقولي له. مريم :قررتي تتزوجين ولد عمتك والحب واللي صدعتي رأسنا فيه !! وكل يوم طباخ ومواعين تودينها لسعود ؟؟ حصة :شسوي الزم أخضع للقدر و يأختج عبد الكريم زووغه وشهادة ومركز وينه ..ووين سعود طايح الحظ.
Winter Desert Rose This January CityPages fashion editorial is different. Because our readers are different. We went further for presenting our vision of fashion in an incredible campaign "LeBibi Collection" shot in the marvelous and miracle Dubai's desert. This editorial is about edgy fashion that brings people of different cultures together into a collective conscience and mindset and create marvelous pieces of art. The international model Bianca Sutu collaborates with our fashion team and talented international photographer Bunuel for presenting you our Winter Desert Rose- Chercher la femme!
Model: Bianca Sutu from CBS MODELS Instagram: @bianca_sutu Agency: www.cbsmodels.com Instagram: @cbsmodelmanagement Photographer: Bunuel Green - www.bunuelphotos.com Instagram: @bunuelphotos Clothes: LeBibi Collection Facebook: LeBibi Collection Instagram: @lebibicollection
citypageskuwait.com
citypageskuwait.com
January, 2015
WINTER SKIN SURVIVAL While some love the chilly breezy winds and enjoy the cozy weekends by the fire place, others dread winters due to the stressful changes their body experiences with the fluctuation between overheated rooms and extremely cold weather. Nourishing your facial and body skin is very important during winters to keep your skin soft and supple. SKIN
cannot differentiate between changing seasons and for this reason it undergoes through stressful reactions. As it gets windy and chilly outside, our protective sebum and moisture content in our skin decreases causing dryness, redness, tautness, irritation and some parts of our body experiences cracking and flaking of the skin. Depending on the skin type, our facial skin shows different signs of stress. For this reason, selecting the right skin care products and timely being pampered by a professional
helps you get through the harsh weather conditions. A winter skin survival kit helps to counteract moisture loss, regain skin’s elasticity and protect the skin to combat the external stress.
Anisaa New LaFem Salon & Beauty Co.
Anisaa is an Aesthetic Consultant and Trainer with New Lafem Salon & Beauty Co. You can follow them on Facebook and Instagram at: @lafemsalonq8 citypageskuwait.com
Winter Skin Savers
1.Hi Perfection Eye Cream 2.Super Soft Cleanser 3.Herbal Care Lotion 4.Blemish Balm Perfect Beauty Fluid 5.Skin Elixier 6.Sensi Calm Ampoule 7.Hydra Force Mask
LIPS face a constant challenge during winter months as it is directly exposed to the changing cold
to heated environments. For this reason, do not neglect your lips as they need rich care as well. While choosing a moisturizing balm, make sure it has natural ingredients like Beeswax, Shea butter, Jojoba oil, Vitamin E oil, or Almond oil as it penetrates nourishes dry cracked lips and retains moisture. Avoid Vaseline or paraffin oil, as these ingredients only “seals” cracked lips.
EYES have extremely sensitive, delicate and thin skin, making it vulnerable to changes very easily. Dryness,
dark circles, swelling, itchiness, mild flaking of skin at the corner of the eyes; are some visible impact of the stressful winter season. Use eye products formulated with rich ingredients that will help repair, protect and soothe. Choose an oil based eye makeup remover or almond oil to remove your makeup to avoid the burning sensation caused by the regular removers or wipes. Always carry a lubricating eye drop to instantly moisturize and relieve dry, irritated eyes.
DIY BEAUTY Shield your skin with the nature’s moisturizers by preparing your own potions. Massage any of the below mixtures for at least 10 minutes using upward and circular strokes and leave it on for 20 minutes. Rinse and gently dab to dry. 1.Mix a tbsp of Coconut oil or Almond oil with ½ tspn Honey. 2.Blend Avocado with Milk or Cream to prepare a thick paste. 3.Mix Egg yolk along with tbsp Almond oil and a tspn Honey. 4.Blend Banana with a tbsp of Almond oil with ½ tspn Honey. 5.Mix a few drops of Almond or Vitamin E oil in your night cream or your hands feet cream. 6.Take Almond - Vitamin E oil / chilled Milk on cotton pads and leave it on your eyes for 5 - 10 minutes. Do not rinse. 7.Keep warm Herbal Tea bags for 15 minutes on your eyes for soothing effect.
HANDS & FEET suffer from the cold more than the other parks of the body. After being trapped in gloves, stockings and boots throughout the day our hands and feet tend to get calloused, cracked and itchy due to dryness. Even frequent exposure to water while washing causes the skin to lose its protective layer causing inflammation and irritation. Use a rich cream or body butter on the hands and heels, and cover it up with cotton gloves – socks. Exfoliate and buff your heels regularly while in the shower. When booking for your regular mani-pedi appointments add the luxury of paraffin therapy to your service.
DIET is very essential to keep us healthy inside-out. Incorporate a diet that is rich in nutrients
that will help you fight winter illness and will keep your skin glowing. Avoid junk food, frizzy drinks and smoking that tend to have a negative impact on your skin. You can also include dietary anti-oxidant supplements to your diet that are beneficial for your hair, skin, nails and body. January, 2015
PERFUME
EXTRACTION The word perfume can be split into two parts. The first part, “per” is Latin and means through. The second part, “fume” is also Latin and means smoke. It permeates throughout the air and after it is sprayed or applied, it becomes a part of the atmosphere as does smoke. The use of perfume began during religious ceremonies in the ancient times but soon was used to improve people’s overall smell. The Egyptians used the earliest known extraction method called expression. In this technique, plants are squeezed and compressed until the oils come out of them. Although the Egyptians used this as a primary extraction method, it is only used today for extracting essential oils from the rimes of citrus fruits. King Louis XIV of France bathed in perfume since bathing in water wasn’t very healthy during those times. It was thought that bad smells were the reason people got diseases like the 14th century Black Plague. When doctors treated patients with the plague, they wore masks and lots of perfume to protect ASAMA Perfumes The creative method gave ASAMA Perfumes the time and the opportunity to craft fragrances while working with the highest quality ingredients in a bottle and using Arabic and Western scents as a unique concept point for the fragrances. They welcome your comments at [email protected] Follow them on Instagram and Twitter: @ASAMAPerfumes citypageskuwait.com
themselves from the disease. The release of fragrances in perfumes is completed in three steps. The first step is usually the very first thing we think of when we smell a fragrance. This is called the top note. The top note will evaporate on the skin within 5 to 30 minutes. The scent of the top note is very fresh and light and smells the most natural. Lemon, orange, and herbs are a few top note scents. The next step is called the heart note. The heart note will form the blended perfume itself and can be smelled for three to four hours. The fragrances from the heart note are usually the more warm scents and take up to thirty minutes to settle in the skin. Some common heart notes are rose and lavender. The final step is the base note, which will form the basis for the perfume and can last up to 24 hours. The base notes last the longest and usually have an intense smell. They are also the heaviest which helps the top and heart notes last a little longer. Examples of base notes are Vanilla and Myrrh. When making perfume, the volatility can vary. Volatility is how a substance evaporates. In the case of a perfume with lavender and vanilla scents, the lavender would be a part of the top note or the heart note and the vanilla would be the base note. This would mean that lavender has a higher volatility than the vanilla since the vanilla is a heavier scent. The lavender would evaporate first and then the vanilla.
Maceration is when the fragrance is extracted through soaking the material in a solvent. Maceration process can take from a few days to a few months. The solvent is usually water or oil. It is also the most commonly used and most economically costly for extraction in the perfume industry. This process became popular in the early 1800s for getting essential oils for curing diseases and healing wounds. In the late 1880s it became less popular in the home and faded away. Enfleurage, on the other hand, is a more costly process, with two parts. In the first part, the scent of the flowers are absorbed by some type of fat or oil. The second part involves extraction with the use of alcohol. The enfleurage process usually “revives” the scent of flowers that have lost their scent by allowing them to soak in a fat that intensely absorbs the fragrance still inside. This method of extraction can be hot or cold. In cold enfleurage, a chassis, or large plate of glass is covered in a fat (usually lard) and left to set. The flowers are then placed on the fat and allowed to sit for 1-3 days which allows the scent to diffuse into the fat. The process is repeated until the desired level of fragrance is achieved. Contrarily, in the hot enfleurage process, the solid fat is heated and into the fat the flowers are stirred. Then the flowers are strained from the fat is saturated with the fragrance of the flowers.
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Maali Al-Oudah Designing fur for chic, trendy and modern women malimo_ Maali Al-Oudah is the first Kuwaiti female fur designer and founder of the label; Mali-Mo – a luxury fur line. Mali-Mo was born out of a love of design and all things beautiful. Designing has always been a part of Maali AlOudah. From a very young age she knew that being a fashion designer was the only career path for her. Maali sees fur as a symbol of luxury, sophistication and elegance and that’s what made her choose fur as the material of choice for her designing process. Her forward-thinking vision and fearless approach to luxe fashion has created its mass cult following. We were lucky enough to interview the very talented Maali Al-Oudah. Read on to find out all about this elegant and stylish designer and her fabulous brand...
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Photographer: Hamad Al-Qaoud - @hamadalqaoud Directed by: Jameel Arif - @jameelarif Makeup and Hair by: Layla Harmony - @laylaharmony Location: THE One - Marina Mall
January, 2015
Please introduce yourself to our readers: I'm a very simple woman and complicated at the same time. I appreciate life, love, music, and food. I'm a banker, a business woman & a mother of an amazing son. Tell us about your education: I earned a Bachelor’s degree in Accounting from California State University Long Beach. I also hold a diploma from Kuwait Business College and CBBM from IBS Kuwait. What first made you interested in fur? The luxurious look & the softness. It has been my passion since childhood as my father used to go to Moscow and fur coat was my favorite gift item from him. Please takes us on a journey into designing your first fur? I consider myself a very lucky person. My friends are manufacturing furs for more than 5 generation and they helped me with many training courses to know more about fur. My first experience was with Chinchilla Fur. It's very soft & difficult to design. Being creative is a big challenge in fur designing. When did you decide to take it to the next level and come up with your own brand? Since the beginning I wanted to have my signature and touches on each and every piece. All of my collection made with a story and love. Where do you get your inspiration from? I source inspiration from anywhere and everywhere! Every place and culture is an inspiration to me. Who are your key style influences? In the fur world I prefer more courageous designers like Roberto Cavalli and Fendi but I get influenced by everyone. Besides your own fur, which other fur designers do you like the most? Yves Saint Laurent. How and from where did you get your professional experience in designing fur? I have completed few training courses and will further enhance my knowledge and skills in fur designing by signing up for more courses in a small school in Hungary.
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Where do you source your material from and where is the production done? I buy Mu Fur from an auction taking place every year in Helsinki where all the furs come from different countries around the globe. Currently, I am manufacturing it at many different places in Europe depending upon the kind of fur, such as Italy, Madrid, Hungary, and Macedonia. We've been swooning over some of your current styles, do you have a favorite? I prefer Mink & Sable in a practical trendy design. How do you feel as the first Kuwaiti fur designer? Being the first Saudi/Kuwaiti designer in our region makes me feel very special & proud. I am now even more motivated than ever to expand my brand internationally. Did you face any difficulty introducing fur in Kuwait as the winter season in Kuwait is not very long? Actually the response was very good and the people were very encouraging. Where can someone buy your fur from? My winter 2014/15 collection is displayed exclusively at Harvey Nichols Kuwait. What are your future plans? I want Mali-Mo to be in every country in the world and in every woman's closet. Tell us something we don't know about Fur! When you love fur, fur loves you back. Your message for our readers: Wearing fur is not a scary idea, owning a fur is a lifetime investment. GCC's women can wear fur not only for weddings but also as casual and still look elegant. I always advise my customers that if you like it buy it because you will never know when you can get it again. Every piece is different. Your message for us at CityPages magazine: As a reader, a unique magazine like CityPages makes me feel unique! I wish you all the best and continue with the excellent quality.
Photographer: Hamad Al-Qaoud - @hamadalqaoud Directed by: Jameel Arif - @jameelarif Makeup and Hair by: Layla Harmony - @laylaharmony Location: THE One - Marina Mall
January, 2015
GETTING PERSONAL Where were you born? Kuwait
PROFESSION(s):
Banker, business woman, and fur designer.
Birthday: 4th of July.
How would you describe your personal style?
Very simple, classic, practical most of the time, and trendy sometimes.
What are your favorite shoes? Jimmy Choo & Ecco.
What Fashion Tip do you live by? Whatever makes you comfortable, wear it.
Favorite city, and why?
Paris & Hong Kong. Charming, beauty, and the best night walk.
Favorite place to shop? Italy
Favorite vacation spot? Any island.
Favorite Food?
I love & appreciate food. All kind of food has different stories.
Favorite Movie? Sweet November.
I don't have the time to read now.
Favorite Designers?
All of them can find something I like and something I don't.
Style Icon?
I love Sarah Jessica Parker.
First thing you do in the Morning? Do my deep breathing then shower then my coffee.
Last thing you do before bed? Deep breathing & do some meditation.
What are you obsessed with at the moment?
My health & how to maintain my good energy with healthy food and lifestyle.
Photographer: Hamad Al-Qaoud - @hamadalqaoud Directed by: Jameel Arif - @jameelarif Makeup and Hair by: Layla Harmony - @laylaharmony Location: THE One - Marina Mall citypageskuwait.com
January, 2015
Star of the Month QUICK FACTS NAME: Arianna Grande OCCUPATION: Singer actress songwriter
with MJB
BIRTH DATE: June 26, 1993 (age 21) PLACE OF BIRTH: Boca Raton, Florida, U.S. FULL NAME: Ariana Grande-Butera ZODIAC SIGN: Cancer
Here are some albums that you can pre-order on iTunes: Album title: Title. Artist: Meghan Trainor Expected: Jan 13, 2015 Album title: Rebel Heart Artist: Madonna Expected: Mar 10, 2015
Arianna Grande was born on June 26, 1993 in Boca Raton, to a graphic designer father and CEO mother. At a young age, Grande made her way onto the local theatre scene. When she was 15- year-old she landed the role of Charlotte in the Broadway production of 13, a play focusing on life growing up in NYC. Two years later, she appeared in the musical Cuba Libre and had a small role on a TV show called The Battery’s Down. But that was all it took for Grande to land a role on the Nickelodeon series Victorious. In 2011, Grande released her first single “ Put Your Hearts Up,” a pop song aimed at the hearts of her young Victorious audience. After the show Victorious, Grande played acted in the series “Sam and Cat”, however, this show came to an abrupt end after 35 episodes. Meanwhile, Grande’s 2013 single “ The Way” citypageskuwait.com
made it into the top 10 in the U.S. showing that music is the right path for her. “The Way” was the first single from Grande’s album, “Yours Truly” a record that also featured the hits “ Baby I” and “Right There.” The 2014 release “My Everything” sold 169000 copies in the first week of its release, debuting at No. 1. The album was preceded by the single “Problem,” featuring the rapper Iggy Azalea which debuted at No.3 on Billboard’s Hot 100, selling more than 400,000 copies upon its release. “Break Free” and “Love Me Harder” followed, each climbing toward the top of the charts. During the summer of 2014. Grande teamed up with Jesse J and Nicki Minaj on the single “Bang Bang.” A track that debuted at No.6 and peaked at No.3 in the U.S.
Album title: Reflection Artist: Fifth Harmony Expected: Jan 27, 2015
Some interesting facts! 1)Your heartbeats changes with the music you listen to. 2)74% of 16-24 year olds say music is important or very important in their lives. 3)62% of all digital music is bought from iTunes.
DJ Raven
TOP MUSIC CHARTS Blank Space
Take Me To Church
January, 2015
JANUARY Movie Releases PADDINGTON
Director: Paul King Starring: Hugh Bonneville, Nicole Kidman, Sally Hawkins, Jim Broadbent, Julie Walters, Peter Capaldi Genres: Comedy, Family, Adventure, Kids
JUPITER ASCENDING
Director: Director: Andy Guillermo Wachowski del Toro & Lana Wachowski Starring: Channing Tatum, Mila Kunis, Eddie Redmayne, Sean Bean,. Genres: Action, Sci-Fi Synopsis: Jupiter Jones (Mila Kunis) was
BLACKHAT
SON OF A GUN
Director: Michael Mann Starring: Viola Davis, Chris Hemsworth, Wei Tang, Leehom Wang,
born under a night sky, with signs predicting that she was destined for great things. Now grown, Jupiter dreams of the stars but wakes up to the cold reality of a job cleaning toilets and an endless run of bad breaks. Only when Caine (Channing Tatum), a genetically engineered ex-military hunter, arrives on Earth to track her down does Jupiter begin to glimpse the fate that has been waiting for her all along - her genetic signature marks her as next in line for an extraordinary inheritance that could alter the balance of the cosmos.
MORTDECAI
Director:Jeremy James Wan Director: Garelick
Director: David Koepp
Starring: Tom Kenny, Clancy Brown,
Starring: Kevin Hart, Josh Gad, Kaley Cuoco, Ken Howard, Affion Crockett, Jorge Garcia
Starring: Johnny Depp, Gwyneth Paltrow, Ewan McGregor, Paul Bettany, Michael Byrne, Guy Burnet
Genres: Family, Comedy, Animation
Synopsis: The second feature film featuring
Synopsis: Doug Harris (Josh Gad) is a
Synopsis: Juggling some angry Russians,
PROJECT ALMANAC
BLACK OR WHITE
Bill Fagerbakke, Carolyn Lawrence
SpongeBob SquarePants and his friends in the underwater city of Bikini Bottom. The series' main cast members, Tom Kenny, Bill Fagerbakke, Rodger Bumpass, Clancy Brown, and Carolyn Lawrence, are set to reprise their roles
Director: Julius Avery
Starring: Ewan McGregor, Brenton Thwaites. Alicia Vikander, Jacek Koman
Starring: Jonny Weston, Sofia Black-D’Elia, Allen Evangelista, Ginny Gardner, Sam Lerner
Christian Borle, Manny Montana
Director: Paul Tibbitt & Mike Mitchell
Kick Gurry, David Ajala
Synopsis: Paddington tells the story of the
comic misadventures of a young Peruvian bear (voiced by Firth) who travels to the city in search of a home. Finding himself lost and alone, he begins to realize that city life is not all he had imagined - until he meets the kindly Brown family who read the label around his neck that says "Please look after this bear. Thank you," and offer him a temporary haven. It looks as though his luck has changed until this rarest of bears catches the eye of a museum taxidermist.
SPONGEBOB
SPONGE OUT OF WATER
loveable but socially awkward groom-to-be with a problem: he has no best man. With less than two weeks to go until he marries the girl of his dreams (Kaley Cuoco-Sweeting), Doug is referred to Jimmy Callahan (Kevin Hart), owner and CEO of Best Man, Inc., a company that provides flattering best men for socially challenged guys in need. What ensues is a hilarious wedding charade as they try to pull off the big con, and an unexpected budding bromance between Doug and his fake best man Jimmy.
Director: Erik Van Looy Starring: Isabel Lucas, Patrick Wilson, James Marden, Wentworth Miller, Eric Stonestreet, Rachael Taylor
the British Mi5, his impossibly leggy wife and an international terrorist, debonair art dealer and part time rogue Charlie Mortdecai (Johnny Depp) must traverse the globe armed only with his good looks and special charm in a race to recover a stolen painting rumored to contain the code to a lost bank account filled with Nazi gold.
Director: Mike Binder Starring: Kevin Costner, Octavia Spencer, Gillian Jacobs, Jennifer Ehle, Anthony Mackie, Bill Burr
Genres: Crime, Thriller
Genres: Suspense, Thriller, Remake
Genres: Drama
Synopsis: Set within the world of global cybercrime, blackhat follows a furloughed convict and his American and Chinese partners as they hunt a high-level cybercrime network from Chicago to Los Angeles to Hong Kong to Jakarta.
Synopsis: In the criminal world, life is like
Synopsis: A brilliant high school student and
Synopsis: Karl Urban and James Marsden
Synopsis: Focuses on attorney Elliot
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a game of chess. To gain control, you have to stay a few moves ahead of your opponent. Lose that control, and you risk becoming a pawn in their very dangerous game. During a six-month stint inside a West Australian prison, rookie criminal JR (Brenton Thwaites) meets the smart and enigmatic Brendan Lynch (Ewan McGregor). In exchange for protection on the inside, JR agrees to help Brendan get outside, hooking up with the influential Sam Lennox (Jacek Koman) to orchestrate a daring prison escape that frees Brendan, and inmates Sterlo (Matt Nable) and Merv (Eddie Baroo).
his friends uncover blueprints for a mysterious device with limitless potential, inadvertently putting lives in danger.
star in the tense psychological thriller The Loft, the story of five married guys who conspire to secretly share a penthouse loft in the city-a place where they can carry out hidden affairs and indulge in their deepest fantasies. But the fantasy becomes a nightmare when they discover the dead body of an unknown woman in the loft, and they realize one of the group must be involved. Paranoia seizes them as everyone begins to suspect one another. Friendships are tested, loyalties are questioned and marriages crumble as the group is consumed by fear, suspicion and murder in this relentless thriller.
Anderson (Costner) who is widowed after the car crash death of his wife. Elliot has raised his bi-racial granddaughter Eloise since his daughter died in childbirth. As he struggles with his grief, Elliot’s world is turned upsidedown when the child’s African American grandmother Rowena (Spencer) demands that Eloise be brought under the care of her father Reggie, a drug addict who Elliot blames for the negligence that led to the death of his own daughter. Elliot finds himself deeply entrenched in a custody battle and will stop at nothing to keep his granddaughter from coming under the watch of his reckless sonin-law. BLACK AND WHITE is a searing portrayal of a broken man caught up in a struggle clouded by bitterness, blame and racial tension who learns to forgive and how to provide for the only family he has left.
Travel Made Easy THE SEVENTH SON
THE BOY NEXT DOOR
Starring: Jeff Bridges, Julianne Moore, Alicia Vikander, Ben Barnes, Antje Traue, Olivia Williams
Starring: Jennifer Lopez, Kristin Chenoweth, John Corbett, Ryan Guzman, Bailey Chase, Ian Nelson
Genres: Adventure, Fantasy, Action
Genres: Suspense, Romance, Psychological, Thriller
Synopsis: The sole remaining warrior of
a mystical order travels to find a prophesized hero born with incredible powers, the last Seventh Son. In a time long past, an evil is about to be unleashed that will reignite the war between the forces of the supernatural and humankind once more. Master Gregory (Jeff Bridges) is a knight who had imprisoned the malevolently powerful witch, Mother Malkin (Julianne Moore), centuries ago. But now she has escaped and is seeking vengeance. Summoning her followers of every incarnation, Mother Malkin is preparing to unleash her terrible wrath on an unsuspecting world. Only one thing stands in her way: Master Gregory.
KINGSMAN
Director: Matthew Vaughn Starring: Colin Firth, Taron Egerton, Michael Caine, Sofia Boutella, Mark Hamill
Synopsis: A psychological thriller that
explores a forbidden attraction that goes much too far. A single mom becomes attracted to the teenage boy who moves in next door and befriends her son. She starts and ends the romance, but he doesn’t let go so easily.
FIFTY SHADES OF GREY
Director: Sam Taylor-Johnson Starring: Dakota Johnson, Jennifer Ehle, Jamie Dornan, Luke Grimes, Eloise Mumford, Victor Rasuk
Genres: Action, Adaptation, Comic
Genres: Drama, Adaptation
Synopsis: Kingsman: The Secret Service tells the story of a super-secret spy organization that recruits an unrefined but promising street kid into the agency’s ultracompetitive training program just as a global threat emerges from a twisted tech genius.
Synopsis: Follows Anastasia "Ana" Steele,
a 21 year old college senior who attends Washington State University Vancouver in Washington. In place of her friend Kate, Ana interviews 27-year-old Christian Grey, a successful and wealthy young entrepreneur. From this meeting on, Christian engages with Ana in a new type of relationship - BDSM.
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Whether you are arriving, departing or transiting at Kuwait International Airport, Hala Kuwait is there to make your journey easy. From the moment you get to the airport, our team is there to take care of your every need whether it is using our Fast Track immigration, dedicated check in area, Pearl Lounge, private transportation, or our Meet & Assist Service to guide you every step of the way.
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MOVIES
AND THEIR IMPACT ON SOCIETY Movies have become such an inseparable part of our lives, that it is tough to imagine a world without this form of entertainment. Of course, with the advent of newer technology, the number of theater goers has reduced drastically, but the number of movie viewers has sky rocketed. The movie industry is booming and shows no signs of relenting. The reason why movies are so ardently revered is because; they open a window of innumerable possibilities for its viewers. It lets you escape into a world which is far from the daily realities of life.
The Positive Impact of Movies on Society
Gives a Reality Check Certain movies play positive roles as well, and not all movies are bad. It however depends completely on the subject matter of the movie. Some movies try to create awareness about the socioeconomic and political state of affairs of nations. It spreads awareness about the evils of drug abuse, alcoholism, HIV, and the evils of having many sexual partners. Movies create awareness about the importance of education, medicine, art and politics. It also brings us to understand more about the depravity of the homeless, and the plight of underdeveloped countries, and countries stigmatized by years of war. All these movie genres help awaken our sense of responsibly and empathy towards such situations. These socially enlightening movies help us realize the message which was being conveyed. It influences our thought process in a positive way and helps us try to do our bit in order to be of some help to humanity. While the number of people who actually do something is doubtful, there have been cases Abdulaziz AlKhamis
Abdulaziz is a Kuwaiti Film Maker, Visual Artist and a Script Writer. He graduated from the UK, with a passion to mix art and visuals. citypageskuwait.com
where people have taken up animal protection and human right activities after being moved by a movie they watched.
Induces Creativity Movies help boost our imagination. We think about the things we saw and then we take our imagination a little further and visualize. This is one of the reasons why the animation industry is gaining more and more enthusiastic entrants, who wish to learn the tricks of the trade. Even young aspiring actors and movie makers are desirous of joining the movie industry, simply because they too will get to explore new horizons of their creativity and produce something new and awe-inspiring. Generates Employment The movie industry has played a massive role in generating employment for people, the world over. Since there are so many people involved in making and producing a movie, it naturally has a wide scope for new job openings. More the people, the better. However, it requires specialized training and knowledge, in order to work for a movie. Movies and Their Impact on Society We are all movie buffs, and there is no denying the fact. Nonetheless, have you ever stopped to wonder about the impact that movies have on our lives and the people around us? When you really think about it, there is a lot more to movies and media, than what meets the eye... Provides Social Entertainment Movies act as an escape hatch for people who wish to forget about all their worries, frustrations and tensions, even if its effects last for a few hours. It entertains them and makes them focus of things which have nothing to do with their own personal lives.
The Negative Impact of Movies on Society
Spreads Propaganda Movies are successfully able to influence its viewers to a very large extent, which is exactly
what the advertising industry capitalizes on. They use a few seconds of movie footage in order to market their products to the whole world. For instance, a new car model, or new designer clothes and accessories, are showcased to the world by the actors enacting their roles. This makes us aware of the new product, makes us curious and interested. This results in us finding out about the new product through the internet and through discussions with friends. This way, the chain of advertising and communication of the information continues in a flow smooth, without making the advertising companies spend a dime.
Affects Lifestyle Everything we watch and listen to, affects and influences us at some level or the other. If not consciously, it leaves its traces in our psyche. Since we consider actors as superiors and almost have god-like devotion for them, whatever they do affects us as well. We try to emulate them and behave like them. We emulate their newest fashion trends, the way they speak, and the lifestyles they lead, both on and off-screen. We are interested in finding out which celeb is dating who, and what all they are up to in their personal and private lives. This is exactly why smoking in movies has been banned, because people watch their favorite actors smoking on-screen and it makes the people of society feel that they too must try it. At some point, we all think that it is the new cool thing to do, and we do it because it makes us feel special. Media affects our culture in many ways. For instance, movies have significantly affected our moral beliefs as well, by seriously jeopardizing the very foundation of marriage. Movies make it seem like it's normal to indulge in extramarital affairs, and polygamous relationships, which in reality might turn out to be an extremely unsafe and detrimental practice for everyone involved. Movies have their own plus and negative points, just like everything else in the world. Nonetheless, movies and their impact on society runs very deep and has become an integral part of our very existence. It affects us in more ways than we can imagine.
January, 2015
Latifa Al-Qallaf An Industrial Engineering student and a passionate writer, Latifa Al-Qallaf has published a book, Tanadeena Almasha’er, in November 2014. Latifa’s interest in literature peaked at a young age, with a strong desire to write she wasted no time in cultivating her writing skills by reading as much as she could. Tanadeena Almasha’er is a romance/drama novel. The story is a journey embedded with deep romance disclosing the secrets of every couple. It allows you to get an inside view of what it really means to be someone's loved one, wife, sister, mother, father, or any blood-loved relative. Here, Latifa Al-Qallaf shares her thoughts about her writing process, inspiration behind writing such a romantic story and her future projects.
Please introduce readers:
to
our
Do you know the kid in the corner of the room with huge glasses and head in a book? Well that’s me, Latifa. I am an 18 year old Industrial Engineer, who’s in love with something called books. Tell us about your education: I graduated from GES in 2012 and now I am a third year Industrial Engineering student. I always had a passion for writing, but I nurtured my talent on my own with reading as much as possible. At what age you started writing? I have been writing since I was 10 or 11. I always got these hunches where I need to form words to go with my feelings, and slowly with time I got much better. What is different in your book as compared to other local writings? The romance in it and how every girl will get to live in every detail of my book as if it’s her own. Every girl has her mind raided with questions such as, what it means to be married? How am I going to be someone’s wife? What if I don’t love him? What if he hates things about me citypageskuwait.com
how do I deal with that? How can I know him without going into a relationship? If I wanted the guy to marry me instead of only being his girlfriend, how do I do that? I want to show the Kuwaiti society, the ways of the English but I wanted to approach them in their language. I wanted to show what it means to be friends with a guy, and how it would be okay. How to get to know the guy you could be getting married to without violating your traditions. How difficult was it to select the title of the book? That was the hardest part; I actually got help from my friends without them I couldn’t have chosen the name. Why did you decide to write it in Arabic? There are many reasons, I thought of who my audience is and what would be the best for them. There was a certain message I wanted to deliver to them, and I saw that the Arabic language will show them my message in the best ways, easily. What was the inspiration behind writing such a romantic story? Every girl is in love with love, and wonders
what it is, and what it is like. I wanted to show them that. I wanted to live this love story in all its ways. The romance in this story is already in me, I didn’t need to be inspired to write love, I just needed to feel it. Are you working on any other books currently? Yes, actually I’m working on a series. It’s another love story but has no connection with my present story. I might actually publish it in two languages, Arabic and English. Please highlight the concept of ‘True Friendship’ in the light of your book? There is always that one friend, who’s always there, and never ceases not to be there. They are family and more. Each of my main characters had that. Most of the friends mentioned in book are actually present in my life, and without them I couldn’t have finished this book. Who is your literary inspiration? Jude Deveraux, Judith McNaught, Stephanie Lauren, Shakespeare, Lord Byron. Who is your local inspiration in fiction? There are many writers such as Yousif
Ramadhan, Ahmad Alawadhi, Heba Mandani. Where is readers?
this
available
for
Follow me on Instagram to get a free delivery of the book:@AAQ96 Or WhatsApp my publishing company Platinum Book: 555835510 What is your message for the people who want to write? If you’re having a writer’s block, don’t try to write and force yourself. Give it time. The book will write itself. The words are in you they are looking to come out in the right time and way. Your message for the CityPages magazine:
readers
of
My greatest gift is having people read my book and enjoy it, as well as understanding why I wrote it. I love you all! Please follow me and tell me what you think on Instagram or Twitter: @AAQ96
January, 2015
WHAT MAKES YOU HAPPY? We were sitting at home when my husband asked me these two questions, “What makes you happy, Sara?” I paused and looked at him, my husband was always full of questions that would make you think, he was a very wise man but for some reason I was struggling to answer his question. “You don’t have to answer the question right now, think about it over the next few days,” he said as he watched my face as I struggled to find an answer. Obviously my husband made me happy, he knew that too. But, I couldn’t think of anything else that made me happy. The more I thought about it, the more frustrated I got. Was I happy? “Are things okay between us?” I asked. I was starting to get worried. “Yousef, is there something you’re not telling me?” I said. He just laughed gently and kissed my forehead as he left the room. That night I tossed and turned, my mind was Nadia AlHassan
Nadia Al-Hassan is a student in Ireland, studying Journalism. She is passionate about writing stories and poetry. Nadia loves helping people with her stories. She believes that words are beautiful and powerful. citypageskuwait.com
spinning and I just couldn’t go to sleep. I was worried about the question he asked, I found it odd that he asked that particular question. Even though he was always asking questions to make me think but this question, well… it was different. But what also bothered me was that I couldn’t find an answer to his question and I didn’t know why I found it so hard to give an answer. The next day, I visited a dear friend in hospital. We spoke for a couple of hours, laughed and cried. “Sara,” she said. I looked at her and nodded my head. “You’re so unbelievably lucky, you are healthy and well. I used to always think that money would make you happy, because if you had lots of money then you could spend it on beautiful clothes and handbags and travel the world and never have to worry about being broke. But, since I got sick last year, it’s made me realise that money isn’t everything. It’s only there to help you through life, but that’s it. And, it’s made me realise that small problems can always be fixed so there’s never any point worrying and getting stressed out, there’s always a solution for everything,” she whispered. Tears filled my eyes and I took my friends hand to comfort her. “As long as you have good health, then you have everything. As long as you have close friends and family, you have everything. I know I’ve been sick for a while and it’s been a long battle but I still have hope and I’m still
happy. The reason I have hope and I am happy is because my family have been there for me every step of the way and so have my friends, and I am so lucky to have you all there for me,” she said. I couldn’t stop crying, she’s been so sick for a long time and yet she’s so positive and hopeful. She’s happy. It made me realise that you can’t buy happiness. You can’t buy love. And, you can’t buy your health. I gave her a tight hug and told her how happy I was to have such an amazing friend like her in my life. I went home that day and told my husband about my visit to the hospital. “I am alive and well, I have my health. And I should appreciate that I am healthy because people are fighting for their lives,” I told him. He smiled at me and waited for me to continue, I could see now that he was trying to teach me a life lesson. My voice was shaky but I wasn’t finished. “Happiness is so easy to find once we stop worrying about the small things in life and focus on our blessings. And I feel so blessed Yousef. I forget how blessed I am sometimes. What also makes me happy is that I have a loving family, caring friends and such a supportive husband and I am healthy. Happiness is there once we open our eyes, some people search for happiness for years, but it’s not something that can be found, it’s always been there, waiting for us to see it. It’s the little things in life.”
January, 2015
On the altar of the temple, out in the altitude of clouds,
so white, as the snow embedding Zagros at mid-winter.
here, and no communication as well, save for the screeching voice of mighty tradition.
On the scales of the mighty Zagros, petals are laid,
The fathers have passed, and only their patrimony remains on smooth inclines; on pink hilltops; on valleys so wide and the vortex therewith; on dunes undisturbed and beaches yet to be turfed; and on passes extending not so long, to local peaks unweathered.
Now, the worth that in which was bestowed upon, (but to whom?), is greater than that of gold, and the value less than that of an ill pig to an iller pig in trade.
Unto what would be the cradle of kings, hospitable to the
Roses are not laid forcibly, yet they do not pretend to accept it as to retain their pride. These aromatic roses stimulate the olfactory desires within the people of Zagros, and tantalize them of flesh so pure and so smooth; Adnan Najeeb Al-Abbar
Adnan is a student in Kuwait University. His hobbies include playing videogames, reading, and writing. Adnan can be contacted by email: [email protected] citypageskuwait.com
Slaves here and there, gathering The reddest of petals, suffering The coldest of weather, preparing A slave to the gods of men, to be. Thoughts run amok in a head, behind a face so pleasing a-sight, and silence is its greatest potential. Once chosen, not even fate interferes. Now, as being prepared, the spirits of quiet haunt the place. No connections are visible
Bring forth the bride. Let fortune bequeath that which we made deserve. And let no mute tell her otherwise, but that the only voice she can produce is approval, out of love and appreciation, for she now pleases more than just the king. The gods are smiling above, can’t you see? And now, never shall we listen to her beautiful sing-song singing in the cold showers echoing through the Zagros, but to, hitherto unheard, songs of her most beautiful daughters. Let there be beauty in quietude, in respect of our king, and the music of skin and bones shall continue for all eternity.
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5 Things to Keep in Mind when Writing in English in the Arab World 5 - On Audience, or Who, How, and Why To Write For Certain Readers Last month, I discussed the prevailing notions associated with writing voice. I warned, in particular, against two prominent trends in the literary world: “The first depoliticizes the work in order to enter into the lucrative mass market; the second aestheticizes its politics in order to be presented to a small elite audience.” In The Event of Literature, Terry Eagleton sheds light upon the historical moment that gave birth to today’s preference for apolitical literature. “One of the most vital functions of the work of art since Romanticism,” he writes, “has been to exemplify that which is gloriously, almost uniquely free of a function, and thus by virtue of what it shows rather than what it says, acts as an implicit rebuke to civilization in thrall to utility, exchange-value and calculative reason.” But the function of art to not have a function and to present itself as abstract, introspective, timeless, part and parcel of eternal values shared across borders, races, genders, classes, and other particularities, is itself bound in space and time. It is further constrained by other conditions such as political and social ideologies that the post-Romantic work of art aspires to quell. Today, spatio-temporal conditions in Kuwait—the rise of ideological systems looking backwards for answers to contemporary problems, globalization’s failure to achieve its promises (fraternity, equality, peace, prosperity, etc.), and the frightening turn technology and digital culture have taken towards spying and manipulating our desires, personas, and online experiences—compels writers, if they were serious about their craft, to reinterpret their social roles and the function of the work of art. Who one writes for, how and why one writes, are critical subjects to examine before embarking on the Anglowaiti text. I mentioned earlier that Anglowaiti writers should not publish “propaganda to serve the status quo” or to produce “commercial goods to grow a writing brand.” I likewise encourage Anglowaiti writers not to focus their efforts on the ivory tower of international literature even though such efforts yield satisfaction Nada Faris Nada Faris is a Kuwaiti who writes poetry, articles, and fiction in English. Her latest book, Before Young Adult Fiction, is a collection of short, award-winning articles, poems, and short stories that shaped her writing voice. Reach her at: www.nadafaris.com or @nadafaris
Photo by Greg Bal citypageskuwait.com
and emotional fulfillment from peers and critics. While composed of the crème de la crème of literary experts, the ivory tower of international literature has ossified into exclusionary ghettos. And whereas those who are lucky enough to read and comprehend literature published in the ivory ghetto will experience elevation of consciousness, the ghetto itself entrenches the separation of the artist from his or her society. Thus, the artist of the international elite will reach a public already conditioned to accept his or her work, and this repetitive cycle maintains the status quo. In her essay “Can Poetry Matter?” Dana Gioia writes, “Today most readings are celebrations less of poetry than of the author’s ego. No wonder the audience for such events usually consists entirely of poets, would-be poets and friends of the author.”
the Slovinian philosopher, and becoming “productively eclectic.”
So how can we, as Anglowaiti writers (poets, essayists, novelists, even artists, musicians, dramatists, and so on), reclaim something that was lost in Romanticism in terms of function, and in modernism in terms of narrative or story telling or even mimesis (art as reflection of reality)? How can we write with a function or a goal in mind without reducing the work to utilitarian values, without moralizing, without succumbing to didacticism? How can we create literature that addresses palpable needs today but remains relevant even after our historical epoch has passed? How can we write for a specific audience in mind, about particular grievances, without falling into essentialist or exclusionary representations? And how, after writing for a particular readership, can the work transcend the target and render itself pertinent to other readers across race, nation, class, and gender? And finally, how can we create subversive texts that challenge and question the status quo without suffering political, social, or professional ostracism or censorship, whether in terms of the text itself or via more draconian policies? It is these precise questions that Anglowaiti writers should tackle before sitting down to create their own works of art. After all, the aim is to “create art to elevate social consciousness, to dislodge dogma, and to change the status quo, even if we end up making a living out of our calling.”
6.Form is a fundamental component of any narrative, so structure your stories consciously, bearing in mind that form carries with it as much meaning and significance as content or language.
2.Write for many age groups and communities, but make sure you try to mix them or connect them together; start conversations and dialogues among them that would not have been possible had you subscribed to the divisive standards of the literary market. 3.Write for specific people, a local audience, but understand that the aim is to transcend essentialist or isolationist tendencies, and that no concrete situation appears in a vacuum. 4.Make sure you respect differences, contradictions, and multiplicities located even within specificity. 5.Layer your work.
7.Always deal with dominant culture from the outside. 8.Seek not to fit in and to ascend the ladder of literary evaluative systems, but to shake up the current paradigms themselves and to bridge disparate audiences and communities together. 9.Never compare yourself to any of your peers. Each has his or her own versatile strategy composed of long-term and short-term goals, and you will most likely fail if you judge your peer’s value or talent by utilizing market standards, whether literary or mainstream. 10.Never stop learning and metamorphosing. The best way to avoid reification by a rapidly mutable market is to continue to change yourself.
I suggest below a list of endeavors to help Anglowaiti writers meander aesthetic and political realms, in order to create dynamic literature with a particular function.
This article concludes the five-part series concerning the elements to keep in mind when writing in English in the Arab world. The previous articles, “How to Generate Relevant Writing Ideas,” “How to Use the English Language,” “How to ‘Discover’ Your Writing Voice,” and “How and Why to Write in Genres,” are archived on my blog: www. nadafaris.com/blog.
1.To defy reification into a “brand,” I suggest a prodigious output in various categories, following in the footsteps of Slavoj Žižek,
Happy writing!
January, 2015
JANUARY Book Releases Living Well, Spending Less Ruth Soukup
Living Well, Spending Less is Ruth Soukup s first book, following her wildly successful blog of the same name. She gives her readers even more of what they love about the blog: lots of creative, helpful ideas and advice for moms on a budget along with stories from her own journey to discovering what the Good Life is really all about."
There Will Be Lies Nick Lake
Award-winning author Nick Lake proves his skills as a master storyteller in this heart-pounding new novel. This emotionally charged thrill ride leads to a shocking ending that will have readers flipping back to the beginning.
The Blood of the Fifth Knight
Ella Woodward
From sumptuous desserts, to food on the go, delicious dips, raw treats and rainbow bowls of awesome veggies, Ella's philosophy is all about embracing the natural foods that your body loves and creating fresh, simple dishes which are easy to make and taste amazing. Featuring more than 100 new sugar-free, gluten-free and dairy-free recipes to excite your taste buds, this collection will inspire you to eat for better health, glowing skin and boundless energy. A reformed sugar monster herself, Ella knows just how daunting the idea of changing your diet can be. Her must-read blog, DELICIOUSLY ELLA, which gets two million visitors a month from all over the world, was inspired by her own health adventure and everything she has learned by healing herself simply through diet. It's truly amazing to see what you can do with these simple ingredients and how you can so easily create a deliciously healthy version of your favourite dishes.
Playlist for the Dead Michelle Falkoff
Part mystery, part love story, and part coming-of-age tale in the vein of Stephen Chbosky’s The Perks of Being a Wallflower and Tim Tharp’sThe Spectacular Now, Playlist for the Dead is an honest and gut-wrenching first novel about loss, rage, what it feels like to outgrow a friendship that's always defined you—and the struggle to redefine yourself. But above all, it's about finding hope when hope seems like the hardest thing to find.
I Was Here
E.M. Powell
Gayle Forman
When mercenary Sir Benedict Palmer agrees to help King Henry II’s knights seize the traitor Archbishop Thomas Becket, what begins as a clandestine arrest ends in cold-blooded murder. And when Fitzurse, the knights’ ringleader, kidnaps Theodosia, a beautiful young nun who witnessed the crime, Palmer can sit silently by no longer. He and Theodosia rely only on each other as they race to uncover the motive behind Becket’s murder— and the truth that could destroy a kingdom.
I Was Here is Gayle Forman at her finest, a taut, emotional, and ultimately redemptive story about redefining the meaning of family and finding a way to move forward even in the face of unspeakable loss. When her best friend Meg drinks a bottle of industrial-strength cleaner alone in a motel room, Cody is understandably shocked and devastated. She and Meg shared everything—so how was there no warning? But when Cody travels to Meg’s college town to pack up the belongings left behind, she discovers that there’s a lot that Meg never told her. About her old roommates, the sort of people Cody never would have met in her deadend small town in Washington. About Ben McAllister, the boy with a guitar and a sneer, who broke Meg’s heart. And about an encrypted computer file that Cody can’t open—until she does, and suddenly everything Cody thought she knew about her best friend’s death gets thrown into question.
Betting on Fate Katee Robert
Penelope Carson loves to steal clients from Will Reaver. Yet something in her business nemesis's icy blue eyes makes Penelope...nervous. It certainly doesn't help that the man is the living embodiment of a Norse god. A controlled, powerful Norse god. Which she really should have remembered before she made a bet with him—because losing means becoming Will's personal submissive for a week. There's nothing Will would like more than to have Penelope kneeling before him in complicit submission, her fiery dark eyes inviting him in. Challenging him. But their bet takes Will and Penelope deeper than either of them have ever been. Where control is an illusion, and boundaries are pushed aside. And where hearts become the stakes in a game that neither Dominant nor submissive can win
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Awesome Ingredients, Incredible Food That You and Your Body Will Love
The 3 Things That Will Change Your Destiny Today! Paul McKenna
Paul McKenna Ph.D. has helped people from all walks of life and helped them to change their lives for the better. He has investigated nearly every method of therapy, coaching and personal change available, and as a result has recently created an amazing new system that could help you breakthrough in the areas of your life you truly want to!
BOOK CLUB
14,000 THINGS
TO BE HAPPY ABOUT
I would like to wish you all a happy new year and may this 2015 be even more wonderful than 2014. And what a more appropriate note to begin this New Year than a positive note. 14, 000 Things to Be Happy about AKA the Happy Book (1990) written by Barbara Ann Kipfer. Just like its title is an very positive that counts the big and the little things that we forget to be happy about in our life. Barbara Ann Kipfer is an American lexicographer who has authored or compiled more than fifty books, including The Order of Things (1997), How It Happens (2005) and Instant Karma (2003). In 1990 the Happy Book earned a rank of 11th, tied with What to Nada Soliman
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Meet Nada, our team member is simply a book savvy. Every month Nada picks her favourite book and shares with you its review. Please feel free to contact Nada to discuss your opinion or ask her opinion on your favourite book or author.
Expect When You're Expecting, The Pre History of the Far Side, and The Language of Letting Go on the paperback bestseller list. A revised version with 1,500 new entries was published in 2007. The 25th anniversary edition revised and with 4,000 new entries was published in 2014. The 14, 000 things to be happy about include: "Traveling in the off-season Chocolat (the movie and the soundtrack) Swiss cheese Places heavy with history Just a moment Remembering being picked up and rocked to sleep in someone's arms, then carried up to bed Swimming a quarter mile being equal to running one mile Dozens of places to curl up with a book" This book is a perfect gift for a friend as well as a quick read, it keeps you thinking positively and helps you count your blessings. It is a quirky, compulsive, enchanting list of all the little things that make us happy; items, places, thoughts, celebrations and our daily bread. January, 2015
The one thing I find satisfying nowadays is interacting with people who exist and function on a higher vibration than everyone else, because it is a very comforting experience. I've had the opportunity to meet with many different personality types, but not too many who are more spiritually in touch with themselves; maybe one or two. I am very happy to be interviewing Nejoud Al-Yagout, who is one of those people, to ask her a few questions, regarding her book, life and her upcoming plans.
& Introduce yourself please. I’ve always had trouble introducing myself. If I start out by saying my name is Nejoud, it sounds like I’ve been trained by AA. I feel flustered with labels. Let’s proceed. What do you do for a living? I’m a librarian by nature and profession. What drove you to write ‘This is an Imprint’? I had no choice. It had to manifest itself. citypageskuwait.com
Nejoud Al-Yagout
How has writing affected your life? Writing has been my friend in times of suffering. When do you normally like to write poetry? When I’m navigating the darkness. What styles of writing do you lean more towards poetry, fiction, so on. I only write poetry. If I write you a letter or an email, you’re in trouble.
What inspires you generally in life and in your writings? In life, I’m a sucker for kind people who transcend fear to heal the collective consciousness of the world. In writing, love inspires me. Who is/are the author/s whom resonate with you? Richard Brautigan and the Beat Generation poets. Why these particular ones? A part of me is drawn to avant-garde movers and shakers. If you had the option to change one thing in life, what would it be? This question is too difficult. Yikes! Can I skip this? What are you mostly passionate about? Freedom. Love. Spirituality. If you weren’t writing and living in Kuwait, what would you be doing? My pipe dream is to spend a few weeks here, a few weeks there. I would still write though. What is your favorite spot on earth, and would you live there? In the heart-frequency of my beloved. It is no coincidence that earth is an anagram for heart. I would definitely live in the realm of love! Eternally! It’s not a physical place. It merely is… Would you consider yourself more of a city person or a nature lover, beach and sand type? I love forests and mountains. I’m a nature bunny, but cities have
their appeal as well. Maybe a village bordering a city that borders the forest. Yes! How do you spend your days? I work five days a week. Lately, I have been going through a period of spiritual catharsis, so I have to be alone quite a bit. It’s vaster than a choice. Otherwise, I’m out and about connecting with loved ones and creative souls. What a buzz… Are you working on any current projects at the moment? I had the honor of working with Timothy Carr on two new visual poetry videos which will be released soon. Carr and I also have another project coming up – a music video. It will be a new concept for me, so that is always a thrill. I’m also working on a secret project with another filmmaker - Hussein Al-Shammary (aka Slash) - and some very talented artists and another musician. I’m so elated because it is a humanitarian project. The heart of being creative is extending love to others. What are your next steps in life and with your writings? My life mission is to transcend my ego. In terms of my writing, I’m working on another book of poetry. It’s almost completed, but it won’t be launched for a while. I need time to compile it and bring it to life. Give your readers some advice to ponder on and to perhaps also apply. Advice? Me? Well, I suppose I can leave the readers with one piece of advice. Find your Self; not yourself – there is a colossal difference. This can be applied by meditation and moments of solitude. Your life awaits you. Inside of you. See? This is how I get when I spend time alone experimenting with consciousness. You asked! January, 2015
to add to your wishlist Some things are just ... better.
Blade 98S Ryobi Phone Works Infrared Thermometer
Wilson’s Blade series is the first set of tennis rackets to incorporate basalt, a natural shock absorber, into the weave and the base. In tests, the Blade gave players better control over the ball, and it filtered and absorbed forces from impact.
Ryobi’s new tool plugs into a smartphone’s audio jack, allowing it to measure temperatures from -22°F to 662°F—in real time, no less.
Extreme Pro SDXC UHS-I
ButterUp
SanDisk has created the largest-capacity SD card available. To pack a half-terabyte (512 GB) of memory into an object the size of a postage stamp, SanDisk arranged two vertical 16-die stacks side by side.
Sure, it’s the kind of problem you’d see in a late-night infomercial, but spreading cold butter on toast isn’t easy. Struggle no more: Australian industrial design group Design Momentum embedded a grater into a butter knife, turning clumps into thin ribbons.
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Camera51
Cryptex USB Flash Drive
Filters improve photos only so much. Camera51 helps before the shutter snaps. The Android app analyzes the subject and surroundings, then guides users toward the ideal frame. It will even flag objects that might otherwise ruin a perfect image.
When you have digital information that you want to keep to yourself, it’s best to store it on a flash drive that will only be brought out when necessary. The Cryptex USB flash drive uses a combination lock of rotating rings with digits to stop anyone who doesn’t know the password from being able to see anything. The code is 5 digits
If there’s one thing closets and luggage always need, it’s more space. Eagle Creek solved that conundrum with a full-size rolling suitcase that can collapse—frame, wheels, and all—to a fraction of the size.
NapAnywhere Pillow This is a uniquely portable head support pillow that would function as an alternative to the traditional U-shaped pillows, where it makes comfortable traveling a snap thanks to its portable shape. Since it supports the weight of your head, the NapAnywhere Pillow would provide your neck with an opportunity to relax, perhaps even allowing one to sleep upright for hours.
Soccket Ball inventor Uncharted Play has created a jump rope that turns rotational energy into electricity. Five minutes of jumping powers an LED lamp for an hour.
ResMed S+ Most sleep trackers are mattress pads or wearable devices, which rely on your movement to tell if you’re asleep. They’re uncomfortable and can be inaccurate. S+ sits on a bedside table and uses low-frequency radio waves to measure breathing and determine when you’re actually sleeping or lying awake. January, 2015
Ultrasounds Gestures Coming Soon!
قريبا اإليماءات بالموجات فوق الصوتية
This input technology from Elliptic Labs will definitely change the way to control everything. Starting from smartphones in the first half of 2015. That is not the only good news, the best news is a feature called “multi layer interaction” which allows to move hand towards and away from the screen. Compared to other technologies, Ultrasound is more suitable for everyday use, thanks to 180-degree active area around the entire face of the the device. Other technologies need your hand to be positioned in front of the camera which is easily missed if you’re not waving carefully. The team in Elliptic Labs say it’s possible to integrate this technology into car dashboards, healthcare equipments, and wearables but for now, they are focusing on smartphones, tablets, and laptops.
تقنية اإلدخال منElliptic Labs .ستغير حتمًا طريقة التحكم في كل شيء ليس هذا الخبر.2015 ابتداء من الهواتف الذكية في النصف األول من عام ولكن الخبر األفضل هي ميزة تسمى “ التفاعل متعدد،السعيد فحسب بالمقارنة مع.الطبقات” والذي يسمح بتحريك اليد لألمام أو بعيدًا عن الجهاز التقنيات اآلخرى فإن التحكم بالموجات الفوق صوتية مالئمة أكثر لإلستخدام درجة من180 ويرجع الفضل بذلك للمنطقة الفعالة والتي تغطي،اليومي التقنيات األخرى تتطلب أن تكون يدك متمركزة أمام.واجهة الجهاز بالكامل الكاميرا والتي من السهل جدًا فقد حركتها ان لم تقم بتحريكها بشكل فريق العمل في. حذرElliptic Labs يقولون انه من الممكن دمج هذه التقنية ولكنهم اآلن، ،في لوحة قيادة السيارة والمعدات الصحية والساعات الذكية يركزون على الهواتف الذكية واألجهزة اللوحية والحواسيب المحمولة.
Yousif AlSaeed Yousif holds a BSc. in Information Technology & Computing Degree and is a Teacher and Software Developer. He loves sharing the latest technology news and gadgets with people. Yousif believes that behind everything in the tech-world is a great story. He spends most of his time reading technology blogs and self development.
Saad Almseikan A burger lover who works as a Computer Technician during the day. Saad has a curious mind that likes to discover everything new that's related to computers, hardware, gadgets and technology. You'll most probably find him holding a burger while playing with a new gadget. He is 27 years old, loves Mixed Martial Arts. Music is what keeps him going especially Rock & Roll.
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"3DAround" Is Your Next New Favorite 3D Camera App For Your Food The app is yet to be released, but from the video we saw its gonna be a great way to take photos of your food in all angles. The app turns your camera into a 3D scanner. Taking a series of photos and stitched them together to create a 360-degree view of any object. We loved the idea, it's simple and really effective. They will be released soon but no date for an official release date so far. The food on our social media feeds will be more delicious and mouth watering, God help us.
Google's Search Change Search Results To Destroy Pirates Sites Google is changing their search algorithm to demote and destroy pirates sites and put them in the last of the queue. Some top pirate sites report that they have taken huge hits in the traffic coming from google and it's reduced to almost the half. By searching a specific tv show, google will direct you to a legal way to watch the show or to give you the least popular Torrent sites there are. It's a dumb move to be honest, when people want Torrents they know where to search. It is a move copyright owners initiate to reduce their losses. Google removed 223 millions links in 2013.
Credit Card With Fingerprint Scanner MasterCard is introducing credit cards with fingerprint scanner to secure your payments at stores. This method prevents people from paying for items incase of a stolen card. Specially if the credit card using contact-less payment option which is new method too. Zwipe MasterCard is offered in UK for now with fingerprint scanner that stores your thumbprint when you put your thumb on the scanner, the embedded chip unlocks and you’re able to tap the card to make purchase, as simple as that.
January, 2015
Three Resolutions to Keep This Year Samsung Offers Solutions to the 92% Who Give Up in the New Year Do you find yourself making the same New Year’s resolutions every year? Well, according to The Journal of Clinical Psychology, 92% of people don’t meet their goals by the end of the year. To ensure a successful 2015 and join that elusive 8-percent, read on for three resolutions that Samsung can help you keep.
Get Healthy Resolutions often focus on the “big picture.” “I want to lose weight.” “I want to be fit.” Instead of dwelling on the payoff, think about the actions that you can take to achieve your goals. To get that trim figure, for instance, you’ll need to kick your fried food habit. Air frying is one step in the right direction. Instead of drenching your fries in a vat of hot oil, the Samsung Slim Fry Microwave infuses hot air with a small amount of oil and circulates it,
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preparing flavorful crisps with less fat. The result is food that’s crispy on the outside and moist on the inside.
Get Organized Clutter is a proven source of stress. Messes can be particularly stressful for families. A tried-and-true way to get things back in order is to start small. Reigning in the fridge is a small act with a big impact, especially in large households. That’s the thinking behind Samsung’s approach to organization—“a place for everything and everything in its place.” The Foodshowcase Refrigerator is designed to cut down on clutter with designated areas for kids, ingredients for tonight’s dinner, and solutions for dad and the rest of the family. The Foodshowcase Refrigerator even comes with a Home Bar, uniquely developed to store beverages of varying sizes. The Foodshowcase also stores 23% more food and beverages than a conventional refrigerator, and designated compartments help reinforce good behavior
for the rest of the year.
Spend Less, Save More Trimming the fat from your budget can be hard, but a surefire way to cut down your spending in 2015 is to make smarter choices. It is that simple. A solid investment for the upcoming year is the Samsung’s Crystal Blue WW9000, a high performance washer that preserves your clothing and works remotely with the latest mobile technology. Thanks to the ‘Auto Optimal Wash,’ the WW9000 delivers pristine clothes with less water and energy. Four sensing technologies gather information about the load, including the size and degree of dirt, and determine the amount of water, detergent and length of cycle needed to clean your clothes. You can also stop, start and change the cycle of the WW9000 through a mobile app, helping you to make the most of your time and getting you on your way to your next resolution!
January, 2015
PRONOVIAS FIESTA 2015 With this special time of year drawing close, PRONOVIAS is presenting a selection of its marvellous designs, perfect choices for any celebration. All the dresses selected are from the new PRONOVIAS FIESTA 2015 collection. This Christmas, PRONOVIAS has some fabulous short dresses in beautiful fabrics, embroidered with lace and jewelled details which make them a superbly elegant option for holiday events. These dresses, which are almost pieces of jewellery, come in shades like gold, silver and black, which all add an extra touch of glitter and glamour: Then there's PRONOVIAS' range of long, flowing dresses in gauze and tulle. With sheer layered necklines, they are sure to be a hit this Christmas. There are also some extremely fashionable dresses in mikado silk. This fabric is a favourite in the PRONOVIAS bridal range, but it is also marvellous for cocktail and evening dresses. Red, green and black are some of the new shades that the firm has selected for its long dresses for the festive season.
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Dumond celebrates Brazilian women Straps, gladiator boots and thigh high boots are the highlights of the collection
في هذا الوقت املميز مع القرب من نهاية العام ،قامت PRONOVIASبتقدمي مجموعة من التصاميم الرائعة التي تتميز بخياراتها املثالية ألي مناسبة .كل الفساتني اخملتارة هي من اجملموعة اجلديدة . PRONOVIAS FIESTA 2015 مبناسبة األعياد ،قدمت PRONOVIASبعض الفساتني القصيرة الرائعة من األقمشة املميزة ،املطرزة و املرصعة بالكريستال ،كل هذه التفاصيل جتعلها خيارا" أنيقا" للمناسبات .إن هذه الفساتني تشبه في ظاللها الذهبية ،الفضية والسوداء قطع اجملوهرات ،والتي تضفي لكل سيدة ملسة من اللمعان و البريق. ايضا هناك مجموعة PRONOVIASللفساتني الطويلة املصنوعة من أقمشة التول املميزة ،و مجمو��ة أخرى من فساتني احلرير العصرية ،هذا النسيج هو املفضل جملموعة فساتني الزفاف لدى ، PRONOVIASوهو أيضا رائع حلفالت الكوكتيل و السهرة .إن اللون األحمر واألخضر واألسود هي بعض درجات األلوان اجلديدة اخملتارة للفساتني الطويلة لتناسب موسم األعياد.
Available at The Mall, The Avenues.
January, 2015
H&M SPORT SS 2015 collection Now available in stores in Kuwait! citypageskuwait.com
Naomi Campbell and Jourdan Dunn Star in New Burberry Spring/Summer Campaign Burberry unveils its Spring/Summer 2015 campaign starring British icons Naomi Campbell and Jourdan Dunn.
Uniting modern British talent The SS15 Campaign features an eclectic mix of modern British talent: Naomi Campbell: Re-joining the Burberry cast for the first time since her Burberry campaign in 2001, also featuring Kate Moss. Jourdan Dunn: This marks her fourth Burberry campaign, having first appeared in the Spring/Summer 2011 campaign, also featuring Cara Delevingne. George Barnett: British musician (drummer in These New Puritans) and current face of the Burberry Brit Rhythm fragrance campaign. George Le Page: British musician (drummer in Of Empires) – this marks his first campaign for Burberry, having recently opened and closed the Burberry Prorsum Menswear Spring/Summer 2015 show in June 2014. The Collection Customers can shop the Burberry trench coat collection in stores globally and on Burberry.comfrom today with the full Burberry Spring/Summer 2015 collections available globally from 5 January 2015. The campaign will launch in January 2015 across global platforms including outdoor and print advertising, Burberry.com, Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Google+, Instagram, Pinterest, LinkedIn, Sina Weibo, Youku, and WeChat. January, 2015
Carrera y Carrera launches new advertising visuals
L’OCCITANE Launches Shea Comforting Creams
CLEANSE
1.Cleansing Oil Discover a new way to cleanse your skin with shea… This silky texture enriched with shea oil, leaves skin perfectly cleansed and fresh, with no oily residues. Without disrupting the skin’s moisture balance, it helps remove all impurities and makeup- even waterproof.
2.Cleansing Milk You only need a small amount of this milk to cleanse skin perfectly and gently. Simply apply with the fingertips or a cotton pad. The smooth texture, enriched with shea, feels comfortable on the skin and leaves it soft and serene.
TONE
3.Gentle Toner Cleanse and tone. Enriched with shea, the Gentle Toner soon becomes indispensable to complete your cleansing routine. Free of impurities, skin feels clean, soft andfresh.
MOISTURIZE AND NOURISH 4.Light Comforting Cream Carrera y Carrera presents 5 new visuals with strong Spanish influence, complementing the advertising campaign launched in 2011. Spain is undoubtedly a country of artistic reference due to having one of the best art galleries in the world – the Prado Museum – and also for having in its history some of the greatest painters the art world has seen. Carrera y Carrera once again has been inspired by this rich cultural heritage, creating a picture that is in reality a true portrait as if painted by hand where the woman is the star – she is an icon within an authentic work of art and the jewels become true talismans that frame and beautify that passionate woman, the Spanish woman. The great star of the campaign continues to be international model Alejandra Alonso; once again Carrera y Carrera bets on a Spanish face of singular beauty and much strength. Valencian by birth and residing in New York City, Alonso reached the status of top model before turning 18 years old. Her voluminous hair and light eyes won over Karl Lagerfeld himself, who selected her to star in one of his fashion shows as well as in Chanel’s pre-fall campaign. In 2011 in Spain, she gained even greater recognition by winning the L’Oreal award for best model during Madrid Fashion Week. citypageskuwait.com
The very latest shea butter face cream is the little sister of the Ultra Rich Cream. This lighter version, ideal for normal or combination skin, provides essential hydration and protection. And when the skin longs for sheer textures and comfort, the Light Comforting Cream, can even take its big sister’s place. Now even normal and combination skin can enjoy the benefits of shea butter. (5% shea butter, 48hrs of hydration)
5.Ultra Rich Comforting Cream This newly named, ultra-protective nourishing cream provides a response to the problems associated with dry and very dry skin – especially when extra care is needed due to climatic conditions. One of the secrets to the success of this formula is its absolute richness. As irresistibly smooth and famous as ever, it contains an exceptionally high concentration of shea butter (25%), yet sinks into the skin with an almost disconcerting ease. (25% shea butter, 72 hrs hydration)
6.Lip Balm Made with 10% shea butter, this caring balm helps to nourish, repair and protect the lips, leaving them soft, supple and comfortable.
Official Launch of High-End Jewellery Line “Rock It!” at London Fashion Week AW15 by Ornella Iannuzzi ORNELLA IANNUZZI
This new collection called “ Rock It! ” comes as a continuation of Ornella's famous line “Les Exceptionnelles” which includes truly unique jewellery pieces set with uncut gemstones. Thanks to these, the natural crystallisation of precious stones has become the DNA of the designer's work. Remaining faithful to this principle, Ornella used as the basis of her new range a geometrically correct polygon: the platonic body of a dodecahedron.
L’OCCITANE INTRODUCES WHIPPED SHEA BUTTER A new, light and ultra-nourishing texture that immediately becomes one with your skin
In Burkina Faso, during one of the steps in the production of shea butter, the women whip the paste derived from processing the nuts and obtain a mousse-like texture that is both soft and light. It was this that inspired the L’OCCIATNE laboratory to create Whipped Shea Butter – a stunning combination of maximum nourishment and a sheer, melt-in texture.
adidas Adds Windows Phone Support for its Fit Smart Wrist Based Heart-Rate Coach
adidas announced an update to its miCoach Train and Run app for Windows Phone 8.1 based mobile handsets. Following the update, users will be able to pair, configure and transfer planned and completed miCoach workouts between the Fit Smart wrist based heart rate coach and their Windows Phone. Fit Smart can also be used to send heart rate, speed, distance and stride information in real-time to the Train and Run app, combining the visual coaching guidance from the Fit Smart with audible prompts from the app. miCoach Train and Run is one of the most popular fitness apps available for Windows Phone. With cardio, strength and flexibility training programs developed in partnership with the elite coaches at Exos, it provides real-time coaching guidance to unleash your best performance and achieve your sport and fitness goals.
Olivia Wilde is The Face of H&M's Conscious Exclusive Campaign
H&M is proud to announce that Olivia Wilde, actress and humanitarian, will be the face of H&M's latest Conscious Exclusive campaign. Olivia, well known for her commitment to sustainability and her engagement for environmental causes will appear in the campaign wearing pieces from the collection. Conscious Exclusive will be available in around 200 H&M stores worldwide on April 16, as well as online. January, 2015
ZEN I T I C A F O Y DIAR D L R O W E H T OF (DCW)
CITIZEN'S LIST
I would like to welco me you all to this ne w monthly anonym column that will be ous a part of this lovely be au tiful world we live in. It is anonymous for the reason that my ideas should not be at from any discrimi looked nation prospective however to be judge ideas on their own. d as I have no name, no to you and to the wo face, no gender, I be rld, I am the Citizen long of the World; earth you all are my family is my home and . As another year co mes upon us we ar e faced with the tra Resolutions; some dition of New Year thing that most of 's us if not all of us Citizen's List is a lis do not stick to. The t that anyone can develop at the end recap every new ex of the each year to perience that they ha ve experienced in th also includes new e past year. This restaurants, new typ e of foods, new coun and the list goes on tries, new repeats . These new things may include the sil daily basis to the life liest things we do on changing experienc a es that we all go thro ugh. You have 365 days to fill them with ne w experiences, every things in life, keep one should try new our life interesting and keep ourselves zone because that out of our comfort is where real life ha ppens. Create a lis day, if at the end of t an d add to it every the year you end up with more than 10 have a pretty-intere new things then yo sting-non-boring life u . This list is not rel live or who you are ated to where you as there is always so mething new to try around the corner. And since I am ma king my new things list, one of the newe doing this year is wr st things I would be iting this monthly co lumn for all of you home; planet earth about our beautiful . Therefore, I ask yo u all to create this lis so that you can easil t as soon as possible y work on improving the 2015 list. No New Year's Reso lutions, embrace th e Citizen's List. Citizen of the World
citypageskuwait.com
ADOPT A STREET PRINCESS @ADOPT_A_STREET_PRINCESS
Bobby: a pure golden retriever male, 2 years old, loves to play and run. He is confident and he has a great character.
Dear CityPages readers, in our January edition I want to welcome you to read about our lovely new dogs that are available for adoption. Whatever your life situation is, if you are with a big family, a single living person or you are looking for your kids to find the right dog, be sure I have the right “new best friend� for you. Any dog that is presented here in CityPages is a very loving, caring, sensitive and grateful dog that will show you again and again how happy he is to get a second chance through you; a new loving home and family. Our dogs are good with kids, other dogs and also with cats. This month I want to introduce you to:
Sissi: a small female, 1 year old, and white long hair dog. Sissi Laila: a beautiful German Shepard mix, female, and 2 years
old. Running and playing is her favourite activity. Laila is very clever and attentive.
If you are interested in any of these dogs or maybe one of our others, please just follow @adopt_a_street_princess on instagram and contact me by whatsapp or text. After you choose your dog then I will bring him cleaned, vaccinated with new collar and leash direct to your home. January, 2015
Photos by: Witold Wilczynski
loves to get petted and to play. She enjoys to be involved or to relax on a sofa.
citypageskuwait.com
La Boutique Launches Their Exclusive Collection Of Original Fur Winter 2014 -2015
At The Event For The Kuwaiti Society For Guardian Of The Disabled
From The Al-Hamra Thermae Gym
January, 2015
Take a fun ceramic mug home with you and your
coffee is free.
KD 3.750 PER MUG citypageskuwait.com
From The Dreame Epo At 360 Mall
At The Launch Of Azumami Sushi Restaurant
At The Opening Of Alfredo's Gallery Express At Souk Salmiya
January, 2015
At The Launch Of Abou El-Sid Restaurant By Sultan Center
At The Preview Of Made-to-Order Service By Jimmy Choo
At the SJP Collection By Sarah Jessica Parker Preview Event
citypageskuwait.com
At The ReOpening Of Dunkin Donuts Branch At 360 Mall
At The ReOpening Of Toys R Us Branch At 360 Mall
At The #BlaqWhiteWinter Event By BLAQ Boutique
citypageskuwait.com
Porsche Kids Driving School Program Comes to Bayt Abdullah Children’s Hospice
FROM THE PRESS EQUATE sponsors Kuwait Dive Team’s project to protect coral reefs
EQUATE Petrochemical Company, Kuwait’s first international petrochemical joint-venture, sponsored a project by Kuwait Dive Team to protect coral reefs in a number of Kuwaiti islands by installing bowing marines. Kuwait Dive Team is part of the Environment Voluntary Foundation. The bowing marines were installed at the islands of Kubbar, Qaroah and Um Al-Maradem. EQUATE Vice President for Technical Services and head of EQUATE Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Team Mohammad Al Benali said, “The environment is a major priority for EQUATE at every level. Therefore, protecting and preserving the environment are pivotal elements of EQUATE CSR Program for the aim of realizing overall sustainability in Kuwait. Such sustainability can only be achieved through establishing and launching partnerships with relevant public and private organizations. This cooperation between EQUATE and Kuwait Dive Team is a prime example of our tagline ‘Partners in Success’ and an extension of our previous efforts to safeguard and protect the environment. Some of our global scale initiatives in this regard include launching the Middle East’s First Plant Water Recycle Project, Kuwait’s First CO2 Recovery Project, and Kuwait’s First Seawater Cooling Towers, as well as other initiatives on the short and long terms.” On his part, Environment Voluntary Foundation Board Chairman and Head of Kuwait Dive Team Waleed Al-Fadhel said, “This sponsorship will play a significant role in protecting and preserving the marine life by installing and maintaining bowing marines around coral reefs, which will contribute to safeguarding the environment as a whole. Much appreciation to EQUATE for its contribution and efforts to preserve the environment by being our partner in this national endeavor.” Established in 1995, EQUATE Petrochemical
citypageskuwait.com
Don’t Just Run, Glide With The New Adidas Supernova Glide Boost™
This season, the legend of adidas Supernova will be told through a design specifically built for the unique fit, look and feel of women. The new adidas Supernova Glide BOOST™ will keep the award-winning* BOOST™ midsole designed to ensure every run feels like gliding. This season, the women’s Supernova Glide BOOST upper receives a facelift that delivers a sleek, slimming and stylish appearance while maintaining the performance integrity of Supernova. To accomplish this, the technical features have been reconstructed throughout the shoe to provide a smoother silhouette that’s more flattering to the female foot. BOOST foam cushioning provides the highest Energy Return in the industry using thousands of durable Energy capsules that maintain their soft cushioning, season after season, so every run with BOOST feels like the first. BOOST cushioning also remains consistently responsive in any weather condition while standard EVA expands and hardens in varying temperatures. And, along with performing in any temperature, Supernova Glide BOOST delivers a neutral ride that’s suited for any runner. Whether you’re heading out for your first leisurely jog or lacing up to leave your mark on race day. Along with BOOST foam cushioning, the new Supernova Glide also features: •Adaptive upper provides a unique fit for varying foot shapes. Techfit on the women’s version and Stretch Mesh on the men’s. •Continental™ rubber outsole ensures the ultimate grip •adidas Torsion System carries your foot through an optimum transition
Porsche Centre Kuwait organised their Porsche Kids Driving School Program at Bayt Abdullah Hospice to educate and entertain the children currently under care at the facility. The Porsche Kids Driving School was brought to Bayt Abdullah Children’s Hospice (BACCH) to raise the spirts of their children and families and was a means for Porsche Centre Kuwait, Behbehani Motors Company to give back to the community. Bayt Abdullah Children’s Hospice provides multi-professional, specialist, paediatric palliative care and support to children and their families with life limiting or life threatening illnesses. The event underscored the mission of Porsche Centre Kuwait, Behbehani Motors Company to bring the Porsche Driving School Program to children all over the country, even those who are facing physical or health challenges. “Porsche Kids Driving School always brings a smile to young children and most importantly it also provides valuable skills on road safety. We are committed to ensuring that as many children as possible have a chance to participate in our programs and we were delighted when Bayt Abdullah Children’s Hospice agreed to host us,” said Mike Finn, director of the Porsche Kids Driving School Program. Through the Porsche Kids Driving School Program, the children at Bayt Abdullah received lessons on road safety before being able to drive 911 pedal cars around a specially designed road circuit. The road circuit featured roundabouts, pedestrian crossings, speed bumps, traffic signals and road signs, all of which were conceived to simulate real road conditions, while also creating an entertaining atmosphere for the children and their parents. The kids were further taught to respect and show consideration for other drivers whilst also following the ‘Golden Rules of Road Safety’. At the conclusion of the event, the children were presented with Porsche driver’s caps, Porsche children’s activity books, Porsche safe driving handbooks for parents and their first driver’s licences.
Dean & Deluca Launches New Healthy Living Campaign
Rapid weight-loss and muscle building revealed as main causes of stretch marks for men
AAW presents “Bio-Oil” to trainers and athletes to prevent and reduce skinlines on men in Kuwait
CARPISA Autumn Winter 2014 Collection All-New 2015 Ford Mustang Is Sport Auto’s Best Sports Car
As men in Kuwait are moving towards bulky and pumped-up bodies, so are the growing concerns of stretch marks that are appearing predominantly on their arms and chests, areas that tend to expand more quickly as a result of muscle building. Stretch marks commonly appear as a result of pregnancy or weight-loss, but it is less wellknown that they also appear on men putting on muscle rapidly – yes, even on athletes that are in great shape. To provide an effective solution to stretch marks resulting from weight-loss and muscle-building, Ali Abdulwahab Al Mutawa Commercial Co. (AAW) today introduced Bio-Oil - the awardwinning specialist skincare oil and the number one scar and stretch mark product in 17 countries - to Kuwait-based trainers, athletes and fitness gurus. Kuwait-based Pharmacist Mohammed AlNadi said: “When trying to lose weight or bulk up, then it is always better to do it slowly and gradually. However, for men who would like to reach their target fast, then it is important to keep skin moisturized before and after every workout. I recommend products that contain Vitamins A and E, especially Bio-Oil as I have seen some great results on my clients who use it.” In addition to its ability to improve the appearance of existing stretch marks formed during pregnancy, Bio-Oil is also an effective solution for men putting on muscle rapidly. The formulation helps maximise the skin’s elasticity and is made of Vitamin A and E with Calendula, Lavender, Rosemary and Chamomile oils, in addition to PurCellin Oil™, an ingredient that ensures all the other ingredients are easilyabsorbed into the skin.
The Autumn/Winter 2014-15 Carpisa collection reconsiders the virtues and the beauty of our Country, and what the world know how the Italian Feeling. The details decorate the bags as well as the monuments and the beauties of our country decorate Italy. The metallic is protagonist in various forms, from the metal decorated connections, to the metal brackets that give light to the bag and the accessory. The rock-chic is one of the main subject of the collection where the black colour is protagonist. There are gold studs opposing to the more romantic matelassé combine to bows details. The textile of the collection is the “Pied de Poule”, both in micro and maxi variation; a classic textile that become minimized and made young to the match with micro studs and chain details; present itself in collection with the “optical” black&white version. A funded must is the animalier subject, present in collection in the coconut print, in the spotted, in the shiny and opaque python leather. Characterized by materials that have an important and luxurious relevance, it refers to the world-known conception of the artisan Italy. The final subject of the collection is the countrychic, bags with soft structures, grainy materials match with the suede and the fur; lines that have a romantic taste and recall to the conception of hill landscape and farmland that characterize the beautiful country. Welcome to Italy, welcome to Carpisa. Treat yourself to the latest collection at The AvenuesThe Mall.
Dean & Deluca, the premier brand for gourmet food and dining, has announced the perfect way to ring in the New Year with the launch of its new Healthy Living menu and retail selections. The new range features a wide variety of premium food that can be found at both the Café and the retail section of its Avenues mall location. The new Healthy Living options kick off in January, just in time for New Year’s resolutions, when many people are looking to eat well and getting in shape. Following a healthier lifestyle begins with making better food choices and healthier eating habits. To maintain health and wellness, it is crucial to have a balanced, nutritious diet that has plenty of fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grains and fewer foods that are high in fat, salt and sugar. In keeping with this philosophy, Dean & Deluca has scoured the globe to select the finest array of healthy products that will satisfy the palates of a diverse range of customers and can be enjoyed throughout the day. At the Café, the Healthy Living menu offers an assortment of fresh and light ingredients culminating in colourful dishes. These items are expertly prepared by our chefs at Dean & Deluca, so there is no need to sacrifice tasty meals for eating well, because never before has eating healthy been so delicious. Starting with breakfast, the options include delectable delights such as the Light Labnah, with fresh handpicked mixed berries, nuts and honey. Also new is the savoury Egg White Omelette, with a fusion of onions and mushrooms. Customers with a sweet tooth will salivate over the golden sugarfree waffles and pancakes, drizzled with sugarfree mascarpone cream and topped with fresh red berry puree, maple syrup and fresh berries.
The legendary Ford Mustang received another accolade recently, as the 2015 all-new model grabbed the ‘2015 Best Sports Car’ title from the Middle East’s top motorsports monthly, Sport Auto magazine. The award was presented to William Clay Ford Jr. Executive Chairman, Ford Motor Company by Gerard Saunal, editor-in-chief of Sport Auto during the iconic reveal of the all-new Mustang atop Burj Khalifa, the world’s tallest skyscraper in Dubai. The award reflects Mustang’s legacy of 50 years’ continued production as well as its impressive performance. “When the original Mustang debuted in April 1964, it created a great impression and set the tone for what a true muscle car should be like,” said Kalyana Sivagnanam, Marketing, Sales and Service director of Ford Middle East & North Africa. “Today, the all-new 2015 Mustang not only sets the benchmark once again for its segment, but it continues to build on its 50year legacy as a truly iconic muscle car that has captured the hearts and minds of fans around the globe. “We are pleased with Sport Auto’s recognition which joins a very long list of awards and accolades that the Mustang has added to its name over the decades,” he said. For his part, Gerard Saunal said: “The Mustang was selected as the Sport Car of the Year 2015 winner because of Ford’s clever understanding of what a popular sport car should be. Ford has cleverly combined price affordability, ecofriendliness with its 4-cylinder engine, and great road handling with its new rear independent suspension. These are improvements that paid respect with the great heritage of the Mustang’s design and unique presence on the road.”
January, 2015
V-KOOL’s All-Women Racing Team makes history at GulfRun 2014
Sultan Center Group of Restaurants Celebrated the Grand Opening of Wok Hay Restaurant
FROM THE PRESS
Ralph Lauren Corporation
The V-KOOL RACING TEAM™ of 13 Kuwaiti women rocked the racing grounds in their maiden appearance alongside 18 experienced, all-male racing teams and finished the race to the amazement of the cheering fans. The all-women racing team, assembled for the first time in Kuwait and perhaps the GCC, exhibited patience, rigor and stamina in their very first competitive outing. The V-KOOL RACING TEAM™ team was coached and managed by Mubarak Al Rumaidhi, the 2012 Kuwait Drifting Champion and a passionate motorsports professional. The team members led by Captain Najat AlSayegh included Aisha Al-Abdulkareem, Dalal Al-Jassem, Dana Jbara, Fatima Al-Shaya, Haya Al-Eisa, Lulwa Al-Sayegh, Noor Al-Sayegh, Rawya Al-Hajeri, Rabaa Al-Hajeri, Sara AlShaban, Suad Al-Fraih & Shaikha Al-Suraiya The team gave a scintillating performance with 2 individual members Sara Al-Shaban and Dalal Al-Jassem turning in outstanding record performances. Sara Al-Shaban rose up to the challenge and clocked the fastest lap by a woman earning the title of “Miss GulfRun 2014”. She started the race for the V-KOOL RACING TEAM™ team and gained her team a comfortable position throughout her first stint of almost two hours. Dalal Al-Jassem, gave another truly remarkable performance driving for a total of 2 hours and 22 minutes non-stop – an admirable demonstration of endurance and stamina comparable to international standards. Dalal exhibited great skill and concentration and proved to be an extraordinary sportswoman. The enthusiasm, courage, perseverance, teamspirit and determination of this glorious band of thirteen astounded everybody. Rumaidhi remarked, “The endurance race is all about having focus and perseverance and this team has shown it has it all during the long practice sessions.” Rabaa Al-Hajeri, a team member said “although the team is new and had virtually no experience in competitive events, the natural ability of a woman to focus and concentrate for longer time spans and our well-planned approach into this race, allowed us to complete it.” Najat Al-Sayegh the team captain quoted “On behalf of the team I would like to express our joy to be a part of this historical moment, when an all-women team has come to exist and participate in an open competition. We are very thankful to our title sponsors V-KOOL who have believed in our talent and given us a platform to compete in such a physically demanding race. We also thank our gold sponsors NEXEN TIRES, GIORDANO & PASTAMANIA for supporting our initiative.
citypageskuwait.com
Meet the new Nokia 215, Microsoft’s most affordable Internetready phone
Ralph Lauren and Al Shouhra Trading Co invited guests to a festive celebration of historic automobiles on 9th of December. The exclusive evening, held at the Ralph Lauren store, featured an exhibition of the museum’s finest vintage cars and a selection of exquisite amalgam models showcasing Ralph Lauren’s personal collection. Key notables were in attendance. Guests included: •HE Robert Tyson, The Australian Ambassador to Kuwait •HE Mathew Lodge , the Bristish Ambassador to Kuwait •Mr Dao Lee, Senior commercial officer of the American Embassy •Mr Mostapha Maksheed , Mr Zacharia Dashti, Mr Moath Al kandari, Mr Massod Behbehani, Mr & Mrs Abdulaziz Abul, Mr Mohamad Al-Qassar , Mr Rasheed Al Qassar, Mr & Mrs Elias Jabbour, Mr Fouad Seleem and Mr Ali Rujeeb
The industry-leading Sultan Center Group of Restaurants celebrated the grand opening of the Asian Fresh Dining Restaurant Wok Hay which is considered to be the new addition to TSC Family. The celebration was held in the presence of TSC restaurants marketing manager Mr. Hussein Al Sayed and many social figures of the Kuwait society and local press where they spent an Authentic Asian night in its location at the Arabian Gulf Road, near by the Green Island. TSC took all of the attendees to a virtual journey to the Far East starting from the Asian charming atmosphere and decorations to the taste of the fresh Asian cuisine. Wok Hay is known for serving the Authentic Asian recipes created by the creative Chef. Ahmad Al Bader. It’s listed among Kuwait’s finest restaurants due to its special quality levels. The interior is specially designed to reflect the Asian ambiance. Commenting on the event: Hussein Al Sayed, TSC Restaurants Marketing Manger said: “It’s our utmost pleasure to celebrate the grand opening of Wok Hay restaurant, TSC is always keen to satisfy its loyal customer by offering them different tastes from all around the globe, our main goal is to bring the whole world to our customers here in Kuwait and Wok Hay is considered to be our new surprise for those who crave the Asian Cuisine” “Wok Hay is the perfect destination for food savvy looking to indulge themselves with the original aromas reflecting the spirit of gourmet innovation by all means” Al Sayed Concluded.
Microsoft Devices Group on Monday announced the Nokia 215, its most affordable Internet-ready phone. The Nokia 215 is designed to connect and introduce first-time mobile phone buyers to the Internet and new digital experiences. Available in both Single SIM and Dual SIM models, the Nokia 215 will expand the reach of Microsoft services at more affordable prices. At only $29, the Nokia 215 will allow more people to access popular Web content and digital services, and enable them to do the following: •Enjoy online experiences via Opera Mini browser, Bing search, MSN Weather, Twitter and Facebook. •Stay in touch with friends and family using Facebook and Messenger with instant notifications. •Connect in new ways with SLAM, which enables content to be shared between devices and callers making hands-free calls using Bluetooth 3.0 and Bluetooth audio support for headsets. •Delight in the fresh design, durable quality and outstanding battery life — all the features entrylevel mobile phone owners have come to trust and love. •Enter the mobile-first world with all the everyday essentials, including these: o Built-in torchlight o Up to 20 hours of talk time o Outstanding battery life (up to 29 days of standby time for the Single SIM variant and up to 21 days for the Dual SIM) o MP3 playback of up to 50 hours o FM radio playback of up to 45 hours o VGA camera
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فيـ ي ــو س ل حو -ال بـ ع عة فر جلم ا
بت
الفروانية -شارع اخملفر فوق بيت التمويل تلفون24725558 / 24726164 : January, 2015
الفحيحيل -شارع الدبوس البرج األخضر -الدور 16 تلفون25456100 / 25456969 :
www.6alabat.com
الساملية -شارع سالم املبارك فوق ماكس -الدور 4 تلفون25721717 / 25721818 :
كيفان -قطعة - 2مول جمعية حولي -شارع بيروت مقابل البنك التجاري كيفان اجلديد الدور 1 تلفون 24914081 / 24914082 :تلفون22661604 / 22661603 :
بدالة مطاعم 1808099
FROM THE PRESS
Behbehani celebrates partnership with Rado at the launch of the Rado DiaMaster Collection in Kuwait
A Wedding to Remember at Marina Hotel Kuwait Mamas and Papas gears up for the Holiday Season
It’s that time of the year again to get all festivelysnug and Mamas and Papas are excited to introduce the 2014 Holiday collection to solve all wardrobe dilemmas for your infants this festive season. With a versatile range of classic causals and formal fashion, the Mamas and Papas Holiday Collection will have children looking fashionably festive. Inspired by the jolly-seasons colors and characters such as snowman’s and cute elves, the new collection spreads from a dreamy selection of fun ‘onesies’ to miniature tuxedos and pretty party dresses. This season, Mamas and Papas are providing parents with a variety of styles for their little ones to suit any and every festive occasion. Available now in stores, the Mamas and Papas Holiday collection offers great quality at an affordable price range.
citypageskuwait.com
Behbehani Group, the exclusive agent for some of the most luxurious watch and jewelry brands, and one of the major retailers in Kuwait, announced their partnership with Rado at a launch event which took place at the Sky Lobby on the 55th floor of Al-Hamra Tower recently. A host of Behbehani executives and Rado representatives were in attendance, joined by VIP guests, media representatives, and watch enthusiasts to witness the launch of the Rado DiaMaster collection. Speaking at the event, Mr. Ali Morad Behbehani, President of the Behbehani Group, noted “We are thrilled to be a part of this occasion, and to be working with one of the world’s most renowned and prestigious watch brands. The Behbehani Group prides itself on its existing array of exclusive partnerships and will do its best to uphold the Rado brand values and ethics, which we already share and protect.” Rado CEO Matthias Breschan added “This partnership exemplifies the potential we see in the Kuwaiti market. We are proud of this partnership which we believe is the beginning of a long and fruitful relationship. Our shared goals will surely materialize into even greater ventures and we look forward to the future.” A globally recognized brand, Rado, is famous for innovative design and its use of revolutionary materials to create some of the world’s most durable watches. Ever since its beginnings, Rado has had a pioneering spirit, with the brand philosophy “if we can imagine it, we can make it” still holding true today. Since its beginnings Rado has aimed to create watches of long lasting beauty. From the first scratch-resistant watch in 1962, the mission evolved to find ever lighter, more durable, scratch-resistant materials that could be shaped for use in watchmaking. From its first foray into the use of ceramic in 1986, Rado has developed the technology to produce new ground-breaking designs with matt finishes, in white or even plasma high-tech ceramic, which transforms white ceramic into a material with a metallic finish, without using any metal. In 2013 Rado introduced touch technology to ceramic watches and then in 2014 pioneered a ceramic touch watch with two times zones. Behbehani Group was formed in 1935 by the late visionary and legendary entrepreneur, Mr. Morad Yousuf Behbehani. In the early stages of development in Kuwait, Mr. Behbehani fueled by a passionate and entrepreneurial spirit, continuously led initiatives to meet the pillars of growth needed to help Kuwait develop as a nation. The first historical and society-changing success story came in 1948 when Mr. Behbehani led the Behbehani Group in becoming the first entity to introduce Radio broadcasting in Kuwait and later in Television broadcasting in 1951.
مستشفى رويال حياة MyoSure توفر تقنيات في قسمNovaSure و النساء والتوليد
The memories of your wedding day last a lifetime and with Marina Hotel Kuwait, you will ensure that your special day is perfect. The hotel is delighted to offer guests exclusive wedding packages across the year, which include accommodation for one night in a beautiful superior room, and a romantic candle lit dinner and breakfast in the room for the bride and groom. For the wedding celebrations, we offer a custom-made, three-tier wedding cake, creatively decorated buffet floral arrangements, as well as specially designed decorations. The elegant Sheikha Salwa Sabah Al-Ahmad Theater & Hall, with its magnificent seaside location, great layout and capacity up to 500 persons, is the ideal place for your special event. The Sheikha Salwa Sabah Al Ahmad Theater & Hall unravels beauty and flexibility with its expert wedding planning team who devote their attention to every detail, ensuring that your wedding will surpass all expectations. The package is further complemented with an award winning culinary team comprising of dedicated chefs who constantly explore delivering tailor made menus and bringing to the hotel’s guests a wide range of exciting experiences to each event. Combining unparalleled excellence in service and hospitality with outstanding presentation and personal service, the hotel holds a reputation as an expert in turning your wedding celebrations into truly magnificent event. If you are looking for a beautiful wedding ceremony venue, the wedding package at Marina Hotel is available all through the year.
أضاف مستشفى رويال حياة لقسم النساء والوالدة بإدارة الدكتور أبو بكر املرضي جهاز لعالج اللحمياتNovaSure وMyoSure املوجودة في الرحم مثل األورام الليفية و إضطرابات الدورة الشهرية بعد إكتمال تكوين األسرة وحاالت النزيف قبل وبعد وهو أحدث ما توصلت اليه،إنقطاع الطمث التقنيات الطبية في جراحات اليوم الواحد .النسائية إن أهمية وفعالية هذا اجلهاز تكمن في أنه ال يتطلب أية عالجات مسبقة وميكن تنفذ العملية في أي وقت وفي وقت قياسي من أجل عالج أعراض األورام الليفية الرحمية أو األورام احلميدة فضالً عن أنه مصمم ألزالة األنسجة داخل الرحم من خالل نظام ميكانيكي وكهربائي فعال ودقيق يضمن من فوائد هذا.السالمة وجناح العملية اجلهاز أنه يحافظ على شكل الرحم ويقطع األنسجة املريضة في خطوة واحدة مع .احملافظة على األنسجة السليمة متوفر فيNovaSure وMyoSure إن جهاز قسم النساء والوالدة في مستشفى رويال حياة للنساء غير احلوامل أو من يعانون من جتدر اإلشارة.إلتهابات معدية في احلوض الى أن القسم يضم فريق طبي من النساء املتمرسات واملؤهالت لعالج كافة احلاالت .مبهنية وسرية وخصوصية مطلقة
Address of Hospitality and Original Taste
24747789 - 24747798 : تلفون. الدور السابع- برج امللتقى, دوار املخفر:الفروانية
Farwaniya: Police Station Roundabout, AlMultaqa Tower, 7th Floor. Tel: 24847789 - 24747798
@aghakuwait
MATHS QUIZ 1.What is half of nine pounds? 2.Multiply ninety-eight by ten.
FUN FACTS ABOUT MOUNT EVEREST
3.How many sevens are there in eighty-four? 4.What is twenty-five thousand minus six thousand? 5.How many grams are there in six point three kilograms? 6.How many faces has a square-based pyramid? 7.Add together three-quarters and three-quarters. 8.What is the total of three point two and four point five? 9.What is the total of twelve, sixteen and eight? 10.What is eight hundred and twenty-five rounded to the nearest hundred? 9.36, 10.800
ANSWERS: 1.£4.50, 2.980, 3.12, 4.19,000, 5.6300, 6.5, 7.1 ½ or 6/4, 8.7.7,
FUN RIDDLES
1.He shaves multiple times every day and yet he has a beard. Who is he? 2.Why there is no 13th floor in most of the buildings? 3.Which travels faster hot or cold? 4.A father goes bankrupt. The mother has to sell the hotels she had in her possession in order to attain some money. But their daughter is quite happy. How can someone be so heartless and show such boorishness?
JUMBLED WORDS 1 . M N A D E D 2 . T O U H S 3 . I D A S 4 . A A O C C 5 . E S T U Q E R 6 . R E P W I S H 7 . U I R S V 8 . S K E L A F 9 . H C A R E R E S 1 0 . A M E R S C 1 1 . O R T S Y I H 1 2 . L A C X M I E
= = = = = = = = = = = =
5.Can you find out what do lions sing at Christmas? 8.FLAKES, 9.RESEARCH, 10.SCREAM, 11.HISTORY, 12.EXCLAIM ANSWERS: 1. DEMAND, 2.SHOUT, 3.SAID, 4.CACAO, 5.REQUEST, 6.WHISPER, 7.VIRUS,
ANSWERS: 1. He is a barber, 2. Because most of the buildings are not that tall enough, 3. As we can catch 'Cold', 'Hot' is definitely faster, 4. Whole of the family is playing monopoly and the girl is winning the game, 5. Since they live in jungle, they sing Jungle Bells. citypageskuwait.com
1.The tallest mountain in the world, Mount Everest sits in the Himalayas in Nepal and is 8,848 meters tall - that's around the height at which passenger planes fly. 2.If that doesn't sound that high to you - imagine 643 double-decker buses stacked on top of each other that's how high the summit is! 3.In 1953, climber Edmund Hillary from New Zealand
and Nepalese Sherpa Tenzing Norgay became the first people to reach the summit of Everest.
8.Jordan Romero, from the US became the youngest person to climb Everest aged 13, in 2010. 9.In 1975 Japanese climber Junko Tabei became the first woman to climb Everest. 18 years later Rebecca Stephens, on the right of the picture, became the first British woman to reach the summit. 10.Climbing Everest doesn't come cheap: it can cost around £50,000 to climb to the summit.
4.Around 3,000 people have successfully climbed Mount Everest but 210 people have died during or after climbing the mountain. 5.In 2012, around 240 people reached the summit every day. 6.Although it's the world's highest mountain, it can get crowded. People have reported having to wait in queues to climb certain parts. 7.In May this year, 80-year-old Yuichiro Miura from Japan, became the oldest man to climb Everest.
Build-A-Bear Workshop welcomes super cute furry friends with a New Year!
Build-A-Bear Workshop® - the world’s only global company that offers an interactive make-your-own stuffed animal retail-entertainment experience.
lPop of Colour Panda: 8.8 KWD lRainbow Stripes Tiger: 8.8 KWD lRainbow Glitter Bear: 8.8 KWD lRainbow Hugs Bear: 8.8 KWD
lHuggable Hearts Kitty: 8.8 KWD lHuggable Hearts Puppy: 8.8 KWD lStrawberry Monkey: 7.6 KWD lBananas Monkey: 7.6 KWD
Build-A-Bear store in Kuwait is located in The Avenues Mall January, 2015
HOMEWORK FOR GROWN UPS EVERYTHING YOU LEARNED AT SCHOOL... BUT CAN YOU REMEMBER? 2014 General Knowledge Quiz
Test Your Vocabulary
1. What is the year 2014 in Roman numerals?
Once again the main problem was killing time.
2. Whose name was licensed in 2014 for cannabis products, anticipating a market of $10bn: Marley; Presley; Dylan; or Madonna?
In this sentence, problem means:
5. The velocity of 67P, the first comet to be landed on by an earthly craft in Nov 2014, was approx (what?) km/hr: 135; 1,350; 13,500; or 135,000? 6. What word differentiates the 1990 FIFA World Cup Final from the 2014 'repeat' in which Germany beat Argentina 1-0? 7. In what city did a nurse become the first person outside Africa to be infected by Ebola in the 2014 outbreak?
1. judgment
4. effect
ANSWER: 3. In this question, problem is a noun that means a source of difficulty.
4. Name the actor who died in 2014, star of The Rockford Files and The Great Escape?
If you are facing something that will be difficult to handle, you have a problem on your hands. A problem is a roadblock in a situation, something that sets up a conflict and forces you to find a resolution. The meaning of the Greek word pr贸blema meant "to put forth," which is different from the meaning of problem today, but it reminds you that any problem becomes easier to solve once you have defined it. A math problem is easier once you have the numbers in front of you: that's why word problems can be so difficult. Problem can also be an adjective in rare cases. Once you were a problem child, but now you spend your time listening to everyone else's problems.
3. How many countries competed in the Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games: 29; 37; 46; or 71?
8. What was Miley Cyrus's award-winning record-breaking 2014 video/hit song, being the thing on which she controversially swung nude? 9. Graffitied and repainted often since 1980, and obliterated in 2014 except from the ironic statement "Wall is over", the 'Freedom Wall' in Prague celebrates whose memory? 10. Which historically contested region did Russia annexe from Ukraine in February 2014? 11. On which planet did NASA's Curiosity rover complete its first year, equal to 687 Earth days, in June 2014? 12. Which city in Russia hosted the XXII Olympic Winter Games? 13. Name the Rolling Stones' saxophonist and session player who died in 2014? 14. The mysteriously lost Malaysia Airlines Flight 37 in March 2014 was bound from Kuala Lumpur to where? 15. Charity executives Justin Forsyth and Jonathan Powell attracted 'crony' jibes when their organization gave a controversial 'global legacy award' to whom, their previous boss? 16. Betty Joan Perske, who died in 2014, was better known as which famous film star, from the 1940s-2000s? 17. In 2014 Belgium became the first country in the world to legalize what controversial treatment of terminally ill people? 18. Which nation in 2014 saw the abdication of Juan Carlos and the ascension of Felipe VI? 19. Name the three previous winners eliminated at the group stage of the 2014 FIFA World Cup? 20. According to 2014 market capitalization, Google, Microsoft, Apple and (which oil corporation?) were globally the most valuable companies?
LETTERS & WORDS How many words of four letters or more can you make from the leters shown here? nIn making a word, each letter may be used once only. nEach word must include the centre letter, and there must be at least one nine letter word in the list. nNo words with initial capital; no hyphenated words.
Good: 23 words
Very Good: 34 words
Excellent: 45 words
JUMBLED WORDS V E C O T S E E E G G L A N T E N U T I C D R I D C E N
Italy, 20.ExxonMobil (a lenient quizmaster may accept Exxon as a correct answer) 12.Sochi, 13.Bobby Keys, 14.Beijing, 15.Tony Blair, 16.Lauren Bacall, 17.Euthanasia, 18.Spain (father and son kings), 19.England, Spain, 8. recking Ball, 9.John Lennon (killed in 1980 - one of Lennon's most famous songs is 'Happy Christmas, War is over'), 10.Crimea, 11.Mars,
ANSWERS: COVET, GEESE, TANGLE, INDUCT, CINDER
ANSWERS: 1.MMXIV, 2.Marley, 3.71, 4.James Garner, 5.135,000km/hr, 6.West (West Germany beat Argentina 1-0 in 1990), 7.Madrid,
citypageskuwait.com
January, 2015
JANUARY HOROSCOPES There can be no shortcuts as 2015 begins and the January 4 Full Moon opposes a quartet of no-nonsense Capricorn stars. There's a hint of optimism as Jupiter forms a lucky fated aspect to the cranky stars, allowing you to safely talk yourself out of an upcoming dilemma. Get important papers in a safe place before Mercury turns retrograde on January 21. You'll hold your ground when the Taurus Quarter Moon on January 26 reminds you that you're on the right track. Try not to lose your temper with anyone who disputes that.
ARIES (March 21 - April 19)
The January 4 Full Moon pits family concerns against work demands. Work may be trying to drive you crazy, but you don't have to fall for it. Be calm and clear, and don't get rattled. Wednesday, January 14, and Thursday, January 15, avoid strife or disagreements with a boss or authority figure. Try to see things from their side and let it go. The New Moon on January 20 scrambles your social life and rearranges some alliances or friendships. You may be able to read between the lines and see other people's secret agendas. Don't lose your temper or cling to what's old and stale.
LEO (July 23 - August 22)
Relax and don't let anyone throw you off your game at the Full Moon on January 4. Nerves and emotions may still be roiling from the holidays, and you deserve your downtime at home as much as anyone. Starting Wednesday, January 7, perk up and rediscover some of that personal magic and your usual good luck. Love, romance, or simply lavishing more time on a partner may take precedence around the January 20 New Moon. There's magic in the air, so it's worth your while to see what others are up to. Find some new magic of your own, too, and don't hoard it. It's perishable.
TAURUS
(April 20 - May 20)
(August 23 - September 22)
The urge for quality friend time and the charming distractions of short trips may overtake you with the Full Moon on January 4. Post-holiday fatigue won't slow you down. In fact, bigger trips might beckon. Keep control of your time, money, and real or imagined social obligations. Be ready and willing to take on more at work during the New Moon on January 20. It shouldn't be a challenge, but it might need more time than you have, in which case just say so. Love makes an appearance on Tuesday, January 27. Possible are unexpected affection and a tenderhearted reaction to a tiny kindness.
Friends or associates may want to meet at your place during this Full Moon on January 4. You could be greatly inspired and high on a creative streak that doesn't leave much room for socializing. It's your place - you decide. The weekend of January 10 can be fun and romantic, but unmet expectations and disappointments may follow. Take good care of yourself around the New Moon on January 20, although if one more person tries to tell you how to eat or exercise, you might want to slap them. Redirect that temper and energy into something fun and beautiful - just for you.
SAGITTARIUS (November 22 - December 21)
Frustrations mount with the Full Moon on January 4. You may feel called to help someone who really doesn't need it as much as you think. Respect your own finances and needs, don't neglect yourself, and everything will be fine. Friends and social groups may tug at you during the January 20 New Moon. Even if you're asked to be an officer in some club, whatever the responsibility or honor, you'll want to know if it's convenient and fun. Save energy for the fun, friend-filled weekend starting Friday, January 30. There could be so many great ideas that it's hard to choose.
CAPRICORN (December 22 - January 19)
At the January 4 Full Moon you could easily find yourself leaving a party with a total stranger who's utterly intoxicated with you. If not looking for love, try to deflect those affections in another direction and come off looking generous as well as gorgeous. Money and people may come your way with the New Moon on January 20. Be patient and pay attention and you could score big with a better job offer, more work, or simply more income without the extra work. Enjoy the weekend of January 24, but don't tire yourself out. There's no pressure to keep up with anyone.
GEMINI
(September 23 - October 22)
(January 20 - February 18)
A money matter might get your attention around the Full Moon on January 4. A friend or family member may point it out or perhaps cause it in the first place. It's nothing you can't handle, and it will affect someone else more than you. Be busy and enjoy the January 20 New Moon. You'll have the magic touch at work, and that will leave you plenty of time and energy for a big break or even a getaway. The weekend of January 30 is fun but full of confusion and misunderstandings. Be tolerant and ready for lateness, dropped calls, and lost parked cars.
Work demands may not increase under the January 4 Full Moon, but your reactions might be heightened. Keep a level head and don't let events at home complicate matters. Relax and be your normal, efficient self. As of Monday, January 12, people should become more friendly, agreeable, and less demanding. Maybe make a new friend. The New Moon on January 20 is full of tempting fun and games, invitations, and offers of dates. Pace yourself. Work some personal magic at home and watch a family matter instantly improve or solve itself. You can always be shocking and blow off steam with your special friends.
After all the holiday excitement, your energy isn't at its highest when the January 4 Full Moon strikes, and it might be best to lay low and pamper your health. Stay in, rest, take chicken soup to any ailing friends, but don't linger. The January 20 New Moon belongs to you, and you should prepare to start something new and important. Don't be caught off guard if some new, important opportunity comes your way out of nowhere. The next day, January 21, Mercury turns stationary retrograde in Aquarius. For the rest of the month, use your great people skills to keep and nurture new alliances.
CANCER
(October 23 - November 21)
(February 19 - March 20)
The January 4 Full Moon is all yours, so be bold and let people think what they like. You could especially startle a lover or partner, all for the better. Have fun but don't be mean about it. People may try to eat up your time and attention at the New Moon on January 20. Hold your ground and be reassuring. Someone or something that occurs far away could inspire you and expand and improve your world. Don't crawl into your shell now. Saturday January 31 could be emotional and super sensitive. Spend it with someone who understands your moods and knows how to listen.
You may want to do something bigger, grander, and farther away from your usual haunts when the Full Moon shines on January 4. Friends and previous commitments and plans will help keep you grounded and from straying too far afield. Tuesday night, January 13, could get late, with too much to do, and make it hard to get to bed. The January 20 New Moon opens the door for family members to call and visit more than usual. You can be comforting and supportive without getting run over. Life may also look more magical and fun. It's no illusion. Keep this feeling all year long.
citypageskuwait.com *All the Illustrations on this page are done by: Sandra Bakhamian @ SandraBakhamian and are Copyrighted
It's a win/win kind of Full Moon on January 4. Fun projects at home could be extra appealing now, but your social life may compete and look like just as much fun. The January 20 New Moon brings you a profound surprise and the chance to break through great secrecy surrounding a relationship or someone's personal, passionate concern. Be thoughtful and treat people gently - you'll have great influence and personal magic now. But don't dally over something important. The magic won't last long. Saturday, January 31, overflows with romantic possibilities, some of them mere fantasy but still sweet. Be gentle and guard against hurt feelings.
ج/2014/181/ك-ع 2015/2/22 : ولغاية/2014/11/23 :خالل الفترة من
the “Youth” account
is the only account in Kuwait to offer exclusive discount at the grandcinemas!
Enjoy a great offer from Burgan Bank when booking your favourite movie, exclusively for “Youth” account cardholders. Use your card at the grandcinemas box office and get your ticket for a special price of KD 2 instead of KD 3.5 any day, anytime of the week. *The offer is valid only when you book your tickets at the box office in the grandcinemas, Al Hamra Luxury center only. follow us on:
Burgan Bank Official page
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What word differentiates the 1990 FIFA World Cup Final from the 2014 'repeat' in which Germany beat Argentina 1-0?
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World Cup 2014: Germans certain their team will beat Argentina - BBC Sport
BBC Sport
World Cup 2014: Germans certain their team will beat Argentina
By Patrick Strasser
Germany's 7-1 thrashing of Brazil was one of the World Cup's biggest ever shocks
2014 Fifa World Cup final
Venue: Maracana Stadium, Rio de Janeiro Date: Sunday, 13 July 20:00 BST
Coverage: Live and uninterrupted on BBC One, the BBC Sport website and BBC Radio 5 live
Life is a challenge these days in Germany if you are not a football fan.
You simply cannot avoid it. The media is awash with interest in Sunday's World Cup final, with the 'Nationalelf' (national 11) involved against old rivals Argentina.
The stunning 7-1 semi-final win over hosts Brazil resulted in football euphoria only seen before in the country when West Germany won previous World Cup tournaments in 1954, 1974 and 1990.
"Three days to go", "two days to go", "one day to go" - these have been the headlines from Germany's biggest selling tabloid Bild. It's the countdown to the final or the 'finaaaaale o-ho' as German fans always sing when their team reaches this biggest of big games.
"Only one more victory to glory" proclaims the twice-weekly football-magazine Kicker.
One thing is for certain: this is a nation with a yearning hunger to win the World Cup, a hunger formed in the 24 years of waiting since the last triumph against, who else, Argentina in 1990.
A Germany versus Argentina final also brings heavy work for all the heroes of 1990, especially Lothar Matthaus, Andreas Brehme, Rudi Voller and goalkeeper Bodo Illgner.
They are suddenly hot property again for the media, who want them to re-tell the story of how the Germans edged out Argentina thanks to an 85th-minute penalty scored by Brehme as then coach Franz Beckenbauer, who captained the nation to glory in 1974, became the first player to win as both captain and coach.
Jurgen Klinsmann, head coach of the US team and beaten by the Germans in the group stage in Brazil, posted via Facebook, holding a German shirt: "Our team will take the crown. Enjoy the moment!"
Germany avenged their World Cup final defeat by Argentina in 1986 by defeating them 1-0 in the final in Rome in 1990
All the past heroes are certain that the new generation of 2014 will make it.
Confidence in Germany is sky high, with flags draped on balconies, from windows and attached to cars. So much schwarz-rot-gold (black, red and gold) has not been seen since 2006, when Germany hosted the event and Italy beat France in a penalty shootout in the final.
That was the time when the word 'schland' was born - a nickname for the football nation and easy for fans to bawl in stadiums.
Everybody, it seems, expects Germany to win against Argentina on Sunday. Anybody who doubts it risks being called a moaner, a spoilsport. However, the near-hysteria of the media is not excessive; the media merely reflects the atmosphere of an expectant nation.
Losing against Argentina is just not an option. Not at all.
Not after this outstanding tournament. Not with Thomas Muller, Sami Khedira, Toni Kroos and goalkeeper Manuel Neuer in such great form. Not after a 7-1 routing of Brazil in their own backyard. Not after these huge reactions from fans and VIPs alike.
From Heidi Klum to Steffi Graf, from actor Til Schweiger to former F1 driver Nick Heidfeld, from basketball player Dirk Nowitzki to Boris Becker - everybody cheered the Low team on Twitter, Facebook or on TV.
Amazing Germany
There were 179 seconds between Germany's second and fourth goals during their 7-1 thumping of Brazil in the 2014 World Cup semi-final.
Striker Miroslav Klose becomes the record goalscorer in World Cup history with 16 goals in 23 games.
Germany were 5-0 up after 29 minutes in the match - faster than any team in World Cup history.
Germany netted as many goals in this semi-final as they had in their previous six (1982-2010).
Germany are now the highest scorers in World Cup history with 223 goals, overtaking Brazil.
They are the first team to score seven times in a World Cup semi-final.
Thomas Muller has scored 10 goals and provided six assists in 12 World Cup matches.
They have scored more goals in this tournament than they did in 1990 and 1966 - a total of 16.
German chancellor Angela Merkel and president Joachim Gauck are going to attend the final in Rio de Janeiro, so important is this occasion.
In Germany the feeling is they are all but champions already; the mood here is one of total confidence and belief going into Sunday's game.
It is worth pointing out that being critical about the team had almost become a type of sport in itself in Germany, such was the relatively low belief in Low and his squad going into the 2014 Fifa World Cup.
Miroslav Klose set a new record scoring his 16th World Cup goal in his fourth World Cup.
Results during the preparation period disappointed. A subdued goalless draw against Poland and a 2-2 draw against Cameroon left many observers - both media and fans - believing that Germany might risk not even qualifying for the knockout stages of this tournament. How things have changed since the beginning of June.
The stunning 4-0-victory against Portugal in the opening match was regarded as being comparable to the start in 1990, when Beckenbauer's side hammered Yugoslavia 4-1.
And so to the all-important question: can Die Nationalmannschaft (the national team) repeat the outcome of 1990?
The longing and hunger for the ultimate title in world football is enormous. After winning Euro '96 in England (and knocking the hosts out in the semi-finals), a veil of gloom descended on the team when they were beaten 3-0 in the 1998 World Cup quarter-finals by Croatia in Lyon.
Thousands of German fans turned up at a fan park at the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin to watch their team's historic battering of Brazil
That was followed by a new low point in Euro 2000 when Germany failed to win a single match during the group stages - an outcome which resulted in the youth system being re-organised across the country.
Youth academies were set up with new rules and the promotion of more home-grown players in the Bundesliga.
After losing the 2002 final against Brazil in Yokohama, the first success for the new generation of football was the Sommermarchen (summer fairytale) of 2006 when Germany finished third on home territory, beating Portugal 3-1 in Stuttgart.
Jurgen Klinsmann and his then-assistant coach Joachim Low created a new style, an optimistic, more attacking way of playing as the Germans reinvented themselves on the international stage.
They were runners-up to Spain at Euro 2008, gained another third place at the 2010 World Cup in South Africa and featured in the semi-finals of Euro 2012. Now, the uncrowned Golden Generation is at its peak and ready to go one step further.
Miroslav Klose, now the highest World Cup finals goalscorer of all time, Per Mertesacker, Lukas Podolski and the captains Bastian Schweinsteiger and Philipp Lahm were already part of the team in 2006 and all are now mature enough to expect victory.
According to all the experts in Germany, it seems Argentina should be an "easier" team to beat than losing semi-finalists Netherlands would have been.
The Germans are confident that any Brazilian supporters in Rio will cheer for them despite their humiliation in the semis. Surely the locals will not support arch-rivals Argentina on the hallowed turf of the Maracana.
Germany's near misses
2006 World Cup
Germany defeated Argentina in the quarter-final 4-2 on a penalties, after the match ended 1-1. In the semi-final they lost 2-0 against Italy in extra time.
2008 European Championships
Germany defeated Argentina 4-0 in the quarter-final but lost 1-0 to Spain in the semi-final.
2012 European Championships
Germany defeated Greece 4-2 in the quarter-final, but lost to Italy 2-1 in the semi-final.
Low has pointed out the significance of this final and has tightened up how his squad are approaching the game.
There have been no more open training sessions for the media, no one-to-one interviews, just press-conferences. Wives, girlfriends of the players or family members are allowed into the self-built exclusive base camp of Campo Bahia. But a glass of beer or wine is forbidden.
Germany are planning (and hoping to have) a big party in Rio on Sunday night at which all the relatives and friends will be welcome. And the German football federation will present the full squad at the Brandenburger Tor in Berlin on Tuesday - but only if they are winners. National heroes.
The German team have a great togetherness, with seven first team members playing for Bayern Munich
This third meeting in a final of the two rivals will be different from the previous encounters. There will be no Diego Maradona against Matthaus. It will be Lionel Messi against a team rather than a single German star.
"The atmosphere in the squad has been enormous," Low said. "Even the players on the bench and the ones who did not play a single minute were enthusiastic and got the others water."
The last encounter between Germany and Argentina in a World Cup was the quarter-final in 2010. Germany dominated Argentina, featuring a below-par Messi, coached by Maradona, and won 4-0. Muller scored, Klose twice.
Will there be a new edition for Schland?
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Fifa World Cup 2018 Tickets | TicketIQ
History Of The World Cup
While it may not be the case in the United States of America, globally there is no bigger sports mega-event on the planet than the World Cup. Starting from humble beginnings in the early 20th century the World Cup has grown to become a multibillion dollar industry and is widely regarded as the most viewed sporting event.
The inaugural World Cup was held in Uruguay in 1930 with just 13 teams and saw the host country win the first tournament while the United States best finish ever taking 3rd place. The World Cup has grown since then to now incorporate the top 32 teams on the planet and taking place every four years. This year we see the World Cup return to South America for the first time in 36 years as the 2014 edition will be hosted by Brazil; the only country to compete in every World Cup, winning a record five times.
By virtue of being the biggest event on the planet World Cup tickets are among the most expensive at an average price of $1,134 for this years tournament. It is customary for whatever country hosts the World Cup to participate in the opening game of the tournament which will see Brazil play Croatia on June 12th. Brazil tickets average a substantially higher price than any other World Cup tickets and as such command a staggering $2,252 for the opening game, double the average price of World Cup tickets.
Brazil finishes out the group stage of the World Cup playing Mexico on June 17th and Cameroon on June 23rd. Brazil tickets for their matchup with Mexico are going for $2,855 on average to be the highest of the Group Stage while their other game against Cameroon is more on par with the average of World Cup tickets coming in at $1,192.
The United States were not as fortunate as the Brazilian team who were cast into a favorable Group for the World Cup. In fact many have claimed that the US Men’s National team was drawn into the so called “Group of Death” which includes Germany, Portugal and Ghana; all of which are among the best in the World. The Americans begin with Ghana, the team that knocked them out of the 2010 World Cup, on June 16th for which United States tickets are averaging $593.
From there the Yankees will play Portugal and Germany in order wherein United States tickets are averaging $526 and $703 respectively. The American squad should beat Ghana and if they can pull the upset over Portugal or Germany they will be very likely to make it out of the Group Stage at this World Cup.
We are less than three months away from the start of this amazing tournament which brings people together in support of their countries instilling a strong sense of patriotism among them. With so little time left it would be wise to get your World Cup tickets now rather than wait until the last minute as you will need to book a flight and hotel which are quickly filling up.
Year-by-Year World Cup Results
Brazil
World Cup Tickets News
7-11-14: Despite a large 9% decrease in average ticket price, the 2014 World Cup final between Germany and Argentina is still the most expensive championship ticket of the year, at an average asking price of $6,863. The 3rd place match saw a small dip in price and now averages $1,325 on the secondary market.
7-10-14: For the first time ever, a World Cup semifinals match was decided by Penalty Kicks after a 0-0 draw. Argentina came away with the edge and a World Cup Final berth against Germany this weekend. The Netherlands will take on the hometown Brazil, who are looking to recover from an embarrassing semi-finals performance against the now-favorite Germany.
7-9-14: Social Media buzz around the World Cup exploded yesterday as Germany jumped out to a massive lead against Brazil, eventually scoring 7 unanswered goals. Common thoughts about the game trending included the famous Anchorman quote “That Escalated Quickly”, and pictures of Brazil fans emotionally scarred. Germany advances to the final this Sunday while Brazil will play in the 3rd place match this Saturday.
7-8-14: With just 4 matches to go in the World Cup, anticipation for the remaining squads is high. There seems to be no different feeling in the ticket market, with the current overall price of the remaining World Cup tickets at $5417.13. The final is by far the priciest of the bunch, at a nearly $8,000 average ticket price. The most expensive ticket listed is $9,782.
7-7-14: The World Cup has finally entered it's Final Four with Brazil set to face Germany on Tuesday and Argentina and the Netherlands squaring off on Wednesday. Surprisingly, the second match is currently more expensive World Cup ticket at an average price of over $3,000. The final on July 13th has reached it's highest mark yet, with the cheapest ticket nearly $5,000.
7-3-14: With the World Cup quarterfinals starting tomorrow, only one match has an average ticket price below $1,000. The Netherlands vs Costa Rica match currently averages $550.50, which an absolute bargain compared to the remainder of World Cup tickets. The 2nd most expensive quarterfinal game is Brazil vs. Colombia at an average resale price of $1,188.00
7-2-14: While the United States men's national team's World Cup hopes floundered during their extra time loss to Belgium, goalie Tom Howard has cemented himself into World Cup lore with a fantastic performance throughout the tournament. He's even been the subject of a barrage of memes featuring him making diving saves in front of unfortunate events including scenes from “The Lion King” and “Titanic”.
7-1-14: The World Cup's quarterfinals continue to be determined in extra time, as Argentina and Switzerland currently need extra time to decide a winner. Both matches on Monday were decided in regulation as France blanked Nigeria 2-0 and Germany passed Algeria 2-1. As of June 30th, no African teams remain in competition.
6-30-14: The World Cup Round of 16 has already seen 2 games end with penalty kicks after ties in regulation time. Brazil advanced over Chile with PK's on Saturday while Costa Rica continued their improbable run surpassing Greece after kicks. The Netherlands also defeated Mexico on Sunday and Colombia defeated Uruguay 2-0 on Saturday.
6-27-14: After a 1-0 loss to Germany, the United States found themselves in the Round of 16 for the second consecutive time. Despite the loss, the goal differential put them ahead of both Portugal and Ghana. They'll play Belgium on Tuesday, and are currently some of the cheapest World Cup tickets in the knockout round.
6-26-14: Today's World Cup lineup is full of implications for Group G, aka the “Group Of Death”. Both games are at 12 noon with United States facing Germany and Portugal squaring off against Ghana. The United States and Germany each guarantee an advance with a win or draw, leading some to speculate as to when and if the coaches of each team will decide to pull back their players and accept the draw decision.
6-25-14: Luis Suarez became a house hold name after the Uruguay star bit an Italian defender during Uruguay's 1-0 victory yesterday, knocking out Italy. Suarez quickly became an internet sensation as a number of memes popped up immediately. Even bite-victim Evander Holyfield got into the action, taking a jab at Suarez on twitter. It's not all a laughing matter though, as Suarez may end up being banned for the remainder of the World Cup.
6-23-14: The United States Men's National team saw a sure fire pass into the round of 16 dwindle with a last second goal given up to end their stellar game vs Portugal at a 2-2 tie. They will face Germany in their final match of the opening round. Yesterday's action also included Belgium defeating Russia 1-0 and Algeria doubling up the Korea Republic 4-2.
6-20-14: England has been eliminated from the World Cup after a loss to Uruguay and a Costa Rica win over Italy earlier today. This continues the trend of upsets as defending champions Spain were eliminated from contention on Tuesday. Today's action also includes Switzerland vs France and Honduras vs Ecuador, both airing on ESPN.
6-19-14: Wednesday's World Cup action saw the biggest shocker of the Cup thus far as Chile defeated Spain 2-0, ultimately eliminating Spain from advancing. Croatia shut out Cameroon 4-0 and Netherlands squeaked by Australia 3-2. Today's action includes Colombia/Cote d'Ivoire, Uruguay/England, and Japan vs Greece. The cheapest World Cup tickets for today's game is Australia/Netherlands.
6-18-14: Yesterday's World Cup action saw two draws and another close match. Belgium defeated Algeria 2-1 while Russia and Korea tied at 1. In the highlight match of the day; Brazil and Mexico fought evenly to a 0-0 draw. The US will return to action Sunday vs Portugal. Brazil's next match is Monday vs Cameroon.
6-17-14: The United States gained their first victory in the 2014 World Cup defeating Ghana 2-1. The US Men's National Team was eliminated from the World Cup in the previous two meetings. Star Clint Dempsey contributed the first goal for the US less than one minute into play. Neither team would score again until the second half where the US ultimately came out ahead.
6-16-14: World Cup Results from the first weekend of action included Brazil defeating Croatia in the opening match, 3-1. Friday was an unlucky 13th for Spain as they fell 5-1 to the Netherlands. Mexico & Chile also saw victory that day. Saturday was highlighted by a 2-1 Italy victory over England but also saw Colombia, Costa Rica, and Cote d'Ivoire come away victorious. Sunday featured two 2-1 results with Argentina and Switzerland as victors. France also shut out Honduras 3-0.
6-11-14: Despite early rumors of her cancellation, Jennifer Lopez has confirmed that she will be performing her song “We Are One” before Brazil's opening match vs Croatia. With extremely limited inventory available for that game, the average price is currently $1919, 172% above the World Cup average price. It is the most expensive non-semifinal or finals match of this year's World Cup. Brazil match vs Mexico on Tuesday currently averages $1340 on the secondary market, the second most expensive opening round World Cup tickets. Brazil's final opening round match vs Cameroon is trending downward 8% this week to an $823 average ticket price.
6-6-14: A cog was thrown in France's World Cup hopes when it was announced that Franck Ribery will miss the entire World Cup due to injury. France is currently scheduled to play Honduras, Switzerland, and Ecuador in the opening rounds. Of the three, the match vs Switzerland features the cheapest secondary market tickets.
6-4-14: According to an article posted on Soccerly.com along with TicketIQ data, games featuring the United State average nearly $100 less per ticket compared to the overall average for their group. The game vs Germany features the most expensive World Cup tickets for the USMNT while Portugal is currently the cheapest, averaging $398 per ticket on the secondary market.
5-12-14: The June 22nd match between United States and Portugal is now the cheapest World Cup tickets involving the US men's national team. At an average ticket price of $435 on the secondary market, it is down from $537 just one week ago. At $236, this match also has the cheapest “get-in” price of any of the United States games.
4-24-14: According to a recent article ran in the Associated Press, Team USA coach Jurgen Klinsmann is close to finalizing his 23 man roster for this year's World Cup. Forward Jozy Altidore is expected to lead the names. Team USA's 3 opening round games currently average $666.16 per ticket on the secondary market.
4-21-14: The Brazilian government looks to take advantage of the increased tourism around the World Cup by issuing an inflation spike. Services and good such as airline tickets, hotels, and restaurant bills could see anywhere from a 2% to 6% increase. Currently, the overall average price for World Cup tickets is $785. The average price for Brazil's match ups are the highest of the tournament, at $1449.
4-18-14: Chinese customs have taken control of over 1,000 replica World Cup trophies. Numerous boxes of the fakes we're seized at a Chinese warehouse. World Cup tickets currently average $814 on the secondary market. The cheapest match is Belguim vs Algeria on June 17th. The most expensive is the to be determined championship game.
4-14-14: According to a poll hosted by Reuters/Ipsos, nearly two-thirds of American have no plans to follow this summer's World Cup tournament. While soccer has grown in the United States via the MLS and more international stars playing for local teams, interest in the sport is still nowhere near that of the 4 major sports.
4-10-14: Joel Campbell of the Costa Rican national team, and Arsenal, admitting to buying 100 packs of Panini World Cup stickers in an effort to acquire one of himself. He was upset to find that off the 500 total, his wasnt one of them. There are 640 different variations of cards available in the set.
4-8-14: ABC News has reported that the airports in Brazil may not be ready for the increased World Cup travel and tourism. With fans expected from all countries involved in the tournament, only 2 of the 13 major airports in the country have finished with their improvements. Overall, World Cup tickets average $887 on the secondary market.
4-4-14: An episode of the Simpsons recently poked fun at the 2014 World Cup and saw Homer become a referee in an effort to end corruption around gambling on the tournament. Thanks to Bart's hijinks, Homer eventually landed himself in hot water with the Brazilian mob, but eventually found his way out of trouble.
4-3-14: The US and Mexico had some pre World Cup action at the University of Phoenix Stadium in Arizona yesterday. The game ended in a 2-2 draw. The average price for US games in the World Cup is $714. The average ticket price for Mexico games in the World Cup is $1055.
4-2-14: Fifa recently released a report that 1,591,435 tickets have been sold via the primary market for the World Cup. Of the 35% of tickets able to hit the international market, the top 4 purchasing countries have been: the United States (154,412 tickets), Australia (40,681 tickets), England (38,043 tickets), and Colombia (33,126 tickets).
4-1-14: The jerseys for the US national team during the World Cup caused quite a stir on social media on April 1st. While not being an April Fools Joke, the jerseys closely resemble a “Bomb Pop” popsicle stick. The Nike made jerseys are being sold on the official website of the men's national team for $90.
3-28-14: The current average price of World Cup tickets on the secondary market is $1081. The most expensive match is the to be determined Finals on July 13th. At an average re-sale price of $4,134 it is 282% above the cup average. The cheapest match is Switzerland vs France on June 20th. Tickets average $389, which is 64% below the Cup average.
3-27-14: Long time Barcelona goal keeper Victor Valdés suffered a gruesome injury during the team's victory over Celta Vigo that will keep him out of this year's World Cup. The 32 year old and 12 year veteran suffered a torn anterior cruciate ligament and will miss at least the next six months of action.
3-26-14: The 5 cheapest World Cup tickets thus far are: Match 21 - Colombia vs. Cote d'Ivoire, Match 25 - Switzerland vs. France, Match 41 - Honduras vs. Switzerland, Match 22 - Japan vs. Greece, and Match 10 - France vs. Honduras. The cheapest US match is Match 30 - United States vs. Portugal
3-24-14: The official song of the 2014 World Cup was released earlier today. Shakira's “La La La” is a reversion of her hit “Dare”. The song takes Brazilian elements to celebrate the Cup being held in Brazil. Shakira is in a relationship with FC Barcelona center back Gerard Pique. Their son makes an appearance at the end of the track too.
3-21-14: The 5 cheapest World Cup matches on the secondary market are: Match 12 Iran vs Nigeria, Match 21 Colombia vs Cote d'Ivoire, Match 9 Switzerland vs Ecuador, Match 41 Honduras vs Switzerland, and Match 22 Japan vs Greece. Overall tickets for the 2014 World Cup feature an average asking price of $1,105.
3-20-14: ESPN's World Cup power rankings from March 7th: 1. Brazil, 2. Spain, 3. Germany, 4. Argentina, 5. Italy, 6. Belgium, 7. Colombia, 8. Chile, 9. Netherlands, 10. France. Dropping out of the top 10 was Uruguay. The current average asking price for 2014 World Cup tickets on the secondary market is $1107.
3-18-14: Soccer fans will get their last chance to buy tickets for the 2014 World Cup when the final sales phase begins on Wednesday, FIFA has announced. Some 345,000 tickets will be available on a first-come, first-served basis. Sales begin at midday central European time and will run until April 1 at the FIFA.com website.
3-17-14: 2014 World Cup tickets currently average $1,137 on the secondary market. The cheapest session is Match 9 on June 15th with Switzerland vs Ecudaor. The current most expensive is the to be announced July 13th championship game. Team USA's current most expensive game is June 26th vs Germany at Arena Pernambuco, with an average ticket price of $703.
Here's a breakdown of each matches average price and get-in price, as well as the overall average price for World Cup tickets:
Match Number
$4,153.53
$3,537
3-4-14: It has been reported that over 2.3 MM 2014 World Cup tickets have been sold to fans already, with over 125,000 going to the United States. On TicketIQ, we have almost 5,000 World Cup tickets available for an average price of $1,113.45.
3-3-14: Currently, we have 4,572 2014 World Cup tickets available for all 64 matches of the World’s biggest sports tournament. The average price of World Cup tickets is $1,113.68.
Prices for the World Cup semifinals are currently averaging $2530.55 and $3017.16, while World Cup finals tickets are averaging $3999.37. There are less than 120 tickets available for all of these matches and get-in prices are all over $1,500.
US Soccer matches for the group stage are some of the most expensive group stage matches. World Cup tickets for their opener against Ghana are averaging $594.33 ($454 get-in), their second match against Portugal are averaging $763.47 ($386), and their final group stage match against Germany is averaging $691.80 (get-in $441).
12-6-13: Here are the groups for the 2014 World Cup:
Group A: Brazil, Croatia, Cameroon, Mexico
Group B: Spain, Netherlands, Chile, Australia
Group C: Colombia, Greece, Ivory Coast, Japan
Group D: Uruguay, Costa Rica, England, Italy
Group E: Switzerland, Ecuador, France, Honduras
Group F: Argentina, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Iran, Nigeria
Group G: Germany, Portugal, Ghana, USA
Group H: Belgium, Algeria, Russia, South Korea
12-5-13: World Cup tickets are currently averaging a whopping $1795 per seat, with some tickets available for as high as $2775.
12-3-13: Here's a look at the World Cup Soccer pots for Friday's group drawing.
Pot 1 (seeded teams): Brazil, Spain, Germany, Argentina, Colombia, Belgium, Switzerland and Uruguay
Pot 2 (Africa/South America): Algeria, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Chile and Ecuador
Pot 3 (Asia/North and Central America): United States, Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico, Australia, Iran, Japan and South Korea
Pot 4 (Europe): Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, England, France, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal and Russia.
2014 FIFA World Cup Rosters
ALGERIA
Goalkeepers: Rais M’bolhi (CSKA Sofia), Mohamed Zemmamouche (USM Alger), Ezzdine Doukha (USM El Harrach), Mohamed Cdric (CS Constantine)
Defenders: Essaid Belkalem (Watford), Madjid Bougherra (free agent), Lyassine Cadamuro (Real Mallorca), Faouzi Ghoulam (Napoli), Rafik Halliche (Academica Coimbra), Nacereddine Khoualed (USM Alger), Aissa Mandi (Reims), Mehdi Mostefa (Ajaccio), Carl Medjani (Valenciennes), Djamel Mesbah (Livorno)
Midfielders: Nabil Bentaleb (Tottenham), Ryad Boudebouz (Bastia), Yacine Brahimi (Granada), Adlene Guedioura (Crystal Palace), Amir Karaoui (ES Setif), Medhi Lacen (Getafe), Saphir Taider (Inter Milan), Hassen Yebda (Udinese)
Forwards: Rafik Djebour (Nottingham Forest), Abdelmoumen Djabou (Club Africain), Sofiane Feghouli (Valencia), Ryad Mahrez (Leicester City), Islam Slimani (Sporting Lisbon), Hilal Soudani (Dinamo Zagreb), Foued Kadir (Rennes), Nabil Ghilas (FC Porto)
BELGIUM
Goalkeepers: Thibaut Courtois (Chelsea), Simon Mignolet (Liverpool), Koen Casteels (Hoffenheim), Silvio Proto (Anderlecht)
Defenders: Toby Alderweireld (Atletico Madrid), Anthony Vanden Borre (Anderlecht), Laurent Ciman (Standard Liege), Jan Vertonghen (Tottenham), Vincent Kompany (Manchester City), Daniel Van Buyten (Bayern Munich), Thomas Vermaelen (Arsenal), Nicolas Lombaerts (Zenit)
Midfielders: Axel Witsel (Zenit), Steven Defour, Marouane Fellaini (Manchester United), Nacer Chadli (Tottenham), Moussa Dembele (Tottenham), Kevin De Bruyne (Wolfsburg), Adnan Januzaj (Manchester United), Eden Hazard (Chelsea)
Forwards: Dries Mertens (Napoli), Kevin Mirallas (Everton), Romelu Lukaku (Chelsea), Divock Origi (Lille)
Alternates: Sebastien Pocognoli (Hannover), Radja Nainggolan (Cagliari), Thorgan Hazard (Chelsea), Jelle Van Damme (Standard Liege), Guillaume Gillet (Anderlecht), Michy Batshuayi (Standard Liege)
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA
Goalkeepers: Asmir Begovic (Stoke City), Asmir Avdukic (Borac Banja Luka), Jasmin Fejzic (VFR Aalen).
Defenders: Emir Spahic (Bayer Leverkusen), Toni Sunjic (Zorya Lugansk), Sead Kolasinac (Schalke), Ognjen Vranjes (Elazigspor), Ervin Zukanovic (Gent), Ermin Bicakcic (Eintracht Braunschweig), Muhamed Besic (Ferencvaros).
Midfielders: Miralem Pjanic (Roma), Izet Hajrovic (Galatasaray), Mensur Mujdza (Freiburg), Haris Medunjanin (Gaziantepspor), Senad Lulic (Lazio), Anel Hadzic (Sturm), Tino Susic (Hajduk), Sejad Salihovic (Hoffenheim), Zvjezdan Misimovic (Guizhour Renhe), Senijad Ibricic (Erciyesspor), Avdija Vrsaljevic (Hajduk).
Forwards: Vedad Ibisevic (VfB Stuttgart), Edin Dzeko (Manchester City), Edin Visca (Istanbul BB).
BRAZIL
Goalkeepers: Julio Cesar (Toronto FC), Jefferson (Botafogo), Victor (Atlético Mineiro)
Defenders: Dani Alves (Barcelona), Maicon (Roma), Marcelo (Real Madrid), Maxwell (PSG), Thiago Silva (PSG), David Luiz (Chelsea), Dante (Bayern Munich), Henrique (Napoli)
Midfielders: Luiz Gustavo (Wolfsburg), Hernanes (Inter Milan), Paulinho (Tottenham), Ramires (Chelsea), Oscar (Chelsea), Fernandinho (Manchester City), Willian (Chelsea)
Forwards: Hulk (Zenit), Neymar (Barcelona), Fred (Fluminense), Jô (Atlético Mineiro), Bernard (Shakhtar Donetsk)
CAMEROON
Goalkeepers: Charles Itandje (Konyaspor), Ndy Assembe (Guingamp), Sammy Ndjock (Fetihespor), Loic Feudjou (Coton Sport)
Defenders: Allan Nyom (Granada), Dany Nounkeu (Besiktas), Cedric Djeugoue (Coton Sport), Aurelien Chedjou (Galatasaray), Nicolas Nkoulou (Marseille), Armel Kana-Biyik (Rennes), Henri Bedimo (Lyon), Benoit Assou-Ekotto (QPR), Gaetang Bong (Olympiakos)
Midfielders: Eyong Enoh (Antalyaspor), Jean II Makoun (Rennes), Joel Matip (Schalke 04), Stephane Mbia (Sevilla), Landry Nguemo (Bordeaux), Alexandre Song (Barcelona), Cedric Loe (Osasuna), Edgar Sally (Lens)
Forwards: Samuel Eto’o (Chelsea), Eric Choupo Moting (Mainz), Benjamin Moukandjo (Nancy), Vincent Aboubakar (Lorient), Achille Webo (Fenerbahce), Mohamadou Idrissou (Kaiserslautern), Fabrice Olinga (Zulte-Waregem)
CHILE
Goalkeepers: Claudio Bravo (Real Sociedad), Johnny Herrera (Universidad de Chile), Paulo Garces (O’Higgins), Cristopher Toselli (Universidad Catolica)
Defenders: Gary Medel (Cardiff), Gonzalo Jara (Nottingham Forest), Mauricio Isla (Juventus), Eugenio Mena (Santos), Marcos Gonzalez (Union Espanola, Chile), Enzo Andia (Universidad Catolica, Chile), Jose Rojas (Universidad de Chile)
Midfielders: Arturo Vidal (Juventus), Jorge Valdivia (Palmeiras), Miiko Albornoz (Malmo), Marcelo Diaz (Basel), Felipe Gutierrez (FC Twente), Rodrigo Millar (Atlas), Jose Pedro Fuenzalida (Colo Colo, Chile), Pedro Pablo Hernandez (O’Higgins, Chile), Matias Fernandez (Fiorentina), Francisco Silva (Osasuna), Charles Aranguiz (Internacional), Carlos Carmona (Atalanta), Jean Beausejour (Wigan)
Forwards: Alexis Sanchez (Barcelona), Esteban Paredes (Colo Colo), Eduardo Vargas (Valencia), Gustavo Canales (Union Espanola), Mauricio Pinilla (Cagliari), Fabian Orellana (Celta)
COSTA RICA
Goalkeepers: Keilor Navas (Levante), Patrick Pemberton (Alajuelense), Daniel Cambronero (Herediano), Esteban Alvarado (AZ Alkmaar)
Defenders: Johnny Acosta (Alajuelense), Giancarlo González (Columbus Crew), Michael Umaña (Saprissa), Oscar Duarte (Brujas), Waylon Francis (Columbus Crew), Heiner Mora (Saprissa), Junior Díaz (Mainz 05), Christian Gamboa (Rosenborg), Roy Miller (New York Red Bulls), Kendall Waston (Saprissa)
Midfielders: Celso Borges (AIK), Christian Bolaños (Copenhagen), Oscar Esteban Granados (Herediano), Michael Barrantes (AAlesund), Yeltsin Tejeda (Saprissa), Diego Calvo (Valerenga), José Miguel Cubero (Herediano), Carlos Hernández (Wellington Phoenix), Ariel Rodríguez (Alajuelense), Hansell Arauz (Saprissa)
Forwards: Álvaro Saborío (Real Salt Lake), Bryan Ruiz (PSV Eindhoven), Joel Campbell (Olympiakos FC), Randall Brenes (Cartaginés), Marco Ureña (FC Kubán Krasnodar), Jairo Arrieta (Columbus Crew)
ECUADOR
Goalkeepers: Maximo Banguera (Barcelona, Ecuador), Adrian Bone (El Nacional), Alexander Dominguez (Liga de Quito)
Defenders: Gabriel Achilier (Emelec), Walter Ayovi (Pachuca), Oscar Bagui (Emelec), Frickson Erazo (Flamengo), Jorge Guagua (Emelec), Juan Carlos Paredes (Barcelona, Ecuador), Cristian Ramirez (Fortuna Duesseldorf)
Midfielders: Segundo Castillo (Al Hilal), Carlos Gruezo (Stuttgart), Renato Ibarra (Vitesse Arnhem), Fidel Martinez (Tijuana), Cristian Noboa (Dynamo Moscow), Pedro Quinonez (Emelec), Luis Saritama (Barcelona, Ecuador), Antonio Valencia (Manchester United)
Forwards: Jaime Ayovi (Tijuana), Felipe Caicedo (Al-Jazira), Jefferson Montero (Morelia), Joao Rojas (Cruz Azul), Enner Valencia (Pachuca), Armando Wila (Universidad Catolica)
ENGLAND
Goalkeepers: Joe Hart (Manchester City), Ben Foster (West Bromwich Albion), Fraser Forster (Celtic)
Defenders: Leighton Baines (Everton), Gary Cahill (Chelsea), Phil Jagielka (England), Glen Johnson (Liverpool), Phil Jones (Manchester United), Luke Shaw (Southampton), Chris Smalling (Manchester United)
Midfielders: Ross Barkley (Everton), Steven Gerrard (Liverpool), Jordan Henderson (Liverpool), Adam Lallana (Southampton), Frank Lampard (Chelsea), James Milner (Manchester City), Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain (Arsenal), Raheem Sterling (Liverpool), Jack Wilshere (Arsenal)
Forwards: Rickie Lambert (Southampton), Wayne Rooney (Manchester United), Daniel Sturridge (Liverpool), Daniel Welbeck (Manchester United)
Alternates: John Ruddy (Norwich City), Jon Flanagan (Liverpool), John Stones (Everton), Michael Carrick (Manchester United), Tom Cleverley (Manchester United), Andy Carroll (West Ham United), Jermain Defoe (Toronto FC)
GERMANY
Goalkeepers: Manuel Neuer (Bayern Munich), Roman Weidenfeller (Borussia Dortmund), Ron-Robert Zieler (Hannover)
Defenders: Jerome Boateng (Bayern Munich), Erik Durm (Borussia Dortmund), Kevin Grosskreutz (Borussia Dortmund), Benedikt Howedes (Schalke), Mats Hummels (Borussia Dortmund), Marcell Jansen (Hamburg), Philipp Lahm (Bayern Munich), Per Mertesacker (Arsenal), Shkodran Mustafi (Sampdoria), Marcel Schmelzer (Borussia Dortmund)
Midfielders: Lars Bender (Borussia Dortmund), Julian Draxler (Schalke), Matthias Ginter (Freiburg), Leon Goretzka (Schalke), Mario Gotze (Bayern Munich), Andre Hahn (Augsburg), Sami Khedira (Real Madrid), Toni Kroos (Bayern Munich), Max Meyer (Schalke), Thomas Muller (Bayern Munich), Mesut Ozil (Arsenal), Lukas Podolski (Arsenal), Marco Reus (Borussia Dortmund), Andre Schurrle (Chelsea), Bastian Schweinsteiger (Bayern Munich)
Forwards: Miroslav Klose (Lazio), Kevin Volland (Hoffenheim)
GHANA
Goalkeepers: Adam Kwarasey (Stromsgodset), Fatau Dauda (Orlando Pirates), Stephen Adams (Aduana Stars)
Defenders: Samuel Inkoom (Platanias), Daniel Opare (Standard Liege), Harrison Afful (Esperance), Jeffrey Schullp (Leicester City), John Boye (Rennes), Jonathan Mensah (Evian), Jerry Akaminko (Eskisehirspor), Rashid Sumaila (Mamelodi Sundowns)
Midfielders: Michael Essien (AC Milan), Rabiu Mohammed (Kuban Krasnodar), Agyemang Badu (Udinese), Kwadwo Asamoah (Juventus), Sulley Muntari (AC Milan), Albert Adomah (Middlesborough), Wakasu Mubarak (Rubin Kazan), Christian Atsu (Vitesse), David Accam (Helsingborg), Andre Ayew (Marseille), Afriyie Acquah (Parma)
Forwards: Asamoah Gyan (Al-Ain), Kevin-Prince Boateng (Schalke), Abdul Majeed Waris (Valenciennes), Jordan Ayew (Sochaux)
HONDURAS
Goalkeepers: Donis Escober (Olimpia), Luis Lopez (Real Espana), Noel Valladares (Olimpia)
Defenders: Brayan Beckeles (Olimpia), Osman Chavez (Qingdao Jonoon), Maynor Figueroa (Hull City), Juan Carlos Garcia (Wigan), Emilio Izaguirre (Celtic), Arnold Peralta (Rangers), Juan Pablo Montes (Motagua)
Midfielders: Marvin Chavez (Colorado Rapids), Jorge Claros (Motagua), Roger Espinoza (Wigan), Oscar Boniek Garcia (Houston Dynamo), Luis Garrido (Olimpia), Mario Martinez (Real Espana), Wilson Palacios (Stoke), Andy Najar (Anderlecht)
Forwards: Jerry Bengtson (New England Revolution), Carlo Costly (Real Espana), Rony Martinez (Real Sociedad), Jerry Palacios (Alajuelense)
IRAN
Goalkeepers: Daniel Davari (Eintracht Braunschweig), Alireza Haghighi (Sporting Covilha, on loan from Rubin Kazan), Rahman Ahmadi (Sepahan), Sousha Makani (Foolad Khuzestan)
Defenders: Khosro Heidari (Esteghlal), Hossein Mahini (Persepolis), Steven Beitashour (Vancouver Whitecaps), Pejman Montazeri (Umm Salal), Jalal Hosseini (Persepolis), Amir Sadeghi (Esteghlal), Mohammad Reza Khanzadeh (Zob Ahan), Ahmad Alenemeh (Naft), Hashem Beikzadeh (Esteghlal), Ehsan Hajsafi (Sepahan), Mehrdad Pooladi (Persepolis)
Midfielders: Javad Nekounam (Al Kuwait), Andranik Teymourian (Esteghlal), Reza Haghighi (Persepolis), Ghasem Hadadifar (Zob Ahan), Bakhtiyar Rahmani (Foolad), Alireza Jahanbakhsh (NEC Nijmegen), Ashkan Dejagah (Fulham)
Forwards: Masoud Shojaei (Las Palmas), Mohammad Reza Khalatbari (Persepolis), Mehdi Sharifi (Sepahan), Reza Ghoochannejhad (Charlton), Karim Ansarifard (Tractor Sazi), Sardar Azmoun (Rubin Kazan)
ITALY
Goalkeepers: Gianluigi Buffon (Juventus), Mattia Perin (Genoa), Salvatore Sirigu (Paris Saint Germain), Antonio Mirante (Parma)
Defenders: Ignazio Abate (Milan), Andrea Barzagli (Juventus), Leonardo Bonucci (Juventus), Giorgio Chiellini (Juventus), Matteo Darmian (Torino), Mattia De Sciglio (Milan), Christian Maggio (Napoli), Gabriel Paletta (Parma), Manuel Pasqual (Fiorentina), Andrea Ranocchia (Inter)
Midfielders: Alberto Aquilani (Fiorentina), Antonio Candreva (Lazio), Daniele De Rossi (Roma), Claudio Marchisio (Juventus), Ricardo Montolivo (Milan), Thiago Motta (Paris Saint Germain), Marco Parolo (Parma), Andrea Pirlo (Juventus), Romulo (Verona), Marco Verratti (Paris Saint Germain)
Forwards: Mario Balotelli (Milan), Antonio Cassano (Parma), Alessio Cerci (Torino), Mattia Destro (Roma), Ciro Immobile (Torino), Lorenzo Insigne (Napoli), Giuseppie Rossi (Fiorentina)
IVORY COAST
Goalkeepers: Boubacar Barry (Lokeren), Sylvain Gbohouo (Sewe San Pedro), Sayouba Mande (Stabaek), Badra Ali Sangare (ASEC Mimosas)
Defenders: Serge Aurier (Toulouse), Benjamin Angoua (Valenciennes), Brice Dja Djedje (Marseille), Jean-Daniel Akpa-Akpro (Toulouse), Didier Zokora (Trabzonspor), Kolo Toure (Liverpool), Souleman Bamba (Trabzonspor), Arthur Boka (Stuttgart), Constant Djakpa (Eintracht Frankfurt), Ousmane Viera (Rizespor)
Midfielders: Cheik Tiote (Newcastle), Serey Die (FC Basel), Ismael Diomande (Saint-Etienne), Didier Ya Konan (Hannover), Yaya Toure (Manchester City), Max Gradel (Saint-Etienne), Mathis Bolly (Fortuna Dusseldorf)
Forwards: Didier Drogba (Galatasaray), Wilfried Bony (Swansea), Gervinho (Roma), Salomon Kalou (Lille), Lacina Traore (Everton), Giovanni Sio (FC Basel), Seydou Doumbia (CSKA Moscow)
JAPAN
Goalkeepers: Eiji Kawashima (Standard Liege), Shusaku Nishikawa (Urawa Reds), Shuichi Gonda (FC Tokyo)
Defenders: Yasuyuki Konno (Gamba Osaka), Masahiko Inoha (Jubilo Iwata), Yuto Nagatomo (Inter Milan), Masato Morishige (FC Tokyo), Atsuto Uchida (Schalke), Maya Yoshida (Southampton), Hiroki Sakai (Hannover 96), Gotoku Sakai (Stuttgart)
Midfielders: Yasuhito Endo (Gamba Osaka), Makoto Hasebe (Nuremberg), Toshihiro Aoyama (Sanfrecce Hiroshima), Hotaru Yamaguchi (Cerezo Osaka), Keisuke Honda (AC Milan), Shinji Kagawa (Manchester United)
Forwards: Yoshito Okubo (Kawasaki Frontale), Shinji Okazaki (Mainz), Hiroshi Kiyotake (Nurnberg), Yoichiro Kakitani (Cerezo Osaka), Manabu Saito (Yokohama F-Marinos), Yuya Osako (1860 Munich)
MEXICO
Goalkeepers: Jesus Corona (Cruz Azul), Guillermo Ochoa (Ajaccio), Alfredo Talavera (Toluca)
Defenders: Rafa Marquez (Leon), Diego Reyes (Porto), Miguel Layun (America), Paul Aguilar (America), Andres Guardado (Leverkusen), Hector Moreno (Espanyol), Francisco Rodriguez (America), Carlos Salcido (Tigres UANL)
Midfielders: Carlos Pena (Leon), Hector Herrera (Porto), Isaac Brizuela (Toluca), Marco Fabian (Cruz Azul), Juan Carlos Medina (America), Luis Montes (Leon), Jose Juan Vazquez (Leon)
Forwards: Javier Hernandez (Manchester United), Giovani dos Santos (Villarreal), Raul Jimenez (America), Alan Pulido (Tigres), Oribe Peralta (Santos Laguna)
NIGERIA
Goalkeepers: Vincent Enyeama (Lille FC), Austin Ejide (Hapoel Be’er Sheva), Daniel Akpeyi (Warri Wolves), Chigozie Agbim (Gombe United)
Defenders: Elderson Echiejile (AS Monaco), Efe Ambrose (Celtic), Godfrey Oboabona (Rizespor), Azubuike Egwuekwe (Warri Wolves), Kenneth Omeruo (Middlesbrough), Juwon Oshaniwa (Ashdod FC), Joseph Yobo (Norwich City), Kunle Odunlami (Sunshine Stars).
Midfielders: John Mikel Obi (Chelsea), Ramon Azeez (Almeria FC); Ogenyi Onazi (SS Lazio), Joel Obi (Parma), Nnamdi Oduamadi (Varese), Ejike Uzoenyi (Enugu Rangers), Nosa Igiebor (Real Betis), Sunday Mba (CA Bastia), Reuben Gabriel (Waasland-Beveren), Michael Babatunde (Volyn Lutsk).
Forwards: Ahmed Musa (CSKA Moscow), Shola Ameobi (Newcastle United), Emmanuel Emenike (Fenerbahce), Obinna Nsofor (Chievo Verona), Peter Odemwingie (Stoke City), Michael Uchebo (Cercle Brugge), Victor Moses (Liverpool), Uche Nwofor (Heerenveen)
PORTUGAL
Goalkeepers: Anthony Lopes (Lyon), Beto (Sevilha), Eduardo (SC Braga), Rui Patrício (Sporting)
Defenders: André Almeida (Benfica), Antunes (Málaga), Bruno Alves (Fenerbahçe), Fábio Coentrão (Real Madrid), João Pereira (Valência), Neto (Zenit), Pepe (Real Madrid), Ricardo Costa (Valência), Rolando (Inter)
Midfielders: André Gomes (Benfica), João Mário (Vitória FC), João Moutinho (Mónaco), Miguel Veloso (D. Kiev), Raul Meireles (Fenerbahçe), Rúben Amorim (Benfica), William Carvalho (Sporting)
Forwards: Cristiano Ronaldo (Real Madrid), Éder (SC Braga), Hélder Postiga (Lazio), Hugo Almeida (Besiktas), Ivan Cavaleiro (Benfica), Nani (Manchester United), Rafa (SC Braga), Ricardo Quaresma (FC Porto), Varela (FC Porto), Vieirinha (Wolfsburg)
RUSSIA
Goalkeepers: Igor Akinfeev (CSKA Moscow), Yury Lodygin (Zenit St Petersburg), Sergei Ryzhikov (Rubin Kazan)
Defenders: Alexander Anyukov (Zenit St Petersburg), Alexei Berezutsky (CSKA Moscow), Vasily Berezutsky (CSKA Moscow), Sergei Ignashevich (CSKA Moscow), Georgy Shchennikov (CSKA Moscow), Vladimir Granat (Dynamo Moscow), Alexei Kozlov (Dynamo Moscow), Andrei Yeshchenko (Anzhi Makhachkala), Dmitry Kombarov (Spartak Moscow), Andrei Semenov (Terek Grozny)
Midfielders: Igor Denisov, Yury Zhirkov (both Dynamo Moscow), Alan Dzagoev (CSKA Moscow), Yury Gazinsky (FC Krasnodar), Roman Shirokov (FC Krasnodar), Denis Glushakov (Spartak Moscow), Pavel Mogilevets (Rubin Kazan), Viktor Faizulin (Zenit St Petersburg), Oleg Shatov (Zenit St Petersburg)
Forwards: Vladimir Bystrov (Anzhi Makhachkala), Alexander Kerzhakov (Zenit St Petersburg), Artem Dzyuba (Rostov), Alexei Ionov (Dynamo Moscow), Alexander Kokorin (Dynamo Moscow), Maxim Kanunnikov (Amkar Perm), Pavel Pogrebnyak (Reading), Alexander Samedov (Lokomotiv Moscow)
SOUTH KOREA
Goalkeepers: Jung Sung-ryeong (Suwon Bluewings), Kim Seung-gyu (Ulsan Horang-i), Lee Bom-young (Busan I’Park)
Defenders: Kim Jin-soo (Albirex Niigata), Yun Suk-young (QPR), Kim Young-kwon (Guangzhou Evergrande), Hwang Seok-ho (Sanfrecce Hiroshima), Hong Jeong-ho (Augsburg), Kwak Tae-hwi (Al Hilal), Lee Yong (Ulsan Horang-i), Kim Chang-soo (Kashiwa Reysol)
Midfielders: Ki Seung-yeung (Sunderland), Ha Dae-sung (Beijing Guoan), Han Kook-young (Kashiwa Reysol), Park Jung-woo (Guangzhou R&F), Son Heung-min (Bayer Leverkusen), Kim Bo-kyoung (Cardiff City), Lee Chung-yong (Bolton), Ji Dong-won (Augsburg)
Forwards: Koo Ja-cheol (Mainz), Lee Keun-ho (Sangju Sangmu), Park Chu-young (Arsenal), Kim Shin-wook (Ulsan Horang-i)
SPAIN
Goalkeepers: Iker Casillas (Real Madrid), Pepe Reina (Napoli), David de Gea (Manchester United)
Defenders: Juanfran Torres (Atletico Madrid), Cesar Azpilicueta (Chelsea), Jordi Alba (Barcelona), Sergio Ramos (Real Madrid), Gerard Pique (Barcelona), Raul Albiol (Napoli), Javi Martinez (Bayern Munich), Alberto Moreno (Sevilla), Dani Carvajal (Real Madrid)
Midfielders: Sergio Busquets (Barcelona), Xabi Alonso (Real Madrid), Xavi Hernandez (Barcelona), Koke (Atletico Madrid), Thiago Alcantara (Bayern Munich), Jesus Navas (Manchester City), David Silva (Manchester City), Andres Iniesta (Barcelona), Santi Cazorla (Arsenal), Ander Iturraspe (Athletic Bilbao), Juan Mata (Manchester United)
Forwards: Cesc Fabregas (Barcelona), Pedro Rodriguez (Barcelona), Alvaro Negredo (Manchester City), Diego Costa (Atletico Madrid), David Villa (Atletico Madrid), Fernando Torres (Chelsea), Fernando Llorente (Juventus)
SWITZERLAND
Goalkeepers: Diego Benaglio (Wolfsburg), Roman Buerki (Grasshopper), Yann Sommer (Basel)
Defenders: Johan Djourou (Hamburg), Michael Lang (Grasshopper), Stephan Lichtsteiner (Juventus), Ricardo Rodriguez (Wolfsburg), Fabian Schaer (Basel), Philippe Senderos (Valencia), Steve von Bergen (Young Boys), Reto Ziegler (Sassuolo)
Midfielders: Tranquillo Barnetta (Eintracht Frankfurt), Valon Behrami (Napoli), Blerim Dzemaili (Napoli), Gelson Fernandes (Freiburg), Goekhan Inler (Napoli), Xherdan Shaqiri (Bayern Munich), Valentin Stocker (Basel)
Forwards: Josip Drmic (Nurnberg), Mario Gavranovic (Zurich), Admir Mehmedi (Freiburg), Haris Seferovic (Real Sociedad), Granit Xhaka (Borussia Moenchengladbach)
Alternates: Marwin Hitz (Augsburg), Timm Klose (Wolfsburg), Silvan Widmer (Udinese), Eren Derdiyok (Bayer Leverkusen), Fabian Frei (Basel), Pajtim Kasami (Fulham), Pirmin Schwegler (Eintracht Frankfurt)
UNITED STATES
Goalkeepers: Tim Howard (Everton), Brad Guzan (Aston Villa), Nick Rimando (Real Salt Lake)
Defenders: DaMarcus Beasley (Puebla), Matt Besler (Sporting Kansas City), John Brooks (Hertha Berlin), Geoff Cameron (Stoke City), Timmy Chandler (Nürnberg), Brad Evans (Seattle Sounders FC), Omar Gonzalez (LA Galaxy), Clarence Goodson (San Jose Earthquakes), Fabian Johnson (Hoffenheim), Michael Parkhurst (Columbus Crew), DeAndre Yedlin (Seattle Sounders FC)
Midfielders: Kyle Beckerman (Real Salt Lake), Alejandro Bedoya (Nantes), Michael Bradley (Toronto FC), Joe Corona (Club Tijuana), Brad Davis (Houston Dynamo), Mix Diskerud (Rosenborg), Maurice Edu (Philadelphia Union), Julian Green (Bayern Munich), Jermaine Jones (Besiktas), Graham Zusi (Sporting Kansas City)
Forwards: Jozy Altidore (Sunderland), Terrence Boyd (Rapid Vienna), Clint Dempsey (Seattle Sounders FC), Landon Donovan (LA Galaxy), Aron Johannsson (AZ Alkmaar), Chris Wondolowski (San Jose Earthquakes)
URUGUAY
Goalkeepers: Fernando Muslera (Galatasaray), Martin Silva (Vasco Da Gama), Rodrigo Munoz (Libertad)
Defenders: Diego Lugano (West Bromwich Albion), Diego Godin (Atletico Madrid), Jose Maria Gimenez (Atletico Madrid), Martin Caceres (Juventus), Maximiliano Pereira (Benfica), Jorge Fucile (Porto), Sebastian Coates (Nacional)
Midfielders: Egidio Arevalo Rios (Morelia), Walter Gargano (Parma), Diego Perez (Bologna), Sebastian Eguren (Palmeiras), Alvaro Gonzalez (Lazio), Alejandro Silva (Lanus), Alvaro Pereira (San Pablo), Cristian Rodriguez (Atletico Madrid), Gaston Ramirez (Southampton), Nicolas Lodeiro (Botafogo)
Forwards: Luis Suarez (Liverpool), Edinson Cavani (PSG), Diego Forlan (Cerezo Osaka), Cristian Stuani (Espanyol), Abel Hernandez (Palermo)
World Cup Highlight Videos
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"Graffitied and repainted often since 1980, and obliterated in 2014 except from the ironic statement ""Wall is over"", the 'Freedom Wall' in Prague celebrates whose memory?"
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CP January 2015 online by CityPages Kuwait - issuu
issuu
61
JANUARY 2015
issuu.com/citypageskuwait Scan this QR code with your smart phone /tablet and enjoy reading CityPages. To read it on your computer, simply visit the web link above.
Designing fur for chic, trendy and modern women
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LIFESTYLE / PEOPLE / EVENTS / FASHION
ﻟﻴﺰﺭ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑـــ
20
ﺩ.ﻙ *ﻻ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ
ﻟﻴﺰﺭ ﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ
contents ISSUE 61, VOLUME 5, JANUARY 2015
100
36 122
BEAUTY
28. Intersection 30. Black And White 32. Parenting Tips For 2015 34. Introduction To Hospitality 110. Movies And Their Impact On Society
96. Winter Skin Survival 98. Perfume Extracting
ENTERTAINMENT 106. Music With MJB 107. Top Music Charts 108. January Movie Releases
FASHION
68. Vogue Fashion Dubai Experience 70. Fashion Photo Shoot -Mosaic 90. Fashion Photo Shoot-Winter Desert Rose 130. Fashion News
FEATURE
18. Welcome To Another Effing New Year 20. Festive Day 22. New Year’s Reading Resolutions 24. Rant And Rabbit III 26. ٢٠١٥ ً أهال
64
84
FOOD
64. Ditch The Shrink And Gym It Instead To A Better You This 2015! 66. New Year-New Resolutions
84. Nat’s Kitchen Tales. . . With Love
contents ISSUE 61, VOLUME 5, JANUARY 2015
90
42. Presbyopia 44. Belly Fat IS Bad! 46. Spotlight On Recent Developments In
114
48. Early Labor 50. The Salhiya Medical Pavilion
36
154
INTERVIEW
36. Alessandra Vicedomini 56. Shaima Namovar 100. Maali Al-Oudah 112. Latifa Al-Gallaf 122. One-On-One With Kinda AlFaris
KIDS
154. Kids Pages
114. Short Stories By Nadia AlHassan 116. The Beauty In Quietude 118. Writing Tips By Nada Faris
60. Ways To Keep Your New Year Resolutions
62. Ten New Year Resolutions To Keep For 2015
124
TECHNOLOGY
124. Cool New Gadgets 126. Tech Updates & News 128. Three Resolutions To Keep This Year
REGULARS 59. The Color Recipe 86. City Guide 88. Travel With MuzMuz 120. January Book Releases 121. Book Club 136. Diary Of A Citizen Of The World 137. Adopt A Street Princess 139. Events 146. Press 152. Say Cheez With CityPages 156. Homework For Grown Ups 158. Horoscopes
Dear Readers… Dhari Al-Muhareb Editor-in-Chief
Jameel Arif
General Manager & Editor Eng. Homoud AlMuhareb Publishing Director
Abeer Al-Abduljalil Managing Editor
Muhammed Altaf Sr. Sales Manager
Claudia Farias
Content Supervisor
Tanya Burns
Creative Director Graphic Designers Mohammed Syed Khaled Al-Enezi Contributing Team Nadia Al-Hassan Abdullah Y. Shams AlDeen Abdulaziz Al-Khamis Nada Soliman Abdalla AlMuzaini Nada Faris Adnan Najeeb Al-Abbar Nour Al-Zaabi Ali - DJ RAVEN Oussama T. Hussein ARTRONAUTS Paul Tunbridge ASAMA Perfumes Reshmi Revi BirthKuwait Deema DeCaux Sanaa Abdul Hamid Dr. Nazia Nausheen Sandra Bakhamian Faisal Al-Dhofari Sherihan A. Hassabo Erika Habig Talah Alabdulaaly John McArthur Tassnim Hassoun Khaled Al-Zawawi Zahra Ashkanani Layla Harmony Zahra Taqi Maha Al-Rashed
Happy 2015! Time flies when you're having fun, they say. Well, we must be having a blast, because we've realized, with a bit of a start, that this is our fifth anniversary issue. 2015 is guaranteed to be an incredible year: We’ve got month after month of blockbuster CityPages lined up for you, each featuring a different theme. The five-year milestone has resulted in my thinking back to our original plans and how they have evolved over the years. The first issue of CityPages made its debut in the January of 2010. Our first cover personality was Manayer Salmeen, who had won the Miss Arab Sport title then. We profiled Faakhir - Pakistan's hottest pop icon as part of a larger story. We also had a very special feature on The Day Spa for Men. Since then, we have been carefully selecting our cover personalities and during this five-year journey, we are lucky to have featured some of the best talented and highly respected people from different industries. We have begun 2015 with a solid start by featuring the first Kuwaiti female fur designer - Maali AlOudah. In this issue, we have experimented with different Kuwaiti and internationally famous photographers and I am sure you will love the cover and the exclusive interview shots of Maali AlOudah that were captured by the lens of Hamad AlQaoud. We are very thankful to the management and staff of THE One for making it happen. We took our fashion photo shoot to a whole new level with the talented photographer Saleh AlSanad which was done at the newly opened authentic Egyptian restaurant - Abou ElSid. Our zest took us further outside Kuwait to the deserts of Dubai where we were lucky to execute a photo shoot with the talented international photographer Bunuel Green and international model Bianca Sutu. Make sure to read our exclusive interview with Shaima Namavar and Latifa AlQallaf in this issue and our special feature on the newly opened The Salhiya Medical Pavilion that promises to redefine your well-being. I would end my letter by sharing a stanza from my favorite poem by Robert Frost: The woods are lovely, dark and deep, But I have promises to keep, And miles to go before I sleep, And miles to go before I sleep.
Happy Reading!
Jameel Arif General Manager & Editor
[email protected]
Photography Team Abdulaziz AlSoraya Shahbaz Hussain Abdulaziz AlShayaji Abdullah Hamadah Ahmad Emad Othman AlMishaan Natalia Sitcai Dalal AlDhughaishem Bulk Distribution Team V. Rajan S. V. Gopal
Corporate Copies and Subscriptions Distributed through:
DISCLAIMER Extra care has been used to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this magazine. However, the publisher will not accept responsibility for errors and omissions in the publication. In addition, the views expressed in this magazine are not necessarily those of the publisher. Photos have been altered to comply with the Laws of Kuwait.
Published by: Reduce Waste: Pass me along to a friend or recycle me after reading
All rights reserved. No part of this publication including pictures, articles, artworks, and overall design may be reproduced, copied, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, or translated in any language in any form or means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise) without the written permission of the editor or the publisher. Copyright © January 2015
DW1.pdf
Happy New Year! welcome to our 5th Anniversary issue,
Happy New Year.
which I am proud to say is more dense than ever. Packed with
I hope all of you will be enjoying New Year’s celebrations and at
interesting articles, great interviews with wonderful people,
the same made your New Year’s resolutions. Actually January is
while featuring quite a lot of event coverage, I hope this issue
a very good month to take a little pause, have a glance at your
will have you delving back in frequently.
last year achievements and to see what is left to be done.
When I joined forces with our General Manager and Editor
At CityPages, 2014 was a busy and successful year. We went on
I never thought we’d ever reach this far, but I also learned
and on and reached achieved many goals and reached important
the biggest lesson in life (as late as it may have come), is that
milestone. Life is a continuous journey which should keep on.
persistence is key in surviving anything. Persisting in the publishing
We are hoping and expecting your continuous love for CityPages
field here in Kuwait is not as easy as one may think, and requires
will grow more as from time to time we keep bringing for you
effort, hard work and most of all love for the magazine. Nothing
new and interesting topics and segments in the magazine.
ON THE COVER: Maali Al-Oudah
thrills me more than knowing we’ve come this far, and we are
With this saying, enjoy our 5th anniversary issue and get into the
grateful to all of you our readers for supporting us along the way.
PHOTOGRAPHY Hamad Al-Qaoud @hamadalqaoud
Thank you from the bottom of my heart !
DIRECTIONS Jameel Arif @jameelarif HAIR & MAKEUP Layla Harmony @laylaharmony
Sincerely
LOCATION THE One FASHION BRAND @MaliMo_
Social networking shizzle Be our friend and we'll tell you secrets
@citypageskuwait @citypageskuwait /Citypageskuwait citypageskuwait.com /citypagesmag /citypageskuwait 66973003
MORE NEW CONTRIBUTORS
Are you a local writer or artist? If you're passionate about your work we want to showcase it, so get in touch and get involved in 2014:
FEATURE
INTERNSHIPS
If you are an artist with work to exhibit, an event or entertainment organiser with an event coming up or a business with some exciting news or a new product to feature, get in touch. We're keen to feature anything of interest that will entertain our readers.
WOULD YOU LIKE TO INTERN AT CITYPAGES?, EMAIL: [email protected] and let us know what is your area of interest.
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Rip it, scrap it, comment, critique, research, report. Opinions wanted on fashion, lifestyle, business, news, home, music, gadgets, sports, and culture. Something annoyed you and you want to tell? We're here for you. If you'd like to see your name in... er... print, get in touch.
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WELCOME TO ANOTHER EFFING
NEW YEAR! Paul Turnbridge
As I write this, the New Year Celebrations are already a fading memory and, by the time you read this, we’re already full throttle into the year 2015 and wondering how 2014 passed so quickly. Over the years I have come to realize that we all view the transition to a new year in different ways. Although it’s seen as a great time of celebration by many to celebrate and look to the future (the “half glass full” brigade), there are yet others (the “glass half empty” bunch) who do little but bemoan this passing of time. Yet the arguments to support the views of each are much the same, and I believe it’s merely the vision and disposition of individuals that determines their outlook at this time, as in all other aspects of life. A New Year can be seen as an opportunity for new beginnings; a time to make a fresh start. Do YOU view this positively, or with negativity? Using the letter ‘F’ as my inspiration and focus, let’s take alternative looks forward…
First The New Year started on January the first. But there’s a first day to every month. What’s so special about that? There’s a first time for everything! What can I do this month/this year, that I’ve never done before?
Freezing The weather is just so cold at the moment. I simply can’t get warm these days. Have you ever experienced the famous Nordic Ice Hotel? Or have you been skiing in real snow? Or even had a snowball fight? Now’s your big chance to wrap up warmly and enjoy the best of what winter has to offer!
Food I always eat too much over the holidays … I’m already too fat … why is it so difficult to lose weight? And when will McDonalds start home delivery? I’m conscious that I tend to eat too much, but I like food. I shall seek out some new recipes to treat myself to some exciting new flavours with a healthy twist.
Fitness Every year I resolve to lose weight and get fit. I join a gym with best intentions, and start off by putting in every bit of energy that I can muster, but get bored quickly and stop going after the first couple of visits. Why should I even bother? I want to lose weight and improve my fitness, but realise that I have to put my mind in the right place before making the physical effort. Joining a gym is all well and good, but if I’m really determined then I shouldn’t need that as an incentive. I’m going to put on some trainers and start my regime with daily walks ... then jogs ... and then move on to some simple exercises. Once I’ve started to set aside the time to exercise like this, it will be easier to move my regime into a gym occasionally and I will enjoy my exercise time more, by working upscale gradually. citypageskuwait.com
Friends I think the start of a New Year is such an excellent time to go through my address book and social media accounts, and delete all those “socalled” friends in whom I really no longer have any interest. I think the start of a New Year is an excellent time to renew old friendships and make special efforts to contact those with whom I’ve not spoken for far too long!
Family Well, you can choose your friends, but you can’t choose your family! I think I shall stick with my friends! Blood is thicker than water ... my family will love and support me through the coming year, and the year after, and the year after that, and.......and let’s face it, I love them too!
Fellowship I don’t go out very much...I much prefer my own company. I like to socialise as much as possible. The prospect of meeting lots of new people in the coming year, and sharing experiences together, is exciting and makes every waking minute worthwhile.
Finally I think you’re getting the picture by now ... but how do you view your life in the coming year? Did you consider that January 1st could have been just the first day of a new adventure or even the continuation of fun journey you’re already enjoying? Or was it just another day of misery in a drab existence. I believe strongly that life is what you make of it, and opportunities are ther to be grasped. But whatever your outlook, I wish each and every one of you the most fabulous year possible, and hope that you will keep CityPages close to you on your journey.
Funny old month, innit? January, I mean. Everybody’s got over stuffing themselves stupid over the winter break, Santa Claus has gone back up to the North Pole or wherever he disappears to for a little well-earned R&R, the reindeer have taken a few weeks off and all the rest of us are reading the weather forecast for entertainment. Except, of course if you live in Australia, in which case you throw another shrimp on the barbie before heading off to the beach. However, for us in the northern hemisphere – I do say this lightly because Kuwait has some terrific weather at this time of the year – most of the rest of us are looking for the odd bolt of sunlight to brighten otherwise grey and uninviting skies.
Peregrine Spode
Dentally challenged. Still single.
FESTIVE DAYS citypageskuwait.com
So, what do people actually find to celebrate and shout about? For me, it’s easy. Yes, old Perry’s birthday is this month, so any small gifts, especially with designer labels on them, can be dropped off at the office where the house-elves will keep them for me. I’d be particularly interested in receiving a present from any unattached ladies, age and appearance unimportant, with a phone number. At the turn of the year, lots of us are quite unjustifiably pressured to make Resolutions. These are, as we all know, a total waste of time. You decide you’re gonna go sugar-free because you glanced nervously in the bathroom mirror, decided you looked like a hippo and the thought of taking up jogging made you feel nauseous. Or, you’d only have one cheeseburger for lunch. Instead of four. But, just one barely kept the growling demon of impending famine away, so you compromised and didn’t buy fries. Or, for others, you resolve to spend less time on social media. So, you post on Facebook that you’re going to spend less time on social media. It takes three hours to wade through the avalanche of derisory replies you get from, it would seem, almost every
one of your three thousand two hundred friends, eight of whom you’ve actually met. So, what festivals of delight await us all in this, my birthday month. Thought I’d slip a wee reminder in, just in case people didn’t catch it the first time. Early in January, there’s one we might all just miss out on. Festival of Sleep Day is this month, the third, I think. No, you are not dreaming, but perhaps you should be. So, if your copy of CP isn’t in your hand by then, you missed out. This day is an opportunity to sleep in, snooze, doze, nap, and catch a few zees. On mature reflection, early January is the perfect date for Festival of Sleep Day. The holidays are over and how exhausting they were. No more ‘Frosty the Snowman’ in the malls. No more listening to Uncle George banging on about politics, watching the dribble running down his chin. Time to re-charge ze little grey cells. Shakespeare must have known when he came up with this, one of his better one-liners from “The Tempest”. ‘We are such stuff as dreams are made on, and our little life is rounded with a sleep’. Good old Prospero. Couldn’t be better said really, with all that new stuff at school and in the office to worry about. So, there you go. Catchup time. A wee power nap, cosied up in bed or on the couch, perhaps with a favorite stuffed animal. But, a word of caution. Sleeping at work is not recommended, especially if you are a brain surgeon or a taxi driver. The only exception is for mattress testers. After exhaustive research, I have been unable to discover the origins of the Festival of Sleep Day. I suspect this is because the originators were half-asleep when the idea occurred to them and they just forgot to write it down somewhere. Alternatively, I just made the whole thing up. For all the insomniacs, anxious types and what not, the idea of spending a day in bed doing nothing is about as attractive as being run over by a tractor. Conveniently, however, on this very same day, there’s another festival event just for you. Fruitcake Toss Day is your opportunity to finally throw away the
old fruitcake. This has nothing at all to do with mad old Auntie Muriel who’s been developing the habit of wandering around in the wee small hours in her nightgown and being brought home by the police having been caught wheelchair racing on the Fourth Ring. After the holidays are over, it's time to bring in the new, and toss out the old. Today is the day that the fruitcake goes. For those unfamiliar with fruitcake, it’s a cake, surprisingly enough, with fruit that some people make over the winter holiday season. It’s really quite yummy when fresh but gets a bit ripe when old and mouldering, hence this little ritual. There is no established method to toss out the old fruitcake. Some people gather up a few friends who also are fortunate enough to have received a fruitcake for the holidays. They might go out into a large open space; the desert is quite handy, one finds, and see who can toss it the farthest. Caution: it is not recommended to toss the cake at anyone, much as one might be tempted to settle old scores. Its ingredients run to the massive, containing as it does, sugar, flour and various species of fruit. A vertical descent on to the occipital lobe may very well injure someone, in which case either hospitalisation and/or litigation may result. It’s important to bear in mind that Fruitcake Tossing runs counter to the tradition held by many to pass the fruitcake around from one person to the next, like a hot potato. In this tradition, the person who is holding the fruitcake when the music stops, or on the Second Sunday after Epiphany, whichever occurs first, must store it away until next year. Once again, after extensive research, the origins of this all-important event are shrouded in mystery, but see above. A little later on in the month, my sources tell me the tenth, is another vitally important event that is not to be missed. It’s Houseplant Appreciation Day. This is the day when you sit down in front of your African Violet and, well, talk to it a bit. It’s in need of carbon dioxide, you see, so it gets really bucked up if you find a few hours to spend with it, exhaling vigorously. Read to it. Something improving, like a Shakespeare sonnet or the Rime of the Ancient Mariner. Its petals will glow appreciatively and you can leave it with the warm glow of one who has made a small contribution to the ecological balance of Nature. I do rather like the next one, celebrated three
days later after your houseplant has died. It is, of course, International Skeptics Day. Perhaps the earth isn't really round. Maybe, the sky isn't truly blue. Does he or she really love me? For those who don’t know, a skeptic is a person who questions or doubts facts and theories. They are a misbeliever who does not accept the "given", the status quo, the objective fact. For them, it’s not so much whether the glass is full or empty; it’s more that perhaps the glass doesn’t really exist at all. If you are inclined to doubt things that you see or hear then this is your day. An exception being whatever you see on the TV news or read on the Internet because everybody knows that if it’s on TV it must be right. Sometimes, in bleaker moments, I bemoan the fact that very rarely do I have to use a pen any more. The delicious unscrewing of the cap, the sensual feel of ink flowing like liquid velvet over the page, words unravelling in curlicue and apostrophe – Peregrine in poetic vein. Just for people like me, then, is National Handwriting Day, celebrated on the twenty-third, the birthday of John Hancock, who was, apparently, the first signatory to the Declaration of Independence. This was the day when the fledgling United States cast off forever the shackles of the hated colonial imperialist hegemony of the British. Oh, I do like that phrase. I’ve been trying to find somewhere to use it for months. Instead, I tap away like a woodpecker and the words magically form in perfect Times New Roman on the screen and our good friends at CP turn it into art for you to read. D’you know, there are too many special days in January to count. Each seems to have its own special flower and even special recipe. So, I have to remember that on January 23, I must get an aloe vera plant, not forgetting to talk to it, so very handy to treat the bruising when I drop a typewriter on my foot, while eating my Caesar salad. There must be another holiday soon. January, 2015
NEW YEAR’S READING RESOLUTIONS
Happy New Year, dear readers! As is the tradition every year, I’ve gone ahead and made some cool new resolutions. My resolutions were partly inspired by the many book club meetings I’ve attended over the past two years. For those of you who are interested, the club is called Kuwait Bibliophiles. For more details, you can drop us a line at Kuwait. [email protected]. Given my infuriating ability to dispense unsolicited advice, I thought of sharing my resolutions with all of you. This year, I’ve decided to stick to reading resolutions because eating healthy & learning a new language can wait. Grab a cup of piping hot tea or coffee and read on: Jade D'costa
Jade is an expat based in Kuwait. She enjoys reading, writing, traveling, hoarding books and people watching. She is a marketer by profession and an accomplished daydreamer.
citypageskuwait.com
Abandon More Books: I am a serial bookabandoner and I wear that title with pride. Life is too short to read tedious books. If a book fails to spark my interest in the first 50 pages, I will gladly abandon it and move on to the next one. Most readers scoff at my ability to drop books. Why waste precious time subjecting yourself to the mind-numbing drudgery of uninteresting books? Where is the fun in that? My advice to you: abandon more books! How else are you going to tackle your massive TBR (To Be Read) pile? Expand Your Literary Horizons: The best way to broaden your literary horizons is to join a book-club. You could also start one on your own. It is a piece of cake. All you need is a nice meeting place and a few willing participants who enjoy reading. Cookies will definitely help. Meeting fellow bookworms & discussing books is a great way to expose yourself to the many genres that make up the reading world. Convert the Non-Readers: ‘I don’t like to read’ is a phrase uttered by lesser mortals who have
not yet discovered the joy of reading. They don’t know the comfort of a good book on a bad day. Surprise them with a book on their birthday or a subscription to audible. Take a Break: Sometimes even the most avid readers need a break from their beloved books. Our batteries need recharging. So why not take a break you’ve been dying for. Try a new hobby, travel or stare intently into oblivion. Try a New Genre: There are so many genres to choose from: historical, fiction, sci-fi, fantasy, memoirs etc. Take your pick & delve into the wonderful world of books. Challenge Yourself: A reading challenge is a great way to keep yourself entertained and on track. It’s a fun way to diversify your reading and have some fun along the way. My favorite challenge is the Goodreads reading challenge because I enjoy checking things off a list. Last year, my goal was to read 40 books and I was successful despite certain hurdles (read: procrastination) along the way. It can be slightly maddening sometimes but it is a fun challenge nonetheless. Happy reading!
RANT AND RABBIT III Paul Turnbridge
When I put pen to paper to write my first set of rants (that were published in November last year) I hadn’t actually anticipated that I would still be ranting three months on! Yet here I am with more to get off my chest. It seems that there’s so much more to moan about than I had expected ... but I don’t want to be considered a total miseryguts so shall make this the final instalment. Definitely! For sure!!
Lighting Up Okay, so I shall start by tackling yet another of the annoyances suffered on local roads. How is it that so many drivers fail to notice when the weather is perhaps a little foggy, or when the natural light has dimmed and visibilty is impaired? During the winter months, daylight hours are slightly reduced but, with working hours unchanged, I find myself driving to and from the office in relative darkness. To compensate for this, I switch on my car’s headlights – this serves two purposes; firstly it helps me to see other obstacles on the road; secondly it helps other drivers to see me (or at least, to see my car). I think these are two pretty important reasons for lighting up, so am amazed that so many other drivers on the roads do not do the same; that there are cars being driven on busy and dangerous roads withoutthe required illumination. This morning I awoke to a blanket of fog, through which it was not easy to see other vehicles on the road, and it was still dark too. Yet I lost count of the number of cars and buses that were being driven without lights! Were drivers ignorant of the added dangers? Or could they not find the light switches in the fog? There’s even a pretty big clue from the local authority as to when you should switch on your lights, people – the streetlights will be glowing too!! To drive in the dark and in times citypageskuwait.com
of poor visibility without lights is dangerous and irresponsible ... why are some drivers still oblivious to this fact?
choosing, but I know others are not so lucky.
Tenant Protection
I guess it was going to happen eventually. Did you see the headlines? “Maid eaten alive by domestic pet” or something similar? That sounds a bit over-dramatic, of course, but it appears not to be too far from the truth ... except that under no circumstances could the offending creature be described as a domestic pet. It was a wild animal that should never have been allowed to live in the captivity of a residential home! There are seriously disturbed people here in Kuwait who think it’s fun to own wild animals as family pets. But these animals will never lose their wild nature – Lions, Tigers, Cheetahs, Pumas, Jaguars, and the like, should never be considered as docile as other domestic cats; they will always represent a danger to everyone around them. I have seen such wild cats sitting alongside their owners in cars; some of my friends have been sitting with their own pets in Vets’ waiting rooms when wild cats have been brought in for treatment, and do the owners really think they could control their animal on a leash if it decides it wants to get friendly with another owner or their pet in such a confined space? Their presence in Kuwait has long been an accident waiting to happen and, sure enough, the worst scenario has now become a reality. Allowing the captivity of wild animals to continue in private homes is a madness that should be outlawed. It is a danger to the public and to the citizens of Kuwait, and it’s totally unfair to the animals themselves. Enough said? As I conclude this third diatribe and bow out from my terminal rants, I thank you for your patience in reading my moans and for your support in feeding me with subjects about which to moan! Perhaps I shall be back with more at a later date ... but for now I need to take a break and just chill.
I have just moved to a new apartment. I must admit that I hadn’t really wanted to move, because I loved my previous home – it was a lovely villa apartment that I had occupied since it was first built around four years ago, and was in a lovely quiet family neighbourhood. The reason for the move was purely financial. I had been led to believe that rents were fixed for five years by law but, in reality have now found that to be untrue. After three years my landlord notfied me of a rent increase that amounted to more than 11%, and advised that it would increase again after a further year – the reason being that rents had increased in general and that he was therefore “losing money”. The agent though whom I had found the apartment assured me that this was not legal but, at the same time, if I made formal complaint the landlord would simply make an excuse and give me one month’s notice to vacate. And so I decided that, as the rent-rise anniversary approached, I had little option but to find a new home. I have been lucky ... I managed to acquire a great new apartment in a new apartment complex – it’s slightly smaller than my last place but is better equipped with higher quality fittings throughout; it’s also a lower rent than I had been paying, and of course this should be guaranteed for the full 5 years! But this not an isolated case, and I have heard stories of landlords similarly imposing “illegal” rent increases of up to 50%. It is horrifying to think that, even though the law is pretty clear on landlord and tenant rights, in reality the tenant in a villa apartment appears to command no rights whatsoever! I believe I was fortunate in being able to find a great new place so that I could move at a time of my
House Pets
The birthplace of the original fettuccine Alfredo
mario alfreDo himself welComes you to enDulge in italian Cusine right from the heart of italy, rome. The FirsT AlFredos’ GAllery in The Middle eAsT. AlFredosGAlleryq8 Website: alfredosgallery.com.kw inquiries & reservations: 90955057 Grand Avenues - soku courtyard 1-17 Alfredo’s Gallery January, 2015
أه ً ال ٢٠١٥ ها قد غادرنا عام ودخلنا عام جديد ،ودعنا فيه أشخاص و أحداث وتعلمنا دروسًا جديدة تظيف لحياتنا خبرة أكثر، عام حمل بأيام الكثير من األمور الجميلة وغيرها ،حققنا أهدافًا ونستعد لتحقيق أهداف أجمل .تأكد أن كل ما غادرنا ٍ مررت به كان خيرة واهلل تعالى لن ينساك أبدًا ،وابدأ اليوم واآلن بتخطيط حياة جديدة بأهداف جديدة ،فإن عشت بال أهداف أصبحت أحد المحققين ألهداف غيرك كما ذكرت إحدى الدراسات األمريكية. ابدأ اآلن بتحديد أهدافك على جوانب حياتك المتعددة؛ الجانب المالي ،المهني أو العملي ،الترفيهي ،الصحي، االجتماعي ،التطوعي ،الشخصي وغيرها من الجوانب .و ال تتمسك بجانب وتهمل اآلخر ،بل اجعل االتزان اسلوب حياتك. ابدأ بتحديد هدف لكل جانب وضع له خطة تلتزم بها لتوصلك كل خطوة لذلك الهدف ،فمث ً ال :ان كان هدفك الصحي تقليل وزنك ،حدد الوزن الذي ترغب بالوصول له ،والمدة الزمنية المناسبة للوصول له وابدأ بالعمل لهذه الخطة ،كأن تمارس الرياضة وتحدد لها وقت ،أو الذهاب الخصائي تغذية أو االستعانة بمدرب شخصي. تذكر أن خالل ٦شهور يفقد معظم من وضع خطته باهمالها ،لذلك عليك بتشجيع نفسك دائمًا ،وتواجد في بيئة مشجعة لك ،وال تنسى أن تكافئ نفسك كلما أنجزت أمرًا. ابدأ عامك بطريقتك ،واختر الطريق الذي تريده لنفسك ،وال تنسى أنك تملك حق اختيار أهدافك.
Nour AlZaabi
Nour holds a Master in Business Administration and a Bachelor in Marketing and is a Member at The Kuwait Economic Society and British Council Entrepreneur Network in Kuwait. Stay tuned for her articles and features in the CityPages magazine.
citypageskuwait.com
January, 2015
INTERSECTION Commitment is such a big word that might ring 3 bells: nCommitting suicide nCommitting a crime nAnd committing to a relationship It is been researched and proven that “Fear of Commitment” is psychologically considered as a phobia that refers to avoidance of longterm commitments. And patients with this type of psychological disorder are called “commitmentphobic”. Why does it exist? Imagine you are a bird, free, flying, with your wide spread wings, high in the sky, above the clouds; then you get a proposition: “Quit flying and let me put you in a cage… but the good news is: I will always be with you in that cage. You NEVER have to be alone.” Sherihan A. Hassabo Sherihan A. Hassabo is a passionate writer who started expressing her opinion about controversial subjects when she was 14. When she is not directing events, she likes to investigate the interesting relationships' controversy in our Eastern society. Every month, and from real life experience; Sherihan will share a story, an idea, opinion, or a simple advice for men and women to live happily ever after. citypageskuwait.com
Think about it for a second, process it, digest it... Moving on! The problem with commitment is not that a commitmentphobic wants to keep the options open and never want to “commit” to one person only. I believe this phobia results from the notion of “unification”. Well, let me break it to you. The idea of canceling your own life (and subsequently the partner’s life too) because now it is the time to start a whole new life together, one that is revolved around nothing but being a couple; is socially proven as a “FAILURE”. It is simply not successful. Yes, a couple must share a life but that doesn’t have to be ALL what they do. The way I see it, each person should keep his own life (his own circle), have his own dreams and pursue them. Each should let the other be what they are because changing and changing and changing that person will only result in another person other than the one you fell in love with in the first place – wouldn’t it? When two circles intersect, they meet at a certain point – but the rest of both circles is still there. It is not wiped off! The two circles are
two different lives, two different personalities, two different qualities, two different set of hopes and dreams. The intersection part is the one where those two lives meet and complete one another. There is a pretty fine line between a two separate circles, a two intersecting circles, and a ONE big circle. It is not about being inseparable, and “we go everywhere and we do everything together because we are a couple”… NO! You got it all wrong. Getting into a relationship, a couple should be clear and decisive about their intersection plan. They have to realize there will be no 4th scenario, this is it. They need to think about it and select one that they both believe in. nDo you want to stay in your own circle (alone)? nDo you want to get into a relationship, keep your own circle, and share half of it with someone worthy? nDo you want to forget about your circle and step into a whole new circle and start discovering? This is what “couples” do. Think, plan, and decide together.
January, 2015
BLACK AND WHITE
citypageskuwait.com
The British are quite a selfeffacing people. Which means that they tend to apologise when there’s no need and generally take the blame in awkward social situations just in case anybody might for a moment point the finger at them. Most well brought up types do it. They have the gene. They’d apologise to the mugger in the street who has just stolen their wallet at knifepoint for not having enough money in it. This desire not to offend, however, has metamorphosed into the rather more hard-boiled notion of ‘political correctness’. Political correctness, the attitude of being careful not to offend or upset any group of people in society who are believed to be in some way different or indeed disadvantaged is so quintessentially hard-wired into the British psyche that it’s almost painful. Ironically, it was the Communists who first popularised the term, and those who toed the Party line during political debates were derisively referred to as being ‘politically correct’. Communist loyalty overrode compassion and the Socialists who believed so passionately in egalitarian moral ideas could be separated from the Communists who, like Boxer, the carthorse in “Animal Farm”, stubbornly proclaimed that “Napoleon is always right” without really being able to give the matter much critical thought. I sometimes wonder whether we have all apologised ourselves into a corner. Is our desire not to offend or to challenge an opinion with which we disagree in fact contributing to a mainstream culture which has become cautious and sanitised, almost afraid of its own shadow because of "the watchful eye of the PC police", those shadowy arbiters of public consciousness and good taste? The more PC the reader might be, the more he might now be wondering if I am going to offend anybody by saying something outrageous and hurriedly thinking about turning the page. Certainly, it would be possible, but perhaps not expedient. Some cultures are much less happy than others about people who poke their sacred cows with a pointed stick and the thought of – by way of a completely hypothetical example – drawing offensive cartoons could never be contemplated. However, if we must find a scapegoat, a softer target might be, let’s say, global warming. There is a body of thought – perhaps even evidence -, which is unafraid to use heavyweight language in this context. The “propaganda which masquerades as science” – the public pronouncements of scientists who state without real certainty that global warming is a crisis simply peddles fear in fossil fuel hungry countries like the USA. Stanford climatologist Stephen Schneider had this to say: 'We have to offer up scary scenarios, make simplified, dramatic statements, and make little mention of any doubts we might have.' Doubts there are, and in abundance. As an example, Hans von Storch a professor of climatology in Germany wrote that “scientific research faces a crisis because its public figures are overselling the issues to gain attention
in a hotly contested market for newsworthy information." "The alarmists think that climate change is something extremely dangerous, extremely bad and that overselling a little bit, if it serves a good purpose, is not that bad." What this really means is that here’s one scientist who knows that rather a lot of the 'science' is nothing more than propagandistic conjecture and hype. He goes on to remark “climatologists tend to 'make only comments that are politically correct' and that their wobbly research is at the service of fear.” “The pattern is always the same: the significance of individual events is processed to suit the media and cleverly dramatised; when prognoses for the future are cited, among all the possible scenarios it is regularly the one with the highest rates of increase in greenhouse gas emissions — and thus with the most drastic climatic consequences — that is chosen. Equally plausible variations with significantly lower emission increases go unmentioned.” Whom does this serve? It is assumed that fear can motivate listeners, but we tend to forget that it mobilises them only in the short term. Each successive claim about the future of the climate and hence the fate of the planet must be ever more dramatic and awe-inspiring than the previous one. Once apocalyptic heat waves have been predicted, the climate-based extinction of animal species no longer attracts as much attention and images of solitary polar bears on ever-shrinking ice floes fails to garner the emotional momentum that it once did. Thus we all get locked in to a spiral of hyperbole. We, as a species, crave a degree of certainty about our future which scientific relativism, much as we might wish it to be otherwise, can frequently fail to adequately provide. The scary, exponentially shaped curves showing runaway global warming in our own lifetime do little to reassure us. If we overnight abandoned fossil fuels, methane generation and all the other chemical mechanisms by which the Sun’s ultraviolet rays were caused to re-radiate back to the surface of the Earth and heat it up, would this of itself make very much difference, either to ourselves or our children? Because of the vast complexity of the problem, plus the multitude of unpredictable and often competing factors like solar activity hence outside of our control, the answer is most likely to be “We don’t really know”. All we can therefore manage is best fit ‘scientific relativism’. Ah. There’s that new phrase again. Just like PC, the notion of “relativism” has pervaded our thinking. It is used to justify so much in the way we interact with the world and with each other. Philosophers would explain it as the theory that value judgments, as of truth, beauty, or morality, have no universal validity but are valid only for the persons or groups holding them, hence may be culturally or geographically variable. Some go further after all, the notion of, for example, beauty, is entirely subjective - and a consensus hard to find at, let’s say a party, as to who might be the most beautiful woman in the room. Moral
philosophers handle the tougher problems and argue about questions like “is any belief is equally as valid as any other?” And it is clear therefore that they have to define exactly what they mean by ‘valid’, also whether consensus is an appropriate yardstick for its measurement. One can’t help but point out that Western democracies have been to some extent overtaken by moral relativism. Roman Catholic and some secular intellectuals attribute the perceived decadence of Europe after the Second World War to the displacement of absolute values. The perception that each follows his or her own version of the truth, selecting from a smorgasbord of morally justifiable offerings on the table, is the norm rather than the exception. Popes have consistently bemoaned the fact that that Europeans have massively abandoned many traditional norms rooted in historical Christianity and replaced them with continuously evolving relative moral rules. The family has been legally redefined by same-sex marriage and some have argued that depopulation in Europe can be ascribed to the decline in what used to be called ‘family values’. Islamic doctrine is by contrast perhaps rather more clear-cut in that it attempts to recapture the absolute, which stand at odds with moral relativism. Just as there are degrees of criminal behavior, there are degrees of punishment, but even this relies on our perception of right and wrong. We no longer hang people for stealing a loaf of bread, but some argue that the slide away from the comforting black and white of our forefathers into a bewildering number of relativistic shades of grey has only one inevitable consequence. Whether we like it or not, we have to define in our own minds whether the grey which we perceive falls closer to white or black, right or wrong. Just as a computer processes millions of whites or blacks, ones and zeroes every second, we to have to ultimately decide. Whether or not we believe that a clerical opinion carries any weight, the following two observations from two different theological traditions make the point well. From one: ‘we have a responsibility to ourselves to challenge the relativism that tells us there is no right or wrong, when every instinct of our mind knows it is not so, and is a mere excuse to allow us to indulge in what we believe we can get away with. A world without values quickly becomes a world without value.’ And, from the other: ‘The relativism which is not willing to speak about truth but only about ‘what is true for me’ is an evasion of the serious business of living. It is the mark of a tragic loss of nerve in our contemporary culture. It is a preliminary symptom of death.” Have we really lost our nerve? Can we still be courageous in the face of obvious injustice and wrong, when everyone around us is telling a different story? I think not. The human condition is to crave the comfort of certainty above almost all else and one day, when the mist has rolled away, we will learn to see things as they are meant to be seen, in black and white. January, 2015
PARENTING TIPS FOR 2015 A new day, a new year and so many new resolutions! We change, we evolve, we try to do our best to be the best version of ourself that we can be. Now that the holidays are over, many parents are thinking of new strategies to try this year to help them as families. Parents are looking for ways to help foster better relationships with their spouses and children. At Milestones Coaching we hear about the daily scuffles of parenting, the temper tantrums, power struggles and sibling bickering. The fact that so many parents are willing to reach out to share their challenges speaks volumes. Families today are committed to build strong bonds and to foster healthy relationships among them. Parenting is not an easy job, but Milestones is committed in helping you make it more manageable. Raising children may feel like a thankless job sometimes but there is a little secret in making it happier and easier: learn new parenting skills and reach out for support! So as we move into the New Year here are a few tips that have been tried and tested in making a difference in families’ lives:
1.Control your response. When we are
encountered with a tough situation or when our children try us and act up, it is easy to lash out and respond with a harsh punishment in the moment. The truth is though, that when you are giving a consequence, it is not about how harsh it is or how much you are inconveniencing your child. It is about how consistent you are with your responses and consequences. Stay focused on what you have control over and that is: your response. Trust this process and as you get more comfortable with it, you will start to see that you are able to achieve two things by controlling your response: you can stay calm and you can remain in your child’s corner (which is where you want to be anyway). 2.Walk away. When parents reach out to our coaching services, they are usually frustrated with the constant power struggles and have reached burn out. The technique that is always recommended by our practice is to set the limits to your child and walk away. By walking away you are showing your child that you are no longer going to engage in their power struggle and will no longer reinforce negative behavior. Walking away allows you to take time to cool down and allows your Zahra Taqi Zahra is a Certified Professional Coach and the President of Milestones Coaching. She would love to hear back from you. So please feel free to drop her a line on her email: [email protected] or find her on FB: http://www.facebook. com/MilestonesCoaching or twitter: @ MilestonesCoach citypageskuwait.com
child to do the same. This increases the chance that you will have a calm conversation with your child and one that is more effective and productive. 3.One issue at a time. It is natural to be concerned about many issues when it comes to our children like school attendance, grades, temper tantrums, power struggles and more. Trying to tackle all your issues with your child at the same time is both overwhelming and tiring. Neither you nor your child will benefit from this approach. Another way would be to give permission to yourself to tackle one issue at a time, allowing you and your child to be more focused and ensuring that your efforts will be more effective in the long haul.
4.Role model the behavior you want to see. Our kids are constantly
watching us and what we do speaks louder to them than what we say. Sometimes it might seem that our kids are in a world of their own, completely oblivious to what we do. The truth of the matter is though that they are constantly watching us and learning from us. If you want them to display a certain set of behaviors, then make sure that these are the same behaviors you are practicing yourself.
5.Don't
personalize
behavior.
Picture this: you are in the middle of a situation with your child that has escalated beyond your control. At this moment you are unable to look at all sides clearly and might personalize behavior that seems directed at you. One way to help is to try to visualize yourself outside of this situation and base your response that way. Chances are that you would respond almost entirely differently and would implement consequences different than those you might have implemented otherwise and might even be willing to let some things go.
6.Good enough IS good enough. Very often we look at people around us and compare our lives, our kids, our spouses and our parenting styles to them. The problem in comparing is that many times we come short; not because we are any less than those around us but because we never know what actually happens behind those glossy pictures or closed doors. People do not share their struggles and shortcomings with us so don't believe what you see. Everyone struggles, and no one lives a perfect life. Everyone is simply doing the best they can, including you. We try hard to live better lives and create more fulfilling relationships and sometimes we succeed and sometimes we fail. Celebrate your success and your failure as your failure teaches you lessons you would not have learnt otherwise. Embrace yourself, your spouse and your children, shortcomings and all. Remember that while your doing the best you can, so is your child and your spouse. At a young age, our
children don't have all the tools and strategies to manage feelings that come along with being human. Your child – just like you- is doing her best to navigate through life. Now that you have a few new tools and tips up your sleeve, take a moment to acknowledge yourself and all the work that you do. Believe that there are many parents all over the world, doing exactly what you do, struggling just like you and loving their families with all their hearts just like you. As we start 2015 let us all embrace our roles in life with more empathy, more kindness and more compassion to those around us and also to our own families and us. Wishing you all the best this New Year!
January, 2015
INTRODUCTION TO
HOSPITALITY What is Hospitality? Hospitality comes from the Latin words Hostire = equalise and Hospes = stranger / enemy. Hospitality is “The fundamental concept” in the industry, it is essential for every person working in the industry to understand the meaning of the word and to have their own definition of the concept. Many people didn’t really know how wide the specter of the Hospitality industry is. Hospitality includes broad categories such as wellness, tourism, hotels, lodging, event planning, cruise line and many more. Once you choose hospitality as your career you have a choice of being working in different spheres. The hospitality industry's pillar is comprised of customer service and relies heavily on providing an excellent level of service. Now let me brief you with some history. The history of the hospitality industry dates all the way back to the Colonial Period in the
Aigerim Rahmet Born in Kazakhstan, lived in Prague, Czech Republic for more than 10 years, graduated with a HND in Business and BA(hons) in International Management from Teesside University, Aigerim Rahmet is an Assistant Spa Manager at Six Senses Spa. She earned an MBA in Hospitality Management from one of the top hospitality schools-Les Roches International school of Hotel Management and an MAS degree from Les Roches Gruyère University of Applied Sciences in Switzerland. Previously she has worked in tourism and hotel industry, such as Mandarin Oriental, and Relais & Chateaux group. Aigerim recently joined the CityPages team and will be a regular contributor of informative features and articles about hospitality. Follow Aigerim on Instagram at: @a_rahmet
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late 1700s. Nowadays, hospitality industry has experienced major development over the years as it has faced world wars, depression and other social changes. It started to take form from early 1950s and 60s, leading the way for growth into dynamic industry we know today. In most countries there are beautiful stories and myths about hospitality, there are also traditions of hospitality in most countries like in India, Japan, Arab countries, Greece, Scandinavia, Albania and many more. Moreover, there are many famous texts and books about hospitality and religious texts also mention hospitality like in Bible, Koran, Ulysses, Philemon and Baucis. To conclude the introduction, Hospitality is a five stage concept that starts with the 1. perception of the host 2. helping host to cross the threshold 3. restoring the host 4. ensuring security of the host 5. providing direction to the host
Wishes everyone a www.laylaharmony.com laylaharmony
January, 2015
A fresh spin on traditional knitwear
Alessandra Vicedomini is a fashion designer, former model, and daughter of Giuseppe Vicedomini; founder of VICEDOMINI - an Italian based luxury clothing brand established in Milan in 1962. She has today made her mark by reinventing knitwear with a modest twist and her eponymous line has emerged and evolved from a true understanding of and love for fashion. She is an extremely talented fashion designer whose work we value a lot! To share how much we like Alessandra Vicedomini’s designs, we wanted you to step into her world for a few minutes... citypageskuwait.com
January, 2015
citypageskuwait.com
Hi and welcome to Kuwait! Let’s start by telling us a little about the history of the brand. How did a small family-owned brand manage to keep its head above water throughout the century, after the whole fashion world went international? Hi, thank you I am delighted to be here and get to know your country. My family brand has known a strong stability for three decades until the early nineties, with constant distribution through a multitude of high-end stores and a very distinctive well-known product. Talking about the international scene, the beginning of the century marked quite an important turn in fashion. I had the chance to take over my father's guidance and to turn the heritage
I gathered for 20 years into changing the brand's core product into high-end knitwear, creating a capsule collection with a more glamorous target (rather than classic like before). I believe this capacity of focusing of an innovative image enabled VICEDOMINI to step forward. Tell us about the first VICEDOMINI collection and how did it evolve over time? My father's first samples were about a few pieces of embroidered fabric tops. From that moment on the collection evolved into bigger and bigger selection of fatal look sets, including printed silk cocktail dresses, bridal and ready-to-wear jackets and separates.
Tell us a little about your growing up years: I was born and lived in Milan, the worldwide fashion capital and always bathed in this field. I was regularly spending afternoons after school at my parents' style office and showroom. While I was in school I started work as a model and collaborated with the major Italian designers for twenty years. Surrounded with such talents (including their creative teams, their PRs and all kind of suppliers) it has been very easy to develop some technical skills and a taste for elegance. What sparked your interest in fashion and how did you first become part of January, 2015
to fruition of a piece of clothing or an accessory? First I get an inspiration, like a pattern I see during my travels or a keynote, and then I decide about what is going to be the guiding mood in terms of shapes for the collection. After that I select the main 8 colors I am going to use and finally I create special shapes allocating selected color combinations to each theme. How do you choose the colors for your collection? I go to Paris Première Vision which is a professional kind of pre-view about all trends, and then I mold the proposals according to my personal taste and apply the choices to the theme I decided to use as a guideline for the collection. And is it based on the season you are designing for? Yes necessarily. VICEDOMINI?
knitting as your main form of expression?
It is the only surroundings I had, fashion was all my life, my mother was a woman of style, in everything she did not only the way she was dressing or the work she was creating. The attitude she exuded or the way she received guests at home, were simply inspiring. My first interaction for the brand was as a model so far, then I started working for Fendi and I privileged external experiences.
Because it is the most versatile material to work with: you create your own pattern and weave.
What does your role at VICEDOMINI entail? Every single task you may think about. I am a control freak and I supervise all departments. Are you self taught or did you study fashion design? Definitively self taught, I graduated as a lawyer but I couldn't leave fashion once it was time to begin my internships so I totally devoted my time to fashion since the beginning. What are your favorite materials to work with and your favorite color combinations? There is no limit to material combinations and color hues pairing. To be a bit selective, I can say that lace, cashmere, embroideries and fur are very recurrent in my collections, together with a base of stretch viscose which is a very modern fiber to snider as a base of sophistication oriented collections. It is said that you have reinvented knitwear with a modern twist, why did you choose citypageskuwait.com
You also design accessories. What inspires your creativity and designs the most? For me, an accessory is an essential part of a woman's wardrobe so it needs to be impossibly attractive. In my experience being able to turn an accessory into a recurrent basic must-have is the key of long term brand recognition. What is your design process from idea
What in your collections?
inspires
your
Everything: my family, the music I listen for, everything I see during my trips, the books I read, the magazines I read, but also people, their styles, their hints for ideas, and most of all nature and ethnic craft. How would you describe your design aesthetic? Simple and essential, elegant and timeless, and very feminine indeed. How would you describe your personal fashion style?
I believe it is no very different from the above! How would you describe VICEDOMINI in just 3 words? GLAMOROUS, MUST HAVE, KNITWEAR What differentiates VICEDOMINI from other brands in the same category? The fact that I just focus on one detail to make the collection desirable, I always focus on one essential element, whereas many collections/ designers want to cover a huge range of products to ensure wider sales. What is the mood of your latest collection for A/W 2014-15? Opulence mixed with easy wearability. What makes your collection stand out from the crowd? The fact that it is essentially eye-catching being super sophisticated and extremely elegant. What is the staple piece that all women should have in their wardrobe? For the winter, the cashmere and fur GILET, and in the summer the fit and flare stretch dress. You are a global brand, how do you accommodate the needs of women all over the world who might have different fashion sensibilities? It is very true, all cultures are different and sometimes some fitting adjustments are requested across the countries we work with, but the fact of being hand finished helps a lot in terms of versatility. Are there any specific designs that you have the brand made for Kuwait market? Yes, long embroidered silk kaftans with jeweled necklaces, longer fur vests, and bespoke couture dresses with luxurious finishing. What do you hope to achieve with VICEDOMINI in the not-too-distant future; Are there any exciting, upcoming plans that you would like to share with us? Yes. After the Milan showroom debut last year, Geneva is opening quite a big Head Quarter to maximize the brand's focus on communication. We are looking to get investors in for a five years expansion plan to bring the brand to the next level. At this very moment the interest in luxury fashion brand has reached quite an interesting peak, so it will be a key year to choose the ideal partners and make the right steps. Your message for us at CityPages magazine: I am honored you have proposed me this wonderful coverage! Thank you so much. I truly believe a lifestyle magazine like yours has a very broad readership and will highlight VICEDOMINI 's debut and future steps in Kuwait. Your influence on the audience will positively affect my first approach to the country, and I hope my fashion message will be well received through your beautiful editorial. I look forward to come back very soon and I thank everybody who has attended the Fashion Show organized by SPF.
January, 2015
PRESBYOPIA
Even if you’ve never worn glasses before, there’s no escaping presbyopia. Usually beginning around the age of 40, this age-related process causes a person to experience blurred near vision and difficulties when reading or performing any close distance work. Whereas nearsightedness, farsightedness and astigmatism are related to the shape of the eye, as well as genetic and environmental factors, presbyopia is the result of the eye’s natural aging process. With age, the natural lens inside our eye gradually thickens and loses flexibility. This is due to the changes within the proteins in the lens. The muscle fibers surrounding the lens also become harder and less elastic. The loss of elasticity and flexibility of the lens and muscle fibers make it harder for the eye to Erika Habig Erika Habig is an optometrist and contact lens specialist at International Optique. She studied at the Beuth University of Applied Sciences in Berlin, Germany and has a Bachelor of Science degree in Optometry and Dispensing Optics. For more information contact International Optique. Tel: 25714007 – 97234787, www.intoptic.com – [email protected], Instagram: @intoptique citypageskuwait.com
focus on short distances. In the early stages of presbyopia, a person may notice that holding books or mobile phones further away helps them to see clearly. However, as we get older, holding reading material at arm’s length is not sufficient enough to focus properly. Furthermore, performing any near or computer work can cause eye strain, headaches and fatigue. Presbyopia is easily corrected with the use of eyeglasses and in some cases, specialized contact lenses. Reading glasses are a simple choice for correcting presbyopia. However, these single focus glasses are only worn when reading or performing close work at a certain distance. Reading glasses cannot be used to see further than in the prescribed reading range. Better presbyopia correction, especially for patients already wearing glasses to see clearly in the distance, are bifocal and multifocal glasses. The term bifocal means two points of focus; the main part of the lens contains the distance prescription, while the segment at the lower part of the lens holds the prescription needed for reading. Multifocal glasses, however, are the most extensive form of presbyopia correction. These progressive
addition lenses offer a more gradual transition between the far and near distance prescription. They also allow the patient to see clearly at an intermediate distance, although in a narrower field. Today’s active lifestyle requires people to use computers and laptops frequently and for extended periods of time. Although multifocal glasses also allow the wearer to see clearly at an intermediate distance, it is strongly recommended to have a second pair of so-called “office/computer glasses.” These glasses offer the wearer a wider field of vision for computer and near work, but are not suitable for far distance vision and driving. Presbyopia is an ongoing process and the eye will keep aging the older a person becomes. As a result the presbyopic prescription will need to be increased over time to accommodate the continued change of the lens. Visit your eye care practitioner if you are having difficulties focusing close up. Presbyopia is easily determined during a routine eye examination. Your eye care practitioner will advise you on the most suitable glasses based on the exam results and your daily needs and requirements.
eyewear
OPEN YOUR EYES TO FREEDOM. Have the freedom to be all that you can be with ACUVUE 速 brand contact lenses.
- Sharq
January, 2015
4
In these thin-conscious times, many people worry about every extra ripple and bulge, no matter where it shows up. Doctors, however, see things differently. When it comes to your health, there's one place where fat is especially dangerous. Fat above the waist (the “apple” body shape) is much more dangerous than fat in the butt and thighs (the “pear” body shape). In most people, about 90 percent of body fat lies in a layer just beneath the skin. The remaining 10 percent — called visceral fat — lies out of reach, deep within your abdomen. It’s found in the spaces surrounding your liver, intestines and other organs. Visceral fat is a key player in a variety of health problems, including cardiovascular disease, dementia, asthma, and breast and colorectal cancer. What makes visceral fat so dangerous? Research over the past 20 years has completely changed our understanding of what fat is. We’ve always known that fat is composed of billions of cells called fat cells. We used to think that fat was just a layer of insulation to keep heat inside our bodies during cold weather. We didn’t think that fat and fat cells, really did anything more than provide insulation. However, we’ve discovered that fat cells — particularly fat cells inside the abdomen (visceral fat) – are little hormone factories. They are constantly producing substances that get into the blood and travel to other parts of the body, where they can have profound effects. For example, some of the hormones produced by fat cells affect your appetite, your metabolism, even your blood pressure. To keep visceral fat at bay: •Keep moving. Exercise can help you reduce your waist circumference, lose visceral fat and gain muscle mass. Engage in at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity activity most days. •Eat right. Choose a balanced diet that helps you achieve and maintain a healthy weight. Avoid products that encourage belly fat, including fructose-sweetened foods and beverages. •Don’t smoke. The more you smoke, the more likely you are to store fat in your abdomen rather than on your hips and thighs. •Forget the quick fix. Liposuction doesn’t reach inside the abdominal wall to your visceral fat. You may change your appearance with liposuction, but you won’t improve your health. Dr. Nazia Nausheen
Dr. Nazia Nausheen is a certified medical doctor. She also holds a Masters Degree in Business, specializing in Sales and Marketing. Readers should look forward to her regular articles on women health and other general health related issues. citypageskuwait.com
BELLY FAT IS BAD! GUT CHECK You can estimate your visceral fat by measuring your waist circumference. Ideally, waist circumference should be less than 35 inches for women and less than 40 inches for men. A tape measure is your best home option for keeping tabs on visceral fat. Measure your waistline at the level of the navel — not at the narrowest part of the torso — and always measure in the same place. (According to official guidelines, the bottom of the tape measure should be level with the top of the right hip bone, or ilium — see the illustration — at the point where the ilium intersects a line dropped vertically from the center of the armpit.) Don’t suck in your gut or pull the tape tight enough to compress the area. In women, a waist circumference of 35 inches or larger is generally considered a sign of excess visceral fat, but that may not apply if your overall body size is large. For men, a waist circumference of 40 inches or more indicates excess visceral fat. Rather than focus on a single reading or absolute cut-off, keep an eye on whether your waist is growing (are your pants getting snug at the waist?). That should give you a good idea of whether you’re gaining unhealthy visceral fat.
Spotlight On
Recent Developments In
AESTHETIC SURGERY
During the past few years, there was a dramatic increase in the number of plastic surgical procedures all over the world. This was triggered by many factors mainly the huge expansion of the telecommunication services where all movie stars and celebrities were exposed in the media before and after cosmetic procedure. An increasingly aging population and job competitiveness are a major contributing factor as people tend to resist and try to hide the effects of age on their face and over all complexions in a desperate attempt to retain their jobs and social image. Last but not least is the dramatic improvement in surgical techniques and cosmetic products that rendered these procedures safe and easy. It cannot be forgotten that the overall costs of these procedures is becoming within the reach of the population and some banks even go a farther step and given loans for plastic surgical procedures. The domain of plastic procedures is expanding by the day. Broadly speaking, it includes cosmetics minimally invasive procedures and surgical procedures. The first branch is covered by beauticians mostly and includes creams masks and cover up procedures Dr. Sherief Zamer
consultant plastic surgeon Specialized Boushahri Polyclinic
Baghdad Street, Building # 38, In front of Suleiman Al-Luhaib Mosque. Tel: 1888877 Ext: 151
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that hide fine lines and blemishes to give an ever young healthy look. These can be also a valuable adjunct to surgical procedures where creams can hide scars and minor discrepancies after different surgeries. Noninvasive procedures had the maximum boost over the past two decades. Botox and fillers became common words and lot topics practically in all feminic discussions. These procedures induced a quick fix for minor facial aberrations mainly the frown lines, crow's feet, gummy smile, and neck sagging. A botox injection can take care of these imperfections giving a younger look with no down time and that can last a minimum of six months up to one year. Filler application is one of the most commonly practiced procedures in outpatient services. it has an immediate effect to cover deep nasolabial folds, marionette lines, and jawles. They can be applied also for lip augmentation, cheek lining, jaw line accentuation, and tear touch correction. Other minimally invasive procedures include threads, to lift facial elements & injectable to give a crystal dermabrasion , chemical peeling and different laser machine become an integral part of the plastic services where these procedures can take care of skin resurfacing, getting rid of unneeded pigmentation, naevi, and fine aging lines. Plastic surgical procedures showed a dramatic improvement. Most of them can be done under local anesthesia and even the procedures done under general anesthesia do not require an extended hospital stay with a quick recovery and return to social life. Liposuction is the most commonly practiced
surgical procedure worldwide. It can remove fat from unwanted areas and lately add fat to enhance body contours. It has the advantage of being fast immediately visible and repeatable with minimal down time. Facial plastic surgical procedures include nose jobs ‘’Rhinoplasty’’ to correct humps, broad tips wide aloe, deformed nasal bones, and shortening or lengthening the nose. Eyelid surgery ‘’Blepharoplasty’’ has a marked effect in alleviating baggy or puffy eyelids and eliminates the tired effect by increasing eye opening. Face lift surgery is a rewarding procedure to give a younger athletic face without age lines and with elevated cheek bones and graceful neck and jaw lines. Body surgery has a wide domain involving breast surgery whether reduction, augmentation or elevation. Tummy tuck "Abdominoplasty" is very commonly performed especially by women after multiple child bearing. It retightens the muscles, excises redundant skin and takes away unwanted fat. With the evolution of weight losing surgeries "Bariatric Surgery" a subspecialty in plastic surgery evolution to tackle redundancy in all body areas with sculpturing and lifting of all affected body parts. Finally, it is the ultimate goal of all plastic surgeons to give their customers the ultimate result with the minimum or most hidden scars and the least down time or side effects. It is our goal to pursue all possible avenues to achieve this target.
Baghdad Street – Building 38 same as Boushahri Seema Pharmacy, Opposite Suleiman Al-Luhaib Mosque - Tel : 1888877
www.boushahricp.com
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EARLY LABOR “How will I know when my body is in labor?” This is the most common question I hear from moms during their prenatal appointments. The reality of how different and varying each woman goes into labor makes it difficult to answer that question with a simple set of checklist symptoms. In addition, the length of early labor varies significantly between women. Here’s what I can say. Early labor often includes at least some of the following: •Regular or frequent contractions (lower abdominal cramping) 5-20 minutes apart lasting anywhere from 30-60 seconds •Breaking or leaking of the bag of waters (amniotic sac) •Cramping or pain in the lower back •Loss of the “cervical plug” (often detected as pink colored mucous while using the toilet) •Nausea (decreased appetite) or an increased appetite •Loose stools
contractions, mild or strong, for several days with little to no cervical change. This is called prodromal labor. It often feels like labor begins, and then stops, and then begins again, and then stops. This can go on for days, keeping a mother and her family on high alert, believing that labor will begin at any moment. For some women, prodromal labor is simply the uterus warming up while the body slowly builds up oxytocin levels. For others, the prodromal labor might be indicative of uterus trying to reposition the baby to facilitate a smoother labor. Whatever the reason, know that labors that start and stop are normal and healthy labors. Knowing that healthy, normal, early labors can start and stop and last for several days up until a mother is dilated to 6cm should impact what you do and the decisions you make during early labor. Most care providers suggest that you come to the hospital when contractions last at least 60-90 seconds, are 3-4 minutes apart, for at least an hour. This is called the 4-1-1 rule. (Unless your water breaks. If your water breaks, call your care provider and follow their instructions).
While these symptoms are fairly standard, the length of early labor varies significantly. In fact, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recently revised their official opinion on the definition of “early labor” and “active labor”. ACOG used to teach that “early labor” included the time it took for the uterus to dilate from 0-3cm. They also believed that labor should progress approximately 1cm/hour. However, according to improved research, ACOG now acknowledges that “early labor” can last anywhere from a few hours to several days as the uterus dilates from 0-6cm. In addition, some women experience frequent
So what do you do during the hours, or perhaps days, until you reach 4-1-1? •Continue with normal everyday activities for as long as possible. •Take a walk outside or wade in the pool. •Practice some gentle yoga, including downward-facing dog pose, cat-cow pose, and child’s pose. •Take a bath or a shower to help you relax. •Do something relaxing, such as baking, watching a favorite movie, or working on a craft. •Get a pedicure or manicure…pamper yourself one last time before active labor. •Take a nap and get some sleep if you can sleep between contractions (Often having someone massage your feet while you lay on your side with many pillows can help you relax enough to doze-off in between. This is important. Labor can test a mother’s stamina). •Lean against a wall, over a table, or on your partner or doula while swaying or rocking your
Sarah Paksima
Sarah Paksima is BirthKuwait Co-Founder and President Emeritus and a Doula, Childbirth Educator.
BirthKuwait is a non-profit organization operating as part of The Voluntary Health Association.For more information, visit their website: www.birthkuwait.com or Instagram: @birthkuwait
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hips. •Sit on a birth ball (or physical therapy ball) and roll your hips around in a circle. •Continue to eat light, healthy food and drink plenty of water or herbal tea. Many hospitals send mothers home when they are still in early labor. If for some reason you check into your hospital before 6 cm, remember that it is perfectly normal and healthy for your labor to progress slowly, with occasional “breaks”. Whether you are at home or at the hospital, keep in mind that the uterus is a muscle. After many hours of hard work, it is normal for the uterus to “rest” for a bit, and then restart it’s work. As long as both the mother and the baby are doing well, there is no need to intervene to speed up labor. Just be patient, rest, move around, and stay hydrated and nourished. Although early labor can test your endurance and stamina, with the proper support and attitude, you’ll make it to the fun part of labor…meeting your baby!
January, 2015
THE SALHIYA MEDICAL
PAV I L I O N
Redefining Your Well-Being The Salhiya Medical Pavilion is a world-class multispecialty medical center located on the 2nd floor of Noor Al Salhiya Complex, opposite Salhiya Complex. It provides direct access to the world’s best healthcare and by incorporating multiple specialties into one convenient location helps in reducing the need for patients to travel abroad for care. Multidisciplinary teamwork with coordinated care is The Salhiya Medical Pavilion's distinguishing feature. It ushers in a new era in health care in Kuwait by redefining the well-being and setting global benchmarks in hospitality and through providing a culture of continuous learning, innovation and excellence in healthcare. citypageskuwait.com
January, 2015
A refuge from the noise and bustle, the comfortable and elegant world-class The Salhiya Medical Pavilion addresses all the senses to grant profound relaxation and well-being. The body, mind and spirit are fully harmonized by the atmosphere where sight, smell, hearing, touch and taste are all awoken and explored. With prominent Western and Kuwaiti physicians, highly educated medical support staff, state-of-the-art medical equipment, and latest technology, The Salhiya Medical Pavilion provides a state of equilibrium of complete physical, mental, and emotional well-being. At The Salhiya Medical Pavilion, they call and treat their customers as their guests rather than their patients. Guests can enjoy a seamless customer experience with an appointment only access, their own Personal Health Concierge, an environment that fosters tranquility, and an experience that is unparalleled in any healthcare facility world-wide. citypageskuwait.com
January, 2015
Flooded with light and energy to impart a sense of peace and well-being to all who visit, The Salhiya Medical Pavilion is designed by the prominent Lebanese architect, Talal Antar. To craft the guest experience, Ms. Mindy Terry who has more than eighteen years of experience developing, leading and guiding spas to ‘Top Ten’ status was commissioned for her expertise in developing luxury spas and wellness centes. To polish off The Salhiya Medical Pavilion’s modern and stylish image, Ms. Fatima Al Naqi taught staff how to achieve understated, yet elegant beauty through make-up and hair styling instruction. To create a healing environment, The Salhiya Medical Pavilion features an enviable collection of original works by prominent Kuwaiti artists Fareed Abdal and Muneera Al Rumaihi, Syrian artists Adnan Abdulrahman, Refa'e Ahmed, and Mahmoud Majdal, and Iraqi artist Mohammed Al Shammery. And to extend The Salhiya Medical Pavilion’s experience beyond the
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physician’s suite and into the kitchen, a light tasting menu has been solely developed by Chef Nasser AlMukhaizeem that effortlessly imparts a taste of fine dining into the healthcare environment. The Salhiya Medical Pavilion has teamed up with UKbased Patients Know Best (PKB) – the world’s first patient controlled online medical records system. With PKB patients will have the power and means to access their medical records 24/7, the discretion to share the record with physicians from around the world, track their health history, medications, vitals, and have direct online communication with their doctor and care team. At The Salhiya Medical Pavilion, they offer specialized services in Ear, Nose, Throat (E.N.T), Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN), Pediatrics, and soon to be launched Nutrition, Urology, and Bariatric surgery. In addition they have created the services of SIBA - Arabic for 'Youth'- with a focus on aesthetics, laser treatments, and skin care. SIBA utilizes the latest, most effective technologies and procedures from France, Germany, Italy and North America.
Location: Noor Al Salhiya Complex, 2nd floor, opposite Salhiya Complex. Phone 1880881 Working Hours: 9:00am – 1:00pm and 5:00pm – 9:00pm Available by appointments only, No walk-ins accepted
Dr. Sanad Al Fadala
Dr. Wendy Noble
January, 2015
Shaima Namavar, founder / owner of the British Playhouse nursery and Funhouse club and National Representative at the World Forum Foundation, is one of those individuals whose work has been influential among those concerned with the education, care, and well-being of young children. She believes sustainable societies cannot be built if children are not given the opportunity to develop a strong foundation for development, wellbeing and lifelong learning and it is in the early childhood period that children develop their basic values, attitudes, skills, behaviors and habits, which may be long lasting. Recently we caught up with Shaima Namavar to tell us all about her amazing work in raising awareness about the powerful role of early childhood education and care. Please introduce yourself to our readers: My name is Shaima Namavar, am a mother of two boys Abdulaziz 9yrs old and Mohammed 5yrs old, wife to a supportive husband Nezar Makhseed, and founder / owner of the British Playhouse nursery and Funhouse club. I am also a National Representative and global leader at the World Forum Foundation. I have earned a Bachelor’s degree in Business Administration from the American University of Sharjah. I also hold many certificates in parenting, early childhood education etc. You are a National Representative at World Forum Foundation. Could you enlighten us briefly on its history, how did it come about, and how did you get involved? The World Forum Foundation was first visualized by Bonnie and Roger Neugebauer and Carmel and Rodney Kenner at a 1998 meeting in Sydney, Australia. It was founded to promote an on-going global exchange of ideas on the delivery of quality services for young children in diverse settings. This mission is accomplished through convening gatherings of early childhood professionals around the world and by promoting the continuing exchange of ideas among participants. The first ever World Forum on Early Care and Education held in Honolulu, Hawaii, in 1999. For over 12 years the World Forum Foundation has been building the international network of National Representatives, a key leadership initiative of the World Forum, strengthening commitment to global reach and diversity. Roger Neugebauer the president of the World Forum Foundation chose me to be the National Representative from Kuwait during the World Forum conference May 2014. What are your primary responsibilities as a National Representative? citypageskuwait.com
My primary responsibilities are to attend the World Forum Foundation meetings, to spread the word to as many early childhood professionals, and to share the latest studies regarding early childhood education and development in Kuwait. Tell us about some of your achievements and challenges as a National Representative: As my achievements, I have already started spreading awareness to parents and childminders about the importance of early childhood education and development. It has been few months for me as a National Representative and I have 2 years to work on this position and to be honest the only challenge am facing is lack of data in Kuwait. You are a global leader for young children, advocate and agent to seek for quality in the early childhood development. Please shed some light on the importance of early childhood education: The first 5 years of child’s life are the most critical time of growth and learning. In fact 85% of a child’s brain develops by age 5, before a child even starts school. When children receive good care, nutritious diet & learning opportunities during their earliest years, they have better chance to grow up healthy, to do well at school and reach their highest potential. Research shows that early learning programs for babies and toddlers have positive effect that extend beyond the first years of school, well into adulthood and go on to benefit society as a whole. What are your thoughts on the appropriate and intentional use of technology and digital media in the early years? Technology and interactive media are important tools to promote and support effective learning and development with understanding the limits of technology;
give careful consideration to technology with infants and toddlers. Early education is often discussed as a long-term investment in improving the skills of the future workforce and you are also an advocate of high-quality early education. Could you discuss your work as a Child Advocate? My work involves raising awareness about the powerful role of early childhood education (ECE) and care, and specifically the importance of high quality ECE to support development to the fullest potential through social media, and by giving workshops to parents and teachers. As you survey the landscape of childhood education and development in Kuwait, do you think it is a critical issue and what are some of the key challenges we should be paying particular attention to? It is a critical issue in Kuwait and we should be paying attention to many factors the most important factor being more involvement of parents in their children’s’ lives, to have a law in Kuwait that children start school at the age of 3.5 years and not 6 years, to have more awareness about the importance of childhood education and development to have a better future through media. Children should be the property of the country and the people, and private sector should also take part in this not only the government. Given your hands-on work in improving early childhood education, what do you see as priority steps that the public and private sectors should take to address key needs in this area? The priority step that the public and private sectors should take is to have a national standard for early childhood education and care, either by improving their existing policies and regulations, or by developing a new framework.
Shaima Namavar EMPOWERING OUR YOUNGEST CITIZENS
January, 2015
You are actively using your influence to advocate for positive change, what kinds of leadership lessons have you learned with regard to moving the needle on important social issues? I think the most important thing I have learned is that people should see the motivation and passion I have for children and that I will not give up easily to achieve my goal of spreading the awareness about the early childhood education and development. I cannot just order and wait for the people to react to my words. In order for them to react, I should help, work and make them involve in my aim. This is leadership, you work and people react with you. How early childhood programs and services can support and benefit children and families around the globe? What is their economic and societal value? Early childhood education has an important role to play in laying the foundations for active and responsible citizenship. Early childhood programs have been founded to generate a return to society. Education is a way to improve the country income. THINK BIG START SMALL. You are also an owner and founder of British Playhouse Nursery. Tell us your vision and mission and what makes your nursery unique? My vision and mission for the British Playhouse Nursery is to implement the national standards and that’s what I am working on with my team. What makes it unique is that we at British Playhouse Nursery make education fun for children and affordable for parents. What would you like British Playhouse Nursery to achieve in the next five years? We are aiming to open more branches in Kuwait and as a part of our community work we are aiming to open a branch in one of the countries that really need childhood programs. Your message for our readers: Childhood is a very special period and children should have the opportunity to enjoy their early years. Children are our future leaders. Let’s all work together to make this happen. Your message for us at CityPages magazine: I would like to thank CityPages for their efforts and support and I wish you success in all your future endeavors.
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MAGENTA
www.thecolorrecipe.com
by: Wala'a Al Muhaiteeb In numerology 2015 is a year 8 (2+0+1+5= 8). The vibrations of this number are highly connected with the color magenta in color therapy. The number 8 is associated with success and abundance. Magenta is a mix of red and violet; red is a color of past pain releasing, passion, leadership and masculine action. Violet is highly creative color that connects us to the art, big ideas, soul connections, and feminine wisdom. mix those two colors together and you will get the recipe for 2015. Magenta is a great balance between these two energies and two worlds. It’s a color that is connected to creativity in business, leadership and success. Connecting with magenta is essential for our transformation for 2015. Before I get into how to connect with magenta, lets talk about the magenta personality.
If magenta is your favorite color you are a compassionate and kind person. You always seek to make the people around you feel better and help them with everything you can. You always seek balance in your life and loves balancing extremes; you might be the kind that pursues two completely different hobbies but manage to mix them very well. If you are a person who dislikes magenta you are a person who doesn’t like to stand out from the crowd, a person who would choose to conform to other peoples ideas rather than marching to your own beat. Magenta is a color of change and transformation, it helps release old negative patterns to help us move forward. to connect with magenta; fill your house with vibrant magenta flowers, or put different magenta accessories around your desk at work. Magenta is strong magnetic color, using it to manifest your dreams is the way to go
with magenta. Magenta is spontaneous and impulsive, but resourceful and organized. Make sure you use it to help you in 2015, as this will be a great year if you let it. Also meditating on magenta by taking 10 deep breaths to settle into the body, with every breath after that you are inhaling magenta through your nose and having it expand sideways through your chest. With every breath magenta is filling your body and surroundings. Once you connect with magenta, ask yourself which habits do I want to let go of for 2015 to help me move forward and let the answers come from within you, they will be such unique ideas that you will surprise yourself. Doing this meditation three times a week this month will give you the push you need to start a great 2015. If you want to go deeper with your 2015 transformation contact me at: [email protected] January, 2015
WAYS TO KEEP YOUR
NEW YEAR RESOLUTIONS RANIA JOMAA
Clinical and Community Dietitian
Another year is ending and we ask ourselves: Did we learn anything from our past experiences? How do we make the coming days more successful? It is not as hard as we think.
4.Buy a pedometer and start tracking steps, try to work up to 10.000 steps a day.
5.Connect by instagram or facebook to
networks related to nutrition which can support and encourage you and share your experience and resolutions in public with others, this will motivate you.
People around the world are more interested these days with eating healthier food and changing their lifestyle and bad habits, you may have started before and did not reach your goals. How to make this year different? How to maintain your new year’s resolutions for 2015?
6.Choose your food carefully and eat three main meals and two snacks.
1.Keep your resolutions simple and focus
weight at a certain time. Make that a shortterm goal to a big achievement.
on 2 goals at a time, for example start eating healthy food and exercising before focusing on weight loss.
2.Keep a log especially at the beginning of the day: activity and caloric intake. 3.Stay focused on your actions (eating healthier, spending more time on exercising) and don’t become obsessed only with results. citypageskuwait.com
It is also very important to make the TV room a no food zone, this will help you focus on what you are eating much more than focusing on a TV show.
7.Make realistic goals of reaching a certain 8.Plan a time-frame by using your own calendar for every week. It will include your daily food intake, calories and exercise.
without losing any weight, if you are eating healthy food with normal quantity and exercising, results will surely show.
11.Share your experience but do not listen to people’s advices and over research for information which can be included in non approved resources, always ask a dietitian about your daily caloric needs, body fat and exercise plan. 12.Turn exercise into your daily living need, at least 45 minutes per day and consume a minimum of 8 cups of water. Nutrition is a very big issue and cannot be written in one or two pages, but you have to convince yourself that eating healthy is not only for weight loss, it is an issue that can help you have a better life with a healthier body. It also prevents many chronic obesity related diseases.
9.Do not reward yourself with food and high
Finally, happy 2015! May 2014 go with all our bad habits where we only leave the good times and memories.
10.Do not give up, even if a week passed
Start today, as long as you are alive you can change and take a hold of your life.
fat meals when you are happy after losing weight.
10 NEW YEAR RESOLUTIONS
TO KEEP FOR 2015 Don't we all love the idea of starting the new year with a bunch of resolutions. Inspiring ourselves yet again to write up resolutions we may or may not follow through. I do however give brownie points to those who do write up their resolutions as these are indications of the changes they do intend on making (some day). If health is a priority for you this year, I am hoping the resolutions below will be of help to you. These 1 to 10 resolutions are simple and doable and each number itself is related to the resolution.
1.Aim to lose 1 kg per week (if overweight or obese) Rome wasn’t built in a day. It is best to gradually lose weight rather than trying to lose excessive weight very quickly. It is well documented that people who try to lose weight quickly tend to gain the lost weight back and in most cases it's more than what they had lost.
2.Eat 2 serves of fruit each day. You can have these in between meals as your snack This should be your go to pharmacy. Fruits are great low calorie, nutrient dense, fiber rich snack options. The natural sugar and nutrients are for elevating your energy levels.
3.Each day, be grateful for any 3 things in your life Sanaa Abdul Hamid Sanaa holds Masters of Clinical Dietetics from University of Queensland, Australia and is a Clinical dietitian and a Certified Yoga Teacher. Sanaa is also a blogger and very active on Instagram. Read more from Sanaa at her Blog: www.balancewithsanaa.com , Instagram: Sanaa_dietitian
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Gratitude is a great practice for psychological well-being. People who are grateful tend to have a higher sense of self-worth. It helps to block out toxic negative emotions that tends to divert us from happiness. Harvesting negative emotions within does more self-harm than good so learn to release any past unresolved emotions and start to focus on all the good things in your life.
4.Dedicate 4% of your day to your exercise. That is only 1 hour from your whole day. We have 24 hours in a day. Pick a time that best suits your lifestyle and try get in some form of physical activity. You can just start off with doing 30 minutes exercise on most days and then build up to 1 hour. You can also split up your time by doing a quick 10 – 15 minutes exercise on waking up and then doing another 15 minutes exercise later in the day. Accidental exercises also count so instead of using the elevator, take the stairs.
5.Eat 5 serves of vegetables each day. Evidence suggests that eating a serve of vegetable each day reduces the risk of coronary heart disease, stroke and weight gain. Vegetables are low in calories, great source of minerals and vitamins, dietary fibers and contain a range of phytochemicals including carotenoids. A serve of vegetable equates to 1 cup of green leafy or raw salad vegetables; 1/2 cup cooked green or orange vegetables (such as broccoli, spinach, pumpkin, carrots); 1 medium tomato, ½ cup sweet corn, ½ medium potato or other starchy vegetables.
6.Eat 6 Small meals instead of 3 big meals Eating smaller meals regularly prevents you
from overeating during meal times. You can always carry a piece of fruit with you or a handful of nuts or keep small tub of low fat yoghurt at work to eat in between meals.
7.Sleep at least 7 hours every day That means sleeping at a decent hour to get enough sleep. When you stay awake till late hours, you put yourself at risk of being overweight or obese. Studies conducted have found that people who sleep late tend to eat
more calories (200 – 400 calories) than those who sleep at a decent hour.
8.Drink a minimum of 8 glasses of water Water is calorie free and assists in digestion & toxin removal. Being well hydrated reduces the chances of you overeating or craving unhealthy food as it is not uncommon for one to confuse thirst for hunger.
9.After 9 pm practice digital detox
That is, disconnect yourself from any electronic devices. Keep your smart phones away from your bed. Looking at your electronic screens while in bed tends to negatively affect melatonin levels and delay sleep.
10.Meditate for 10 minutes each day There is 1440 minutes in a day. All you need is 10 minutes for yourself. As you get out of bed, take a few minutes to just sit there and notice your breathing. Observe how your belly rises and falls with each breath. Perhaps you can
mentally say the 3 things you are grateful for ( resolution number 3) and then get out of bed. Next, while you are at work, just before you head out for your lunch break, just sit there at your desk, close your eyes and count 10 – 1 mentally and synchronize your breath with each count. Let your mind and body relax. Breathe in positive, relaxing healing energy and breathe out negative energy. Hope you lovely readers have a great year ahead. January, 2015
DITCH THE SHRINK AND GYM IT INSTEAD TO A BETTER YOU THIS 2015!
It’s the eve of New Years and here I sit pondering on all the mischief and mayhem I personally created in 2014. Personally it’s been quite an amazing year for me. Some of the highlights were: -becoming a sponsored athlete for Evolve Supplements -getting my mother to visit Londontown in May (a place where she visited once some 30 odd years ago!) -vanquishing my stage fright yet again and participating at the prestigious Arnold Amateur Bodybuilding Competition in Madrid, Spain -having a more balanced work-life ratio -adopting my 3rd adorable dog, Theodore. Were these goals of mine set out at the start of 2014? Yes it most certainly was! Personally, I don’t think I would have been able achieve all that I set out to do if it wasn’t for my disciplined nature-an attribute or character of mine newly acquired from when I started, you guessed it, going to the gym. Yes, getting fit definitely benefits you from a physical and mental standpoint (most notably, exercises reduces one’s risk of developing a Reshmi Revi
Reshmi Revi is a NZCF Certified Personal Trainer, Fitness Enthusiast and an Evolve Supplements Sponsored Athlete who competes in bodybuilding. Follow her on Instagram: @Q8MissFit
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myriad of cardiovascular diseases and has been known to be more beneficial in treating patients with mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety while stimulating growth of new brain cells) but did you know it also benefits you emotionally and socially too?
Get your emotional rollercoaster under control Whenever you exercise, your brain secretes ‘endorphins,’ which are ‘feel-good’ chemicals. Regular exercisers tend to report feeling happy and less anxious/worried/frustrated post workout. Furthermore research has shown that individuals who exercise frequently and regularly are able to cope better with challenges life throws at them. Maintaining an exercise routine along with a healthy lifestyle teaches you to be disciplined and functioning more on rationality and not in an emotional state. These positive attributes then transfer into other aspects of one’s life such as how one socializes with the rest of society.
A positive social state starts at the gym I only start seriously taking care of myself when I was in Auckland, New Zealand. Freshly graduated from university and working a 9 to 5 role, the gym was a stone’s throw away from my office. In 8 months I committed myself to healthy living and eating, I lost about 25+ kilograms…and most of my toxic friends. I don’t smoke but most of my friends back then were smokers and just hanging around them would trigger my asthma attacks. So you can
imagine how grateful my lungs were when I started going to the gym regularly after work. It was at my gym I befriended the regulars over there and pretty soon, I too wanted to eat well, have better sleeping hours and more energy. I took these positive social norms I witnessed at my gym, remembered it by heart and still practice them today. What’s more, going to the gym not only boosted my immune system but also my self-esteem when I lost all that weight and further cemented my new-found confidence when I took up learning muay thai boxing as a form of self-defense. 2015 awaits with eager anticipation. Instead of making verbal resolutions, my suggestion would be to write them down. I would think of 3 realistic goals I would like to achieve in 2015 and write them down on a post-it note. I would then stick this post-it note at a place that was highly visible. So for example, for me it would be either sticking it on my bathroom mirror, or on my full-length mirror in my study. That way, whenever I passed by, I would see the notes and hence these goals/ resolutions/ selfaffirmations would always subconsciously be in my mind to achieve. T.S Eliot once quipped “For last year’s words belong to last year’s language. And next year’s words, await another voice.” If you haven’t achieved what you set out to do, take heart. You have 12 brand new chapters in this year to do something about it. With that said, here’s to all you amazing CityPages readers wishing you a gloriously healthy and prosperous New Year!
NEW YEAR
NEW RESOLUTIONS
The excitement while celebrating New Year takes over your life causing you to make resolutions that are not realistic and maybe even not attainable. But your determination makes you go ahead and announce those resolutions. Fast forward to 2 months later, and there you are still talking about your resolutions but not really doing anything about it, so how do you get yourself to stick to these resolutions? Maha AlRashed
Maha AlRashed is a CHEK Certified Exercise Coach and a regular contributor for CityPages magazine. citypageskuwait.com
Making a realistic resolution is easy to do. Think of ways that you would like to improve your life; a resolution shouldn’t be life changing because that is what makes it so unattainable. We are creatures of habit and with that it is really difficult to convince us to change our ways so why try to dramatically change your life? Just do it in baby steps. The usual suspects when it comes to resolutions are, weight loss and exercise more. This year try something new; try something that you may not have thought is really a resolution. In 2015, I have decided that I am changing my plans on resolutions; I’ve opted to change their name to goals; and these goals may change monthly because I know that I can’t
realistically have one set goal and commit for 12 months to reach that goal. The only goals I think that matter are the ones that have to do with your inner self and those require a lifetime commitment. I suggest that you commit to making each day the best day of the year, commit to making yourself happy, commit to making time for yourself, and finally commit to yourself being the best person you can possibly be. With that positive energy being let out into the world, you will make your environment a better place for you and the people around you. Wishing all the readers of CityPages a very Happy and Prosperous 2015!
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January, 2015
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CityPages Staff Shares Vogue Fashion Dubai Experience
I received an invitation from the Government of Dubai Tourism #MyDubai to attend a gathering of fashion bloggers from the Arabian Gulf. It was a wonderful and distinctive experience including discovering Dubai. The experience of attending Vogue Fashion Dubai Experience was really pleasing. It not only provided me the opportunity to attend this amazing event but also provided me the chance to see the world famous designers from very closely. From 30th October 2014 till 1st of November
at Dubai Mall and Armani hotel, I attended "Vogue Fashion Dubai Experience" event and fashion sessions. The Dubai Mall is the world’s most visited shopping place and entertainment destination. In 2013, it welcomed over 75 million visitors. In addition to the 1,200 retailers, the flagship asset of Emaar Malls Group is home to more than 200 F&B outlets and numerous worldclass leisure attractions. This time at 2nd Vogue Fashion Dubai Experience only, it welcomed over 1 million visitors to mark worldwide festivity of fashion. The inaugural fashion show hosted by supermodel Karolina Kurkova and Wissam Hanna which launched the second edition of Vogue Fashion Dubai Experience, organised by Emaar and Vogue Italia, was highlighted by a stellar line-up of global celebrities and a record turn-out of visitors. The in-store activities organised by over 200 fashion retailers in The Dubai Mall also contributed to the significant boost in footfall, further underlining The Dubai Mall’s credentials as the ultimate destination for luxury shopping. It was such a nice and well organized event. The fashion show was an echoing success and stunned the attendees with a creative presentation of the S/S 2015 collections of eight brilliant international designers. The selected brands were: Asudari Studio by Lamia Asudari from Saudi Arabia, Christopher Esber from Australia, J. JS Lee by Jackie JS Lee from South Korea, Madiya Al Sharqi from UAE, Miuniku by Tina Sutradhar and Nikita Sutradhar from India, No3 Design by Bushra Badri and Amira Al Khaja from the UAE, Stella Jean from Italy and Piccione Piccione by Salvatore Piccione from Italy. Like the previous edition, great consideration was focused on designers’ talent. In particular, “The Fashion Catwalk” and “The International Talents Showcase” were among the most anticipated events. The artists did justice with their talent
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and audience could not resist applauding. Vogue Fashion Dubai Experience also featured the International Talents Showcase at Armani Hotel Dubai, which served as an exclusive stage for 20 upcoming designers, selected by Vogue Italia and The Dubai Mall through a scouting contest. The showcase reported vigorous interest from buyers and retailers for the collections and several potential leads for business and marketing collaborations I am really Thankful to the Government of Dubai Tourism #MyDubai for providing me such a wonderful experience.
January, 2015
Looking Glamorous has never been so easy Be fabulous and stylish with our expert’s chosen winter outfits that will make you step out of the crowd and feel original and unique. Shine and have fun with the mix of colors, textures and brands that will make you look chic and trendy this winter. We are thrilled to introduce you in a mystic oriental space, inaugurated by us for a brand new fashion concept- Brille comme une Star de CinÊma!
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Model: Dania from CBS MODELS Agency: www.cbsmodels.com Instagram: @cbsmodelmanagement Art Director: Bianca Sutu Instagram: @Bianca_Sutu Photographer: Saleh Al Sanad Instagram: @AL_SANAD Clothes & Accessories: Mosaic Kuwait - Salhiya M1 Instagram: @mosaickuwait Makeup and Hair: @al_joyeria salon Location: Abou ElSid - Authentic Egyptian Restaurant Instagram: @abouelsid_kw
January, 2015
Absolutely in Fashion with citypageskuwait.com
Elena Persil Jacket Talulah Trousers
Location: Abou ElSid - Authentic Egyptian Restaurant Instagram: @abouelsid_kw
January, 2015
Look Classy Dress by Ze Quun Jacket from Talulah
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Location: Abou ElSid - Authentic Egyptian Restaurant Instagram: @abouelsid_kw
Be trendy with
Trousers from Narciss Fashion Blouse from Talulah Vest from Peridot London Coat from Narciss Fashion
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Location: Abou ElSid - Authentic Egyptian Restaurant Instagram: @abouelsid_kw January, 2015
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Location: Abou ElSid - Authentic Egyptian Restaurant Instagram: @abouelsid_kw
Cocktail dress by Veloudakis
Location: Abou ElSid - Authentic Egyptian Restaurant Instagram: @abouelsid_kw citypageskuwait.com
Chic and comfortable with Trousers from Negarin Jacket from Peridot London
January, 2015
Location: Abou ElSid - Authentic Egyptian Restaurant Instagram: @abouelsid_kw
LAMB GYROS (PRONOUNCED HERO) INGREDIENTS:
For the Gyro Meat: •500 g minced lamb or beef – I prefer lamb •2 teaspoons salt •½ teaspoon dried red chili •2 tablespoons fresh oregano leaves or 1 tablespoon dried oregano •½ red onion, cut into 1-inch chunks •1 clove garlic, sliced •5 slices sliced beef or turkey bacon), cut into ½-inch pieces Tzatziki Sauce: •1 cup full fat Greek yoghurt •1 small cucumber grated finely or chopped into small chunks •1 clove garlic – finely crushed •Salt & pepper to taste ( I also add a few sprigs of mint finely chopped up) •Mix all together and refrigerate To Serve: •Pita bread •Tomato, coarsely chopped •Red onion, thinly sliced
METHOD: 1.Make the Gyro Meat: In a medium bowl, combine the ground lamb,
salt, dried chili and oregano with your hands, mixing until all of the seasonings have been evenly distributed. Cover and refrigerate for at least 1 hour, or overnight.
2.Preheat oven to 180°C. Place the lamb mixture in the bowl of a food processor and add onion, garlic and bacon. Process until a smooth puree is formed, 30 seconds to 1 minute, scraping down the sides of the bowl as necessary. 3.Line a baking sheet (can be a cookie sheet as well) with aluminum foil. With moistened hands, shape the lamb mixture into a rectangle about 8 inches long and 5 inches wide. Bake until the center of the loaf is fully cooked, 30 to 35 minutes. Remove from the oven and allow to rest for 15 minutes. 4.Adjust the oven rack to the highest position (1½ to 2 inches below grill element). Slice the loaf of lamb meat into very thin pieces (they should be about an inch thick; no more than ¼-inch thick). Lay the strips on a baking sheet lined with aluminum foil and grill until edges are browned and crispy, 2 to 4 minutes. Be sure to keep an eye on it, as the grill works quickly! 5.Serve the Gyros: Warm up the bread either in the microwave (30 seconds), on the stovetop or in the oven. Top each one with Tzatziki sauce, chopped tomatoes, sliced onions and gyro meat. Wrap with foil or wax paper and serve.
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GALAKTOBOUREKO Galaktoboureko is a traditional Greek dessert made with a custard in a crispy phyllo pastry shell. I love to serve it with Vanilla ice cream or just some freshly whipped cream…Heavenly delicious…and best served with black coffee… YUM!!!!
INGREDIENTS:
•6 cups full cream milk •1 cup semolina flour •3 ½ tablespoons cornstarch •1 cup white sugar •¼ teaspoon salt •6 eggs •½ cup white sugar •1 teaspoon vanilla extract or fresh vanilla bean – I use half •¾ cup butter, melted •12 sheets phyllo pastry dough •1 cup water •1 cup white sugar
METHOD: 1.Pour milk into a large saucepan, and bring to a boil over medium
heat. In a medium bowl, whisk together the semolina, cornstarch, 1 cup sugar and salt so there are no cornstarch clumps. When milk comes to a boil, gradually add the semolina mixture, stirring constantly with a wooden spoon. Cook, stirring constantly until the mixture thickens and comes to a full boil. Remove from heat, and set aside. Keep warm.
2.In a large bowl, beat eggs with an electric mixer at high speed. Add ½ cup of sugar, and whip until thick and pale, about 10 minutes. Stir in vanilla. 3.Fold the whipped eggs into the hot semolina mixture. Partially cover the pan, and set aside to cool. 4.Preheat the oven to 175°C. 5.Butter a 9x13 inch baking dish, and layer 7 sheets of phyllo into the pan, brushing each one with butter as you lay it in. Pour the custard into the pan over the phyllo, and cover with the remaining 5 sheets of phyllo, brushing each sheet with butter as you lay it down. 6.Bake for 40 to 45 minutes in the preheated oven, until the top
crust is crisp and the custard filling has set. In a small saucepan, stir together the remaining cup of sugar and water. Bring to a boil. When the Galaktoboureko comes out of the oven, spoon the hot sugar syrup over the top, particularly the edges. Cool completely before cutting and serving. Store in the refrigerator and enjoy with loved ones.
GREECE
Greek cuisine makes wide use of olive oil, yoghurt, herbs, fish, and various meats, including lamb. All Mediterranean cuisines have some similarities, and this light and fresh style of cooking is something that I thoroughly enjoy. It is also great for sharing and family style social gatherings. This month we look at the Greek version of the beloved Shawarma and we add a bit of spice to it just for fun and of course a little something for the sweet tooth‌ Enjoy‌. With Love!
January, 2015
St. Petersburg What to stay
Corinthia Hotel - St. Petersburg
ocated at the heart of the city on the Nevsky prospect – the main historic thoroughfare of St. Petersburg The luxury Corinthia Hotels brand is operated by CHI Hotels & Resorts, a leading hotel management company based in Malta.
Saint Petersburg is the second largest city in Russia, politically incorporated as a federal subject. It is located on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea. In 1914 the name of the city was changed from Saint Petersburg to Petrograd, in 1924 to Leningrad, and in 1991, back to Saint Petersburg.
What to see
Peter & Paul's Fortress The Peter and Paul Fortress, is the original citadel of St. Petersburg, Russia, founded by Peter the Great in 1703 and built to Domenico Trezzini's designs from 1706-1740. In the early 20th century, it was still used as a prison by the tsarist government.
The Yusupov Palace One of two surviving St. Petersburg residences of the monumentally wealthy Yusupov family, the Yusupov Palace on the Moika River is perhaps most famous as the scene of the assassination of Grigory Rasputin, and is one of the few aristocratic homes in the city to have retained many of its original interiors.
W. Hotel - St. Petersburg
Conceptualized by award-winning architects Antonio Citterio Patricia Viel and Partners, W. Hotel, St. Petersburg is located in the center of the historical "Venice of the North" next to St. Isaac's Cathedral, a stone throw from the lavish Winter Palace with the famed Hermitage Museum and a short stroll from the spectacular Neva River.
Russian Museum of Ethnography The Russian Museum of Ethnography is a museum in St. Petersburg that houses a collection of about 500,000 items relating to the ethnography, or cultural anthropology, of peoples of the former Russian Empire and the Soviet Union.
The Summer Palace & Park of Catherine's the Great, Pushkin The Catherine Palace is a Rococo palace located in the town of Tsarskoye Selo (Pushkin), 25 km southeast of St. Petersburg, Russia. It was the summer residence of the Russian tsars.
Astoria Hotel
Hotel Astoria is a five-star hotel in Saint Petersburg, Russia that first opened in December 1912. It has 213 bedrooms, including 52 suites and is located on Saint Isaac's Square, next to Saint Isaac's Cathedral
How to go:
The Czars Winter Palace
St. Petersburg's most famous building, the Winter Palace not only physically dominates Palace Square and the south embankment of the Neva River, but also plays a central political, symbolic, and cultural role in the three-century history of the city. citypageskuwait.com
Turkish Airlines Turkish Airlines offers daily flights with the best flight experience and ticket rates for St. Petersburg. Visit their website to get the best offers at: www.turkishairlines.com/ or check with your travel agent.
Bon voyage!
January, 2015
اتصلت مريم علي سعود ما مداها تقوله إن حصة أنخطبت وأنه ،،، سعود :مبروك اهلل يوفقها خوش بنت مع السالمة ( طلع مبتلش فيها وما صدق ينحاش ) مريم غشت من الضحك بس ما حبت تقول لحصة خلتها عايشه دور محطمة القلوب.
شهر العسل تايالند ..مدينه كرابي الساحلية سافروا من الكويت إلي بانكوك ثم إلي مدينه كارابي الساحلية التي تشتهر بالمسلمين عن طريق الطيران الداخلي لمدة ساعة وكانت االقامه في فندق Rayavade Resort in Krabi Thailand
صار الخميس المنتظر في بيت حصة
دخل عبد الكريم مع والدته سوالف وضحك إلي أن وصلت العروس حصة محطمة القلوب حصيص تذكر أنها نفس السيالنية أم حنة برأسها اللي فتحت له الباب هذاك اليوم ..ال ال ما يبيها بعد كم يوم تتصل والدته والتعذر أنه ولدها يبي يكمل دراسته واهلل يوفق حصة بالرجل الصالح انصدمت األم ،حصة أغمي عليها شلون الحين أفلست من سعود وعبدالكريم ؟؟ شالحل مالها اإل ترد علي سعود وتقولة أنها تحبه عشان جذي ما قدرت تتزوج غيره ورفضت ولد عمتها عشانه. بس لألسف لما اتصلت لقت رقمه مفصول من الخدمة نهائيا ..الرجل ما صدق ينحاش.
يحتوي علي 4مطاعم متنوعة النكهات ومحاطة بالحدائق االستوائية
الفندق خمس نجوم له شاطئ خاص جميل جدا ويتميز بالخصوصية
أفضل األوقات لزيارة كارابي مابين شهر أكتوبر الي نهاية شهر أبريل.
وضعها صعب وحالتها تكسر الخاطر كان
حلمها بسيط تتزوج ويكون لها أسرتها الصغيرة بس.. اتصلت عليها مريم بنت جيرانهم تعزمها علي قهوة عندها بالبيت عشان تغيير نفسيتها ألنها صج محتاجة تطلع من اللي فيه. توها طالعه من بيتهم وإذا بسليمان رفيج أخوها إبراهيم سليمان :مرحبا حصة عرفتيني أنا سليمان رفيج إبراهيم أخوك هذي بطاقة عرس ... حصة :زين زين درينا أخذت البطاقة ..ورقعت الباب ومشت. بعد الصدمات والحالة التي يرثي لها حصة مالها خلق احد خالص حاولت أنها تكمل الحياة والظاهر مالها نصيب أنها تتزوج وتمضي األيام. وفي يوم دخل إبراهيم أخوها : حصة رفيجي سليمان بيخطبج ها ..تبينه وإال أقوله ال تأخذها تتوهق فيها ..هاهاهاهاي حصة :إي ..موافقة وقوله مابي عرس وشهر العسل في سيالن بما أني سيالنيتكم اليديده ..وراحت دارها تبكي علي حظها الردى اللي أخوها إبراهيم يتمسخر عليها ويذكرها أنها عانس . من باجر العصر وإال صج أم سليمان عندهم بالبيت تخطب حصة لولدها سليمان . كان سليمان صديق إبراهيم منذ الصغر وطلع من زماااان معجب وعاشق حصة من طرف واحد بس كان ينتظر الوقت المناسب ويدعي ربه الليل والنهار أنها تكون من نصيبه. وكان الفرح من نصيبهم (..حــصـة و سـلـيـمـان )
بعد 25دقيقة عن Phi Phi ISLANDبالقارب مع تنظيم رحالت بحرية.
يضم أجنحة من طابقين وفيالت مع حمام سباحة خاص وخدمة ممتازة مع ترتيبات لشهر العسل
تابعوني باالنستجرام لمزيد من القصص والرحالت Travelwithmuzmuz
TRAVEL WITH ما يميز كرابي توفر الذبح اإلسالمي والمساجد الن معظم سكانها من المسلمين
by: MOUZAH ALSHAREEDAH citypageskuwait.com
أبله حصة و رحلة البحث عن معرس
TRAVEL WITH
أبلة حصة ،،،خوش بنت بس مطفوقه علي الزواج كل ما تنخطب وحده من صديقاتها وخاصة المدرسات اللي معاها بالقسم تصيبها جلطة ... بذاك اليوم مستأذنة من الدوام بالطريق رايحه لعيادة التجميل تنفخ هالبراطم وتحورف بعمرها عل وعسي تتزوج !! و اإل فجأة تدعم السيارة اللي جدامها واذا بذلك الشاب اللطيف الجنتل ينزل من السيارة يتطمن عليها أو علي سيارته اهلل أعلم.؟؟ الرجل :اختي عسي ماصار فيج شئ ؟ تري الدعمه بسيطة وان شا هلل ماكو إال العافية. حصة بقلبها تقول ليتك داعمني من زمان شهالزين هذا القدر اللي يقولون عنه بس لقيت فارس األحالم. حصة :أه يارقبتي مادري أحس بفقد الوعي. الرجل خاف :ما فيج إال العافية ال تحاتين تري الحادث بسيط خليني اكلم اهلك أطمنهم عليج. في هالوقت حصة وينها وين الحادث اهيه ماصدقت علي اهلل تصيده واالخ يبي يمشي ...كال وألف كال حصة :أحس الدنيا أدور فيني الظاهر من قوه الحادث يمكن اصير عمياء( ..بكي وصياح) الرجل خاف وانتظر إلي أن حضروا أهلها وأخذ رقمها عشان يتطمن عليها وهذا هو المطلوب ...الـتـواصــل
January, 2015
دشت حصة البيت تسوي شقلبه واتكوكس وسري يمين ويسار وتغني يابووه يابووه تراهم يابوه .. بدت تسولف عن اللي صار علي خواتها فسألوها عن السياره كان رد حصة :السيارة يا حلوها ويازينها ..شي شي اه يا قلبي بدأت االتصاالت بين حصه والحبيب الموعود (سعود) عند كل اتصال ليتطمن عليها تعرض له مهامها الوظيفية وشلون اهيه سنعه وتعرف تطبخ وتنظف وراعيه بيت وقنوعة يعني باختصار الزوجة المثالية بعد أيام واشهر قالها سعود انه بخطبها ،دشت حصة علي أمها تبلغها الخبر و اإل تشوفها ماسكه التلفون وتسكتها بلغه االشاره من بعيد أول ماصكت التلفون االم : قلولولولولولولوش حصة يا حصيص ما بغي تنخطـبـيـن . استغراب شديد من المشهد توها مصكره السماعه من سعود امداه يكلم اهله ويكلمون امها هل كيف؟؟ األم ( :عبدالكريم) ولد عمتج هدي توه راد من امريكا معاه هالشهاده اللي هذا ماكبرها ويزورونا الخميس يخطبونج. حصة :شنهو أنا حصة اتزوج (عبرالكريم) هالخبل وينه من زمان توه يتكلم ،،،ياهلل ياهلل خل يأخذ له وحده علي مستواه خالص رحت عليه . األم تـبقـقــت عيونها من الغضب :انتي القيه احد يأخذج طايحه بجبدي محد طق بابك من سنين ما بقي خطابة معرفتنا الحين يايه تتشرطين..؟؟ واذا بحصة تنفرد بالقصة :هاهاهاي ده كان زمان وجبر ،،،أنا بيخطبني سعود عرفتيه يمه. االم :وصمه ،،اليكون المقرود الللي دعمتي سيارته ،،مالت عليج وماكملت الحديث واال...
رجاء لو توقف حصة بوسط الصالة بكل شموخ: ً سمحتي أنا أحبه واهوه يحبني واتفقنا خالص. وإذا بالنعل تسابق الزمان والمكان لتستقر في ظهر حصه وتسدحها علي االرض.
بعد انتهاء حصة من خلطه الحنة اللي حاطتها علي راسها وتفكر شلون اطفش ولد عمتها اللي ماتدري من وين طلع لها ؟؟ يرن جرس البيت ومن اللقافه تفتح الباب واذا بشاب مفتول العضالت يـهـبـل ..يـهـبـل . يقولها روحي نادي بابا سرعة قولي في ولد مال أختي عبد الكريم سرعة. هذا (عبد الكريم) علي باله سيالنيه يا ربي شهالحظ أنزين أنا اشدراني انه صار جذي يهبل خابرته أثرم وخبل طلع حده وضع . ما في غير مـريــوم ..رفيجتي تنقذني من هالورطه اتصلت عليها وقالت لها السالفة كلها. استغربت مريم :الحين مو هذا سعود اللي لجيتي رأسنا فيه تحبينه و بتضحين بالعالم و ما تبين ولد عمتك ..من تبين الحين ؟؟ حصة :يا ربي ما توقعت سعود يتحطم فيني هالكثر أخاف أقوله إني بتزوج غيرك يصير فيه شي تدرين يموت فيني مريوم عفيه كلميه وقولي له. مريم :قررتي تتزوجين ولد عمتك والحب واللي صدعتي رأسنا فيه !! وكل يوم طباخ ومواعين تودينها لسعود ؟؟ حصة :شسوي الزم أخضع للقدر و يأختج عبد الكريم زووغه وشهادة ومركز وينه ..ووين سعود طايح الحظ.
Winter Desert Rose This January CityPages fashion editorial is different. Because our readers are different. We went further for presenting our vision of fashion in an incredible campaign "LeBibi Collection" shot in the marvelous and miracle Dubai's desert. This editorial is about edgy fashion that brings people of different cultures together into a collective conscience and mindset and create marvelous pieces of art. The international model Bianca Sutu collaborates with our fashion team and talented international photographer Bunuel for presenting you our Winter Desert Rose- Chercher la femme!
Model: Bianca Sutu from CBS MODELS Instagram: @bianca_sutu Agency: www.cbsmodels.com Instagram: @cbsmodelmanagement Photographer: Bunuel Green - www.bunuelphotos.com Instagram: @bunuelphotos Clothes: LeBibi Collection Facebook: LeBibi Collection Instagram: @lebibicollection
citypageskuwait.com
citypageskuwait.com
January, 2015
WINTER SKIN SURVIVAL While some love the chilly breezy winds and enjoy the cozy weekends by the fire place, others dread winters due to the stressful changes their body experiences with the fluctuation between overheated rooms and extremely cold weather. Nourishing your facial and body skin is very important during winters to keep your skin soft and supple. SKIN
cannot differentiate between changing seasons and for this reason it undergoes through stressful reactions. As it gets windy and chilly outside, our protective sebum and moisture content in our skin decreases causing dryness, redness, tautness, irritation and some parts of our body experiences cracking and flaking of the skin. Depending on the skin type, our facial skin shows different signs of stress. For this reason, selecting the right skin care products and timely being pampered by a professional
helps you get through the harsh weather conditions. A winter skin survival kit helps to counteract moisture loss, regain skin’s elasticity and protect the skin to combat the external stress.
Anisaa New LaFem Salon & Beauty Co.
Anisaa is an Aesthetic Consultant and Trainer with New Lafem Salon & Beauty Co. You can follow them on Facebook and Instagram at: @lafemsalonq8 citypageskuwait.com
Winter Skin Savers
1.Hi Perfection Eye Cream 2.Super Soft Cleanser 3.Herbal Care Lotion 4.Blemish Balm Perfect Beauty Fluid 5.Skin Elixier 6.Sensi Calm Ampoule 7.Hydra Force Mask
LIPS face a constant challenge during winter months as it is directly exposed to the changing cold
to heated environments. For this reason, do not neglect your lips as they need rich care as well. While choosing a moisturizing balm, make sure it has natural ingredients like Beeswax, Shea butter, Jojoba oil, Vitamin E oil, or Almond oil as it penetrates nourishes dry cracked lips and retains moisture. Avoid Vaseline or paraffin oil, as these ingredients only “seals” cracked lips.
EYES have extremely sensitive, delicate and thin skin, making it vulnerable to changes very easily. Dryness,
dark circles, swelling, itchiness, mild flaking of skin at the corner of the eyes; are some visible impact of the stressful winter season. Use eye products formulated with rich ingredients that will help repair, protect and soothe. Choose an oil based eye makeup remover or almond oil to remove your makeup to avoid the burning sensation caused by the regular removers or wipes. Always carry a lubricating eye drop to instantly moisturize and relieve dry, irritated eyes.
DIY BEAUTY Shield your skin with the nature’s moisturizers by preparing your own potions. Massage any of the below mixtures for at least 10 minutes using upward and circular strokes and leave it on for 20 minutes. Rinse and gently dab to dry. 1.Mix a tbsp of Coconut oil or Almond oil with ½ tspn Honey. 2.Blend Avocado with Milk or Cream to prepare a thick paste. 3.Mix Egg yolk along with tbsp Almond oil and a tspn Honey. 4.Blend Banana with a tbsp of Almond oil with ½ tspn Honey. 5.Mix a few drops of Almond or Vitamin E oil in your night cream or your hands feet cream. 6.Take Almond - Vitamin E oil / chilled Milk on cotton pads and leave it on your eyes for 5 - 10 minutes. Do not rinse. 7.Keep warm Herbal Tea bags for 15 minutes on your eyes for soothing effect.
HANDS & FEET suffer from the cold more than the other parks of the body. After being trapped in gloves, stockings and boots throughout the day our hands and feet tend to get calloused, cracked and itchy due to dryness. Even frequent exposure to water while washing causes the skin to lose its protective layer causing inflammation and irritation. Use a rich cream or body butter on the hands and heels, and cover it up with cotton gloves – socks. Exfoliate and buff your heels regularly while in the shower. When booking for your regular mani-pedi appointments add the luxury of paraffin therapy to your service.
DIET is very essential to keep us healthy inside-out. Incorporate a diet that is rich in nutrients
that will help you fight winter illness and will keep your skin glowing. Avoid junk food, frizzy drinks and smoking that tend to have a negative impact on your skin. You can also include dietary anti-oxidant supplements to your diet that are beneficial for your hair, skin, nails and body. January, 2015
PERFUME
EXTRACTION The word perfume can be split into two parts. The first part, “per” is Latin and means through. The second part, “fume” is also Latin and means smoke. It permeates throughout the air and after it is sprayed or applied, it becomes a part of the atmosphere as does smoke. The use of perfume began during religious ceremonies in the ancient times but soon was used to improve people’s overall smell. The Egyptians used the earliest known extraction method called expression. In this technique, plants are squeezed and compressed until the oils come out of them. Although the Egyptians used this as a primary extraction method, it is only used today for extracting essential oils from the rimes of citrus fruits. King Louis XIV of France bathed in perfume since bathing in water wasn’t very healthy during those times. It was thought that bad smells were the reason people got diseases like the 14th century Black Plague. When doctors treated patients with the plague, they wore masks and lots of perfume to protect ASAMA Perfumes The creative method gave ASAMA Perfumes the time and the opportunity to craft fragrances while working with the highest quality ingredients in a bottle and using Arabic and Western scents as a unique concept point for the fragrances. They welcome your comments at [email protected] Follow them on Instagram and Twitter: @ASAMAPerfumes citypageskuwait.com
themselves from the disease. The release of fragrances in perfumes is completed in three steps. The first step is usually the very first thing we think of when we smell a fragrance. This is called the top note. The top note will evaporate on the skin within 5 to 30 minutes. The scent of the top note is very fresh and light and smells the most natural. Lemon, orange, and herbs are a few top note scents. The next step is called the heart note. The heart note will form the blended perfume itself and can be smelled for three to four hours. The fragrances from the heart note are usually the more warm scents and take up to thirty minutes to settle in the skin. Some common heart notes are rose and lavender. The final step is the base note, which will form the basis for the perfume and can last up to 24 hours. The base notes last the longest and usually have an intense smell. They are also the heaviest which helps the top and heart notes last a little longer. Examples of base notes are Vanilla and Myrrh. When making perfume, the volatility can vary. Volatility is how a substance evaporates. In the case of a perfume with lavender and vanilla scents, the lavender would be a part of the top note or the heart note and the vanilla would be the base note. This would mean that lavender has a higher volatility than the vanilla since the vanilla is a heavier scent. The lavender would evaporate first and then the vanilla.
Maceration is when the fragrance is extracted through soaking the material in a solvent. Maceration process can take from a few days to a few months. The solvent is usually water or oil. It is also the most commonly used and most economically costly for extraction in the perfume industry. This process became popular in the early 1800s for getting essential oils for curing diseases and healing wounds. In the late 1880s it became less popular in the home and faded away. Enfleurage, on the other hand, is a more costly process, with two parts. In the first part, the scent of the flowers are absorbed by some type of fat or oil. The second part involves extraction with the use of alcohol. The enfleurage process usually “revives” the scent of flowers that have lost their scent by allowing them to soak in a fat that intensely absorbs the fragrance still inside. This method of extraction can be hot or cold. In cold enfleurage, a chassis, or large plate of glass is covered in a fat (usually lard) and left to set. The flowers are then placed on the fat and allowed to sit for 1-3 days which allows the scent to diffuse into the fat. The process is repeated until the desired level of fragrance is achieved. Contrarily, in the hot enfleurage process, the solid fat is heated and into the fat the flowers are stirred. Then the flowers are strained from the fat is saturated with the fragrance of the flowers.
LUXURY SKIN CARE RESVERA CELL CONCENTRATE
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MELA WHITE
A harmonized regenerative beauty fluid that ● Combats fine lines & wrinkles ● Stimulates cell renewal ● Strengthens the skin’s immune system ● Protects against free radicals ● Regulated the skin’s moisture content
For an even and brightened skin tone MELA WHITE products targets the existing pigmentation and protects the skin against the formation of any new hyperpigmentation. MELA WHITE is also a superb moisturizing and regenerating series that protects the skin from new environmental damage.
*FREE FROM PEG DERIVATIVES, PARABENS, COLORING AGENTS AND MINERAL OILS
Exclusive Distributor & Trainer - Kuwait & UAE
New LAFEM Salon & Beauty Co.
Salmiya - Hamad AlMubarak Street, Block 9, Bldg. 33, 1st Floor
Tel.: 25722507 / 8 - 66733222 - 66711140
www.lafemkuwait.com
[email protected]
lafemsalonq8
Maali Al-Oudah Designing fur for chic, trendy and modern women malimo_ Maali Al-Oudah is the first Kuwaiti female fur designer and founder of the label; Mali-Mo – a luxury fur line. Mali-Mo was born out of a love of design and all things beautiful. Designing has always been a part of Maali AlOudah. From a very young age she knew that being a fashion designer was the only career path for her. Maali sees fur as a symbol of luxury, sophistication and elegance and that’s what made her choose fur as the material of choice for her designing process. Her forward-thinking vision and fearless approach to luxe fashion has created its mass cult following. We were lucky enough to interview the very talented Maali Al-Oudah. Read on to find out all about this elegant and stylish designer and her fabulous brand...
citypageskuwait.com
Photographer: Hamad Al-Qaoud - @hamadalqaoud Directed by: Jameel Arif - @jameelarif Makeup and Hair by: Layla Harmony - @laylaharmony Location: THE One - Marina Mall
January, 2015
Please introduce yourself to our readers: I'm a very simple woman and complicated at the same time. I appreciate life, love, music, and food. I'm a banker, a business woman & a mother of an amazing son. Tell us about your education: I earned a Bachelor’s degree in Accounting from California State University Long Beach. I also hold a diploma from Kuwait Business College and CBBM from IBS Kuwait. What first made you interested in fur? The luxurious look & the softness. It has been my passion since childhood as my father used to go to Moscow and fur coat was my favorite gift item from him. Please takes us on a journey into designing your first fur? I consider myself a very lucky person. My friends are manufacturing furs for more than 5 generation and they helped me with many training courses to know more about fur. My first experience was with Chinchilla Fur. It's very soft & difficult to design. Being creative is a big challenge in fur designing. When did you decide to take it to the next level and come up with your own brand? Since the beginning I wanted to have my signature and touches on each and every piece. All of my collection made with a story and love. Where do you get your inspiration from? I source inspiration from anywhere and everywhere! Every place and culture is an inspiration to me. Who are your key style influences? In the fur world I prefer more courageous designers like Roberto Cavalli and Fendi but I get influenced by everyone. Besides your own fur, which other fur designers do you like the most? Yves Saint Laurent. How and from where did you get your professional experience in designing fur? I have completed few training courses and will further enhance my knowledge and skills in fur designing by signing up for more courses in a small school in Hungary.
citypageskuwait.com
Where do you source your material from and where is the production done? I buy Mu Fur from an auction taking place every year in Helsinki where all the furs come from different countries around the globe. Currently, I am manufacturing it at many different places in Europe depending upon the kind of fur, such as Italy, Madrid, Hungary, and Macedonia. We've been swooning over some of your current styles, do you have a favorite? I prefer Mink & Sable in a practical trendy design. How do you feel as the first Kuwaiti fur designer? Being the first Saudi/Kuwaiti designer in our region makes me feel very special & proud. I am now even more motivated than ever to expand my brand internationally. Did you face any difficulty introducing fur in Kuwait as the winter season in Kuwait is not very long? Actually the response was very good and the people were very encouraging. Where can someone buy your fur from? My winter 2014/15 collection is displayed exclusively at Harvey Nichols Kuwait. What are your future plans? I want Mali-Mo to be in every country in the world and in every woman's closet. Tell us something we don't know about Fur! When you love fur, fur loves you back. Your message for our readers: Wearing fur is not a scary idea, owning a fur is a lifetime investment. GCC's women can wear fur not only for weddings but also as casual and still look elegant. I always advise my customers that if you like it buy it because you will never know when you can get it again. Every piece is different. Your message for us at CityPages magazine: As a reader, a unique magazine like CityPages makes me feel unique! I wish you all the best and continue with the excellent quality.
Photographer: Hamad Al-Qaoud - @hamadalqaoud Directed by: Jameel Arif - @jameelarif Makeup and Hair by: Layla Harmony - @laylaharmony Location: THE One - Marina Mall
January, 2015
GETTING PERSONAL Where were you born? Kuwait
PROFESSION(s):
Banker, business woman, and fur designer.
Birthday: 4th of July.
How would you describe your personal style?
Very simple, classic, practical most of the time, and trendy sometimes.
What are your favorite shoes? Jimmy Choo & Ecco.
What Fashion Tip do you live by? Whatever makes you comfortable, wear it.
Favorite city, and why?
Paris & Hong Kong. Charming, beauty, and the best night walk.
Favorite place to shop? Italy
Favorite vacation spot? Any island.
Favorite Food?
I love & appreciate food. All kind of food has different stories.
Favorite Movie? Sweet November.
I don't have the time to read now.
Favorite Designers?
All of them can find something I like and something I don't.
Style Icon?
I love Sarah Jessica Parker.
First thing you do in the Morning? Do my deep breathing then shower then my coffee.
Last thing you do before bed? Deep breathing & do some meditation.
What are you obsessed with at the moment?
My health & how to maintain my good energy with healthy food and lifestyle.
Photographer: Hamad Al-Qaoud - @hamadalqaoud Directed by: Jameel Arif - @jameelarif Makeup and Hair by: Layla Harmony - @laylaharmony Location: THE One - Marina Mall citypageskuwait.com
January, 2015
Star of the Month QUICK FACTS NAME: Arianna Grande OCCUPATION: Singer actress songwriter
with MJB
BIRTH DATE: June 26, 1993 (age 21) PLACE OF BIRTH: Boca Raton, Florida, U.S. FULL NAME: Ariana Grande-Butera ZODIAC SIGN: Cancer
Here are some albums that you can pre-order on iTunes: Album title: Title. Artist: Meghan Trainor Expected: Jan 13, 2015 Album title: Rebel Heart Artist: Madonna Expected: Mar 10, 2015
Arianna Grande was born on June 26, 1993 in Boca Raton, to a graphic designer father and CEO mother. At a young age, Grande made her way onto the local theatre scene. When she was 15- year-old she landed the role of Charlotte in the Broadway production of 13, a play focusing on life growing up in NYC. Two years later, she appeared in the musical Cuba Libre and had a small role on a TV show called The Battery’s Down. But that was all it took for Grande to land a role on the Nickelodeon series Victorious. In 2011, Grande released her first single “ Put Your Hearts Up,” a pop song aimed at the hearts of her young Victorious audience. After the show Victorious, Grande played acted in the series “Sam and Cat”, however, this show came to an abrupt end after 35 episodes. Meanwhile, Grande’s 2013 single “ The Way” citypageskuwait.com
made it into the top 10 in the U.S. showing that music is the right path for her. “The Way” was the first single from Grande’s album, “Yours Truly” a record that also featured the hits “ Baby I” and “Right There.” The 2014 release “My Everything” sold 169000 copies in the first week of its release, debuting at No. 1. The album was preceded by the single “Problem,” featuring the rapper Iggy Azalea which debuted at No.3 on Billboard’s Hot 100, selling more than 400,000 copies upon its release. “Break Free” and “Love Me Harder” followed, each climbing toward the top of the charts. During the summer of 2014. Grande teamed up with Jesse J and Nicki Minaj on the single “Bang Bang.” A track that debuted at No.6 and peaked at No.3 in the U.S.
Album title: Reflection Artist: Fifth Harmony Expected: Jan 27, 2015
Some interesting facts! 1)Your heartbeats changes with the music you listen to. 2)74% of 16-24 year olds say music is important or very important in their lives. 3)62% of all digital music is bought from iTunes.
DJ Raven
TOP MUSIC CHARTS Blank Space
Take Me To Church
January, 2015
JANUARY Movie Releases PADDINGTON
Director: Paul King Starring: Hugh Bonneville, Nicole Kidman, Sally Hawkins, Jim Broadbent, Julie Walters, Peter Capaldi Genres: Comedy, Family, Adventure, Kids
JUPITER ASCENDING
Director: Director: Andy Guillermo Wachowski del Toro & Lana Wachowski Starring: Channing Tatum, Mila Kunis, Eddie Redmayne, Sean Bean,. Genres: Action, Sci-Fi Synopsis: Jupiter Jones (Mila Kunis) was
BLACKHAT
SON OF A GUN
Director: Michael Mann Starring: Viola Davis, Chris Hemsworth, Wei Tang, Leehom Wang,
born under a night sky, with signs predicting that she was destined for great things. Now grown, Jupiter dreams of the stars but wakes up to the cold reality of a job cleaning toilets and an endless run of bad breaks. Only when Caine (Channing Tatum), a genetically engineered ex-military hunter, arrives on Earth to track her down does Jupiter begin to glimpse the fate that has been waiting for her all along - her genetic signature marks her as next in line for an extraordinary inheritance that could alter the balance of the cosmos.
MORTDECAI
Director:Jeremy James Wan Director: Garelick
Director: David Koepp
Starring: Tom Kenny, Clancy Brown,
Starring: Kevin Hart, Josh Gad, Kaley Cuoco, Ken Howard, Affion Crockett, Jorge Garcia
Starring: Johnny Depp, Gwyneth Paltrow, Ewan McGregor, Paul Bettany, Michael Byrne, Guy Burnet
Genres: Family, Comedy, Animation
Synopsis: The second feature film featuring
Synopsis: Doug Harris (Josh Gad) is a
Synopsis: Juggling some angry Russians,
PROJECT ALMANAC
BLACK OR WHITE
Bill Fagerbakke, Carolyn Lawrence
SpongeBob SquarePants and his friends in the underwater city of Bikini Bottom. The series' main cast members, Tom Kenny, Bill Fagerbakke, Rodger Bumpass, Clancy Brown, and Carolyn Lawrence, are set to reprise their roles
Director: Julius Avery
Starring: Ewan McGregor, Brenton Thwaites. Alicia Vikander, Jacek Koman
Starring: Jonny Weston, Sofia Black-D’Elia, Allen Evangelista, Ginny Gardner, Sam Lerner
Christian Borle, Manny Montana
Director: Paul Tibbitt & Mike Mitchell
Kick Gurry, David Ajala
Synopsis: Paddington tells the story of the
comic misadventures of a young Peruvian bear (voiced by Firth) who travels to the city in search of a home. Finding himself lost and alone, he begins to realize that city life is not all he had imagined - until he meets the kindly Brown family who read the label around his neck that says "Please look after this bear. Thank you," and offer him a temporary haven. It looks as though his luck has changed until this rarest of bears catches the eye of a museum taxidermist.
SPONGEBOB
SPONGE OUT OF WATER
loveable but socially awkward groom-to-be with a problem: he has no best man. With less than two weeks to go until he marries the girl of his dreams (Kaley Cuoco-Sweeting), Doug is referred to Jimmy Callahan (Kevin Hart), owner and CEO of Best Man, Inc., a company that provides flattering best men for socially challenged guys in need. What ensues is a hilarious wedding charade as they try to pull off the big con, and an unexpected budding bromance between Doug and his fake best man Jimmy.
Director: Erik Van Looy Starring: Isabel Lucas, Patrick Wilson, James Marden, Wentworth Miller, Eric Stonestreet, Rachael Taylor
the British Mi5, his impossibly leggy wife and an international terrorist, debonair art dealer and part time rogue Charlie Mortdecai (Johnny Depp) must traverse the globe armed only with his good looks and special charm in a race to recover a stolen painting rumored to contain the code to a lost bank account filled with Nazi gold.
Director: Mike Binder Starring: Kevin Costner, Octavia Spencer, Gillian Jacobs, Jennifer Ehle, Anthony Mackie, Bill Burr
Genres: Crime, Thriller
Genres: Suspense, Thriller, Remake
Genres: Drama
Synopsis: Set within the world of global cybercrime, blackhat follows a furloughed convict and his American and Chinese partners as they hunt a high-level cybercrime network from Chicago to Los Angeles to Hong Kong to Jakarta.
Synopsis: In the criminal world, life is like
Synopsis: A brilliant high school student and
Synopsis: Karl Urban and James Marsden
Synopsis: Focuses on attorney Elliot
citypageskuwait.com
a game of chess. To gain control, you have to stay a few moves ahead of your opponent. Lose that control, and you risk becoming a pawn in their very dangerous game. During a six-month stint inside a West Australian prison, rookie criminal JR (Brenton Thwaites) meets the smart and enigmatic Brendan Lynch (Ewan McGregor). In exchange for protection on the inside, JR agrees to help Brendan get outside, hooking up with the influential Sam Lennox (Jacek Koman) to orchestrate a daring prison escape that frees Brendan, and inmates Sterlo (Matt Nable) and Merv (Eddie Baroo).
his friends uncover blueprints for a mysterious device with limitless potential, inadvertently putting lives in danger.
star in the tense psychological thriller The Loft, the story of five married guys who conspire to secretly share a penthouse loft in the city-a place where they can carry out hidden affairs and indulge in their deepest fantasies. But the fantasy becomes a nightmare when they discover the dead body of an unknown woman in the loft, and they realize one of the group must be involved. Paranoia seizes them as everyone begins to suspect one another. Friendships are tested, loyalties are questioned and marriages crumble as the group is consumed by fear, suspicion and murder in this relentless thriller.
Anderson (Costner) who is widowed after the car crash death of his wife. Elliot has raised his bi-racial granddaughter Eloise since his daughter died in childbirth. As he struggles with his grief, Elliot’s world is turned upsidedown when the child’s African American grandmother Rowena (Spencer) demands that Eloise be brought under the care of her father Reggie, a drug addict who Elliot blames for the negligence that led to the death of his own daughter. Elliot finds himself deeply entrenched in a custody battle and will stop at nothing to keep his granddaughter from coming under the watch of his reckless sonin-law. BLACK AND WHITE is a searing portrayal of a broken man caught up in a struggle clouded by bitterness, blame and racial tension who learns to forgive and how to provide for the only family he has left.
Travel Made Easy THE SEVENTH SON
THE BOY NEXT DOOR
Starring: Jeff Bridges, Julianne Moore, Alicia Vikander, Ben Barnes, Antje Traue, Olivia Williams
Starring: Jennifer Lopez, Kristin Chenoweth, John Corbett, Ryan Guzman, Bailey Chase, Ian Nelson
Genres: Adventure, Fantasy, Action
Genres: Suspense, Romance, Psychological, Thriller
Synopsis: The sole remaining warrior of
a mystical order travels to find a prophesized hero born with incredible powers, the last Seventh Son. In a time long past, an evil is about to be unleashed that will reignite the war between the forces of the supernatural and humankind once more. Master Gregory (Jeff Bridges) is a knight who had imprisoned the malevolently powerful witch, Mother Malkin (Julianne Moore), centuries ago. But now she has escaped and is seeking vengeance. Summoning her followers of every incarnation, Mother Malkin is preparing to unleash her terrible wrath on an unsuspecting world. Only one thing stands in her way: Master Gregory.
KINGSMAN
Director: Matthew Vaughn Starring: Colin Firth, Taron Egerton, Michael Caine, Sofia Boutella, Mark Hamill
Synopsis: A psychological thriller that
explores a forbidden attraction that goes much too far. A single mom becomes attracted to the teenage boy who moves in next door and befriends her son. She starts and ends the romance, but he doesn’t let go so easily.
FIFTY SHADES OF GREY
Director: Sam Taylor-Johnson Starring: Dakota Johnson, Jennifer Ehle, Jamie Dornan, Luke Grimes, Eloise Mumford, Victor Rasuk
Genres: Action, Adaptation, Comic
Genres: Drama, Adaptation
Synopsis: Kingsman: The Secret Service tells the story of a super-secret spy organization that recruits an unrefined but promising street kid into the agency’s ultracompetitive training program just as a global threat emerges from a twisted tech genius.
Synopsis: Follows Anastasia "Ana" Steele,
a 21 year old college senior who attends Washington State University Vancouver in Washington. In place of her friend Kate, Ana interviews 27-year-old Christian Grey, a successful and wealthy young entrepreneur. From this meeting on, Christian engages with Ana in a new type of relationship - BDSM.
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MOVIES
AND THEIR IMPACT ON SOCIETY Movies have become such an inseparable part of our lives, that it is tough to imagine a world without this form of entertainment. Of course, with the advent of newer technology, the number of theater goers has reduced drastically, but the number of movie viewers has sky rocketed. The movie industry is booming and shows no signs of relenting. The reason why movies are so ardently revered is because; they open a window of innumerable possibilities for its viewers. It lets you escape into a world which is far from the daily realities of life.
The Positive Impact of Movies on Society
Gives a Reality Check Certain movies play positive roles as well, and not all movies are bad. It however depends completely on the subject matter of the movie. Some movies try to create awareness about the socioeconomic and political state of affairs of nations. It spreads awareness about the evils of drug abuse, alcoholism, HIV, and the evils of having many sexual partners. Movies create awareness about the importance of education, medicine, art and politics. It also brings us to understand more about the depravity of the homeless, and the plight of underdeveloped countries, and countries stigmatized by years of war. All these movie genres help awaken our sense of responsibly and empathy towards such situations. These socially enlightening movies help us realize the message which was being conveyed. It influences our thought process in a positive way and helps us try to do our bit in order to be of some help to humanity. While the number of people who actually do something is doubtful, there have been cases Abdulaziz AlKhamis
Abdulaziz is a Kuwaiti Film Maker, Visual Artist and a Script Writer. He graduated from the UK, with a passion to mix art and visuals. citypageskuwait.com
where people have taken up animal protection and human right activities after being moved by a movie they watched.
Induces Creativity Movies help boost our imagination. We think about the things we saw and then we take our imagination a little further and visualize. This is one of the reasons why the animation industry is gaining more and more enthusiastic entrants, who wish to learn the tricks of the trade. Even young aspiring actors and movie makers are desirous of joining the movie industry, simply because they too will get to explore new horizons of their creativity and produce something new and awe-inspiring. Generates Employment The movie industry has played a massive role in generating employment for people, the world over. Since there are so many people involved in making and producing a movie, it naturally has a wide scope for new job openings. More the people, the better. However, it requires specialized training and knowledge, in order to work for a movie. Movies and Their Impact on Society We are all movie buffs, and there is no denying the fact. Nonetheless, have you ever stopped to wonder about the impact that movies have on our lives and the people around us? When you really think about it, there is a lot more to movies and media, than what meets the eye... Provides Social Entertainment Movies act as an escape hatch for people who wish to forget about all their worries, frustrations and tensions, even if its effects last for a few hours. It entertains them and makes them focus of things which have nothing to do with their own personal lives.
The Negative Impact of Movies on Society
Spreads Propaganda Movies are successfully able to influence its viewers to a very large extent, which is exactly
what the advertising industry capitalizes on. They use a few seconds of movie footage in order to market their products to the whole world. For instance, a new car model, or new designer clothes and accessories, are showcased to the world by the actors enacting their roles. This makes us aware of the new product, makes us curious and interested. This results in us finding out about the new product through the internet and through discussions with friends. This way, the chain of advertising and communication of the information continues in a flow smooth, without making the advertising companies spend a dime.
Affects Lifestyle Everything we watch and listen to, affects and influences us at some level or the other. If not consciously, it leaves its traces in our psyche. Since we consider actors as superiors and almost have god-like devotion for them, whatever they do affects us as well. We try to emulate them and behave like them. We emulate their newest fashion trends, the way they speak, and the lifestyles they lead, both on and off-screen. We are interested in finding out which celeb is dating who, and what all they are up to in their personal and private lives. This is exactly why smoking in movies has been banned, because people watch their favorite actors smoking on-screen and it makes the people of society feel that they too must try it. At some point, we all think that it is the new cool thing to do, and we do it because it makes us feel special. Media affects our culture in many ways. For instance, movies have significantly affected our moral beliefs as well, by seriously jeopardizing the very foundation of marriage. Movies make it seem like it's normal to indulge in extramarital affairs, and polygamous relationships, which in reality might turn out to be an extremely unsafe and detrimental practice for everyone involved. Movies have their own plus and negative points, just like everything else in the world. Nonetheless, movies and their impact on society runs very deep and has become an integral part of our very existence. It affects us in more ways than we can imagine.
January, 2015
Latifa Al-Qallaf An Industrial Engineering student and a passionate writer, Latifa Al-Qallaf has published a book, Tanadeena Almasha’er, in November 2014. Latifa’s interest in literature peaked at a young age, with a strong desire to write she wasted no time in cultivating her writing skills by reading as much as she could. Tanadeena Almasha’er is a romance/drama novel. The story is a journey embedded with deep romance disclosing the secrets of every couple. It allows you to get an inside view of what it really means to be someone's loved one, wife, sister, mother, father, or any blood-loved relative. Here, Latifa Al-Qallaf shares her thoughts about her writing process, inspiration behind writing such a romantic story and her future projects.
Please introduce readers:
to
our
Do you know the kid in the corner of the room with huge glasses and head in a book? Well that’s me, Latifa. I am an 18 year old Industrial Engineer, who’s in love with something called books. Tell us about your education: I graduated from GES in 2012 and now I am a third year Industrial Engineering student. I always had a passion for writing, but I nurtured my talent on my own with reading as much as possible. At what age you started writing? I have been writing since I was 10 or 11. I always got these hunches where I need to form words to go with my feelings, and slowly with time I got much better. What is different in your book as compared to other local writings? The romance in it and how every girl will get to live in every detail of my book as if it’s her own. Every girl has her mind raided with questions such as, what it means to be married? How am I going to be someone’s wife? What if I don’t love him? What if he hates things about me citypageskuwait.com
how do I deal with that? How can I know him without going into a relationship? If I wanted the guy to marry me instead of only being his girlfriend, how do I do that? I want to show the Kuwaiti society, the ways of the English but I wanted to approach them in their language. I wanted to show what it means to be friends with a guy, and how it would be okay. How to get to know the guy you could be getting married to without violating your traditions. How difficult was it to select the title of the book? That was the hardest part; I actually got help from my friends without them I couldn’t have chosen the name. Why did you decide to write it in Arabic? There are many reasons, I thought of who my audience is and what would be the best for them. There was a certain message I wanted to deliver to them, and I saw that the Arabic language will show them my message in the best ways, easily. What was the inspiration behind writing such a romantic story? Every girl is in love with love, and wonders
what it is, and what it is like. I wanted to show them that. I wanted to live this love story in all its ways. The romance in this story is already in me, I didn’t need to be inspired to write love, I just needed to feel it. Are you working on any other books currently? Yes, actually I’m working on a series. It’s another love story but has no connection with my present story. I might actually publish it in two languages, Arabic and English. Please highlight the concept of ‘True Friendship’ in the light of your book? There is always that one friend, who’s always there, and never ceases not to be there. They are family and more. Each of my main characters had that. Most of the friends mentioned in book are actually present in my life, and without them I couldn’t have finished this book. Who is your literary inspiration? Jude Deveraux, Judith McNaught, Stephanie Lauren, Shakespeare, Lord Byron. Who is your local inspiration in fiction? There are many writers such as Yousif
Ramadhan, Ahmad Alawadhi, Heba Mandani. Where is readers?
this
available
for
Follow me on Instagram to get a free delivery of the book:@AAQ96 Or WhatsApp my publishing company Platinum Book: 555835510 What is your message for the people who want to write? If you’re having a writer’s block, don’t try to write and force yourself. Give it time. The book will write itself. The words are in you they are looking to come out in the right time and way. Your message for the CityPages magazine:
readers
of
My greatest gift is having people read my book and enjoy it, as well as understanding why I wrote it. I love you all! Please follow me and tell me what you think on Instagram or Twitter: @AAQ96
January, 2015
WHAT MAKES YOU HAPPY? We were sitting at home when my husband asked me these two questions, “What makes you happy, Sara?” I paused and looked at him, my husband was always full of questions that would make you think, he was a very wise man but for some reason I was struggling to answer his question. “You don’t have to answer the question right now, think about it over the next few days,” he said as he watched my face as I struggled to find an answer. Obviously my husband made me happy, he knew that too. But, I couldn’t think of anything else that made me happy. The more I thought about it, the more frustrated I got. Was I happy? “Are things okay between us?” I asked. I was starting to get worried. “Yousef, is there something you’re not telling me?” I said. He just laughed gently and kissed my forehead as he left the room. That night I tossed and turned, my mind was Nadia AlHassan
Nadia Al-Hassan is a student in Ireland, studying Journalism. She is passionate about writing stories and poetry. Nadia loves helping people with her stories. She believes that words are beautiful and powerful. citypageskuwait.com
spinning and I just couldn’t go to sleep. I was worried about the question he asked, I found it odd that he asked that particular question. Even though he was always asking questions to make me think but this question, well… it was different. But what also bothered me was that I couldn’t find an answer to his question and I didn’t know why I found it so hard to give an answer. The next day, I visited a dear friend in hospital. We spoke for a couple of hours, laughed and cried. “Sara,” she said. I looked at her and nodded my head. “You’re so unbelievably lucky, you are healthy and well. I used to always think that money would make you happy, because if you had lots of money then you could spend it on beautiful clothes and handbags and travel the world and never have to worry about being broke. But, since I got sick last year, it’s made me realise that money isn’t everything. It’s only there to help you through life, but that’s it. And, it’s made me realise that small problems can always be fixed so there’s never any point worrying and getting stressed out, there’s always a solution for everything,” she whispered. Tears filled my eyes and I took my friends hand to comfort her. “As long as you have good health, then you have everything. As long as you have close friends and family, you have everything. I know I’ve been sick for a while and it’s been a long battle but I still have hope and I’m still
happy. The reason I have hope and I am happy is because my family have been there for me every step of the way and so have my friends, and I am so lucky to have you all there for me,” she said. I couldn’t stop crying, she’s been so sick for a long time and yet she’s so positive and hopeful. She’s happy. It made me realise that you can’t buy happiness. You can’t buy love. And, you can’t buy your health. I gave her a tight hug and told her how happy I was to have such an amazing friend like her in my life. I went home that day and told my husband about my visit to the hospital. “I am alive and well, I have my health. And I should appreciate that I am healthy because people are fighting for their lives,” I told him. He smiled at me and waited for me to continue, I could see now that he was trying to teach me a life lesson. My voice was shaky but I wasn’t finished. “Happiness is so easy to find once we stop worrying about the small things in life and focus on our blessings. And I feel so blessed Yousef. I forget how blessed I am sometimes. What also makes me happy is that I have a loving family, caring friends and such a supportive husband and I am healthy. Happiness is there once we open our eyes, some people search for happiness for years, but it’s not something that can be found, it’s always been there, waiting for us to see it. It’s the little things in life.”
January, 2015
On the altar of the temple, out in the altitude of clouds,
so white, as the snow embedding Zagros at mid-winter.
here, and no communication as well, save for the screeching voice of mighty tradition.
On the scales of the mighty Zagros, petals are laid,
The fathers have passed, and only their patrimony remains on smooth inclines; on pink hilltops; on valleys so wide and the vortex therewith; on dunes undisturbed and beaches yet to be turfed; and on passes extending not so long, to local peaks unweathered.
Now, the worth that in which was bestowed upon, (but to whom?), is greater than that of gold, and the value less than that of an ill pig to an iller pig in trade.
Unto what would be the cradle of kings, hospitable to the
Roses are not laid forcibly, yet they do not pretend to accept it as to retain their pride. These aromatic roses stimulate the olfactory desires within the people of Zagros, and tantalize them of flesh so pure and so smooth; Adnan Najeeb Al-Abbar
Adnan is a student in Kuwait University. His hobbies include playing videogames, reading, and writing. Adnan can be contacted by email: [email protected] citypageskuwait.com
Slaves here and there, gathering The reddest of petals, suffering The coldest of weather, preparing A slave to the gods of men, to be. Thoughts run amok in a head, behind a face so pleasing a-sight, and silence is its greatest potential. Once chosen, not even fate interferes. Now, as being prepared, the spirits of quiet haunt the place. No connections are visible
Bring forth the bride. Let fortune bequeath that which we made deserve. And let no mute tell her otherwise, but that the only voice she can produce is approval, out of love and appreciation, for she now pleases more than just the king. The gods are smiling above, can’t you see? And now, never shall we listen to her beautiful sing-song singing in the cold showers echoing through the Zagros, but to, hitherto unheard, songs of her most beautiful daughters. Let there be beauty in quietude, in respect of our king, and the music of skin and bones shall continue for all eternity.
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5 Things to Keep in Mind when Writing in English in the Arab World 5 - On Audience, or Who, How, and Why To Write For Certain Readers Last month, I discussed the prevailing notions associated with writing voice. I warned, in particular, against two prominent trends in the literary world: “The first depoliticizes the work in order to enter into the lucrative mass market; the second aestheticizes its politics in order to be presented to a small elite audience.” In The Event of Literature, Terry Eagleton sheds light upon the historical moment that gave birth to today’s preference for apolitical literature. “One of the most vital functions of the work of art since Romanticism,” he writes, “has been to exemplify that which is gloriously, almost uniquely free of a function, and thus by virtue of what it shows rather than what it says, acts as an implicit rebuke to civilization in thrall to utility, exchange-value and calculative reason.” But the function of art to not have a function and to present itself as abstract, introspective, timeless, part and parcel of eternal values shared across borders, races, genders, classes, and other particularities, is itself bound in space and time. It is further constrained by other conditions such as political and social ideologies that the post-Romantic work of art aspires to quell. Today, spatio-temporal conditions in Kuwait—the rise of ideological systems looking backwards for answers to contemporary problems, globalization’s failure to achieve its promises (fraternity, equality, peace, prosperity, etc.), and the frightening turn technology and digital culture have taken towards spying and manipulating our desires, personas, and online experiences—compels writers, if they were serious about their craft, to reinterpret their social roles and the function of the work of art. Who one writes for, how and why one writes, are critical subjects to examine before embarking on the Anglowaiti text. I mentioned earlier that Anglowaiti writers should not publish “propaganda to serve the status quo” or to produce “commercial goods to grow a writing brand.” I likewise encourage Anglowaiti writers not to focus their efforts on the ivory tower of international literature even though such efforts yield satisfaction Nada Faris Nada Faris is a Kuwaiti who writes poetry, articles, and fiction in English. Her latest book, Before Young Adult Fiction, is a collection of short, award-winning articles, poems, and short stories that shaped her writing voice. Reach her at: www.nadafaris.com or @nadafaris
Photo by Greg Bal citypageskuwait.com
and emotional fulfillment from peers and critics. While composed of the crème de la crème of literary experts, the ivory tower of international literature has ossified into exclusionary ghettos. And whereas those who are lucky enough to read and comprehend literature published in the ivory ghetto will experience elevation of consciousness, the ghetto itself entrenches the separation of the artist from his or her society. Thus, the artist of the international elite will reach a public already conditioned to accept his or her work, and this repetitive cycle maintains the status quo. In her essay “Can Poetry Matter?” Dana Gioia writes, “Today most readings are celebrations less of poetry than of the author’s ego. No wonder the audience for such events usually consists entirely of poets, would-be poets and friends of the author.”
the Slovinian philosopher, and becoming “productively eclectic.”
So how can we, as Anglowaiti writers (poets, essayists, novelists, even artists, musicians, dramatists, and so on), reclaim something that was lost in Romanticism in terms of function, and in modernism in terms of narrative or story telling or even mimesis (art as reflection of reality)? How can we write with a function or a goal in mind without reducing the work to utilitarian values, without moralizing, without succumbing to didacticism? How can we create literature that addresses palpable needs today but remains relevant even after our historical epoch has passed? How can we write for a specific audience in mind, about particular grievances, without falling into essentialist or exclusionary representations? And how, after writing for a particular readership, can the work transcend the target and render itself pertinent to other readers across race, nation, class, and gender? And finally, how can we create subversive texts that challenge and question the status quo without suffering political, social, or professional ostracism or censorship, whether in terms of the text itself or via more draconian policies? It is these precise questions that Anglowaiti writers should tackle before sitting down to create their own works of art. After all, the aim is to “create art to elevate social consciousness, to dislodge dogma, and to change the status quo, even if we end up making a living out of our calling.”
6.Form is a fundamental component of any narrative, so structure your stories consciously, bearing in mind that form carries with it as much meaning and significance as content or language.
2.Write for many age groups and communities, but make sure you try to mix them or connect them together; start conversations and dialogues among them that would not have been possible had you subscribed to the divisive standards of the literary market. 3.Write for specific people, a local audience, but understand that the aim is to transcend essentialist or isolationist tendencies, and that no concrete situation appears in a vacuum. 4.Make sure you respect differences, contradictions, and multiplicities located even within specificity. 5.Layer your work.
7.Always deal with dominant culture from the outside. 8.Seek not to fit in and to ascend the ladder of literary evaluative systems, but to shake up the current paradigms themselves and to bridge disparate audiences and communities together. 9.Never compare yourself to any of your peers. Each has his or her own versatile strategy composed of long-term and short-term goals, and you will most likely fail if you judge your peer’s value or talent by utilizing market standards, whether literary or mainstream. 10.Never stop learning and metamorphosing. The best way to avoid reification by a rapidly mutable market is to continue to change yourself.
I suggest below a list of endeavors to help Anglowaiti writers meander aesthetic and political realms, in order to create dynamic literature with a particular function.
This article concludes the five-part series concerning the elements to keep in mind when writing in English in the Arab world. The previous articles, “How to Generate Relevant Writing Ideas,” “How to Use the English Language,” “How to ‘Discover’ Your Writing Voice,” and “How and Why to Write in Genres,” are archived on my blog: www. nadafaris.com/blog.
1.To defy reification into a “brand,” I suggest a prodigious output in various categories, following in the footsteps of Slavoj Žižek,
Happy writing!
January, 2015
JANUARY Book Releases Living Well, Spending Less Ruth Soukup
Living Well, Spending Less is Ruth Soukup s first book, following her wildly successful blog of the same name. She gives her readers even more of what they love about the blog: lots of creative, helpful ideas and advice for moms on a budget along with stories from her own journey to discovering what the Good Life is really all about."
There Will Be Lies Nick Lake
Award-winning author Nick Lake proves his skills as a master storyteller in this heart-pounding new novel. This emotionally charged thrill ride leads to a shocking ending that will have readers flipping back to the beginning.
The Blood of the Fifth Knight
Ella Woodward
From sumptuous desserts, to food on the go, delicious dips, raw treats and rainbow bowls of awesome veggies, Ella's philosophy is all about embracing the natural foods that your body loves and creating fresh, simple dishes which are easy to make and taste amazing. Featuring more than 100 new sugar-free, gluten-free and dairy-free recipes to excite your taste buds, this collection will inspire you to eat for better health, glowing skin and boundless energy. A reformed sugar monster herself, Ella knows just how daunting the idea of changing your diet can be. Her must-read blog, DELICIOUSLY ELLA, which gets two million visitors a month from all over the world, was inspired by her own health adventure and everything she has learned by healing herself simply through diet. It's truly amazing to see what you can do with these simple ingredients and how you can so easily create a deliciously healthy version of your favourite dishes.
Playlist for the Dead Michelle Falkoff
Part mystery, part love story, and part coming-of-age tale in the vein of Stephen Chbosky’s The Perks of Being a Wallflower and Tim Tharp’sThe Spectacular Now, Playlist for the Dead is an honest and gut-wrenching first novel about loss, rage, what it feels like to outgrow a friendship that's always defined you—and the struggle to redefine yourself. But above all, it's about finding hope when hope seems like the hardest thing to find.
I Was Here
E.M. Powell
Gayle Forman
When mercenary Sir Benedict Palmer agrees to help King Henry II’s knights seize the traitor Archbishop Thomas Becket, what begins as a clandestine arrest ends in cold-blooded murder. And when Fitzurse, the knights’ ringleader, kidnaps Theodosia, a beautiful young nun who witnessed the crime, Palmer can sit silently by no longer. He and Theodosia rely only on each other as they race to uncover the motive behind Becket’s murder— and the truth that could destroy a kingdom.
I Was Here is Gayle Forman at her finest, a taut, emotional, and ultimately redemptive story about redefining the meaning of family and finding a way to move forward even in the face of unspeakable loss. When her best friend Meg drinks a bottle of industrial-strength cleaner alone in a motel room, Cody is understandably shocked and devastated. She and Meg shared everything—so how was there no warning? But when Cody travels to Meg’s college town to pack up the belongings left behind, she discovers that there’s a lot that Meg never told her. About her old roommates, the sort of people Cody never would have met in her deadend small town in Washington. About Ben McAllister, the boy with a guitar and a sneer, who broke Meg’s heart. And about an encrypted computer file that Cody can’t open—until she does, and suddenly everything Cody thought she knew about her best friend’s death gets thrown into question.
Betting on Fate Katee Robert
Penelope Carson loves to steal clients from Will Reaver. Yet something in her business nemesis's icy blue eyes makes Penelope...nervous. It certainly doesn't help that the man is the living embodiment of a Norse god. A controlled, powerful Norse god. Which she really should have remembered before she made a bet with him—because losing means becoming Will's personal submissive for a week. There's nothing Will would like more than to have Penelope kneeling before him in complicit submission, her fiery dark eyes inviting him in. Challenging him. But their bet takes Will and Penelope deeper than either of them have ever been. Where control is an illusion, and boundaries are pushed aside. And where hearts become the stakes in a game that neither Dominant nor submissive can win
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Awesome Ingredients, Incredible Food That You and Your Body Will Love
The 3 Things That Will Change Your Destiny Today! Paul McKenna
Paul McKenna Ph.D. has helped people from all walks of life and helped them to change their lives for the better. He has investigated nearly every method of therapy, coaching and personal change available, and as a result has recently created an amazing new system that could help you breakthrough in the areas of your life you truly want to!
BOOK CLUB
14,000 THINGS
TO BE HAPPY ABOUT
I would like to wish you all a happy new year and may this 2015 be even more wonderful than 2014. And what a more appropriate note to begin this New Year than a positive note. 14, 000 Things to Be Happy about AKA the Happy Book (1990) written by Barbara Ann Kipfer. Just like its title is an very positive that counts the big and the little things that we forget to be happy about in our life. Barbara Ann Kipfer is an American lexicographer who has authored or compiled more than fifty books, including The Order of Things (1997), How It Happens (2005) and Instant Karma (2003). In 1990 the Happy Book earned a rank of 11th, tied with What to Nada Soliman
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Meet Nada, our team member is simply a book savvy. Every month Nada picks her favourite book and shares with you its review. Please feel free to contact Nada to discuss your opinion or ask her opinion on your favourite book or author.
Expect When You're Expecting, The Pre History of the Far Side, and The Language of Letting Go on the paperback bestseller list. A revised version with 1,500 new entries was published in 2007. The 25th anniversary edition revised and with 4,000 new entries was published in 2014. The 14, 000 things to be happy about include: "Traveling in the off-season Chocolat (the movie and the soundtrack) Swiss cheese Places heavy with history Just a moment Remembering being picked up and rocked to sleep in someone's arms, then carried up to bed Swimming a quarter mile being equal to running one mile Dozens of places to curl up with a book" This book is a perfect gift for a friend as well as a quick read, it keeps you thinking positively and helps you count your blessings. It is a quirky, compulsive, enchanting list of all the little things that make us happy; items, places, thoughts, celebrations and our daily bread. January, 2015
The one thing I find satisfying nowadays is interacting with people who exist and function on a higher vibration than everyone else, because it is a very comforting experience. I've had the opportunity to meet with many different personality types, but not too many who are more spiritually in touch with themselves; maybe one or two. I am very happy to be interviewing Nejoud Al-Yagout, who is one of those people, to ask her a few questions, regarding her book, life and her upcoming plans.
& Introduce yourself please. I’ve always had trouble introducing myself. If I start out by saying my name is Nejoud, it sounds like I’ve been trained by AA. I feel flustered with labels. Let’s proceed. What do you do for a living? I’m a librarian by nature and profession. What drove you to write ‘This is an Imprint’? I had no choice. It had to manifest itself. citypageskuwait.com
Nejoud Al-Yagout
How has writing affected your life? Writing has been my friend in times of suffering. When do you normally like to write poetry? When I’m navigating the darkness. What styles of writing do you lean more towards poetry, fiction, so on. I only write poetry. If I write you a letter or an email, you’re in trouble.
What inspires you generally in life and in your writings? In life, I’m a sucker for kind people who transcend fear to heal the collective consciousness of the world. In writing, love inspires me. Who is/are the author/s whom resonate with you? Richard Brautigan and the Beat Generation poets. Why these particular ones? A part of me is drawn to avant-garde movers and shakers. If you had the option to change one thing in life, what would it be? This question is too difficult. Yikes! Can I skip this? What are you mostly passionate about? Freedom. Love. Spirituality. If you weren’t writing and living in Kuwait, what would you be doing? My pipe dream is to spend a few weeks here, a few weeks there. I would still write though. What is your favorite spot on earth, and would you live there? In the heart-frequency of my beloved. It is no coincidence that earth is an anagram for heart. I would definitely live in the realm of love! Eternally! It’s not a physical place. It merely is… Would you consider yourself more of a city person or a nature lover, beach and sand type? I love forests and mountains. I’m a nature bunny, but cities have
their appeal as well. Maybe a village bordering a city that borders the forest. Yes! How do you spend your days? I work five days a week. Lately, I have been going through a period of spiritual catharsis, so I have to be alone quite a bit. It’s vaster than a choice. Otherwise, I’m out and about connecting with loved ones and creative souls. What a buzz… Are you working on any current projects at the moment? I had the honor of working with Timothy Carr on two new visual poetry videos which will be released soon. Carr and I also have another project coming up – a music video. It will be a new concept for me, so that is always a thrill. I’m also working on a secret project with another filmmaker - Hussein Al-Shammary (aka Slash) - and some very talented artists and another musician. I’m so elated because it is a humanitarian project. The heart of being creative is extending love to others. What are your next steps in life and with your writings? My life mission is to transcend my ego. In terms of my writing, I’m working on another book of poetry. It’s almost completed, but it won’t be launched for a while. I need time to compile it and bring it to life. Give your readers some advice to ponder on and to perhaps also apply. Advice? Me? Well, I suppose I can leave the readers with one piece of advice. Find your Self; not yourself – there is a colossal difference. This can be applied by meditation and moments of solitude. Your life awaits you. Inside of you. See? This is how I get when I spend time alone experimenting with consciousness. You asked! January, 2015
to add to your wishlist Some things are just ... better.
Blade 98S Ryobi Phone Works Infrared Thermometer
Wilson’s Blade series is the first set of tennis rackets to incorporate basalt, a natural shock absorber, into the weave and the base. In tests, the Blade gave players better control over the ball, and it filtered and absorbed forces from impact.
Ryobi’s new tool plugs into a smartphone’s audio jack, allowing it to measure temperatures from -22°F to 662°F—in real time, no less.
Extreme Pro SDXC UHS-I
ButterUp
SanDisk has created the largest-capacity SD card available. To pack a half-terabyte (512 GB) of memory into an object the size of a postage stamp, SanDisk arranged two vertical 16-die stacks side by side.
Sure, it’s the kind of problem you’d see in a late-night infomercial, but spreading cold butter on toast isn’t easy. Struggle no more: Australian industrial design group Design Momentum embedded a grater into a butter knife, turning clumps into thin ribbons.
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Camera51
Cryptex USB Flash Drive
Filters improve photos only so much. Camera51 helps before the shutter snaps. The Android app analyzes the subject and surroundings, then guides users toward the ideal frame. It will even flag objects that might otherwise ruin a perfect image.
When you have digital information that you want to keep to yourself, it’s best to store it on a flash drive that will only be brought out when necessary. The Cryptex USB flash drive uses a combination lock of rotating rings with digits to stop anyone who doesn’t know the password from being able to see anything. The code is 5 digits
If there’s one thing closets and luggage always need, it’s more space. Eagle Creek solved that conundrum with a full-size rolling suitcase that can collapse—frame, wheels, and all—to a fraction of the size.
NapAnywhere Pillow This is a uniquely portable head support pillow that would function as an alternative to the traditional U-shaped pillows, where it makes comfortable traveling a snap thanks to its portable shape. Since it supports the weight of your head, the NapAnywhere Pillow would provide your neck with an opportunity to relax, perhaps even allowing one to sleep upright for hours.
Soccket Ball inventor Uncharted Play has created a jump rope that turns rotational energy into electricity. Five minutes of jumping powers an LED lamp for an hour.
ResMed S+ Most sleep trackers are mattress pads or wearable devices, which rely on your movement to tell if you’re asleep. They’re uncomfortable and can be inaccurate. S+ sits on a bedside table and uses low-frequency radio waves to measure breathing and determine when you’re actually sleeping or lying awake. January, 2015
Ultrasounds Gestures Coming Soon!
قريبا اإليماءات بالموجات فوق الصوتية
This input technology from Elliptic Labs will definitely change the way to control everything. Starting from smartphones in the first half of 2015. That is not the only good news, the best news is a feature called “multi layer interaction” which allows to move hand towards and away from the screen. Compared to other technologies, Ultrasound is more suitable for everyday use, thanks to 180-degree active area around the entire face of the the device. Other technologies need your hand to be positioned in front of the camera which is easily missed if you’re not waving carefully. The team in Elliptic Labs say it’s possible to integrate this technology into car dashboards, healthcare equipments, and wearables but for now, they are focusing on smartphones, tablets, and laptops.
تقنية اإلدخال منElliptic Labs .ستغير حتمًا طريقة التحكم في كل شيء ليس هذا الخبر.2015 ابتداء من الهواتف الذكية في النصف األول من عام ولكن الخبر األفضل هي ميزة تسمى “ التفاعل متعدد،السعيد فحسب بالمقارنة مع.الطبقات” والذي يسمح بتحريك اليد لألمام أو بعيدًا عن الجهاز التقنيات اآلخرى فإن التحكم بالموجات الفوق صوتية مالئمة أكثر لإلستخدام درجة من180 ويرجع الفضل بذلك للمنطقة الفعالة والتي تغطي،اليومي التقنيات األخرى تتطلب أن تكون يدك متمركزة أمام.واجهة الجهاز بالكامل الكاميرا والتي من السهل جدًا فقد حركتها ان لم تقم بتحريكها بشكل فريق العمل في. حذرElliptic Labs يقولون انه من الممكن دمج هذه التقنية ولكنهم اآلن، ،في لوحة قيادة السيارة والمعدات الصحية والساعات الذكية يركزون على الهواتف الذكية واألجهزة اللوحية والحواسيب المحمولة.
Yousif AlSaeed Yousif holds a BSc. in Information Technology & Computing Degree and is a Teacher and Software Developer. He loves sharing the latest technology news and gadgets with people. Yousif believes that behind everything in the tech-world is a great story. He spends most of his time reading technology blogs and self development.
Saad Almseikan A burger lover who works as a Computer Technician during the day. Saad has a curious mind that likes to discover everything new that's related to computers, hardware, gadgets and technology. You'll most probably find him holding a burger while playing with a new gadget. He is 27 years old, loves Mixed Martial Arts. Music is what keeps him going especially Rock & Roll.
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"3DAround" Is Your Next New Favorite 3D Camera App For Your Food The app is yet to be released, but from the video we saw its gonna be a great way to take photos of your food in all angles. The app turns your camera into a 3D scanner. Taking a series of photos and stitched them together to create a 360-degree view of any object. We loved the idea, it's simple and really effective. They will be released soon but no date for an official release date so far. The food on our social media feeds will be more delicious and mouth watering, God help us.
Google's Search Change Search Results To Destroy Pirates Sites Google is changing their search algorithm to demote and destroy pirates sites and put them in the last of the queue. Some top pirate sites report that they have taken huge hits in the traffic coming from google and it's reduced to almost the half. By searching a specific tv show, google will direct you to a legal way to watch the show or to give you the least popular Torrent sites there are. It's a dumb move to be honest, when people want Torrents they know where to search. It is a move copyright owners initiate to reduce their losses. Google removed 223 millions links in 2013.
Credit Card With Fingerprint Scanner MasterCard is introducing credit cards with fingerprint scanner to secure your payments at stores. This method prevents people from paying for items incase of a stolen card. Specially if the credit card using contact-less payment option which is new method too. Zwipe MasterCard is offered in UK for now with fingerprint scanner that stores your thumbprint when you put your thumb on the scanner, the embedded chip unlocks and you’re able to tap the card to make purchase, as simple as that.
January, 2015
Three Resolutions to Keep This Year Samsung Offers Solutions to the 92% Who Give Up in the New Year Do you find yourself making the same New Year’s resolutions every year? Well, according to The Journal of Clinical Psychology, 92% of people don’t meet their goals by the end of the year. To ensure a successful 2015 and join that elusive 8-percent, read on for three resolutions that Samsung can help you keep.
Get Healthy Resolutions often focus on the “big picture.” “I want to lose weight.” “I want to be fit.” Instead of dwelling on the payoff, think about the actions that you can take to achieve your goals. To get that trim figure, for instance, you’ll need to kick your fried food habit. Air frying is one step in the right direction. Instead of drenching your fries in a vat of hot oil, the Samsung Slim Fry Microwave infuses hot air with a small amount of oil and circulates it,
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preparing flavorful crisps with less fat. The result is food that’s crispy on the outside and moist on the inside.
Get Organized Clutter is a proven source of stress. Messes can be particularly stressful for families. A tried-and-true way to get things back in order is to start small. Reigning in the fridge is a small act with a big impact, especially in large households. That’s the thinking behind Samsung’s approach to organization—“a place for everything and everything in its place.” The Foodshowcase Refrigerator is designed to cut down on clutter with designated areas for kids, ingredients for tonight’s dinner, and solutions for dad and the rest of the family. The Foodshowcase Refrigerator even comes with a Home Bar, uniquely developed to store beverages of varying sizes. The Foodshowcase also stores 23% more food and beverages than a conventional refrigerator, and designated compartments help reinforce good behavior
for the rest of the year.
Spend Less, Save More Trimming the fat from your budget can be hard, but a surefire way to cut down your spending in 2015 is to make smarter choices. It is that simple. A solid investment for the upcoming year is the Samsung’s Crystal Blue WW9000, a high performance washer that preserves your clothing and works remotely with the latest mobile technology. Thanks to the ‘Auto Optimal Wash,’ the WW9000 delivers pristine clothes with less water and energy. Four sensing technologies gather information about the load, including the size and degree of dirt, and determine the amount of water, detergent and length of cycle needed to clean your clothes. You can also stop, start and change the cycle of the WW9000 through a mobile app, helping you to make the most of your time and getting you on your way to your next resolution!
January, 2015
PRONOVIAS FIESTA 2015 With this special time of year drawing close, PRONOVIAS is presenting a selection of its marvellous designs, perfect choices for any celebration. All the dresses selected are from the new PRONOVIAS FIESTA 2015 collection. This Christmas, PRONOVIAS has some fabulous short dresses in beautiful fabrics, embroidered with lace and jewelled details which make them a superbly elegant option for holiday events. These dresses, which are almost pieces of jewellery, come in shades like gold, silver and black, which all add an extra touch of glitter and glamour: Then there's PRONOVIAS' range of long, flowing dresses in gauze and tulle. With sheer layered necklines, they are sure to be a hit this Christmas. There are also some extremely fashionable dresses in mikado silk. This fabric is a favourite in the PRONOVIAS bridal range, but it is also marvellous for cocktail and evening dresses. Red, green and black are some of the new shades that the firm has selected for its long dresses for the festive season.
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Dumond celebrates Brazilian women Straps, gladiator boots and thigh high boots are the highlights of the collection
في هذا الوقت املميز مع القرب من نهاية العام ،قامت PRONOVIASبتقدمي مجموعة من التصاميم الرائعة التي تتميز بخياراتها املثالية ألي مناسبة .كل الفساتني اخملتارة هي من اجملموعة اجلديدة . PRONOVIAS FIESTA 2015 مبناسبة األعياد ،قدمت PRONOVIASبعض الفساتني القصيرة الرائعة من األقمشة املميزة ،املطرزة و املرصعة بالكريستال ،كل هذه التفاصيل جتعلها خيارا" أنيقا" للمناسبات .إن هذه الفساتني تشبه في ظاللها الذهبية ،الفضية والسوداء قطع اجملوهرات ،والتي تضفي لكل سيدة ملسة من اللمعان و البريق. ايضا هناك مجموعة PRONOVIASللفساتني الطويلة املصنوعة من أقمشة التول املميزة ،و مجمو��ة أخرى من فساتني احلرير العصرية ،هذا النسيج هو املفضل جملموعة فساتني الزفاف لدى ، PRONOVIASوهو أيضا رائع حلفالت الكوكتيل و السهرة .إن اللون األحمر واألخضر واألسود هي بعض درجات األلوان اجلديدة اخملتارة للفساتني الطويلة لتناسب موسم األعياد.
Available at The Mall, The Avenues.
January, 2015
H&M SPORT SS 2015 collection Now available in stores in Kuwait! citypageskuwait.com
Naomi Campbell and Jourdan Dunn Star in New Burberry Spring/Summer Campaign Burberry unveils its Spring/Summer 2015 campaign starring British icons Naomi Campbell and Jourdan Dunn.
Uniting modern British talent The SS15 Campaign features an eclectic mix of modern British talent: Naomi Campbell: Re-joining the Burberry cast for the first time since her Burberry campaign in 2001, also featuring Kate Moss. Jourdan Dunn: This marks her fourth Burberry campaign, having first appeared in the Spring/Summer 2011 campaign, also featuring Cara Delevingne. George Barnett: British musician (drummer in These New Puritans) and current face of the Burberry Brit Rhythm fragrance campaign. George Le Page: British musician (drummer in Of Empires) – this marks his first campaign for Burberry, having recently opened and closed the Burberry Prorsum Menswear Spring/Summer 2015 show in June 2014. The Collection Customers can shop the Burberry trench coat collection in stores globally and on Burberry.comfrom today with the full Burberry Spring/Summer 2015 collections available globally from 5 January 2015. The campaign will launch in January 2015 across global platforms including outdoor and print advertising, Burberry.com, Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Google+, Instagram, Pinterest, LinkedIn, Sina Weibo, Youku, and WeChat. January, 2015
Carrera y Carrera launches new advertising visuals
L’OCCITANE Launches Shea Comforting Creams
CLEANSE
1.Cleansing Oil Discover a new way to cleanse your skin with shea… This silky texture enriched with shea oil, leaves skin perfectly cleansed and fresh, with no oily residues. Without disrupting the skin’s moisture balance, it helps remove all impurities and makeup- even waterproof.
2.Cleansing Milk You only need a small amount of this milk to cleanse skin perfectly and gently. Simply apply with the fingertips or a cotton pad. The smooth texture, enriched with shea, feels comfortable on the skin and leaves it soft and serene.
TONE
3.Gentle Toner Cleanse and tone. Enriched with shea, the Gentle Toner soon becomes indispensable to complete your cleansing routine. Free of impurities, skin feels clean, soft andfresh.
MOISTURIZE AND NOURISH 4.Light Comforting Cream Carrera y Carrera presents 5 new visuals with strong Spanish influence, complementing the advertising campaign launched in 2011. Spain is undoubtedly a country of artistic reference due to having one of the best art galleries in the world – the Prado Museum – and also for having in its history some of the greatest painters the art world has seen. Carrera y Carrera once again has been inspired by this rich cultural heritage, creating a picture that is in reality a true portrait as if painted by hand where the woman is the star – she is an icon within an authentic work of art and the jewels become true talismans that frame and beautify that passionate woman, the Spanish woman. The great star of the campaign continues to be international model Alejandra Alonso; once again Carrera y Carrera bets on a Spanish face of singular beauty and much strength. Valencian by birth and residing in New York City, Alonso reached the status of top model before turning 18 years old. Her voluminous hair and light eyes won over Karl Lagerfeld himself, who selected her to star in one of his fashion shows as well as in Chanel’s pre-fall campaign. In 2011 in Spain, she gained even greater recognition by winning the L’Oreal award for best model during Madrid Fashion Week. citypageskuwait.com
The very latest shea butter face cream is the little sister of the Ultra Rich Cream. This lighter version, ideal for normal or combination skin, provides essential hydration and protection. And when the skin longs for sheer textures and comfort, the Light Comforting Cream, can even take its big sister’s place. Now even normal and combination skin can enjoy the benefits of shea butter. (5% shea butter, 48hrs of hydration)
5.Ultra Rich Comforting Cream This newly named, ultra-protective nourishing cream provides a response to the problems associated with dry and very dry skin – especially when extra care is needed due to climatic conditions. One of the secrets to the success of this formula is its absolute richness. As irresistibly smooth and famous as ever, it contains an exceptionally high concentration of shea butter (25%), yet sinks into the skin with an almost disconcerting ease. (25% shea butter, 72 hrs hydration)
6.Lip Balm Made with 10% shea butter, this caring balm helps to nourish, repair and protect the lips, leaving them soft, supple and comfortable.
Official Launch of High-End Jewellery Line “Rock It!” at London Fashion Week AW15 by Ornella Iannuzzi ORNELLA IANNUZZI
This new collection called “ Rock It! ” comes as a continuation of Ornella's famous line “Les Exceptionnelles” which includes truly unique jewellery pieces set with uncut gemstones. Thanks to these, the natural crystallisation of precious stones has become the DNA of the designer's work. Remaining faithful to this principle, Ornella used as the basis of her new range a geometrically correct polygon: the platonic body of a dodecahedron.
L’OCCITANE INTRODUCES WHIPPED SHEA BUTTER A new, light and ultra-nourishing texture that immediately becomes one with your skin
In Burkina Faso, during one of the steps in the production of shea butter, the women whip the paste derived from processing the nuts and obtain a mousse-like texture that is both soft and light. It was this that inspired the L’OCCIATNE laboratory to create Whipped Shea Butter – a stunning combination of maximum nourishment and a sheer, melt-in texture.
adidas Adds Windows Phone Support for its Fit Smart Wrist Based Heart-Rate Coach
adidas announced an update to its miCoach Train and Run app for Windows Phone 8.1 based mobile handsets. Following the update, users will be able to pair, configure and transfer planned and completed miCoach workouts between the Fit Smart wrist based heart rate coach and their Windows Phone. Fit Smart can also be used to send heart rate, speed, distance and stride information in real-time to the Train and Run app, combining the visual coaching guidance from the Fit Smart with audible prompts from the app. miCoach Train and Run is one of the most popular fitness apps available for Windows Phone. With cardio, strength and flexibility training programs developed in partnership with the elite coaches at Exos, it provides real-time coaching guidance to unleash your best performance and achieve your sport and fitness goals.
Olivia Wilde is The Face of H&M's Conscious Exclusive Campaign
H&M is proud to announce that Olivia Wilde, actress and humanitarian, will be the face of H&M's latest Conscious Exclusive campaign. Olivia, well known for her commitment to sustainability and her engagement for environmental causes will appear in the campaign wearing pieces from the collection. Conscious Exclusive will be available in around 200 H&M stores worldwide on April 16, as well as online. January, 2015
ZEN I T I C A F O Y DIAR D L R O W E H T OF (DCW)
CITIZEN'S LIST
I would like to welco me you all to this ne w monthly anonym column that will be ous a part of this lovely be au tiful world we live in. It is anonymous for the reason that my ideas should not be at from any discrimi looked nation prospective however to be judge ideas on their own. d as I have no name, no to you and to the wo face, no gender, I be rld, I am the Citizen long of the World; earth you all are my family is my home and . As another year co mes upon us we ar e faced with the tra Resolutions; some dition of New Year thing that most of 's us if not all of us Citizen's List is a lis do not stick to. The t that anyone can develop at the end recap every new ex of the each year to perience that they ha ve experienced in th also includes new e past year. This restaurants, new typ e of foods, new coun and the list goes on tries, new repeats . These new things may include the sil daily basis to the life liest things we do on changing experienc a es that we all go thro ugh. You have 365 days to fill them with ne w experiences, every things in life, keep one should try new our life interesting and keep ourselves zone because that out of our comfort is where real life ha ppens. Create a lis day, if at the end of t an d add to it every the year you end up with more than 10 have a pretty-intere new things then yo sting-non-boring life u . This list is not rel live or who you are ated to where you as there is always so mething new to try around the corner. And since I am ma king my new things list, one of the newe doing this year is wr st things I would be iting this monthly co lumn for all of you home; planet earth about our beautiful . Therefore, I ask yo u all to create this lis so that you can easil t as soon as possible y work on improving the 2015 list. No New Year's Reso lutions, embrace th e Citizen's List. Citizen of the World
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ADOPT A STREET PRINCESS @ADOPT_A_STREET_PRINCESS
Bobby: a pure golden retriever male, 2 years old, loves to play and run. He is confident and he has a great character.
Dear CityPages readers, in our January edition I want to welcome you to read about our lovely new dogs that are available for adoption. Whatever your life situation is, if you are with a big family, a single living person or you are looking for your kids to find the right dog, be sure I have the right “new best friend� for you. Any dog that is presented here in CityPages is a very loving, caring, sensitive and grateful dog that will show you again and again how happy he is to get a second chance through you; a new loving home and family. Our dogs are good with kids, other dogs and also with cats. This month I want to introduce you to:
Sissi: a small female, 1 year old, and white long hair dog. Sissi Laila: a beautiful German Shepard mix, female, and 2 years
old. Running and playing is her favourite activity. Laila is very clever and attentive.
If you are interested in any of these dogs or maybe one of our others, please just follow @adopt_a_street_princess on instagram and contact me by whatsapp or text. After you choose your dog then I will bring him cleaned, vaccinated with new collar and leash direct to your home. January, 2015
Photos by: Witold Wilczynski
loves to get petted and to play. She enjoys to be involved or to relax on a sofa.
citypageskuwait.com
La Boutique Launches Their Exclusive Collection Of Original Fur Winter 2014 -2015
At The Event For The Kuwaiti Society For Guardian Of The Disabled
From The Al-Hamra Thermae Gym
January, 2015
Take a fun ceramic mug home with you and your
coffee is free.
KD 3.750 PER MUG citypageskuwait.com
From The Dreame Epo At 360 Mall
At The Launch Of Azumami Sushi Restaurant
At The Opening Of Alfredo's Gallery Express At Souk Salmiya
January, 2015
At The Launch Of Abou El-Sid Restaurant By Sultan Center
At The Preview Of Made-to-Order Service By Jimmy Choo
At the SJP Collection By Sarah Jessica Parker Preview Event
citypageskuwait.com
At The ReOpening Of Dunkin Donuts Branch At 360 Mall
At The ReOpening Of Toys R Us Branch At 360 Mall
At The #BlaqWhiteWinter Event By BLAQ Boutique
citypageskuwait.com
Porsche Kids Driving School Program Comes to Bayt Abdullah Children’s Hospice
FROM THE PRESS EQUATE sponsors Kuwait Dive Team’s project to protect coral reefs
EQUATE Petrochemical Company, Kuwait’s first international petrochemical joint-venture, sponsored a project by Kuwait Dive Team to protect coral reefs in a number of Kuwaiti islands by installing bowing marines. Kuwait Dive Team is part of the Environment Voluntary Foundation. The bowing marines were installed at the islands of Kubbar, Qaroah and Um Al-Maradem. EQUATE Vice President for Technical Services and head of EQUATE Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Team Mohammad Al Benali said, “The environment is a major priority for EQUATE at every level. Therefore, protecting and preserving the environment are pivotal elements of EQUATE CSR Program for the aim of realizing overall sustainability in Kuwait. Such sustainability can only be achieved through establishing and launching partnerships with relevant public and private organizations. This cooperation between EQUATE and Kuwait Dive Team is a prime example of our tagline ‘Partners in Success’ and an extension of our previous efforts to safeguard and protect the environment. Some of our global scale initiatives in this regard include launching the Middle East’s First Plant Water Recycle Project, Kuwait’s First CO2 Recovery Project, and Kuwait’s First Seawater Cooling Towers, as well as other initiatives on the short and long terms.” On his part, Environment Voluntary Foundation Board Chairman and Head of Kuwait Dive Team Waleed Al-Fadhel said, “This sponsorship will play a significant role in protecting and preserving the marine life by installing and maintaining bowing marines around coral reefs, which will contribute to safeguarding the environment as a whole. Much appreciation to EQUATE for its contribution and efforts to preserve the environment by being our partner in this national endeavor.” Established in 1995, EQUATE Petrochemical
citypageskuwait.com
Don’t Just Run, Glide With The New Adidas Supernova Glide Boost™
This season, the legend of adidas Supernova will be told through a design specifically built for the unique fit, look and feel of women. The new adidas Supernova Glide BOOST™ will keep the award-winning* BOOST™ midsole designed to ensure every run feels like gliding. This season, the women’s Supernova Glide BOOST upper receives a facelift that delivers a sleek, slimming and stylish appearance while maintaining the performance integrity of Supernova. To accomplish this, the technical features have been reconstructed throughout the shoe to provide a smoother silhouette that’s more flattering to the female foot. BOOST foam cushioning provides the highest Energy Return in the industry using thousands of durable Energy capsules that maintain their soft cushioning, season after season, so every run with BOOST feels like the first. BOOST cushioning also remains consistently responsive in any weather condition while standard EVA expands and hardens in varying temperatures. And, along with performing in any temperature, Supernova Glide BOOST delivers a neutral ride that’s suited for any runner. Whether you’re heading out for your first leisurely jog or lacing up to leave your mark on race day. Along with BOOST foam cushioning, the new Supernova Glide also features: •Adaptive upper provides a unique fit for varying foot shapes. Techfit on the women’s version and Stretch Mesh on the men’s. •Continental™ rubber outsole ensures the ultimate grip •adidas Torsion System carries your foot through an optimum transition
Porsche Centre Kuwait organised their Porsche Kids Driving School Program at Bayt Abdullah Hospice to educate and entertain the children currently under care at the facility. The Porsche Kids Driving School was brought to Bayt Abdullah Children’s Hospice (BACCH) to raise the spirts of their children and families and was a means for Porsche Centre Kuwait, Behbehani Motors Company to give back to the community. Bayt Abdullah Children’s Hospice provides multi-professional, specialist, paediatric palliative care and support to children and their families with life limiting or life threatening illnesses. The event underscored the mission of Porsche Centre Kuwait, Behbehani Motors Company to bring the Porsche Driving School Program to children all over the country, even those who are facing physical or health challenges. “Porsche Kids Driving School always brings a smile to young children and most importantly it also provides valuable skills on road safety. We are committed to ensuring that as many children as possible have a chance to participate in our programs and we were delighted when Bayt Abdullah Children’s Hospice agreed to host us,” said Mike Finn, director of the Porsche Kids Driving School Program. Through the Porsche Kids Driving School Program, the children at Bayt Abdullah received lessons on road safety before being able to drive 911 pedal cars around a specially designed road circuit. The road circuit featured roundabouts, pedestrian crossings, speed bumps, traffic signals and road signs, all of which were conceived to simulate real road conditions, while also creating an entertaining atmosphere for the children and their parents. The kids were further taught to respect and show consideration for other drivers whilst also following the ‘Golden Rules of Road Safety’. At the conclusion of the event, the children were presented with Porsche driver’s caps, Porsche children’s activity books, Porsche safe driving handbooks for parents and their first driver’s licences.
Dean & Deluca Launches New Healthy Living Campaign
Rapid weight-loss and muscle building revealed as main causes of stretch marks for men
AAW presents “Bio-Oil” to trainers and athletes to prevent and reduce skinlines on men in Kuwait
CARPISA Autumn Winter 2014 Collection All-New 2015 Ford Mustang Is Sport Auto’s Best Sports Car
As men in Kuwait are moving towards bulky and pumped-up bodies, so are the growing concerns of stretch marks that are appearing predominantly on their arms and chests, areas that tend to expand more quickly as a result of muscle building. Stretch marks commonly appear as a result of pregnancy or weight-loss, but it is less wellknown that they also appear on men putting on muscle rapidly – yes, even on athletes that are in great shape. To provide an effective solution to stretch marks resulting from weight-loss and muscle-building, Ali Abdulwahab Al Mutawa Commercial Co. (AAW) today introduced Bio-Oil - the awardwinning specialist skincare oil and the number one scar and stretch mark product in 17 countries - to Kuwait-based trainers, athletes and fitness gurus. Kuwait-based Pharmacist Mohammed AlNadi said: “When trying to lose weight or bulk up, then it is always better to do it slowly and gradually. However, for men who would like to reach their target fast, then it is important to keep skin moisturized before and after every workout. I recommend products that contain Vitamins A and E, especially Bio-Oil as I have seen some great results on my clients who use it.” In addition to its ability to improve the appearance of existing stretch marks formed during pregnancy, Bio-Oil is also an effective solution for men putting on muscle rapidly. The formulation helps maximise the skin’s elasticity and is made of Vitamin A and E with Calendula, Lavender, Rosemary and Chamomile oils, in addition to PurCellin Oil™, an ingredient that ensures all the other ingredients are easilyabsorbed into the skin.
The Autumn/Winter 2014-15 Carpisa collection reconsiders the virtues and the beauty of our Country, and what the world know how the Italian Feeling. The details decorate the bags as well as the monuments and the beauties of our country decorate Italy. The metallic is protagonist in various forms, from the metal decorated connections, to the metal brackets that give light to the bag and the accessory. The rock-chic is one of the main subject of the collection where the black colour is protagonist. There are gold studs opposing to the more romantic matelassé combine to bows details. The textile of the collection is the “Pied de Poule”, both in micro and maxi variation; a classic textile that become minimized and made young to the match with micro studs and chain details; present itself in collection with the “optical” black&white version. A funded must is the animalier subject, present in collection in the coconut print, in the spotted, in the shiny and opaque python leather. Characterized by materials that have an important and luxurious relevance, it refers to the world-known conception of the artisan Italy. The final subject of the collection is the countrychic, bags with soft structures, grainy materials match with the suede and the fur; lines that have a romantic taste and recall to the conception of hill landscape and farmland that characterize the beautiful country. Welcome to Italy, welcome to Carpisa. Treat yourself to the latest collection at The AvenuesThe Mall.
Dean & Deluca, the premier brand for gourmet food and dining, has announced the perfect way to ring in the New Year with the launch of its new Healthy Living menu and retail selections. The new range features a wide variety of premium food that can be found at both the Café and the retail section of its Avenues mall location. The new Healthy Living options kick off in January, just in time for New Year’s resolutions, when many people are looking to eat well and getting in shape. Following a healthier lifestyle begins with making better food choices and healthier eating habits. To maintain health and wellness, it is crucial to have a balanced, nutritious diet that has plenty of fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grains and fewer foods that are high in fat, salt and sugar. In keeping with this philosophy, Dean & Deluca has scoured the globe to select the finest array of healthy products that will satisfy the palates of a diverse range of customers and can be enjoyed throughout the day. At the Café, the Healthy Living menu offers an assortment of fresh and light ingredients culminating in colourful dishes. These items are expertly prepared by our chefs at Dean & Deluca, so there is no need to sacrifice tasty meals for eating well, because never before has eating healthy been so delicious. Starting with breakfast, the options include delectable delights such as the Light Labnah, with fresh handpicked mixed berries, nuts and honey. Also new is the savoury Egg White Omelette, with a fusion of onions and mushrooms. Customers with a sweet tooth will salivate over the golden sugarfree waffles and pancakes, drizzled with sugarfree mascarpone cream and topped with fresh red berry puree, maple syrup and fresh berries.
The legendary Ford Mustang received another accolade recently, as the 2015 all-new model grabbed the ‘2015 Best Sports Car’ title from the Middle East’s top motorsports monthly, Sport Auto magazine. The award was presented to William Clay Ford Jr. Executive Chairman, Ford Motor Company by Gerard Saunal, editor-in-chief of Sport Auto during the iconic reveal of the all-new Mustang atop Burj Khalifa, the world’s tallest skyscraper in Dubai. The award reflects Mustang’s legacy of 50 years’ continued production as well as its impressive performance. “When the original Mustang debuted in April 1964, it created a great impression and set the tone for what a true muscle car should be like,” said Kalyana Sivagnanam, Marketing, Sales and Service director of Ford Middle East & North Africa. “Today, the all-new 2015 Mustang not only sets the benchmark once again for its segment, but it continues to build on its 50year legacy as a truly iconic muscle car that has captured the hearts and minds of fans around the globe. “We are pleased with Sport Auto’s recognition which joins a very long list of awards and accolades that the Mustang has added to its name over the decades,” he said. For his part, Gerard Saunal said: “The Mustang was selected as the Sport Car of the Year 2015 winner because of Ford’s clever understanding of what a popular sport car should be. Ford has cleverly combined price affordability, ecofriendliness with its 4-cylinder engine, and great road handling with its new rear independent suspension. These are improvements that paid respect with the great heritage of the Mustang’s design and unique presence on the road.”
January, 2015
V-KOOL’s All-Women Racing Team makes history at GulfRun 2014
Sultan Center Group of Restaurants Celebrated the Grand Opening of Wok Hay Restaurant
FROM THE PRESS
Ralph Lauren Corporation
The V-KOOL RACING TEAM™ of 13 Kuwaiti women rocked the racing grounds in their maiden appearance alongside 18 experienced, all-male racing teams and finished the race to the amazement of the cheering fans. The all-women racing team, assembled for the first time in Kuwait and perhaps the GCC, exhibited patience, rigor and stamina in their very first competitive outing. The V-KOOL RACING TEAM™ team was coached and managed by Mubarak Al Rumaidhi, the 2012 Kuwait Drifting Champion and a passionate motorsports professional. The team members led by Captain Najat AlSayegh included Aisha Al-Abdulkareem, Dalal Al-Jassem, Dana Jbara, Fatima Al-Shaya, Haya Al-Eisa, Lulwa Al-Sayegh, Noor Al-Sayegh, Rawya Al-Hajeri, Rabaa Al-Hajeri, Sara AlShaban, Suad Al-Fraih & Shaikha Al-Suraiya The team gave a scintillating performance with 2 individual members Sara Al-Shaban and Dalal Al-Jassem turning in outstanding record performances. Sara Al-Shaban rose up to the challenge and clocked the fastest lap by a woman earning the title of “Miss GulfRun 2014”. She started the race for the V-KOOL RACING TEAM™ team and gained her team a comfortable position throughout her first stint of almost two hours. Dalal Al-Jassem, gave another truly remarkable performance driving for a total of 2 hours and 22 minutes non-stop – an admirable demonstration of endurance and stamina comparable to international standards. Dalal exhibited great skill and concentration and proved to be an extraordinary sportswoman. The enthusiasm, courage, perseverance, teamspirit and determination of this glorious band of thirteen astounded everybody. Rumaidhi remarked, “The endurance race is all about having focus and perseverance and this team has shown it has it all during the long practice sessions.” Rabaa Al-Hajeri, a team member said “although the team is new and had virtually no experience in competitive events, the natural ability of a woman to focus and concentrate for longer time spans and our well-planned approach into this race, allowed us to complete it.” Najat Al-Sayegh the team captain quoted “On behalf of the team I would like to express our joy to be a part of this historical moment, when an all-women team has come to exist and participate in an open competition. We are very thankful to our title sponsors V-KOOL who have believed in our talent and given us a platform to compete in such a physically demanding race. We also thank our gold sponsors NEXEN TIRES, GIORDANO & PASTAMANIA for supporting our initiative.
citypageskuwait.com
Meet the new Nokia 215, Microsoft’s most affordable Internetready phone
Ralph Lauren and Al Shouhra Trading Co invited guests to a festive celebration of historic automobiles on 9th of December. The exclusive evening, held at the Ralph Lauren store, featured an exhibition of the museum’s finest vintage cars and a selection of exquisite amalgam models showcasing Ralph Lauren’s personal collection. Key notables were in attendance. Guests included: •HE Robert Tyson, The Australian Ambassador to Kuwait •HE Mathew Lodge , the Bristish Ambassador to Kuwait •Mr Dao Lee, Senior commercial officer of the American Embassy •Mr Mostapha Maksheed , Mr Zacharia Dashti, Mr Moath Al kandari, Mr Massod Behbehani, Mr & Mrs Abdulaziz Abul, Mr Mohamad Al-Qassar , Mr Rasheed Al Qassar, Mr & Mrs Elias Jabbour, Mr Fouad Seleem and Mr Ali Rujeeb
The industry-leading Sultan Center Group of Restaurants celebrated the grand opening of the Asian Fresh Dining Restaurant Wok Hay which is considered to be the new addition to TSC Family. The celebration was held in the presence of TSC restaurants marketing manager Mr. Hussein Al Sayed and many social figures of the Kuwait society and local press where they spent an Authentic Asian night in its location at the Arabian Gulf Road, near by the Green Island. TSC took all of the attendees to a virtual journey to the Far East starting from the Asian charming atmosphere and decorations to the taste of the fresh Asian cuisine. Wok Hay is known for serving the Authentic Asian recipes created by the creative Chef. Ahmad Al Bader. It’s listed among Kuwait’s finest restaurants due to its special quality levels. The interior is specially designed to reflect the Asian ambiance. Commenting on the event: Hussein Al Sayed, TSC Restaurants Marketing Manger said: “It’s our utmost pleasure to celebrate the grand opening of Wok Hay restaurant, TSC is always keen to satisfy its loyal customer by offering them different tastes from all around the globe, our main goal is to bring the whole world to our customers here in Kuwait and Wok Hay is considered to be our new surprise for those who crave the Asian Cuisine” “Wok Hay is the perfect destination for food savvy looking to indulge themselves with the original aromas reflecting the spirit of gourmet innovation by all means” Al Sayed Concluded.
Microsoft Devices Group on Monday announced the Nokia 215, its most affordable Internet-ready phone. The Nokia 215 is designed to connect and introduce first-time mobile phone buyers to the Internet and new digital experiences. Available in both Single SIM and Dual SIM models, the Nokia 215 will expand the reach of Microsoft services at more affordable prices. At only $29, the Nokia 215 will allow more people to access popular Web content and digital services, and enable them to do the following: •Enjoy online experiences via Opera Mini browser, Bing search, MSN Weather, Twitter and Facebook. •Stay in touch with friends and family using Facebook and Messenger with instant notifications. •Connect in new ways with SLAM, which enables content to be shared between devices and callers making hands-free calls using Bluetooth 3.0 and Bluetooth audio support for headsets. •Delight in the fresh design, durable quality and outstanding battery life — all the features entrylevel mobile phone owners have come to trust and love. •Enter the mobile-first world with all the everyday essentials, including these: o Built-in torchlight o Up to 20 hours of talk time o Outstanding battery life (up to 29 days of standby time for the Single SIM variant and up to 21 days for the Dual SIM) o MP3 playback of up to 50 hours o FM radio playback of up to 45 hours o VGA camera
ـة
فيـ ي ــو س ل حو -ال بـ ع عة فر جلم ا
بت
الفروانية -شارع اخملفر فوق بيت التمويل تلفون24725558 / 24726164 : January, 2015
الفحيحيل -شارع الدبوس البرج األخضر -الدور 16 تلفون25456100 / 25456969 :
www.6alabat.com
الساملية -شارع سالم املبارك فوق ماكس -الدور 4 تلفون25721717 / 25721818 :
كيفان -قطعة - 2مول جمعية حولي -شارع بيروت مقابل البنك التجاري كيفان اجلديد الدور 1 تلفون 24914081 / 24914082 :تلفون22661604 / 22661603 :
بدالة مطاعم 1808099
FROM THE PRESS
Behbehani celebrates partnership with Rado at the launch of the Rado DiaMaster Collection in Kuwait
A Wedding to Remember at Marina Hotel Kuwait Mamas and Papas gears up for the Holiday Season
It’s that time of the year again to get all festivelysnug and Mamas and Papas are excited to introduce the 2014 Holiday collection to solve all wardrobe dilemmas for your infants this festive season. With a versatile range of classic causals and formal fashion, the Mamas and Papas Holiday Collection will have children looking fashionably festive. Inspired by the jolly-seasons colors and characters such as snowman’s and cute elves, the new collection spreads from a dreamy selection of fun ‘onesies’ to miniature tuxedos and pretty party dresses. This season, Mamas and Papas are providing parents with a variety of styles for their little ones to suit any and every festive occasion. Available now in stores, the Mamas and Papas Holiday collection offers great quality at an affordable price range.
citypageskuwait.com
Behbehani Group, the exclusive agent for some of the most luxurious watch and jewelry brands, and one of the major retailers in Kuwait, announced their partnership with Rado at a launch event which took place at the Sky Lobby on the 55th floor of Al-Hamra Tower recently. A host of Behbehani executives and Rado representatives were in attendance, joined by VIP guests, media representatives, and watch enthusiasts to witness the launch of the Rado DiaMaster collection. Speaking at the event, Mr. Ali Morad Behbehani, President of the Behbehani Group, noted “We are thrilled to be a part of this occasion, and to be working with one of the world’s most renowned and prestigious watch brands. The Behbehani Group prides itself on its existing array of exclusive partnerships and will do its best to uphold the Rado brand values and ethics, which we already share and protect.” Rado CEO Matthias Breschan added “This partnership exemplifies the potential we see in the Kuwaiti market. We are proud of this partnership which we believe is the beginning of a long and fruitful relationship. Our shared goals will surely materialize into even greater ventures and we look forward to the future.” A globally recognized brand, Rado, is famous for innovative design and its use of revolutionary materials to create some of the world’s most durable watches. Ever since its beginnings, Rado has had a pioneering spirit, with the brand philosophy “if we can imagine it, we can make it” still holding true today. Since its beginnings Rado has aimed to create watches of long lasting beauty. From the first scratch-resistant watch in 1962, the mission evolved to find ever lighter, more durable, scratch-resistant materials that could be shaped for use in watchmaking. From its first foray into the use of ceramic in 1986, Rado has developed the technology to produce new ground-breaking designs with matt finishes, in white or even plasma high-tech ceramic, which transforms white ceramic into a material with a metallic finish, without using any metal. In 2013 Rado introduced touch technology to ceramic watches and then in 2014 pioneered a ceramic touch watch with two times zones. Behbehani Group was formed in 1935 by the late visionary and legendary entrepreneur, Mr. Morad Yousuf Behbehani. In the early stages of development in Kuwait, Mr. Behbehani fueled by a passionate and entrepreneurial spirit, continuously led initiatives to meet the pillars of growth needed to help Kuwait develop as a nation. The first historical and society-changing success story came in 1948 when Mr. Behbehani led the Behbehani Group in becoming the first entity to introduce Radio broadcasting in Kuwait and later in Television broadcasting in 1951.
مستشفى رويال حياة MyoSure توفر تقنيات في قسمNovaSure و النساء والتوليد
The memories of your wedding day last a lifetime and with Marina Hotel Kuwait, you will ensure that your special day is perfect. The hotel is delighted to offer guests exclusive wedding packages across the year, which include accommodation for one night in a beautiful superior room, and a romantic candle lit dinner and breakfast in the room for the bride and groom. For the wedding celebrations, we offer a custom-made, three-tier wedding cake, creatively decorated buffet floral arrangements, as well as specially designed decorations. The elegant Sheikha Salwa Sabah Al-Ahmad Theater & Hall, with its magnificent seaside location, great layout and capacity up to 500 persons, is the ideal place for your special event. The Sheikha Salwa Sabah Al Ahmad Theater & Hall unravels beauty and flexibility with its expert wedding planning team who devote their attention to every detail, ensuring that your wedding will surpass all expectations. The package is further complemented with an award winning culinary team comprising of dedicated chefs who constantly explore delivering tailor made menus and bringing to the hotel’s guests a wide range of exciting experiences to each event. Combining unparalleled excellence in service and hospitality with outstanding presentation and personal service, the hotel holds a reputation as an expert in turning your wedding celebrations into truly magnificent event. If you are looking for a beautiful wedding ceremony venue, the wedding package at Marina Hotel is available all through the year.
أضاف مستشفى رويال حياة لقسم النساء والوالدة بإدارة الدكتور أبو بكر املرضي جهاز لعالج اللحمياتNovaSure وMyoSure املوجودة في الرحم مثل األورام الليفية و إضطرابات الدورة الشهرية بعد إكتمال تكوين األسرة وحاالت النزيف قبل وبعد وهو أحدث ما توصلت اليه،إنقطاع الطمث التقنيات الطبية في جراحات اليوم الواحد .النسائية إن أهمية وفعالية هذا اجلهاز تكمن في أنه ال يتطلب أية عالجات مسبقة وميكن تنفذ العملية في أي وقت وفي وقت قياسي من أجل عالج أعراض األورام الليفية الرحمية أو األورام احلميدة فضالً عن أنه مصمم ألزالة األنسجة داخل الرحم من خالل نظام ميكانيكي وكهربائي فعال ودقيق يضمن من فوائد هذا.السالمة وجناح العملية اجلهاز أنه يحافظ على شكل الرحم ويقطع األنسجة املريضة في خطوة واحدة مع .احملافظة على األنسجة السليمة متوفر فيNovaSure وMyoSure إن جهاز قسم النساء والوالدة في مستشفى رويال حياة للنساء غير احلوامل أو من يعانون من جتدر اإلشارة.إلتهابات معدية في احلوض الى أن القسم يضم فريق طبي من النساء املتمرسات واملؤهالت لعالج كافة احلاالت .مبهنية وسرية وخصوصية مطلقة
Address of Hospitality and Original Taste
24747789 - 24747798 : تلفون. الدور السابع- برج امللتقى, دوار املخفر:الفروانية
Farwaniya: Police Station Roundabout, AlMultaqa Tower, 7th Floor. Tel: 24847789 - 24747798
@aghakuwait
MATHS QUIZ 1.What is half of nine pounds? 2.Multiply ninety-eight by ten.
FUN FACTS ABOUT MOUNT EVEREST
3.How many sevens are there in eighty-four? 4.What is twenty-five thousand minus six thousand? 5.How many grams are there in six point three kilograms? 6.How many faces has a square-based pyramid? 7.Add together three-quarters and three-quarters. 8.What is the total of three point two and four point five? 9.What is the total of twelve, sixteen and eight? 10.What is eight hundred and twenty-five rounded to the nearest hundred? 9.36, 10.800
ANSWERS: 1.£4.50, 2.980, 3.12, 4.19,000, 5.6300, 6.5, 7.1 ½ or 6/4, 8.7.7,
FUN RIDDLES
1.He shaves multiple times every day and yet he has a beard. Who is he? 2.Why there is no 13th floor in most of the buildings? 3.Which travels faster hot or cold? 4.A father goes bankrupt. The mother has to sell the hotels she had in her possession in order to attain some money. But their daughter is quite happy. How can someone be so heartless and show such boorishness?
JUMBLED WORDS 1 . M N A D E D 2 . T O U H S 3 . I D A S 4 . A A O C C 5 . E S T U Q E R 6 . R E P W I S H 7 . U I R S V 8 . S K E L A F 9 . H C A R E R E S 1 0 . A M E R S C 1 1 . O R T S Y I H 1 2 . L A C X M I E
= = = = = = = = = = = =
5.Can you find out what do lions sing at Christmas? 8.FLAKES, 9.RESEARCH, 10.SCREAM, 11.HISTORY, 12.EXCLAIM ANSWERS: 1. DEMAND, 2.SHOUT, 3.SAID, 4.CACAO, 5.REQUEST, 6.WHISPER, 7.VIRUS,
ANSWERS: 1. He is a barber, 2. Because most of the buildings are not that tall enough, 3. As we can catch 'Cold', 'Hot' is definitely faster, 4. Whole of the family is playing monopoly and the girl is winning the game, 5. Since they live in jungle, they sing Jungle Bells. citypageskuwait.com
1.The tallest mountain in the world, Mount Everest sits in the Himalayas in Nepal and is 8,848 meters tall - that's around the height at which passenger planes fly. 2.If that doesn't sound that high to you - imagine 643 double-decker buses stacked on top of each other that's how high the summit is! 3.In 1953, climber Edmund Hillary from New Zealand
and Nepalese Sherpa Tenzing Norgay became the first people to reach the summit of Everest.
8.Jordan Romero, from the US became the youngest person to climb Everest aged 13, in 2010. 9.In 1975 Japanese climber Junko Tabei became the first woman to climb Everest. 18 years later Rebecca Stephens, on the right of the picture, became the first British woman to reach the summit. 10.Climbing Everest doesn't come cheap: it can cost around £50,000 to climb to the summit.
4.Around 3,000 people have successfully climbed Mount Everest but 210 people have died during or after climbing the mountain. 5.In 2012, around 240 people reached the summit every day. 6.Although it's the world's highest mountain, it can get crowded. People have reported having to wait in queues to climb certain parts. 7.In May this year, 80-year-old Yuichiro Miura from Japan, became the oldest man to climb Everest.
Build-A-Bear Workshop welcomes super cute furry friends with a New Year!
Build-A-Bear Workshop® - the world’s only global company that offers an interactive make-your-own stuffed animal retail-entertainment experience.
lPop of Colour Panda: 8.8 KWD lRainbow Stripes Tiger: 8.8 KWD lRainbow Glitter Bear: 8.8 KWD lRainbow Hugs Bear: 8.8 KWD
lHuggable Hearts Kitty: 8.8 KWD lHuggable Hearts Puppy: 8.8 KWD lStrawberry Monkey: 7.6 KWD lBananas Monkey: 7.6 KWD
Build-A-Bear store in Kuwait is located in The Avenues Mall January, 2015
HOMEWORK FOR GROWN UPS EVERYTHING YOU LEARNED AT SCHOOL... BUT CAN YOU REMEMBER? 2014 General Knowledge Quiz
Test Your Vocabulary
1. What is the year 2014 in Roman numerals?
Once again the main problem was killing time.
2. Whose name was licensed in 2014 for cannabis products, anticipating a market of $10bn: Marley; Presley; Dylan; or Madonna?
In this sentence, problem means:
5. The velocity of 67P, the first comet to be landed on by an earthly craft in Nov 2014, was approx (what?) km/hr: 135; 1,350; 13,500; or 135,000? 6. What word differentiates the 1990 FIFA World Cup Final from the 2014 'repeat' in which Germany beat Argentina 1-0? 7. In what city did a nurse become the first person outside Africa to be infected by Ebola in the 2014 outbreak?
1. judgment
4. effect
ANSWER: 3. In this question, problem is a noun that means a source of difficulty.
4. Name the actor who died in 2014, star of The Rockford Files and The Great Escape?
If you are facing something that will be difficult to handle, you have a problem on your hands. A problem is a roadblock in a situation, something that sets up a conflict and forces you to find a resolution. The meaning of the Greek word pr贸blema meant "to put forth," which is different from the meaning of problem today, but it reminds you that any problem becomes easier to solve once you have defined it. A math problem is easier once you have the numbers in front of you: that's why word problems can be so difficult. Problem can also be an adjective in rare cases. Once you were a problem child, but now you spend your time listening to everyone else's problems.
3. How many countries competed in the Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games: 29; 37; 46; or 71?
8. What was Miley Cyrus's award-winning record-breaking 2014 video/hit song, being the thing on which she controversially swung nude? 9. Graffitied and repainted often since 1980, and obliterated in 2014 except from the ironic statement "Wall is over", the 'Freedom Wall' in Prague celebrates whose memory? 10. Which historically contested region did Russia annexe from Ukraine in February 2014? 11. On which planet did NASA's Curiosity rover complete its first year, equal to 687 Earth days, in June 2014? 12. Which city in Russia hosted the XXII Olympic Winter Games? 13. Name the Rolling Stones' saxophonist and session player who died in 2014? 14. The mysteriously lost Malaysia Airlines Flight 37 in March 2014 was bound from Kuala Lumpur to where? 15. Charity executives Justin Forsyth and Jonathan Powell attracted 'crony' jibes when their organization gave a controversial 'global legacy award' to whom, their previous boss? 16. Betty Joan Perske, who died in 2014, was better known as which famous film star, from the 1940s-2000s? 17. In 2014 Belgium became the first country in the world to legalize what controversial treatment of terminally ill people? 18. Which nation in 2014 saw the abdication of Juan Carlos and the ascension of Felipe VI? 19. Name the three previous winners eliminated at the group stage of the 2014 FIFA World Cup? 20. According to 2014 market capitalization, Google, Microsoft, Apple and (which oil corporation?) were globally the most valuable companies?
LETTERS & WORDS How many words of four letters or more can you make from the leters shown here? nIn making a word, each letter may be used once only. nEach word must include the centre letter, and there must be at least one nine letter word in the list. nNo words with initial capital; no hyphenated words.
Good: 23 words
Very Good: 34 words
Excellent: 45 words
JUMBLED WORDS V E C O T S E E E G G L A N T E N U T I C D R I D C E N
Italy, 20.ExxonMobil (a lenient quizmaster may accept Exxon as a correct answer) 12.Sochi, 13.Bobby Keys, 14.Beijing, 15.Tony Blair, 16.Lauren Bacall, 17.Euthanasia, 18.Spain (father and son kings), 19.England, Spain, 8. recking Ball, 9.John Lennon (killed in 1980 - one of Lennon's most famous songs is 'Happy Christmas, War is over'), 10.Crimea, 11.Mars,
ANSWERS: COVET, GEESE, TANGLE, INDUCT, CINDER
ANSWERS: 1.MMXIV, 2.Marley, 3.71, 4.James Garner, 5.135,000km/hr, 6.West (West Germany beat Argentina 1-0 in 1990), 7.Madrid,
citypageskuwait.com
January, 2015
JANUARY HOROSCOPES There can be no shortcuts as 2015 begins and the January 4 Full Moon opposes a quartet of no-nonsense Capricorn stars. There's a hint of optimism as Jupiter forms a lucky fated aspect to the cranky stars, allowing you to safely talk yourself out of an upcoming dilemma. Get important papers in a safe place before Mercury turns retrograde on January 21. You'll hold your ground when the Taurus Quarter Moon on January 26 reminds you that you're on the right track. Try not to lose your temper with anyone who disputes that.
ARIES (March 21 - April 19)
The January 4 Full Moon pits family concerns against work demands. Work may be trying to drive you crazy, but you don't have to fall for it. Be calm and clear, and don't get rattled. Wednesday, January 14, and Thursday, January 15, avoid strife or disagreements with a boss or authority figure. Try to see things from their side and let it go. The New Moon on January 20 scrambles your social life and rearranges some alliances or friendships. You may be able to read between the lines and see other people's secret agendas. Don't lose your temper or cling to what's old and stale.
LEO (July 23 - August 22)
Relax and don't let anyone throw you off your game at the Full Moon on January 4. Nerves and emotions may still be roiling from the holidays, and you deserve your downtime at home as much as anyone. Starting Wednesday, January 7, perk up and rediscover some of that personal magic and your usual good luck. Love, romance, or simply lavishing more time on a partner may take precedence around the January 20 New Moon. There's magic in the air, so it's worth your while to see what others are up to. Find some new magic of your own, too, and don't hoard it. It's perishable.
TAURUS
(April 20 - May 20)
(August 23 - September 22)
The urge for quality friend time and the charming distractions of short trips may overtake you with the Full Moon on January 4. Post-holiday fatigue won't slow you down. In fact, bigger trips might beckon. Keep control of your time, money, and real or imagined social obligations. Be ready and willing to take on more at work during the New Moon on January 20. It shouldn't be a challenge, but it might need more time than you have, in which case just say so. Love makes an appearance on Tuesday, January 27. Possible are unexpected affection and a tenderhearted reaction to a tiny kindness.
Friends or associates may want to meet at your place during this Full Moon on January 4. You could be greatly inspired and high on a creative streak that doesn't leave much room for socializing. It's your place - you decide. The weekend of January 10 can be fun and romantic, but unmet expectations and disappointments may follow. Take good care of yourself around the New Moon on January 20, although if one more person tries to tell you how to eat or exercise, you might want to slap them. Redirect that temper and energy into something fun and beautiful - just for you.
SAGITTARIUS (November 22 - December 21)
Frustrations mount with the Full Moon on January 4. You may feel called to help someone who really doesn't need it as much as you think. Respect your own finances and needs, don't neglect yourself, and everything will be fine. Friends and social groups may tug at you during the January 20 New Moon. Even if you're asked to be an officer in some club, whatever the responsibility or honor, you'll want to know if it's convenient and fun. Save energy for the fun, friend-filled weekend starting Friday, January 30. There could be so many great ideas that it's hard to choose.
CAPRICORN (December 22 - January 19)
At the January 4 Full Moon you could easily find yourself leaving a party with a total stranger who's utterly intoxicated with you. If not looking for love, try to deflect those affections in another direction and come off looking generous as well as gorgeous. Money and people may come your way with the New Moon on January 20. Be patient and pay attention and you could score big with a better job offer, more work, or simply more income without the extra work. Enjoy the weekend of January 24, but don't tire yourself out. There's no pressure to keep up with anyone.
GEMINI
(September 23 - October 22)
(January 20 - February 18)
A money matter might get your attention around the Full Moon on January 4. A friend or family member may point it out or perhaps cause it in the first place. It's nothing you can't handle, and it will affect someone else more than you. Be busy and enjoy the January 20 New Moon. You'll have the magic touch at work, and that will leave you plenty of time and energy for a big break or even a getaway. The weekend of January 30 is fun but full of confusion and misunderstandings. Be tolerant and ready for lateness, dropped calls, and lost parked cars.
Work demands may not increase under the January 4 Full Moon, but your reactions might be heightened. Keep a level head and don't let events at home complicate matters. Relax and be your normal, efficient self. As of Monday, January 12, people should become more friendly, agreeable, and less demanding. Maybe make a new friend. The New Moon on January 20 is full of tempting fun and games, invitations, and offers of dates. Pace yourself. Work some personal magic at home and watch a family matter instantly improve or solve itself. You can always be shocking and blow off steam with your special friends.
After all the holiday excitement, your energy isn't at its highest when the January 4 Full Moon strikes, and it might be best to lay low and pamper your health. Stay in, rest, take chicken soup to any ailing friends, but don't linger. The January 20 New Moon belongs to you, and you should prepare to start something new and important. Don't be caught off guard if some new, important opportunity comes your way out of nowhere. The next day, January 21, Mercury turns stationary retrograde in Aquarius. For the rest of the month, use your great people skills to keep and nurture new alliances.
CANCER
(October 23 - November 21)
(February 19 - March 20)
The January 4 Full Moon is all yours, so be bold and let people think what they like. You could especially startle a lover or partner, all for the better. Have fun but don't be mean about it. People may try to eat up your time and attention at the New Moon on January 20. Hold your ground and be reassuring. Someone or something that occurs far away could inspire you and expand and improve your world. Don't crawl into your shell now. Saturday January 31 could be emotional and super sensitive. Spend it with someone who understands your moods and knows how to listen.
You may want to do something bigger, grander, and farther away from your usual haunts when the Full Moon shines on January 4. Friends and previous commitments and plans will help keep you grounded and from straying too far afield. Tuesday night, January 13, could get late, with too much to do, and make it hard to get to bed. The January 20 New Moon opens the door for family members to call and visit more than usual. You can be comforting and supportive without getting run over. Life may also look more magical and fun. It's no illusion. Keep this feeling all year long.
citypageskuwait.com *All the Illustrations on this page are done by: Sandra Bakhamian @ SandraBakhamian and are Copyrighted
It's a win/win kind of Full Moon on January 4. Fun projects at home could be extra appealing now, but your social life may compete and look like just as much fun. The January 20 New Moon brings you a profound surprise and the chance to break through great secrecy surrounding a relationship or someone's personal, passionate concern. Be thoughtful and treat people gently - you'll have great influence and personal magic now. But don't dally over something important. The magic won't last long. Saturday, January 31, overflows with romantic possibilities, some of them mere fantasy but still sweet. Be gentle and guard against hurt feelings.
ج/2014/181/ك-ع 2015/2/22 : ولغاية/2014/11/23 :خالل الفترة من
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John Lennon
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On which planet did NASA's Curiosity rover complete its first year, equal to 687 Earth days, in June 2014?
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CP January 2015 online by CityPages Kuwait - issuu
issuu
61
JANUARY 2015
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Designing fur for chic, trendy and modern women
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LIFESTYLE / PEOPLE / EVENTS / FASHION
ﻟﻴﺰﺭ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑـــ
20
ﺩ.ﻙ *ﻻ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ
ﻟﻴﺰﺭ ﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ
contents ISSUE 61, VOLUME 5, JANUARY 2015
100
36 122
BEAUTY
28. Intersection 30. Black And White 32. Parenting Tips For 2015 34. Introduction To Hospitality 110. Movies And Their Impact On Society
96. Winter Skin Survival 98. Perfume Extracting
ENTERTAINMENT 106. Music With MJB 107. Top Music Charts 108. January Movie Releases
FASHION
68. Vogue Fashion Dubai Experience 70. Fashion Photo Shoot -Mosaic 90. Fashion Photo Shoot-Winter Desert Rose 130. Fashion News
FEATURE
18. Welcome To Another Effing New Year 20. Festive Day 22. New Year’s Reading Resolutions 24. Rant And Rabbit III 26. ٢٠١٥ ً أهال
64
84
FOOD
64. Ditch The Shrink And Gym It Instead To A Better You This 2015! 66. New Year-New Resolutions
84. Nat’s Kitchen Tales. . . With Love
contents ISSUE 61, VOLUME 5, JANUARY 2015
90
42. Presbyopia 44. Belly Fat IS Bad! 46. Spotlight On Recent Developments In
114
48. Early Labor 50. The Salhiya Medical Pavilion
36
154
INTERVIEW
36. Alessandra Vicedomini 56. Shaima Namovar 100. Maali Al-Oudah 112. Latifa Al-Gallaf 122. One-On-One With Kinda AlFaris
KIDS
154. Kids Pages
114. Short Stories By Nadia AlHassan 116. The Beauty In Quietude 118. Writing Tips By Nada Faris
60. Ways To Keep Your New Year Resolutions
62. Ten New Year Resolutions To Keep For 2015
124
TECHNOLOGY
124. Cool New Gadgets 126. Tech Updates & News 128. Three Resolutions To Keep This Year
REGULARS 59. The Color Recipe 86. City Guide 88. Travel With MuzMuz 120. January Book Releases 121. Book Club 136. Diary Of A Citizen Of The World 137. Adopt A Street Princess 139. Events 146. Press 152. Say Cheez With CityPages 156. Homework For Grown Ups 158. Horoscopes
Dear Readers… Dhari Al-Muhareb Editor-in-Chief
Jameel Arif
General Manager & Editor Eng. Homoud AlMuhareb Publishing Director
Abeer Al-Abduljalil Managing Editor
Muhammed Altaf Sr. Sales Manager
Claudia Farias
Content Supervisor
Tanya Burns
Creative Director Graphic Designers Mohammed Syed Khaled Al-Enezi Contributing Team Nadia Al-Hassan Abdullah Y. Shams AlDeen Abdulaziz Al-Khamis Nada Soliman Abdalla AlMuzaini Nada Faris Adnan Najeeb Al-Abbar Nour Al-Zaabi Ali - DJ RAVEN Oussama T. Hussein ARTRONAUTS Paul Tunbridge ASAMA Perfumes Reshmi Revi BirthKuwait Deema DeCaux Sanaa Abdul Hamid Dr. Nazia Nausheen Sandra Bakhamian Faisal Al-Dhofari Sherihan A. Hassabo Erika Habig Talah Alabdulaaly John McArthur Tassnim Hassoun Khaled Al-Zawawi Zahra Ashkanani Layla Harmony Zahra Taqi Maha Al-Rashed
Happy 2015! Time flies when you're having fun, they say. Well, we must be having a blast, because we've realized, with a bit of a start, that this is our fifth anniversary issue. 2015 is guaranteed to be an incredible year: We’ve got month after month of blockbuster CityPages lined up for you, each featuring a different theme. The five-year milestone has resulted in my thinking back to our original plans and how they have evolved over the years. The first issue of CityPages made its debut in the January of 2010. Our first cover personality was Manayer Salmeen, who had won the Miss Arab Sport title then. We profiled Faakhir - Pakistan's hottest pop icon as part of a larger story. We also had a very special feature on The Day Spa for Men. Since then, we have been carefully selecting our cover personalities and during this five-year journey, we are lucky to have featured some of the best talented and highly respected people from different industries. We have begun 2015 with a solid start by featuring the first Kuwaiti female fur designer - Maali AlOudah. In this issue, we have experimented with different Kuwaiti and internationally famous photographers and I am sure you will love the cover and the exclusive interview shots of Maali AlOudah that were captured by the lens of Hamad AlQaoud. We are very thankful to the management and staff of THE One for making it happen. We took our fashion photo shoot to a whole new level with the talented photographer Saleh AlSanad which was done at the newly opened authentic Egyptian restaurant - Abou ElSid. Our zest took us further outside Kuwait to the deserts of Dubai where we were lucky to execute a photo shoot with the talented international photographer Bunuel Green and international model Bianca Sutu. Make sure to read our exclusive interview with Shaima Namavar and Latifa AlQallaf in this issue and our special feature on the newly opened The Salhiya Medical Pavilion that promises to redefine your well-being. I would end my letter by sharing a stanza from my favorite poem by Robert Frost: The woods are lovely, dark and deep, But I have promises to keep, And miles to go before I sleep, And miles to go before I sleep.
Happy Reading!
Jameel Arif General Manager & Editor
[email protected]
Photography Team Abdulaziz AlSoraya Shahbaz Hussain Abdulaziz AlShayaji Abdullah Hamadah Ahmad Emad Othman AlMishaan Natalia Sitcai Dalal AlDhughaishem Bulk Distribution Team V. Rajan S. V. Gopal
Corporate Copies and Subscriptions Distributed through:
DISCLAIMER Extra care has been used to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this magazine. However, the publisher will not accept responsibility for errors and omissions in the publication. In addition, the views expressed in this magazine are not necessarily those of the publisher. Photos have been altered to comply with the Laws of Kuwait.
Published by: Reduce Waste: Pass me along to a friend or recycle me after reading
All rights reserved. No part of this publication including pictures, articles, artworks, and overall design may be reproduced, copied, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, or translated in any language in any form or means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise) without the written permission of the editor or the publisher. Copyright © January 2015
DW1.pdf
Happy New Year! welcome to our 5th Anniversary issue,
Happy New Year.
which I am proud to say is more dense than ever. Packed with
I hope all of you will be enjoying New Year’s celebrations and at
interesting articles, great interviews with wonderful people,
the same made your New Year’s resolutions. Actually January is
while featuring quite a lot of event coverage, I hope this issue
a very good month to take a little pause, have a glance at your
will have you delving back in frequently.
last year achievements and to see what is left to be done.
When I joined forces with our General Manager and Editor
At CityPages, 2014 was a busy and successful year. We went on
I never thought we’d ever reach this far, but I also learned
and on and reached achieved many goals and reached important
the biggest lesson in life (as late as it may have come), is that
milestone. Life is a continuous journey which should keep on.
persistence is key in surviving anything. Persisting in the publishing
We are hoping and expecting your continuous love for CityPages
field here in Kuwait is not as easy as one may think, and requires
will grow more as from time to time we keep bringing for you
effort, hard work and most of all love for the magazine. Nothing
new and interesting topics and segments in the magazine.
ON THE COVER: Maali Al-Oudah
thrills me more than knowing we’ve come this far, and we are
With this saying, enjoy our 5th anniversary issue and get into the
grateful to all of you our readers for supporting us along the way.
PHOTOGRAPHY Hamad Al-Qaoud @hamadalqaoud
Thank you from the bottom of my heart !
DIRECTIONS Jameel Arif @jameelarif HAIR & MAKEUP Layla Harmony @laylaharmony
Sincerely
LOCATION THE One FASHION BRAND @MaliMo_
Social networking shizzle Be our friend and we'll tell you secrets
@citypageskuwait @citypageskuwait /Citypageskuwait citypageskuwait.com /citypagesmag /citypageskuwait 66973003
MORE NEW CONTRIBUTORS
Are you a local writer or artist? If you're passionate about your work we want to showcase it, so get in touch and get involved in 2014:
FEATURE
INTERNSHIPS
If you are an artist with work to exhibit, an event or entertainment organiser with an event coming up or a business with some exciting news or a new product to feature, get in touch. We're keen to feature anything of interest that will entertain our readers.
WOULD YOU LIKE TO INTERN AT CITYPAGES?, EMAIL: [email protected] and let us know what is your area of interest.
CONTRIBUTE
ADVERTISE
Rip it, scrap it, comment, critique, research, report. Opinions wanted on fashion, lifestyle, business, news, home, music, gadgets, sports, and culture. Something annoyed you and you want to tell? We're here for you. If you'd like to see your name in... er... print, get in touch.
We understand that the medium is the message. The quality of a magazine reflects on the businesses that advertise within it. CityPages is Kuwait's highest quality magazine and premium print media option for stylish and progressive brands. If you have a business or strategy to promote to Kuwait's forward thinking consumer, get in touch. Call us on 66973003 or drop us an email...
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CityPages 75371D01 Citypageskuwait @citypageskuwait citypageskuwait citypageskuwait ARE YOU IN?
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WELCOME TO ANOTHER EFFING
NEW YEAR! Paul Turnbridge
As I write this, the New Year Celebrations are already a fading memory and, by the time you read this, we’re already full throttle into the year 2015 and wondering how 2014 passed so quickly. Over the years I have come to realize that we all view the transition to a new year in different ways. Although it’s seen as a great time of celebration by many to celebrate and look to the future (the “half glass full” brigade), there are yet others (the “glass half empty” bunch) who do little but bemoan this passing of time. Yet the arguments to support the views of each are much the same, and I believe it’s merely the vision and disposition of individuals that determines their outlook at this time, as in all other aspects of life. A New Year can be seen as an opportunity for new beginnings; a time to make a fresh start. Do YOU view this positively, or with negativity? Using the letter ‘F’ as my inspiration and focus, let’s take alternative looks forward…
First The New Year started on January the first. But there’s a first day to every month. What’s so special about that? There’s a first time for everything! What can I do this month/this year, that I’ve never done before?
Freezing The weather is just so cold at the moment. I simply can’t get warm these days. Have you ever experienced the famous Nordic Ice Hotel? Or have you been skiing in real snow? Or even had a snowball fight? Now’s your big chance to wrap up warmly and enjoy the best of what winter has to offer!
Food I always eat too much over the holidays … I’m already too fat … why is it so difficult to lose weight? And when will McDonalds start home delivery? I’m conscious that I tend to eat too much, but I like food. I shall seek out some new recipes to treat myself to some exciting new flavours with a healthy twist.
Fitness Every year I resolve to lose weight and get fit. I join a gym with best intentions, and start off by putting in every bit of energy that I can muster, but get bored quickly and stop going after the first couple of visits. Why should I even bother? I want to lose weight and improve my fitness, but realise that I have to put my mind in the right place before making the physical effort. Joining a gym is all well and good, but if I’m really determined then I shouldn’t need that as an incentive. I’m going to put on some trainers and start my regime with daily walks ... then jogs ... and then move on to some simple exercises. Once I’ve started to set aside the time to exercise like this, it will be easier to move my regime into a gym occasionally and I will enjoy my exercise time more, by working upscale gradually. citypageskuwait.com
Friends I think the start of a New Year is such an excellent time to go through my address book and social media accounts, and delete all those “socalled” friends in whom I really no longer have any interest. I think the start of a New Year is an excellent time to renew old friendships and make special efforts to contact those with whom I’ve not spoken for far too long!
Family Well, you can choose your friends, but you can’t choose your family! I think I shall stick with my friends! Blood is thicker than water ... my family will love and support me through the coming year, and the year after, and the year after that, and.......and let’s face it, I love them too!
Fellowship I don’t go out very much...I much prefer my own company. I like to socialise as much as possible. The prospect of meeting lots of new people in the coming year, and sharing experiences together, is exciting and makes every waking minute worthwhile.
Finally I think you’re getting the picture by now ... but how do you view your life in the coming year? Did you consider that January 1st could have been just the first day of a new adventure or even the continuation of fun journey you’re already enjoying? Or was it just another day of misery in a drab existence. I believe strongly that life is what you make of it, and opportunities are ther to be grasped. But whatever your outlook, I wish each and every one of you the most fabulous year possible, and hope that you will keep CityPages close to you on your journey.
Funny old month, innit? January, I mean. Everybody’s got over stuffing themselves stupid over the winter break, Santa Claus has gone back up to the North Pole or wherever he disappears to for a little well-earned R&R, the reindeer have taken a few weeks off and all the rest of us are reading the weather forecast for entertainment. Except, of course if you live in Australia, in which case you throw another shrimp on the barbie before heading off to the beach. However, for us in the northern hemisphere – I do say this lightly because Kuwait has some terrific weather at this time of the year – most of the rest of us are looking for the odd bolt of sunlight to brighten otherwise grey and uninviting skies.
Peregrine Spode
Dentally challenged. Still single.
FESTIVE DAYS citypageskuwait.com
So, what do people actually find to celebrate and shout about? For me, it’s easy. Yes, old Perry’s birthday is this month, so any small gifts, especially with designer labels on them, can be dropped off at the office where the house-elves will keep them for me. I’d be particularly interested in receiving a present from any unattached ladies, age and appearance unimportant, with a phone number. At the turn of the year, lots of us are quite unjustifiably pressured to make Resolutions. These are, as we all know, a total waste of time. You decide you’re gonna go sugar-free because you glanced nervously in the bathroom mirror, decided you looked like a hippo and the thought of taking up jogging made you feel nauseous. Or, you’d only have one cheeseburger for lunch. Instead of four. But, just one barely kept the growling demon of impending famine away, so you compromised and didn’t buy fries. Or, for others, you resolve to spend less time on social media. So, you post on Facebook that you’re going to spend less time on social media. It takes three hours to wade through the avalanche of derisory replies you get from, it would seem, almost every
one of your three thousand two hundred friends, eight of whom you’ve actually met. So, what festivals of delight await us all in this, my birthday month. Thought I’d slip a wee reminder in, just in case people didn’t catch it the first time. Early in January, there’s one we might all just miss out on. Festival of Sleep Day is this month, the third, I think. No, you are not dreaming, but perhaps you should be. So, if your copy of CP isn’t in your hand by then, you missed out. This day is an opportunity to sleep in, snooze, doze, nap, and catch a few zees. On mature reflection, early January is the perfect date for Festival of Sleep Day. The holidays are over and how exhausting they were. No more ‘Frosty the Snowman’ in the malls. No more listening to Uncle George banging on about politics, watching the dribble running down his chin. Time to re-charge ze little grey cells. Shakespeare must have known when he came up with this, one of his better one-liners from “The Tempest”. ‘We are such stuff as dreams are made on, and our little life is rounded with a sleep’. Good old Prospero. Couldn’t be better said really, with all that new stuff at school and in the office to worry about. So, there you go. Catchup time. A wee power nap, cosied up in bed or on the couch, perhaps with a favorite stuffed animal. But, a word of caution. Sleeping at work is not recommended, especially if you are a brain surgeon or a taxi driver. The only exception is for mattress testers. After exhaustive research, I have been unable to discover the origins of the Festival of Sleep Day. I suspect this is because the originators were half-asleep when the idea occurred to them and they just forgot to write it down somewhere. Alternatively, I just made the whole thing up. For all the insomniacs, anxious types and what not, the idea of spending a day in bed doing nothing is about as attractive as being run over by a tractor. Conveniently, however, on this very same day, there’s another festival event just for you. Fruitcake Toss Day is your opportunity to finally throw away the
old fruitcake. This has nothing at all to do with mad old Auntie Muriel who’s been developing the habit of wandering around in the wee small hours in her nightgown and being brought home by the police having been caught wheelchair racing on the Fourth Ring. After the holidays are over, it's time to bring in the new, and toss out the old. Today is the day that the fruitcake goes. For those unfamiliar with fruitcake, it’s a cake, surprisingly enough, with fruit that some people make over the winter holiday season. It’s really quite yummy when fresh but gets a bit ripe when old and mouldering, hence this little ritual. There is no established method to toss out the old fruitcake. Some people gather up a few friends who also are fortunate enough to have received a fruitcake for the holidays. They might go out into a large open space; the desert is quite handy, one finds, and see who can toss it the farthest. Caution: it is not recommended to toss the cake at anyone, much as one might be tempted to settle old scores. Its ingredients run to the massive, containing as it does, sugar, flour and various species of fruit. A vertical descent on to the occipital lobe may very well injure someone, in which case either hospitalisation and/or litigation may result. It’s important to bear in mind that Fruitcake Tossing runs counter to the tradition held by many to pass the fruitcake around from one person to the next, like a hot potato. In this tradition, the person who is holding the fruitcake when the music stops, or on the Second Sunday after Epiphany, whichever occurs first, must store it away until next year. Once again, after extensive research, the origins of this all-important event are shrouded in mystery, but see above. A little later on in the month, my sources tell me the tenth, is another vitally important event that is not to be missed. It’s Houseplant Appreciation Day. This is the day when you sit down in front of your African Violet and, well, talk to it a bit. It’s in need of carbon dioxide, you see, so it gets really bucked up if you find a few hours to spend with it, exhaling vigorously. Read to it. Something improving, like a Shakespeare sonnet or the Rime of the Ancient Mariner. Its petals will glow appreciatively and you can leave it with the warm glow of one who has made a small contribution to the ecological balance of Nature. I do rather like the next one, celebrated three
days later after your houseplant has died. It is, of course, International Skeptics Day. Perhaps the earth isn't really round. Maybe, the sky isn't truly blue. Does he or she really love me? For those who don’t know, a skeptic is a person who questions or doubts facts and theories. They are a misbeliever who does not accept the "given", the status quo, the objective fact. For them, it’s not so much whether the glass is full or empty; it’s more that perhaps the glass doesn’t really exist at all. If you are inclined to doubt things that you see or hear then this is your day. An exception being whatever you see on the TV news or read on the Internet because everybody knows that if it’s on TV it must be right. Sometimes, in bleaker moments, I bemoan the fact that very rarely do I have to use a pen any more. The delicious unscrewing of the cap, the sensual feel of ink flowing like liquid velvet over the page, words unravelling in curlicue and apostrophe – Peregrine in poetic vein. Just for people like me, then, is National Handwriting Day, celebrated on the twenty-third, the birthday of John Hancock, who was, apparently, the first signatory to the Declaration of Independence. This was the day when the fledgling United States cast off forever the shackles of the hated colonial imperialist hegemony of the British. Oh, I do like that phrase. I’ve been trying to find somewhere to use it for months. Instead, I tap away like a woodpecker and the words magically form in perfect Times New Roman on the screen and our good friends at CP turn it into art for you to read. D’you know, there are too many special days in January to count. Each seems to have its own special flower and even special recipe. So, I have to remember that on January 23, I must get an aloe vera plant, not forgetting to talk to it, so very handy to treat the bruising when I drop a typewriter on my foot, while eating my Caesar salad. There must be another holiday soon. January, 2015
NEW YEAR’S READING RESOLUTIONS
Happy New Year, dear readers! As is the tradition every year, I’ve gone ahead and made some cool new resolutions. My resolutions were partly inspired by the many book club meetings I’ve attended over the past two years. For those of you who are interested, the club is called Kuwait Bibliophiles. For more details, you can drop us a line at Kuwait. [email protected]. Given my infuriating ability to dispense unsolicited advice, I thought of sharing my resolutions with all of you. This year, I’ve decided to stick to reading resolutions because eating healthy & learning a new language can wait. Grab a cup of piping hot tea or coffee and read on: Jade D'costa
Jade is an expat based in Kuwait. She enjoys reading, writing, traveling, hoarding books and people watching. She is a marketer by profession and an accomplished daydreamer.
citypageskuwait.com
Abandon More Books: I am a serial bookabandoner and I wear that title with pride. Life is too short to read tedious books. If a book fails to spark my interest in the first 50 pages, I will gladly abandon it and move on to the next one. Most readers scoff at my ability to drop books. Why waste precious time subjecting yourself to the mind-numbing drudgery of uninteresting books? Where is the fun in that? My advice to you: abandon more books! How else are you going to tackle your massive TBR (To Be Read) pile? Expand Your Literary Horizons: The best way to broaden your literary horizons is to join a book-club. You could also start one on your own. It is a piece of cake. All you need is a nice meeting place and a few willing participants who enjoy reading. Cookies will definitely help. Meeting fellow bookworms & discussing books is a great way to expose yourself to the many genres that make up the reading world. Convert the Non-Readers: ‘I don’t like to read’ is a phrase uttered by lesser mortals who have
not yet discovered the joy of reading. They don’t know the comfort of a good book on a bad day. Surprise them with a book on their birthday or a subscription to audible. Take a Break: Sometimes even the most avid readers need a break from their beloved books. Our batteries need recharging. So why not take a break you’ve been dying for. Try a new hobby, travel or stare intently into oblivion. Try a New Genre: There are so many genres to choose from: historical, fiction, sci-fi, fantasy, memoirs etc. Take your pick & delve into the wonderful world of books. Challenge Yourself: A reading challenge is a great way to keep yourself entertained and on track. It’s a fun way to diversify your reading and have some fun along the way. My favorite challenge is the Goodreads reading challenge because I enjoy checking things off a list. Last year, my goal was to read 40 books and I was successful despite certain hurdles (read: procrastination) along the way. It can be slightly maddening sometimes but it is a fun challenge nonetheless. Happy reading!
RANT AND RABBIT III Paul Turnbridge
When I put pen to paper to write my first set of rants (that were published in November last year) I hadn’t actually anticipated that I would still be ranting three months on! Yet here I am with more to get off my chest. It seems that there’s so much more to moan about than I had expected ... but I don’t want to be considered a total miseryguts so shall make this the final instalment. Definitely! For sure!!
Lighting Up Okay, so I shall start by tackling yet another of the annoyances suffered on local roads. How is it that so many drivers fail to notice when the weather is perhaps a little foggy, or when the natural light has dimmed and visibilty is impaired? During the winter months, daylight hours are slightly reduced but, with working hours unchanged, I find myself driving to and from the office in relative darkness. To compensate for this, I switch on my car’s headlights – this serves two purposes; firstly it helps me to see other obstacles on the road; secondly it helps other drivers to see me (or at least, to see my car). I think these are two pretty important reasons for lighting up, so am amazed that so many other drivers on the roads do not do the same; that there are cars being driven on busy and dangerous roads withoutthe required illumination. This morning I awoke to a blanket of fog, through which it was not easy to see other vehicles on the road, and it was still dark too. Yet I lost count of the number of cars and buses that were being driven without lights! Were drivers ignorant of the added dangers? Or could they not find the light switches in the fog? There’s even a pretty big clue from the local authority as to when you should switch on your lights, people – the streetlights will be glowing too!! To drive in the dark and in times citypageskuwait.com
of poor visibility without lights is dangerous and irresponsible ... why are some drivers still oblivious to this fact?
choosing, but I know others are not so lucky.
Tenant Protection
I guess it was going to happen eventually. Did you see the headlines? “Maid eaten alive by domestic pet” or something similar? That sounds a bit over-dramatic, of course, but it appears not to be too far from the truth ... except that under no circumstances could the offending creature be described as a domestic pet. It was a wild animal that should never have been allowed to live in the captivity of a residential home! There are seriously disturbed people here in Kuwait who think it’s fun to own wild animals as family pets. But these animals will never lose their wild nature – Lions, Tigers, Cheetahs, Pumas, Jaguars, and the like, should never be considered as docile as other domestic cats; they will always represent a danger to everyone around them. I have seen such wild cats sitting alongside their owners in cars; some of my friends have been sitting with their own pets in Vets’ waiting rooms when wild cats have been brought in for treatment, and do the owners really think they could control their animal on a leash if it decides it wants to get friendly with another owner or their pet in such a confined space? Their presence in Kuwait has long been an accident waiting to happen and, sure enough, the worst scenario has now become a reality. Allowing the captivity of wild animals to continue in private homes is a madness that should be outlawed. It is a danger to the public and to the citizens of Kuwait, and it’s totally unfair to the animals themselves. Enough said? As I conclude this third diatribe and bow out from my terminal rants, I thank you for your patience in reading my moans and for your support in feeding me with subjects about which to moan! Perhaps I shall be back with more at a later date ... but for now I need to take a break and just chill.
I have just moved to a new apartment. I must admit that I hadn’t really wanted to move, because I loved my previous home – it was a lovely villa apartment that I had occupied since it was first built around four years ago, and was in a lovely quiet family neighbourhood. The reason for the move was purely financial. I had been led to believe that rents were fixed for five years by law but, in reality have now found that to be untrue. After three years my landlord notfied me of a rent increase that amounted to more than 11%, and advised that it would increase again after a further year – the reason being that rents had increased in general and that he was therefore “losing money”. The agent though whom I had found the apartment assured me that this was not legal but, at the same time, if I made formal complaint the landlord would simply make an excuse and give me one month’s notice to vacate. And so I decided that, as the rent-rise anniversary approached, I had little option but to find a new home. I have been lucky ... I managed to acquire a great new apartment in a new apartment complex – it’s slightly smaller than my last place but is better equipped with higher quality fittings throughout; it’s also a lower rent than I had been paying, and of course this should be guaranteed for the full 5 years! But this not an isolated case, and I have heard stories of landlords similarly imposing “illegal” rent increases of up to 50%. It is horrifying to think that, even though the law is pretty clear on landlord and tenant rights, in reality the tenant in a villa apartment appears to command no rights whatsoever! I believe I was fortunate in being able to find a great new place so that I could move at a time of my
House Pets
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mario alfreDo himself welComes you to enDulge in italian Cusine right from the heart of italy, rome. The FirsT AlFredos’ GAllery in The Middle eAsT. AlFredosGAlleryq8 Website: alfredosgallery.com.kw inquiries & reservations: 90955057 Grand Avenues - soku courtyard 1-17 Alfredo’s Gallery January, 2015
أه ً ال ٢٠١٥ ها قد غادرنا عام ودخلنا عام جديد ،ودعنا فيه أشخاص و أحداث وتعلمنا دروسًا جديدة تظيف لحياتنا خبرة أكثر، عام حمل بأيام الكثير من األمور الجميلة وغيرها ،حققنا أهدافًا ونستعد لتحقيق أهداف أجمل .تأكد أن كل ما غادرنا ٍ مررت به كان خيرة واهلل تعالى لن ينساك أبدًا ،وابدأ اليوم واآلن بتخطيط حياة جديدة بأهداف جديدة ،فإن عشت بال أهداف أصبحت أحد المحققين ألهداف غيرك كما ذكرت إحدى الدراسات األمريكية. ابدأ اآلن بتحديد أهدافك على جوانب حياتك المتعددة؛ الجانب المالي ،المهني أو العملي ،الترفيهي ،الصحي، االجتماعي ،التطوعي ،الشخصي وغيرها من الجوانب .و ال تتمسك بجانب وتهمل اآلخر ،بل اجعل االتزان اسلوب حياتك. ابدأ بتحديد هدف لكل جانب وضع له خطة تلتزم بها لتوصلك كل خطوة لذلك الهدف ،فمث ً ال :ان كان هدفك الصحي تقليل وزنك ،حدد الوزن الذي ترغب بالوصول له ،والمدة الزمنية المناسبة للوصول له وابدأ بالعمل لهذه الخطة ،كأن تمارس الرياضة وتحدد لها وقت ،أو الذهاب الخصائي تغذية أو االستعانة بمدرب شخصي. تذكر أن خالل ٦شهور يفقد معظم من وضع خطته باهمالها ،لذلك عليك بتشجيع نفسك دائمًا ،وتواجد في بيئة مشجعة لك ،وال تنسى أن تكافئ نفسك كلما أنجزت أمرًا. ابدأ عامك بطريقتك ،واختر الطريق الذي تريده لنفسك ،وال تنسى أنك تملك حق اختيار أهدافك.
Nour AlZaabi
Nour holds a Master in Business Administration and a Bachelor in Marketing and is a Member at The Kuwait Economic Society and British Council Entrepreneur Network in Kuwait. Stay tuned for her articles and features in the CityPages magazine.
citypageskuwait.com
January, 2015
INTERSECTION Commitment is such a big word that might ring 3 bells: nCommitting suicide nCommitting a crime nAnd committing to a relationship It is been researched and proven that “Fear of Commitment” is psychologically considered as a phobia that refers to avoidance of longterm commitments. And patients with this type of psychological disorder are called “commitmentphobic”. Why does it exist? Imagine you are a bird, free, flying, with your wide spread wings, high in the sky, above the clouds; then you get a proposition: “Quit flying and let me put you in a cage… but the good news is: I will always be with you in that cage. You NEVER have to be alone.” Sherihan A. Hassabo Sherihan A. Hassabo is a passionate writer who started expressing her opinion about controversial subjects when she was 14. When she is not directing events, she likes to investigate the interesting relationships' controversy in our Eastern society. Every month, and from real life experience; Sherihan will share a story, an idea, opinion, or a simple advice for men and women to live happily ever after. citypageskuwait.com
Think about it for a second, process it, digest it... Moving on! The problem with commitment is not that a commitmentphobic wants to keep the options open and never want to “commit” to one person only. I believe this phobia results from the notion of “unification”. Well, let me break it to you. The idea of canceling your own life (and subsequently the partner’s life too) because now it is the time to start a whole new life together, one that is revolved around nothing but being a couple; is socially proven as a “FAILURE”. It is simply not successful. Yes, a couple must share a life but that doesn’t have to be ALL what they do. The way I see it, each person should keep his own life (his own circle), have his own dreams and pursue them. Each should let the other be what they are because changing and changing and changing that person will only result in another person other than the one you fell in love with in the first place – wouldn’t it? When two circles intersect, they meet at a certain point – but the rest of both circles is still there. It is not wiped off! The two circles are
two different lives, two different personalities, two different qualities, two different set of hopes and dreams. The intersection part is the one where those two lives meet and complete one another. There is a pretty fine line between a two separate circles, a two intersecting circles, and a ONE big circle. It is not about being inseparable, and “we go everywhere and we do everything together because we are a couple”… NO! You got it all wrong. Getting into a relationship, a couple should be clear and decisive about their intersection plan. They have to realize there will be no 4th scenario, this is it. They need to think about it and select one that they both believe in. nDo you want to stay in your own circle (alone)? nDo you want to get into a relationship, keep your own circle, and share half of it with someone worthy? nDo you want to forget about your circle and step into a whole new circle and start discovering? This is what “couples” do. Think, plan, and decide together.
January, 2015
BLACK AND WHITE
citypageskuwait.com
The British are quite a selfeffacing people. Which means that they tend to apologise when there’s no need and generally take the blame in awkward social situations just in case anybody might for a moment point the finger at them. Most well brought up types do it. They have the gene. They’d apologise to the mugger in the street who has just stolen their wallet at knifepoint for not having enough money in it. This desire not to offend, however, has metamorphosed into the rather more hard-boiled notion of ‘political correctness’. Political correctness, the attitude of being careful not to offend or upset any group of people in society who are believed to be in some way different or indeed disadvantaged is so quintessentially hard-wired into the British psyche that it’s almost painful. Ironically, it was the Communists who first popularised the term, and those who toed the Party line during political debates were derisively referred to as being ‘politically correct’. Communist loyalty overrode compassion and the Socialists who believed so passionately in egalitarian moral ideas could be separated from the Communists who, like Boxer, the carthorse in “Animal Farm”, stubbornly proclaimed that “Napoleon is always right” without really being able to give the matter much critical thought. I sometimes wonder whether we have all apologised ourselves into a corner. Is our desire not to offend or to challenge an opinion with which we disagree in fact contributing to a mainstream culture which has become cautious and sanitised, almost afraid of its own shadow because of "the watchful eye of the PC police", those shadowy arbiters of public consciousness and good taste? The more PC the reader might be, the more he might now be wondering if I am going to offend anybody by saying something outrageous and hurriedly thinking about turning the page. Certainly, it would be possible, but perhaps not expedient. Some cultures are much less happy than others about people who poke their sacred cows with a pointed stick and the thought of – by way of a completely hypothetical example – drawing offensive cartoons could never be contemplated. However, if we must find a scapegoat, a softer target might be, let’s say, global warming. There is a body of thought – perhaps even evidence -, which is unafraid to use heavyweight language in this context. The “propaganda which masquerades as science” – the public pronouncements of scientists who state without real certainty that global warming is a crisis simply peddles fear in fossil fuel hungry countries like the USA. Stanford climatologist Stephen Schneider had this to say: 'We have to offer up scary scenarios, make simplified, dramatic statements, and make little mention of any doubts we might have.' Doubts there are, and in abundance. As an example, Hans von Storch a professor of climatology in Germany wrote that “scientific research faces a crisis because its public figures are overselling the issues to gain attention
in a hotly contested market for newsworthy information." "The alarmists think that climate change is something extremely dangerous, extremely bad and that overselling a little bit, if it serves a good purpose, is not that bad." What this really means is that here’s one scientist who knows that rather a lot of the 'science' is nothing more than propagandistic conjecture and hype. He goes on to remark “climatologists tend to 'make only comments that are politically correct' and that their wobbly research is at the service of fear.” “The pattern is always the same: the significance of individual events is processed to suit the media and cleverly dramatised; when prognoses for the future are cited, among all the possible scenarios it is regularly the one with the highest rates of increase in greenhouse gas emissions — and thus with the most drastic climatic consequences — that is chosen. Equally plausible variations with significantly lower emission increases go unmentioned.” Whom does this serve? It is assumed that fear can motivate listeners, but we tend to forget that it mobilises them only in the short term. Each successive claim about the future of the climate and hence the fate of the planet must be ever more dramatic and awe-inspiring than the previous one. Once apocalyptic heat waves have been predicted, the climate-based extinction of animal species no longer attracts as much attention and images of solitary polar bears on ever-shrinking ice floes fails to garner the emotional momentum that it once did. Thus we all get locked in to a spiral of hyperbole. We, as a species, crave a degree of certainty about our future which scientific relativism, much as we might wish it to be otherwise, can frequently fail to adequately provide. The scary, exponentially shaped curves showing runaway global warming in our own lifetime do little to reassure us. If we overnight abandoned fossil fuels, methane generation and all the other chemical mechanisms by which the Sun’s ultraviolet rays were caused to re-radiate back to the surface of the Earth and heat it up, would this of itself make very much difference, either to ourselves or our children? Because of the vast complexity of the problem, plus the multitude of unpredictable and often competing factors like solar activity hence outside of our control, the answer is most likely to be “We don’t really know”. All we can therefore manage is best fit ‘scientific relativism’. Ah. There’s that new phrase again. Just like PC, the notion of “relativism” has pervaded our thinking. It is used to justify so much in the way we interact with the world and with each other. Philosophers would explain it as the theory that value judgments, as of truth, beauty, or morality, have no universal validity but are valid only for the persons or groups holding them, hence may be culturally or geographically variable. Some go further after all, the notion of, for example, beauty, is entirely subjective - and a consensus hard to find at, let’s say a party, as to who might be the most beautiful woman in the room. Moral
philosophers handle the tougher problems and argue about questions like “is any belief is equally as valid as any other?” And it is clear therefore that they have to define exactly what they mean by ‘valid’, also whether consensus is an appropriate yardstick for its measurement. One can’t help but point out that Western democracies have been to some extent overtaken by moral relativism. Roman Catholic and some secular intellectuals attribute the perceived decadence of Europe after the Second World War to the displacement of absolute values. The perception that each follows his or her own version of the truth, selecting from a smorgasbord of morally justifiable offerings on the table, is the norm rather than the exception. Popes have consistently bemoaned the fact that that Europeans have massively abandoned many traditional norms rooted in historical Christianity and replaced them with continuously evolving relative moral rules. The family has been legally redefined by same-sex marriage and some have argued that depopulation in Europe can be ascribed to the decline in what used to be called ‘family values’. Islamic doctrine is by contrast perhaps rather more clear-cut in that it attempts to recapture the absolute, which stand at odds with moral relativism. Just as there are degrees of criminal behavior, there are degrees of punishment, but even this relies on our perception of right and wrong. We no longer hang people for stealing a loaf of bread, but some argue that the slide away from the comforting black and white of our forefathers into a bewildering number of relativistic shades of grey has only one inevitable consequence. Whether we like it or not, we have to define in our own minds whether the grey which we perceive falls closer to white or black, right or wrong. Just as a computer processes millions of whites or blacks, ones and zeroes every second, we to have to ultimately decide. Whether or not we believe that a clerical opinion carries any weight, the following two observations from two different theological traditions make the point well. From one: ‘we have a responsibility to ourselves to challenge the relativism that tells us there is no right or wrong, when every instinct of our mind knows it is not so, and is a mere excuse to allow us to indulge in what we believe we can get away with. A world without values quickly becomes a world without value.’ And, from the other: ‘The relativism which is not willing to speak about truth but only about ‘what is true for me’ is an evasion of the serious business of living. It is the mark of a tragic loss of nerve in our contemporary culture. It is a preliminary symptom of death.” Have we really lost our nerve? Can we still be courageous in the face of obvious injustice and wrong, when everyone around us is telling a different story? I think not. The human condition is to crave the comfort of certainty above almost all else and one day, when the mist has rolled away, we will learn to see things as they are meant to be seen, in black and white. January, 2015
PARENTING TIPS FOR 2015 A new day, a new year and so many new resolutions! We change, we evolve, we try to do our best to be the best version of ourself that we can be. Now that the holidays are over, many parents are thinking of new strategies to try this year to help them as families. Parents are looking for ways to help foster better relationships with their spouses and children. At Milestones Coaching we hear about the daily scuffles of parenting, the temper tantrums, power struggles and sibling bickering. The fact that so many parents are willing to reach out to share their challenges speaks volumes. Families today are committed to build strong bonds and to foster healthy relationships among them. Parenting is not an easy job, but Milestones is committed in helping you make it more manageable. Raising children may feel like a thankless job sometimes but there is a little secret in making it happier and easier: learn new parenting skills and reach out for support! So as we move into the New Year here are a few tips that have been tried and tested in making a difference in families’ lives:
1.Control your response. When we are
encountered with a tough situation or when our children try us and act up, it is easy to lash out and respond with a harsh punishment in the moment. The truth is though, that when you are giving a consequence, it is not about how harsh it is or how much you are inconveniencing your child. It is about how consistent you are with your responses and consequences. Stay focused on what you have control over and that is: your response. Trust this process and as you get more comfortable with it, you will start to see that you are able to achieve two things by controlling your response: you can stay calm and you can remain in your child’s corner (which is where you want to be anyway). 2.Walk away. When parents reach out to our coaching services, they are usually frustrated with the constant power struggles and have reached burn out. The technique that is always recommended by our practice is to set the limits to your child and walk away. By walking away you are showing your child that you are no longer going to engage in their power struggle and will no longer reinforce negative behavior. Walking away allows you to take time to cool down and allows your Zahra Taqi Zahra is a Certified Professional Coach and the President of Milestones Coaching. She would love to hear back from you. So please feel free to drop her a line on her email: [email protected] or find her on FB: http://www.facebook. com/MilestonesCoaching or twitter: @ MilestonesCoach citypageskuwait.com
child to do the same. This increases the chance that you will have a calm conversation with your child and one that is more effective and productive. 3.One issue at a time. It is natural to be concerned about many issues when it comes to our children like school attendance, grades, temper tantrums, power struggles and more. Trying to tackle all your issues with your child at the same time is both overwhelming and tiring. Neither you nor your child will benefit from this approach. Another way would be to give permission to yourself to tackle one issue at a time, allowing you and your child to be more focused and ensuring that your efforts will be more effective in the long haul.
4.Role model the behavior you want to see. Our kids are constantly
watching us and what we do speaks louder to them than what we say. Sometimes it might seem that our kids are in a world of their own, completely oblivious to what we do. The truth of the matter is though that they are constantly watching us and learning from us. If you want them to display a certain set of behaviors, then make sure that these are the same behaviors you are practicing yourself.
5.Don't
personalize
behavior.
Picture this: you are in the middle of a situation with your child that has escalated beyond your control. At this moment you are unable to look at all sides clearly and might personalize behavior that seems directed at you. One way to help is to try to visualize yourself outside of this situation and base your response that way. Chances are that you would respond almost entirely differently and would implement consequences different than those you might have implemented otherwise and might even be willing to let some things go.
6.Good enough IS good enough. Very often we look at people around us and compare our lives, our kids, our spouses and our parenting styles to them. The problem in comparing is that many times we come short; not because we are any less than those around us but because we never know what actually happens behind those glossy pictures or closed doors. People do not share their struggles and shortcomings with us so don't believe what you see. Everyone struggles, and no one lives a perfect life. Everyone is simply doing the best they can, including you. We try hard to live better lives and create more fulfilling relationships and sometimes we succeed and sometimes we fail. Celebrate your success and your failure as your failure teaches you lessons you would not have learnt otherwise. Embrace yourself, your spouse and your children, shortcomings and all. Remember that while your doing the best you can, so is your child and your spouse. At a young age, our
children don't have all the tools and strategies to manage feelings that come along with being human. Your child – just like you- is doing her best to navigate through life. Now that you have a few new tools and tips up your sleeve, take a moment to acknowledge yourself and all the work that you do. Believe that there are many parents all over the world, doing exactly what you do, struggling just like you and loving their families with all their hearts just like you. As we start 2015 let us all embrace our roles in life with more empathy, more kindness and more compassion to those around us and also to our own families and us. Wishing you all the best this New Year!
January, 2015
INTRODUCTION TO
HOSPITALITY What is Hospitality? Hospitality comes from the Latin words Hostire = equalise and Hospes = stranger / enemy. Hospitality is “The fundamental concept” in the industry, it is essential for every person working in the industry to understand the meaning of the word and to have their own definition of the concept. Many people didn’t really know how wide the specter of the Hospitality industry is. Hospitality includes broad categories such as wellness, tourism, hotels, lodging, event planning, cruise line and many more. Once you choose hospitality as your career you have a choice of being working in different spheres. The hospitality industry's pillar is comprised of customer service and relies heavily on providing an excellent level of service. Now let me brief you with some history. The history of the hospitality industry dates all the way back to the Colonial Period in the
Aigerim Rahmet Born in Kazakhstan, lived in Prague, Czech Republic for more than 10 years, graduated with a HND in Business and BA(hons) in International Management from Teesside University, Aigerim Rahmet is an Assistant Spa Manager at Six Senses Spa. She earned an MBA in Hospitality Management from one of the top hospitality schools-Les Roches International school of Hotel Management and an MAS degree from Les Roches Gruyère University of Applied Sciences in Switzerland. Previously she has worked in tourism and hotel industry, such as Mandarin Oriental, and Relais & Chateaux group. Aigerim recently joined the CityPages team and will be a regular contributor of informative features and articles about hospitality. Follow Aigerim on Instagram at: @a_rahmet
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late 1700s. Nowadays, hospitality industry has experienced major development over the years as it has faced world wars, depression and other social changes. It started to take form from early 1950s and 60s, leading the way for growth into dynamic industry we know today. In most countries there are beautiful stories and myths about hospitality, there are also traditions of hospitality in most countries like in India, Japan, Arab countries, Greece, Scandinavia, Albania and many more. Moreover, there are many famous texts and books about hospitality and religious texts also mention hospitality like in Bible, Koran, Ulysses, Philemon and Baucis. To conclude the introduction, Hospitality is a five stage concept that starts with the 1. perception of the host 2. helping host to cross the threshold 3. restoring the host 4. ensuring security of the host 5. providing direction to the host
Wishes everyone a www.laylaharmony.com laylaharmony
January, 2015
A fresh spin on traditional knitwear
Alessandra Vicedomini is a fashion designer, former model, and daughter of Giuseppe Vicedomini; founder of VICEDOMINI - an Italian based luxury clothing brand established in Milan in 1962. She has today made her mark by reinventing knitwear with a modest twist and her eponymous line has emerged and evolved from a true understanding of and love for fashion. She is an extremely talented fashion designer whose work we value a lot! To share how much we like Alessandra Vicedomini’s designs, we wanted you to step into her world for a few minutes... citypageskuwait.com
January, 2015
citypageskuwait.com
Hi and welcome to Kuwait! Let’s start by telling us a little about the history of the brand. How did a small family-owned brand manage to keep its head above water throughout the century, after the whole fashion world went international? Hi, thank you I am delighted to be here and get to know your country. My family brand has known a strong stability for three decades until the early nineties, with constant distribution through a multitude of high-end stores and a very distinctive well-known product. Talking about the international scene, the beginning of the century marked quite an important turn in fashion. I had the chance to take over my father's guidance and to turn the heritage
I gathered for 20 years into changing the brand's core product into high-end knitwear, creating a capsule collection with a more glamorous target (rather than classic like before). I believe this capacity of focusing of an innovative image enabled VICEDOMINI to step forward. Tell us about the first VICEDOMINI collection and how did it evolve over time? My father's first samples were about a few pieces of embroidered fabric tops. From that moment on the collection evolved into bigger and bigger selection of fatal look sets, including printed silk cocktail dresses, bridal and ready-to-wear jackets and separates.
Tell us a little about your growing up years: I was born and lived in Milan, the worldwide fashion capital and always bathed in this field. I was regularly spending afternoons after school at my parents' style office and showroom. While I was in school I started work as a model and collaborated with the major Italian designers for twenty years. Surrounded with such talents (including their creative teams, their PRs and all kind of suppliers) it has been very easy to develop some technical skills and a taste for elegance. What sparked your interest in fashion and how did you first become part of January, 2015
to fruition of a piece of clothing or an accessory? First I get an inspiration, like a pattern I see during my travels or a keynote, and then I decide about what is going to be the guiding mood in terms of shapes for the collection. After that I select the main 8 colors I am going to use and finally I create special shapes allocating selected color combinations to each theme. How do you choose the colors for your collection? I go to Paris Première Vision which is a professional kind of pre-view about all trends, and then I mold the proposals according to my personal taste and apply the choices to the theme I decided to use as a guideline for the collection. And is it based on the season you are designing for? Yes necessarily. VICEDOMINI?
knitting as your main form of expression?
It is the only surroundings I had, fashion was all my life, my mother was a woman of style, in everything she did not only the way she was dressing or the work she was creating. The attitude she exuded or the way she received guests at home, were simply inspiring. My first interaction for the brand was as a model so far, then I started working for Fendi and I privileged external experiences.
Because it is the most versatile material to work with: you create your own pattern and weave.
What does your role at VICEDOMINI entail? Every single task you may think about. I am a control freak and I supervise all departments. Are you self taught or did you study fashion design? Definitively self taught, I graduated as a lawyer but I couldn't leave fashion once it was time to begin my internships so I totally devoted my time to fashion since the beginning. What are your favorite materials to work with and your favorite color combinations? There is no limit to material combinations and color hues pairing. To be a bit selective, I can say that lace, cashmere, embroideries and fur are very recurrent in my collections, together with a base of stretch viscose which is a very modern fiber to snider as a base of sophistication oriented collections. It is said that you have reinvented knitwear with a modern twist, why did you choose citypageskuwait.com
You also design accessories. What inspires your creativity and designs the most? For me, an accessory is an essential part of a woman's wardrobe so it needs to be impossibly attractive. In my experience being able to turn an accessory into a recurrent basic must-have is the key of long term brand recognition. What is your design process from idea
What in your collections?
inspires
your
Everything: my family, the music I listen for, everything I see during my trips, the books I read, the magazines I read, but also people, their styles, their hints for ideas, and most of all nature and ethnic craft. How would you describe your design aesthetic? Simple and essential, elegant and timeless, and very feminine indeed. How would you describe your personal fashion style?
I believe it is no very different from the above! How would you describe VICEDOMINI in just 3 words? GLAMOROUS, MUST HAVE, KNITWEAR What differentiates VICEDOMINI from other brands in the same category? The fact that I just focus on one detail to make the collection desirable, I always focus on one essential element, whereas many collections/ designers want to cover a huge range of products to ensure wider sales. What is the mood of your latest collection for A/W 2014-15? Opulence mixed with easy wearability. What makes your collection stand out from the crowd? The fact that it is essentially eye-catching being super sophisticated and extremely elegant. What is the staple piece that all women should have in their wardrobe? For the winter, the cashmere and fur GILET, and in the summer the fit and flare stretch dress. You are a global brand, how do you accommodate the needs of women all over the world who might have different fashion sensibilities? It is very true, all cultures are different and sometimes some fitting adjustments are requested across the countries we work with, but the fact of being hand finished helps a lot in terms of versatility. Are there any specific designs that you have the brand made for Kuwait market? Yes, long embroidered silk kaftans with jeweled necklaces, longer fur vests, and bespoke couture dresses with luxurious finishing. What do you hope to achieve with VICEDOMINI in the not-too-distant future; Are there any exciting, upcoming plans that you would like to share with us? Yes. After the Milan showroom debut last year, Geneva is opening quite a big Head Quarter to maximize the brand's focus on communication. We are looking to get investors in for a five years expansion plan to bring the brand to the next level. At this very moment the interest in luxury fashion brand has reached quite an interesting peak, so it will be a key year to choose the ideal partners and make the right steps. Your message for us at CityPages magazine: I am honored you have proposed me this wonderful coverage! Thank you so much. I truly believe a lifestyle magazine like yours has a very broad readership and will highlight VICEDOMINI 's debut and future steps in Kuwait. Your influence on the audience will positively affect my first approach to the country, and I hope my fashion message will be well received through your beautiful editorial. I look forward to come back very soon and I thank everybody who has attended the Fashion Show organized by SPF.
January, 2015
PRESBYOPIA
Even if you’ve never worn glasses before, there’s no escaping presbyopia. Usually beginning around the age of 40, this age-related process causes a person to experience blurred near vision and difficulties when reading or performing any close distance work. Whereas nearsightedness, farsightedness and astigmatism are related to the shape of the eye, as well as genetic and environmental factors, presbyopia is the result of the eye’s natural aging process. With age, the natural lens inside our eye gradually thickens and loses flexibility. This is due to the changes within the proteins in the lens. The muscle fibers surrounding the lens also become harder and less elastic. The loss of elasticity and flexibility of the lens and muscle fibers make it harder for the eye to Erika Habig Erika Habig is an optometrist and contact lens specialist at International Optique. She studied at the Beuth University of Applied Sciences in Berlin, Germany and has a Bachelor of Science degree in Optometry and Dispensing Optics. For more information contact International Optique. Tel: 25714007 – 97234787, www.intoptic.com – [email protected], Instagram: @intoptique citypageskuwait.com
focus on short distances. In the early stages of presbyopia, a person may notice that holding books or mobile phones further away helps them to see clearly. However, as we get older, holding reading material at arm’s length is not sufficient enough to focus properly. Furthermore, performing any near or computer work can cause eye strain, headaches and fatigue. Presbyopia is easily corrected with the use of eyeglasses and in some cases, specialized contact lenses. Reading glasses are a simple choice for correcting presbyopia. However, these single focus glasses are only worn when reading or performing close work at a certain distance. Reading glasses cannot be used to see further than in the prescribed reading range. Better presbyopia correction, especially for patients already wearing glasses to see clearly in the distance, are bifocal and multifocal glasses. The term bifocal means two points of focus; the main part of the lens contains the distance prescription, while the segment at the lower part of the lens holds the prescription needed for reading. Multifocal glasses, however, are the most extensive form of presbyopia correction. These progressive
addition lenses offer a more gradual transition between the far and near distance prescription. They also allow the patient to see clearly at an intermediate distance, although in a narrower field. Today’s active lifestyle requires people to use computers and laptops frequently and for extended periods of time. Although multifocal glasses also allow the wearer to see clearly at an intermediate distance, it is strongly recommended to have a second pair of so-called “office/computer glasses.” These glasses offer the wearer a wider field of vision for computer and near work, but are not suitable for far distance vision and driving. Presbyopia is an ongoing process and the eye will keep aging the older a person becomes. As a result the presbyopic prescription will need to be increased over time to accommodate the continued change of the lens. Visit your eye care practitioner if you are having difficulties focusing close up. Presbyopia is easily determined during a routine eye examination. Your eye care practitioner will advise you on the most suitable glasses based on the exam results and your daily needs and requirements.
eyewear
OPEN YOUR EYES TO FREEDOM. Have the freedom to be all that you can be with ACUVUE 速 brand contact lenses.
- Sharq
January, 2015
4
In these thin-conscious times, many people worry about every extra ripple and bulge, no matter where it shows up. Doctors, however, see things differently. When it comes to your health, there's one place where fat is especially dangerous. Fat above the waist (the “apple” body shape) is much more dangerous than fat in the butt and thighs (the “pear” body shape). In most people, about 90 percent of body fat lies in a layer just beneath the skin. The remaining 10 percent — called visceral fat — lies out of reach, deep within your abdomen. It’s found in the spaces surrounding your liver, intestines and other organs. Visceral fat is a key player in a variety of health problems, including cardiovascular disease, dementia, asthma, and breast and colorectal cancer. What makes visceral fat so dangerous? Research over the past 20 years has completely changed our understanding of what fat is. We’ve always known that fat is composed of billions of cells called fat cells. We used to think that fat was just a layer of insulation to keep heat inside our bodies during cold weather. We didn’t think that fat and fat cells, really did anything more than provide insulation. However, we’ve discovered that fat cells — particularly fat cells inside the abdomen (visceral fat) – are little hormone factories. They are constantly producing substances that get into the blood and travel to other parts of the body, where they can have profound effects. For example, some of the hormones produced by fat cells affect your appetite, your metabolism, even your blood pressure. To keep visceral fat at bay: •Keep moving. Exercise can help you reduce your waist circumference, lose visceral fat and gain muscle mass. Engage in at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity activity most days. •Eat right. Choose a balanced diet that helps you achieve and maintain a healthy weight. Avoid products that encourage belly fat, including fructose-sweetened foods and beverages. •Don’t smoke. The more you smoke, the more likely you are to store fat in your abdomen rather than on your hips and thighs. •Forget the quick fix. Liposuction doesn’t reach inside the abdominal wall to your visceral fat. You may change your appearance with liposuction, but you won’t improve your health. Dr. Nazia Nausheen
Dr. Nazia Nausheen is a certified medical doctor. She also holds a Masters Degree in Business, specializing in Sales and Marketing. Readers should look forward to her regular articles on women health and other general health related issues. citypageskuwait.com
BELLY FAT IS BAD! GUT CHECK You can estimate your visceral fat by measuring your waist circumference. Ideally, waist circumference should be less than 35 inches for women and less than 40 inches for men. A tape measure is your best home option for keeping tabs on visceral fat. Measure your waistline at the level of the navel — not at the narrowest part of the torso — and always measure in the same place. (According to official guidelines, the bottom of the tape measure should be level with the top of the right hip bone, or ilium — see the illustration — at the point where the ilium intersects a line dropped vertically from the center of the armpit.) Don’t suck in your gut or pull the tape tight enough to compress the area. In women, a waist circumference of 35 inches or larger is generally considered a sign of excess visceral fat, but that may not apply if your overall body size is large. For men, a waist circumference of 40 inches or more indicates excess visceral fat. Rather than focus on a single reading or absolute cut-off, keep an eye on whether your waist is growing (are your pants getting snug at the waist?). That should give you a good idea of whether you’re gaining unhealthy visceral fat.
Spotlight On
Recent Developments In
AESTHETIC SURGERY
During the past few years, there was a dramatic increase in the number of plastic surgical procedures all over the world. This was triggered by many factors mainly the huge expansion of the telecommunication services where all movie stars and celebrities were exposed in the media before and after cosmetic procedure. An increasingly aging population and job competitiveness are a major contributing factor as people tend to resist and try to hide the effects of age on their face and over all complexions in a desperate attempt to retain their jobs and social image. Last but not least is the dramatic improvement in surgical techniques and cosmetic products that rendered these procedures safe and easy. It cannot be forgotten that the overall costs of these procedures is becoming within the reach of the population and some banks even go a farther step and given loans for plastic surgical procedures. The domain of plastic procedures is expanding by the day. Broadly speaking, it includes cosmetics minimally invasive procedures and surgical procedures. The first branch is covered by beauticians mostly and includes creams masks and cover up procedures Dr. Sherief Zamer
consultant plastic surgeon Specialized Boushahri Polyclinic
Baghdad Street, Building # 38, In front of Suleiman Al-Luhaib Mosque. Tel: 1888877 Ext: 151
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that hide fine lines and blemishes to give an ever young healthy look. These can be also a valuable adjunct to surgical procedures where creams can hide scars and minor discrepancies after different surgeries. Noninvasive procedures had the maximum boost over the past two decades. Botox and fillers became common words and lot topics practically in all feminic discussions. These procedures induced a quick fix for minor facial aberrations mainly the frown lines, crow's feet, gummy smile, and neck sagging. A botox injection can take care of these imperfections giving a younger look with no down time and that can last a minimum of six months up to one year. Filler application is one of the most commonly practiced procedures in outpatient services. it has an immediate effect to cover deep nasolabial folds, marionette lines, and jawles. They can be applied also for lip augmentation, cheek lining, jaw line accentuation, and tear touch correction. Other minimally invasive procedures include threads, to lift facial elements & injectable to give a crystal dermabrasion , chemical peeling and different laser machine become an integral part of the plastic services where these procedures can take care of skin resurfacing, getting rid of unneeded pigmentation, naevi, and fine aging lines. Plastic surgical procedures showed a dramatic improvement. Most of them can be done under local anesthesia and even the procedures done under general anesthesia do not require an extended hospital stay with a quick recovery and return to social life. Liposuction is the most commonly practiced
surgical procedure worldwide. It can remove fat from unwanted areas and lately add fat to enhance body contours. It has the advantage of being fast immediately visible and repeatable with minimal down time. Facial plastic surgical procedures include nose jobs ‘’Rhinoplasty’’ to correct humps, broad tips wide aloe, deformed nasal bones, and shortening or lengthening the nose. Eyelid surgery ‘’Blepharoplasty’’ has a marked effect in alleviating baggy or puffy eyelids and eliminates the tired effect by increasing eye opening. Face lift surgery is a rewarding procedure to give a younger athletic face without age lines and with elevated cheek bones and graceful neck and jaw lines. Body surgery has a wide domain involving breast surgery whether reduction, augmentation or elevation. Tummy tuck "Abdominoplasty" is very commonly performed especially by women after multiple child bearing. It retightens the muscles, excises redundant skin and takes away unwanted fat. With the evolution of weight losing surgeries "Bariatric Surgery" a subspecialty in plastic surgery evolution to tackle redundancy in all body areas with sculpturing and lifting of all affected body parts. Finally, it is the ultimate goal of all plastic surgeons to give their customers the ultimate result with the minimum or most hidden scars and the least down time or side effects. It is our goal to pursue all possible avenues to achieve this target.
Baghdad Street – Building 38 same as Boushahri Seema Pharmacy, Opposite Suleiman Al-Luhaib Mosque - Tel : 1888877
www.boushahricp.com
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Brought to you by:
EARLY LABOR “How will I know when my body is in labor?” This is the most common question I hear from moms during their prenatal appointments. The reality of how different and varying each woman goes into labor makes it difficult to answer that question with a simple set of checklist symptoms. In addition, the length of early labor varies significantly between women. Here’s what I can say. Early labor often includes at least some of the following: •Regular or frequent contractions (lower abdominal cramping) 5-20 minutes apart lasting anywhere from 30-60 seconds •Breaking or leaking of the bag of waters (amniotic sac) •Cramping or pain in the lower back •Loss of the “cervical plug” (often detected as pink colored mucous while using the toilet) •Nausea (decreased appetite) or an increased appetite •Loose stools
contractions, mild or strong, for several days with little to no cervical change. This is called prodromal labor. It often feels like labor begins, and then stops, and then begins again, and then stops. This can go on for days, keeping a mother and her family on high alert, believing that labor will begin at any moment. For some women, prodromal labor is simply the uterus warming up while the body slowly builds up oxytocin levels. For others, the prodromal labor might be indicative of uterus trying to reposition the baby to facilitate a smoother labor. Whatever the reason, know that labors that start and stop are normal and healthy labors. Knowing that healthy, normal, early labors can start and stop and last for several days up until a mother is dilated to 6cm should impact what you do and the decisions you make during early labor. Most care providers suggest that you come to the hospital when contractions last at least 60-90 seconds, are 3-4 minutes apart, for at least an hour. This is called the 4-1-1 rule. (Unless your water breaks. If your water breaks, call your care provider and follow their instructions).
While these symptoms are fairly standard, the length of early labor varies significantly. In fact, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recently revised their official opinion on the definition of “early labor” and “active labor”. ACOG used to teach that “early labor” included the time it took for the uterus to dilate from 0-3cm. They also believed that labor should progress approximately 1cm/hour. However, according to improved research, ACOG now acknowledges that “early labor” can last anywhere from a few hours to several days as the uterus dilates from 0-6cm. In addition, some women experience frequent
So what do you do during the hours, or perhaps days, until you reach 4-1-1? •Continue with normal everyday activities for as long as possible. •Take a walk outside or wade in the pool. •Practice some gentle yoga, including downward-facing dog pose, cat-cow pose, and child’s pose. •Take a bath or a shower to help you relax. •Do something relaxing, such as baking, watching a favorite movie, or working on a craft. •Get a pedicure or manicure…pamper yourself one last time before active labor. •Take a nap and get some sleep if you can sleep between contractions (Often having someone massage your feet while you lay on your side with many pillows can help you relax enough to doze-off in between. This is important. Labor can test a mother’s stamina). •Lean against a wall, over a table, or on your partner or doula while swaying or rocking your
Sarah Paksima
Sarah Paksima is BirthKuwait Co-Founder and President Emeritus and a Doula, Childbirth Educator.
BirthKuwait is a non-profit organization operating as part of The Voluntary Health Association.For more information, visit their website: www.birthkuwait.com or Instagram: @birthkuwait
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hips. •Sit on a birth ball (or physical therapy ball) and roll your hips around in a circle. •Continue to eat light, healthy food and drink plenty of water or herbal tea. Many hospitals send mothers home when they are still in early labor. If for some reason you check into your hospital before 6 cm, remember that it is perfectly normal and healthy for your labor to progress slowly, with occasional “breaks”. Whether you are at home or at the hospital, keep in mind that the uterus is a muscle. After many hours of hard work, it is normal for the uterus to “rest” for a bit, and then restart it’s work. As long as both the mother and the baby are doing well, there is no need to intervene to speed up labor. Just be patient, rest, move around, and stay hydrated and nourished. Although early labor can test your endurance and stamina, with the proper support and attitude, you’ll make it to the fun part of labor…meeting your baby!
January, 2015
THE SALHIYA MEDICAL
PAV I L I O N
Redefining Your Well-Being The Salhiya Medical Pavilion is a world-class multispecialty medical center located on the 2nd floor of Noor Al Salhiya Complex, opposite Salhiya Complex. It provides direct access to the world’s best healthcare and by incorporating multiple specialties into one convenient location helps in reducing the need for patients to travel abroad for care. Multidisciplinary teamwork with coordinated care is The Salhiya Medical Pavilion's distinguishing feature. It ushers in a new era in health care in Kuwait by redefining the well-being and setting global benchmarks in hospitality and through providing a culture of continuous learning, innovation and excellence in healthcare. citypageskuwait.com
January, 2015
A refuge from the noise and bustle, the comfortable and elegant world-class The Salhiya Medical Pavilion addresses all the senses to grant profound relaxation and well-being. The body, mind and spirit are fully harmonized by the atmosphere where sight, smell, hearing, touch and taste are all awoken and explored. With prominent Western and Kuwaiti physicians, highly educated medical support staff, state-of-the-art medical equipment, and latest technology, The Salhiya Medical Pavilion provides a state of equilibrium of complete physical, mental, and emotional well-being. At The Salhiya Medical Pavilion, they call and treat their customers as their guests rather than their patients. Guests can enjoy a seamless customer experience with an appointment only access, their own Personal Health Concierge, an environment that fosters tranquility, and an experience that is unparalleled in any healthcare facility world-wide. citypageskuwait.com
January, 2015
Flooded with light and energy to impart a sense of peace and well-being to all who visit, The Salhiya Medical Pavilion is designed by the prominent Lebanese architect, Talal Antar. To craft the guest experience, Ms. Mindy Terry who has more than eighteen years of experience developing, leading and guiding spas to ‘Top Ten’ status was commissioned for her expertise in developing luxury spas and wellness centes. To polish off The Salhiya Medical Pavilion’s modern and stylish image, Ms. Fatima Al Naqi taught staff how to achieve understated, yet elegant beauty through make-up and hair styling instruction. To create a healing environment, The Salhiya Medical Pavilion features an enviable collection of original works by prominent Kuwaiti artists Fareed Abdal and Muneera Al Rumaihi, Syrian artists Adnan Abdulrahman, Refa'e Ahmed, and Mahmoud Majdal, and Iraqi artist Mohammed Al Shammery. And to extend The Salhiya Medical Pavilion’s experience beyond the
citypageskuwait.com
physician’s suite and into the kitchen, a light tasting menu has been solely developed by Chef Nasser AlMukhaizeem that effortlessly imparts a taste of fine dining into the healthcare environment. The Salhiya Medical Pavilion has teamed up with UKbased Patients Know Best (PKB) – the world’s first patient controlled online medical records system. With PKB patients will have the power and means to access their medical records 24/7, the discretion to share the record with physicians from around the world, track their health history, medications, vitals, and have direct online communication with their doctor and care team. At The Salhiya Medical Pavilion, they offer specialized services in Ear, Nose, Throat (E.N.T), Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN), Pediatrics, and soon to be launched Nutrition, Urology, and Bariatric surgery. In addition they have created the services of SIBA - Arabic for 'Youth'- with a focus on aesthetics, laser treatments, and skin care. SIBA utilizes the latest, most effective technologies and procedures from France, Germany, Italy and North America.
Location: Noor Al Salhiya Complex, 2nd floor, opposite Salhiya Complex. Phone 1880881 Working Hours: 9:00am – 1:00pm and 5:00pm – 9:00pm Available by appointments only, No walk-ins accepted
Dr. Sanad Al Fadala
Dr. Wendy Noble
January, 2015
Shaima Namavar, founder / owner of the British Playhouse nursery and Funhouse club and National Representative at the World Forum Foundation, is one of those individuals whose work has been influential among those concerned with the education, care, and well-being of young children. She believes sustainable societies cannot be built if children are not given the opportunity to develop a strong foundation for development, wellbeing and lifelong learning and it is in the early childhood period that children develop their basic values, attitudes, skills, behaviors and habits, which may be long lasting. Recently we caught up with Shaima Namavar to tell us all about her amazing work in raising awareness about the powerful role of early childhood education and care. Please introduce yourself to our readers: My name is Shaima Namavar, am a mother of two boys Abdulaziz 9yrs old and Mohammed 5yrs old, wife to a supportive husband Nezar Makhseed, and founder / owner of the British Playhouse nursery and Funhouse club. I am also a National Representative and global leader at the World Forum Foundation. I have earned a Bachelor’s degree in Business Administration from the American University of Sharjah. I also hold many certificates in parenting, early childhood education etc. You are a National Representative at World Forum Foundation. Could you enlighten us briefly on its history, how did it come about, and how did you get involved? The World Forum Foundation was first visualized by Bonnie and Roger Neugebauer and Carmel and Rodney Kenner at a 1998 meeting in Sydney, Australia. It was founded to promote an on-going global exchange of ideas on the delivery of quality services for young children in diverse settings. This mission is accomplished through convening gatherings of early childhood professionals around the world and by promoting the continuing exchange of ideas among participants. The first ever World Forum on Early Care and Education held in Honolulu, Hawaii, in 1999. For over 12 years the World Forum Foundation has been building the international network of National Representatives, a key leadership initiative of the World Forum, strengthening commitment to global reach and diversity. Roger Neugebauer the president of the World Forum Foundation chose me to be the National Representative from Kuwait during the World Forum conference May 2014. What are your primary responsibilities as a National Representative? citypageskuwait.com
My primary responsibilities are to attend the World Forum Foundation meetings, to spread the word to as many early childhood professionals, and to share the latest studies regarding early childhood education and development in Kuwait. Tell us about some of your achievements and challenges as a National Representative: As my achievements, I have already started spreading awareness to parents and childminders about the importance of early childhood education and development. It has been few months for me as a National Representative and I have 2 years to work on this position and to be honest the only challenge am facing is lack of data in Kuwait. You are a global leader for young children, advocate and agent to seek for quality in the early childhood development. Please shed some light on the importance of early childhood education: The first 5 years of child’s life are the most critical time of growth and learning. In fact 85% of a child’s brain develops by age 5, before a child even starts school. When children receive good care, nutritious diet & learning opportunities during their earliest years, they have better chance to grow up healthy, to do well at school and reach their highest potential. Research shows that early learning programs for babies and toddlers have positive effect that extend beyond the first years of school, well into adulthood and go on to benefit society as a whole. What are your thoughts on the appropriate and intentional use of technology and digital media in the early years? Technology and interactive media are important tools to promote and support effective learning and development with understanding the limits of technology;
give careful consideration to technology with infants and toddlers. Early education is often discussed as a long-term investment in improving the skills of the future workforce and you are also an advocate of high-quality early education. Could you discuss your work as a Child Advocate? My work involves raising awareness about the powerful role of early childhood education (ECE) and care, and specifically the importance of high quality ECE to support development to the fullest potential through social media, and by giving workshops to parents and teachers. As you survey the landscape of childhood education and development in Kuwait, do you think it is a critical issue and what are some of the key challenges we should be paying particular attention to? It is a critical issue in Kuwait and we should be paying attention to many factors the most important factor being more involvement of parents in their children’s’ lives, to have a law in Kuwait that children start school at the age of 3.5 years and not 6 years, to have more awareness about the importance of childhood education and development to have a better future through media. Children should be the property of the country and the people, and private sector should also take part in this not only the government. Given your hands-on work in improving early childhood education, what do you see as priority steps that the public and private sectors should take to address key needs in this area? The priority step that the public and private sectors should take is to have a national standard for early childhood education and care, either by improving their existing policies and regulations, or by developing a new framework.
Shaima Namavar EMPOWERING OUR YOUNGEST CITIZENS
January, 2015
You are actively using your influence to advocate for positive change, what kinds of leadership lessons have you learned with regard to moving the needle on important social issues? I think the most important thing I have learned is that people should see the motivation and passion I have for children and that I will not give up easily to achieve my goal of spreading the awareness about the early childhood education and development. I cannot just order and wait for the people to react to my words. In order for them to react, I should help, work and make them involve in my aim. This is leadership, you work and people react with you. How early childhood programs and services can support and benefit children and families around the globe? What is their economic and societal value? Early childhood education has an important role to play in laying the foundations for active and responsible citizenship. Early childhood programs have been founded to generate a return to society. Education is a way to improve the country income. THINK BIG START SMALL. You are also an owner and founder of British Playhouse Nursery. Tell us your vision and mission and what makes your nursery unique? My vision and mission for the British Playhouse Nursery is to implement the national standards and that’s what I am working on with my team. What makes it unique is that we at British Playhouse Nursery make education fun for children and affordable for parents. What would you like British Playhouse Nursery to achieve in the next five years? We are aiming to open more branches in Kuwait and as a part of our community work we are aiming to open a branch in one of the countries that really need childhood programs. Your message for our readers: Childhood is a very special period and children should have the opportunity to enjoy their early years. Children are our future leaders. Let’s all work together to make this happen. Your message for us at CityPages magazine: I would like to thank CityPages for their efforts and support and I wish you success in all your future endeavors.
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MAGENTA
www.thecolorrecipe.com
by: Wala'a Al Muhaiteeb In numerology 2015 is a year 8 (2+0+1+5= 8). The vibrations of this number are highly connected with the color magenta in color therapy. The number 8 is associated with success and abundance. Magenta is a mix of red and violet; red is a color of past pain releasing, passion, leadership and masculine action. Violet is highly creative color that connects us to the art, big ideas, soul connections, and feminine wisdom. mix those two colors together and you will get the recipe for 2015. Magenta is a great balance between these two energies and two worlds. It’s a color that is connected to creativity in business, leadership and success. Connecting with magenta is essential for our transformation for 2015. Before I get into how to connect with magenta, lets talk about the magenta personality.
If magenta is your favorite color you are a compassionate and kind person. You always seek to make the people around you feel better and help them with everything you can. You always seek balance in your life and loves balancing extremes; you might be the kind that pursues two completely different hobbies but manage to mix them very well. If you are a person who dislikes magenta you are a person who doesn’t like to stand out from the crowd, a person who would choose to conform to other peoples ideas rather than marching to your own beat. Magenta is a color of change and transformation, it helps release old negative patterns to help us move forward. to connect with magenta; fill your house with vibrant magenta flowers, or put different magenta accessories around your desk at work. Magenta is strong magnetic color, using it to manifest your dreams is the way to go
with magenta. Magenta is spontaneous and impulsive, but resourceful and organized. Make sure you use it to help you in 2015, as this will be a great year if you let it. Also meditating on magenta by taking 10 deep breaths to settle into the body, with every breath after that you are inhaling magenta through your nose and having it expand sideways through your chest. With every breath magenta is filling your body and surroundings. Once you connect with magenta, ask yourself which habits do I want to let go of for 2015 to help me move forward and let the answers come from within you, they will be such unique ideas that you will surprise yourself. Doing this meditation three times a week this month will give you the push you need to start a great 2015. If you want to go deeper with your 2015 transformation contact me at: [email protected] January, 2015
WAYS TO KEEP YOUR
NEW YEAR RESOLUTIONS RANIA JOMAA
Clinical and Community Dietitian
Another year is ending and we ask ourselves: Did we learn anything from our past experiences? How do we make the coming days more successful? It is not as hard as we think.
4.Buy a pedometer and start tracking steps, try to work up to 10.000 steps a day.
5.Connect by instagram or facebook to
networks related to nutrition which can support and encourage you and share your experience and resolutions in public with others, this will motivate you.
People around the world are more interested these days with eating healthier food and changing their lifestyle and bad habits, you may have started before and did not reach your goals. How to make this year different? How to maintain your new year’s resolutions for 2015?
6.Choose your food carefully and eat three main meals and two snacks.
1.Keep your resolutions simple and focus
weight at a certain time. Make that a shortterm goal to a big achievement.
on 2 goals at a time, for example start eating healthy food and exercising before focusing on weight loss.
2.Keep a log especially at the beginning of the day: activity and caloric intake. 3.Stay focused on your actions (eating healthier, spending more time on exercising) and don’t become obsessed only with results. citypageskuwait.com
It is also very important to make the TV room a no food zone, this will help you focus on what you are eating much more than focusing on a TV show.
7.Make realistic goals of reaching a certain 8.Plan a time-frame by using your own calendar for every week. It will include your daily food intake, calories and exercise.
without losing any weight, if you are eating healthy food with normal quantity and exercising, results will surely show.
11.Share your experience but do not listen to people’s advices and over research for information which can be included in non approved resources, always ask a dietitian about your daily caloric needs, body fat and exercise plan. 12.Turn exercise into your daily living need, at least 45 minutes per day and consume a minimum of 8 cups of water. Nutrition is a very big issue and cannot be written in one or two pages, but you have to convince yourself that eating healthy is not only for weight loss, it is an issue that can help you have a better life with a healthier body. It also prevents many chronic obesity related diseases.
9.Do not reward yourself with food and high
Finally, happy 2015! May 2014 go with all our bad habits where we only leave the good times and memories.
10.Do not give up, even if a week passed
Start today, as long as you are alive you can change and take a hold of your life.
fat meals when you are happy after losing weight.
10 NEW YEAR RESOLUTIONS
TO KEEP FOR 2015 Don't we all love the idea of starting the new year with a bunch of resolutions. Inspiring ourselves yet again to write up resolutions we may or may not follow through. I do however give brownie points to those who do write up their resolutions as these are indications of the changes they do intend on making (some day). If health is a priority for you this year, I am hoping the resolutions below will be of help to you. These 1 to 10 resolutions are simple and doable and each number itself is related to the resolution.
1.Aim to lose 1 kg per week (if overweight or obese) Rome wasn’t built in a day. It is best to gradually lose weight rather than trying to lose excessive weight very quickly. It is well documented that people who try to lose weight quickly tend to gain the lost weight back and in most cases it's more than what they had lost.
2.Eat 2 serves of fruit each day. You can have these in between meals as your snack This should be your go to pharmacy. Fruits are great low calorie, nutrient dense, fiber rich snack options. The natural sugar and nutrients are for elevating your energy levels.
3.Each day, be grateful for any 3 things in your life Sanaa Abdul Hamid Sanaa holds Masters of Clinical Dietetics from University of Queensland, Australia and is a Clinical dietitian and a Certified Yoga Teacher. Sanaa is also a blogger and very active on Instagram. Read more from Sanaa at her Blog: www.balancewithsanaa.com , Instagram: Sanaa_dietitian
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Gratitude is a great practice for psychological well-being. People who are grateful tend to have a higher sense of self-worth. It helps to block out toxic negative emotions that tends to divert us from happiness. Harvesting negative emotions within does more self-harm than good so learn to release any past unresolved emotions and start to focus on all the good things in your life.
4.Dedicate 4% of your day to your exercise. That is only 1 hour from your whole day. We have 24 hours in a day. Pick a time that best suits your lifestyle and try get in some form of physical activity. You can just start off with doing 30 minutes exercise on most days and then build up to 1 hour. You can also split up your time by doing a quick 10 – 15 minutes exercise on waking up and then doing another 15 minutes exercise later in the day. Accidental exercises also count so instead of using the elevator, take the stairs.
5.Eat 5 serves of vegetables each day. Evidence suggests that eating a serve of vegetable each day reduces the risk of coronary heart disease, stroke and weight gain. Vegetables are low in calories, great source of minerals and vitamins, dietary fibers and contain a range of phytochemicals including carotenoids. A serve of vegetable equates to 1 cup of green leafy or raw salad vegetables; 1/2 cup cooked green or orange vegetables (such as broccoli, spinach, pumpkin, carrots); 1 medium tomato, ½ cup sweet corn, ½ medium potato or other starchy vegetables.
6.Eat 6 Small meals instead of 3 big meals Eating smaller meals regularly prevents you
from overeating during meal times. You can always carry a piece of fruit with you or a handful of nuts or keep small tub of low fat yoghurt at work to eat in between meals.
7.Sleep at least 7 hours every day That means sleeping at a decent hour to get enough sleep. When you stay awake till late hours, you put yourself at risk of being overweight or obese. Studies conducted have found that people who sleep late tend to eat
more calories (200 – 400 calories) than those who sleep at a decent hour.
8.Drink a minimum of 8 glasses of water Water is calorie free and assists in digestion & toxin removal. Being well hydrated reduces the chances of you overeating or craving unhealthy food as it is not uncommon for one to confuse thirst for hunger.
9.After 9 pm practice digital detox
That is, disconnect yourself from any electronic devices. Keep your smart phones away from your bed. Looking at your electronic screens while in bed tends to negatively affect melatonin levels and delay sleep.
10.Meditate for 10 minutes each day There is 1440 minutes in a day. All you need is 10 minutes for yourself. As you get out of bed, take a few minutes to just sit there and notice your breathing. Observe how your belly rises and falls with each breath. Perhaps you can
mentally say the 3 things you are grateful for ( resolution number 3) and then get out of bed. Next, while you are at work, just before you head out for your lunch break, just sit there at your desk, close your eyes and count 10 – 1 mentally and synchronize your breath with each count. Let your mind and body relax. Breathe in positive, relaxing healing energy and breathe out negative energy. Hope you lovely readers have a great year ahead. January, 2015
DITCH THE SHRINK AND GYM IT INSTEAD TO A BETTER YOU THIS 2015!
It’s the eve of New Years and here I sit pondering on all the mischief and mayhem I personally created in 2014. Personally it’s been quite an amazing year for me. Some of the highlights were: -becoming a sponsored athlete for Evolve Supplements -getting my mother to visit Londontown in May (a place where she visited once some 30 odd years ago!) -vanquishing my stage fright yet again and participating at the prestigious Arnold Amateur Bodybuilding Competition in Madrid, Spain -having a more balanced work-life ratio -adopting my 3rd adorable dog, Theodore. Were these goals of mine set out at the start of 2014? Yes it most certainly was! Personally, I don’t think I would have been able achieve all that I set out to do if it wasn’t for my disciplined nature-an attribute or character of mine newly acquired from when I started, you guessed it, going to the gym. Yes, getting fit definitely benefits you from a physical and mental standpoint (most notably, exercises reduces one’s risk of developing a Reshmi Revi
Reshmi Revi is a NZCF Certified Personal Trainer, Fitness Enthusiast and an Evolve Supplements Sponsored Athlete who competes in bodybuilding. Follow her on Instagram: @Q8MissFit
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myriad of cardiovascular diseases and has been known to be more beneficial in treating patients with mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety while stimulating growth of new brain cells) but did you know it also benefits you emotionally and socially too?
Get your emotional rollercoaster under control Whenever you exercise, your brain secretes ‘endorphins,’ which are ‘feel-good’ chemicals. Regular exercisers tend to report feeling happy and less anxious/worried/frustrated post workout. Furthermore research has shown that individuals who exercise frequently and regularly are able to cope better with challenges life throws at them. Maintaining an exercise routine along with a healthy lifestyle teaches you to be disciplined and functioning more on rationality and not in an emotional state. These positive attributes then transfer into other aspects of one’s life such as how one socializes with the rest of society.
A positive social state starts at the gym I only start seriously taking care of myself when I was in Auckland, New Zealand. Freshly graduated from university and working a 9 to 5 role, the gym was a stone’s throw away from my office. In 8 months I committed myself to healthy living and eating, I lost about 25+ kilograms…and most of my toxic friends. I don’t smoke but most of my friends back then were smokers and just hanging around them would trigger my asthma attacks. So you can
imagine how grateful my lungs were when I started going to the gym regularly after work. It was at my gym I befriended the regulars over there and pretty soon, I too wanted to eat well, have better sleeping hours and more energy. I took these positive social norms I witnessed at my gym, remembered it by heart and still practice them today. What’s more, going to the gym not only boosted my immune system but also my self-esteem when I lost all that weight and further cemented my new-found confidence when I took up learning muay thai boxing as a form of self-defense. 2015 awaits with eager anticipation. Instead of making verbal resolutions, my suggestion would be to write them down. I would think of 3 realistic goals I would like to achieve in 2015 and write them down on a post-it note. I would then stick this post-it note at a place that was highly visible. So for example, for me it would be either sticking it on my bathroom mirror, or on my full-length mirror in my study. That way, whenever I passed by, I would see the notes and hence these goals/ resolutions/ selfaffirmations would always subconsciously be in my mind to achieve. T.S Eliot once quipped “For last year’s words belong to last year’s language. And next year’s words, await another voice.” If you haven’t achieved what you set out to do, take heart. You have 12 brand new chapters in this year to do something about it. With that said, here’s to all you amazing CityPages readers wishing you a gloriously healthy and prosperous New Year!
NEW YEAR
NEW RESOLUTIONS
The excitement while celebrating New Year takes over your life causing you to make resolutions that are not realistic and maybe even not attainable. But your determination makes you go ahead and announce those resolutions. Fast forward to 2 months later, and there you are still talking about your resolutions but not really doing anything about it, so how do you get yourself to stick to these resolutions? Maha AlRashed
Maha AlRashed is a CHEK Certified Exercise Coach and a regular contributor for CityPages magazine. citypageskuwait.com
Making a realistic resolution is easy to do. Think of ways that you would like to improve your life; a resolution shouldn’t be life changing because that is what makes it so unattainable. We are creatures of habit and with that it is really difficult to convince us to change our ways so why try to dramatically change your life? Just do it in baby steps. The usual suspects when it comes to resolutions are, weight loss and exercise more. This year try something new; try something that you may not have thought is really a resolution. In 2015, I have decided that I am changing my plans on resolutions; I’ve opted to change their name to goals; and these goals may change monthly because I know that I can’t
realistically have one set goal and commit for 12 months to reach that goal. The only goals I think that matter are the ones that have to do with your inner self and those require a lifetime commitment. I suggest that you commit to making each day the best day of the year, commit to making yourself happy, commit to making time for yourself, and finally commit to yourself being the best person you can possibly be. With that positive energy being let out into the world, you will make your environment a better place for you and the people around you. Wishing all the readers of CityPages a very Happy and Prosperous 2015!
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January, 2015
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CityPages Staff Shares Vogue Fashion Dubai Experience
I received an invitation from the Government of Dubai Tourism #MyDubai to attend a gathering of fashion bloggers from the Arabian Gulf. It was a wonderful and distinctive experience including discovering Dubai. The experience of attending Vogue Fashion Dubai Experience was really pleasing. It not only provided me the opportunity to attend this amazing event but also provided me the chance to see the world famous designers from very closely. From 30th October 2014 till 1st of November
at Dubai Mall and Armani hotel, I attended "Vogue Fashion Dubai Experience" event and fashion sessions. The Dubai Mall is the world’s most visited shopping place and entertainment destination. In 2013, it welcomed over 75 million visitors. In addition to the 1,200 retailers, the flagship asset of Emaar Malls Group is home to more than 200 F&B outlets and numerous worldclass leisure attractions. This time at 2nd Vogue Fashion Dubai Experience only, it welcomed over 1 million visitors to mark worldwide festivity of fashion. The inaugural fashion show hosted by supermodel Karolina Kurkova and Wissam Hanna which launched the second edition of Vogue Fashion Dubai Experience, organised by Emaar and Vogue Italia, was highlighted by a stellar line-up of global celebrities and a record turn-out of visitors. The in-store activities organised by over 200 fashion retailers in The Dubai Mall also contributed to the significant boost in footfall, further underlining The Dubai Mall’s credentials as the ultimate destination for luxury shopping. It was such a nice and well organized event. The fashion show was an echoing success and stunned the attendees with a creative presentation of the S/S 2015 collections of eight brilliant international designers. The selected brands were: Asudari Studio by Lamia Asudari from Saudi Arabia, Christopher Esber from Australia, J. JS Lee by Jackie JS Lee from South Korea, Madiya Al Sharqi from UAE, Miuniku by Tina Sutradhar and Nikita Sutradhar from India, No3 Design by Bushra Badri and Amira Al Khaja from the UAE, Stella Jean from Italy and Piccione Piccione by Salvatore Piccione from Italy. Like the previous edition, great consideration was focused on designers’ talent. In particular, “The Fashion Catwalk” and “The International Talents Showcase” were among the most anticipated events. The artists did justice with their talent
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and audience could not resist applauding. Vogue Fashion Dubai Experience also featured the International Talents Showcase at Armani Hotel Dubai, which served as an exclusive stage for 20 upcoming designers, selected by Vogue Italia and The Dubai Mall through a scouting contest. The showcase reported vigorous interest from buyers and retailers for the collections and several potential leads for business and marketing collaborations I am really Thankful to the Government of Dubai Tourism #MyDubai for providing me such a wonderful experience.
January, 2015
Looking Glamorous has never been so easy Be fabulous and stylish with our expert’s chosen winter outfits that will make you step out of the crowd and feel original and unique. Shine and have fun with the mix of colors, textures and brands that will make you look chic and trendy this winter. We are thrilled to introduce you in a mystic oriental space, inaugurated by us for a brand new fashion concept- Brille comme une Star de CinÊma!
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Model: Dania from CBS MODELS Agency: www.cbsmodels.com Instagram: @cbsmodelmanagement Art Director: Bianca Sutu Instagram: @Bianca_Sutu Photographer: Saleh Al Sanad Instagram: @AL_SANAD Clothes & Accessories: Mosaic Kuwait - Salhiya M1 Instagram: @mosaickuwait Makeup and Hair: @al_joyeria salon Location: Abou ElSid - Authentic Egyptian Restaurant Instagram: @abouelsid_kw
January, 2015
Absolutely in Fashion with citypageskuwait.com
Elena Persil Jacket Talulah Trousers
Location: Abou ElSid - Authentic Egyptian Restaurant Instagram: @abouelsid_kw
January, 2015
Look Classy Dress by Ze Quun Jacket from Talulah
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Location: Abou ElSid - Authentic Egyptian Restaurant Instagram: @abouelsid_kw
Be trendy with
Trousers from Narciss Fashion Blouse from Talulah Vest from Peridot London Coat from Narciss Fashion
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Location: Abou ElSid - Authentic Egyptian Restaurant Instagram: @abouelsid_kw January, 2015
citypageskuwait.com
Location: Abou ElSid - Authentic Egyptian Restaurant Instagram: @abouelsid_kw
Cocktail dress by Veloudakis
Location: Abou ElSid - Authentic Egyptian Restaurant Instagram: @abouelsid_kw citypageskuwait.com
Chic and comfortable with Trousers from Negarin Jacket from Peridot London
January, 2015
Location: Abou ElSid - Authentic Egyptian Restaurant Instagram: @abouelsid_kw
LAMB GYROS (PRONOUNCED HERO) INGREDIENTS:
For the Gyro Meat: •500 g minced lamb or beef – I prefer lamb •2 teaspoons salt •½ teaspoon dried red chili •2 tablespoons fresh oregano leaves or 1 tablespoon dried oregano •½ red onion, cut into 1-inch chunks •1 clove garlic, sliced •5 slices sliced beef or turkey bacon), cut into ½-inch pieces Tzatziki Sauce: •1 cup full fat Greek yoghurt •1 small cucumber grated finely or chopped into small chunks •1 clove garlic – finely crushed •Salt & pepper to taste ( I also add a few sprigs of mint finely chopped up) •Mix all together and refrigerate To Serve: •Pita bread •Tomato, coarsely chopped •Red onion, thinly sliced
METHOD: 1.Make the Gyro Meat: In a medium bowl, combine the ground lamb,
salt, dried chili and oregano with your hands, mixing until all of the seasonings have been evenly distributed. Cover and refrigerate for at least 1 hour, or overnight.
2.Preheat oven to 180°C. Place the lamb mixture in the bowl of a food processor and add onion, garlic and bacon. Process until a smooth puree is formed, 30 seconds to 1 minute, scraping down the sides of the bowl as necessary. 3.Line a baking sheet (can be a cookie sheet as well) with aluminum foil. With moistened hands, shape the lamb mixture into a rectangle about 8 inches long and 5 inches wide. Bake until the center of the loaf is fully cooked, 30 to 35 minutes. Remove from the oven and allow to rest for 15 minutes. 4.Adjust the oven rack to the highest position (1½ to 2 inches below grill element). Slice the loaf of lamb meat into very thin pieces (they should be about an inch thick; no more than ¼-inch thick). Lay the strips on a baking sheet lined with aluminum foil and grill until edges are browned and crispy, 2 to 4 minutes. Be sure to keep an eye on it, as the grill works quickly! 5.Serve the Gyros: Warm up the bread either in the microwave (30 seconds), on the stovetop or in the oven. Top each one with Tzatziki sauce, chopped tomatoes, sliced onions and gyro meat. Wrap with foil or wax paper and serve.
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GALAKTOBOUREKO Galaktoboureko is a traditional Greek dessert made with a custard in a crispy phyllo pastry shell. I love to serve it with Vanilla ice cream or just some freshly whipped cream…Heavenly delicious…and best served with black coffee… YUM!!!!
INGREDIENTS:
•6 cups full cream milk •1 cup semolina flour •3 ½ tablespoons cornstarch •1 cup white sugar •¼ teaspoon salt •6 eggs •½ cup white sugar •1 teaspoon vanilla extract or fresh vanilla bean – I use half •¾ cup butter, melted •12 sheets phyllo pastry dough •1 cup water •1 cup white sugar
METHOD: 1.Pour milk into a large saucepan, and bring to a boil over medium
heat. In a medium bowl, whisk together the semolina, cornstarch, 1 cup sugar and salt so there are no cornstarch clumps. When milk comes to a boil, gradually add the semolina mixture, stirring constantly with a wooden spoon. Cook, stirring constantly until the mixture thickens and comes to a full boil. Remove from heat, and set aside. Keep warm.
2.In a large bowl, beat eggs with an electric mixer at high speed. Add ½ cup of sugar, and whip until thick and pale, about 10 minutes. Stir in vanilla. 3.Fold the whipped eggs into the hot semolina mixture. Partially cover the pan, and set aside to cool. 4.Preheat the oven to 175°C. 5.Butter a 9x13 inch baking dish, and layer 7 sheets of phyllo into the pan, brushing each one with butter as you lay it in. Pour the custard into the pan over the phyllo, and cover with the remaining 5 sheets of phyllo, brushing each sheet with butter as you lay it down. 6.Bake for 40 to 45 minutes in the preheated oven, until the top
crust is crisp and the custard filling has set. In a small saucepan, stir together the remaining cup of sugar and water. Bring to a boil. When the Galaktoboureko comes out of the oven, spoon the hot sugar syrup over the top, particularly the edges. Cool completely before cutting and serving. Store in the refrigerator and enjoy with loved ones.
GREECE
Greek cuisine makes wide use of olive oil, yoghurt, herbs, fish, and various meats, including lamb. All Mediterranean cuisines have some similarities, and this light and fresh style of cooking is something that I thoroughly enjoy. It is also great for sharing and family style social gatherings. This month we look at the Greek version of the beloved Shawarma and we add a bit of spice to it just for fun and of course a little something for the sweet tooth‌ Enjoy‌. With Love!
January, 2015
St. Petersburg What to stay
Corinthia Hotel - St. Petersburg
ocated at the heart of the city on the Nevsky prospect – the main historic thoroughfare of St. Petersburg The luxury Corinthia Hotels brand is operated by CHI Hotels & Resorts, a leading hotel management company based in Malta.
Saint Petersburg is the second largest city in Russia, politically incorporated as a federal subject. It is located on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea. In 1914 the name of the city was changed from Saint Petersburg to Petrograd, in 1924 to Leningrad, and in 1991, back to Saint Petersburg.
What to see
Peter & Paul's Fortress The Peter and Paul Fortress, is the original citadel of St. Petersburg, Russia, founded by Peter the Great in 1703 and built to Domenico Trezzini's designs from 1706-1740. In the early 20th century, it was still used as a prison by the tsarist government.
The Yusupov Palace One of two surviving St. Petersburg residences of the monumentally wealthy Yusupov family, the Yusupov Palace on the Moika River is perhaps most famous as the scene of the assassination of Grigory Rasputin, and is one of the few aristocratic homes in the city to have retained many of its original interiors.
W. Hotel - St. Petersburg
Conceptualized by award-winning architects Antonio Citterio Patricia Viel and Partners, W. Hotel, St. Petersburg is located in the center of the historical "Venice of the North" next to St. Isaac's Cathedral, a stone throw from the lavish Winter Palace with the famed Hermitage Museum and a short stroll from the spectacular Neva River.
Russian Museum of Ethnography The Russian Museum of Ethnography is a museum in St. Petersburg that houses a collection of about 500,000 items relating to the ethnography, or cultural anthropology, of peoples of the former Russian Empire and the Soviet Union.
The Summer Palace & Park of Catherine's the Great, Pushkin The Catherine Palace is a Rococo palace located in the town of Tsarskoye Selo (Pushkin), 25 km southeast of St. Petersburg, Russia. It was the summer residence of the Russian tsars.
Astoria Hotel
Hotel Astoria is a five-star hotel in Saint Petersburg, Russia that first opened in December 1912. It has 213 bedrooms, including 52 suites and is located on Saint Isaac's Square, next to Saint Isaac's Cathedral
How to go:
The Czars Winter Palace
St. Petersburg's most famous building, the Winter Palace not only physically dominates Palace Square and the south embankment of the Neva River, but also plays a central political, symbolic, and cultural role in the three-century history of the city. citypageskuwait.com
Turkish Airlines Turkish Airlines offers daily flights with the best flight experience and ticket rates for St. Petersburg. Visit their website to get the best offers at: www.turkishairlines.com/ or check with your travel agent.
Bon voyage!
January, 2015
اتصلت مريم علي سعود ما مداها تقوله إن حصة أنخطبت وأنه ،،، سعود :مبروك اهلل يوفقها خوش بنت مع السالمة ( طلع مبتلش فيها وما صدق ينحاش ) مريم غشت من الضحك بس ما حبت تقول لحصة خلتها عايشه دور محطمة القلوب.
شهر العسل تايالند ..مدينه كرابي الساحلية سافروا من الكويت إلي بانكوك ثم إلي مدينه كارابي الساحلية التي تشتهر بالمسلمين عن طريق الطيران الداخلي لمدة ساعة وكانت االقامه في فندق Rayavade Resort in Krabi Thailand
صار الخميس المنتظر في بيت حصة
دخل عبد الكريم مع والدته سوالف وضحك إلي أن وصلت العروس حصة محطمة القلوب حصيص تذكر أنها نفس السيالنية أم حنة برأسها اللي فتحت له الباب هذاك اليوم ..ال ال ما يبيها بعد كم يوم تتصل والدته والتعذر أنه ولدها يبي يكمل دراسته واهلل يوفق حصة بالرجل الصالح انصدمت األم ،حصة أغمي عليها شلون الحين أفلست من سعود وعبدالكريم ؟؟ شالحل مالها اإل ترد علي سعود وتقولة أنها تحبه عشان جذي ما قدرت تتزوج غيره ورفضت ولد عمتها عشانه. بس لألسف لما اتصلت لقت رقمه مفصول من الخدمة نهائيا ..الرجل ما صدق ينحاش.
يحتوي علي 4مطاعم متنوعة النكهات ومحاطة بالحدائق االستوائية
الفندق خمس نجوم له شاطئ خاص جميل جدا ويتميز بالخصوصية
أفضل األوقات لزيارة كارابي مابين شهر أكتوبر الي نهاية شهر أبريل.
وضعها صعب وحالتها تكسر الخاطر كان
حلمها بسيط تتزوج ويكون لها أسرتها الصغيرة بس.. اتصلت عليها مريم بنت جيرانهم تعزمها علي قهوة عندها بالبيت عشان تغيير نفسيتها ألنها صج محتاجة تطلع من اللي فيه. توها طالعه من بيتهم وإذا بسليمان رفيج أخوها إبراهيم سليمان :مرحبا حصة عرفتيني أنا سليمان رفيج إبراهيم أخوك هذي بطاقة عرس ... حصة :زين زين درينا أخذت البطاقة ..ورقعت الباب ومشت. بعد الصدمات والحالة التي يرثي لها حصة مالها خلق احد خالص حاولت أنها تكمل الحياة والظاهر مالها نصيب أنها تتزوج وتمضي األيام. وفي يوم دخل إبراهيم أخوها : حصة رفيجي سليمان بيخطبج ها ..تبينه وإال أقوله ال تأخذها تتوهق فيها ..هاهاهاهاي حصة :إي ..موافقة وقوله مابي عرس وشهر العسل في سيالن بما أني سيالنيتكم اليديده ..وراحت دارها تبكي علي حظها الردى اللي أخوها إبراهيم يتمسخر عليها ويذكرها أنها عانس . من باجر العصر وإال صج أم سليمان عندهم بالبيت تخطب حصة لولدها سليمان . كان سليمان صديق إبراهيم منذ الصغر وطلع من زماااان معجب وعاشق حصة من طرف واحد بس كان ينتظر الوقت المناسب ويدعي ربه الليل والنهار أنها تكون من نصيبه. وكان الفرح من نصيبهم (..حــصـة و سـلـيـمـان )
بعد 25دقيقة عن Phi Phi ISLANDبالقارب مع تنظيم رحالت بحرية.
يضم أجنحة من طابقين وفيالت مع حمام سباحة خاص وخدمة ممتازة مع ترتيبات لشهر العسل
تابعوني باالنستجرام لمزيد من القصص والرحالت Travelwithmuzmuz
TRAVEL WITH ما يميز كرابي توفر الذبح اإلسالمي والمساجد الن معظم سكانها من المسلمين
by: MOUZAH ALSHAREEDAH citypageskuwait.com
أبله حصة و رحلة البحث عن معرس
TRAVEL WITH
أبلة حصة ،،،خوش بنت بس مطفوقه علي الزواج كل ما تنخطب وحده من صديقاتها وخاصة المدرسات اللي معاها بالقسم تصيبها جلطة ... بذاك اليوم مستأذنة من الدوام بالطريق رايحه لعيادة التجميل تنفخ هالبراطم وتحورف بعمرها عل وعسي تتزوج !! و اإل فجأة تدعم السيارة اللي جدامها واذا بذلك الشاب اللطيف الجنتل ينزل من السيارة يتطمن عليها أو علي سيارته اهلل أعلم.؟؟ الرجل :اختي عسي ماصار فيج شئ ؟ تري الدعمه بسيطة وان شا هلل ماكو إال العافية. حصة بقلبها تقول ليتك داعمني من زمان شهالزين هذا القدر اللي يقولون عنه بس لقيت فارس األحالم. حصة :أه يارقبتي مادري أحس بفقد الوعي. الرجل خاف :ما فيج إال العافية ال تحاتين تري الحادث بسيط خليني اكلم اهلك أطمنهم عليج. في هالوقت حصة وينها وين الحادث اهيه ماصدقت علي اهلل تصيده واالخ يبي يمشي ...كال وألف كال حصة :أحس الدنيا أدور فيني الظاهر من قوه الحادث يمكن اصير عمياء( ..بكي وصياح) الرجل خاف وانتظر إلي أن حضروا أهلها وأخذ رقمها عشان يتطمن عليها وهذا هو المطلوب ...الـتـواصــل
January, 2015
دشت حصة البيت تسوي شقلبه واتكوكس وسري يمين ويسار وتغني يابووه يابووه تراهم يابوه .. بدت تسولف عن اللي صار علي خواتها فسألوها عن السياره كان رد حصة :السيارة يا حلوها ويازينها ..شي شي اه يا قلبي بدأت االتصاالت بين حصه والحبيب الموعود (سعود) عند كل اتصال ليتطمن عليها تعرض له مهامها الوظيفية وشلون اهيه سنعه وتعرف تطبخ وتنظف وراعيه بيت وقنوعة يعني باختصار الزوجة المثالية بعد أيام واشهر قالها سعود انه بخطبها ،دشت حصة علي أمها تبلغها الخبر و اإل تشوفها ماسكه التلفون وتسكتها بلغه االشاره من بعيد أول ماصكت التلفون االم : قلولولولولولولوش حصة يا حصيص ما بغي تنخطـبـيـن . استغراب شديد من المشهد توها مصكره السماعه من سعود امداه يكلم اهله ويكلمون امها هل كيف؟؟ األم ( :عبدالكريم) ولد عمتج هدي توه راد من امريكا معاه هالشهاده اللي هذا ماكبرها ويزورونا الخميس يخطبونج. حصة :شنهو أنا حصة اتزوج (عبرالكريم) هالخبل وينه من زمان توه يتكلم ،،،ياهلل ياهلل خل يأخذ له وحده علي مستواه خالص رحت عليه . األم تـبقـقــت عيونها من الغضب :انتي القيه احد يأخذج طايحه بجبدي محد طق بابك من سنين ما بقي خطابة معرفتنا الحين يايه تتشرطين..؟؟ واذا بحصة تنفرد بالقصة :هاهاهاي ده كان زمان وجبر ،،،أنا بيخطبني سعود عرفتيه يمه. االم :وصمه ،،اليكون المقرود الللي دعمتي سيارته ،،مالت عليج وماكملت الحديث واال...
رجاء لو توقف حصة بوسط الصالة بكل شموخ: ً سمحتي أنا أحبه واهوه يحبني واتفقنا خالص. وإذا بالنعل تسابق الزمان والمكان لتستقر في ظهر حصه وتسدحها علي االرض.
بعد انتهاء حصة من خلطه الحنة اللي حاطتها علي راسها وتفكر شلون اطفش ولد عمتها اللي ماتدري من وين طلع لها ؟؟ يرن جرس البيت ومن اللقافه تفتح الباب واذا بشاب مفتول العضالت يـهـبـل ..يـهـبـل . يقولها روحي نادي بابا سرعة قولي في ولد مال أختي عبد الكريم سرعة. هذا (عبد الكريم) علي باله سيالنيه يا ربي شهالحظ أنزين أنا اشدراني انه صار جذي يهبل خابرته أثرم وخبل طلع حده وضع . ما في غير مـريــوم ..رفيجتي تنقذني من هالورطه اتصلت عليها وقالت لها السالفة كلها. استغربت مريم :الحين مو هذا سعود اللي لجيتي رأسنا فيه تحبينه و بتضحين بالعالم و ما تبين ولد عمتك ..من تبين الحين ؟؟ حصة :يا ربي ما توقعت سعود يتحطم فيني هالكثر أخاف أقوله إني بتزوج غيرك يصير فيه شي تدرين يموت فيني مريوم عفيه كلميه وقولي له. مريم :قررتي تتزوجين ولد عمتك والحب واللي صدعتي رأسنا فيه !! وكل يوم طباخ ومواعين تودينها لسعود ؟؟ حصة :شسوي الزم أخضع للقدر و يأختج عبد الكريم زووغه وشهادة ومركز وينه ..ووين سعود طايح الحظ.
Winter Desert Rose This January CityPages fashion editorial is different. Because our readers are different. We went further for presenting our vision of fashion in an incredible campaign "LeBibi Collection" shot in the marvelous and miracle Dubai's desert. This editorial is about edgy fashion that brings people of different cultures together into a collective conscience and mindset and create marvelous pieces of art. The international model Bianca Sutu collaborates with our fashion team and talented international photographer Bunuel for presenting you our Winter Desert Rose- Chercher la femme!
Model: Bianca Sutu from CBS MODELS Instagram: @bianca_sutu Agency: www.cbsmodels.com Instagram: @cbsmodelmanagement Photographer: Bunuel Green - www.bunuelphotos.com Instagram: @bunuelphotos Clothes: LeBibi Collection Facebook: LeBibi Collection Instagram: @lebibicollection
citypageskuwait.com
citypageskuwait.com
January, 2015
WINTER SKIN SURVIVAL While some love the chilly breezy winds and enjoy the cozy weekends by the fire place, others dread winters due to the stressful changes their body experiences with the fluctuation between overheated rooms and extremely cold weather. Nourishing your facial and body skin is very important during winters to keep your skin soft and supple. SKIN
cannot differentiate between changing seasons and for this reason it undergoes through stressful reactions. As it gets windy and chilly outside, our protective sebum and moisture content in our skin decreases causing dryness, redness, tautness, irritation and some parts of our body experiences cracking and flaking of the skin. Depending on the skin type, our facial skin shows different signs of stress. For this reason, selecting the right skin care products and timely being pampered by a professional
helps you get through the harsh weather conditions. A winter skin survival kit helps to counteract moisture loss, regain skin’s elasticity and protect the skin to combat the external stress.
Anisaa New LaFem Salon & Beauty Co.
Anisaa is an Aesthetic Consultant and Trainer with New Lafem Salon & Beauty Co. You can follow them on Facebook and Instagram at: @lafemsalonq8 citypageskuwait.com
Winter Skin Savers
1.Hi Perfection Eye Cream 2.Super Soft Cleanser 3.Herbal Care Lotion 4.Blemish Balm Perfect Beauty Fluid 5.Skin Elixier 6.Sensi Calm Ampoule 7.Hydra Force Mask
LIPS face a constant challenge during winter months as it is directly exposed to the changing cold
to heated environments. For this reason, do not neglect your lips as they need rich care as well. While choosing a moisturizing balm, make sure it has natural ingredients like Beeswax, Shea butter, Jojoba oil, Vitamin E oil, or Almond oil as it penetrates nourishes dry cracked lips and retains moisture. Avoid Vaseline or paraffin oil, as these ingredients only “seals” cracked lips.
EYES have extremely sensitive, delicate and thin skin, making it vulnerable to changes very easily. Dryness,
dark circles, swelling, itchiness, mild flaking of skin at the corner of the eyes; are some visible impact of the stressful winter season. Use eye products formulated with rich ingredients that will help repair, protect and soothe. Choose an oil based eye makeup remover or almond oil to remove your makeup to avoid the burning sensation caused by the regular removers or wipes. Always carry a lubricating eye drop to instantly moisturize and relieve dry, irritated eyes.
DIY BEAUTY Shield your skin with the nature’s moisturizers by preparing your own potions. Massage any of the below mixtures for at least 10 minutes using upward and circular strokes and leave it on for 20 minutes. Rinse and gently dab to dry. 1.Mix a tbsp of Coconut oil or Almond oil with ½ tspn Honey. 2.Blend Avocado with Milk or Cream to prepare a thick paste. 3.Mix Egg yolk along with tbsp Almond oil and a tspn Honey. 4.Blend Banana with a tbsp of Almond oil with ½ tspn Honey. 5.Mix a few drops of Almond or Vitamin E oil in your night cream or your hands feet cream. 6.Take Almond - Vitamin E oil / chilled Milk on cotton pads and leave it on your eyes for 5 - 10 minutes. Do not rinse. 7.Keep warm Herbal Tea bags for 15 minutes on your eyes for soothing effect.
HANDS & FEET suffer from the cold more than the other parks of the body. After being trapped in gloves, stockings and boots throughout the day our hands and feet tend to get calloused, cracked and itchy due to dryness. Even frequent exposure to water while washing causes the skin to lose its protective layer causing inflammation and irritation. Use a rich cream or body butter on the hands and heels, and cover it up with cotton gloves – socks. Exfoliate and buff your heels regularly while in the shower. When booking for your regular mani-pedi appointments add the luxury of paraffin therapy to your service.
DIET is very essential to keep us healthy inside-out. Incorporate a diet that is rich in nutrients
that will help you fight winter illness and will keep your skin glowing. Avoid junk food, frizzy drinks and smoking that tend to have a negative impact on your skin. You can also include dietary anti-oxidant supplements to your diet that are beneficial for your hair, skin, nails and body. January, 2015
PERFUME
EXTRACTION The word perfume can be split into two parts. The first part, “per” is Latin and means through. The second part, “fume” is also Latin and means smoke. It permeates throughout the air and after it is sprayed or applied, it becomes a part of the atmosphere as does smoke. The use of perfume began during religious ceremonies in the ancient times but soon was used to improve people’s overall smell. The Egyptians used the earliest known extraction method called expression. In this technique, plants are squeezed and compressed until the oils come out of them. Although the Egyptians used this as a primary extraction method, it is only used today for extracting essential oils from the rimes of citrus fruits. King Louis XIV of France bathed in perfume since bathing in water wasn’t very healthy during those times. It was thought that bad smells were the reason people got diseases like the 14th century Black Plague. When doctors treated patients with the plague, they wore masks and lots of perfume to protect ASAMA Perfumes The creative method gave ASAMA Perfumes the time and the opportunity to craft fragrances while working with the highest quality ingredients in a bottle and using Arabic and Western scents as a unique concept point for the fragrances. They welcome your comments at [email protected] Follow them on Instagram and Twitter: @ASAMAPerfumes citypageskuwait.com
themselves from the disease. The release of fragrances in perfumes is completed in three steps. The first step is usually the very first thing we think of when we smell a fragrance. This is called the top note. The top note will evaporate on the skin within 5 to 30 minutes. The scent of the top note is very fresh and light and smells the most natural. Lemon, orange, and herbs are a few top note scents. The next step is called the heart note. The heart note will form the blended perfume itself and can be smelled for three to four hours. The fragrances from the heart note are usually the more warm scents and take up to thirty minutes to settle in the skin. Some common heart notes are rose and lavender. The final step is the base note, which will form the basis for the perfume and can last up to 24 hours. The base notes last the longest and usually have an intense smell. They are also the heaviest which helps the top and heart notes last a little longer. Examples of base notes are Vanilla and Myrrh. When making perfume, the volatility can vary. Volatility is how a substance evaporates. In the case of a perfume with lavender and vanilla scents, the lavender would be a part of the top note or the heart note and the vanilla would be the base note. This would mean that lavender has a higher volatility than the vanilla since the vanilla is a heavier scent. The lavender would evaporate first and then the vanilla.
Maceration is when the fragrance is extracted through soaking the material in a solvent. Maceration process can take from a few days to a few months. The solvent is usually water or oil. It is also the most commonly used and most economically costly for extraction in the perfume industry. This process became popular in the early 1800s for getting essential oils for curing diseases and healing wounds. In the late 1880s it became less popular in the home and faded away. Enfleurage, on the other hand, is a more costly process, with two parts. In the first part, the scent of the flowers are absorbed by some type of fat or oil. The second part involves extraction with the use of alcohol. The enfleurage process usually “revives” the scent of flowers that have lost their scent by allowing them to soak in a fat that intensely absorbs the fragrance still inside. This method of extraction can be hot or cold. In cold enfleurage, a chassis, or large plate of glass is covered in a fat (usually lard) and left to set. The flowers are then placed on the fat and allowed to sit for 1-3 days which allows the scent to diffuse into the fat. The process is repeated until the desired level of fragrance is achieved. Contrarily, in the hot enfleurage process, the solid fat is heated and into the fat the flowers are stirred. Then the flowers are strained from the fat is saturated with the fragrance of the flowers.
LUXURY SKIN CARE RESVERA CELL CONCENTRATE
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MELA WHITE
A harmonized regenerative beauty fluid that ● Combats fine lines & wrinkles ● Stimulates cell renewal ● Strengthens the skin’s immune system ● Protects against free radicals ● Regulated the skin’s moisture content
For an even and brightened skin tone MELA WHITE products targets the existing pigmentation and protects the skin against the formation of any new hyperpigmentation. MELA WHITE is also a superb moisturizing and regenerating series that protects the skin from new environmental damage.
*FREE FROM PEG DERIVATIVES, PARABENS, COLORING AGENTS AND MINERAL OILS
Exclusive Distributor & Trainer - Kuwait & UAE
New LAFEM Salon & Beauty Co.
Salmiya - Hamad AlMubarak Street, Block 9, Bldg. 33, 1st Floor
Tel.: 25722507 / 8 - 66733222 - 66711140
www.lafemkuwait.com
[email protected]
lafemsalonq8
Maali Al-Oudah Designing fur for chic, trendy and modern women malimo_ Maali Al-Oudah is the first Kuwaiti female fur designer and founder of the label; Mali-Mo – a luxury fur line. Mali-Mo was born out of a love of design and all things beautiful. Designing has always been a part of Maali AlOudah. From a very young age she knew that being a fashion designer was the only career path for her. Maali sees fur as a symbol of luxury, sophistication and elegance and that’s what made her choose fur as the material of choice for her designing process. Her forward-thinking vision and fearless approach to luxe fashion has created its mass cult following. We were lucky enough to interview the very talented Maali Al-Oudah. Read on to find out all about this elegant and stylish designer and her fabulous brand...
citypageskuwait.com
Photographer: Hamad Al-Qaoud - @hamadalqaoud Directed by: Jameel Arif - @jameelarif Makeup and Hair by: Layla Harmony - @laylaharmony Location: THE One - Marina Mall
January, 2015
Please introduce yourself to our readers: I'm a very simple woman and complicated at the same time. I appreciate life, love, music, and food. I'm a banker, a business woman & a mother of an amazing son. Tell us about your education: I earned a Bachelor’s degree in Accounting from California State University Long Beach. I also hold a diploma from Kuwait Business College and CBBM from IBS Kuwait. What first made you interested in fur? The luxurious look & the softness. It has been my passion since childhood as my father used to go to Moscow and fur coat was my favorite gift item from him. Please takes us on a journey into designing your first fur? I consider myself a very lucky person. My friends are manufacturing furs for more than 5 generation and they helped me with many training courses to know more about fur. My first experience was with Chinchilla Fur. It's very soft & difficult to design. Being creative is a big challenge in fur designing. When did you decide to take it to the next level and come up with your own brand? Since the beginning I wanted to have my signature and touches on each and every piece. All of my collection made with a story and love. Where do you get your inspiration from? I source inspiration from anywhere and everywhere! Every place and culture is an inspiration to me. Who are your key style influences? In the fur world I prefer more courageous designers like Roberto Cavalli and Fendi but I get influenced by everyone. Besides your own fur, which other fur designers do you like the most? Yves Saint Laurent. How and from where did you get your professional experience in designing fur? I have completed few training courses and will further enhance my knowledge and skills in fur designing by signing up for more courses in a small school in Hungary.
citypageskuwait.com
Where do you source your material from and where is the production done? I buy Mu Fur from an auction taking place every year in Helsinki where all the furs come from different countries around the globe. Currently, I am manufacturing it at many different places in Europe depending upon the kind of fur, such as Italy, Madrid, Hungary, and Macedonia. We've been swooning over some of your current styles, do you have a favorite? I prefer Mink & Sable in a practical trendy design. How do you feel as the first Kuwaiti fur designer? Being the first Saudi/Kuwaiti designer in our region makes me feel very special & proud. I am now even more motivated than ever to expand my brand internationally. Did you face any difficulty introducing fur in Kuwait as the winter season in Kuwait is not very long? Actually the response was very good and the people were very encouraging. Where can someone buy your fur from? My winter 2014/15 collection is displayed exclusively at Harvey Nichols Kuwait. What are your future plans? I want Mali-Mo to be in every country in the world and in every woman's closet. Tell us something we don't know about Fur! When you love fur, fur loves you back. Your message for our readers: Wearing fur is not a scary idea, owning a fur is a lifetime investment. GCC's women can wear fur not only for weddings but also as casual and still look elegant. I always advise my customers that if you like it buy it because you will never know when you can get it again. Every piece is different. Your message for us at CityPages magazine: As a reader, a unique magazine like CityPages makes me feel unique! I wish you all the best and continue with the excellent quality.
Photographer: Hamad Al-Qaoud - @hamadalqaoud Directed by: Jameel Arif - @jameelarif Makeup and Hair by: Layla Harmony - @laylaharmony Location: THE One - Marina Mall
January, 2015
GETTING PERSONAL Where were you born? Kuwait
PROFESSION(s):
Banker, business woman, and fur designer.
Birthday: 4th of July.
How would you describe your personal style?
Very simple, classic, practical most of the time, and trendy sometimes.
What are your favorite shoes? Jimmy Choo & Ecco.
What Fashion Tip do you live by? Whatever makes you comfortable, wear it.
Favorite city, and why?
Paris & Hong Kong. Charming, beauty, and the best night walk.
Favorite place to shop? Italy
Favorite vacation spot? Any island.
Favorite Food?
I love & appreciate food. All kind of food has different stories.
Favorite Movie? Sweet November.
I don't have the time to read now.
Favorite Designers?
All of them can find something I like and something I don't.
Style Icon?
I love Sarah Jessica Parker.
First thing you do in the Morning? Do my deep breathing then shower then my coffee.
Last thing you do before bed? Deep breathing & do some meditation.
What are you obsessed with at the moment?
My health & how to maintain my good energy with healthy food and lifestyle.
Photographer: Hamad Al-Qaoud - @hamadalqaoud Directed by: Jameel Arif - @jameelarif Makeup and Hair by: Layla Harmony - @laylaharmony Location: THE One - Marina Mall citypageskuwait.com
January, 2015
Star of the Month QUICK FACTS NAME: Arianna Grande OCCUPATION: Singer actress songwriter
with MJB
BIRTH DATE: June 26, 1993 (age 21) PLACE OF BIRTH: Boca Raton, Florida, U.S. FULL NAME: Ariana Grande-Butera ZODIAC SIGN: Cancer
Here are some albums that you can pre-order on iTunes: Album title: Title. Artist: Meghan Trainor Expected: Jan 13, 2015 Album title: Rebel Heart Artist: Madonna Expected: Mar 10, 2015
Arianna Grande was born on June 26, 1993 in Boca Raton, to a graphic designer father and CEO mother. At a young age, Grande made her way onto the local theatre scene. When she was 15- year-old she landed the role of Charlotte in the Broadway production of 13, a play focusing on life growing up in NYC. Two years later, she appeared in the musical Cuba Libre and had a small role on a TV show called The Battery’s Down. But that was all it took for Grande to land a role on the Nickelodeon series Victorious. In 2011, Grande released her first single “ Put Your Hearts Up,” a pop song aimed at the hearts of her young Victorious audience. After the show Victorious, Grande played acted in the series “Sam and Cat”, however, this show came to an abrupt end after 35 episodes. Meanwhile, Grande’s 2013 single “ The Way” citypageskuwait.com
made it into the top 10 in the U.S. showing that music is the right path for her. “The Way” was the first single from Grande’s album, “Yours Truly” a record that also featured the hits “ Baby I” and “Right There.” The 2014 release “My Everything” sold 169000 copies in the first week of its release, debuting at No. 1. The album was preceded by the single “Problem,” featuring the rapper Iggy Azalea which debuted at No.3 on Billboard’s Hot 100, selling more than 400,000 copies upon its release. “Break Free” and “Love Me Harder” followed, each climbing toward the top of the charts. During the summer of 2014. Grande teamed up with Jesse J and Nicki Minaj on the single “Bang Bang.” A track that debuted at No.6 and peaked at No.3 in the U.S.
Album title: Reflection Artist: Fifth Harmony Expected: Jan 27, 2015
Some interesting facts! 1)Your heartbeats changes with the music you listen to. 2)74% of 16-24 year olds say music is important or very important in their lives. 3)62% of all digital music is bought from iTunes.
DJ Raven
TOP MUSIC CHARTS Blank Space
Take Me To Church
January, 2015
JANUARY Movie Releases PADDINGTON
Director: Paul King Starring: Hugh Bonneville, Nicole Kidman, Sally Hawkins, Jim Broadbent, Julie Walters, Peter Capaldi Genres: Comedy, Family, Adventure, Kids
JUPITER ASCENDING
Director: Director: Andy Guillermo Wachowski del Toro & Lana Wachowski Starring: Channing Tatum, Mila Kunis, Eddie Redmayne, Sean Bean,. Genres: Action, Sci-Fi Synopsis: Jupiter Jones (Mila Kunis) was
BLACKHAT
SON OF A GUN
Director: Michael Mann Starring: Viola Davis, Chris Hemsworth, Wei Tang, Leehom Wang,
born under a night sky, with signs predicting that she was destined for great things. Now grown, Jupiter dreams of the stars but wakes up to the cold reality of a job cleaning toilets and an endless run of bad breaks. Only when Caine (Channing Tatum), a genetically engineered ex-military hunter, arrives on Earth to track her down does Jupiter begin to glimpse the fate that has been waiting for her all along - her genetic signature marks her as next in line for an extraordinary inheritance that could alter the balance of the cosmos.
MORTDECAI
Director:Jeremy James Wan Director: Garelick
Director: David Koepp
Starring: Tom Kenny, Clancy Brown,
Starring: Kevin Hart, Josh Gad, Kaley Cuoco, Ken Howard, Affion Crockett, Jorge Garcia
Starring: Johnny Depp, Gwyneth Paltrow, Ewan McGregor, Paul Bettany, Michael Byrne, Guy Burnet
Genres: Family, Comedy, Animation
Synopsis: The second feature film featuring
Synopsis: Doug Harris (Josh Gad) is a
Synopsis: Juggling some angry Russians,
PROJECT ALMANAC
BLACK OR WHITE
Bill Fagerbakke, Carolyn Lawrence
SpongeBob SquarePants and his friends in the underwater city of Bikini Bottom. The series' main cast members, Tom Kenny, Bill Fagerbakke, Rodger Bumpass, Clancy Brown, and Carolyn Lawrence, are set to reprise their roles
Director: Julius Avery
Starring: Ewan McGregor, Brenton Thwaites. Alicia Vikander, Jacek Koman
Starring: Jonny Weston, Sofia Black-D’Elia, Allen Evangelista, Ginny Gardner, Sam Lerner
Christian Borle, Manny Montana
Director: Paul Tibbitt & Mike Mitchell
Kick Gurry, David Ajala
Synopsis: Paddington tells the story of the
comic misadventures of a young Peruvian bear (voiced by Firth) who travels to the city in search of a home. Finding himself lost and alone, he begins to realize that city life is not all he had imagined - until he meets the kindly Brown family who read the label around his neck that says "Please look after this bear. Thank you," and offer him a temporary haven. It looks as though his luck has changed until this rarest of bears catches the eye of a museum taxidermist.
SPONGEBOB
SPONGE OUT OF WATER
loveable but socially awkward groom-to-be with a problem: he has no best man. With less than two weeks to go until he marries the girl of his dreams (Kaley Cuoco-Sweeting), Doug is referred to Jimmy Callahan (Kevin Hart), owner and CEO of Best Man, Inc., a company that provides flattering best men for socially challenged guys in need. What ensues is a hilarious wedding charade as they try to pull off the big con, and an unexpected budding bromance between Doug and his fake best man Jimmy.
Director: Erik Van Looy Starring: Isabel Lucas, Patrick Wilson, James Marden, Wentworth Miller, Eric Stonestreet, Rachael Taylor
the British Mi5, his impossibly leggy wife and an international terrorist, debonair art dealer and part time rogue Charlie Mortdecai (Johnny Depp) must traverse the globe armed only with his good looks and special charm in a race to recover a stolen painting rumored to contain the code to a lost bank account filled with Nazi gold.
Director: Mike Binder Starring: Kevin Costner, Octavia Spencer, Gillian Jacobs, Jennifer Ehle, Anthony Mackie, Bill Burr
Genres: Crime, Thriller
Genres: Suspense, Thriller, Remake
Genres: Drama
Synopsis: Set within the world of global cybercrime, blackhat follows a furloughed convict and his American and Chinese partners as they hunt a high-level cybercrime network from Chicago to Los Angeles to Hong Kong to Jakarta.
Synopsis: In the criminal world, life is like
Synopsis: A brilliant high school student and
Synopsis: Karl Urban and James Marsden
Synopsis: Focuses on attorney Elliot
citypageskuwait.com
a game of chess. To gain control, you have to stay a few moves ahead of your opponent. Lose that control, and you risk becoming a pawn in their very dangerous game. During a six-month stint inside a West Australian prison, rookie criminal JR (Brenton Thwaites) meets the smart and enigmatic Brendan Lynch (Ewan McGregor). In exchange for protection on the inside, JR agrees to help Brendan get outside, hooking up with the influential Sam Lennox (Jacek Koman) to orchestrate a daring prison escape that frees Brendan, and inmates Sterlo (Matt Nable) and Merv (Eddie Baroo).
his friends uncover blueprints for a mysterious device with limitless potential, inadvertently putting lives in danger.
star in the tense psychological thriller The Loft, the story of five married guys who conspire to secretly share a penthouse loft in the city-a place where they can carry out hidden affairs and indulge in their deepest fantasies. But the fantasy becomes a nightmare when they discover the dead body of an unknown woman in the loft, and they realize one of the group must be involved. Paranoia seizes them as everyone begins to suspect one another. Friendships are tested, loyalties are questioned and marriages crumble as the group is consumed by fear, suspicion and murder in this relentless thriller.
Anderson (Costner) who is widowed after the car crash death of his wife. Elliot has raised his bi-racial granddaughter Eloise since his daughter died in childbirth. As he struggles with his grief, Elliot’s world is turned upsidedown when the child’s African American grandmother Rowena (Spencer) demands that Eloise be brought under the care of her father Reggie, a drug addict who Elliot blames for the negligence that led to the death of his own daughter. Elliot finds himself deeply entrenched in a custody battle and will stop at nothing to keep his granddaughter from coming under the watch of his reckless sonin-law. BLACK AND WHITE is a searing portrayal of a broken man caught up in a struggle clouded by bitterness, blame and racial tension who learns to forgive and how to provide for the only family he has left.
Travel Made Easy THE SEVENTH SON
THE BOY NEXT DOOR
Starring: Jeff Bridges, Julianne Moore, Alicia Vikander, Ben Barnes, Antje Traue, Olivia Williams
Starring: Jennifer Lopez, Kristin Chenoweth, John Corbett, Ryan Guzman, Bailey Chase, Ian Nelson
Genres: Adventure, Fantasy, Action
Genres: Suspense, Romance, Psychological, Thriller
Synopsis: The sole remaining warrior of
a mystical order travels to find a prophesized hero born with incredible powers, the last Seventh Son. In a time long past, an evil is about to be unleashed that will reignite the war between the forces of the supernatural and humankind once more. Master Gregory (Jeff Bridges) is a knight who had imprisoned the malevolently powerful witch, Mother Malkin (Julianne Moore), centuries ago. But now she has escaped and is seeking vengeance. Summoning her followers of every incarnation, Mother Malkin is preparing to unleash her terrible wrath on an unsuspecting world. Only one thing stands in her way: Master Gregory.
KINGSMAN
Director: Matthew Vaughn Starring: Colin Firth, Taron Egerton, Michael Caine, Sofia Boutella, Mark Hamill
Synopsis: A psychological thriller that
explores a forbidden attraction that goes much too far. A single mom becomes attracted to the teenage boy who moves in next door and befriends her son. She starts and ends the romance, but he doesn’t let go so easily.
FIFTY SHADES OF GREY
Director: Sam Taylor-Johnson Starring: Dakota Johnson, Jennifer Ehle, Jamie Dornan, Luke Grimes, Eloise Mumford, Victor Rasuk
Genres: Action, Adaptation, Comic
Genres: Drama, Adaptation
Synopsis: Kingsman: The Secret Service tells the story of a super-secret spy organization that recruits an unrefined but promising street kid into the agency’s ultracompetitive training program just as a global threat emerges from a twisted tech genius.
Synopsis: Follows Anastasia "Ana" Steele,
a 21 year old college senior who attends Washington State University Vancouver in Washington. In place of her friend Kate, Ana interviews 27-year-old Christian Grey, a successful and wealthy young entrepreneur. From this meeting on, Christian engages with Ana in a new type of relationship - BDSM.
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MOVIES
AND THEIR IMPACT ON SOCIETY Movies have become such an inseparable part of our lives, that it is tough to imagine a world without this form of entertainment. Of course, with the advent of newer technology, the number of theater goers has reduced drastically, but the number of movie viewers has sky rocketed. The movie industry is booming and shows no signs of relenting. The reason why movies are so ardently revered is because; they open a window of innumerable possibilities for its viewers. It lets you escape into a world which is far from the daily realities of life.
The Positive Impact of Movies on Society
Gives a Reality Check Certain movies play positive roles as well, and not all movies are bad. It however depends completely on the subject matter of the movie. Some movies try to create awareness about the socioeconomic and political state of affairs of nations. It spreads awareness about the evils of drug abuse, alcoholism, HIV, and the evils of having many sexual partners. Movies create awareness about the importance of education, medicine, art and politics. It also brings us to understand more about the depravity of the homeless, and the plight of underdeveloped countries, and countries stigmatized by years of war. All these movie genres help awaken our sense of responsibly and empathy towards such situations. These socially enlightening movies help us realize the message which was being conveyed. It influences our thought process in a positive way and helps us try to do our bit in order to be of some help to humanity. While the number of people who actually do something is doubtful, there have been cases Abdulaziz AlKhamis
Abdulaziz is a Kuwaiti Film Maker, Visual Artist and a Script Writer. He graduated from the UK, with a passion to mix art and visuals. citypageskuwait.com
where people have taken up animal protection and human right activities after being moved by a movie they watched.
Induces Creativity Movies help boost our imagination. We think about the things we saw and then we take our imagination a little further and visualize. This is one of the reasons why the animation industry is gaining more and more enthusiastic entrants, who wish to learn the tricks of the trade. Even young aspiring actors and movie makers are desirous of joining the movie industry, simply because they too will get to explore new horizons of their creativity and produce something new and awe-inspiring. Generates Employment The movie industry has played a massive role in generating employment for people, the world over. Since there are so many people involved in making and producing a movie, it naturally has a wide scope for new job openings. More the people, the better. However, it requires specialized training and knowledge, in order to work for a movie. Movies and Their Impact on Society We are all movie buffs, and there is no denying the fact. Nonetheless, have you ever stopped to wonder about the impact that movies have on our lives and the people around us? When you really think about it, there is a lot more to movies and media, than what meets the eye... Provides Social Entertainment Movies act as an escape hatch for people who wish to forget about all their worries, frustrations and tensions, even if its effects last for a few hours. It entertains them and makes them focus of things which have nothing to do with their own personal lives.
The Negative Impact of Movies on Society
Spreads Propaganda Movies are successfully able to influence its viewers to a very large extent, which is exactly
what the advertising industry capitalizes on. They use a few seconds of movie footage in order to market their products to the whole world. For instance, a new car model, or new designer clothes and accessories, are showcased to the world by the actors enacting their roles. This makes us aware of the new product, makes us curious and interested. This results in us finding out about the new product through the internet and through discussions with friends. This way, the chain of advertising and communication of the information continues in a flow smooth, without making the advertising companies spend a dime.
Affects Lifestyle Everything we watch and listen to, affects and influences us at some level or the other. If not consciously, it leaves its traces in our psyche. Since we consider actors as superiors and almost have god-like devotion for them, whatever they do affects us as well. We try to emulate them and behave like them. We emulate their newest fashion trends, the way they speak, and the lifestyles they lead, both on and off-screen. We are interested in finding out which celeb is dating who, and what all they are up to in their personal and private lives. This is exactly why smoking in movies has been banned, because people watch their favorite actors smoking on-screen and it makes the people of society feel that they too must try it. At some point, we all think that it is the new cool thing to do, and we do it because it makes us feel special. Media affects our culture in many ways. For instance, movies have significantly affected our moral beliefs as well, by seriously jeopardizing the very foundation of marriage. Movies make it seem like it's normal to indulge in extramarital affairs, and polygamous relationships, which in reality might turn out to be an extremely unsafe and detrimental practice for everyone involved. Movies have their own plus and negative points, just like everything else in the world. Nonetheless, movies and their impact on society runs very deep and has become an integral part of our very existence. It affects us in more ways than we can imagine.
January, 2015
Latifa Al-Qallaf An Industrial Engineering student and a passionate writer, Latifa Al-Qallaf has published a book, Tanadeena Almasha’er, in November 2014. Latifa’s interest in literature peaked at a young age, with a strong desire to write she wasted no time in cultivating her writing skills by reading as much as she could. Tanadeena Almasha’er is a romance/drama novel. The story is a journey embedded with deep romance disclosing the secrets of every couple. It allows you to get an inside view of what it really means to be someone's loved one, wife, sister, mother, father, or any blood-loved relative. Here, Latifa Al-Qallaf shares her thoughts about her writing process, inspiration behind writing such a romantic story and her future projects.
Please introduce readers:
to
our
Do you know the kid in the corner of the room with huge glasses and head in a book? Well that’s me, Latifa. I am an 18 year old Industrial Engineer, who’s in love with something called books. Tell us about your education: I graduated from GES in 2012 and now I am a third year Industrial Engineering student. I always had a passion for writing, but I nurtured my talent on my own with reading as much as possible. At what age you started writing? I have been writing since I was 10 or 11. I always got these hunches where I need to form words to go with my feelings, and slowly with time I got much better. What is different in your book as compared to other local writings? The romance in it and how every girl will get to live in every detail of my book as if it’s her own. Every girl has her mind raided with questions such as, what it means to be married? How am I going to be someone’s wife? What if I don’t love him? What if he hates things about me citypageskuwait.com
how do I deal with that? How can I know him without going into a relationship? If I wanted the guy to marry me instead of only being his girlfriend, how do I do that? I want to show the Kuwaiti society, the ways of the English but I wanted to approach them in their language. I wanted to show what it means to be friends with a guy, and how it would be okay. How to get to know the guy you could be getting married to without violating your traditions. How difficult was it to select the title of the book? That was the hardest part; I actually got help from my friends without them I couldn’t have chosen the name. Why did you decide to write it in Arabic? There are many reasons, I thought of who my audience is and what would be the best for them. There was a certain message I wanted to deliver to them, and I saw that the Arabic language will show them my message in the best ways, easily. What was the inspiration behind writing such a romantic story? Every girl is in love with love, and wonders
what it is, and what it is like. I wanted to show them that. I wanted to live this love story in all its ways. The romance in this story is already in me, I didn’t need to be inspired to write love, I just needed to feel it. Are you working on any other books currently? Yes, actually I’m working on a series. It’s another love story but has no connection with my present story. I might actually publish it in two languages, Arabic and English. Please highlight the concept of ‘True Friendship’ in the light of your book? There is always that one friend, who’s always there, and never ceases not to be there. They are family and more. Each of my main characters had that. Most of the friends mentioned in book are actually present in my life, and without them I couldn’t have finished this book. Who is your literary inspiration? Jude Deveraux, Judith McNaught, Stephanie Lauren, Shakespeare, Lord Byron. Who is your local inspiration in fiction? There are many writers such as Yousif
Ramadhan, Ahmad Alawadhi, Heba Mandani. Where is readers?
this
available
for
Follow me on Instagram to get a free delivery of the book:@AAQ96 Or WhatsApp my publishing company Platinum Book: 555835510 What is your message for the people who want to write? If you’re having a writer’s block, don’t try to write and force yourself. Give it time. The book will write itself. The words are in you they are looking to come out in the right time and way. Your message for the CityPages magazine:
readers
of
My greatest gift is having people read my book and enjoy it, as well as understanding why I wrote it. I love you all! Please follow me and tell me what you think on Instagram or Twitter: @AAQ96
January, 2015
WHAT MAKES YOU HAPPY? We were sitting at home when my husband asked me these two questions, “What makes you happy, Sara?” I paused and looked at him, my husband was always full of questions that would make you think, he was a very wise man but for some reason I was struggling to answer his question. “You don’t have to answer the question right now, think about it over the next few days,” he said as he watched my face as I struggled to find an answer. Obviously my husband made me happy, he knew that too. But, I couldn’t think of anything else that made me happy. The more I thought about it, the more frustrated I got. Was I happy? “Are things okay between us?” I asked. I was starting to get worried. “Yousef, is there something you’re not telling me?” I said. He just laughed gently and kissed my forehead as he left the room. That night I tossed and turned, my mind was Nadia AlHassan
Nadia Al-Hassan is a student in Ireland, studying Journalism. She is passionate about writing stories and poetry. Nadia loves helping people with her stories. She believes that words are beautiful and powerful. citypageskuwait.com
spinning and I just couldn’t go to sleep. I was worried about the question he asked, I found it odd that he asked that particular question. Even though he was always asking questions to make me think but this question, well… it was different. But what also bothered me was that I couldn’t find an answer to his question and I didn’t know why I found it so hard to give an answer. The next day, I visited a dear friend in hospital. We spoke for a couple of hours, laughed and cried. “Sara,” she said. I looked at her and nodded my head. “You’re so unbelievably lucky, you are healthy and well. I used to always think that money would make you happy, because if you had lots of money then you could spend it on beautiful clothes and handbags and travel the world and never have to worry about being broke. But, since I got sick last year, it’s made me realise that money isn’t everything. It’s only there to help you through life, but that’s it. And, it’s made me realise that small problems can always be fixed so there’s never any point worrying and getting stressed out, there’s always a solution for everything,” she whispered. Tears filled my eyes and I took my friends hand to comfort her. “As long as you have good health, then you have everything. As long as you have close friends and family, you have everything. I know I’ve been sick for a while and it’s been a long battle but I still have hope and I’m still
happy. The reason I have hope and I am happy is because my family have been there for me every step of the way and so have my friends, and I am so lucky to have you all there for me,” she said. I couldn’t stop crying, she’s been so sick for a long time and yet she’s so positive and hopeful. She’s happy. It made me realise that you can’t buy happiness. You can’t buy love. And, you can’t buy your health. I gave her a tight hug and told her how happy I was to have such an amazing friend like her in my life. I went home that day and told my husband about my visit to the hospital. “I am alive and well, I have my health. And I should appreciate that I am healthy because people are fighting for their lives,” I told him. He smiled at me and waited for me to continue, I could see now that he was trying to teach me a life lesson. My voice was shaky but I wasn’t finished. “Happiness is so easy to find once we stop worrying about the small things in life and focus on our blessings. And I feel so blessed Yousef. I forget how blessed I am sometimes. What also makes me happy is that I have a loving family, caring friends and such a supportive husband and I am healthy. Happiness is there once we open our eyes, some people search for happiness for years, but it’s not something that can be found, it’s always been there, waiting for us to see it. It’s the little things in life.”
January, 2015
On the altar of the temple, out in the altitude of clouds,
so white, as the snow embedding Zagros at mid-winter.
here, and no communication as well, save for the screeching voice of mighty tradition.
On the scales of the mighty Zagros, petals are laid,
The fathers have passed, and only their patrimony remains on smooth inclines; on pink hilltops; on valleys so wide and the vortex therewith; on dunes undisturbed and beaches yet to be turfed; and on passes extending not so long, to local peaks unweathered.
Now, the worth that in which was bestowed upon, (but to whom?), is greater than that of gold, and the value less than that of an ill pig to an iller pig in trade.
Unto what would be the cradle of kings, hospitable to the
Roses are not laid forcibly, yet they do not pretend to accept it as to retain their pride. These aromatic roses stimulate the olfactory desires within the people of Zagros, and tantalize them of flesh so pure and so smooth; Adnan Najeeb Al-Abbar
Adnan is a student in Kuwait University. His hobbies include playing videogames, reading, and writing. Adnan can be contacted by email: [email protected] citypageskuwait.com
Slaves here and there, gathering The reddest of petals, suffering The coldest of weather, preparing A slave to the gods of men, to be. Thoughts run amok in a head, behind a face so pleasing a-sight, and silence is its greatest potential. Once chosen, not even fate interferes. Now, as being prepared, the spirits of quiet haunt the place. No connections are visible
Bring forth the bride. Let fortune bequeath that which we made deserve. And let no mute tell her otherwise, but that the only voice she can produce is approval, out of love and appreciation, for she now pleases more than just the king. The gods are smiling above, can’t you see? And now, never shall we listen to her beautiful sing-song singing in the cold showers echoing through the Zagros, but to, hitherto unheard, songs of her most beautiful daughters. Let there be beauty in quietude, in respect of our king, and the music of skin and bones shall continue for all eternity.
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5 Things to Keep in Mind when Writing in English in the Arab World 5 - On Audience, or Who, How, and Why To Write For Certain Readers Last month, I discussed the prevailing notions associated with writing voice. I warned, in particular, against two prominent trends in the literary world: “The first depoliticizes the work in order to enter into the lucrative mass market; the second aestheticizes its politics in order to be presented to a small elite audience.” In The Event of Literature, Terry Eagleton sheds light upon the historical moment that gave birth to today’s preference for apolitical literature. “One of the most vital functions of the work of art since Romanticism,” he writes, “has been to exemplify that which is gloriously, almost uniquely free of a function, and thus by virtue of what it shows rather than what it says, acts as an implicit rebuke to civilization in thrall to utility, exchange-value and calculative reason.” But the function of art to not have a function and to present itself as abstract, introspective, timeless, part and parcel of eternal values shared across borders, races, genders, classes, and other particularities, is itself bound in space and time. It is further constrained by other conditions such as political and social ideologies that the post-Romantic work of art aspires to quell. Today, spatio-temporal conditions in Kuwait—the rise of ideological systems looking backwards for answers to contemporary problems, globalization’s failure to achieve its promises (fraternity, equality, peace, prosperity, etc.), and the frightening turn technology and digital culture have taken towards spying and manipulating our desires, personas, and online experiences—compels writers, if they were serious about their craft, to reinterpret their social roles and the function of the work of art. Who one writes for, how and why one writes, are critical subjects to examine before embarking on the Anglowaiti text. I mentioned earlier that Anglowaiti writers should not publish “propaganda to serve the status quo” or to produce “commercial goods to grow a writing brand.” I likewise encourage Anglowaiti writers not to focus their efforts on the ivory tower of international literature even though such efforts yield satisfaction Nada Faris Nada Faris is a Kuwaiti who writes poetry, articles, and fiction in English. Her latest book, Before Young Adult Fiction, is a collection of short, award-winning articles, poems, and short stories that shaped her writing voice. Reach her at: www.nadafaris.com or @nadafaris
Photo by Greg Bal citypageskuwait.com
and emotional fulfillment from peers and critics. While composed of the crème de la crème of literary experts, the ivory tower of international literature has ossified into exclusionary ghettos. And whereas those who are lucky enough to read and comprehend literature published in the ivory ghetto will experience elevation of consciousness, the ghetto itself entrenches the separation of the artist from his or her society. Thus, the artist of the international elite will reach a public already conditioned to accept his or her work, and this repetitive cycle maintains the status quo. In her essay “Can Poetry Matter?” Dana Gioia writes, “Today most readings are celebrations less of poetry than of the author’s ego. No wonder the audience for such events usually consists entirely of poets, would-be poets and friends of the author.”
the Slovinian philosopher, and becoming “productively eclectic.”
So how can we, as Anglowaiti writers (poets, essayists, novelists, even artists, musicians, dramatists, and so on), reclaim something that was lost in Romanticism in terms of function, and in modernism in terms of narrative or story telling or even mimesis (art as reflection of reality)? How can we write with a function or a goal in mind without reducing the work to utilitarian values, without moralizing, without succumbing to didacticism? How can we create literature that addresses palpable needs today but remains relevant even after our historical epoch has passed? How can we write for a specific audience in mind, about particular grievances, without falling into essentialist or exclusionary representations? And how, after writing for a particular readership, can the work transcend the target and render itself pertinent to other readers across race, nation, class, and gender? And finally, how can we create subversive texts that challenge and question the status quo without suffering political, social, or professional ostracism or censorship, whether in terms of the text itself or via more draconian policies? It is these precise questions that Anglowaiti writers should tackle before sitting down to create their own works of art. After all, the aim is to “create art to elevate social consciousness, to dislodge dogma, and to change the status quo, even if we end up making a living out of our calling.”
6.Form is a fundamental component of any narrative, so structure your stories consciously, bearing in mind that form carries with it as much meaning and significance as content or language.
2.Write for many age groups and communities, but make sure you try to mix them or connect them together; start conversations and dialogues among them that would not have been possible had you subscribed to the divisive standards of the literary market. 3.Write for specific people, a local audience, but understand that the aim is to transcend essentialist or isolationist tendencies, and that no concrete situation appears in a vacuum. 4.Make sure you respect differences, contradictions, and multiplicities located even within specificity. 5.Layer your work.
7.Always deal with dominant culture from the outside. 8.Seek not to fit in and to ascend the ladder of literary evaluative systems, but to shake up the current paradigms themselves and to bridge disparate audiences and communities together. 9.Never compare yourself to any of your peers. Each has his or her own versatile strategy composed of long-term and short-term goals, and you will most likely fail if you judge your peer’s value or talent by utilizing market standards, whether literary or mainstream. 10.Never stop learning and metamorphosing. The best way to avoid reification by a rapidly mutable market is to continue to change yourself.
I suggest below a list of endeavors to help Anglowaiti writers meander aesthetic and political realms, in order to create dynamic literature with a particular function.
This article concludes the five-part series concerning the elements to keep in mind when writing in English in the Arab world. The previous articles, “How to Generate Relevant Writing Ideas,” “How to Use the English Language,” “How to ‘Discover’ Your Writing Voice,” and “How and Why to Write in Genres,” are archived on my blog: www. nadafaris.com/blog.
1.To defy reification into a “brand,” I suggest a prodigious output in various categories, following in the footsteps of Slavoj Žižek,
Happy writing!
January, 2015
JANUARY Book Releases Living Well, Spending Less Ruth Soukup
Living Well, Spending Less is Ruth Soukup s first book, following her wildly successful blog of the same name. She gives her readers even more of what they love about the blog: lots of creative, helpful ideas and advice for moms on a budget along with stories from her own journey to discovering what the Good Life is really all about."
There Will Be Lies Nick Lake
Award-winning author Nick Lake proves his skills as a master storyteller in this heart-pounding new novel. This emotionally charged thrill ride leads to a shocking ending that will have readers flipping back to the beginning.
The Blood of the Fifth Knight
Ella Woodward
From sumptuous desserts, to food on the go, delicious dips, raw treats and rainbow bowls of awesome veggies, Ella's philosophy is all about embracing the natural foods that your body loves and creating fresh, simple dishes which are easy to make and taste amazing. Featuring more than 100 new sugar-free, gluten-free and dairy-free recipes to excite your taste buds, this collection will inspire you to eat for better health, glowing skin and boundless energy. A reformed sugar monster herself, Ella knows just how daunting the idea of changing your diet can be. Her must-read blog, DELICIOUSLY ELLA, which gets two million visitors a month from all over the world, was inspired by her own health adventure and everything she has learned by healing herself simply through diet. It's truly amazing to see what you can do with these simple ingredients and how you can so easily create a deliciously healthy version of your favourite dishes.
Playlist for the Dead Michelle Falkoff
Part mystery, part love story, and part coming-of-age tale in the vein of Stephen Chbosky’s The Perks of Being a Wallflower and Tim Tharp’sThe Spectacular Now, Playlist for the Dead is an honest and gut-wrenching first novel about loss, rage, what it feels like to outgrow a friendship that's always defined you—and the struggle to redefine yourself. But above all, it's about finding hope when hope seems like the hardest thing to find.
I Was Here
E.M. Powell
Gayle Forman
When mercenary Sir Benedict Palmer agrees to help King Henry II’s knights seize the traitor Archbishop Thomas Becket, what begins as a clandestine arrest ends in cold-blooded murder. And when Fitzurse, the knights’ ringleader, kidnaps Theodosia, a beautiful young nun who witnessed the crime, Palmer can sit silently by no longer. He and Theodosia rely only on each other as they race to uncover the motive behind Becket’s murder— and the truth that could destroy a kingdom.
I Was Here is Gayle Forman at her finest, a taut, emotional, and ultimately redemptive story about redefining the meaning of family and finding a way to move forward even in the face of unspeakable loss. When her best friend Meg drinks a bottle of industrial-strength cleaner alone in a motel room, Cody is understandably shocked and devastated. She and Meg shared everything—so how was there no warning? But when Cody travels to Meg’s college town to pack up the belongings left behind, she discovers that there’s a lot that Meg never told her. About her old roommates, the sort of people Cody never would have met in her deadend small town in Washington. About Ben McAllister, the boy with a guitar and a sneer, who broke Meg’s heart. And about an encrypted computer file that Cody can’t open—until she does, and suddenly everything Cody thought she knew about her best friend’s death gets thrown into question.
Betting on Fate Katee Robert
Penelope Carson loves to steal clients from Will Reaver. Yet something in her business nemesis's icy blue eyes makes Penelope...nervous. It certainly doesn't help that the man is the living embodiment of a Norse god. A controlled, powerful Norse god. Which she really should have remembered before she made a bet with him—because losing means becoming Will's personal submissive for a week. There's nothing Will would like more than to have Penelope kneeling before him in complicit submission, her fiery dark eyes inviting him in. Challenging him. But their bet takes Will and Penelope deeper than either of them have ever been. Where control is an illusion, and boundaries are pushed aside. And where hearts become the stakes in a game that neither Dominant nor submissive can win
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Awesome Ingredients, Incredible Food That You and Your Body Will Love
The 3 Things That Will Change Your Destiny Today! Paul McKenna
Paul McKenna Ph.D. has helped people from all walks of life and helped them to change their lives for the better. He has investigated nearly every method of therapy, coaching and personal change available, and as a result has recently created an amazing new system that could help you breakthrough in the areas of your life you truly want to!
BOOK CLUB
14,000 THINGS
TO BE HAPPY ABOUT
I would like to wish you all a happy new year and may this 2015 be even more wonderful than 2014. And what a more appropriate note to begin this New Year than a positive note. 14, 000 Things to Be Happy about AKA the Happy Book (1990) written by Barbara Ann Kipfer. Just like its title is an very positive that counts the big and the little things that we forget to be happy about in our life. Barbara Ann Kipfer is an American lexicographer who has authored or compiled more than fifty books, including The Order of Things (1997), How It Happens (2005) and Instant Karma (2003). In 1990 the Happy Book earned a rank of 11th, tied with What to Nada Soliman
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Meet Nada, our team member is simply a book savvy. Every month Nada picks her favourite book and shares with you its review. Please feel free to contact Nada to discuss your opinion or ask her opinion on your favourite book or author.
Expect When You're Expecting, The Pre History of the Far Side, and The Language of Letting Go on the paperback bestseller list. A revised version with 1,500 new entries was published in 2007. The 25th anniversary edition revised and with 4,000 new entries was published in 2014. The 14, 000 things to be happy about include: "Traveling in the off-season Chocolat (the movie and the soundtrack) Swiss cheese Places heavy with history Just a moment Remembering being picked up and rocked to sleep in someone's arms, then carried up to bed Swimming a quarter mile being equal to running one mile Dozens of places to curl up with a book" This book is a perfect gift for a friend as well as a quick read, it keeps you thinking positively and helps you count your blessings. It is a quirky, compulsive, enchanting list of all the little things that make us happy; items, places, thoughts, celebrations and our daily bread. January, 2015
The one thing I find satisfying nowadays is interacting with people who exist and function on a higher vibration than everyone else, because it is a very comforting experience. I've had the opportunity to meet with many different personality types, but not too many who are more spiritually in touch with themselves; maybe one or two. I am very happy to be interviewing Nejoud Al-Yagout, who is one of those people, to ask her a few questions, regarding her book, life and her upcoming plans.
& Introduce yourself please. I’ve always had trouble introducing myself. If I start out by saying my name is Nejoud, it sounds like I’ve been trained by AA. I feel flustered with labels. Let’s proceed. What do you do for a living? I’m a librarian by nature and profession. What drove you to write ‘This is an Imprint’? I had no choice. It had to manifest itself. citypageskuwait.com
Nejoud Al-Yagout
How has writing affected your life? Writing has been my friend in times of suffering. When do you normally like to write poetry? When I’m navigating the darkness. What styles of writing do you lean more towards poetry, fiction, so on. I only write poetry. If I write you a letter or an email, you’re in trouble.
What inspires you generally in life and in your writings? In life, I’m a sucker for kind people who transcend fear to heal the collective consciousness of the world. In writing, love inspires me. Who is/are the author/s whom resonate with you? Richard Brautigan and the Beat Generation poets. Why these particular ones? A part of me is drawn to avant-garde movers and shakers. If you had the option to change one thing in life, what would it be? This question is too difficult. Yikes! Can I skip this? What are you mostly passionate about? Freedom. Love. Spirituality. If you weren’t writing and living in Kuwait, what would you be doing? My pipe dream is to spend a few weeks here, a few weeks there. I would still write though. What is your favorite spot on earth, and would you live there? In the heart-frequency of my beloved. It is no coincidence that earth is an anagram for heart. I would definitely live in the realm of love! Eternally! It’s not a physical place. It merely is… Would you consider yourself more of a city person or a nature lover, beach and sand type? I love forests and mountains. I’m a nature bunny, but cities have
their appeal as well. Maybe a village bordering a city that borders the forest. Yes! How do you spend your days? I work five days a week. Lately, I have been going through a period of spiritual catharsis, so I have to be alone quite a bit. It’s vaster than a choice. Otherwise, I’m out and about connecting with loved ones and creative souls. What a buzz… Are you working on any current projects at the moment? I had the honor of working with Timothy Carr on two new visual poetry videos which will be released soon. Carr and I also have another project coming up – a music video. It will be a new concept for me, so that is always a thrill. I’m also working on a secret project with another filmmaker - Hussein Al-Shammary (aka Slash) - and some very talented artists and another musician. I’m so elated because it is a humanitarian project. The heart of being creative is extending love to others. What are your next steps in life and with your writings? My life mission is to transcend my ego. In terms of my writing, I’m working on another book of poetry. It’s almost completed, but it won’t be launched for a while. I need time to compile it and bring it to life. Give your readers some advice to ponder on and to perhaps also apply. Advice? Me? Well, I suppose I can leave the readers with one piece of advice. Find your Self; not yourself – there is a colossal difference. This can be applied by meditation and moments of solitude. Your life awaits you. Inside of you. See? This is how I get when I spend time alone experimenting with consciousness. You asked! January, 2015
to add to your wishlist Some things are just ... better.
Blade 98S Ryobi Phone Works Infrared Thermometer
Wilson’s Blade series is the first set of tennis rackets to incorporate basalt, a natural shock absorber, into the weave and the base. In tests, the Blade gave players better control over the ball, and it filtered and absorbed forces from impact.
Ryobi’s new tool plugs into a smartphone’s audio jack, allowing it to measure temperatures from -22°F to 662°F—in real time, no less.
Extreme Pro SDXC UHS-I
ButterUp
SanDisk has created the largest-capacity SD card available. To pack a half-terabyte (512 GB) of memory into an object the size of a postage stamp, SanDisk arranged two vertical 16-die stacks side by side.
Sure, it’s the kind of problem you’d see in a late-night infomercial, but spreading cold butter on toast isn’t easy. Struggle no more: Australian industrial design group Design Momentum embedded a grater into a butter knife, turning clumps into thin ribbons.
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Camera51
Cryptex USB Flash Drive
Filters improve photos only so much. Camera51 helps before the shutter snaps. The Android app analyzes the subject and surroundings, then guides users toward the ideal frame. It will even flag objects that might otherwise ruin a perfect image.
When you have digital information that you want to keep to yourself, it’s best to store it on a flash drive that will only be brought out when necessary. The Cryptex USB flash drive uses a combination lock of rotating rings with digits to stop anyone who doesn’t know the password from being able to see anything. The code is 5 digits
If there’s one thing closets and luggage always need, it’s more space. Eagle Creek solved that conundrum with a full-size rolling suitcase that can collapse—frame, wheels, and all—to a fraction of the size.
NapAnywhere Pillow This is a uniquely portable head support pillow that would function as an alternative to the traditional U-shaped pillows, where it makes comfortable traveling a snap thanks to its portable shape. Since it supports the weight of your head, the NapAnywhere Pillow would provide your neck with an opportunity to relax, perhaps even allowing one to sleep upright for hours.
Soccket Ball inventor Uncharted Play has created a jump rope that turns rotational energy into electricity. Five minutes of jumping powers an LED lamp for an hour.
ResMed S+ Most sleep trackers are mattress pads or wearable devices, which rely on your movement to tell if you’re asleep. They’re uncomfortable and can be inaccurate. S+ sits on a bedside table and uses low-frequency radio waves to measure breathing and determine when you’re actually sleeping or lying awake. January, 2015
Ultrasounds Gestures Coming Soon!
قريبا اإليماءات بالموجات فوق الصوتية
This input technology from Elliptic Labs will definitely change the way to control everything. Starting from smartphones in the first half of 2015. That is not the only good news, the best news is a feature called “multi layer interaction” which allows to move hand towards and away from the screen. Compared to other technologies, Ultrasound is more suitable for everyday use, thanks to 180-degree active area around the entire face of the the device. Other technologies need your hand to be positioned in front of the camera which is easily missed if you’re not waving carefully. The team in Elliptic Labs say it’s possible to integrate this technology into car dashboards, healthcare equipments, and wearables but for now, they are focusing on smartphones, tablets, and laptops.
تقنية اإلدخال منElliptic Labs .ستغير حتمًا طريقة التحكم في كل شيء ليس هذا الخبر.2015 ابتداء من الهواتف الذكية في النصف األول من عام ولكن الخبر األفضل هي ميزة تسمى “ التفاعل متعدد،السعيد فحسب بالمقارنة مع.الطبقات” والذي يسمح بتحريك اليد لألمام أو بعيدًا عن الجهاز التقنيات اآلخرى فإن التحكم بالموجات الفوق صوتية مالئمة أكثر لإلستخدام درجة من180 ويرجع الفضل بذلك للمنطقة الفعالة والتي تغطي،اليومي التقنيات األخرى تتطلب أن تكون يدك متمركزة أمام.واجهة الجهاز بالكامل الكاميرا والتي من السهل جدًا فقد حركتها ان لم تقم بتحريكها بشكل فريق العمل في. حذرElliptic Labs يقولون انه من الممكن دمج هذه التقنية ولكنهم اآلن، ،في لوحة قيادة السيارة والمعدات الصحية والساعات الذكية يركزون على الهواتف الذكية واألجهزة اللوحية والحواسيب المحمولة.
Yousif AlSaeed Yousif holds a BSc. in Information Technology & Computing Degree and is a Teacher and Software Developer. He loves sharing the latest technology news and gadgets with people. Yousif believes that behind everything in the tech-world is a great story. He spends most of his time reading technology blogs and self development.
Saad Almseikan A burger lover who works as a Computer Technician during the day. Saad has a curious mind that likes to discover everything new that's related to computers, hardware, gadgets and technology. You'll most probably find him holding a burger while playing with a new gadget. He is 27 years old, loves Mixed Martial Arts. Music is what keeps him going especially Rock & Roll.
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"3DAround" Is Your Next New Favorite 3D Camera App For Your Food The app is yet to be released, but from the video we saw its gonna be a great way to take photos of your food in all angles. The app turns your camera into a 3D scanner. Taking a series of photos and stitched them together to create a 360-degree view of any object. We loved the idea, it's simple and really effective. They will be released soon but no date for an official release date so far. The food on our social media feeds will be more delicious and mouth watering, God help us.
Google's Search Change Search Results To Destroy Pirates Sites Google is changing their search algorithm to demote and destroy pirates sites and put them in the last of the queue. Some top pirate sites report that they have taken huge hits in the traffic coming from google and it's reduced to almost the half. By searching a specific tv show, google will direct you to a legal way to watch the show or to give you the least popular Torrent sites there are. It's a dumb move to be honest, when people want Torrents they know where to search. It is a move copyright owners initiate to reduce their losses. Google removed 223 millions links in 2013.
Credit Card With Fingerprint Scanner MasterCard is introducing credit cards with fingerprint scanner to secure your payments at stores. This method prevents people from paying for items incase of a stolen card. Specially if the credit card using contact-less payment option which is new method too. Zwipe MasterCard is offered in UK for now with fingerprint scanner that stores your thumbprint when you put your thumb on the scanner, the embedded chip unlocks and you’re able to tap the card to make purchase, as simple as that.
January, 2015
Three Resolutions to Keep This Year Samsung Offers Solutions to the 92% Who Give Up in the New Year Do you find yourself making the same New Year’s resolutions every year? Well, according to The Journal of Clinical Psychology, 92% of people don’t meet their goals by the end of the year. To ensure a successful 2015 and join that elusive 8-percent, read on for three resolutions that Samsung can help you keep.
Get Healthy Resolutions often focus on the “big picture.” “I want to lose weight.” “I want to be fit.” Instead of dwelling on the payoff, think about the actions that you can take to achieve your goals. To get that trim figure, for instance, you’ll need to kick your fried food habit. Air frying is one step in the right direction. Instead of drenching your fries in a vat of hot oil, the Samsung Slim Fry Microwave infuses hot air with a small amount of oil and circulates it,
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preparing flavorful crisps with less fat. The result is food that’s crispy on the outside and moist on the inside.
Get Organized Clutter is a proven source of stress. Messes can be particularly stressful for families. A tried-and-true way to get things back in order is to start small. Reigning in the fridge is a small act with a big impact, especially in large households. That’s the thinking behind Samsung’s approach to organization—“a place for everything and everything in its place.” The Foodshowcase Refrigerator is designed to cut down on clutter with designated areas for kids, ingredients for tonight’s dinner, and solutions for dad and the rest of the family. The Foodshowcase Refrigerator even comes with a Home Bar, uniquely developed to store beverages of varying sizes. The Foodshowcase also stores 23% more food and beverages than a conventional refrigerator, and designated compartments help reinforce good behavior
for the rest of the year.
Spend Less, Save More Trimming the fat from your budget can be hard, but a surefire way to cut down your spending in 2015 is to make smarter choices. It is that simple. A solid investment for the upcoming year is the Samsung’s Crystal Blue WW9000, a high performance washer that preserves your clothing and works remotely with the latest mobile technology. Thanks to the ‘Auto Optimal Wash,’ the WW9000 delivers pristine clothes with less water and energy. Four sensing technologies gather information about the load, including the size and degree of dirt, and determine the amount of water, detergent and length of cycle needed to clean your clothes. You can also stop, start and change the cycle of the WW9000 through a mobile app, helping you to make the most of your time and getting you on your way to your next resolution!
January, 2015
PRONOVIAS FIESTA 2015 With this special time of year drawing close, PRONOVIAS is presenting a selection of its marvellous designs, perfect choices for any celebration. All the dresses selected are from the new PRONOVIAS FIESTA 2015 collection. This Christmas, PRONOVIAS has some fabulous short dresses in beautiful fabrics, embroidered with lace and jewelled details which make them a superbly elegant option for holiday events. These dresses, which are almost pieces of jewellery, come in shades like gold, silver and black, which all add an extra touch of glitter and glamour: Then there's PRONOVIAS' range of long, flowing dresses in gauze and tulle. With sheer layered necklines, they are sure to be a hit this Christmas. There are also some extremely fashionable dresses in mikado silk. This fabric is a favourite in the PRONOVIAS bridal range, but it is also marvellous for cocktail and evening dresses. Red, green and black are some of the new shades that the firm has selected for its long dresses for the festive season.
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Dumond celebrates Brazilian women Straps, gladiator boots and thigh high boots are the highlights of the collection
في هذا الوقت املميز مع القرب من نهاية العام ،قامت PRONOVIASبتقدمي مجموعة من التصاميم الرائعة التي تتميز بخياراتها املثالية ألي مناسبة .كل الفساتني اخملتارة هي من اجملموعة اجلديدة . PRONOVIAS FIESTA 2015 مبناسبة األعياد ،قدمت PRONOVIASبعض الفساتني القصيرة الرائعة من األقمشة املميزة ،املطرزة و املرصعة بالكريستال ،كل هذه التفاصيل جتعلها خيارا" أنيقا" للمناسبات .إن هذه الفساتني تشبه في ظاللها الذهبية ،الفضية والسوداء قطع اجملوهرات ،والتي تضفي لكل سيدة ملسة من اللمعان و البريق. ايضا هناك مجموعة PRONOVIASللفساتني الطويلة املصنوعة من أقمشة التول املميزة ،و مجمو��ة أخرى من فساتني احلرير العصرية ،هذا النسيج هو املفضل جملموعة فساتني الزفاف لدى ، PRONOVIASوهو أيضا رائع حلفالت الكوكتيل و السهرة .إن اللون األحمر واألخضر واألسود هي بعض درجات األلوان اجلديدة اخملتارة للفساتني الطويلة لتناسب موسم األعياد.
Available at The Mall, The Avenues.
January, 2015
H&M SPORT SS 2015 collection Now available in stores in Kuwait! citypageskuwait.com
Naomi Campbell and Jourdan Dunn Star in New Burberry Spring/Summer Campaign Burberry unveils its Spring/Summer 2015 campaign starring British icons Naomi Campbell and Jourdan Dunn.
Uniting modern British talent The SS15 Campaign features an eclectic mix of modern British talent: Naomi Campbell: Re-joining the Burberry cast for the first time since her Burberry campaign in 2001, also featuring Kate Moss. Jourdan Dunn: This marks her fourth Burberry campaign, having first appeared in the Spring/Summer 2011 campaign, also featuring Cara Delevingne. George Barnett: British musician (drummer in These New Puritans) and current face of the Burberry Brit Rhythm fragrance campaign. George Le Page: British musician (drummer in Of Empires) – this marks his first campaign for Burberry, having recently opened and closed the Burberry Prorsum Menswear Spring/Summer 2015 show in June 2014. The Collection Customers can shop the Burberry trench coat collection in stores globally and on Burberry.comfrom today with the full Burberry Spring/Summer 2015 collections available globally from 5 January 2015. The campaign will launch in January 2015 across global platforms including outdoor and print advertising, Burberry.com, Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Google+, Instagram, Pinterest, LinkedIn, Sina Weibo, Youku, and WeChat. January, 2015
Carrera y Carrera launches new advertising visuals
L’OCCITANE Launches Shea Comforting Creams
CLEANSE
1.Cleansing Oil Discover a new way to cleanse your skin with shea… This silky texture enriched with shea oil, leaves skin perfectly cleansed and fresh, with no oily residues. Without disrupting the skin’s moisture balance, it helps remove all impurities and makeup- even waterproof.
2.Cleansing Milk You only need a small amount of this milk to cleanse skin perfectly and gently. Simply apply with the fingertips or a cotton pad. The smooth texture, enriched with shea, feels comfortable on the skin and leaves it soft and serene.
TONE
3.Gentle Toner Cleanse and tone. Enriched with shea, the Gentle Toner soon becomes indispensable to complete your cleansing routine. Free of impurities, skin feels clean, soft andfresh.
MOISTURIZE AND NOURISH 4.Light Comforting Cream Carrera y Carrera presents 5 new visuals with strong Spanish influence, complementing the advertising campaign launched in 2011. Spain is undoubtedly a country of artistic reference due to having one of the best art galleries in the world – the Prado Museum – and also for having in its history some of the greatest painters the art world has seen. Carrera y Carrera once again has been inspired by this rich cultural heritage, creating a picture that is in reality a true portrait as if painted by hand where the woman is the star – she is an icon within an authentic work of art and the jewels become true talismans that frame and beautify that passionate woman, the Spanish woman. The great star of the campaign continues to be international model Alejandra Alonso; once again Carrera y Carrera bets on a Spanish face of singular beauty and much strength. Valencian by birth and residing in New York City, Alonso reached the status of top model before turning 18 years old. Her voluminous hair and light eyes won over Karl Lagerfeld himself, who selected her to star in one of his fashion shows as well as in Chanel’s pre-fall campaign. In 2011 in Spain, she gained even greater recognition by winning the L’Oreal award for best model during Madrid Fashion Week. citypageskuwait.com
The very latest shea butter face cream is the little sister of the Ultra Rich Cream. This lighter version, ideal for normal or combination skin, provides essential hydration and protection. And when the skin longs for sheer textures and comfort, the Light Comforting Cream, can even take its big sister’s place. Now even normal and combination skin can enjoy the benefits of shea butter. (5% shea butter, 48hrs of hydration)
5.Ultra Rich Comforting Cream This newly named, ultra-protective nourishing cream provides a response to the problems associated with dry and very dry skin – especially when extra care is needed due to climatic conditions. One of the secrets to the success of this formula is its absolute richness. As irresistibly smooth and famous as ever, it contains an exceptionally high concentration of shea butter (25%), yet sinks into the skin with an almost disconcerting ease. (25% shea butter, 72 hrs hydration)
6.Lip Balm Made with 10% shea butter, this caring balm helps to nourish, repair and protect the lips, leaving them soft, supple and comfortable.
Official Launch of High-End Jewellery Line “Rock It!” at London Fashion Week AW15 by Ornella Iannuzzi ORNELLA IANNUZZI
This new collection called “ Rock It! ” comes as a continuation of Ornella's famous line “Les Exceptionnelles” which includes truly unique jewellery pieces set with uncut gemstones. Thanks to these, the natural crystallisation of precious stones has become the DNA of the designer's work. Remaining faithful to this principle, Ornella used as the basis of her new range a geometrically correct polygon: the platonic body of a dodecahedron.
L’OCCITANE INTRODUCES WHIPPED SHEA BUTTER A new, light and ultra-nourishing texture that immediately becomes one with your skin
In Burkina Faso, during one of the steps in the production of shea butter, the women whip the paste derived from processing the nuts and obtain a mousse-like texture that is both soft and light. It was this that inspired the L’OCCIATNE laboratory to create Whipped Shea Butter – a stunning combination of maximum nourishment and a sheer, melt-in texture.
adidas Adds Windows Phone Support for its Fit Smart Wrist Based Heart-Rate Coach
adidas announced an update to its miCoach Train and Run app for Windows Phone 8.1 based mobile handsets. Following the update, users will be able to pair, configure and transfer planned and completed miCoach workouts between the Fit Smart wrist based heart rate coach and their Windows Phone. Fit Smart can also be used to send heart rate, speed, distance and stride information in real-time to the Train and Run app, combining the visual coaching guidance from the Fit Smart with audible prompts from the app. miCoach Train and Run is one of the most popular fitness apps available for Windows Phone. With cardio, strength and flexibility training programs developed in partnership with the elite coaches at Exos, it provides real-time coaching guidance to unleash your best performance and achieve your sport and fitness goals.
Olivia Wilde is The Face of H&M's Conscious Exclusive Campaign
H&M is proud to announce that Olivia Wilde, actress and humanitarian, will be the face of H&M's latest Conscious Exclusive campaign. Olivia, well known for her commitment to sustainability and her engagement for environmental causes will appear in the campaign wearing pieces from the collection. Conscious Exclusive will be available in around 200 H&M stores worldwide on April 16, as well as online. January, 2015
ZEN I T I C A F O Y DIAR D L R O W E H T OF (DCW)
CITIZEN'S LIST
I would like to welco me you all to this ne w monthly anonym column that will be ous a part of this lovely be au tiful world we live in. It is anonymous for the reason that my ideas should not be at from any discrimi looked nation prospective however to be judge ideas on their own. d as I have no name, no to you and to the wo face, no gender, I be rld, I am the Citizen long of the World; earth you all are my family is my home and . As another year co mes upon us we ar e faced with the tra Resolutions; some dition of New Year thing that most of 's us if not all of us Citizen's List is a lis do not stick to. The t that anyone can develop at the end recap every new ex of the each year to perience that they ha ve experienced in th also includes new e past year. This restaurants, new typ e of foods, new coun and the list goes on tries, new repeats . These new things may include the sil daily basis to the life liest things we do on changing experienc a es that we all go thro ugh. You have 365 days to fill them with ne w experiences, every things in life, keep one should try new our life interesting and keep ourselves zone because that out of our comfort is where real life ha ppens. Create a lis day, if at the end of t an d add to it every the year you end up with more than 10 have a pretty-intere new things then yo sting-non-boring life u . This list is not rel live or who you are ated to where you as there is always so mething new to try around the corner. And since I am ma king my new things list, one of the newe doing this year is wr st things I would be iting this monthly co lumn for all of you home; planet earth about our beautiful . Therefore, I ask yo u all to create this lis so that you can easil t as soon as possible y work on improving the 2015 list. No New Year's Reso lutions, embrace th e Citizen's List. Citizen of the World
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ADOPT A STREET PRINCESS @ADOPT_A_STREET_PRINCESS
Bobby: a pure golden retriever male, 2 years old, loves to play and run. He is confident and he has a great character.
Dear CityPages readers, in our January edition I want to welcome you to read about our lovely new dogs that are available for adoption. Whatever your life situation is, if you are with a big family, a single living person or you are looking for your kids to find the right dog, be sure I have the right “new best friend� for you. Any dog that is presented here in CityPages is a very loving, caring, sensitive and grateful dog that will show you again and again how happy he is to get a second chance through you; a new loving home and family. Our dogs are good with kids, other dogs and also with cats. This month I want to introduce you to:
Sissi: a small female, 1 year old, and white long hair dog. Sissi Laila: a beautiful German Shepard mix, female, and 2 years
old. Running and playing is her favourite activity. Laila is very clever and attentive.
If you are interested in any of these dogs or maybe one of our others, please just follow @adopt_a_street_princess on instagram and contact me by whatsapp or text. After you choose your dog then I will bring him cleaned, vaccinated with new collar and leash direct to your home. January, 2015
Photos by: Witold Wilczynski
loves to get petted and to play. She enjoys to be involved or to relax on a sofa.
citypageskuwait.com
La Boutique Launches Their Exclusive Collection Of Original Fur Winter 2014 -2015
At The Event For The Kuwaiti Society For Guardian Of The Disabled
From The Al-Hamra Thermae Gym
January, 2015
Take a fun ceramic mug home with you and your
coffee is free.
KD 3.750 PER MUG citypageskuwait.com
From The Dreame Epo At 360 Mall
At The Launch Of Azumami Sushi Restaurant
At The Opening Of Alfredo's Gallery Express At Souk Salmiya
January, 2015
At The Launch Of Abou El-Sid Restaurant By Sultan Center
At The Preview Of Made-to-Order Service By Jimmy Choo
At the SJP Collection By Sarah Jessica Parker Preview Event
citypageskuwait.com
At The ReOpening Of Dunkin Donuts Branch At 360 Mall
At The ReOpening Of Toys R Us Branch At 360 Mall
At The #BlaqWhiteWinter Event By BLAQ Boutique
citypageskuwait.com
Porsche Kids Driving School Program Comes to Bayt Abdullah Children’s Hospice
FROM THE PRESS EQUATE sponsors Kuwait Dive Team’s project to protect coral reefs
EQUATE Petrochemical Company, Kuwait’s first international petrochemical joint-venture, sponsored a project by Kuwait Dive Team to protect coral reefs in a number of Kuwaiti islands by installing bowing marines. Kuwait Dive Team is part of the Environment Voluntary Foundation. The bowing marines were installed at the islands of Kubbar, Qaroah and Um Al-Maradem. EQUATE Vice President for Technical Services and head of EQUATE Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Team Mohammad Al Benali said, “The environment is a major priority for EQUATE at every level. Therefore, protecting and preserving the environment are pivotal elements of EQUATE CSR Program for the aim of realizing overall sustainability in Kuwait. Such sustainability can only be achieved through establishing and launching partnerships with relevant public and private organizations. This cooperation between EQUATE and Kuwait Dive Team is a prime example of our tagline ‘Partners in Success’ and an extension of our previous efforts to safeguard and protect the environment. Some of our global scale initiatives in this regard include launching the Middle East’s First Plant Water Recycle Project, Kuwait’s First CO2 Recovery Project, and Kuwait’s First Seawater Cooling Towers, as well as other initiatives on the short and long terms.” On his part, Environment Voluntary Foundation Board Chairman and Head of Kuwait Dive Team Waleed Al-Fadhel said, “This sponsorship will play a significant role in protecting and preserving the marine life by installing and maintaining bowing marines around coral reefs, which will contribute to safeguarding the environment as a whole. Much appreciation to EQUATE for its contribution and efforts to preserve the environment by being our partner in this national endeavor.” Established in 1995, EQUATE Petrochemical
citypageskuwait.com
Don’t Just Run, Glide With The New Adidas Supernova Glide Boost™
This season, the legend of adidas Supernova will be told through a design specifically built for the unique fit, look and feel of women. The new adidas Supernova Glide BOOST™ will keep the award-winning* BOOST™ midsole designed to ensure every run feels like gliding. This season, the women’s Supernova Glide BOOST upper receives a facelift that delivers a sleek, slimming and stylish appearance while maintaining the performance integrity of Supernova. To accomplish this, the technical features have been reconstructed throughout the shoe to provide a smoother silhouette that’s more flattering to the female foot. BOOST foam cushioning provides the highest Energy Return in the industry using thousands of durable Energy capsules that maintain their soft cushioning, season after season, so every run with BOOST feels like the first. BOOST cushioning also remains consistently responsive in any weather condition while standard EVA expands and hardens in varying temperatures. And, along with performing in any temperature, Supernova Glide BOOST delivers a neutral ride that’s suited for any runner. Whether you’re heading out for your first leisurely jog or lacing up to leave your mark on race day. Along with BOOST foam cushioning, the new Supernova Glide also features: •Adaptive upper provides a unique fit for varying foot shapes. Techfit on the women’s version and Stretch Mesh on the men’s. •Continental™ rubber outsole ensures the ultimate grip •adidas Torsion System carries your foot through an optimum transition
Porsche Centre Kuwait organised their Porsche Kids Driving School Program at Bayt Abdullah Hospice to educate and entertain the children currently under care at the facility. The Porsche Kids Driving School was brought to Bayt Abdullah Children’s Hospice (BACCH) to raise the spirts of their children and families and was a means for Porsche Centre Kuwait, Behbehani Motors Company to give back to the community. Bayt Abdullah Children’s Hospice provides multi-professional, specialist, paediatric palliative care and support to children and their families with life limiting or life threatening illnesses. The event underscored the mission of Porsche Centre Kuwait, Behbehani Motors Company to bring the Porsche Driving School Program to children all over the country, even those who are facing physical or health challenges. “Porsche Kids Driving School always brings a smile to young children and most importantly it also provides valuable skills on road safety. We are committed to ensuring that as many children as possible have a chance to participate in our programs and we were delighted when Bayt Abdullah Children’s Hospice agreed to host us,” said Mike Finn, director of the Porsche Kids Driving School Program. Through the Porsche Kids Driving School Program, the children at Bayt Abdullah received lessons on road safety before being able to drive 911 pedal cars around a specially designed road circuit. The road circuit featured roundabouts, pedestrian crossings, speed bumps, traffic signals and road signs, all of which were conceived to simulate real road conditions, while also creating an entertaining atmosphere for the children and their parents. The kids were further taught to respect and show consideration for other drivers whilst also following the ‘Golden Rules of Road Safety’. At the conclusion of the event, the children were presented with Porsche driver’s caps, Porsche children’s activity books, Porsche safe driving handbooks for parents and their first driver’s licences.
Dean & Deluca Launches New Healthy Living Campaign
Rapid weight-loss and muscle building revealed as main causes of stretch marks for men
AAW presents “Bio-Oil” to trainers and athletes to prevent and reduce skinlines on men in Kuwait
CARPISA Autumn Winter 2014 Collection All-New 2015 Ford Mustang Is Sport Auto’s Best Sports Car
As men in Kuwait are moving towards bulky and pumped-up bodies, so are the growing concerns of stretch marks that are appearing predominantly on their arms and chests, areas that tend to expand more quickly as a result of muscle building. Stretch marks commonly appear as a result of pregnancy or weight-loss, but it is less wellknown that they also appear on men putting on muscle rapidly – yes, even on athletes that are in great shape. To provide an effective solution to stretch marks resulting from weight-loss and muscle-building, Ali Abdulwahab Al Mutawa Commercial Co. (AAW) today introduced Bio-Oil - the awardwinning specialist skincare oil and the number one scar and stretch mark product in 17 countries - to Kuwait-based trainers, athletes and fitness gurus. Kuwait-based Pharmacist Mohammed AlNadi said: “When trying to lose weight or bulk up, then it is always better to do it slowly and gradually. However, for men who would like to reach their target fast, then it is important to keep skin moisturized before and after every workout. I recommend products that contain Vitamins A and E, especially Bio-Oil as I have seen some great results on my clients who use it.” In addition to its ability to improve the appearance of existing stretch marks formed during pregnancy, Bio-Oil is also an effective solution for men putting on muscle rapidly. The formulation helps maximise the skin’s elasticity and is made of Vitamin A and E with Calendula, Lavender, Rosemary and Chamomile oils, in addition to PurCellin Oil™, an ingredient that ensures all the other ingredients are easilyabsorbed into the skin.
The Autumn/Winter 2014-15 Carpisa collection reconsiders the virtues and the beauty of our Country, and what the world know how the Italian Feeling. The details decorate the bags as well as the monuments and the beauties of our country decorate Italy. The metallic is protagonist in various forms, from the metal decorated connections, to the metal brackets that give light to the bag and the accessory. The rock-chic is one of the main subject of the collection where the black colour is protagonist. There are gold studs opposing to the more romantic matelassé combine to bows details. The textile of the collection is the “Pied de Poule”, both in micro and maxi variation; a classic textile that become minimized and made young to the match with micro studs and chain details; present itself in collection with the “optical” black&white version. A funded must is the animalier subject, present in collection in the coconut print, in the spotted, in the shiny and opaque python leather. Characterized by materials that have an important and luxurious relevance, it refers to the world-known conception of the artisan Italy. The final subject of the collection is the countrychic, bags with soft structures, grainy materials match with the suede and the fur; lines that have a romantic taste and recall to the conception of hill landscape and farmland that characterize the beautiful country. Welcome to Italy, welcome to Carpisa. Treat yourself to the latest collection at The AvenuesThe Mall.
Dean & Deluca, the premier brand for gourmet food and dining, has announced the perfect way to ring in the New Year with the launch of its new Healthy Living menu and retail selections. The new range features a wide variety of premium food that can be found at both the Café and the retail section of its Avenues mall location. The new Healthy Living options kick off in January, just in time for New Year’s resolutions, when many people are looking to eat well and getting in shape. Following a healthier lifestyle begins with making better food choices and healthier eating habits. To maintain health and wellness, it is crucial to have a balanced, nutritious diet that has plenty of fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grains and fewer foods that are high in fat, salt and sugar. In keeping with this philosophy, Dean & Deluca has scoured the globe to select the finest array of healthy products that will satisfy the palates of a diverse range of customers and can be enjoyed throughout the day. At the Café, the Healthy Living menu offers an assortment of fresh and light ingredients culminating in colourful dishes. These items are expertly prepared by our chefs at Dean & Deluca, so there is no need to sacrifice tasty meals for eating well, because never before has eating healthy been so delicious. Starting with breakfast, the options include delectable delights such as the Light Labnah, with fresh handpicked mixed berries, nuts and honey. Also new is the savoury Egg White Omelette, with a fusion of onions and mushrooms. Customers with a sweet tooth will salivate over the golden sugarfree waffles and pancakes, drizzled with sugarfree mascarpone cream and topped with fresh red berry puree, maple syrup and fresh berries.
The legendary Ford Mustang received another accolade recently, as the 2015 all-new model grabbed the ‘2015 Best Sports Car’ title from the Middle East’s top motorsports monthly, Sport Auto magazine. The award was presented to William Clay Ford Jr. Executive Chairman, Ford Motor Company by Gerard Saunal, editor-in-chief of Sport Auto during the iconic reveal of the all-new Mustang atop Burj Khalifa, the world’s tallest skyscraper in Dubai. The award reflects Mustang’s legacy of 50 years’ continued production as well as its impressive performance. “When the original Mustang debuted in April 1964, it created a great impression and set the tone for what a true muscle car should be like,” said Kalyana Sivagnanam, Marketing, Sales and Service director of Ford Middle East & North Africa. “Today, the all-new 2015 Mustang not only sets the benchmark once again for its segment, but it continues to build on its 50year legacy as a truly iconic muscle car that has captured the hearts and minds of fans around the globe. “We are pleased with Sport Auto’s recognition which joins a very long list of awards and accolades that the Mustang has added to its name over the decades,” he said. For his part, Gerard Saunal said: “The Mustang was selected as the Sport Car of the Year 2015 winner because of Ford’s clever understanding of what a popular sport car should be. Ford has cleverly combined price affordability, ecofriendliness with its 4-cylinder engine, and great road handling with its new rear independent suspension. These are improvements that paid respect with the great heritage of the Mustang’s design and unique presence on the road.”
January, 2015
V-KOOL’s All-Women Racing Team makes history at GulfRun 2014
Sultan Center Group of Restaurants Celebrated the Grand Opening of Wok Hay Restaurant
FROM THE PRESS
Ralph Lauren Corporation
The V-KOOL RACING TEAM™ of 13 Kuwaiti women rocked the racing grounds in their maiden appearance alongside 18 experienced, all-male racing teams and finished the race to the amazement of the cheering fans. The all-women racing team, assembled for the first time in Kuwait and perhaps the GCC, exhibited patience, rigor and stamina in their very first competitive outing. The V-KOOL RACING TEAM™ team was coached and managed by Mubarak Al Rumaidhi, the 2012 Kuwait Drifting Champion and a passionate motorsports professional. The team members led by Captain Najat AlSayegh included Aisha Al-Abdulkareem, Dalal Al-Jassem, Dana Jbara, Fatima Al-Shaya, Haya Al-Eisa, Lulwa Al-Sayegh, Noor Al-Sayegh, Rawya Al-Hajeri, Rabaa Al-Hajeri, Sara AlShaban, Suad Al-Fraih & Shaikha Al-Suraiya The team gave a scintillating performance with 2 individual members Sara Al-Shaban and Dalal Al-Jassem turning in outstanding record performances. Sara Al-Shaban rose up to the challenge and clocked the fastest lap by a woman earning the title of “Miss GulfRun 2014”. She started the race for the V-KOOL RACING TEAM™ team and gained her team a comfortable position throughout her first stint of almost two hours. Dalal Al-Jassem, gave another truly remarkable performance driving for a total of 2 hours and 22 minutes non-stop – an admirable demonstration of endurance and stamina comparable to international standards. Dalal exhibited great skill and concentration and proved to be an extraordinary sportswoman. The enthusiasm, courage, perseverance, teamspirit and determination of this glorious band of thirteen astounded everybody. Rumaidhi remarked, “The endurance race is all about having focus and perseverance and this team has shown it has it all during the long practice sessions.” Rabaa Al-Hajeri, a team member said “although the team is new and had virtually no experience in competitive events, the natural ability of a woman to focus and concentrate for longer time spans and our well-planned approach into this race, allowed us to complete it.” Najat Al-Sayegh the team captain quoted “On behalf of the team I would like to express our joy to be a part of this historical moment, when an all-women team has come to exist and participate in an open competition. We are very thankful to our title sponsors V-KOOL who have believed in our talent and given us a platform to compete in such a physically demanding race. We also thank our gold sponsors NEXEN TIRES, GIORDANO & PASTAMANIA for supporting our initiative.
citypageskuwait.com
Meet the new Nokia 215, Microsoft’s most affordable Internetready phone
Ralph Lauren and Al Shouhra Trading Co invited guests to a festive celebration of historic automobiles on 9th of December. The exclusive evening, held at the Ralph Lauren store, featured an exhibition of the museum’s finest vintage cars and a selection of exquisite amalgam models showcasing Ralph Lauren’s personal collection. Key notables were in attendance. Guests included: •HE Robert Tyson, The Australian Ambassador to Kuwait •HE Mathew Lodge , the Bristish Ambassador to Kuwait •Mr Dao Lee, Senior commercial officer of the American Embassy •Mr Mostapha Maksheed , Mr Zacharia Dashti, Mr Moath Al kandari, Mr Massod Behbehani, Mr & Mrs Abdulaziz Abul, Mr Mohamad Al-Qassar , Mr Rasheed Al Qassar, Mr & Mrs Elias Jabbour, Mr Fouad Seleem and Mr Ali Rujeeb
The industry-leading Sultan Center Group of Restaurants celebrated the grand opening of the Asian Fresh Dining Restaurant Wok Hay which is considered to be the new addition to TSC Family. The celebration was held in the presence of TSC restaurants marketing manager Mr. Hussein Al Sayed and many social figures of the Kuwait society and local press where they spent an Authentic Asian night in its location at the Arabian Gulf Road, near by the Green Island. TSC took all of the attendees to a virtual journey to the Far East starting from the Asian charming atmosphere and decorations to the taste of the fresh Asian cuisine. Wok Hay is known for serving the Authentic Asian recipes created by the creative Chef. Ahmad Al Bader. It’s listed among Kuwait’s finest restaurants due to its special quality levels. The interior is specially designed to reflect the Asian ambiance. Commenting on the event: Hussein Al Sayed, TSC Restaurants Marketing Manger said: “It’s our utmost pleasure to celebrate the grand opening of Wok Hay restaurant, TSC is always keen to satisfy its loyal customer by offering them different tastes from all around the globe, our main goal is to bring the whole world to our customers here in Kuwait and Wok Hay is considered to be our new surprise for those who crave the Asian Cuisine” “Wok Hay is the perfect destination for food savvy looking to indulge themselves with the original aromas reflecting the spirit of gourmet innovation by all means” Al Sayed Concluded.
Microsoft Devices Group on Monday announced the Nokia 215, its most affordable Internet-ready phone. The Nokia 215 is designed to connect and introduce first-time mobile phone buyers to the Internet and new digital experiences. Available in both Single SIM and Dual SIM models, the Nokia 215 will expand the reach of Microsoft services at more affordable prices. At only $29, the Nokia 215 will allow more people to access popular Web content and digital services, and enable them to do the following: •Enjoy online experiences via Opera Mini browser, Bing search, MSN Weather, Twitter and Facebook. •Stay in touch with friends and family using Facebook and Messenger with instant notifications. •Connect in new ways with SLAM, which enables content to be shared between devices and callers making hands-free calls using Bluetooth 3.0 and Bluetooth audio support for headsets. •Delight in the fresh design, durable quality and outstanding battery life — all the features entrylevel mobile phone owners have come to trust and love. •Enter the mobile-first world with all the everyday essentials, including these: o Built-in torchlight o Up to 20 hours of talk time o Outstanding battery life (up to 29 days of standby time for the Single SIM variant and up to 21 days for the Dual SIM) o MP3 playback of up to 50 hours o FM radio playback of up to 45 hours o VGA camera
ـة
فيـ ي ــو س ل حو -ال بـ ع عة فر جلم ا
بت
الفروانية -شارع اخملفر فوق بيت التمويل تلفون24725558 / 24726164 : January, 2015
الفحيحيل -شارع الدبوس البرج األخضر -الدور 16 تلفون25456100 / 25456969 :
www.6alabat.com
الساملية -شارع سالم املبارك فوق ماكس -الدور 4 تلفون25721717 / 25721818 :
كيفان -قطعة - 2مول جمعية حولي -شارع بيروت مقابل البنك التجاري كيفان اجلديد الدور 1 تلفون 24914081 / 24914082 :تلفون22661604 / 22661603 :
بدالة مطاعم 1808099
FROM THE PRESS
Behbehani celebrates partnership with Rado at the launch of the Rado DiaMaster Collection in Kuwait
A Wedding to Remember at Marina Hotel Kuwait Mamas and Papas gears up for the Holiday Season
It’s that time of the year again to get all festivelysnug and Mamas and Papas are excited to introduce the 2014 Holiday collection to solve all wardrobe dilemmas for your infants this festive season. With a versatile range of classic causals and formal fashion, the Mamas and Papas Holiday Collection will have children looking fashionably festive. Inspired by the jolly-seasons colors and characters such as snowman’s and cute elves, the new collection spreads from a dreamy selection of fun ‘onesies’ to miniature tuxedos and pretty party dresses. This season, Mamas and Papas are providing parents with a variety of styles for their little ones to suit any and every festive occasion. Available now in stores, the Mamas and Papas Holiday collection offers great quality at an affordable price range.
citypageskuwait.com
Behbehani Group, the exclusive agent for some of the most luxurious watch and jewelry brands, and one of the major retailers in Kuwait, announced their partnership with Rado at a launch event which took place at the Sky Lobby on the 55th floor of Al-Hamra Tower recently. A host of Behbehani executives and Rado representatives were in attendance, joined by VIP guests, media representatives, and watch enthusiasts to witness the launch of the Rado DiaMaster collection. Speaking at the event, Mr. Ali Morad Behbehani, President of the Behbehani Group, noted “We are thrilled to be a part of this occasion, and to be working with one of the world’s most renowned and prestigious watch brands. The Behbehani Group prides itself on its existing array of exclusive partnerships and will do its best to uphold the Rado brand values and ethics, which we already share and protect.” Rado CEO Matthias Breschan added “This partnership exemplifies the potential we see in the Kuwaiti market. We are proud of this partnership which we believe is the beginning of a long and fruitful relationship. Our shared goals will surely materialize into even greater ventures and we look forward to the future.” A globally recognized brand, Rado, is famous for innovative design and its use of revolutionary materials to create some of the world’s most durable watches. Ever since its beginnings, Rado has had a pioneering spirit, with the brand philosophy “if we can imagine it, we can make it” still holding true today. Since its beginnings Rado has aimed to create watches of long lasting beauty. From the first scratch-resistant watch in 1962, the mission evolved to find ever lighter, more durable, scratch-resistant materials that could be shaped for use in watchmaking. From its first foray into the use of ceramic in 1986, Rado has developed the technology to produce new ground-breaking designs with matt finishes, in white or even plasma high-tech ceramic, which transforms white ceramic into a material with a metallic finish, without using any metal. In 2013 Rado introduced touch technology to ceramic watches and then in 2014 pioneered a ceramic touch watch with two times zones. Behbehani Group was formed in 1935 by the late visionary and legendary entrepreneur, Mr. Morad Yousuf Behbehani. In the early stages of development in Kuwait, Mr. Behbehani fueled by a passionate and entrepreneurial spirit, continuously led initiatives to meet the pillars of growth needed to help Kuwait develop as a nation. The first historical and society-changing success story came in 1948 when Mr. Behbehani led the Behbehani Group in becoming the first entity to introduce Radio broadcasting in Kuwait and later in Television broadcasting in 1951.
مستشفى رويال حياة MyoSure توفر تقنيات في قسمNovaSure و النساء والتوليد
The memories of your wedding day last a lifetime and with Marina Hotel Kuwait, you will ensure that your special day is perfect. The hotel is delighted to offer guests exclusive wedding packages across the year, which include accommodation for one night in a beautiful superior room, and a romantic candle lit dinner and breakfast in the room for the bride and groom. For the wedding celebrations, we offer a custom-made, three-tier wedding cake, creatively decorated buffet floral arrangements, as well as specially designed decorations. The elegant Sheikha Salwa Sabah Al-Ahmad Theater & Hall, with its magnificent seaside location, great layout and capacity up to 500 persons, is the ideal place for your special event. The Sheikha Salwa Sabah Al Ahmad Theater & Hall unravels beauty and flexibility with its expert wedding planning team who devote their attention to every detail, ensuring that your wedding will surpass all expectations. The package is further complemented with an award winning culinary team comprising of dedicated chefs who constantly explore delivering tailor made menus and bringing to the hotel’s guests a wide range of exciting experiences to each event. Combining unparalleled excellence in service and hospitality with outstanding presentation and personal service, the hotel holds a reputation as an expert in turning your wedding celebrations into truly magnificent event. If you are looking for a beautiful wedding ceremony venue, the wedding package at Marina Hotel is available all through the year.
أضاف مستشفى رويال حياة لقسم النساء والوالدة بإدارة الدكتور أبو بكر املرضي جهاز لعالج اللحمياتNovaSure وMyoSure املوجودة في الرحم مثل األورام الليفية و إضطرابات الدورة الشهرية بعد إكتمال تكوين األسرة وحاالت النزيف قبل وبعد وهو أحدث ما توصلت اليه،إنقطاع الطمث التقنيات الطبية في جراحات اليوم الواحد .النسائية إن أهمية وفعالية هذا اجلهاز تكمن في أنه ال يتطلب أية عالجات مسبقة وميكن تنفذ العملية في أي وقت وفي وقت قياسي من أجل عالج أعراض األورام الليفية الرحمية أو األورام احلميدة فضالً عن أنه مصمم ألزالة األنسجة داخل الرحم من خالل نظام ميكانيكي وكهربائي فعال ودقيق يضمن من فوائد هذا.السالمة وجناح العملية اجلهاز أنه يحافظ على شكل الرحم ويقطع األنسجة املريضة في خطوة واحدة مع .احملافظة على األنسجة السليمة متوفر فيNovaSure وMyoSure إن جهاز قسم النساء والوالدة في مستشفى رويال حياة للنساء غير احلوامل أو من يعانون من جتدر اإلشارة.إلتهابات معدية في احلوض الى أن القسم يضم فريق طبي من النساء املتمرسات واملؤهالت لعالج كافة احلاالت .مبهنية وسرية وخصوصية مطلقة
Address of Hospitality and Original Taste
24747789 - 24747798 : تلفون. الدور السابع- برج امللتقى, دوار املخفر:الفروانية
Farwaniya: Police Station Roundabout, AlMultaqa Tower, 7th Floor. Tel: 24847789 - 24747798
@aghakuwait
MATHS QUIZ 1.What is half of nine pounds? 2.Multiply ninety-eight by ten.
FUN FACTS ABOUT MOUNT EVEREST
3.How many sevens are there in eighty-four? 4.What is twenty-five thousand minus six thousand? 5.How many grams are there in six point three kilograms? 6.How many faces has a square-based pyramid? 7.Add together three-quarters and three-quarters. 8.What is the total of three point two and four point five? 9.What is the total of twelve, sixteen and eight? 10.What is eight hundred and twenty-five rounded to the nearest hundred? 9.36, 10.800
ANSWERS: 1.£4.50, 2.980, 3.12, 4.19,000, 5.6300, 6.5, 7.1 ½ or 6/4, 8.7.7,
FUN RIDDLES
1.He shaves multiple times every day and yet he has a beard. Who is he? 2.Why there is no 13th floor in most of the buildings? 3.Which travels faster hot or cold? 4.A father goes bankrupt. The mother has to sell the hotels she had in her possession in order to attain some money. But their daughter is quite happy. How can someone be so heartless and show such boorishness?
JUMBLED WORDS 1 . M N A D E D 2 . T O U H S 3 . I D A S 4 . A A O C C 5 . E S T U Q E R 6 . R E P W I S H 7 . U I R S V 8 . S K E L A F 9 . H C A R E R E S 1 0 . A M E R S C 1 1 . O R T S Y I H 1 2 . L A C X M I E
= = = = = = = = = = = =
5.Can you find out what do lions sing at Christmas? 8.FLAKES, 9.RESEARCH, 10.SCREAM, 11.HISTORY, 12.EXCLAIM ANSWERS: 1. DEMAND, 2.SHOUT, 3.SAID, 4.CACAO, 5.REQUEST, 6.WHISPER, 7.VIRUS,
ANSWERS: 1. He is a barber, 2. Because most of the buildings are not that tall enough, 3. As we can catch 'Cold', 'Hot' is definitely faster, 4. Whole of the family is playing monopoly and the girl is winning the game, 5. Since they live in jungle, they sing Jungle Bells. citypageskuwait.com
1.The tallest mountain in the world, Mount Everest sits in the Himalayas in Nepal and is 8,848 meters tall - that's around the height at which passenger planes fly. 2.If that doesn't sound that high to you - imagine 643 double-decker buses stacked on top of each other that's how high the summit is! 3.In 1953, climber Edmund Hillary from New Zealand
and Nepalese Sherpa Tenzing Norgay became the first people to reach the summit of Everest.
8.Jordan Romero, from the US became the youngest person to climb Everest aged 13, in 2010. 9.In 1975 Japanese climber Junko Tabei became the first woman to climb Everest. 18 years later Rebecca Stephens, on the right of the picture, became the first British woman to reach the summit. 10.Climbing Everest doesn't come cheap: it can cost around £50,000 to climb to the summit.
4.Around 3,000 people have successfully climbed Mount Everest but 210 people have died during or after climbing the mountain. 5.In 2012, around 240 people reached the summit every day. 6.Although it's the world's highest mountain, it can get crowded. People have reported having to wait in queues to climb certain parts. 7.In May this year, 80-year-old Yuichiro Miura from Japan, became the oldest man to climb Everest.
Build-A-Bear Workshop welcomes super cute furry friends with a New Year!
Build-A-Bear Workshop® - the world’s only global company that offers an interactive make-your-own stuffed animal retail-entertainment experience.
lPop of Colour Panda: 8.8 KWD lRainbow Stripes Tiger: 8.8 KWD lRainbow Glitter Bear: 8.8 KWD lRainbow Hugs Bear: 8.8 KWD
lHuggable Hearts Kitty: 8.8 KWD lHuggable Hearts Puppy: 8.8 KWD lStrawberry Monkey: 7.6 KWD lBananas Monkey: 7.6 KWD
Build-A-Bear store in Kuwait is located in The Avenues Mall January, 2015
HOMEWORK FOR GROWN UPS EVERYTHING YOU LEARNED AT SCHOOL... BUT CAN YOU REMEMBER? 2014 General Knowledge Quiz
Test Your Vocabulary
1. What is the year 2014 in Roman numerals?
Once again the main problem was killing time.
2. Whose name was licensed in 2014 for cannabis products, anticipating a market of $10bn: Marley; Presley; Dylan; or Madonna?
In this sentence, problem means:
5. The velocity of 67P, the first comet to be landed on by an earthly craft in Nov 2014, was approx (what?) km/hr: 135; 1,350; 13,500; or 135,000? 6. What word differentiates the 1990 FIFA World Cup Final from the 2014 'repeat' in which Germany beat Argentina 1-0? 7. In what city did a nurse become the first person outside Africa to be infected by Ebola in the 2014 outbreak?
1. judgment
4. effect
ANSWER: 3. In this question, problem is a noun that means a source of difficulty.
4. Name the actor who died in 2014, star of The Rockford Files and The Great Escape?
If you are facing something that will be difficult to handle, you have a problem on your hands. A problem is a roadblock in a situation, something that sets up a conflict and forces you to find a resolution. The meaning of the Greek word pr贸blema meant "to put forth," which is different from the meaning of problem today, but it reminds you that any problem becomes easier to solve once you have defined it. A math problem is easier once you have the numbers in front of you: that's why word problems can be so difficult. Problem can also be an adjective in rare cases. Once you were a problem child, but now you spend your time listening to everyone else's problems.
3. How many countries competed in the Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games: 29; 37; 46; or 71?
8. What was Miley Cyrus's award-winning record-breaking 2014 video/hit song, being the thing on which she controversially swung nude? 9. Graffitied and repainted often since 1980, and obliterated in 2014 except from the ironic statement "Wall is over", the 'Freedom Wall' in Prague celebrates whose memory? 10. Which historically contested region did Russia annexe from Ukraine in February 2014? 11. On which planet did NASA's Curiosity rover complete its first year, equal to 687 Earth days, in June 2014? 12. Which city in Russia hosted the XXII Olympic Winter Games? 13. Name the Rolling Stones' saxophonist and session player who died in 2014? 14. The mysteriously lost Malaysia Airlines Flight 37 in March 2014 was bound from Kuala Lumpur to where? 15. Charity executives Justin Forsyth and Jonathan Powell attracted 'crony' jibes when their organization gave a controversial 'global legacy award' to whom, their previous boss? 16. Betty Joan Perske, who died in 2014, was better known as which famous film star, from the 1940s-2000s? 17. In 2014 Belgium became the first country in the world to legalize what controversial treatment of terminally ill people? 18. Which nation in 2014 saw the abdication of Juan Carlos and the ascension of Felipe VI? 19. Name the three previous winners eliminated at the group stage of the 2014 FIFA World Cup? 20. According to 2014 market capitalization, Google, Microsoft, Apple and (which oil corporation?) were globally the most valuable companies?
LETTERS & WORDS How many words of four letters or more can you make from the leters shown here? nIn making a word, each letter may be used once only. nEach word must include the centre letter, and there must be at least one nine letter word in the list. nNo words with initial capital; no hyphenated words.
Good: 23 words
Very Good: 34 words
Excellent: 45 words
JUMBLED WORDS V E C O T S E E E G G L A N T E N U T I C D R I D C E N
Italy, 20.ExxonMobil (a lenient quizmaster may accept Exxon as a correct answer) 12.Sochi, 13.Bobby Keys, 14.Beijing, 15.Tony Blair, 16.Lauren Bacall, 17.Euthanasia, 18.Spain (father and son kings), 19.England, Spain, 8. recking Ball, 9.John Lennon (killed in 1980 - one of Lennon's most famous songs is 'Happy Christmas, War is over'), 10.Crimea, 11.Mars,
ANSWERS: COVET, GEESE, TANGLE, INDUCT, CINDER
ANSWERS: 1.MMXIV, 2.Marley, 3.71, 4.James Garner, 5.135,000km/hr, 6.West (West Germany beat Argentina 1-0 in 1990), 7.Madrid,
citypageskuwait.com
January, 2015
JANUARY HOROSCOPES There can be no shortcuts as 2015 begins and the January 4 Full Moon opposes a quartet of no-nonsense Capricorn stars. There's a hint of optimism as Jupiter forms a lucky fated aspect to the cranky stars, allowing you to safely talk yourself out of an upcoming dilemma. Get important papers in a safe place before Mercury turns retrograde on January 21. You'll hold your ground when the Taurus Quarter Moon on January 26 reminds you that you're on the right track. Try not to lose your temper with anyone who disputes that.
ARIES (March 21 - April 19)
The January 4 Full Moon pits family concerns against work demands. Work may be trying to drive you crazy, but you don't have to fall for it. Be calm and clear, and don't get rattled. Wednesday, January 14, and Thursday, January 15, avoid strife or disagreements with a boss or authority figure. Try to see things from their side and let it go. The New Moon on January 20 scrambles your social life and rearranges some alliances or friendships. You may be able to read between the lines and see other people's secret agendas. Don't lose your temper or cling to what's old and stale.
LEO (July 23 - August 22)
Relax and don't let anyone throw you off your game at the Full Moon on January 4. Nerves and emotions may still be roiling from the holidays, and you deserve your downtime at home as much as anyone. Starting Wednesday, January 7, perk up and rediscover some of that personal magic and your usual good luck. Love, romance, or simply lavishing more time on a partner may take precedence around the January 20 New Moon. There's magic in the air, so it's worth your while to see what others are up to. Find some new magic of your own, too, and don't hoard it. It's perishable.
TAURUS
(April 20 - May 20)
(August 23 - September 22)
The urge for quality friend time and the charming distractions of short trips may overtake you with the Full Moon on January 4. Post-holiday fatigue won't slow you down. In fact, bigger trips might beckon. Keep control of your time, money, and real or imagined social obligations. Be ready and willing to take on more at work during the New Moon on January 20. It shouldn't be a challenge, but it might need more time than you have, in which case just say so. Love makes an appearance on Tuesday, January 27. Possible are unexpected affection and a tenderhearted reaction to a tiny kindness.
Friends or associates may want to meet at your place during this Full Moon on January 4. You could be greatly inspired and high on a creative streak that doesn't leave much room for socializing. It's your place - you decide. The weekend of January 10 can be fun and romantic, but unmet expectations and disappointments may follow. Take good care of yourself around the New Moon on January 20, although if one more person tries to tell you how to eat or exercise, you might want to slap them. Redirect that temper and energy into something fun and beautiful - just for you.
SAGITTARIUS (November 22 - December 21)
Frustrations mount with the Full Moon on January 4. You may feel called to help someone who really doesn't need it as much as you think. Respect your own finances and needs, don't neglect yourself, and everything will be fine. Friends and social groups may tug at you during the January 20 New Moon. Even if you're asked to be an officer in some club, whatever the responsibility or honor, you'll want to know if it's convenient and fun. Save energy for the fun, friend-filled weekend starting Friday, January 30. There could be so many great ideas that it's hard to choose.
CAPRICORN (December 22 - January 19)
At the January 4 Full Moon you could easily find yourself leaving a party with a total stranger who's utterly intoxicated with you. If not looking for love, try to deflect those affections in another direction and come off looking generous as well as gorgeous. Money and people may come your way with the New Moon on January 20. Be patient and pay attention and you could score big with a better job offer, more work, or simply more income without the extra work. Enjoy the weekend of January 24, but don't tire yourself out. There's no pressure to keep up with anyone.
GEMINI
(September 23 - October 22)
(January 20 - February 18)
A money matter might get your attention around the Full Moon on January 4. A friend or family member may point it out or perhaps cause it in the first place. It's nothing you can't handle, and it will affect someone else more than you. Be busy and enjoy the January 20 New Moon. You'll have the magic touch at work, and that will leave you plenty of time and energy for a big break or even a getaway. The weekend of January 30 is fun but full of confusion and misunderstandings. Be tolerant and ready for lateness, dropped calls, and lost parked cars.
Work demands may not increase under the January 4 Full Moon, but your reactions might be heightened. Keep a level head and don't let events at home complicate matters. Relax and be your normal, efficient self. As of Monday, January 12, people should become more friendly, agreeable, and less demanding. Maybe make a new friend. The New Moon on January 20 is full of tempting fun and games, invitations, and offers of dates. Pace yourself. Work some personal magic at home and watch a family matter instantly improve or solve itself. You can always be shocking and blow off steam with your special friends.
After all the holiday excitement, your energy isn't at its highest when the January 4 Full Moon strikes, and it might be best to lay low and pamper your health. Stay in, rest, take chicken soup to any ailing friends, but don't linger. The January 20 New Moon belongs to you, and you should prepare to start something new and important. Don't be caught off guard if some new, important opportunity comes your way out of nowhere. The next day, January 21, Mercury turns stationary retrograde in Aquarius. For the rest of the month, use your great people skills to keep and nurture new alliances.
CANCER
(October 23 - November 21)
(February 19 - March 20)
The January 4 Full Moon is all yours, so be bold and let people think what they like. You could especially startle a lover or partner, all for the better. Have fun but don't be mean about it. People may try to eat up your time and attention at the New Moon on January 20. Hold your ground and be reassuring. Someone or something that occurs far away could inspire you and expand and improve your world. Don't crawl into your shell now. Saturday January 31 could be emotional and super sensitive. Spend it with someone who understands your moods and knows how to listen.
You may want to do something bigger, grander, and farther away from your usual haunts when the Full Moon shines on January 4. Friends and previous commitments and plans will help keep you grounded and from straying too far afield. Tuesday night, January 13, could get late, with too much to do, and make it hard to get to bed. The January 20 New Moon opens the door for family members to call and visit more than usual. You can be comforting and supportive without getting run over. Life may also look more magical and fun. It's no illusion. Keep this feeling all year long.
citypageskuwait.com *All the Illustrations on this page are done by: Sandra Bakhamian @ SandraBakhamian and are Copyrighted
It's a win/win kind of Full Moon on January 4. Fun projects at home could be extra appealing now, but your social life may compete and look like just as much fun. The January 20 New Moon brings you a profound surprise and the chance to break through great secrecy surrounding a relationship or someone's personal, passionate concern. Be thoughtful and treat people gently - you'll have great influence and personal magic now. But don't dally over something important. The magic won't last long. Saturday, January 31, overflows with romantic possibilities, some of them mere fantasy but still sweet. Be gentle and guard against hurt feelings.
ج/2014/181/ك-ع 2015/2/22 : ولغاية/2014/11/23 :خالل الفترة من
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Enjoy a great offer from Burgan Bank when booking your favourite movie, exclusively for “Youth” account cardholders. Use your card at the grandcinemas box office and get your ticket for a special price of KD 2 instead of KD 3.5 any day, anytime of the week. *The offer is valid only when you book your tickets at the box office in the grandcinemas, Al Hamra Luxury center only. follow us on:
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Which city in Russia hosted the XXII Olympic Winter Games?
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Sochi Open presented by VTB
Swiss Sochi success story
Beach Volleyball - Sochi, Russia, May 6, 2016 - With all the pre-tournament talk about a possible Argentina versus Russia confrontation as women’s pairs from the two countries compete for the last spot via the FIVB World Tour for the Rio 2016 Olympic Games, the “real” match was between Beach Volleyball tandems from China and Switzerland that are also on the “bubble” ... Read full news
FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour returning to Sochi, Russia for FIVB Open
Returning to Russia for the 12th consecutive year, the 2015/2016 FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour will have two events in the country, starting with the double-gender FIVB Sochi Open presented by VTB, to be held in Sochi on May 3-8. The event in Sochi will be the 18th FIVB men’s event and the 16th time a FIVB women’s tournament will be held in Russia.
A total of 32 previous FIVB World Tour events have been staged in Russia. Besides Sochi, the other Russian cities that have hosted a FIVB World Tour event are Anapa, Moscow and St. Petersburg. This year’s FIVB Moscow Grand Slam will be held May 24-29.
The first men’s FIVB World Tour event was played February 17-22, 1987 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil while the first women’s FIVB World Tour event in Brazil was played in 1993 in Rio de Janeiro. The women’s FIVB World Tour held its first tournament in Spain in 1992.
The 2015/2016 FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour calendar began with three Open events at the end of 2015. The remainder of the 2015/2016 calendar will include multiple FIVB Open and multiple FIVB Grand Slam events along with more Swatch FIVB Major Series events, and the second Swatch FIVB World Tour Finals. The highlight of the calendar will be the 2016 Rio Olympic Games in Brazil featuring 24 teams in each gender.
Through 2015, Russia has hosted a total of 32 FIVB World Tour events (17 men, 15 women) with Brazil leading the medal count in both genders. In the men’s totals after 17 events, Brazil has 15 medals, followed by Germany and the USA with seven each, Russia with five, Latvia and Switzerland with three each and China , Netherlands and Spain with two each. With one men’s medal in Russia are Argentina, Italy, Norway, Poland and Portugal.
After 15 FIVB World Tour women’s events held in Russia through the 2015 season, Brazil leads the medal parade with 15 total medals followed by the USA with nine, China with six, Germany and Russia with four each. Italy, Netherlands and Switzerland have two each and Spain has one medal.
The men’s championship team of the 2015 FIVB Sochi Open was Latvia’s Aleksandrs Samoilovs/Janis Smedins while winning the 2015 women’s gold medal in Sochi was Italy’s Marta Menegatti/Viktoria Orsi Toth.
Sochi is a city in Krasnodar Krai, Russia, located on the Black Sea coast near the border between Georgia and Russia. The Greater Sochi area, which includes territories and localities subordinated to Sochi proper, has a total area of 3,526 square kilometers (1,361 sq mi) and sprawls for 145 kilometers (90 mi) along the shores of the Black Sea near the Caucasus Mountains.
According to the 2010 Census, the city had a permanent population of 343,334 making it Russia's largest resort city. Being part of the Caucasian Riviera, it is one of the very few places in Russia with a temperate climate, with warm to hot summers and mild winters.
With the alpine and Nordic events held at the nearby ski resort of Roza Khutor, Sochi hosted the XXII Olympic Winter Games in 2014, as well as the Russian Formula 1 Grand Prix from 2014 until at least 2020. It will also be one of the host cities for the 2018 FIFA World Cup.
The event continues the road to Rio that lasts until June 13, 2016 with FIVB World Tour events counting towards the Olympic Ranking in order to determine the 15 of 24 spots for each gender that will take part in the Rio 2016 Olympic Games.
The 2016 FIVB World Ranking system will again include FIVB Beach Volleyball Grand Slam and Open events along with additional pre-approved events at the inter-continental, continental and national levels.
Implemented in 2013, the format of all the FIVB Beach Volleyball international tournaments – whether FIVB Beach Volleyball World Championships, FIVB Beach Volleyball Grand Slam or FIVB Beach Volleyball Open – are the same, featuring pool play followed by single elimination knockout rounds. While the FIVB World Championships had 48 teams, all other tournaments have 32 teams and begin with a qualification tournament in each gender to determine the final eight teams in the main draw fields.
Country quota playoffs are also held, as needed, to determine the final teams for qualification tournaments.
The 2014-2016 FIVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup is back again this year as it completes its portion of the qualification process for the Rio 2016 Olympic Games in Brazil.
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Sochi
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Name the Rolling Stones' saxophonist and session player who died in 2014?
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XXII Olympic Winter Games | T-Shirt | SKREENED
XXII Olympic Winter Games
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Skreened
The 2014 Winter Olympics, officially called the XXII Olympic Winter Games (French: Les XXIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver) (Russian: XXII Олимпийские зимние игры, tr. XXII Olimpiyskiye zimniye igry) and commonly known as Sochi 2014, were a major international multi-sport event held from February 7 to February 23, 2014 in Sochi, Krasnodar Krai, Russia, with opening rounds in certain events held on the eve of the opening ceremony, 6 February 2014. Both the Olympics and 2014 Winter Paralympics were organized by the Sochi Organizing Committee (SOOC). Sochi was selected as the host city in July 2007, during the 119th IOC Session held in Guatemala City. It was the first Olympics in Russia since the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. The Soviet Union was the host nation for the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow.
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i don't know
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The mysteriously lost Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 in March 2014 was bound from Kuala Lumpur to where?
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Map: Malaysia Airlines Flight 370
View satellite images »
How far could it have gone?
Flight 370 was fueled for a trip to Beijing. Based on fuel estimates, the aircraft could have flown an additional 2,500 miles after the point of last contact.
Malaysian authorities said March 13 they believe several "pings" of data from the airliner's service data system, known as ACARS, transmitted to satellites in the four to five hours after the last transponder signal, a senior U.S. official told CNN.
This information, combined with known radar data and knowledge of fuel range leads officials to believe the plane may have made it to the Indian Ocean.
Lost contact, apparent course change
Around 1:30 a.m. on March 8, air traffic controllers in Subang, outside Kuala Lumpur, lost contact with the Boeing 777-200ER over the sea between Malaysia and Vietnam. The plane's transponder, which identifies the aircraft and relays details like altitude and speed to controllers, stopped transmitting.
A senior Malaysian air force official on Tuesday, March 11 said the flight was hundreds of miles off course and traveling in the opposite direction from its original destination. It was last tracked over over Pulau Perak, a tiny island in the Strait of Malacca at about 2:40 a.m., over an hour after air traffic controllers in Subang lost contact with the aircraft.
At a news briefing the next day, however, Gen. Rodzali Daud, head of the Malaysian Air Force, and other officials said it isn't yet clear whether the object that showed up on military radar flying over the sea northwest of the Malaysian coast early Saturday was the missing plane.
Thailand's military was receiving normal flight path and communication data from the Flight 370 until 1:22 a.m., when it disappeared from its radar, the Thai government announced on Tuesday, March 18. Six minutes later, the Thai military detected an unknown signal, a Royal Thai Air Force spokesman told CNN. This unknown aircraft, possibly Flight 370, was heading the opposite direction. This bolsters the belief that missing Flight 370 took a sharp westward turn after communication was lost.
The initial search areas
Several planes, ships and search crews from 14 countries initially began scouring the South China Sea near where the plane was last detected. After debris in the area and an oil slick turn out to be unrelated to the plane, the search area is expanded to include the waters west of Malaysia. China's State Administration for Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense release satellite photos of possible wreckage, but later announce that the release was a mistake, and the debris in the photos was unrelated to Flight 370.
The expanded search area
The map to the left, based on a handout from the Malaysia Prime Minister's office, highlights an expanded focused search area.
While official contact was lost with Flight 370 about 45 minutes after takeoff, officials believe a combination of military radar data and a satellite-based system called ACARS provide hints regarding the path of the plane.
Though no actual data was transmitted via satellite, it still appears to have made contact through hourly 'handshakes,' the last instance being at 8:11 a.m. local time somewhere along the red lines. Further analysis of the satellite data has since shifted focus to the southern red arc.
Sources: Malaysia Civil Aviation Authority, Malaysia Prime Minister's office, CNN, flightradar24.com, Australian Maritime Safety Authority, Google Maps
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Beijing
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Charity executives Justin Forsyth and Jonathan Powell attracted 'crony' jibes when their organization gave a controversial 'global legacy award' to whom, their previous boss?
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A piece of MH370's wreckage found in Mozambique? | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis
A piece of MH370's wreckage found in Mozambique?
(AFP)
Shares135
Wed, 2 Mar 2016-10:35pm , PTI
A piece of wreckage from a Boeing 777, likely from Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370 that mysteriously vanished nearly two years ago with 239 people, was found washed ashore on the coast of Mozambique, a media report today quoted a US official as saying.
The newly discovered debris, found over the weekend, is on its way to Malaysia for further examination. The wreckage is a piece of horizontal stabiliser skin, CNN reported, quoting an unnamed US official as saying.
A second aviation source told the network that there is no record of any Boeing 777 missing other than Malaysia Airlines Flight 370, which disappeared on March 8, 2014, with 239 people on board, including five Indians. But Malaysia Airlines called the identification "speculative." "It is too speculative at this point for MAS to comment," the airline said, using its initials.
The mystery of what happened to the plane remains unsolved. The search has turned up some aircraft debris, but also false leads.
In September, French investigators confirmed that aircraft debris found on Reunion Island in July was from the missing Malaysia Airlines plane. Debris found in Thailand in mid-January turned out not to be from MH370.
The disappearance of MH370 remains one of aviation's greatest mysteries. The Beijing-bound flight took off from Kuala Lumpur International Airport in Malaysia early in the morning. At 1:19 a.m., as the plane was flying over the South China Sea, Malaysian air traffic controllers radioed the crew to contact controllers in Ho Chi Minh City for the onward flight through Vietnamese airspace. Shortly afterward, air traffic controllers in Malaysia lost contact with the plane somewhere over the sea between Malaysia and Vietnam.
The aircraft's transponder, which identifies the plane and relays details like altitude and speed to controllers, stopped transmitting and Flight MH370 seemingly disappeared without a trace.
Malaysian authorities revealed later that military radar had tracked the plane as it turned back to the west and flew across the Malaysian Peninsula, up the Strait of Malacca, before flying out of radar range at 2:14 a.m. and vanishing once again over southern Indian Ocean.
Last week, next-of-kin of some passengers filed a slew of lawsuits over the plane's disappearance, with some hopeful that court scrutiny will help reveal answers about what befell the ill-fated plane.
Investigators believe the plane was diverted and crashed in the southern Indian Ocean, but neither a crash site nor cause have been found so far though millions of dollars have been spent to scour the seas to recover the wreckage.
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Betty Joan Perske, who died in 2014, was better known as which famous film star, from the 1940s-2000s?
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Lauren Bacall - Biography - IMDb
Lauren Bacall
Biography
Showing all 115 items
Jump to: Overview (5) | Mini Bio (1) | Spouse (2) | Trade Mark (3) | Trivia (73) | Personal Quotes (28) | Salary (3)
Overview (5)
5' 8½" (1.74 m)
Mini Bio (1)
Lauren Bacall was born Betty Joan Perske on September 16, 1924, in New York City. She is the daughter of Natalie Weinstein-Bacal, a Romanian Jewish immigrant, and William Perske, who was born in New Jersey, to Polish Jewish parents. Her family was middle-class, with her father working as a salesman and her mother as a secretary. They divorced when she was five. When she was a school girl, Lauren originally wanted to be a dancer, but later, she became enthralled with acting, so she switched gears to head into that field. She had studied at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York after high school, which enabled her to get her feet wet in some off-Broadway productions.
Once out of school, Lauren entered modeling and, because of her beauty, appeared on the cover of Harper's Bazaar, one of the most popular magazines in the US. The wife of famed director Howard Hawks spotted the picture in the publication and arranged with her husband to have Lauren take a screen test. As a result, which was entirely positive, she was given the part of Marie Browning in To Have and Have Not (1944), a thriller opposite the great Humphrey Bogart , when she was just 19 years old. This not only set the tone for a fabulous career but also one of Hollywood's greatest love stories (she married Bogart in 1945). It was also the first of several Bogie-Bacall films.
After 1945's Confidential Agent (1945), Lauren received second billing in The Big Sleep (1946) with Bogart. The mystery, in the role of Vivian Sternwood Rutledge, was a resounding success. Although she was making one film a year, each production would be eagerly awaited by the public. In 1947, again with her husband, Lauren starred in the thriller Dark Passage (1947). The film kept movie patrons on the edge of their seats. The following year, she starred with Bogart, Edward G. Robinson , and Lionel Barrymore in Key Largo (1948). The crime drama was even more of a nail biter than her previous film. In 1950, Lauren starred in Bright Leaf (1950), a drama set in 1894. It was a film of note because she appeared without her husband - her co-star was Gary Cooper . In 1953, Lauren appeared in her first comedy as Schatze Page in How to Marry a Millionaire (1953). The film, with co-stars Marilyn Monroe and Betty Grable , was a smash hit all across the theaters of America.
After filming Designing Woman (1957), which was released in 1957, Humphrey Bogart died on January 14 from throat cancer. Devastated at being a widow, Lauren returned to the silver screen with The Gift of Love (1958) in 1958 opposite Robert Stack . The production turned out to be a big disappointment. Undaunted, Lauren moved back to New York City and appeared in several Broadway plays to huge critical acclaim. She was enjoying acting before live audiences and the audiences in turn enjoyed her fine performances.
Lauren was away from the big screen for five years, but she returned in 1964 to appear in Shock Treatment (1964) and Sex and the Single Girl (1964). The latter film was a comedy starring Henry Fonda and Tony Curtis . In 1966, Lauren starred in Harper (1966) with Paul Newman and Julie Harris , which was one of former's signature films. Alternating her time between films and the stage, Lauren returned in 1974's Murder on the Orient Express (1974). The film, based on Agatha Christie 's best-selling book was a huge hit. It also garnered Ingrid Bergman her third Oscar. Actually, the huge star-studded cast helped to ensure its success. Two years later, in 1976, Lauren co-starred with John Wayne in The Shootist (1976). The film was Wayne's last - he died from cancer in 1979.
In 1981, Lauren played an actress being stalked by a crazed admirer in The Fan (1981). The thriller was absolutely fascinating with Lauren in the lead role. After that production, Lauren was away from films again, this time for seven years. In the interim, she again appeared on the stages of Broadway. When she returned, it was for the filming of 1988's Mr. North (1988). After Misery (1990), in 1990, and several made for television films, Lauren appeared in 1996's My Fellow Americans (1996). It was a wonderful comedy romp with Jack Lemmon and James Garner as two ex-presidents and their escapades.
Despite her advanced age and deteriorating health, she made a small-scale comeback in the English-language dub of Hayao Miyazaki 's Howl's Moving Castle (2004) ("Howl's Moving Castle," based on the young-adult novel by Diana Wynne Jones ) as the Witch of the Waste, but future endeavors for the beloved actress became increasingly rare. Lauren Bacall died on 12 August 2014, five weeks short of her 90th birthday.
- IMDb Mini Biography By: Denny Jackson
Spouse (2)
Her thick New York City accent
Trivia (73)
Chosen by Empire magazine as one of the 100 Sexiest Stars in film history (#6) (1995).
Ranked #20 in the AFI's top 25 Actress Legends.
Ranked #11 in Empire (UK) magazine's "The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time" list. [October 1997]
Mother of actor Sam Robards , Stephen H. Bogart and Leslie Bogart .
Chosen by People magazine as one of the 50 Most Beautiful People in the World (1997).
Bacall lived in the same New York apartment building (The Dakota) as Beatle John Lennon when he was shot and later died on December 8, 1980. When interviewed on the subject in a recent British television program hosted by former model Twiggy , Bacall said she had heard the gunshot but assumed that it was a car tire bursting or a vehicle backfiring.
Was crowned "Miss Greenwich Village" in 1942.
Used her mother's maiden name of Bacal, but added an extra "L" when she entered the cinema.
Shortly after Humphrey Bogart 's death, she announced her engagement to Frank Sinatra to the press. Sinatra promptly backed out.
Her screen persona was totally based and modeled after Howard Hawks 's wife, Slim. She even uses her name in To Have and Have Not (1944).
She and former Israeli Prime Minister and President Shimon Peres were relatives. Both had the same original last name - Perske. However, the two were not first cousins as has been commonly reported, and in a 2014 interview shortly after Bacall's death, Peres stated that he was unsure of their exact connection.
Those close to her called her by her real first name, "Betty".
Still undiscovered, Bacall volunteered as a hostess at the New York chapter of the Stage Door Canteen, working Monday nights when theaters were closed.
Having lost her job as a showroom model and quit acting school for lack of funds, the teenage Bacall found work as a Broadway theater usher. George Jean Nathan voted her the prettiest usher of the 1942 season in the pages of "Esquire".
She was an only child of William Perske and Natalie Weinstein-Bacal.
Is one of the initial "Rat Pack" with Humphrey Bogart , Frank Sinatra , Irving Paul Lazar (aka "Swifty" Lazar) and their close friends.
Won a Tony Award for her role as Margo Channing in the Broadway production of "Applause", a musical based on the movie, All About Eve (1950). It was presented by Walter Matthau .
With late husband Humphrey Bogart , had a kind of vocal disorder named after her. "Bogart-Bacall syndrome"' (or BBS) is a form of muscle tension dysphonia most common in professional voice users (actors, singers, television/radio presenters, etc.) who habitually use a very low speaking pitch. BBS is more common among women than men and has been blamed on "social pressure on professional women to compete with men in the business arena".
Had starred, with her husband Humphrey Bogart , on the syndicated radio program "Bold Venture" (1951-52). Her character's name was Sailor Duval.
Her autobiography, "By Myself", won a National Book Award in 1980.
Actress Kathleen Turner had often been compared to Bacall. When Turner and Bacall met, Turner reportedly introduced herself to Bacall by saying "Hi, I'm the young you.".
Her marriage to Humphrey Bogart occurred at the Pleasant Valley area of Richland County, Ohio home of Pulitzer Prize-winning author, Louis Bromfield , Malabar Farm (4 miles southeast of Lucas within Monroe Township). The home is now an Ohio State Park.
Was good friends with: Angela Lansbury , Bea Arthur , Julie London , Eve Arden , Virginia Mayo , John Wayne , Humphrey Bogart , Charles Boyer , Dorothy Malone , Mickey Rooney , Gregory Peck , Dirk Bogarde , Marilyn Monroe , Maureen O'Hara , Joan Rivers , Kirk Douglas , Edward Platt , Robert Stack , Bob Hope , Frank Sinatra , Sammy Davis Jr. , Dean Martin , Katharine Hepburn , Maggie Smith , James Garner , Elizabeth Taylor , Anjelica Huston , Carol Channing , Carol Burnett , Dick Cavett , Doris Day , Jason Robards , June Allyson , Tammy Grimes , Dan Seymour , Ingrid Bergman and Spencer Tracy .
Had won two Tony Awards as Best Actress (Musical): in 1970, for her role as Margo Channing in "Applause", a musical based on the movie, All About Eve (1950); and in 1981, for "Woman of the Year", also based on a movie of the same name, Woman of the Year (1942). Her Tony for "Applause" was presented by Walter Matthau .
Was portrayed by Kathryn Harrold in Bogie (1980).
Her appearance on a cover of Harper's Bazaar magazine at 18 years of age led to her first film role; she was spotted by the wife of director Howard Hawks , who gave her a screen test and cast her in To Have and Have Not (1944). The role was actually based on and named for Hawks' wife at that time, Nancy Gross "Slim" Hawks. She repeated this "tribute" in Ready to Wear (1994), produced just a short time after "Slim" Hawks (name at the time of death: Nancy "Slim" Keith, Lady Keith) died, playing a character named Slim Chrysler, and released to theaters fifty years after the premier of To Have and Have Not (1944).
Was mentioned along with late husband Humphrey Bogart in the 1981 song "Key Largo" ("We had it all, just like Bogie and Bacall").
A well respected actress for the past sixty years, she had only been nominated once for an Academy Award. She was 73 when she was nominated for The Mirror Has Two Faces (1996).
Lauren's father, William Perske, was born in New Jersey, to Jewish immigrants from the Russian Empire. Lauren's mother, Natalie Weinstein-Bacal, was a Romanian Jewish immigrant.
Son Stephen H. Bogart was born on January 6, 1949. He was named after father Humphrey Bogart 's character from To Have and Have Not (1944).
Daughter Leslie Bogart was born on August 23, 1952. She was named after actor Leslie Howard , who helped Humphrey Bogart get his breakthrough role in the play, The Petrified Forest (1936).
Son Sam Robards was born December 16, 1961 with second husband Jason Robards . Bacall's longtime friend Katharine Hepburn , was his godmother.
Daughter Leslie Bogart is childhood friends with Lorna Luft .
She made two movies with John Wayne , Blood Alley (1955) and The Shootist (1976). In the earlier film, during production, Bacall's husband at the time, Humphrey Bogart , was dying of throat cancer. When she made the latter film with Wayne, he had lost a lung to cancer twelve years earlier, which mirrored the fate of his character in the story.
In Italy, she was dubbed by Clelia Bernacchi at the beginning of her career, then in most cases by Lidia Simoneschi . Franca Dominici , Renata Marini and Anna Miserocchi also lent their voice to Bacall at some point.
She was 17 when she met and became close friends with Gregory Peck . She was an usherette at the time. They remained close until his death.
She was dismissed by Howard Hawks because she had a high nasal voice, but she spent two weeks developing her voice and, when she came back to visit Hawks two weeks later, she had a deep husky voice.
According to her autobiography, "By Myself and Then Some", she was always very self-conscious about the size of her feet, which she describes as big even for a woman of her exceptional height.
When Howard Hawks discovered her, he gave her the choice to work with either Cary Grant or Humphrey Bogart . Bacall was very tempted to work with Grant, but Hawks ended up casting her with Bogart in To Have and Have Not (1944), and one of Hollywood's greatest romances was started.
She was close friends with Dirk Bogarde . Bacall had visited him at his home in London the day before he died in May 1999.
At the funeral for her husband, Humphrey Bogart , she put a whistle in his coffin. It was a reference to the famous line she says to him in their first film together To Have and Have Not (1944): "You know how to whistle, don't you? You just put your lips together and blow.".
Campaigned for Harry S. Truman in the 1948 presidential election.
She was awarded a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1724 Vine Street on February 8, 1960.
She was awarded a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars on January 10, 1997.
Humphrey Bogart campaigned for her to star alongside him as Laurel Gray in In a Lonely Place (1950), but the role was, instead, given to Gloria Grahame .
One of the auditoriums in Tuckwood cineplex in Belgrade, Serbia bears her name.
Although she and her husband, Humphrey Bogart , initially protested the House Un-American Activities Committee, they both eventually succumbed to pressure and distanced themselves from the Hollywood Ten in a March 1948 Photoplay Magazine article penned by Bogart titled "I'm no communist.".
According to her son Stephen, she was good friends with actress Maureen O'Hara .
Was referenced in the stage and movie versions of the musical "Evita" in the song, "Rainbow High": "I'm their Savior! That's what they call me, so Lauren Bacall me. Anything goes!".
Was the second name entered on IMDB, just after Fred Astaire (nm0000001) and just before Brigitte Bardot (nm0000003).
Returned to work 6 months after giving birth to her daughter Leslie Bogart in order to begin filming How to Marry a Millionaire (1953).
Delivered all three of her children ( Stephen H. Bogart , Leslie Bogart and Sam Robards ) naturally.
According to her autobiography, "By Myself and Then Some", Bacall lost her virginity to future husband Humphrey Bogart at age 19 when they began an affair in February 1944.
Along with Veronica Lake , Julie London and Rita Hayworth , she was one of four inspirations that helped compose the character Jessica Rabbit.
She was the only Academy Award winner to have been married to two other winners ( Humphrey Bogart , Jason Robards ).
Gave birth to her 1st child at age 24, a son Stephen H. Bogart on January 6, 1949. Child's father was her 1st husband, Humphrey Bogart .
Gave birth to her 2nd child at age 27, a daughter Leslie Bogart on August 23, 1952. Child's father was her 1st husband, Humphrey Bogart .
Gave birth to her 3rd child at age 37, a son Sam Robards on December 16, 1961. Child's father was her 2nd [now ex] husband, Jason Robards .
She originally wanted and intended to be a dancer having attended ballet classes since infancy but in adolescence was drawn to acting.
When she was 6, her parents divorced and her mother adopted the surname Bacal. Lauren added an L to it to avoid her name rhyming with crackle.
Her father was a medical instrument salesman and her mother was a secretary.
She was educated through the expense of wealthy uncles at Highland Manor, a private boarding school in Tarrytown, New York and Julia Richman High School in Manhattan.
Lauren Bacall passed away on August 12, 2014, at age 89. A month before her death, her lifelong best friend, James Garner , passed away.
Inspired by seeing Bette Davis in films, she enrolled at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts where she went out with Kirk Douglas , who was there on a scholarship. As girls were not accepted for scholarships, she was forced to leave after a year and got a job modeling swim wear then gowns while in the evenings she worked as an usherette.
Lauren Bacall passed away on August 12, 2014, a month away from what would have been her 90th birthday on September 16.
Lauren Bacall passed away on August 12, 2014, at age 89, and within seven months of four other television legends, either born in 1924 or 1925, aged 89: Martha Hyer , Russell Johnson , Mary Grace Canfield and Elaine Stritch , and just twenty-four days after her close friend James Garner , born 1928.
Lauren Bacall passed away on August 12, 2014, at age 89. This was just one month before her longtime friend, Joan Rivers , passed away.
Following her death, she was interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.
She quit smoking cigarettes in the mid-1980s.
Acting mentor and friend of: Alfre Woodard .
Was close friends with actress Siobahan Fallon, right up to Lauren's passing.
Was physically healthy and physically active until her death at age 89.
Personal Quotes (28)
I never believed marriage was a lasting institution. I thought that to be married for five years was to be married forever.
I was this flat-chested, big-footed, lanky thing.
I don't think being the only child of a single parent helped. I was always a little unsteady in my self-belief. Then there was the Jewish thing. I love being Jewish, I have no problem with it at all. But it did become like a scar, with all these people saying you don't look it.
I remember my oldest son, Steve, saying to me once, "I don't ever remember seeing you with an apron on." And I thought, "That's right, honey, you did not." That was his concept of what a mother should be.
I would hate now [2005] to be married. It does occur to me on occasion that, if I fall and hit my head, there will be no one to make the phone call. But who wants to think about that disaster? I'd prefer not to.
I am still working, I've never stopped and, while my health holds out, I won't stop.
I put my career in second place throughout both my marriages and it suffered. I don't regret it. You make choices. If you want a good marriage, you must pay attention to that. If you want to be independent, go ahead. You can't have it all.
Actors today go into TV, which I don't consider has a lot to do with acting. They only think of stardom. If you photograph well, that's enough. I have a terrible time distinguishing one from another. Girls wear their hair the same, and are much too anorexic-looking.
We live in an age of mediocrity. Stars today are not the same stature as Bogie [ Humphrey Bogart ], James Cagney , Spencer Tracy , Henry Fonda and Jimmy Stewart [ James Stewart ].
A legend involves the past. I don't like categories. This one is great and that one is great. The word "great" stands for something. When you talk about a great actor, you're not talking about Tom Cruise . His whole behavior is so shocking. It's inappropriate and vulgar and absolutely unacceptable to use your private life to sell anything commercially, but I think it's kind of a sickness.
I'm a total Democrat. I'm anti-Republican. And it's only fair that you know it... I'm liberal. The L word!
[on Humphrey Bogart ] Was he tough? In a word, no. Bogey was truly a gentle soul.
[on John Huston ] He was about something.
I think your whole life shows in your face and you should be proud of that.
On imagination: Imagination is the highest kite that can fly.
[upon receiving her Honorary Oscar] A man at last!
[on the Twilight films] Yes, I saw Twilight - my granddaughter made me watch it, she said it was the greatest vampire film ever. After the "film" was over I wanted to smack her across her head with my shoe, but I do not want a (tell-all) book called Grannie Dearest written on me when I die. So instead I gave her a DVD of Murnau's 1922 masterpiece Nosferatu (1922) and told her, "Now that's a vampire film!". And that goes for all of you! Watch Nosferatu instead!
It's been misspelt a lot. He decided on it. It's not "Bogey". He signed it with an "ie". And that's good enough for me.
A woman isn't complete without a man. But where do you find a man - a real man - these days?
[on receiving an honorary Oscar] The thought when I get home that I'm going to have a two-legged man in my room is so exciting.
You learn to cope with whatever you have to cope with. I spent my childhood in New York, riding on subways and buses. And you know what you learn if you're a New Yorker? The world doesn't owe you a damn thing,
[on filming her most famous scene, in To Have and Have Not (1944)] My hand was shaking, my head was shaking, the cigarette was shaking, I was mortified. The harder I tried to stop, the more I shook. I realized that one way to hold my trembling head still was to keep it down, chin low, almost to my chest, and eyes up at Bogart. It worked and turned out to be the beginning of The Look.
[on Bette Davis ] Well, I must say that I always loved her. And I think that she - for me - was the best actress and the most exciting female star on the screen. I think her work will live forever. I think it's timeless. And as she got older, her talent did not diminish. I mean, "Whatever Happened to Baby Jane?" - she - it was a wonderful job of acting that she did. She looked like a fright, but that was the part. But she could convey almost anything. She was quite an extraordinary talent. And unfortunately, she didn't have an opportunity to do as much a she wanted to, but she was a woman who had to work. And I understand that better than most people do - that you have to work.
[on "Shock Treatmenr"] A nightmare!"
[on "Confidential Agent"] A very bad experience for Boyer and myself. He was wonderful. But Herman Schumin, who directed, knew nothing about movies. He gave me terrible direction, if any. It was just a nightmare. Schumlin did nothing to help. The press killed me - after building me into this combination of Gabo and Dietrich and Mae West and God-knows-who. Sddenly I became this nothing. I spent the next 20 years building myself back up to where I had any confidence at all in what I could do.
[on "A Woman's Wold"] Not a giant hit, but I got terrific reviews. Clifton Webb was Bogie's old friend, and Fred MacMurray was terrific; he was someone else who was never appreciated.
[on "The Cobweb"] We used to kid about that while making it; the movie was about the God-damned drapes. Vincente was a marvelous man, but totally visual. He was not so interested in actors.
[on Michael Curtiz] His great talent was moving the camera around. "Bright Leaf" was a joke, but I was thrilled to work with Cooper. "Young Man," I thought was pretty good though Mike Curtiz was not the ideal director for the Bix Beiderbecke story.
Salary (3)
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Lauren Bacall
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In 2014 Belgium became the first country in the world to legalize what controversial treatment of terminally ill people?
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IMDb: Most Popular People With Date of Death in 2014
Most Popular People With Date of Death in 2014
1-50 of 3,806 names.
Sort by: STARmeter▲ | A-Z | Height | Birth Date | Death Date
1.
Robin Williams Actor, Good Will Hunting Robin McLaurin Williams was born on Saturday, July 21st, 1951, in Chicago, Illinois, a great-great-grandson of Mississippi Governor and Senator, Anselm J. McLaurin. His mother, Laurie McLaurin (née Janin), was a former model from Mississippi, and his father, Robert Fitzgerald Williams, was a Ford Motor Company executive from Indiana...
2.
Philip Seymour Hoffman Actor, Capote Film and stage actor and theater director Philip Seymour Hoffman was born in the Rochester, New York, suburb of Fairport on July 23, 1967. He was the son of Marilyn (Loucks), a lawyer and judge, and Gordon Stowell Hoffman, a Xerox employee, and was mostly of German, Irish, English and Dutch ancestry...
3.
Edward Herrmann Actor, Gilmore Girls
4.
Eli Wallach Actor, The Good, the Bad and the Ugly One of Hollywood's finest character / "Method" actors, Eli Wallach was in demand for over 60 years (first film/TV role was 1949) on stage and screen, and has worked alongside the world's biggest stars, including Clark Gable , Clint Eastwood , Steve McQueen , Marilyn Monroe , Yul Brynner , Peter O'Toole , and Al Pacino , to name but a few...
5.
Lauren Bacall Actress, The Big Sleep Lauren Bacall was born Betty Joan Perske on September 16, 1924, in New York City. She is the daughter of Natalie Weinstein-Bacal, a Romanian Jewish immigrant, and William Perske, who was born in New Jersey, to Polish Jewish parents. Her family was middle-class, with her father working as a salesman and her mother as a secretary...
6.
James Garner Actor, The Rockford Files Amiable and handsome James Garner had obtained success in both films and television, often playing variations of the charming anti-hero/con-man persona he first developed in Maverick, the offbeat western TV series that shot him to stardom in the late 1950s. James Garner was born James Scott Bumgarner in Norman...
7.
Harold Ramis Writer, Groundhog Day Born on November 21, 1944 in Chicago, Illinois, Harold Allen Ramis got his start in comedy as Playboy magazine's joke editor and reviewer. In 1969, he joined Chicago's Second City's Improvisational Theatre Troupe before moving to New York to help write and perform in "The National Lampoon Show" with other Second City graduates including John Belushi ...
8.
Shirley Temple Actress, The Little Princess Shirley Temple was easily the most popular and famous child star of all time. She got her start in the movies at the age of three and soon progressed to super stardom. Shirley could do it all: act, sing and dance and all at the age of five! Fans loved her as she was bright, bouncy and cheerful in her...
9.
Richard Attenborough Actor, Jurassic Park Lord Richard Attenborough was born in Cambridge, England, the son of Mary (née Clegg), a founding member of the Marriage Guidance Council, and Frederick Levi Attenborough, a scholar and academic administrator who was a don at Emmanuel College and wrote a standard text on Anglo-Saxon law. Attenborough...
10.
Elizabeth Peña Actress, The Incredibles Elizabeth's love for the arts came naturally, as her father was a well-known playwright, actor, director and novelist, so its not hard to understand that by the time she was 8, Cuban-American Elizabeth Pena already had designs to become an actress. Born in New Jersey, raised in New York, Elizabeth's...
11.
Bob Hoskins Actor, Who Framed Roger Rabbit Bob Hoskins was born on October 26, 1942, in Bury St. Edmund's, Suffolk, where his mother was living after being evacuated as a result of the heavy bombings. He is the son of Elsie Lillian (Hopkins), a nursery school teacher and cook, and Robert William Hoskins, Sr., who drove a lorry and worked as a bookkeeper...
12.
Mickey Rooney Actor, Night at the Museum Mickey Rooney was born Joe Yule Jr. on September 23, 1920 in Brooklyn, New York. He first took the stage as a toddler in his parents vaudeville act at 17 months old. He made his first film appearance in 1926. The following year, he played the lead character in the first Mickey McGuire short film. It was in this popular film series that he took the stage name Mickey Rooney...
13.
Richard Kiel Actor, Tangled Towering 7' 2" tall actor who has cornered the market on playing giants, intimidating henchman, bayou swamp monsters and steel toothed villains! Kiel worked in numerous jobs including as a night club bouncer and a cemetery plot salesman, before breaking into film & TV in several minor roles in the late 1950s / early 1960s...
14.
Marcia Strassman Actress, Welcome Back, Kotter This tall, willowy brunette (frequently blonde) was born April 28, 1948, in New York City, one of four children. Raised in Passaic, New Jersey, she grew into a striking young teen and worked for a time as a model in a local children's department store. Trekking back to New York City equipped only with her modeling credentials and a natural singing talent...
15.
Skye McCole Bartusiak Actress, The Patriot
16.
Mike Nichols Director, Closer He, along with the other members of the "Compass Players" including Elaine May , Paul Sills , Byrne Piven , Joyce Hiller Piven and Edward Asner helped start the famed "Second City Improv" company. They used the games taught to them by fellow cast mate, Paul Sills 's mother, Viola Spolin ...
17.
Luise Rainer Actress, The Great Ziegfeld Luise Rainer, the first thespian to win back-to-back Oscars, was born on January 12, 1910 in Dusseldorf, Germany, into a prosperous Jewish family. Her parents were Emilie (Königsberger) and Heinrich Rainer, a businessman. She took to the stage, and plied her craft on the boards in Germany. As a young actress...
18.
Carol Ann Susi Actress, The Big Bang Theory Carol Ann Susi (February 2, 1952 - November 11, 2014) was an American actress best known for her portrayal of the voice of recurring unseen character Mrs. Wolowitz on the television series The Big Bang Theory . Susi was born in Brooklyn and was of Italian descent. She studied acting at HB Studio in New York City before moving to Los Angeles in the 1970s...
19.
Ralph Waite Actor, The Waltons Ralph Waite was born in White Plains, New York on June 22, 1928. Educated at Bucknell University where he graduated with a BA degree, Waite existed rather aimlessly as a young adult while trying to find his way in the world. Occupations came and went, including social worker, religious editor for Harper & Row...
20.
James Rebhorn Actor, Scent of a Woman James Robert Rebhorn (September 1, 1948 - March 21, 2014) was an American actor who appeared in over 100 films, television series, and plays. At the time of his death, he had recurring roles in the current series White Collar and Homeland. An early performance was in Butterflies are Free at the Peterborough Players in New Hampshire in 1974...
21.
Rik Mayall Actor, An American Werewolf in London Rik Mayall, one of the first and foremost alternative comedians in the UK, was born in a village called Matching Tye, just outside Harlow in Essex. His parents, John and Gillian were both drama teachers. His acting debut was at the age of seven when he appeared in one of his father's stage plays. He met his comedy partner and best friend Adrian "Ade" Edmondson at Manchester University in 1975...
22.
Elaine Stritch Actress, One Life to Live A brash, incorrigible scene-stealer now entering her sixth decade in a career that has had many highs and lows, veteran Elaine Stritch certainly lives up to the Stephen Sondheim song "I'm Still Here". Having stolen so many moments on stage that she could be convicted of grand larceny, this tough old broad broaching 80 with the still-shapely legs...
23.
Jan Hooks Actress, Batman Returns Jan Hooks is better remembered for her five-year run on Saturday Night Live (1986-91) on the series she impersonated actress ranging from Bette Davis , to Ann-Margret , to Sally Kellerman , to Jodie Foster . After she left the show, she was proposed by Linda Bloodworth-Thomason to replace Jean Smart on CBS's Designing Women ...
24.
Mary Ann Mobley Actress, General Hospital Born on February 17, 1939 in Biloxi, Mississippi, Mary Ann Mobley is one of the few Miss Americas to have true success as an actress or television personality (the others are Barnaby Jones beauty Lee Meriwether , television hostess Phyllis George , Consumer advocate/game show panelist Bess Myerson and Eraser heroine Vanessa Williams )...
25.
Martha Hyer Actress, Sabrina Martha Hyer was born on August 10, 1924 in Fort Worth, Texas. Once she finished her formal schooling, Martha played a bit role in 1946's The Locket . Slowly, Martha began picking up roles with more and more substance. The best years for the beautiful actress began in 1954 when she played in films such as Down Three Dark Streets ...
26.
Joan Rivers Self, Fashion Police
27.
Roger Lloyd Pack Actor, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire A superbly versatile character actor of lugubrious countenance and strong physical presence, Roger was the son of Charles Lloyd Pack , a small-part supporting player in Hammer horror films of the '50s and '60s. Roger was educated at Bedales, a prestigious co-educational school in Hampshire, noted for a laid-back approach and a pronounced emphasis towards arts...
28.
Efrem Zimbalist Jr. Actor, The F.B.I. It's hardly surprising that the son of renowned Russian-born concert violinist Efrem Zimbalist Sr. (1889-1985) and Romanian-born opera singer Alma Gluck (1884-1938) would desire a performing career of some kind. Born in New York City on November 30, 1918, surrounded by people of wealth and privilege throughout his childhood...
29.
Russell Johnson Actor, Gilligan's Island Long before he was known as "The Professor" in the cult comedy classic Gilligan's Island , Russell Johnson was a well-known character actor, starring in several Westerns and Sci-Fi classics as This Island Earth and It Came from Outer Space . Johnson grew up in Pennsylvania and was sent to a boarding school in Philadelphia with his brothers when his father died...
30.
Ruby Dee Actress, American Gangster
31.
Billie Whitelaw Actress, Hot Fuzz Billie Whitelaw first appeared on the radio aged 11. She made her theatrical debut in 1950 and in films from 1953. She has made a speciality of playing intense, single-purposed women. Also, (on stage), she has appeared in many of the stranger plays by Samuel Beckett .
32.
Warren Clarke Actor, A Clockwork Orange Lancashire-born Warren Clarke was an actor of immense presence and considerable versatility who turned his wide-shouldered, robust appearance and lived-in, hangdog facial features into an asset. For more than two and a half decades he had toiled in a wide variety of supporting roles before finding international success as the often crude...
33.
Maximilian Schell Actor, Deep Impact Maximilian Schell was the most successful German-speaking actor in English-language films since Emil Jannings , the winner of the first Best Actor Academy Award. Like Jannings, Schell won the Oscar, but unlike him, he was a dedicated anti-Nazi. Indeed, with the exception of Maurice Chevalier and Marcello Mastroianni ...
34.
Polly Bergen Self, To Tell the Truth In a six-decade-plus career (she started out as a radio performer at age 14), there are very few facets of entertainment that lovely singer/actress Polly Bergen has not conquered or, at the very least, touched upon. A nightclub and Columbia recording artist of the 50s and 60s, she is just as well known for her film and Emmy-winning dramatic performances as she is for her wry comedic gifts...
35.
Arlene Martel Actress, A Walk to Remember Arlene Martel is well-known to Star Trek fans as Spock's Vulcan bride, T'Pring, in the episode, Amok Time . Born Arlene Greta Sax on April 14, 1936 in New York City, she spent her early years in one of the poorest slums in the Bronx. When her mother's boss saw her poor living conditions, he personally underwrote her attendance at an upper-crust boarding school in Connecticut...
36.
Dave Legeno Actor, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince A twin fisted existentialist, whose post-Nietzschian sensibilities reject the lantern of the cynic in a quest for a sun that leaves no shadow. He attended Dr Challoners Grammar School where he achieved 8 'o' levels, he then elected to work on demolition sites rather than continue his education to University level...
37.
Rosemary Murphy Actress, To Kill a Mockingbird
38.
Denny Miller Actor, Wagon Train Denny Miller was born in Bloomington, Indiana, where his father, Ben Miller, was a physical education instructor at Indiana University. He and his brother, Kent, began playing basketball almost from the day they were born. The Miller family left Bloomington when Denny was in the fourth grade. He and his brother played basketball in Silver Spring...
39.
Geoffrey Holder Actor, Live and Let Die Dancer, choreographer and actor Geoffrey Holder was born on August 1, 1930, in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, into a middle-class family. One of four children, he was taught painting and dancing by his older brother Boscoe Holder , whose dance troupe, the Holder Dance Company, the young Geoffrey joined when he was seven years old...
40.
Matthew Cowles Actor, Shutter Island
41.
Meshach Taylor Actor, Designing Women Surrounded by four dazzling Southern-styled ladies on the hit sitcom Designing Women , genial African-American actor Meshach Taylor made a name for himself as the beleaguered male foil consistently at the mercy of the title gals' antics during its popular 7-season run. The Boston-born actor who entered life on April 11...
42.
Mona Freeman Actress, The Heiress A professional model while still in high school, Mona Freeman was signed to a movie contract by Howard Hughes , who then proceeded to sell her contract to Paramount. Starting out in typical juvenile parts, she developed into a very competent actress. As she worked her way out of the teenage ingénue role...
43.
Cynthia Lynn Actress, Hogan's Heroes
46.
Ed Nelson Actor, Peyton Place Ed Nelson was aiming for a career in the legal profession until he caught the acting bug during his second year of college. In 1952, he headed off to New York City, where he studied direction and production at the School of Radio Technique. He returned to his native New Orleans where he worked as an...
47.
Wendy Hughes Actress, Snowy River: The McGregor Saga Wendy Hughes was an accomplished actress who had won over 13 major awards. She had been called "one of the world's great actresses" with "the beauty and talent to become an international star". Hughes was born in Melbourne and studied at the National Institute of Dramatic Art. She has two children, Charlotte (17) and Jay (13).
48.
Sid Caesar Actor, Grease Comedian, saxophonist, composer, actor and musician, he performed within the orchestras of Charlie Spivak , Shep Fields and Claude Thornhill as saxophonist. Later, as super-hip jazz musician "Cool Cees" in television skits, he played tenor saxophone, and sang with the satirical trio "The Hair Cuts" (with Carl Reiner and Howard Morris )...
49.
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i don't know
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According to 2014 market capitalization, Google, Microsoft, Apple and (which oil corporation?) were globally the most valuable companies?
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Google Tops Exxon Mobil to Become World's 2nd Most Valuable Company
Google Tops Exxon Mobil to Become World's 2nd Most Valuable Company
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What's This?
Google CEO Larry Page speaks at a news conference at the Google offices in New York, Monday, May 21, 2012.
Image: Seth Wenig/Associated Press
2014-02-07 16:09:47 UTC
Google has surpassed Exxon Mobile to become the second most valuable company in the world.
Google's market cap topped $391 billion in early trading Friday, while Exxon Mobil's market cap dipped towards the $390 billion mark, according to data provided to Mashable by FactSet Research.
See also: 10 Startups to Watch in 2014
The search giant's stock ticked up following the news last week that it plans to split its stock in April, more than three years after the move was first proposed. Exxon Mobil's stock, on the other hand, ticked downward after reporting a decline in profit in the December quarter.
Some other stock tracking services continue show Exxon with a slightly higher market cap than Google, a discrepancy that FactSet analyst Michael Amenta chalks up to calculating Exxon's market cap with an outdated share count. Exxon recently reported having 4.335 million shares outstanding as of the end of 2013. (Bloomberg, Google Finance and others continue to cite the higher 4.369 million share count from the third quarter.)
Google first passed Microsoft's market value in October 2012 to become the fourth most valuable company in the world, though the two companies did trade places after that.
One year later, Google's stock hit $1,000 a share for the first time, driven by a strong third-quarter earnings report and investor optimism for Google's ability to grow ad revenue and continue innovating with other products.
Google is now about $75 billion behind Apple , one of its chief competitors and currently the most valuable company in the world.
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ExxonMobil
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Narendra Modi became prime minister of which country in May 2014?
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Apple Tops $700 Billion Valuation, Fueled by New Products - Bloomberg
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Apple Tops $700 Billion Valuation, Fueled by New Products
Tim Higgins, Joseph Ciolli and Callie Bost
Apple Inc., already the world’s largest company by market capitalization, hit a record intraday value: $700 billion.
Shares of Apple rose to as much as $119.75 at the start of trading in New York today, giving the company a valuation of more than $702 billion, a milestone that no other U.S. company has ever reached. The stock ended up falling less than 1 percent to $117.60 at the close in New York, putting its market capitalization at $690 billion. That still gave the iPhone maker about 1.7 times the value of the world’s second-biggest company, Exxon Mobil Corp. Exxon, which has lost about $43 billion during the five-month oil rout, has a capitalization of $401 billion.
Confidence in Apple has been growing since the company unveiled larger-screened iPhones in September, followed by slimmer and faster iPads in October. Chief Executive Officer Tim Cook is updating Apple’s core products while also pushing users deeper into the company’s digital world with the introduction of a mobile payment system called Apple Pay and a smartwatch that’s slated for release next year.
“Given Apple’s significant portfolio refresh over the past three months, the lack of innovation from competitors and a constructive spending backdrop in the U.S. market, we believe Apple has opportunity to shine bright this holiday season,” Brian White, an analyst at Cantor Fitzgerald, said Nov. 24 in a note to investors.
Apple has forecast revenue in the current quarter of $63.5 billion to $66.5 billion, compared to $57.6 billion during the October through December period in 2013.
Longest Rally
Apple is up 47 percent this year, heading for its sixth straight annual gain. That would be its longest streak ever, topping a five-year rally from 2003 to 2007. Its market capitalization reached as high as $658 billion in September 2012, before a 44 percent plunge in the stock price over the next seven months.
Winners from the stock rise include Vanguard Group Inc., which was the biggest holder of Apple shares as of Sept. 30, with 327 million shares under management. Vanguard was followed by BlackRock Inc. and State Street Corp., which both hold more than 240 million shares of the company.
Apple Sellers
Others have sold off Apple. David Einhorn, the hedge fund manager who runs Greenlight Capital Inc., trimmed his ownership of Apple stock by almost $5 billion during the past two quarters, Bloomberg data show. The company remains one of his largest holdings.
Viking Global Investors LP and Global Thematic Partners LLC were among the investment firms to sell all of their remaining Apple shares in the third quarter, according to Bloomberg data. Calls to both firms inquiring about the share sales weren’t returned.
Apple’s market cap has exceeded that of Redmond, Washington-based Microsoft Corp. since May 2010. Microsoft now has a market capitalization of $391 billion. Apple’s value also moved above that of Google Inc. in January 2010. The operator of the world’s most popular search engine currently has a market cap of $370 billion.
“If you look at Apple as a tech company, it’s one of the most exciting out there with a solid revenue earnings stream going forward,” Oliver Pursche, president of Gary Goldberg Financial Services in Suffern, New York, said in an interview. He manages about $925 million, including Apple shares.
Technology Bullishness
Computer and software makers in the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index have posted the third-largest gains among industries this year, besides health-care and utilities, rising 19 percent. Technology shares have appreciated as plummeting global oil prices sap the value from energy stocks.
As a result, Microsoft’s market value moved above that of Exxon earlier this month, briefly making it the world’s second-largest company before the two companies resumed their previous rankings.
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